v^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


./^W  /^Z,^^ 

%-^-  'W 


-fc    4r/. 


1.0 


I.I 


^   IA£    12.0 


175 

|2j2 


11.25  i  1.4 


6" 


!.6 


'# 


/: 


> 


'>> 


V 


•  ^£mmm» 


/A 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


4^  %^  ^O 


^^.  ^ 


i3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  US80 

(716)  872-4503 


4^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


n 


D 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  peliicuiie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  c&tiverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographlques  en  couleur 

Coloured  inic  (i.e.  other  than  blue  }r  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli4  avec  d'autces  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  ie  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsqus  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comment^:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurSss  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  dicolordes,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 


FT]    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~y^    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


Fyl    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

includes  cupplementary  materit 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      j    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    includes  cupplementary  material/ 

I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  iniage/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  riductior  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


y 

20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmad  here  has  b««n  r«produc«d  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library. 
Department  of  Fisheries  and  Oceans 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contrac'^:  spacif icationa. 


Original  copias  in  printad  |M|Mr  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  ^^^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
g^nArositA  da: 

Bibliothique. 
MinistAre  des  ptehes  et  oceans 

Las  imagas  suivantas  cnt  itt  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  da  la  condition  et 
da  la  nattat*  da  l'axamplaira  film«^  at  an 
confcrmit*  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Laa  axampiairas  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  en 
papiar  est  imprimte  sont  film<ls  an  commencant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  paga  qui  comporta  une  empreinte 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illusttation,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autres  axemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
pramiira  i^afla  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  tei  ininant  par 
la  darnlAra  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  daa  symbolas  suivants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
darniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symboie  — *>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


plataa.  charta.  etc.,  may  be  filmad  at 
Jiff arant  reduction  latioa.  '*'hosa  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framaa  as 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illM»trata  the 
method: 


Las  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  ds  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  I9  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Stre 
raproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  d  partir 
da  I'angia  sup^reur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  da  haut  an  bas.  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^    .'.^^ti^^'   JiiLtJ, 


mm 


■'.  -.I 


I, 


B 


•:;ii. 


SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION, 

lINIThD  STATES  NATK)NAI.  MUSEUM. 


The  Fishes 


■'^o^/ 

\t 

>;    ■ 

?, 

1 

V. 

V 

It 

or 


NORTH  AND   MIDDLE  AMERICA: 


A  DKSCKIPTlVli  CATALOGUE 


Si'KCIl'S   or    I-ISll-l.IKH   VKRTHBRATHS    R)UNi)    IN    THH 
WATERS    ()!■    NORTH    AMHRICA,  NORTH   Of-  ', 

THH    ISTHMUS   OV    i'ANAMA. 


'■*; 


A, 

DAVH)  STARR  JORDAN,  Fu.  D., 

rKi:siui.NT  UK  Tin:  lelAnu  Stanford  junior  univursitv, 

AND 

BARTON    WARREN    EVERMANN,   Pii.   I)., 

u;iiTiiYoiot;isT  oi-  tiik  uniti;d  statls  iisii  commismon. 


PART  I. 


^i 


WASHINGTON: 

(iOVKKNMKNT  PKINTINCi  UPRCh. 
I.S06. 


I 

■W 

»  i 


1  ?■■ 


^K  ^^  ^^ 


iiui 


'  i^  ifi,  I W-  ^-t' 


5  '^  P  Y 


r'list^.-  ■■■''■:--}i'-mmimmB^^ 


W" 


ii'<4J9H'ilW,ljppi 


I    /■ 


r    i  I 


X  ; 


J 


^ 


U  ' 


i.n 

fc-y 

ni 


H)eMcatc&  to  tbc  flDeniorg 

or 

TUOSK   TrilTITYOI,Oni8T8   OP   THK   PAST   WHO    UAVK   STUIUKI) 
AMEUICAN    KISIIKS    IN    AMEUIOA, 

IN    TOKKN    or 

"TIIK   ONLY   UKWAHD   TIIKY    ASKKD-   A    (iKATKFUL 
REMEMBRANCE   OK   TIIKIK    WOUK." 


Gr.iiiKi  MAUConAr,  lOKi-Kllt. 
BlAiiiicK  (iK  Nassau,  1('>04-Hi7y. 
CllARI.KS  I'l.UMIKIl,  1«4(>-17<>1. 
(iKOItCK  WiMIEI.M  StKI.I.KU,  n(l!)-l"l5. 

Mahk  (Jatkshv,  lG~il-174!l. 
Hans  ,Si.(iank,  1000-1752. 

I'ATUICK  BlillWNK,  1720-1790. 

Alkxaniier  Gakhf.n,  1730-1701. 
Antiinio  1'aiiha,  1750*-18(H). 
.I.HIANN  David  Sriiiil'F,  17r>2-18(K). 

STKI'IIAN  KitASCIIKNINIKllW,  17K0*. 
rKTKUSSlMllN   I'Al.lAS,  1741-1811. 

Otto  Fahkicius,  1744-1822. 

William  PANiiiiiDiiP.  Tkck,  176;1-1S22. 

.Iran  Baitistk  Simx,  1781-182(1. 

SaMURL  I,ATI1  am  JllTCIIILL,  17(i4-lH31. 

William   Tiikoi'iiius  Tii.eshs,   177"i*- 
18;J5*. 

ClIAIlLEM    Al.EXAMUlE    I,E   SUKI'I!,  1780*- 
184(1*. 

OoNSTA.NTiNi:  Samuel  IUeinehquk,  1784- 

1842. 
.lAME.s  Elmwortii  De  Kav,  17ilil-18.'>l. 
Zadock  Thompson,  17%-18.">G. 
Alexander  v«in  IIumholdt,  17!)()-l8ri!). 
Uamon  dk  la  Sa(ira,  1810*-18ri()*. 


flLArPKOAY,  1800-180;'.. 

John  RiciiAiiimoN,  1787-1806. 

UoiiEiiT  Hermann  Schomiiuikik,  1804-1805. 

Francis  de  Castelnau,  18(10*-18C5*. 

George  Suckley,  1830-18('.!1. 

•toiin  kowards  iioliikook,  1704-1871. 

Louis  Aoassiz,  1807-1873. 

HERHERT  EltSON  OOPELANK,  184!t-1870. 

Jaked  Potter  Kirtlaxd,  1793-1877. 
Jameh  William  Milner,  1841-1880. 
Samuel  Steiiman  IIai.demax,  1812-1880. 
Charles  Koiiert  Darwin,  1809-1882. 
Charles  Leslie  McKay,  1854-18S3. 

Si'ENCEH  FUI.LERTON  lUlRD,  1823-1887. 

•Fames  Carson  nitEvoouT,  1818-1887. 
PiiiLii-  Henry  Gosse,  1810-1888. 
Silas  Stearns,  1859-1888. 
Charles  Hauvey  Bollman,  1S08-188S. 
Felipe  Poey  y  Ai.oy,  1799-1891. 
William  0.  Ayres,  1817-1891. 
David  IIumpicreys  Storer,  180'1-1891. 
PiiiLo  Romayxk  Hoy,  1810*-1h93. 
Charles  GiRAUn,  1822-1895. 
John  Adam  Ryder,  18.12-1895. 
Mausiiall  McDonald,  1830-1895. 


*  Circa. 


(Ill) 


y  Kim^ 


,00  (^' 

> 


^U)  o 


«&■, 


J*TP»f'SWI»!?f?8Ppp?r 


I*  W  K  FAO  K. 


i-t, 


III  tliiH  work  tho  writers  liavc  cndeiivored  to  ^'ivo  conriso  doscriptlons 
of  111!  tlie  species  of  lishes  known  to  iiilialtit  tlie  waters  of  North  and 
Middle  America.  In  scopes  the  work  includes,  therefore,  all  the  species 
known  to  exist  in  Nortli  America,  ('(Mitral  Ameri(;a,  the  West  Indies,  the 
Carilibeaii  Sea,  the  (Jalapajfos  Archipelago,  with  tlie  offshore  hanks  and 
continental  slopes  of  both  oceans  inclndod,  as  well  as  the  waters  of  the 
(riilf  Stream.  All  marine  species  known  to  ociiir  north  of  the  Eipiator, 
and  all  fresh-water  species  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  are  included. 
The  fact  that  over  a  hundred  spe('ies  have  be»Mi  added  to  the  list  within 
the  time  taken  for  printing,'  the  present  volume,  shows  that  this  catalogue 
is  still  far  from  complete. 

The  classilication  and  sequence  of  /groups  adopted  by  us  is  essentially 
that  of  Dr.  'Mieodore  0111,  freely  moditied  to  suit  our  present  purposes. 
This  system  in  many  of  its  details  is  purely  tentative,  to  be  confirmed 
or  changed  wlien  the  anatomy  of  the  various  forms  is  better  known. 
This  fact  has  been  8tronf,''ly  emphasized  by  Dr.  Gill  and  needs  no  further 
discussion  here.  In  the  arrangement  of  the  families  and  genera  we 
have  endejivored  to  avoid  unnatural  associations  and  incoherent  groups, 
even  at  the  risk  of  what  may  seem  an  excessive  subdivision.  In  gen- 
eral, lujwever,  no  correct  idea  of  the  relation  of  large  groups  can  bo 
forme<l  until  the  component  parts  are  separated  and  iletined. 

The  rules  of  nomenclature  recently  formulated  by  the  American 
Ornithologists'  Union,  and  now  adopted  by  nearly  all  American  natural- 
ists, have  been  iFollowed  in  this  work.  The  only  exceptions  are  those 
arising  from  the  operation  of  two  minor  regulations  which  seem  to  be 
impracticable  or  unnecessary,* 


?^ 


•The  first  of  tlicso  excepUons  concfriiK  Caium  xvii,  2,  which  gives  to  sjiocifif  niinies  applied 
to  males,  pri'c<'Ut'iico  over  iiaiiies  used  for  foinalus,  wlieu  the  two  occur  on  the  sami'  page.  In 
Huch  cases  of  synclironous  names,  we  have  awarded  priority  to  tlie  name  standing  first  on  the 
I>age,  regardless  of  other  considerations.  The  other  exception  is  in  the  rule  abundouiug  a 
name  (as  ScaiilihliijncbHs;  Xipliidkni;  Cuulhiilermis)  when  a  i)rior  generic  name  is  of  like  etymcdogy 
and  of  nearly  the  same  spelling  (us  Scaphorbj/whiis,  Xiphitliiim,  or  Ainiitlioilernm).  Vfe  regard  all 
generic  names  as  ditTerent  unless  originally  si>elled  alike,  and  the  original  orthography  (mis- 
jirints  aside)  is  in  all  cases  retained. 

1  fV) 


yi 


PREKACE. 


The  proHent  work  is,  In  a  senso,  a  revision  of  the  "  Hynopsls  of  tlio 
Fishes  of  Nortli  Ainorlca,"*publishe(l  In  188)J  ity  Jordan  ii  Gilbert,  as 
flnlletin  XVI  of  the  United  States  National  Muueum.  While  the  frviu- 
eral  ciiaractor  of  the  work  is  the  same  as  in  the  Synopsis,  the  text  in  the 
present  work  has  been  entirely  rewritten,  and  the  jreo^'raphi(;al  ran^e 
greatly  extended  by  the  addition  of  the  faunas  of  Mexico,  Central  Amer- 
ica, and  tlio  West  Indies.  The  luunber  of  species  Included  has  been  thus 
more  than  d()ul)led.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  show  In  tlie  setiueuco 
of  forms,  something  of  our  knowledge  of  the  line  of  evolution  of  the 
.different  groups  of  lislies. 

Our  recognition  of  Indebtedness  should  include  In  greater  or  less 
degree  most  contemporary  workers  in  systematic  ichthyology,  for  It  Is 
not  easy  to  separate  tlie  aid  given  to  our  Individual  studies  from  tliat 
given  as  direct  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  the  present  work. 

Dr.  (.'harles  Henry  Gilbert  has  turned  over  to  the  present  junior 
author  his  sliiiro  In  Jordan  &  Gilbert's  "Synopsis,"  and  has  also  freely 
given  litlp  and  advice,  unpublished  observations,  descriptions  of  new 
forms,  and  other  aids  wliich  increase  the  usefulness  of  the  work.  Most 
of  the  descriptions  here  published  have  been  written  in  his  laboratory 
or  verified  In  the  museum  In  his  charge. 

In  ways  similarly  Important,  we  are  under  the  deepest  obligations  to 
Dr.  Theodore  GUI,  who  has  looked  over  all  our  proof  sheets,  and  who 
has  given  numberless  valuable  suggestions  arising  from  his  extensive 
knowledgfi  of  comparative  anatomy  and  of  the  literature  of  zoology. 
Every  part  of  the  work  has  been  made  more  valuable  by  the  friendly 
interest  of  this  master  of  taxonomy. 

Still  other  aids  of  importance  have  come  from  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode, 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  charge  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum.  The  work  of  rewriting  the  Synopsis  of  1883 
was  undertaken  at  his  suggestion.  Every  help  toward  rts  completion 
has  been  freely  extended,  the  most  important  being  the  use  of  the 
advance  proof-sheets  of  tlie  "Oceanic  Ichthyology"  of  Goode  &  Bean. 

To  Timothy  Hopkins,  esq.,  of  Menlo  Park,  Cal.,  a  generous  patron  of 
biological  research,  we  are  indebted  for  the  kind  interest  which  made  it 
possible  for  Vae  junior  author  to  associate  himself  with  the  present  work. 

Dr.  George  A.  Boulenger,  of  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
has  examined  many  type  specimens  for  us,  and  has  most  kindly  furnished 
advance  proof-sheets  of  the  first  volume  of  his  Catalogue  of  Teleostean 
Fishes.  Large  use  of  these  proof  sheets  has  been  made  in  our  accounts 
of  the  PercidcB  and  Serranidm. 


I'UKKACE. 


vn 


Valued  aids  in  tlio  Holution  of  doubtful  'luoHtions  havf  boon  rocolvp<l 
from  Dr.  Fninz  Stolndiichnor  of  Vloniia,  Dr.  Fran/  llil^'O'idorf  of  Morlin, 
Dr.  Christian  V.  LlUken  of  Coponha^'on,  Dr.  Robert  Collott  of   Chris 
tlaniu,  and  from  Dr.  I/on  Vaillant,  M.  F.  Hocourt,  and  M.  Aloxandro 
Thominot,  in  Parifi. 

In  our  own  country,  we  linvo  ospoclally  to  oxpross  our  oblijjfatlons  tor 
favorH  received  from  Dr.  Tarleton  H.  Dean,  of  the  Now  York  Aipiarium: 
from  hirt  brother,  Mr.  Barton  A.  Hean,  and  Mr.  R.  Pidward  Karjl,  of  the 
United  States  National  Muweum  ;  from  Prof.  p]dward  D.  Copo,  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  Mr.  Samuol  (Jarman,  of  tlie  MuHoum  of  Comparative 
Zoology;  Dr.  Iiuj,'li  M.  Smith  and  Mr.  William  C.  Kendall,  of  tho  United 
States  Fish  Commission  ;  Dr.  Steplien  A.  Forbes,  of  the  University  of 
Illinois;  Dr.  Edwin  .T.  Nolan,  of  the  Acavlemy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Piiiladeli)hia,  and  Prof.  Simon  II.  (laf^e,  of  Cornell  University.  To 
the  Hon.  Marshall  McDonald,  United  States  Commissioner  of  Fish  and 
Fislieries,  and  Mr.  Richard  Rattibun,  chief  of  the  Division  of  Scientific 
Incjuiry  of  the  United  States  Jish  Commissh)n,  we  are  under  especial 
obligations  for  assistance  in  many  ways. 

Our  own  students,  present  and  past,  especially  Dr.  Setli  E.  Meek,  Dr. 
Wilbur  \V.  Thoburn,  Mr.  Edwin  C.  Starks,  Dr.  Frank  Cramer,  Dr.  Carl 
H.  Eigenmann,  Mr.  Albert  J.  Woolman,  Mr.  Cloudsley  Rutter,  Mr. 
Keinosuke  Otaki,  Mr.  Thomas  31.  Williams,  Mr.  Georfje  B.  Culver,  Mr. 
Norman  B.  Scofield,  Miss  Suale  B.  Bristol,  Mrs.  Flora  Hartley  (ireene, 
and  others,  have  rendered  aid  of  various  kinds.  Dr.  Meek  has  devoted 
a  winter  in  Palo  Alto  to  the  prepan'tion  of  the  tirst  draft  of  the  account 
of  the  Pomai'entrida',  (huJiihv,  Brotulidiv,  and  other  families.  Mr,  Cramer 
is  the  author  of  the  account  of  the  Scorpienuhv  and  Agonithv,  and  to  Dr. 
Thoburn  we  owe  the  outline  of  tlie  Cottida'.  Mr.  Starks  has  spent  much 
time  in  the  verification  of  descriptions.  An  especially  important  service 
has  been  rendered  by  Prof.  Walter  Miller  of  tlie  chair  of  Archa-ology  In 
Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  and  Mr.  William  Barnum,  Editor  of 
the  United  States  Fish  Commission  publications,  in  reviewing  and 
correcting  the  etymology  of  names  of  the  genera  and  species.  Prof. 
Augustus  T.Murray,  of  the  chair  of  Greek  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior 
University,  has  also  contributed  valuable  suggestions.  To  Mr.  George  A. 
Clark,  President's  Secretary  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University, 
we  owe  many""  favors  In  connection  with  the  preparation  of  manuscript. 

Under  tlie  head  of  each  species,  enough  synonymy  has  been  given  to 
connect  this  work  with  other  descriptive  works,  and  no  more.    Reference 


ii 


fli 


E'  ,1 


/ 


VIII 


I'KKKArK. 


Ih  niaiitt  to  <MU'li  ()i'l);liial  tlcHfriplioii  nT  HuppoHiMl  new  spcrios  or  tr*>iifra, 
til  tin-  (U)scriptii)iis  ill  Dr.  (}niitli(M''s  "('atali)KiH'  ul'  tin-  FIhIh'-  of  tlio 
Hiitisli  MiistMiin,"  tit.Iunlaii  A:  (Jillmrt'M  "SynDpsis  of  tin*  Kislu'mil'  Nortli 
Aiiiorica,"  ami  to  otlicr  works  in  which  special  inrorinatioii  is  ^'ivcii. 
Tin-  limits  of  the  jircsciit  worlt  prcvoiif  us  from  ^'iviiij,' a  l)ll>lio):rapliy 
of  tin-  works  roiisuitt'd.  Fii  ^'t'licral,  we  havo  tri(Ml  to  (ixamliM-  cvrry 
paper  which  throws  lij,'lit  on  Aiiu'ricaii  Ichlhyolojj:y. 

Ill  coiicliisioii,  wo  may  say  that  no  one  can  rcali/c  the  imperfections 
of  tills  work  mor«'  keenly  than  we  do.  We  otFer  no  excuse  for  iiiaecu- 
racies  and  errors,  luit  it  is  fair  to  say  that,  thronj,'liout  the  four  years  in 
which  this  work  was  written,  l>otli  its  authors  have  fouiul  their  ener- 
j>;ies  crowded  to  the  utmost  Ity  executive  work  to  which  systematic 
lehthyolojfy  hears  no  relation.  Had  it  not  Ikmmi  so,  this  hook  would 
have  come  somewhat  nearer  our  own  ideals,  and  es])ecially  would  it  be 
more  exact  and  detailed  on  the  side  of  Osteolo^'y,  Embryolojjy.and  Pal 
a-ontolomry.  As  it  is,  we  trust  that  the  work  will  lio  a  useful  ri'pn^senta- 
tioii  of  the  present  state  of  our  kiiowledj^e  of  the  fauna  in  (|uestioii. 

David  Stauk  .Ioudan, 

HaU'I'ON    WaKKKN    KiVKllMANN. 

I.KI.ANII   STANniUI)  .ll'NIoH    I'nI  VKHHI'i  t  , 
I'AI.O   Al.lil,   .SaNT.\   (Ji.AKA    CllfNH,    Oai.o'ounia. 

Mitiiii  /',  isn:,. 


f 


N  < )  r  !<: . 


Til  our  (los<<ripti()ii-i  of  species,  we  Imvo  iifU'inpted  to  Itr'nij.'  the  jirlii- 
cipiil  eoiiipiirative  nieasiireineiils  tirsf.  Tlie  expressioiM  "IkshI  I,"  of 
"(leptli  4"  mean  that  tlie  h'ii;,rth  of  th(^  head  in  tlio  one  caise,  or  th« 
^Toatest  (loptli  of  tiio  body  in  ttie  other,  is  contained  4  limes  in  tlio 
lenj,Mli  (»f  file  llsh  measiiretl  trnm  tiie  tip  of  the  snoni  1o  liie  end  of  Iho 
hist  caiuhd  vertebra,  tiie  caudal  tin  liein;,'  not  inclinled.  The  size  of  tiie 
eye  and  tli(^  h'n^'th  of  Hiioiit  and  otiier  iiuad  parts  are  compared  wltlitho 
len;rtli  of  tlie  sldo  of  the  iiead,  unless  otherwise*  stated;  thus  "eye  5" 
means  tlial  tlie  horizontal  diameter  of  tlie  eye  is  I  the  lon^'th  of  tlie 
head.  ''Scales  ri(J4  7  "  means  that  tiiere  arc  5  rows  of  scales  luMween 
the  base  of  the  dorsal  lln  and  tliei  lateral  line  (tlie  scab*  in  the  lateral 
lino  excluded),  (J4  ol>rupu>  transve'-st*  s(  ries  crossing;  tlie  lateral  line,  an<l 
7  horizontal  series  lietweeii  tiie  lateral  line  and  the  base  of  the  anal  or 
the  vent.  Wlien  tlie  number  of  pores  in  tlie  lateral  line  is  fewer  than 
the  numlier  of  scales  in  it,  we  have  usually  indicated  the  fact. 

The  tin  formula'  are  usually  shortened  as  much  as  possible;  thus  I). 
10,"'-  I).  TV,  »,"or  "I).  VIII-IIV  nieiinsthat  in  the  first  case  the  lish  has 
ft  siii^fle  dorsal  tin  of  10  soft  or  articulated  rays;  in  tlie  second  case,  a 
sin^'le  dorsal  lln  of  4  siiines  and  9  soft  rays;  and  the  last  indicates  a  lish 
with  2  dorsal  tins,  the  tirst  composed  of  8  spines  and  the  secimd  of  liJrays. 

Spines  are  always  indicatecl  in  romaii  loiters. 

The  abbreviations  for  the  other  iiii  birimil.i'  are  similarly  explained. 

The  measurements  jriveii  in  the  text  are  inlendeil  to  apply  to  the  aver- 
ago  of  mature  tish«'s.  Youn^  lislies  usually  have  the  dt^ptli  less,  the  head 
and  eye  larger,  and  the  mouth  smaller, than  adult  examples  of  the  same 
species. 

Descriptions  not  taken  from  npecimens,  or  at  least  not  voritied  by  us, 
are  credited  to  the  author  from  whom  they  have  been  copie(l. 

"Eu."  after  the  at'count  of  any  species  indicates  that  it  b  found  in 
J^urope. 

The  names  of  the  localities  from  which  the  types  of  the  species  were 
obtained,  are  printed  in  anti<pie  old  styb*  type  in  connection  with  the 
synonymy  of  each  species. 

When  the  tyiie  sfiecimens  are  in  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
wo  have  given  the  numbers  which  they  bear  on  the  register  of  that 
institution. 

An  atlas,  containing  anatomical  figures  and  illustrations  of  many  of 
the  more  important  species,  is  now  in  jireparation  and  will  appear  upon 
the  completion  of  the  second  volume  of  the  present  work. 

(IX) 


u 


( 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


I>.IK.-. 

CLASS  I.  LEPTOCAKDII — 2 

Obuer  a.  Amimikixi ..  'i 

Familt/  I,  Itrancliwutotnulie ' 'i 

Goniisl.  nniDchioHtoma,  Costa ;i 

1.  IiiDcooIatuin  (Pallas) „. 3 

2.  (-aribicum,  SundcTnll a 

3.  californieuse,  Gill . 4 

OoDus  2.  Asyminctron,  Andrews 4 

4.  lucayanum,  Andrew, . 4 

CLASS  II.  MAllSIl'OBBANCHII 4 

OllDEK  11.    lIVPEnOTIlETI 5 

Familj  11.  lu^'  Uremiiiie 5 

GonusS.  Polistdtrema,  Gill fi 

5.  Btouti  (Lockington) G 

FamUy  HI.  Myxinidie 7 

GounH4.  Myxine,  LinniciM .: 7 

fi.  glutiuosa,  LinnaiUB 7 

OUDEII  C.    HyPEROAR"!! . 8 

Family  IV.  Pelraniyzonida: 8 

Genus  5.  Bathymyzon,  Gill „ . 9 

7.  bairdii(Gill) 9 

Genus  C.  Potromyzon  (Artedi)  Linniims 9 

C                     8.  marinus,  Linntcus 10 

8a.  unicolor  (Do  Kay) 10 

Genus  7.  Ichthyomyzon,  Girard 10 

■-:                   9.  oonculor  (Kirtland) 11 

10.  castnncns,  Girard 11 

Genus  8.  Eutoeplieuus,  Gill 11 

C                 !»■  tridentatus  (Gairdncr) 12 

Genuu  9.  Lampctra,  Gray .. 12 

<■'                 12.  aurca(Bean) 13 

13i  spadicca,  Bean . 13 

c-                14.  cibaria  (Giranl) 13 

c                15.  wildori,  Gage 13 

CLASS  III.  PISCES 1 14 

SUBCLASS  SELACHII 15 

Order  D.  Diplcsi'ondyu 16 

Family  V.  CMamydoselachidie ... „ IC 

Genrs  10.  Clilamydosclachus,  Garman ... 10 

10.  anguineus,  Garman .,_. 10 

Family  VI.  Ilexanchidx 17 

Genus  11.  Notorhynchus,  Ayres 17 

C                 17.  raaculatus,  Ayres 17 

Genus  12.  Hcxanchus,  Kaflnesque 18 

<-                18.  corinuB,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 18 

19.  griseus  (Gmelin) . .  19 

(XI) 


4- 


I ; 


XII 


CONTKNTh. 


CLASS  III.   I'ISCKS  -('oiitiinii'il.  Vn^c. 

OllfPKIl  E.    A.MTKIl(>.S"ilNriVI.I 19 

Si  llOllliKK    I'llM.VUTMKI 1!) 

Family  VII.    lleUritiloiiliihi     19 

Ooiiuh13.  Gyrdiilciiniiliis,  (iill •>!) 

'M.  frnncisci  (<iiriiiil) 'JO 

Jl.  (iiKjyi  1 1' iviiiiiivillc) 21 

i3i'iioui)K.i[  Oai.ki . 21 

h'niiiilil  VIII.  Snjiliiiihiuiilii 'It 

Goiiiis  11.  .s<  ylliorliiiiiiH,  Uliiiinillc 'i'i 

22.    (ifofiiiiiliiniiii,  (IiNiilc,^  lU'iili 22 

tioniiR  V>.  CiiliiliiH,  Smith 2:J 

Siili^;i'ini.'<  Ciitiiliis 21 

21!.   xaiiiiinis,  Gillioit 24 

24.  Iiriiiiiieii.<,  (iillicif 24 

2.'..  cciiliiiluti,  (Jlllicrt 24 

2tl,   ictiffi-  (fiiiriimiO 2.') 

SiilPKcMiiis  ('(!|ilmli>sc>lliurii,  (Jill 2'> 

27.  iili'r,  .Idriliin  \  (Jillii'it  '!.•> 

I'lUllilii  l\.    Iliiliilj/iii'i^l"iiii(lii     25 

(Jciiiis  1(1.  (iiiij;l.viii()sti)iiia,  Miillcr  A  lloiiln 2() 

2H.  (■irratiiin  (Giiii'liii) . 20 

Fittnihi  \.   l*si  ntliilvHtkiiUi  . 2P 

(Jcrnirt  17.    I'siiiilolriakis,  Capcllo 27 

2!l    iiiirrixldU,  CaiH'llo 27 

Inmihf  M.    i:<,ln,l:,     27 

Goiius  IS.   .^liisti'Iiis,  Ciivicr 28 

(I.   liiinilatns,  .Ionian  \-  Gillicrl 28 

:il.  .aiiis  (Mitcliiin 29 

Goiiiis  lit.  (ialciis,  lfatiucK<iiiP 29 

:',■>.  iloivaiiH((;iii) ;«) 

:;;i.   calirorniru.s  (Gill)   _  ,10 

Gi'iiiLs  20    IthiiKili'iac'is,  Gill liO 

34.  hoiilci,  Gill    ;!1 

Genus  21.   TiiaKis,  Miiilcr.V  lli-iil.' lil 

r..5.   (■c'lnil'a.-icialiiiii,  Giianl 111 

(ii'iiiis '/•_'.   (ialrorliiims,  Blainvillo    lil 

<1  'Ml  /yoptiTus,  .Inrdan  I't  Gillicil .'!2 

(Jciiiis  2;t.  Galoiiccrdip,  Sliillcr  .t  Uriilr 112 

;i7.   tigliIlll^  :Milll.'iiV  llonle ;i2 

GeiniK2l.    I'liDiiaic,  C'aiitor lil! 

C  l'>*.   Kli""''i  (f'Slilia  lis) lil! 

Genus  25.  Cari^liarliimi<.  I'laliivillc 1)1} 

SulifieiiUH  Plulypoiliiii,  (iill I!.") 

liil.  oliseurus  (Le  Sui'ur) 3^> 

10.  |ilatyrliyiH'liUH  iCJillicrt) IIO 

11.  lalril'oiinis  (iiilimii) llfi 

42.  am  mot  us  (Poey) Itfl 

■It.    pi'l(V.i  (I'dey) .  III! 

41.  reiudtu.s  (A'alonciouiios) .'i7 

4"i.  lienlei !  Valeiicicinics) 37 

Suligeuus  Ciicliaihinus l!7 

4(i.  niilliorti  (Miillir  A-  Ileiilo) 37 

47.  luniiellii  (Jdrdau  Si  Gilbert) 37 

48.  lauiia  (RafiMesqiie) liH 

49.  platydildii  (I'oey) 39 

50.  IVdntii  (.Idi-daii  .V  Gilliei-t) 39 

51.  iiiianii:ueii»iH  (Gill  Jc  liiuusford) 39 


(  ONTENTS, 


XIII 


rtASS  III.  I'IsrES— <'oiitiiiiiiil. 

CMlKKIt  K.    AsTEROsroNltvi.l — < 'olltillllCil. 

I'litiiUij  XI.  Oukiihi — (loiitiiuicil.  riiRi'. 

Siiligcniis  iHOvioiiipliodiin,  Oill 4(1 

52.  ii'lluUoniH  (Jordan  &  GMIhtI) -- 40 

f>;».  liiiiliatim  (MiilltT  \  Ilenlo)  10 

M.  ox.viliviuliiis(Mull('r  \  Ili-nloj Kt 

Gciinx  2('i,  H.v|i<>|>rion,  MiillcrA  Ili'iilc i\ 

55.  brcvirDSlris,  I'oey 41 

50.  Higimtim.  Poey 41 

(ii'imx  27.  .Xprioiuxloii,  Gill 42 

57.   isodoii  (MiiUer  \  lloiile) .. 42 

Genus  28.  Sioliodon,  MliUer  .V  Hcnlc, 42 

5K.  loiignriu  (Jordiin  A  Gilbert) 42 

5!».  terrx'-novM'  iRiclmrddon) 43 

I'miiilii  Mil.   Siiliiiniidii 4o 

Oeiiiis  2!i.  Siiliyrnii,  ISittiiie:ic|iie V.i 

,Sii!)n;eiiiis  Keiiic('|ps,  Gill .  44 

(iO.  tilmro  (Iiiniiii'iiK) 44 

Sutis''!""*  I'ltt'yHqiialus,  Swainsini 44 

I'll,  tildes  (Cuvior) 44 

SubK<'"ii8Spliyrna 45 

Cii.  /.ygn'na(Linnn'iis) 45 

h'atiiUji  XIII.  Aliiimihi 46 

Genus  ;!0.  Alopias,  Raflnesque 45 

li:!.  valpes  (Gmeliii) . 45 

Vnmibi  XIV.    Cnrclmriuhr . . 4ti 

Genus  ;U.  Carcharia.'<,  Bafinesque 40 

Subgenus  Giigomphodu^,  Gill 46 

04.  littoralig  (Mitrhill) 46 

Funiilii  XW  Lnmnidit 47 

Genus  .'i2.  IsuruB,  Raflnesque 47 

Subgenus  Isuropsig,  Gill ._ 48 

05.  dckayi  ((iill) - 48 

.Subgenus  Isurus 48 

00.  oxyrliynchus,  Rafine.que 48 

(ienuri  :i:i  Lanma,  ('uvier .* 49 

<                  07.  cornubica  (Gnielin) 49 

(ienus:i4.  Carcliarodon,  Smith 50 

08.  carcbarius  (Linnniis) 50 

Fiimilii  XVI.   Cetiirhinitlie 50 

Grnuj  35.  Ootorliiniis,  Rlainville . 51 

on.  niaxin.Ms  (GunDsr) 51 

Fwiiihi  X  VII.    UhinmlnnMir 52 

(ienus  36.  Micristodus  (Gill) .52 

70.  punctatus,  Gill 5J 

Ordkii  K.  Cyclosi'ondyi.i 52 

Sl'HOKDKR  OvOI.OSPdNDVI.I .")3 

Fiimili/  XVIII    Siiiialiiliii  _.. 53 

Genus  37.  Squalus  (Artedi)  Linnii'us   ^> 

71.  acanthias,  Liuuious 54 

1-"               72.  sucklii  (Girard; 64 

Genus  38.  CentroBcyninus,  Hocage  .V:  Capello 54 

^■-              "3.  cu'lolopig,  Boeage  A  Capello 66 

(•enu!i39.  Etmopterus,  Rafinesquo 55 

74.  pusilhis  (Lowe) 55 

(ii'hus  40.  Centroscy Ilium,  Mii!lei'>&  llunle 50 

75.  fabricil  (Beiuhardt^ — .  60 


m 


'■ii 


{fii 


XIV 


CONTENTS. 


CLASH  III.  PI80KS— (Vntiniioil. 

Ordkk  F.  Cy(;LosroNi)Vi.i— Coiitiiiuod.  Page. 

Fantity  XIX.  DalatiHie „____ . . -___„ „ .„..„ 56 

0*nu8  41.  SoiLniostiH,  Le  Sueur 66 

C  76.  microcepliiihiB  (Bloch) -____.. '  67 

Familji  XX.  Kvhinorhin'uUe 57 

QonHH42.  Kchinorhinui,  Blaiiiville 57 

77.  gjiiiiosuH  ((imelin) 58 

SVIIOIIDER  Tkctosi'onoym 58 

Vaiii'dii  XXI.  8<]uatini(U^ 58' 

Gouub4;I.  Squatina,  Duim'-ril 58 

78.  Bouutina  (Linnii'us) 58 

OiiDKii  U.  Batoidei  5!» 

Hiiiioni>KE8Aii(,'inA CO 

Fumilji  XXII.  I'rinlUlie GO 

aunuH44.  PriHtis,  Latham 60 

79.  perrotteti,  Valenciennes 00 

80.  poctinatuB,  Latham . 60 

Family  XXIII.  IViinobaliihe 61 

GeniiH  45.  RhinohatuB,  Bloch  it  Schneider 61 

81.  lentiginoBUB,  Oarman 62 

S'.l.  glaucoHtignia,  -lordan  A  Gilbert 62 

8;i.  leucurhynchus,  Giinthor 62 

84.  productUB,  Ayres 63 

85.  percellens  (Walbaum) 63 

86.  Bpinosus,  OUnther 03 

87.  planicepH,  Garman 64 

Genua  46.  Zapteryx,  Jorden  &  Gilbort 64 

88.  oxasperatuB  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) 64 

89.  xyBter,  Jordan  &  Everinann 65 

GenuB  47.  Platyrhinoidis,  Garman 66 

90.  trisoriatUB  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) 06 

Family  XXIV.  Hajidie 66 

Genus  48.  Baja  (Artodi)  LinDicus 66 

91.  erinacea,  Mitchill 68 

C  92.  ocellata,  Mitchill 08 

f  93.  fyJUc,  LUtken-- 69 

c  94.  radiata,  Donovan . . .„_ 69 

95.  plutonia,  Garman 69 

96.  ackleyi,  Garman 70 

97.  ornata,  Garman 70 

98.  oglantcria,  Bosc 71 

99.  Bcnta,  Garman 71 

:  100.  iHiviB  (Mitchill) 71 

c  101.  rhina,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 72 

C  102.  blnoculata,  Girard 72 

103.  inornata,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 73 

104.  equatorialig,  Jordan  &  Bullman 74 

105.  parmifora,  Bean . 74 

106.  Btellulata,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 75 

107.  aloutica,  Gilbert  &  Thoburn 75 

108.  trachnra,  Gilbert 75 

109.  abyssicola,  Gilbert  A  Thoburn 76 

Family  XXV.  Nnrcobalidve 70 

GenuB49.  Tetronarco,  Gill 77 

110.  otcldentalis  (Storer) 77 

111.  californica  (Ayres) __. 77 

QcdubSO.  Narcine,  Henle .„„ ____„ 78 

112.  brasiliensis  (Olfers) 78 


t'ONTENT8. 


XV 


CLASS  III.  P18CKS— Continue.!. 
OuDKit  O.  Uatoiiiki— Coiitiniied. 

/•hmiVi/  A'AT.  Narcolialiilir — Contintirij.  Pago, 

OoiiusSl.  Discopyge,  Tm'hiidl 78 

113.  ommata,  .Fordan  &  Gillwrt 78 

SimoKDRR  Masticuiia - 79 

Family   XX  \'I.  Lkuyatiilir _.„ 79 

GpdiibS'J.  UrolopliuH,  Miillor  t^t  Hcnlo 79 

li4.  liftllcri,  CoopLT 80 

li5.  neliiilosuH,  Gai-man 80 

110.  JamaiconnlH  (Cuvier) .-„_ ol 

117.  niunduH  (Gill) - 81 

118.  goodcl,  .Jordan  k  Bollman 81 

119.  aspidunis,  .lordau  &  Gilbert 81 

120.  asteriaH,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 82 

QomiBS.'i.  Dasyatis,  Baflnosque 82 

SubgoiiuH  Ilomitrygon,  MUilur  k  Ilenlo 83 

121.  centrura  (Mitchill) 83 

Subgenus  Dasyatia 83 

122.  boBtataiDe  Kay)- _ 83 

123.  gymnui-a  (MUller) - 84 

124.  Biibliia  (Le  Sueur) 84 

125.  longa,  Garman ........ 85 

120.  diptorura,  Jordan  iSc  Gilbert . 85 

127.  say  (Lo  Suour) 86 

Genus  54.  Ptoroplatea,  MUller  &  Henle 86 

128.  macluru  (Le  Sueur) 86 

129.  crebrlpunctata,  Peters 87 

130.  marmorata,  Cooper .. 87 

Familij  XXVII.  mulwhaliilir 87 

GenuB65.  Aetobatus,  bluinville . 88 

131.  nariiiari  (Euphrasen) 88 

132.  latiieps  (Gill) 88 

Genus  50.  Myliobatia,  Dumeril 89 

Subgenus  Myliobntis . 89 

133.  frominvillel,  Le  Sueur 89 

Subgenus  Ilolorhinus,  Gill 89 

134.  californlms,  Gill 89 

Genus  57.  Bhinoptora,  Kulil 90 

Subgenus  Rbinoptera 90 

135.  bonasus  (Mitchill) 90 

136.  stoindachneri,  Gvemiann  &  Jenkins . 91 

Subgenus  Micromosus,  Gill . 91 

137.  ensenadw,  Rosa  Smith ..— 91 

Familii  XXVIII.  ManlUhe 91 

Genus  58.  Aodon,  Lacepode . . 91 

138.  hypostonnis  (Bancroft) 92 

Genus  59.  Manta  (Bancroft) 92 

139.  blrostris  (Walbaum) 92 

SUBCLASS  HOLOCEPHALI 93 

Okdkr  II.  Ciiim.1':roidei 93 

Family  XXIX.  Chimariihe .. ...... 93 

Genus  60.  Chimivra,  Linnaeus  ......._.__ 94 

140.  monstrosa,  Linnicus ... ,^.. . .. .. . . 94 

141.  aflfinis,  Capcllo 95 

Genus  61.  Hydrolagus,  Gill 96 

142.  colliei  (Lay  &  Bennett) 95 

Genus  02.  Harriotta,  Goode  &  Bean . ... 96 

143.  ralcighana,  Goode  &  Bean ...._..., ...... - 96 

F.  N.  A. II. 


iyt 


■■■'•,  I  I    '4 


■'% 


•I 


;■;  t- 


i  n 


XVI 


<ONTENT8. 


( 


CLASS  III.    l>ISPI,'a     <.       , 

SUBCLASS  TELKosTOMr 

^"leK  <j«„„j,|,.,  

<'»ioiidrojranol(||.8 • 

"««KH  r.  SKtACOMT,,,,,  " 

'■'"nil.;  A.V.Y.  /^,/y,w„,;;v;j 

fatiiilu  XWr    i   • 

c      '"""::'^'  A''i-n«-,  L.;r,:;,;r; 

"C.  .n,.,l.rostrig,  A.vr..«.  " ■ 

"  H7.  Nt„ri„,  Linnn.,18         

S        ";•  [•■•"'"•"i.-H.  Lo  s..,;,;' 

H9.  l,rpviroHfr„„,,L„.s,„,,/ " — - 

^--;«Nn,.,iH.,....H,.,  „:;;;----- 

..o,„«Tol!"'"-^''^''"^<^'""-/-)-:::::::::": ■ 

0«1>K..  K.  II,.om„ooanom,eI 

>V.»^  XXXIl.  LepU.^,,,;- - 

«--66.  L.,,i„„,ton,  t:::;^;^; 

C  ^"''S'"'"»  L0,,i8o8(,,.„M  

151.  08H,.„8  (Linna.,,8)  

t^amihi  XX\lli    a    -. 

O'nns  67.  A,„,„.  Linn,;;,;" 

155.  CHlva,  LinnH'us      

Series  TeloosJoi 

Ostariophjsl         

0«DKU  M.    N«MATOONAT.,r'lV.' -----. 

yamihi  Xwtt  c-i     . . 
./  '^•^•\ll.  SiluriJip 

G-Us  08.  K„„,b,,,,;— 

'  ,'•  '""'"'"onsis  (Gill)  

'57.  l'agre(Linua.us) 

■«-■  »i...»,i,r.*  ::"•""■■»") — z 

|61.  i..ariu„g(]„it,,,j„j  

162.  '»alnen8is  (Castelnaul  

Genera  6»-74.  Galei.l.u.yro  ;"r"": - 

««nu8  CO.  Galeic„tl,^8,  c'n,  ./t  v''^^  *  Valenciennes..     ' 
163.  lentigino8U8  /f!  ^''"ciennes  .... 

16o.  tro8cl.oIl  (Gill)  

166.  einphysetns (MillTer"  «"t,""; "" 

172  oil-  *  ^a'on(iennfis\ 

"2.  albicans  (Cuvior  &  Valencirnet:;;;— 


'J7 

100 

— Kxt 

-  Uk> 

101 

101 

• 101 

102 

— .  102 

103 

I04 

• 104 

10-, 

loc 

10(i 

107 

— 107 

107 

108 

108 

—  109 

10» 

lOU 

no 

110 

Ill 

Ill 

Ill 

Ill 

112 

112 

113 

113 

114 

114 

115 

116 

117 

117 

■ 117 

— -  118 

118 

118 

118 

—  119 

—  122 

—  122 

—  122 

—  122 

—  122 

—  122 

—  122 

—  123 

—  123 

—  123 

—  124 

—  124 


\l 


L^yt-ji^c™.. 


ii,i 


COMTBMTH. 


XVII 


<XA8HIII.   I'lrtOJaj— OoiitlninHl. 

OllllKIl  M.    NCMATOONATIII— ColltlllUtld. 

Fumilu  XXXfy.  Biluriilii — Contliiiinil.  Pago. 

Uouiig71.  SelitimHpiH,  Illcukur ._... — .... — ..........~_..........  124 

173.  Jiorzboruli  (DIocli) 124 

174.  «l<>wi  ((illl) i25 

176    luiiixruliH  (Ciivior  &  Vitli-ncixiinoH) .... .. ..... 126 

170.  piirkuri  (Triiill) 12r. 

Uuiiuh72.  Nctuinu,  Itloukur 12ti 

177.  KruiullraHsiH  ((Juvicr  iV  Vulcnrloiiiieo) .—  12< 

178.  HtricticasHiH  (Cuvlor  !i  VukuKii'iiiioii) ... .. . 12(i 

179.  (lubla  (Bloi'kor) 120 

18(».  keHsleii  (Sti-iiuliicbliiT) 127 

1«1,  inBiiilpta  (Joiiliiii  A  GlUitrt) 127 

182.  pluuicopM  (8toiii(lii('lim'r) 127 

IKI.  platypoKoii  ((illiitlicr) 127 

184.  Dscuhi  (.loriluii  A(iill)«rt)- 127 

185.  t-luttura  (Jordan  &  GiUx-rt) 128 

QoiiiiH  7:)<  II()xiin«inaticlitli>'8,  Blocker . , 128 

180.  foliH  (Linnanis) 128 

187.  Hoemani  (Gtlntlior)  _. 128 

188.  jonlani  (Eiguiimann  &  Gigoiiinaiiii) ... ._ .. 128 

18!t.  CHrulcBcons  (GlIntlitT) 12U 

190.  guatoniaU'DHiB  ((illnther) 12'J 

191.  aasimills  (Gilntbor) „. 129 

192.  HuriDauiouBis  (Bleokur) 129 

193.  dasyct'plialuH  ((iilnlhcr) 130 

194.  longicopbalUH,  Kigvnmaiiii  &  Eigeniiianii . 130 

195.  riigmpinuH  ((Hivlor  &  A'alenoinuncs) 130 

190.  plirygiatiis  (Cuvior  &  Valoncioiiiu'H) 130 

Gt)iiii8  74.  Tachysurug,  Lacejiodu 131 

197.  nucbaliu  (GUntbnr) 131 

198.  Abbus  (CuviiT  &  ValoncicniioB) ..... _. ....  131 

199.  gpixii  (AgasBiz) 131 

200.  molanopuB  (Glliither) 132 

201.  furtbii  (Steindachncr) 132 

202.  varioIoBiiB  (Cuvior  &  Valoncienuos) 132 

203.  multiradiatUB  (Glluther) 132 

Genus  75.  CatborupB,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 133 

20'1.  bypopbtbalmuB  (Stelndaehiior) 133 

205.  guloBUB  (Eigcnnianu  A  Kigcnnianu) 133 

GuniiH  76.  IctaluruB,  Kafinesiiue . 133 

206.  furcatus  (L«  Suour)  _ 134 

207.  punotatns  (liafiucsquo) 134 

208.  nieridionalis  (GUntbcr) . 1:}5 

OeiiuB  77.  AmoiuruB,  Baflnesqno .. 136 

SubgcnuB  Ilaustor,  Jordan  &  Kvermann 137 

209.  lacuBtris  (WallK:;ini) 137 

210.  lupus  (Glrard) 137 

211.  catuB  (LinnHMiB) 138 

212.  dugesi,  Boan 138 

213.  okeechobocnsiB  (Hoilprin) 138 

Subgenus  Ameiurus 139 

214.  erebennuB,  Jordan ......... — . 139 

215.  natalis  (Lo  Sueur) 139 

216.  vulgaris  (Thompson) 140 

217.  nobuloBUs  (Lo  Suuur) 140 

2l7a.  catulus  (Girard) 141 

2176.  marmoratuB  (Holbruok) .._... _....__.__._........_.. 141 


■ii 


'!1 


M 


III 


fill 


XVIII 


CONTENT8. 


0LA88  III.  IMSCKS-OuntiiiiiiHl. 

Oruku  M.  Nrmatoiinatiii— Coiitiniiotl. 

t'amUy  XXXIV.  fc'i/tinVf/r— Ctmtliiiitil.  I'age. 

218.  moIiu*(IlaflueH(nio) 141 

•M9.  i)luty(oi)liulUM(Olrar(l) 142 

8ul>KoiiiiH  tininiiis,  Cope .. -„..„„—... _........ 142 

220.  iilKrIlabriH  (Cope) 142 

UoiiiiN  7k,  Ijcptopx,  HnfliiONi|iio „ .... .. „ . 142 

221.  ollvarlH  (Ruflnoi(|iiiO 143 

Goniis70.  NotuniH,  KiiI)iioh<|ii« ... .............. 14a 

222.  llaviiH,  naflniHiim- 144 

Geiiun80.  ScliilbeoiliH,  llli-ckcT 144 

HuliKoniiK  Si'liilljt'iiiluH . 146 

22:».  gyriiiUN(Mltclini) 14(1 

224.  U'ptacantliUH  (Jordan) - -  146 

SuliKoiiUM  Itubida,  Ji>r(laii  &  Kvornianii . 140 

22.1.  iKicturnuH  (Jordan  ."t  Oilb«if) 140 

220.  luuebrig  (Gilbert  A  Swain) 147 

227.  oxIliH  (Nelson) 147 

228.  insiKniH  (RIclmrdHon) - 147 

229.  ullborti  (Jordan  &  Kvcrniann) . 148 

2:J0.  (d.'utluTus  (Jordan) 148 

2;J1.  minruH  (Jordan) —  148 

2U2.  fiiriomis  (Jordan  *  Mofk) 1*9 

GennH81.  Rliamdia,  Ulooker - 140 

SubgpnuH  Ithaiiidia — 160 

2;53.  wasnori  (Gdntbcr) - 150 

Subf^onns  Klianidtdla,  Kigennmnn  t^  Eigvnniann ISl 

234.  iNironiit-iuiilIeri  (Trowdiel) 151 

235.  inotaguoDHiK,  (OUuthur) . 161 

23ti.  lirai-h.vptpra  (Copo) _„ 161 

237.  walvini  (Gllntlier) 162 

2.18.  li.vpsoluniH  (Gllnther) 152 

239.  latlcauda  (Heckcl) 152 

240.  godmani  (OUntbcr) l.')2 

241.  KUi>t((nialonsiH  (G(lnth«r) 152 

242.  nicaniguen^iH  (Giintlior) . 152 

243.  microptorn  (GUiitbur) 1.53 

244.  iiianagueuHiH  (Gilntlicr) 153 

245.  ixjIyt-auluH  (UUntlier) 153 

240.  petcnensiH  (GUntlicr). 153 

247.  parryi  (Eigenmanu) 153 

GeuuK82.  Piniclwlella,  Eigenmann  JcEigonmann 163 

248.  chagresi  (Stcindachner) 154 

249.  nKKlcsta  (Gllnther) _,_ __  154 

Gunu8  83,  PiineloduH,  Lacepide _.___ . . 154 

2.50.  inaculatus,  LactJiHido 155 

t\imil!i  XXXV.   LorirariUla: l.')6 

GonuH  84.  Loricaria,  Linnaeus 150 

Subgenus  Homiodon,  Kuer 157 

251.  pauamcDsiii,  Eigeunniun  &  Eigeumann 157 

Subgenus  Sturisoma,  Swainsuu 167 

252.  rostrata,  Spix 157 

Subgenus  Rinoloricaria,  Blceker 158 

263.  lima,  Kner 158 

254.  bransfonli,  Gill 158 

Stibguuus  Paraheniiodon,  Bloekor 158 

266.  uracautba,  Kucr  <&  Steindachuer 168 


rONTRNTS. 


XIX 


OliASS  III.  PIHrES— Continued. 

Orhkh  M.  Nkmatixinatiii— Cuntlniii'il. 

t'timilti  XXXV.  hirifuriiilir — Cuutiniii'u.  I'ligt'. 

SuliKi<niiH  Liirlciiria  .. ...... . . . .... 1A0 

2Mi.  viirii-gata,  Sti'lmliit'lnDir ._ ....... . .......... l.Vt 

OoniiH  HIi.  lIuiiilanrititriiM,   lilu(>k<ir ............. ..... .. ... IM 

'i!)T,  Kiiiicliitrute  (('iivlcr  A  Valxncii'iiiioM) . . ....  I.''i9 

aOH.  imiililolppiH  (Ollntlmr) 15l> 

rifiiUH  Ht).  Cliii'toNtoiiiuH,  Kiior ......... -. .... .. .  KW 

26!>.  nnflicrl,  Stciiuliichiii'r HM) 

OitiiilH  H7.  AnciMtriiH,  Kncr . .. ... KM* 

'ii'*).  t-hui;ruHi,  K>Kcnniuiin  A  Kigo'inmnn 100 

OllDl'.ll  N.  ri.KlTlltlfoNliVLI . loo 

.Sl'IIIIIIIIKK  KVKN'roaNATIII  .......... . 101 

f'miii///  XXXyi.   Catimlnmidiv 101 

(ioilllNHH.   IftiiilillM,  IlatitirMqiin .. ........ ...... . lOIJ 

BiiligeiiiiK  .St'lorognathiirt,  ('iivicr  &  Valeni'innnuH „ . 10.1 

2»>1.  cypriuolla  (Cuvlor  A  Valoiiili-iinuH) 103 

SubK*MiilH  Ictliiliiii 164 

202.  uiUM  (Agawi/.) lot 

2K1.  incriilionaliH  (Gllnthm) 104 

204.  IpubaliiH  (B<ifliii'«<nio) 104 

OoniiH  89.  OurpicxIoN,  ltafliirHi|un . 10ft 

205.  carpio  (Biiniitgque)  .. _ 100 

208.  (llfformiH,  C'op«. 100 

267.  thotnpHiini,  Anawii/, . 107 

2G8.  volifer  (RaflneKquc) 107 

209.  cyprinim  (L<!  8ui'ur) 108 

OoniixOd,  CyclcptUH,  Baflncsqud 108 

27(1.  eliinKBtuN  (liC  Suour) 108 

GoniiHOl.  PantoHt«UH,  0(>p«_._. ....._.._- . 109 

271.  arizutiH',  (iilliurt.. 170 

272.  pcncnwuH  ((Jirard) 170 

27n.  ploLeiuH  (fiiiinl  &  Ginir.l) 170 

274.  (lelphiniiH  (Cope) _ 171 

275.  guzniauienNiH  ((iiranl) 171 

270.  jurdani,  Kverniami 171 

277.  aripopus  (.Tdnlaii) 172 

278.  olarki  (Bainl  &  Giranl) 172 

Oenu8  02.  Catostomus,  Le  Sueur 173 

SubgenuH  CatostomuH 174 

279.  latipinniH,  Baird  k  Glrard 174 

280.  grisous  (Girard) 176 

281.  pocatoUo,  Gilbert  &  Evormann 176 

282.  catostonuiH  (ForHtor) 170 

283.  tahoensis,  Gill  *  Jordan 177 

284.  rox,  B.  S.  Kigenmann 177 

Subgenus  DccactyluH,  BaflnoHqux 177 

285.  labiatus,  Ayres 177 

280.  occidentalis,  Ayros , 178 

287.  l)ernar(lini,  Glrard 178 

288.  macrocheilu!*,  Glrard 178 

289.  cummersonii  (Liicepi-do) 178 

•      290.  ardenH,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 179 

291.  gila,  Kirsch 180 

292.  insigniH,  Baird  k  Girard 180 

293.  fecundus,  Cope  &  Yarrow 180 

Subgenus  Ilypentelium,  Baflnesque . 181 

294.  nigricans,  Le  Sueur 181 

295.  rhothoecuB,  Thoburn   . 181 


r 


1^^ 


1 5 


XX 


COMTKNTB. 


CLASH  III.  I'lSCfM-Coiitlnuetl. 

Ubdkii  N.  1*1. RiTimi>or;iivi,i— Continued. 

FamUii  .Y.V.VI7.   < 'nlonlomiilir— (jont\nutK\.  I*it^e. 

(loniiH  li:i,  (IliaiinilHteH,  Jorilitn  .... .. .. .......... . 1H2 

2»fi.  lloriiH,  J.irilan 183 

207.  ciijiiH,  Oii|)o IKJ 

20M.  hrevlniHtrU,  ro|>o . 183 

2il!t.  IiixutiiB,  (;o|H) _. 183 

OfMiiRtM.  Xyraiichen,  KiK*tiiinann  tV  KirM^h ... ................ IM 

IKK),  c.vplio  (LocklnKton) 184 

301.  iinoom|ialiKru,  Jordan  &  Kvorniann .............. ..........  184 

GimiiR  O.'i,  Krimyaiiin,  Jordan ...... ._. ... .............  188 

302.  HUCotta(l-uei>i)i'de) 18fi 

;«V2(i.  iiMonKUM  (Mitohill) 180 

GnniiH  OC.  Minytreinii,  Jordan . . . 186 

;1(I3.  inuliino|>H  (KaflnnM(pio) ....... .. 187 

OoniiH  07.  MoxoHtonm,  KaflnoHrjuo  ... ....._ ........... 187 

:i()4.  ipaiillloHuin  ((Jopo) .. 189 

305.  uiiigiirnni  (ltuflneHi|uo) . ... .. . 100 

1100.  rollupsuin  (Copo) _ 100 

.307.  Imcro  (Cope) 180 

am.  pidlonBi-  (Copo) 101 

110!).  corvgonuH  (Copo) ... ...... . ... 101 

310.  iill.nni  (Cope) 101 

all.  tlialiWHinuin  (Copo) ._ 191 

312.  conBOdtum  (Haird  A  Glrard) - 102 

313.  anstrlniim,  Bean _ 192 

314.  aureolum(Lo  Suour) ■ 192 

316.  robugtuni  (Copo) 193 

31C.  niacrolopidotuin  (Le  Sueur) 193 

317.  crasoilabre  ((!op<') 194 

318.  loHUOuri  (RichardBon) _ 104 

31!>.  lintvicops  (Copo) 106 

320.  iimus  (Copo) _ 190 

321.  puM'iluruni  (Jordan) . 106 

322.  rupiscartofi,  Jordan  A  Jenkins 106 

323.  cervinuin  (Copo) _.. 197 

Qenuii  98.  IMacopliarynx,  Copo 107 

324.  du<iuosnli  (to  Sueur) J 198 

OonuH  99.  Lagocblla,  Jordan  A  Brayton ... _„... 198 

325.  larora,  Jordan  A  Brayton 100 

Familii  .Y.V.V  17/.  CuprinUhe.. 190 

Genus  100.  CampoBtoma,  Agassiz 204 

320.  ornatum,  Girard -  205 

327.  pricol,  Jordan  A  Tlioburn 205 

328.  anomalum  (IiaflncB(|ue) 205 

329.  fornioBuluni,  Girard 206 

Gonug  101.  Orthodon,  Girard 206 

330.  microlepldotus  (Ayres) 207 

Gonug  102.  Oxygenoum,  Forbes . ...._.._ 207 

331.  pulverulontuni,  Forbes 207 

Genus  103.  Acrocheilug,  Agasslz 207 

332.  alutacous,  Agassi/,  A  Pickoring 208 

Genus  104.  Lavinia,  Girard •. 208 

333.  exilicauda,  Baird  A  Girard 209 

Genus  105.  Chrosomus,  Raflnogque . ... 209 

334.  erytbrogastor,  Baflnesquo 209 

334a.  eos  (Copo) 210 

336.  dakotensis,  Evormann  &  Cox 210 

336.  oreaa,  Cope .....„._.. 211 


C0NTBMT8. 


XXI 


CLASH  in.  PIBCRS— Oontliiuol. 

Ohiikii  N.  i'l.rx'TUHi'oNiivi.i— <'i>ntiniii'i|. 

Familj/  XXXVIl.  «>/}<nNi(/»— Coiitlimod.  Paf*. 

OoniiH  l(i<l.  AlKa>>"*<»,  Oiranl .._.........................-  211 

;i:)7.  llncella  (Ciiviur  tt  Vuloncic-rinoii) 211 

:i:iH.  iIiikchI,  Ilf'iin -. — 211 

;t;i!».  Hullii'l  (Olliither) 212 

QvniiN  107.  II>  lioKiiutluii,  AkuhhI/. ..... 212 

t(|iliK<'>>>i'*  H.\   oKimtliiiR  ...... ................. ....... .......... 213 

;il(i.  inuliiil  -,  AkikmiIz 213 

:m.  »r|jr)rlti->,  OInirJ _ 211 

:H2.  hiiyl,  Jiiriliin 2H 

Biiligoiiiia  Dioiulii,  Girunl . . . -  214 

ai.l.  Horona  (Olrunl) .... 214 

311.  fplmoim  (Ciliuril) . .... 214 

■.W>,  mil.llu  (Forlmii) 215 

3»fi.  amara  (Glriml) _ 2ir) 

347.  moliinops  (Olrnnl) .., 21ri 

:»48.  iiluml»>a(airiir(l)  _- : 21(1 

HomiM  lOH.  I'imoplialcii,  Itjitliu>8<|iio . .......... . . 210 

34!l.  iiromolHH,  l{iitlnua(|Uii - . 217 

IU!)(i,  iimciiloHim  (Olniril) .. .......... . . 217 

M'Jb.  <.mlVrlii8  (GIrurd) 217 

;m).  notntuB  (UafliKwiiiii') 21H 

GoiuiH  100.  Myldpliiirudon,  AyroH .... . 218 

361.  conoccphuliiH  (Miilrd  A  GIrurd) 21lt 

riomis  110.  Mylot-lidilufi,  AkiihhI/, 21i» 

3.12.  caiirlmiH  (lUclmrdwoii) 21'J 

Gi>nii8  111.  Stypodon, Guriiian 220 

353.  HignlCer,  Gariniin 220 

OoniiHll2.  Suinotilus,  KufliioMcimi ...... 220 

HiiliKKUUH  Loiit'OHdiniiH,  Ilockcl . . 221 

3.'.4.  corporallH  (Mltchlll). 221 

SiibgoiniH  StiinotlliiH 222 

:tr«,').  atromttculiitiin(Mitchlll) .^ 222 

355(1.  tlioroaiiiitiiiiH  (.Jordan) 2"3 

GeiiuHllS.  PoKonichthys,  Girard 223 

3.50,  inacrolupidotus  (Ayrcs). 223 

OoiniH  114.  PtycliochoiluH,  Agaiwiz 224 

3.57.  orogoiienoiH  (KichardNon) 224 

;J58.  harfordi,  Jordan  A  Gilbort 22S 

359.  lurliis,  Girard — 226 

Genua  115.  Gila,  Uaird  &  Girard — 226 

:;G0.  elegauB,  Baird  &  Girard 220 

361.  robuHta,  IJalrd  &  Girard 227 

.362.  gcminuda,  Copo  &  Yarrow 228 

GcDiiB  lie.  LeiiciBciiB,  Ciivior 228 

SnbgenuB  SilH)niu,  Girard 231 

363.  criiBBlrauda  (Haird  &  Girard) 2;il 

SubgenuH  Tigoiim,  Girard 2.31 

364.  conformiB  (Baird  &  Girard) 231 

365.  bicolor  (Girard) 232 

366.  lineatUH(Girardi 232 

307.  nigrcscenH  (Girard) 2,33 

368.  purpurcuB  ((iirard) . 234 

369.  intermudiiis  (Girard) 2.35 

370.  nigor  (Cope). 235 

371.  alicias  (Jouy) 236 


' ; 


n 


'  I 


11 


XXII 


<:<»NTKNTK. 


ill 


CLAHSIII.   I'lMCKS— Tonllnnocl. 

URiiitn  N.  !M.r,i'To»ii'imi>vi.i  -Coiitlniiwl. 

tUmilji  XXXVII.  (V/»iii.,J,. -Ciiillnuiul.  Tiiit*. 

Sul>Ki'ini«<'lir.)iii|ii,  (llmnl ......................................  'i'M 

;i72.  ((."I'Tl  (filnird) .... ...^.... .. 2:W 

:n:i.  liiinil-..Mtl  (Oliiird) .. . 836 

a74.  okd^kIiix  ((llriiril)..... ........ 3^7 

:\V>.  Iiy.liii|.lili.x  (I'lilH') 23H 

HilliKKtiilN  KIcIiiiiiIhiiiiIiih,  <ilrari|  ................................. ........  33H 

;i7ll.  liiilfi'iitiiM(llliliuiiUoii) .—........—........ *W 

HiihKcliUH  Cllnimloiiniii,  tllriirii .......... ...........................  'iWt 

.'177.  vuiiiIiiImiiIiiii,  ('iivii>r  .V  Vuli'iicienno.i...... ............. ......  230 

:»7H.  i<l..ii«atmi(KlitlMiiil) 24« 

Hl|ll|{l'll<lN  I>|||.\|||I|H,  ||lll\tH'Nl|Ul>  .............. ...........................  240 

:i7i>.  iii'imii'iix  (('"IK!) ................ ....... ...... . -..— 2.K> 

;iw».  miirn'irltii  (''"i"') - ..— . . 241 

:IH|.  oi'riitti  (KiK<'iiiiiiiiiii  \.  KiKnniiiiiiiii)  ........ .. ...............  241 

HiiliKimni)  llc'iiiitri'iiilii,  Cojm ............. .................... 242 

:Wi.  iiillticriaiiud  (Coiifl) . 242 

;ih:).  tl>iiiimi'Uii(.lc>nliiii  .1  (illlwrt) 242 

8iiliK''i><i'*  loliclilh.sN,  Joriliiii  .v  Kvi'riiiBiiii  ........................a.... 243 

:iHl.   iiliU<){.<(l tit  (f'opn) . 243 

(iuiiiiM  117.  nutiliiH,  IliillnrH<|iio..... .... ............._,..._.._. .......  243 

HiilmniiiiH  I.t'iuoK,  Ileckid .... . ....... ... .... ._ ... —  244 

;iH,"i.   oUviiriillH  (f'oiM') „„ ... ..._...............„ . 244 

HulPK<»iniK  MvIcili'\iiiiH,  Copo  .... ..... ..... . .... ....... 244 

;W().  Mcolor  (<ilriir<l)  ._ 214 

:W7.  n.vMimctriciiii(Iliiircl  fc  fllmrd) 24B 

.'IHX.  boiiniirill  ((illnlli.T)  .- 247 

(ieiiui  IIH.  TiiixilliiuB,  .roriliui 247 

;tHli.  occi(l(intaliH(Uairil  A  liinml) 247 

Gi'iiiiH  llii.  OpHO|pii'iidiiH,  May ..... . - ... 247 

Hiibti'tiiiiH  <»|woi)ii'odim _. .... . ... 'J4H 

3!M).  uaciiliiH,  Kvoi'iiiaiin . . ._..... .. . . 24S 

3!tl.  oinillif,  Hay 248 

3!t'J.  nional()|)H  (ForlioH) ... . ._  248 

8uliK«'iiiiH  ()pH<)|Mi  11,  .Tnrdaii  .t  Kvermaiin 240 

:i9:t.  Ixillmuiii,  (lillmrt 240 

Conns  120.  AliramiH,  (!iivlor .... .... 240 

HiiliRi'iiUH  NotcniiKoiniH,  ItafhicHqiKt .... . .... . 2.')0 

:!',ll.  cryHolcucaH  (Mikliill)„ 2M 

394i(.  l)o«c'i  (('uvicr  .*t  Vnleiicioniii'H) 'i.'il 

3',»r).  );ard()iipug  (Oiivicr  .t  Valcncii'imcH) . Mt 

flcinm  121.  (!ochlo(;MalliUN,  Baird  A  (iirard 251 

;in(l.  (iiiiata,  lluiid  .^:  (ilmrd 252 

;«I7.  lii|?ilttata,  CojKi ..-.._ 2,12 

fJcnuH  122.  Cliola,  fJirard 2.'')2 

;m.S.  vigilax  (Daird  .t  (iiraid) 25,T 

:i!i!t.  Hmlthii,  Kviirmaun  A  Odx .—  2.53 

OeiniR  123,  KotropU,  UafliU'8(|iii< .. .__. 254 

SuliKi'DUK  Aztocii,  Jordan  &  Kvonnanii - .- 258 

lOO.  azti'cus,  Woolman -  2.58 

SiiligonusChrioiie,  Jordan 258 

401.  bifronntiiH  (Copo) 258 

402.  Jordani,  EiKeuman!i  &  Gigenmann 250 

403.  niaculatUH  (Ha.v) 259 

404.  anogoniiK,  Forbes ..... «. ..— 260 

405.  cayuga,  3Ieok 260 

406a.  atrocaudalia,  Evermann ..... - .  260 


('0NTKNT8. 


WlIT 


CLASH  in    PISCES— roiitlnii.Ml. 

OHiiru  N.  l'i,riTo»ivi<iii)\i,i— ('i)iiflinii(l. 

h'limiltl  XXXlll.    <'v)pri»Wi/»  -<'<iiitllllU<il, 

■iiiti.  |ii'li'riMliin(i'(i|i<-)       ....... 


.  2tll 


•»(ilt.  MtMiiii',  .iDrdim  X  Olllwrt 809 

11(1.  MiIiK-.-lliiM  (Co|ie) 'ita 

III.  «7iia(('..|K)) una 

•U'J.  jiroc  111'  (Copr) .....  U64 

41:i.  iilnriitniiluHiii(tilliilhi>r) SM 

•114,  kiiiiawlm,  Jurclun  A  .IciikiDii ..... ......... ....  804 

•ll'i.  Iirayliiiil,  .lunluii  .V,  Kvi'rninnn  .................................... ..  304 

41ll.  »|iortnillrulllN  (rii|i() ........... ...—.............«..   8flfl 

417.  o/uraiiiw,  Mci'U       .  .... 8fiA 

4I«.  I'liiliiiuliiin,  U'oolninii  ................ .....................  Sflfl 

4ll>.  topckn,  <lllli«rt 8(U1 

SnbROMiiM  Iliiiliiniiliif),  tMrnril .. . ....... „.-. ............  .  8'lfl 

4J0.  KlllwrtI,  .lonlun  A  Muck StU 

4'JI.  pIptoluplH  (C((|i..) ' 'J6fl 

■\Ti.  HimuH  (('.i|ii') 807 

4i».  l.iiiirlroHtrln  (Hjiy). 'J<i7 

4a4.  mix,  Kvi'rmiiiiii .... ........... .. .... ......  807 

4'i'').  iicicuiiiIh,  Kvermiiiiii .......... ...... . ........... . — .  808 

4Jti.  Hliiniiurdl  ((ilrani) '-'08 

427.  lllcrcl.rogiiH  ((Jlmnl) 8IW 

i'iH.  IniilmiiiiuM  (Do  Witt  Clinton) 2r.!) 

42>*ii.  neli-nc  (.Jonluii)  ...— 200 

42«/<.  aniunis  ((Jlranl)... 27(1 

12««'.  )<aliiiJuniiH  (Jdrilim  \  Ilriiyton) . 270 

SiiliKoiiiiH  Cotloina,  (iiraril . 270 

4'J!».  ..matin  ((il>  ard) — _  270 

SiiliK'  niiH  Moiiiaiiii,  (llraril . 271 

4;«i.  f()rmiwiis((; Irani) 271 

4111.  frlKliliiH((  ilrani) - 271 

4a2.  liitronHls(I»ttli(l  A  (ilriinl) 271 

4;W.  iiroKiTpiiia  ((liraril) .... 272 

4:t4.  riilllBiiiia  (.lordaii) 272 

SubguiiiiH  CvpriiioUn,  (ilrard 27.'» 

4ar..  lpiil.allniis(Balr<l  A  (ilrartl) 273 

4:tO.  Iiuliliiindna  (Cinird) 273 

437.  iiiarrostoniiiH  (flirard) 274 

43H.  tcxiiiiiiB  (fiirard) -- -   -  274 

430.  notaluH  (Oirard) 274 

440.  vcnustiiH  (Ctlrard) . 274 

441.  cori'oxtignaa  (Ciipc)   275 

442.  HtiKiiiatiirii.s  (.lurilan) 275 

443.  ti'lihroiHtiuH  (Jordan  ic  (iillicrt) 275 

444.  calliKfliis  (Jordan) 270 

445.  carygtomiiH  (Jordan) . 270 

440.  ciitiiUmih  (Jordan) 277 

447.  nlvnHs  (Cope) 277 

447(1.  chloriKtiuB  (Jordan  it  Itrayton) 278 

44S.  whipplii  (fiirard) .-  278 

440.  analoMtanitK  (Girard) 270 

450.  galactiirus  (Copo) 279 

451.  caniuruH  (Jordan  .&  Meek) 279 

462.  ZKOuruB  (Jordan) .. . .... .... 860 


i 


6:  t 


i-  < 


t.  ; 


XXIV 


CONTENTS. 


I 


P'  I 


CliASSIII.  PISCES— ContinnoU. 

OiiDKu  N.  I'i,Ec'TiiHi'<iNi)vi,i— Continued. 

Familji  XXXVIl.  Ci/prmulii' — Ci)ntinuotl.  Vage. 

453.  liyiMwIoiitoruu  (GUntlier) 280 

464.  pyrrhomoliifi  (Cone) 2H0 

iK\.  garmani,  Jordan 2K1 

Siibgoniu  LiixiluH,  Haflncsqito  .. 281 

4r.O.  .ornutus  (MUchilF) 281 

V^rui.  frontaliM  (Agasgiz) 28;i 

4r.O/).  cyanoiiH  (Cope) .-. 283 

Attl.  .'oraBiuuH  (Cope) , 283 

4r.8.  albeoInH  (.Jordan) 283 

ir,<).  lacortosus  (Cope) 284 

8iil)fi;en\i8  Ilydrophlox,  Jordan 284 

460.  niacdonaldi,  Jorlan  i^  Jonkina 284 

401.  rocrogenis  (Cope) 284 

402.  zonatuH  (Agassiz) 285 

463.  zonistiuH  (Jordan) 285 

404.  rubricnMreuH  (Cope) 280 

405.  rhlorocophalus  (Cope) 28,1 

400.  lutlpinnia  (.Jordan  .t  Bray  ton) 280 

407.  chiliticua  (Cope) 287 

408.  altipinnit;  (Cope) 287 

400.  roscug  (.Jordan) 287 

470.  clialybmus  (Copo) 288 

471.  elirosomns  (Jordan) 288 

472.  xii'iioceplialua  (Jordan) 289 

SubgenuH  Orcella,  Jordan  &  Kveriijann 28!) 

473.  orca,  Woolman 28!» 

Snl)gcnus  Notropis 200 

474.  arioniDiiis  (Copo) 290 

475.  Bcaljriccps  (Cojw) 290 

470.  jcjuniis  (Forbes) 290 

477.  swaini,  Jordan 290 

i78.  anmliilirt  (Girard) 291 

479.  leiiciodus  (Cope) _. 291 

480.  pcopifer,  Kigenmaiiu  &  Kigenniann 291 

481.  telescopurt  (Cope) 292 

481«.    ircunsaniis,  Meek 292 

482.  KoriiiH  (Girard) 292 

483.  noteniigonoiiles,  Kverniann 292 

484.  stilliius,  Jordan 293 

485.  athe.'inoidi's,  Eafiiicsquij 29;! 

486.  argo  (Cope) 294 

487.  dili-ctus  (Girard) . 291 

488.  fnii;eu8,  Everinann 294 

489.  nd)rifrons  (Cope) 295 

490.  pliotogoniH  (Cone) . 295 

491.  auKLMius  (Abbott) 290 

492.  soepticus  (.Jordan  &  Gilbert)... 290 

493.  niicropteryx  (Cope)... 290 

494.  metn'.licns,  Jordan  &  aieek .' 297 

SubgenuH  Lythrunis,  .Jordan 297 

495.  belhis  (Hay) 297 

496.  lirus  (Jordan) 297 

497.  roscipinnlH,  Hay 298 

498.  umbratilis  (Girard) 298 

498(1.  umbratilin  (Girard) 299 

4986.  atripcs  (Jordan) 300 


CONTENTS, 


x\v 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— Contliniod. 

OnnEH  N.  Pi,K<,Tnsi'nNiivi.i— ContliUK.'d. 

h'amihi  XXXVlf.   Cirnrinirln — Continued. 


"ag*. 


49H,'.  lythniniH  (.Tordaii) 300 

4((S(/    cyitiiiirt'pliiiliiH  (Cdiicliind) 3()() 

i<.)S,-.  iirl   lis  (C.i'c)  _._ 301 

•lOH/.  fiisoiiilaiis,  (iillicrt 301 

4!»S</.   iimtutiiius  (Coiic) 301 

4U8//.  imiirtnlatnH  (Ilav;.. .-.  301 

GoniiN  124.  £i'iryiiil>a,  Ciiiic 302 

491).  Imciata,  Ciiih;.__ _ .  302 

Ooniig  l^f).  Plicnaciiliius,  Cope 302 

fiOO.  tiTctulus,  Co\H- 303 

col.  iiiiraliiliH  (Girard) .303 

r)02.  Knijiifcr  (Colw) :M)3 

fi03,  iiniii(H)H,  Copo , 304 

.'iOJ.  catipstoiinis,  .Tiirdau . 304 

G<'iiusl2G.  Evaria,  Wo.dmaii .304 

50.").  ci^ciimanni,  iVooliiiaii 304 

Ocini.i  127.  Tiuroga,  fJirard 30.'i 

."lOCi.  ccihitis,  Ciirard 3(t5 

Ociiiis  12H.  niiiiiiclitli.vs,  A-a-Hi/ 30.". 

507.  catararta'  (Ciivii  r.V'  ValiiuU-iiiiii') 300 

507<i.  diilcis  (Girard) 300 

608.  i^imuH,  fiariiiaii 307 

509.  atronajius  (Mitrliill) 307 

509.1.  crmfiis  (Storrr) _„  308 

.'iOO;..  Iiiiiatus(C.iii.-) :!08 

fi09r.  luclca^'Hs  (Agiitwiz) _—  308 

Ceiiusl'iii.  Aj^iwia,  Girard 308 

Siil>K<'iiii.s  AjxH'opc,  Ci>p(^ 309 

510.  oscul.'V  (Girard) 309 

Oil.  jarrowi,  .Ionian  &  Kvi'riiianii .309 

512.  coucsii  (Yarrow) 310 

513.  adobe,  Jordan  it  Kvi'rniann 310 

514.  iii'vadoiisis  (Gilbert) .310 

515.  iiubiia  (Girard) 311 

515a.  carrin^toiiii  (Cope) . 311 

516.  velifera  (Gilbert) 312 

517.  uniatilla,  Gilbert  A  Kverinaim 313 

518.  faleata,  Kigeiimaiin  .t  Ki<;eniiiaiin .313 

SnbKeiiim  Af^osia 313 

519.  ehrysogii.>iter,  Girard 313 

Goiui.i  130.  iljbopsis,  Agassiz 314 

Snbf^eims  Eriinj'Ntax,  Jordan 315 

520.  tetraneniiis,  Gilbert 315 

.521.  ivKtivalis  (Girard) 31(1 

5?la.  inarconis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 310 

.522.  hyoBtoniiis  (Gilbert) 31(i 

523.  K"lidus  (Girard) 310 

524.  meeki,  .lordan  &,  Evcrnianii 317 

525.  luontnnnH,  Meek 317 

52G.  cnniingii  (Giinther) 318 

527.  nionaeus  (Cope) 318 

528.  dissiniilis  (Kirtland) 318 

529.  wat.auga,  .Tordau  &  Evermaun 319 

Subgenus  IlylpojisiH 319 

530.  labrosns  (Co]ie) 319 

631,  hyitsinotus  (Coi)o) 320 


I'll 


i  M 
I  M 


*  f 


i   ?! 


1  . 


iri-.c-i^a 


XXVI 


CONTENTS. 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— Contlnuod. 

Okdf.h  N.  Pi,E(rrosi»oNi)yi,i — Continuoil. 

fVimi7;/  \XXVtI.  Cuprhi iiht:— Contitiuoi.  Page. 

53'J.  rul.iifioi.H  (.lordim) 320 

.MKi.  amlilopH  (IlafiHCHqiii!) .120 

Ji3-I.  htdrcri'iniiH  (Kiiilimd) „ . 321 

SiilincrniH  Yui'ii'iii,  Jordiin  *  Kvitiiiiiiiii __„ . 321 

r.35.  iiltiis  (J.mlaii) 321 

SiilitfiiMH  Noi'DiiiiH,  (iiraril . „_  322 

53(1.  knitiickiriiwin  (Uaflm-wiuc) 322 

fJciiiiH  131.   C'diicNiiiH,  Jordan -  323 

r,;U.  Hc|iiaiiiil('iitiH  (C<)])c) 323 

fins.  jiliiMihi'iiH  (Aj^awHiz) 323 

.53!).  iliwiiiiilis  (Girartl) 324 

A40.  n<<'<'i>i,  .Ionian 324 

.141.  adnstiiM,  WiMdiiian __. 325 

(iiMiiiH  132.  I'latygoliio,  (iill _ 325 

542.  pli.vsifjnalliUH  (Cojic) 325 

f.43.  niaciliM  (lUcliardson) 326 

544.  iiallidiis,  Forl.cw 326 

Ot'iiiiM  133.  Kxoi^lossuin,  Kaflncmjiio „ 327 

545.  inuxillingua  (Iio  Siicur) 327 

(iiMiuH  134.  IjciiidonuMla,  Copo 328 

.546.  vittata,  Copo 328 

547.  jarrovii,  Cope 328 

Gcims  135.  Mcda,  Girard 328 

548.  fiilgida,  Giraid 329 

Gcims  13(i.  PlagoptiTus,  Cope . 329 

549.  argi-ntisRiiiiUM,  Copo ,_, 329 

SunORDEIt  IlKTEllOONATlII 329 

F„milii  XXXrin.  KrijlhriuUlm .330 

GiMnisl37.  Macrod  .i.MUll.T 330 

560.  inicndcpiH,  GUiithor 330 

Familji  XXXIX.   Cliartwinidir 331 

Ooniirt  138.  Cuiimata  (Ciivi(!i)  Chxiunt 332 

5,51.  nia^daliMiic,  StciiulachiiiT 332 

Goiius  139.  Pialdicina,  Ciivicr  &  VaU'ncicnnes . ._. 332 

552.  paiianicnsis,  Gill 332 

Geiiiis  140.  Ti'tragouoptorus  (Artcdi)  Ciivicr 332 

Subgoims  Astyannx,  Bainl  &  Girard _._ 333 

553.  RnioiiK,  GUnthor 333 

.5.54.  ruiiliiH,  Jenyns 334 

5.55.  paiiamoimiH,  GUntlicr 334 

556.  microplitlialmiis,  Giinthi'i" 334 

557.  ecrstcxlii,  Kriiyor 334 

.558.  potcnensis,  GUnthor 336 

559.  si'abriplnnls,  JenyiiB 3.15 

5C0.  hutnilis,  GUnther 335 

661.  l,.-ovimanii8,  GUnther 335 

562.  moxicanuB,  Filippi 335 

563.  argentatU8(Baird&  Girard)-.. 336 

GoniisMl.  Brycon,  MUller  &  Troschel 337 

Subgenus  Chalcinopsis,  Kner . . . 337 

564.  dentex,  GUnther 337 

565.  Btriatulus  (Kuor) 337 

Genua  142.  Gapteropelecus  (Gronow)  Pallas 3.37 

660.  mar.ulatUB,  Steindachner 338 

Genus  143.  Roeboidos,  GUnther ; 338 

667.  guatemalensis  (QUntber) .. ........... . 338 


CONTENTS. 


XXV  U 


CLASS  III.  P18CK&— Continncil. 

Or.DKii  N.  PLE(;T08Pi)Ni)yLi — Continiutd. 

Familn  XXXrni.  Erj/lhrinidn—ContlmiOii.  Pago. 

Ot>iniHl44.  Braiiiocharax,  GUI— IWH 

50H.  bransfordi,  Gill- - .'IM 

G(tnufl145.  Luclocliariix,  Stoind    ■Imor ;i3',l 

609.  insculptiw,  SteindtU'huor 339 

SlIDOHDER   GVMNONOTI 339 

Family  XL.  (liimnotiihr ...» 3I(( 

aeuuHl46.  Giton,  Kaup 340 

570.  fasciatus  (Pallas) 340 

Guiiiia  147.  Eigoiimannia,  Jordan  A  Evermann 341 

671.  humboldti  (Stelndachiior).. 34J 

ORDKH  0.  SVMHKANCHIA ^ 341 

Famihj  XTJ.  Sumbrancliuhe 342 

Oon'.iH  148.  Symbranchus,  Bluch 342 

572.  niarmoratus,  Bloch 342 

ORDF.B  p.  CAnKNCllElYI 343 

Famihj  XLll.  Dmchlhyiihv 343 

Gonus  149.  Porichthys,  Gill 343 

673.  BerpentiuuB,  Gill 343 

OuDF.B  U.  Apodhs .344 

8uilOBl>ERENrilEI,YCF."llALI 346 

Famihj  XLIIT.  AnyuilUdit 346 

Gonus  150.  Anguilla,  Shaw 347 

574.  chrysypa,  Itaflucsriuo 348 

Finiiilji  XLIV.  Simenchelyidie 348 

Genus  151.  Simonchelys,  Gill 349 

575.  pavasiticus,  Gill 349 

Famihj  XL  T.  Ilyyphiihe. 349 

tienusl.52.  Ilyophis,  Gilbert 34!) 

576.  brunneus,  Gilborr 3.50 

Family  XLVL  Synaphobranchidie 350 

Gonus  153.  Synaphobranchus,  Johnson 351 

577.  pinnatus  (Gronow) 351 

Gonus  154.  Hirtiobranchus,  Gill 351 

578.  bathybius,  GUnther 352 

579.  inferualis,  Gill . 352 

Famihj  XLVIL  laplocephcJidr 352 

Genus  155.  Leptocephalus  (Gronow)  Scopoli 3.5:1 

680.  conger  (Linna:;.g) 354 

681.  caudilimbatus  (Pooy) 355 

GcniiBl66.  Congermurii'na,  Kaup 3S5 

582.  balearioa  (Do  la  Kochc) 356 

583.  macrura  (Gilbert) 3,50 

584.  prorigera  (Gilbert) 357 

585.  nitons  (Jordan  k  Bollman) 3,57 

586.  flava,  Goodo  &  Bean 3,57 

Genus  157.  Uroconger,  Kaup... 3.58 

587.  vicinus,  Vaillant 358 

Famihj  XLVIIL  Muncnesocidm - . 368 

Genus  158.  Mnrwnesox,  McClelland 3,59 

Subgenus  Murtcnesox 3.59 

588.  coniceps,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 3,59 

,589.  savanna  (Cuvier) 360 

Genus  159.  Xenomystax,  Gilbert .300 

590.  atrarius,  Gilbert 361 

Genus  160.  Hoplunnis,  Kaup 361 

691.  Bchmidtii,  Kaup 361 

692.  dioniediauus,  Goode  k  Beau 361 


%  i.y 


.'k 


!     I 


■  .1'^.  -,'>"i,".-A'.-:/rt-' 


xxvm 


CONTKNTH. 


■I  i 


I  lii 

t 


■A 


0LA8S  III.  ri80KS— t'outiiiiiiHl. 
Orueh  Q.  Ari)DE8— CoiitiiiufO. 

Family  SLVIII.  Miirivitfiiiiidii- — Continuod.                                                                      Pago* 
UcniiHlOl.  NoKcougcr,  (iirard „.. „ . . :SU2 

593.  inucronatus,  Oinml :i(;2 

KH.  vcrnilfurmi;:,  Gilbert 302 

GtmuH  Ifi'i.  Li'ptooongcr,  I'oey 362 

5'Mt.  porlonKiis  (I'oey) 3(iH 

(•onus  IK).  StilliiHcuH,  Jurilan  it  Uollmaii 303 

5!t0.  cdwnrdHi,  Jurduii  &  Dullniuii 363 

Gt'iiuH  lt'i4.  (iordiiclithj-8,  Jordiin  &  Davis 3C;> 

."I'.iT.  irrotitiip,  .lordiin  &  David 3ii3 

Ftimihi  XI, IX.   XrUastiiiuiiliv 3(i4 

Gofliinl05.   (JiilopaiH,  ItaflncHqiio 30-1 

598.  e<iiiatorialis,  Gilbert 364 

tii'iiiiH  M'li'i.  A'ciu'lica,  .lordaii  &  Davis 365 

rj'.i'J.  jinicora,  (iDodc  it  Ik-aii 3(1.') 

I'miiUij  L.   Xriiiirhlhijiiln 366 

(iciiu.s  167.  Sorrlvomcr,  Gill  A  ISjiKt 367 

COO.  boanii,  Gill  A  Bydor _ 367 

GciuiH  168.  Si>iiiiviinuT,  (till  .t  Kydor 367 

6(11.  K'lodei,  <iill  &  Ryder 307 

Geiiii.-<  !()!).  Avocdttitia,  Jordan' it  Davis 367 

6(12.  iiifaiis,  Glintlii'r 367 

(Jeiui.sl70.  Labiilitliys,  (!ill  it  Uydt'r 36H 

60:i.  carinatus,  Gill  &  ]!yder __     ^^C,H 

601.  cloiigatus,  Gill  it  Itydcr 36!) 

Gt'iniH  171.  Ni'iiiiclitliyM,  Iticliardsoii 36!t 

6(1.').  scolopactiUK,  Ilidiardsoii 369 

606.  avocotta,  Jordan  <t  Gilbert 36'J 

Familii  LI.  Myridiv 370 

fioniis  172.  Alilia,  Jordan  it  Davis 370 

607.  eginontis  (.lordan) 370 

GPU118  173.  Myropliis,  Liitken 371 

608.  piinctatiix,  Liitken 371 

GO'J.  vafer,  Jordan  it  Gilbert 372 

Genns  171.  Cliilorliinus,  Liitken 372 

610.  Buensonii,  Liitken 372 

Familij  I. II.  Ophichlhjiidif 372 

Oeini8l75.  Si)ha,i;ebranohus,  Blocli 373 

611.  angui'brniis  (Peters) 1 374 

612.  Belaclioiis  (Jordan  &  (iilbert) 374 

Genu-s  176.  Verina,  .(ordan  itKvonnann 374 

613.  kondalli  (Gilbert) 375 

Genus  177.  LetburcliUf*,  Goodo  &  Bean 37.1 

614.  velifer,  Goode  &  Beau . 375 

Genus  17S.  Myrichtliyn,  (iirard 375 

61.').  tigrinus,  Girard 37(i 

Gl().  oculatns  (Kaiip) 376 

617.  acuniiuatuH  (Gronow) 376 

Genus  179.  Pisoodonophis,  Kaup .. 377 

618.  crucntifer,  Goode  &  Beau 377 

Genus  180.  Calloclielys,  Kaup 378 

619.  mununa,  Jordan  it  Evermann 378 

Genus  181.  Bascaui(dithys,  .Jordan  it  Davis , 378 

620.  scuti(Mris  (Goode  &  Bean) 378 

(i21.  peninsubu  (Gilbert) 379 

622.  bascauium  (Jordan) 379 


i  1.1 


J4»t*i,i" 


CONTKNT8. 


XXIX 


CIjASS  III.    I'IS('KS— Contiiiuml. 
Ohdbr  Q.  AloDKs— ('oiitlniiiMl. 

/■'iiiMiV;/  III.   Ofihkhlhijiihi — Contliiueil.  Pago. 

G<'niiHl82.  QiioxHirmnuB,  Jorduii  A   >avU 380 

fC'i.  iidtliocliir  'Gilliort) 380 

OJI.  I'vlotitlms  (.loicliiii  A  Uiillman) 380 

(iuiiii.s  1S.1.  ((pliiilitliiw,  Tliiinborg*  Ahl 381 

Siil)K'<'>i"a  (IryptDptoriiH,  Kauji 382 

GJr).  |iiiiirtic(']iM  (Kau|i) 382 

Siil)j;<'iiim  Oiiliitlitlius 382 

(i2n.  liaviiiiiicn8iH(Blofli  &  Scliiifidcr) 382 

027.  ri'tr<)iiiniiiH(Ei(J!mii»ann) . 3iS3 

SuligcmiM  Mura'iioiwiH,  Kau]) 383 

028.  i;iittifor  (Boaii  A  DroBcl) 383 

029.  ()colIiitu8(IiO  Sueur)_. "383 

(VJO.  ti-iboriali8(K>niii) 384 

!Sii!pgomi8 S<ytalopliirt,  Kaup 384 

(ilil.  gdinoHii  ((!aHtel',iau) 384 

0:i2.  /.uphocliir  (Jordan  &  Gilbnrt) 385 

<')33.  niagniuctilis  (Kanp) 386 

034.  paiilis (Kiihardson) 386 

Gciiu-<  184.  Mj'sti'iophix,  Kaup . 380 

Subgonus  Ecblopsis,  Kaup 388 

G3.'>    Intortinctus  (Richardson) 386 

GeiiiiH  18r..  ScytallchthjB,  .Jordan  A  Davis 387 

(■.30.  niiurus  (.lordan  &  Gilbert) 387 

Okiiiis  180.  BracliyBomupliiH,  Kaup 387 

037.  t-rocodilinus  (Bounott) 388 

SlIIHIRDEK  Cdldcf.i'iiali — — — _- 388 

FdiMiV//  III  I,  MuricnUht 388 

Goiius  187.  Enclielycoro,  Kaup 389 

038.  nigricans  (Bonnaterre) .__ _._... __....._-.  389 

G(^nuH  188.  Pythonichthys,  Poey 390 

030.  BJinguincuH,  Poey ..... ... 390 

Ot'uus  189.  Rabula,  Jordan  A  Davis 390 

040.  Jirjuii'-dulois  (Cope) 390 

041.  niarniorca  (ValcncifnucB) . .. 391 

042.  ]ia^amonHis  (Stoindachuer) . ... __. 391 

043.  longlcauda  (Peters) 391 

GeniiB  190.  Lycodontis,  McClelland 392 

Subgenus  Lycodontis .. 393 

044.  verrilli  (Jordan  A  Gilbert) 393 

045.  vlcinus  (Castelnau) 394 

04G.  virescena  (Poey) 394 

t'>47.  'polygonius  (Poey) . . . . 394 

648.  niiiringa  (Cuvier) „ . 395 

049.  inordax  (Ayrcs) . . . . 395 

050.  funebri8(Ranzani) 396 

051.  Ban(ta!-holen»!  (Gtlnthor) 397 

052.  dovii  (OUnther) 397 

653.  conspersus  (Poey) . 397 

054.  iniliaris  (Kaup) 397 

6.55.  claboratus  (Poey) . 398 

656.  obscuratus  (Poey) 398 

657.  chlevastes  (Jordan  A  Gilbert) 398 

Subgenus  Priodonopbis,  Kaup 399 

058.  ocellatus  (Agassi/.) 399 

658a.  Baxicola  (Jordau  A  Davis) 399 

6586.  nigroniargiuatus  (Girard) 399 


,J*. 


r^. 


m 


/4 


xxx 


IONTKNT8. 


Il 

J;i 

CLASS  III.  riS(;KS— Coutiniiril. 

OiiDKit  H.  AroDEH — CuntiiiuiHl.  . 

I'tiiiiilii  I. III.  Miiriiniihi — Coiitiiiili'd.  Pago* 

(it'KiiH  11)1.  Miirii'iiiv  (Artcdi)  Ijiiiini'iifi . _.„. .„.._.„„.. 400 

•'•M,  iiisiiliiniin,  Jonlaii  A  DiiviM . 4(iO 

(iW).  arniiH(Stoiii(liirliiicr) 401 

fitil.  rctll'orii,  (idoilo  it  Bean .  40l 

Ofl'i.  molaii()tlM(Kaui.) _ _ 401 

ti(Ut.  It>iiti(;inoMi,  .luiiyna 402 

G('ihin192.  Kcliiiliia,  Korstor 402 

(i()l,  iiiH'turna  (C'oiio) 402 

('.()"(.  catfiiHitaCIlloc.'.; 403 

(lemiH  IDIi.  UroiitiTygiiiB,  Rllii|)vll 40;i 

SiiligcnuH  Sciitica,  Jordan  vt  Kvurinaiiii . 404 

(i(!(p.  ni'cturus  (Jordan  itGilliort) 4(t4 

Gi'hUH  104.  ChaniKiiniiraMia,  Kicliardnoii . 404 

007.  vittata  (lUchardson) 404 

OitiiER  H,  LvoMKiii 404 

Vamilij  TJW  8<wciiphariin(jiilic 405 

G(Miun  VXt,  Sacc'0]iliarjrnx,  Mitcliill 405 

008.  aiiiptillai-oim  (Ilarwood) 400 

Faiiiilii  LV,  I'liriijihiiriiiiijiilii' 406 

GnuiiM  1!)0.  Gastio.stonnis,  Gill  &  Ryder 400 

009.  Iiairdli,  Gill  &  KydiT.. 400 

OuDKIt   .S.    IscWrONDYII 407 

J'lwiiln  lAI.  Eloiiiihe —  408 

Gi'iiim  107.  Tarpon,  Jonlan  &  Evernmnn 409 

070.  atlanticiis  (Ciiviia-  &  ValoMcicniics) 409 

Genus  108.  ElopH,  Liuniinis 409 

071.  BauniH,  Linna'us 410 

Faniiln  LVII.  MhiiUdw 410 

GonuH  100.  Altmla  (Gronow)  Bloch  &  Schneider 411 

072.  vulpes  (Linnieus) 411 

Fumily  L  VIll.  lliodoiUiln 412 

G(>nu8  200.  Iliodon,  Lo  Sueur 412 

Sul)geuus  Ampliiodon,  Rafincixiuo . 411) 

07;i.  aloHoide.s  (Uaflnesijue) 413 

Subgenus  Hiodon 413 

074.  tergisus,  Lo  Sueur 413 

075.  aelenopp,  Jordan  &  Dean 414 

Ftimily  LIX.  Clianiilx 414 

Genus  201.  Clianos,  Lacepode 414 

070.  elianoB  (Forsk&l) 414 

Vamihj  LX.  Uoroaomidm - - 415 

Genua  202.  Dorosomn,  RafineHquo 415 

677.  cepediauum  (Le  Sueur) 416 

677a.  exile,  Jordan  .fe  Gilbert 416 

678.  mexicanum  (Gtlntlier) 410 

070.  petenonse  (Giinther) 417 

Vamilii  LXl.  Cliipeidie 417 

Genus  203.  Jenkiusia,  Jordan  &  Everniann 418 

680.  acuminata  {Gill)ert) 419 

681.  lamprotiunia  (Gosse) 419 

682.  Htolifera  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) — 419 

Genus  204.  EtrumeuH,  Bleeker 419 

083.  Badina(Mitchlll)... 420 

Cenus205.  Perkinsia,  Rosa  Smith  Eigonmanu . 420 

684.  otbonops,  R.  S.  Eigeumanu . 420 


CONTKNTB. 


XXXI 


CLASS  III.  PISCK8— <'ontlnuud. 

OnnKH  8.  iHdSl'oNDYia— Continued. 

Familii  LXL  r/iijiew/H— Continued.  Page, 

G«nuH200.  Cliii)pa(Art(!dl)  Llnnn'UH 421 

68.">.  harnngiiB,  Linnii'im „. ... „, . .._...._  421 

t.86.  imllanil,  Ciivior*  Valonclonnos 422 

(iuniis  207.  01iii»anodon,  Liu'vpi'du . 422 

C87.  cnTiilPUH(Glriird).- 42:i 

688.  |>Ncudolil.s|iunicuR  (Pooy) . 423 

OoniiH208.  PoinololiUH,  RaflnoNi|iia . 424 

OH'J.  I'hrysoriiloris,  Itafln('gi|uo .. 425 

()!M>.  mediocriB,  Mitcliill 426 

()!tl.  |mt>udotiarongu8  (WilHon).... . 4?.0 

092.  u'stivalia (Mittlilll) _ 420 

OonuH  20!).  Aloso,  Olivier 427 

093.  sapidlssima  (Wilson) 427 

arnu8  210.  Sitrdinella,  Ouvlor  t(;  Valoncionnog 428 

8uli|<onug  Sardinollu . 429 

0)94.  ancliovia  (Cuvler  ik  ValcnciunncH) 420 

(')95.  clupeola  (Cuvier  A  Valenrittnnea) 420 

(i9(i.  apicalis  (Mdllcr  &  Troscliel) 420 

097.  bisliopi  (Mdller  &  Troschel) 430 

Suligeniis  Harengula,  Cuvier  &  Valoncionnes 430 

098.  sardina  (Pony) _  430 

099.  macrophthalmus  (Ranzani) 430 

"00.  tlirissina  (Jordan  A  Gilbert) 430 

701.  hunieralis  (Cuvior  A  Valencipnnes) 431 

SiibgonUM  Lile,  Jordan  &  Kvermaun 431 

702.  stolifora  (Jordan  &  Gilbert).. 431 

Genus  211.  Opisthonema,  Gill 432 

70.3.  oglinum  (Lo  Sueur) 432 

704.  libertato  (GUntlior) 433 

Genus  212.  Brevoortia,  Gill 433 

705.  tyrannus  (Latrobc) _ 433 

705(1.  aurea  (Agassiz) 4.34 

705&.  brevicaudata,  Goode 434 

705t'.  patronus,  Goode 434 

Genus  213.  Chirocontrodon,  GUntlier 435 

706.  treniatus,  Gllnther _• 435 

Genus  214.  Ilisha,  Gray 435 

707.  flavipinnis  (Valenciennes) 435 

708.  bloekoriana  (Poey) 4.30 

709.  panamensis  (Steindacliner) 430 

710.  furtlil  (Steindacbnor) 4.30 

Genus  215.  Opisthopterus,  Gill 436 

711.  lutipinnis  (Jordan  ^Gilbert) 437 

712.  dovii  (GUnther) 437 

713.  macrops  (GUnther) .. 437 

Genua  210.  Odontognathus,  Lacept'do . 4.37 

714.  mucronata,  Lacepi"  Je . 438 

715.  panamensis  (Stcindaohner) . 438 

Genus  217.  Pristigaster,  Cuvier 438 

716.  cayanus,  Cuvier 438 

Family  LXII,  EngranlUlidie 439 

Genus  218.  Stolophorus,  Lacepude 439 

717.  mlarchus,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 441 

718.  perfasciatuB  (Poey) 441 

719.  exiguus,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 442 

720.  cubanuB  (Poey) , , . .,..„.., 442 

F,  N,  A, III, 


'.  i 

M 


'  til 


Hi 


<La>  r.v 


it 


t! 


.A—^1 4 


tAH-k     a>i->i 


XXXII 


CONTENTS. 


li 


0LAS8  III.  PI8CK8— Oontlnucd. 

OHDKI18,  Ihompundyli — Coiitii  dOll. 

t\imUii  LXll.  f,'Mi/raH/»(/Wa— Continued.  P*Bo. 

721.  porthflcatuR,  Goodn  k  Itoun  . 442 

722.  iHcbauuH,  Jordiin  &  (iillMtrt . . 442 

723.  liro    nll(fimcllii) 448 

724.  cultratus,  Ollbort 443 

Tir,.  ilolicotlmlrauH  (Glran!) 444 

72(1.  cha)roHtomuH(Goo(lo)— . ..  . -—„.._ 444 

727.  iir(?yr«>pliaims  (Ciivior  A  Viilenclonui'H) .„ . .  444 

72H.  ciirtUH,  Jordiin  &  Gilbert -  446 

721).  pooyl  (Kncrit  Stnindacliiier) 446 

73(1.  oiicrcnlorlM,  Jordan  A  Gilbert 446 

731.  mltchlUi  (Cuvlor  &  ViilonclonneH).. _  446 

732.  luciduB,  Jordan  4  Gilbert 446 

733.  cliiiwoidoH  (Swalnson) 447 

7'J4.  prodiictuB  (Pocy) 447 

73.'>.  compreHHUH  (Girard) 447 

730.  panumuuHJH  (Stelnduchnvr) .. „— — _. 448 

737.  Hplnlfnr  (Cuvlor  &  ValonclouneH) — 448 

GonuM  219.  Engraulls,  Cuvier . 448 

738.  inordux,  GIraru . 448 

GonuH  220.  Anchovia,  Jordun  &  Kvermann . ... 440 

739.  macrolepidotu  (Kncr  &  Stuindachncr) 44tt 

GoniiH221.  Ct'tougraullK,  GUnthor 460 

740.  mysticetus  (Gllnthor) 4.')0 

741.  odontulus  (Cuvlor) . 460 

QeuuB  222.  PtorengrauliH,  GUnthor 450 

742.  atherinoideH  (LiuniciiH) 450 

Gonuii223.  LycenKrauIlM,  GUnthor 451 

743.  grossldeng  (Cuvlor) 451 

Famitij  LXIII.  Alepocephalidic ... 451 

Genus  224.  AlopocophaluH,  KIbso 452 

744.  productus,  Gill 452 

745.  agasBlzil,  Goodo  A  Bean 453 

746.  tenobrosus,  Gilbert 453 

GenuH  225.  Mitcbillina,  Jordan  A  Evermann 4.53 

747.  bairdii  (Goodo  A  Bean) 454 

GenuB226.  Batbytroctos,  GUnther. 464 

748.  stomias,  Gilbert 454 

GonuB  227.  Talismanla,  Goodo  &  Boan 455 

749.  autillarnni,  Goodo  A  Bean 465 

750.  (cquatoriB,  Goudo  A  Bean 45(5 

Genus  228.  Conocara,  Goode  A  Bean 456 

751.  macdonaldi,  Goode  A  Bean 4.57 

752.  macroptenv  (Vaillaut) . 467 

GonuB  229.  Platytroctes,  GUnther 458 

753.  apus,  GUnther 458 

Genus  230.  Aleposomus,  Gill 4,59 

7.54.  copei,  Gill 469 

Family  LXIV,  Salmonidie 460 

Genus  231.  Coregonus  (Artedi)  Linnteus 461 

Subgenus  Prosopium,  Milner 462 

755.  coulterli,  Eigeumann  A  Kigenraann . 462 

766.  williamsoni,  Girard 463 

750a.  cismontanuB,  Jordan . 463 

757.  kennicotti,  Milner 464 

758.  richardsonii,  GUnther 465 

759.  quadrilateralis,  Richardson 465 


':,J/.;.;/ 


CONTKNTB. 


XXXIII 


CLASH  III.  PIS0K8— Continued. 

Okokk  S.  Ihohi'ondyi.!— Continiipd. 

Fumilji  LXIV.  Mmoniilir—VoBtinuetl,  I'age. 

Sul>K('iiiiN  CtireKoniii . .... 4nA 

700.  rliiiMjirormlM  (Mltchill) 40S 

761.  nelMonli,  IJciui 4m 

70'J.  liibnuliirlcuH,  IllchanlHon 400 

(iitniiN 'ilt'J,  ArKyruHomuN,  AKasHiz. ......_.........„__. .... ..... 467 

Siil)Koi>»>*  ArgyroHomuh . . .._.._ ...... . ......  408 

7n:j.  (wmorirortnli  (II.  M.  Smith) 468 

704.  nrtedl  (LoSuour) 468 

7(i4a.  hIw'o,  Jordan 400 

705.  lioyi,  (illl 400 

700.  (lUHilluH  (Bean) 470 

767.  liicldus  (Ricliiirdnon) 470 

7ilH.  laurettiu  (noun) _ 471 

•  70!i.  prognathuH  (11.  M.  Smith) 471 

770.  iilKrlplnulH,  Gill 472 

SuhguiiiiH  AlloHomua,  Jordan _. .._. ... 473 

771.  tulllho..  (Richardson) 473 

771.1.  Msselli,  Bollman.. 473 

UeniiH  23.'J,  StttncMluN,  RichiirdHon .... . . 473 

772.  maclo'nzii  (Richardson) .. . .  474 

GenuH  2:14.  OiicorhyuchuH,  Snckh'y ._ _._„ 474 

Subgonus  UncorhynchiiH .... . ... 478 

77.1.  gorbuHcha  (Walbaum) 478 

774.  keta  (Walbauni) 478 

775.  txchawytHcha  (Wallxtum) 47U 

776.  kisutch  (Walbaum)  ._•_ 480 

Subgenus  Hypsifario,  GUI . 481 

777.  nerka  (Walbaum) 481 

Genus  235.  Salmo  (Artedi)  Linnaeus 483 

Subgenus  Salmo . . 486 

778.  salar,  Li&nojus 486 

778a.  Bobago  (Glrard) 487 

7786.  ouauuniche,  McCarthy  MS . 487 

Subgenus  Trutta,  Linnaius 487 

779.  mykiss,  Walbaum 487, 492 

779a.  clarkii  (Richardson).. 492 

779fc.  lewisl  (Glrard) 493 

770e.  glbbsil  (Suckley) 493 

nOil.  henshawl  (Gill  &  Jordan) 493 

779e.  virginalis  (Girard) 495 

779/.  spilunis  (Cope) 495 

779(/.  pleuriticus  (Cope) .. 490 

779A.  bouviorl  (Bondire) 490 

779i.  stomias  (Cope) 497 

779j.  macdonaldi,  Jordan  &  Kvermann 497 

780.  gairdneri,  Richardson 497,498 

780a.  kamloops  (Jordan) 499 

781.  irideus,  Gibbons 500 

781a.  masonl  (Suckley) 501 

7816.  Shasta  (Jordan) 502 

781c.  gllbertl  (Jordan) .— -  502 

781(1.  Btonei  (Jordan) 5C3 

781e.  agua-bonita  (Jordan) 503 

Genus  236.  Cristivomer,  Gill  &  Jordan 504 

782.  namaycush  (Walbauni) 604 

782r    siscowet  (Agassiz) ._ 606 


■S'l 


M- 


v.:,'>: 


i 


^f 


KM  I 


^  r 


% 


/ 


X3CXIV 


CONTRNTfl. 


l!i 


h 


OLAHSIII.  PISCKH— Conllnuml. 

Orkcr  H.  Ikohi-ondym— <'<inltnue<l. 

Familji  I.XIW  &ilniiin<>''r— Contlniii'd.  ragn. 

aoniiM  V!:i7.  Balvcillliiiii  (Nilnwiii)  IlichanlRoii ....^..... AOA 

7KX  fontlimllii  (MlUhlll). . MW 

7s3<i.  uKHMi/il  (Oariimii) .. ....  M7 

7S4.  innltim  (Wiilli«um) - - r>(>7 

7»6.  ali)linin{Lliinii'U») Wm 

78.1.I.  iill|»'ii  (niclmnlnon) Wf.t 

Will.  NtugiialiN(Faliriitiis) - MO 

7«r><'.  nrcluri:.;  ((Jiinlhor) r.l(» 

7H.''m(.  uurooliiH  (Doaii) .... .... Till 

780.  iMHiiimia  (GIranI) -.— ftl* 

7Hfl<i.  iiar«§l  ((Jllnthor) ... . fttfi 

7HU/i.  iiiarMoiil,  (■arniaii ..... .. _......... ............. filA 

tUmilii  LX  V.   ThtimiiUiilir - ftl7 

(Jonui2a8.  Thymallui,  Ciivlor ni7 

787.  dlgiilfcr  (Uichartlgon) fil7 

788.  uiitarifliiHiK,  Ciivior  Jt  Valeiiclenno* .... ....... ........ fil8 

788.1.  iiiuntaniia  (Mllnor) . .. 519 

Family  I.XVl.  Arijentiuiilir .. . . 61U 

(JeiiuH  2.1!».  Mallotii»,  C'uvlor 620 

789.  vllloHUg  (MiilliT) r>20 

Genim240.  Tlialolchthys,  GIrarJ 521 

7iK).  iiatlflcus  (Rlrliardnon) r>2l 

U»nuM24l.  ()HmoniB{ArtC(li)  lilnim'UH 522 

Stibt^enuH  SpirinrliUH,  Junlun  Sc  Kvoriiiann .. ........ _.-  •)22 

791.  tliololchthy*,  Ajtch 522 

702.  uttcniiatiiH,  Lockington ; 523 

8iil>)(i'iiuH  Oiimorus .... ... 52H 

793.  inortlftx  (MItrlilll) 523 

793(1.  Hpoctrum  (Cope) . 523 

793/<.  aliltotti  (Coiw) 524 

794.  (k'utex,  Stuintlachncr 524 

GoiiuB  242.  IlypomoKUB,  Gill 624 

795.  prctiosuM  (Glrard) 525 

790.  olidus  (PallflH) 625 

Genus  243.  Argentina  (Artodi)  Linnii'us .'i25 

797.  siluH,  AgraniuD ..... 520 

798.  Hialis,  Gill)crt 520 

799.  striata,  Goodo  A  Bean 520 

Gunu8  244.  Louroglossus,  Gilb«rt 527 

800.  BtllbluB,  Gilbert 527 

yaniily  LXVIT.  3IUroiilomi(Ur. . 627 

Genua  245.  Nansenia,  Jordan  &  Evorniann . 628 

801.  gni'niandica  (Ilcinhardt)  - _  528 

Genus  240,  Bathylagus,  GUnther 528 

802.  benedicti,  Goodo  &  Bean _  .529 

803.  curyops,  Goodo  A  Bean 529 

804.  pafiflcus,  Gilbert 530 

Order  T.  Iniomi 530 

Family  LXrilf.  BynodotUUlie 532 

Genus  247.  Trachinoccphalus,  Gill 533 

805.  myops  (Forstor) 5.33 

Genus  248.  Synodus  (Qronow)  Bloch  &  Schneider 633 

800.  intermedius  (Agossiz) . 535 

807.  overmanni,  Jordan  &  Bollman . . 535 

808.  poeyi,  Jordan 530 

809.  synodus  (Linnacns) . 530 


ZX^VI 


lOWTJCNTB, 


01; 


til.  PISOift— Coutiniiod. 

Or|>BB  T.   iHIOMI-UoBtilllli'tl. 

nmiln  I.XXV,  J^oji/iiW/r— <;untliiiie(l.  Psge. 

Mft.   liMMioiiitltll,  OixHir  X  IV'nil «..—_..-...—... tiKi 

OaiiiM  2*13.  DtapliiiH,  KIgKiiiiiuiiti  X  KIkoiiiiiuiiii ... ... ........ [>*'<i 

M<l.  tbote,  KlK<'iiniiiiiii  A  Kitc'iinmiin .....— ..................  HM 

(liiiiiiH  2(13.  iT'Ithopnini,  (JixmIh  X  Uciiii ............................ ......  ftflfl 

R47.  luiMii,  <!imhU(.1  Hi'Uii ..... 505 

HI8.  cITiiIki'Ii",  OikhIi.  .t  IWiiii . .... Aoe 

(i.iMiht  litll.  ('.illi'lllu,  (iciKilr  A  lt<-»ii .._ MT 

HI!).  riifliii<m|iiiil  (CiHcii) . ..... .  M7 

Hfid.  iiiM'liiniii  (Pocy) . flfl7 

(IciiiiH 'i(W5.   Uliliici««oiHilnH,  I.itlkon .')6M 

Hf)!.  nircol  (Cooni) r.«H 

H82.  aiiilrt'ic  (Mltkcn) , fiCIt 

C.'-a.  rariiM  (Mltknn) r.Ol) 

tifiiiiH  20n.  M,vi'tii|iliiiiii,  ltiiflii<'Ni|iiii ...... .. ........ TiliO 

nrd,  iiiiiu'titliini,  UalliuM<iuu . ... fiTO 

8,V..  nniiio  (Mltkon)  _. _ r>7o 

85(1.  opiilinuiii,  rioiHit)  tV  Dt'iiii ... .... . .... . 571 

857.  huinl)..I.ltl  (UIhh..)  __.. 571 

858.  ('iiliroriiluiiM),  Kif(ciinianii  <Sc  KiKmimutiii .... 572 

8,^!t,  Kraril.i  (t.lltkeii) 572 

8(10.  iKSliolti  (Com.) 57;t 

801.  hytifonili  (li(ltkon) 573 

nctiniH  2()7.  BonthoHoiiirt,  Oooil«  &  B<,>an .. .._._.._. .. 573 

8C.2.  mulloil  (nrnplln). 571 

8(i3.  nrctiiiim  (LUtken) 574 

OoniiH  2(18.  DimyHcojioIuH,  (iiliithor . . 574 

8fi4.  KphiiMiiri  (Stuiiiilarhiior) 575 

(iniiiirt  209.  Turlutoiibeiinla,  EiK«iimaiin  k  VAifvixmaixu . 575 

8(1.';.  (TcniilariH(Jonlnn  A  OlIlMTt) 575 

8(10.  tciiim,  Ki);onniiiini  &  Eigoninitiin . 575 

Family  LXXVf.  Mmirolicidir . 57(i 

Qoiihh270.  Maiirolicns,  Cticoo . .. . _. . 57(> 

8(17.  pcmiimti  (Walbaum)  - 577 

(!cniiH271.  Vincijiucrria,  Junlaii  &  Kvcriiiunn - 577 

808.  attenuata  (Cocco) 677 

Ucinis272.  ValimciuiinelliiH,  Jonliin  &  Evermann 577 

869.  tripuiictnlatiiH  (EHiimrk) 578 

Family  LXXVII.  rhaiiliodimliiliv 578 

Ooniis  273.  OoiiuHloniu,  RaflucHqiio 578 

870.  (leiiuilatiim,  Raflnemiuu .'')79 

871.  brovUlciis,  Kner  &  StoindiiclintT 579 

(ieiiiiH  274.  n<inapartiii,  Qotxle  &  noun 580 

872.  pi'diiliotn,  Goodo  &  Bonn 580 

GeniiH275.  Cyclothono,  Oomle  it:  Buan 681 

SubK<'iinH  Cyclotliono 582 

873.  mlcrmloii  (GUntber) 582 

874.  batbypbila  (Vaillaiit) 682 

SiibfrenuH  Signiu|)H,  Gill -  583 

875.  olongattt  (GUntber) SKI 

Goiius27C.  Yarrello,  Goodi!  &  B<!uu 583 

870.  bluckfordi,  G(mm1o  &.  Bean .'584 

Genus  277.  CbanlioduH,  Blocb  &  Schneider 684 

877.  Bloanei,  Bloch  &  Schuoider 585 

878.  luacouni.  Bean . 685 


I 


'I 


in 

it 


^  '^i  1 


-;ii 


,_     ..  I 


OONTICNTR. 


XXXV 


OrA'WIII.  PIHCrR-ContlnuH. 
i)|ii>riiT.   iNinMi     rontliiiii'il. 

t'amilii  t.W'lll.  HiiitDiliiiitiilii — (lontlliiK'il,                                                                            l*»K«- 
Hid.  liiiiTtliiiiH,  <illlMirt ..........—..„.. 638 

811.  taiiniM  (Llniiii'iiN) -..„......_.„...................... .............  A37 

Ml'2.  M'lliillcfiM,  .Ionian  A  (illl««rt -  637 

HIM.  JoiikliiHl,  .roriliiti  A  llulliimii M7 

Hll.  f(i'toni(Miiiiii'iiN) ftM 

HIT).  lii.|i>««<|i(t(A)'ri'ii) - MO 

(lainiN'Jl!).  llHtliyNiiiiriiM,  Olliitliur.. S30 

81tl.  fiTox,  <llliitli«r     - .  MO 

QviiiiH  ur>().  Itulliyliicu,  (iiiuilo  it  lUtitii . . .  640 

H17.  nJKrii'uiDi,  GoimIo  .1  Bttan ... . MO 

yamUt)  I.XI.X.   .iM/nyiK/H.. Ml 

(!i>iiuit  'JSl,  Cliloru|ilitlialiiiiiN,  nonapurte ........ .. ... Ml 

HIH.  iiKifHi/'li,  Donupurto ................................... Ml 

Hl«.  ilmlyboliiH  (CmmI.-) . MS 

H'ji).  triii'iiluntiiH,  (ioixlii  fi  Doan ... . .. ...............  MS 

Fiiiiiilii  l,.\.\.    IttiilhoiiiirUlir .... . . ..............  MS 

OeiMiH  2.12.  Ih'iitlioMaiiniH,  Oomlu  .t  Beau .._ .. M.l 

821.  Krallnt.ir,  OimmIo  A  llvaii Ma 

Fiimilii  I.XX!.    linlhj'iilero'Khi ............ ................ M4 

Oi'iniH  2.'>:i.  llathyptorolH,  Olliitlmr. •  M4 

SuliK<'>iuii  HyimptorotiiiuH,  (iniKln  A  ncaii  .... ......... . ......  M5 

822.  (iiuulriniJH,  (iiliitlKT 54ri 

H2:t.  lonKlpoi,  Gllnthor B4() 

I'nmilii  f.XXlf.   fininjiiiliv. ... ....... ........ . .............. .  64(1 

f!cimfi2.M.  Ipnops,  Giliitlier 640 

HJl.  iiiiirrajl,  (illiitli<T M7 

Faiiiilii  hXXIIf.  ll:»i,Mclii,hp 647 

OoiuiH  2,V).  Kcimlolctla,  Ooodo  A  lli-aii M8 

82.1.  lil(  oliir,  OiKxln  *  Hcaii M8 

t'ltmilji  l.XXIV.   Cfloniimiihi' ..... .. . ..._——.... M8 

Oi'iiuH  2.1(i.  r<itoiiiliiiiiR,  G(M)(lo  A  Doau . ... . — MO 

82<1.  ulllll,  Ooodo  &  Bcali 649 

827.  ftororl,  GoikIo  A  Bfan 6.10 

Fiimily  I.XXV,  Mijrto}ihUUe ._ ... ._ . ._ .. fiilO 

Oeini8  2.17.  Mai-roHtoiiia,  Rlsno ..__. . 6M 

828.  qucrciniim  (Ooodo  A  Duan) 6M 

821).  nmrgaritiforuni  (Ooodo  A  B*)icn) 665 

8.10.  anKustldons,  Risso 665 

831.  castanoum  (Ooodo  ABoan) 650 

832.  caiidinpinoguin  (JohiiHon) ... 650 

GoiniH  258.  CoratoHcoptdiiH,  OUnthcr . - 567 

833.  iiindeirouxiH  (Lowe) 657 

OtmuH  250.  Lainitanyctus,  Bonapprto . 667 

8.14.  crwcMlihiH  (Ri884))  _. 558 

R35.  towiiHondl  (Eigenmp;))'  .(  v^lgciimanii)  .... 558 

836.  alatUH,  Goodo  A  Boau 559 

837.  gUuthorl,  Goodo  A  Bpuii 659 

838.  gommifor,  Good  A  Bean 550 

839.  lacerta  (Goodo  A  Bonn) 660 

GoiiiiH  200.  Lampatlona,  Goodo  A  Bean SCO 

840.  ipccnligora,  Gomlo  &  Bean 661 

Genus  261.  Nannobrachium,  Gtlnther _._  861 

841.  leucopmrum  (Rigenmann  A  Kigonmann) 662 

812.  nannochir  (Oillwrt) 662 

843.  inoxicanum  (Gilbert) 663 

844.  regalo  (Gilbert) 663 


T 


H^NTK^T». 


XXXVII 


f'l.ABM  III.  PisrKS-roiitiiiuwi. 

Ohii»;h  T.   Inii>ni  — ('oiitiiiiii'il,  Pagn. 

f.imi//(  l.\X\lir.  .{ulroHttlhiilii ....... ft"" 

liuiiUH  '27H,  Antrdiic'KtlioN,  ItlrliitrilMiii .. .. . ... .... A80 

R7I).  liiK«r,  Illi'Imriliioii... Md 

H80.  K'Hiliilf'T,  (iixhIk  U  Bouii  ............ Ami 

HH\.  ill  liiinlMoiil  (I'ooy)  -  - ..— . — AtT 

Fitmilti  /.V.\7.V.    SUminliJii f>»*7 

(l.'iiiiHyT'.i.  Sloiiilai-,  Ciivlor....- - — •'■•8'* 

HK'J.  fiiMX,  Itiliilmnlt 'iSN 

HH:i.  ttHliiiH,  (illiitluT f'8H 

OmniH 'JMi.  Ki'liloNtcitiiii,  liowo  ................ ....................... /(NU 

HH4.  iHirliiitiilii,  I-nwo A«9 

XH!).  iiiiiri;i>rilH,  (iii'xlti  A  Dean.... ... .. ............... AHU 

ili'iiiiH 'JMI.  <iriiiiinmliiH'(iiiiittH,  CoikIh  A  ni'un........ .. . .. AtH> 

88(i,  iluiilillllH,  <ioiHlii  A.  Until ........................................  nU() 

tioiiiiH  2H2.  IMiolKiiiMtiH,  (Jllntlicr -  Ml 

887.  Brill  illH,  (iomUi  A  Ilcnii . -. -. TiOl 

Fomtlii  hXXX.   Mntttconleiilii filMJ 

(ixiniN  281).  MaluroxttuiK,  AyroH  .. ...................... fil'S 

888.  nigiT,  AyrcH rm 

Fnniilii  LXXXf.  .UfjiinmriiliK M'.\ 

riciiiiH  284.  AI('|iiMaui'UK,  Lowe .. .... .... ... .«..- ftiH 

8uli|;«iiiiH  Alu|iiHaiiniN ......... . ... ._. MA 

889.  fiTox,  I.oWH AO.'i 

8!)0.  nmulnpliiH  (H' an) ---  ft!»A 

HiiliKCliiiH  CuuIkiiiih,  0111 ...... . 600 

8U1.  altlvfllH,  I'ooy 600 

802.  l.oroBllH  (Gill) 600 

89.1.  Horru((iill) -  507 

Fiimilj/  LXXXn,   OilniitoHlomiilir . ... ._  .. . 61)7 

(JeiiiiH  28,').  OiiioHUilU,  rilliitlicr 6U8 

804.  lowll,  (Slliitlinr 608 

F>wiilj)  LXXXIir.  rarahpiiliiliv 600 

(ioniiH280.  SuilU,  Uiiflmwiuo 6!l9 

8!)r..  lnturmo(liiiM(Pooy). WK) 

890.  ringonH,  Jordan  A  Gilbert -  000 

OoniiH287.  ArctozoniiK,  0111 .._ COl 

897.  »H)ronMi4  (Uolnlianlt) 001 

898.  conisennH  (Jonlan  A  011l)crt) COl 

GonuH288.  l'anilopln,  lli»«> 002 

890.  roregoiiolilcH,  Kigmi 002 

Fnmilif  LXXXIV.  Slernopliichithe GOCl 

GonuH289.  Sternoptyx,  Hornianu _._._._ .._. ._.__.„.„ ..  003 

000.  iliiiphftiia,  Hcmmiin 003 

Ot-niis  290.  Argyropclt'CUH,  Cooco i ... . . . 003 

001.  liemigyraniiH,  Cocco 004 

002.  olforsi  (Cuvler) _ 004 

Fiwiilii  LXXXr.  macanlhula: _. _.  004 

OoniiH291.  IdincunthiiH,  Peteni . 0(»r> 

903.  ferox  (Gllnthor) 006 

904.  antrostomuH,  Gilbert 006 

OniiKR  v.  Lyopomi 000 

Family  LXXXri.  IlalotauHdir. 000 

Gonufl  202.  HaloNaurug,  JohnHon 007 

005.  owcni,  Johofion 007 

OOO.  gnutherl,  Goodo&Bcan 008 

Genug293.  Aldrovaudin,  Goode  &  Bean -.  008 

607.  rostrata  (GUnther) (iOO 


<    1 


ii 
Ii 

■  *  L 

-1 


xxxvin 


CONTENTS. 


i!;' 


il 


ill     If- 


CLA£3  III.  PI80E8-Continne<l. 

Orper  U.  Lyopomi— Coatinue<l. 
'  Family  LXXXVI.  i/iiIoiwiNriiije— Continued.  Pago. 

908.  nmcrochir  (G(lntlior) 009 

909.  goodei  (Gill) \i\n 

910.  grnciliH,  Ooodo  A  Bean 010 

Oil.  pallida,  Qoo<lo  &,  Bonn Oil 

Order  V.  IIeteromi- C12 

Famity  LXXXVIl.  Nolacanlliiilir 01,1 

Gohiih294.  NotnrantliUH,  Blocli 014 

912.  idicniiiitzii,  BUicli 014 

913.  annlli,  Gill- 015 

914.  phn8guiioru8,  Goodo 010 

OenuH  296.  Macdoualdia,  Goodo  &  Boan 017 

916.  ro8tratii(CoIl(tO  — _ _ 017 

916.  clmllongori  (Vaillaiit) _ 017 

Fami);/  LXXXVIII.  Lipoyenyiilie 019 

Gonus  290.  LipogcuyH,  Goo<lo  &  Bonn 019 

917.  gillii,  Goode  &  Bwm — 019 

On   KR  W.  Xenomi - -  Oi'.O 

Family  LXXXIX.  TkilUidie 020 

Genus  297.  Dalliii,  Beaa 021 

918.  iM'ctoralis,  Bean 021 

Order  X.  IIaplomi 022 

Family  XC.    I'mhridx 022 

GenuH298.  Umbra  (Kramer)  Miillor 02.3 

Subgenus  Molununi,  Agatisiz 02.1 

919.  lirni  (Kirtland)  _. 023 

920.  pygina-a  (Do  Kay) 024 

Family  XCI.  Liiciidit 024 

Genus  299.  Lucius,  lliifinescjno 025 

Subgenus  Kenoza,  Jordan  &  Evermann 020 

921.  americanus  (Gmolin) 020 

922.  veriniculatus  (Lo  Sueur) _ 027 

923.  rcticulatus  (Le  Sueur) 027 

Subgenus  Lucius 028 

024.  lucius  (Linna!us) 028 

Subgenus  Mascalongus,  Jordan 029 

025.  niasquinongy  (Mitchill) 629 

925a.  ohionsls  (Kirtland) 029 

925().  immaculatus  (Garrard) 030 

Family  XCIl.  P,-ciUidiB  — ..030 

Genus  300.  Fundulus,  Lacepedo 632 

Subgenus  Fundulus 0.37 

926.  puuctatus,  GUnther 637 

927.  vinctUB,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 637 

928.  pallidus,  Evermann 638 

029.  similis  (Baird  &  Girard) 638 

930.  majaIi8(Walbaum) 639 

931.  parviplnnis,  Girard 640 

932.  heteroclituB  (Linna;u.s) 640 

932a.  macrolepidotus  (Walb  inm) 041 

9326.  grandis  (Baird  A  Girard) 641 

933.  ocoUaris,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 642 

034.  fouticola,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 643 

935   bermudas,  GUnther 643 

036.  robustus,  Bean 044 

837.  lablalis,  GUnther 644 


tJONTBNtS. 


tXKlX 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— ContlnuGd. 
Ordku  X.  Haplomi— Contitiuod. 

Family  XCIt.  PirciUt<lit—CoDl\nnei\.  i  Pafco. 

SuligcnuH  Fontinus,  Jurdnii  &  Kvormann ..„ <i45 

938.  iidinia,  Jonl  nAOilbert J 045 

9M.  diaphanuH  (LoSuour) MH 

O.'Jrtn.  iiuinimii  (Jordiiii  &  Copnliind) C45 

il40.  flxfensuH,  Ji)rdaii  &  HillxTt 646 

941.  zobriiuis,  Jordau  &  Qilbort <i46 

942.  Bemiiiolis,  Girard 047 

SiibgnniiH  Xcni.sma,  Jordan 048 

943.  ratonatus  (.Storor) - 648 

944.  HtolliftT  (Jordan) - 648 

SiibgcniiH  GambuHiuuH,  Jurdaa  &  Evermaun 049 

94.').  liiicatuB  (Garnian) 049 

940.  ratbbuni,  Jordan  &  J.. dck 049 

947.  albolineatiis,  Gilbert 649 

948.  conflucutu!*,  Goodo  <&  Boan -  6.')0 

949.  funduloldcs  (Kvormann) 050 

Subgenus  Zygonottes,  Agawiiz 6.W 

9.''.0.  d.vil  (GUntbor).. _ 650 

951.  nmcdonaldl  (Moek) 651 

952.  floripinniH  (Cone) 051 

953.  jeukii>8i  (Ilvernianu) 6.51 

954.  '^•...verous  (Evorniann) 052 

05,'>.  arlingtonhis  (Goodo  *  Bean) 652 

9.50.  beushalli  (Jordan) _ 0.53 

957.  rubrifrons  (Jordan) 653 

958.  si^artcs,  Moek (iS-i 

959.  Kfiadicun,  ijope 654 

960.  luoiio  (Fainl) 054 

961.  rlirysotua,  Ilolbrook 055 

902.  ciugulatus,  Cuvior  ife  ValoucicnnoH 656 

063.  nottii  (Agassiz) 0.")0 

964.  guttatUH  (AgaKsiz) 053 

965.  bioroglyidiicu.t  (Agassiz) 658 

960.  dispar  (Agassiz) 058 

967.  notatU8(Raflne8quc) 059 

908.  melapleurus  (Gossc) 659 

Genus  SOI.  Adinia,  Girard 660 

969.  guatemalonsis  (Gilnther) 660 

970.  pachycopliala  (GUnther) 660 

971.  dugesii  (Bean) 601 

972.  multifasciata,  Girard —  061 

GenuB302.  Kivulus,  Pooy 002 

973.  cylindraceus,  Pocy 662 

974.  inarmoratUK,  Poey 063 

Genus  303.  Lucania,  Girard 063 

97.5.  onunata  (Jordan) 663 

970.  goodei,  Jordan _  004 

977.  veuusta,  Girard 065 

978.  parva  (Baird  &  Girard) 665 

Genus  304.  Girardinichtbys,  Blceker 666 

979.  innominatus,  Bleeker 060 

Genus  306.  Bmpctrichthys,  Gilbert _  600 

980.  merrlami,  Gilbert 667 

Genus  306   Characodon,  GUuther 667 

981.  lateralis,  GUnther 668 

982.  bilineatus,  Bean 668 


-fvi 


] 


fl 


U 


^A.JLi'*  m  -f,,- J.rf 


XTi 


CONTBJWS. 


I;!!- 


m 


>-rt, 


7-  - 


GLASS  III.  PISCES— Continued. 
Order  X,  Haplomi — Continued. 

FiimHn  XCII.    P(i»ci7i*lH'— Continued.  Page. 

983.  variatUH,  Hcan , ^^ «69 

984.  furcidons,  .Ionian  A  Gilbert 669 

QenuHMOY.  Cyprinodon,  Tiace|H»de 670 

1185.  variegatus,  Lacupede 071 

985a.  riTsrendi  (Poey) 073 

986.  oxiiniuH,  (iirard _. 673 

987.  l)ovinu8,  lliiini  .t  Ginird._ 673 

988.  maculariuB,  Haird  it  Girard 074 

989.  biiileyi  (Gilbert) 675 

990.  elegauH,  Daird  &  Girard 075 

991.  martiv,  Stuindaciiner 075 

992.  L-ando,  Gllnther 676 

993.  felicianuB(Poey) _ 676 

994.  latifawdatus,  Giinnan 670 

•  GenuH.308.  Jordanulla,  Goodo  &  Pean 677 

995.  floridoj,  Goodo  &  Bean 077 

QenuH  ;M)9.  PHeudoxipliophoruB,  Bleelcer 678 

906,  biniaculatUB  (Honlcol) 078 

Genua  310.  GanibuHia,  Poey 078 

997.  punctata,  I'oey •79 

998.  puncticulata,  Poey 680 

999.  Infans,  Woolman -  680 

1000.  aflinis  (Bttiid  A  Girard) 080 

1001.  ni>bili8(Biiird  &  Girard) 682 

1002.  nicaraguonsia,  GUntiier 682 

lOOH.  gracilis,  Hocliol 6«A 

1004.  opiscopi,  Steindacbner 683 

1005.  picturata,  Pocv —  683 

Genua  311.  Boloneaox,  Kuer . 684 

1006.  bclizanua,  Kncr... 684 

Genua312.  Anableps  (Artedi)  Bloch 684 

1007.  dovii,  Giil —    685 

Genv8  313.  Goodea,  Jordan 686 

1008.  atripinnia,  Jordan 685 

Genua  314.  Platypa'cilua,  Glinthor . 685 

lOOa   maculatuB,  GUnther 686 

1010.  mentalia,  Gill 686 

Genua  315.  Heterandria,  Agassiz . . 686 

1011.  uninotata(Poey) 687 

1012.  nietallica  (Poey) 687 

101.3.  formoaa,  Agasaiz _. .___ 687 

1014.  pleuroapilus  (GUnther) 688 

1015.  versicolor  (GUnther).. 688 

1016.  occidentalis,  Baird  A  Girard 689 

Genua  316.  Lebiatea,  De  Filippi 689 

1017.  poociliodea,  De  Filippi „ 689 

Genua  317.  Acropcecilia,  Hilgeudorf 690 

1018.  tridena  (Hilgendorf) 690 

Genus  318.  Poecilia,  Bloch  &  Schneider 690 

1019.  vivipara,  Bloch  &  Schneider 691 

10*20.  butleri,  Jordan 691 

1021.  gillii  (Kner  A  Steindacbner) 692 

1022.  pavonina  (Poey) 692 

1023.  Tittata,  Guichenot 692 

1024.  mexicana,  Steindacbner 692 

1025.  thermalla,  Steindacbner 683 


COKTKNTB. 


ZLI 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— Continued. 
Okdeb  X.  IIai'I.omi — Continued. 

Familij  .\(^ll.    PaicaiUlee — Continued.  Page. 

1026.  chiBoyenslB,  GUnthor 693 

1027.  iMitenonBlB,  GUnthor 6»4 

1028.  Bph<^no|)B,  Cuvier  &  Valonciunnes „_.- — - 694 

1029.  uovli,  GUnthor 695 

10;«).  couch  iana(Girard) 695 

latl.  boucardi,  Stoindftchnor 695 

1052.  vandepolli,  Van  Lidth  de  Jeude 696 

1032(1.  arubcnsiB,  Vau  Lidth  de  Joude 696 

1033.  dominicensiB,  Cuvier  &  ValonciunneB „«.. 696 

1034.  molanogastor,  GUnthor 690 

1035.  BpiluruB,  GUutlier 697 

1036.  olongata,  GUnthor -  697 

1037.  presidioniB,  Jordan  &  Culver 697 

Oenu8  319.  MollienlBla,  Le  Sueur 698 

1038.  jonesi,  GUnthor 698 

1039.  formoHa  (Girardj 699 

1040.  latipinna,  Lo  Sueur 699 

1041.  petenonBis,  OUnther 700 

Genus  320.  Xiphophorus,   Heckel . . j 701 

1042.  helleri,  Heckel 701 

104.3.  guntherl,  Jordan  &Evcrmann 702 

Famihi  XCllL  AmhhjopsUUe 702 

Genus  321.  Chologaator,  Agassiz 70:J 

1044.  cornutua,  Agassiz 703 

1045.  agassizli,  Putnam . 704 

1046.  papillifcrus  Forbes 704 

Genus  322.  Typhlichthys,  Girard 7W 

1047.  subterranouB,  Girard 704 

Gonus  323.  Amblyopsis,  De  Kay 706 

1048.  BpeloBUS,  DeEay 706 

Obpeh  Y.  Synentoonathi 707 

Familij  XCIV.  ICgocidx 708 

GonuB  324.  TylosuniB,  Cocco 708 

1049.  uotatus  (Poey) 710 

1050.  BcapuIariB,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 711 

1051.  timucu  (Walbaum) 711 

1052.  euryopB,  Bean  &  Dresel 711 

1053.  diplota?nia  (Cope) 712 

1054.  microps  (GUnthor) 712 

1055.  angusticcps  (GUnther) 712 

10.56.  ardoola  (Cuvier  &  Yalonciennes) 713 

10.')7.  Btolznianni(Steindachnor) 713 

1058.  exilis  (Girard) 714 

10.59.  marinus  (Walbaum) 714 

1060.  almeida  (Quoy  &  Galmard). 715 

1061.  fodiator,  .Tordan  &  Gilbert 715 

1062.  raphidoma  (Kanzani) 715 

1063.  galeatus  (Cuvior  &  Valenciennes) 716 

1064.  pacificus  (Stoindachner) 710 

1065.  acuB(Lacei)6de) - 716 

1006.  caribbaiUB  (Le  Sueur) 717 

Genus  325.  Athlcunes,  Jordan  &  Fordice - 717 

1067.  hians  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) 718 

FamQij  XC^.  Hemiramphidx 718 

Genus  326.  ChriodoruB,  Goode  &  Bean 719 

1068.  atberiuoides,  Goode  &  Bean 719 


Ali 


\-- 


# 


r 


/  / 


Xlill 


CONTENTS. 


^^1 


I    ^  t 


CLASS  III.  PI8CKS— Continued. 

Ordrk  Y.  Synkntoonatiii— Continued. 

FomiXy  XCV.  Ilemiramphidie — Continued.  Page. 

GennB327.  Hyvoriiamphug,  Gill 710 

10«)9.  unifrtKoiiitus  (Ranzani) 720 

Vm.  roberti  (Cuvlpr  &  Valenciennes) 721 

1071.  roflns  (Jiirdan  &  Gilbert) 721 

Genus  ;i28.  HeinirnmphuH,  Cuvior 7i2 

1072    brasilionsis  (LJnnmus) 722 

107;}.  balao,  Lo  Sueur 723 

Genus  329.  Eulcptorhninphus,  0111 ._ 723 

1074.  velox,  Pooy 724 

Famihi  X(WL  Scomhremcidif 724 

GenuH  330.  Scombresox,  Lacepvdo 72.1 

1075.  Niurug  (Walbaum) _  72.1 

Gonim:i31.  Cololabis,  Gill 72C 

1076.  brevirostris  (Peters) 726 

Famihj  XCVII.   Exnartidir 726 

OenuH3.12.  Fodiator,  .Jordan  &  Meek.. 727 

1077.  acutus  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) ...  728 

GenHH333.  Parexoc(etus,  Bleeker 728 

1078.  mesoKastor  (Bloch) 728 

Genus  334.  Ilalooypselns,  Weinland 720 

1079.  evoliuis  (Linnnjus) 729 

Genus 335.  Kx^iutus  (Artedi)Linna<us._.. 730 

Sul)genu8  Exood  tUB 7.12 

1080.  exsiliens,  P.  L.  S.  Miillor 7.32 

1081.  rondeletii,  Cuvior  &  Valenciennes 733 

1082.  vinoiguerrii',  Jordan  &  Meek 734 

*  1083.  Yolitans,  Linnaeus —  734 

1084.  rufipinnis,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 735 

Subgenus  Cypselurus,  Swainson 735 

1085.  licterurus,  Rafine8(iue 735 

1086.  lutkoni,  Jordan  &  Evenuann 736 

:087.  furcatus,  Mitehill 737 

1088.  nigricans,  Bennett 737 

1089.  xonopterug,  Gilbert 738 

1090.  lineatus,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 739 

1091.  cyanoptcruB,  Cuvier  &  Valeuciennes 739 

1092.  bahiensis,  Ranzani 739 

1093.  californicuB,  Cooper 740 

1094.  calloptorus,  GUnther 740 

1095.  gibbifrons,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 741 

Obder  Z.  Hehirranchii 741 

Familj/  XCVIII.  Gasterosleidm 742 

Genus  3.36.  Eucalia,  Jordan 743 

1096.  inconstans  (Kirtland) 744 

1096a.  cayuga,  Jordan .„ ._ 744 

10966.  pygmica  (Agassiz) 744 

Genus  337.  Pygosteus,  Brevoort 745 

1097.  puDgitiuB  (Linnaeus) 745 

1097a.  brachypoda  (Bean) 746 

GenuB  338.  GasterosteuB  (Artedi)  LinnoQus 740 

1098.  aculeatuB,  Linneeus 747 

1099.  blBpinoBUB,  Walbaum 748 

1099a.  atkinsii  (Bean) 748 

10996.  cuvierl  (Girard) 749 

1100.  catapbractas  (Pallas) 749 


."^T-",^  -V^v: 


CONTENTS. 


XUII 


CLASS  HI.  PISCES— Continued. 

Ordbr  K.  Hemirranciiii— Continued. 

Family  XCVIII.  Oatterotleiilte—ConUaaoA.  P»K<'' 

1101.  willlamsoni,  Girard 760 

llOIa.  microccphaluB  (Oirard) 751 

Ueoui  3i\9.  Apeltes,  Do  Kay.. 752 

1102.  quadracus  (Mitchili) _. 752 

l^tmtti/  XCIX.  Anlorhymhida 752 

Genus  340.  Aulorhynchui,  Gill — - 753 

1103.  flavidus,  Gill 764 

Family  C.  Aulottomi<he 764 

Genu8  341.  Aulostomus,  Lacfpude . 764 

1104.  maculatus,  Valenciennes _. 764 

1105.  cinereus,  Pooy . . 755 

Family  CI.  FiMulariidit 7.")5 

Genus  .142.  Fistularia,  LinuH-us 760 

1106.  tabacariii,  Linntcus 757 

1107.  deprcBsa,  GUntlier 767 

1108.  petimba,  Lacfep^do 758 

FamiUj  CII.  Maerorhamphomhe 768 

Genus  343.  Maororliamphosus,  Lacepedo 759 

1109.  scolopax  (Linnmus) 759 

OBDt,K  AA.    LOPHOBRANCIIII 759 

SURORDEK   SYNONATHI 7f)0 

Family  ClII.  Byngnalhidie } 760 

Genus  344.  Siphostoma,  Baflnosque 761 

Subgenus  DonnatostothuB,  Gill 763 

1110.  punctipinno  (Gill) 763 

Subgenus  Sipliostoma 763 

1111.  carinatuni,  Gilbert 763 

1112.  californienso  (Storer) 764 

1113  grisoolincatum  (Ayres) 764 

IIH.  leptorhynchum  (Girard) 764 

1115.  flstulatum  (Peters) 766 

1110.  barbaric,  Swain 766 

1117.  mackayi,  Swain  4  Meek 766 

1118.  floridfc,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 766 

1119.  pooyi,  Jordan  &  Evermann - 766 

1120.  auliscus,  Swain 767 

1121.  pelagicum  (Osbeck) 767 

1122.  rouBseau  (Kaup) 767 

1123.  elucens  (Pocy) 768 

1124.  jonesi  (Giinthcr) 768 

1126.  brachycepbalum  (Poey) 760 

1126.  afflne  (GUnther) 769 

1127.  scovelli,  Evermann  &  Kendall 769 

1128.  bairdlanum  (Dumeril) 770 

1129.  louisiansB  (GUnther) 770 

1130.  fuBCum  (Storer) 770 

1131.  etarksi,  Jordan  &  Culver 771 

1132.  arctum,  Jenkins  &  Evermann 771 

1133.  crinigerum,  Bean  &  Dresol .__ 771 

Subgenus  Corythroichtbys,  Kaup.. 772 

1134.  albirostre  (Heckol) 772 

1136.  cayennense  (Sauvagc) 772 

Genut  .345.  Doryrbamphus,  Kaup 773 

Subgenus  Doryichthys,  Kaup 773 

1136.  lineatus  (ValencieuneB) . 773 


i] 

\ 


/ 


XLIV 


CONTENTS. 


I'll' 

>      'i 


I' 


14  „ 


III 


w- 


v\ 


% 


CLASS  in.  PISCES— CoDtinuod. 

Order  AA.  Lophobranciiii— Contiauod. 

Familji  CIIl.  Sijiignathidtc — Continued.  PaK**. 

Suhgonui  DoryrhiimphiiH . . .._...  773 

1137.  cRilfornlonBli,  fllll 77? 

Oenu8  346.  Syngnathui,  Linna-iii 774 

HiibgRnuR  SyngnathuB 774 

1138.  R>i|uorcua,  Linnii-us 774 

GenuB:i47.  Osphyolax,  Coito 775 

1139.  pelliiciduB,  Coiie 775 

Genua  348.  HippucampuH,  Itaflaoaqno .  775 

1140.  ingeuH,  Girard 77C 

1141.  hudsoniuB,  Do  Kay 777 

1142.  punctulatus,  Uuichenot 777 

1143.  Btyllfor,  Jordiiii  A  Gilbert 778 

1144.  /.ostorn',  Jordan  &  Gilbert  . 778 

Order  BB.  Acanthoptebi 779 

SUIIORPER  Sai.moperc.k 782 

t'amay  CIV.  Percoptidie 78;» 

^{  Genus  340.  Percopsis,  Agaaeiz 783 

1145.  guttatus,  Agassix 784 

GenuB  350.  Columbia,  Eigenmann  &  Eigenmann 784 

1146.  trangmontaua,  Eigenmann  &  Eigenmann 784 

Suborder  Xenarchi . 78.'( 

Family  GV,  AphredoderidK . 785 

Gonua  351.  Aphredodoms,  Le  Sueur... ... 78fi 

1147.  sayanuB  (Gilliams) -.  786 

SvBORDER  Percesoces 787 

FamUy  OVI.  AlherinkUe 788 

Genus  352.  Atherina  (Artedi)  LinnoDUB 789 

1148.  Btipefl,  MUllor  &  Troschel 790 

1149.  laticepg,  Poey 790 

1150.  aroea,  Jordan  A  Gilbert 790 

1151.  barringtonensis,  Goode .. _. . 791 

1152.  Carolina,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 791 

1153.  microps,  Poey 701 

GenuB363.  LotboBtolo,  Jordan  <&  Evermann 792 

1154.  estor  (Jordan) 792 

Genus  354.  Chirofitoma,  Swainson . 792 

1165.  humboldtianum  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) 793 

1166.  bartoni,  Jordan  &  Evermann . _. 793 

1157.  jordani.Woolman 793 

Genus  355.  Kirtlandia,  Jordan  &  Evermann 794 

1158.  vagrans  (Goode  &  Bean) 794 

1169.  martinica  (Cuvier  &  Valencieanos) 795 

1160.  laciniata  (Swain) 795 

Genus  366.  Menidia  (Bonaparte)  Jordan  &  Gilbert 796 

1161.  peninsula)  (Goode  &  Bean) 797 

1162.  gracilis  (GUnther) 797 

1162o.  berylliua  (Cope) 797 

1163.  audens,  Hay 798 

1164.  gilberti,  Jordan  &  BoUman 798 

1165.  sardina  (Jenkins  &  Evermann) 799 

1166.  notata  (Mitchill) 800 

1167.  menidia  (Linnwus) 800 

1168.  guatemalensis  (GUnther) 801 

1169.  pachylepis  (GUnther) 801 

1170.  clara,  Evermann  &  Jenltins 801 


CONTENTS. 


XliV 


0LA8SII1.  PISCES— Continued. 

Oruer  BB.  Acanthoptisri— Continued.  , 

Faiiiiln  CVI.  .lrt<TittWfl»— Continued.                                                                             Page. 
QonuiSST.  LouresthrR,  Jordan  .V  Gilbert 8()l 

1171.  cramori,  Jordan  •&  Evermann 802 

1172.  tenuis  (Ayre») 802 

Genus  368.  Eurystolo,  Jordan  &  Everniann . 802 

117.3.  orlorcho  (Jordan  AGIIbert)... 803 

(ienu8  360.  Thyrina,  Jordan  A  Culver 803 

1174.  evernmnnl,  Jordan  A  Culver 804 

1175.  crystalllna,  Jordan  A  Culver.. 8W 

Oeuu8  360.  Alhurinolla,  Stelndachuer 806 

1170.  iHtnarnensU,  Stelndachuer . 805 

OonuH361.  Labidesthcs,  Cope , 806 

1177.  BlcculuH(Cope) 806 

Genua  362.  Atherlnopais,  tilrard 800 

1178.  rulifornienglg,  Glrard 1 806 

GenuB  303.  Atberlnoiw,  Stolndacbnor :. 807 

1179.  inHularum,  Gilbert  _ 807 

liou.  afflnls  (AyrcB) 807 

1181.  regis,  Jonldns  A  Kvermann 808 

Family  CVIl.  MiujilUlie 808 

Genus  364.  Mugll  (Artedl)  Linna3UB 809 

1182.  brasilicnslB,  Agasslz 810 

1183.  copbaluB,  Llnna>u8 8V. 

1184.  inclllB,  Hancock 812 

1185.  thoburnl,  Jordan  A  Starks 812 

1180.  curcma,  Cuvler  A  Valenciennes 813 

1187.  hospes,  Jordan  A  Culver 814 

1188.  galmardlanus,  DeBmarest 814 

1189.  setoBUB,  Gilbert 816 

1190.  trlchodon,  Pocy 816 

Genus  365.  Chaenouiugll,  Gill ' 816 

1191.  proboBcideus  (Otinther) 816 

Genus  366.  Querimuna,  Jordan  A  Gilbert 817 

1192.  harengus  (GUnther) 817 

1193.  gyrans,  Jordan  A  Gilbert 818 

Genus  307.  Agonostomus,  Bennett „ 818 

Subgenus  Dajaus,  Cuvier  A  Valenciennes 810 

1194.  percoides,  GUnther 819 

1195.  monticola  (Bancroft) 819 

1196.  nasutuB,  GUnther 819 

1197.  microps,  GUnther 820 

Genus  368.  Jotunis,  Poey ?"0 

1198.  pichardi,  Poey 821 

Family  CVIIT.  Sphyranidie 822 

Genus  309.  Sphyncna  (Artedi)  Bloch  A  Schneider 822 

1199.  picuda,  Bloch  A  Schneider 823 

1200.  ensis,  Jordan  A  Gilbert : 824 

1201.  guachancho,  Cuvier  A  Valenciennes 824 

1202.  picndilla,  Poey 824 

1203.  borealis,  De  Kay 826 

1204.  argentea,  Girard 826 

1205.  Bphyroina  (Linnaeus) 8*6 

Suborder  Riieonoftebi 827 

Family  CIX.  Pohjnemidse 827 

GenuB370.  Folynenius  (Gronow)  Linnoius 828 

1206.  quinquariuB,  Linnaeus 828 


'"^*'*' 


it 


I' 


:i 


l  'J 


*- 


CY 


-'f& 


XliVI 


CONTENTS. 


( 


}    ' 


; .  J 


(; 


h\ 


w 


wm 


GLASS  III.  PI80K.S -Continued 

OitiiKit  IIB.  AcANTiioPTEHl— Continued. 

I'liiuili)  r/.V.  PitUjijnniMit — Cuntluuud.                                                                        Page. 
<i«nu»371.  PolydactyluH,  Lai'f'irf-de 828 

1207.  iippru-xinmuB  (liHy  &  llcnnett) .. _..„_.. .-__.._ - 820 

1208.  vlrginiiim  (Linna-UB) 829 

120!».  octoncinuM  (GIrard) SUO 

1210.  oiKsrcuIiirio  ((jill)  - 830 

Urou|i  Ammodytoidoi .. . ._ .. Kll 

Family  «'.Y.  Animodytidiv . 8111 

l!(^nu8  372.  AmmodytcH(Artedi)Linna>uB 832 

1211.  dubiuB,  Uoinhardt. 8.12 

1212.  alaBcauus,  (Jopo 832 

1213.  aniorkauus,  Do  Kay _  833 

1214.  porsonatug,  Ciirard 833 

(jrou])  Bcrycoidol 833 

Vamilii  CXI.  Ilalliydupeiilie 831 

Gonug  373.  llathyclnppa,  Alcock 834 

1215.  argontca,  Goodo  &  Doau 83.") 

Family  CXI  I.  Slephanoherycitlie 836 

GonuB374.  Stephauoberyx,  Gill _ 830 

1216.  inonw,  Gill 83(5 

1217.  gillii,  Goodo  &  Bean 8,10 

FamUy  CXIll.   Trachichthyiihe 836 

Gonus  37r>.  IIoplostothuR,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 837 

1218.  meditorranous,  C'uvier  &  Valenclonnes 837 

tiimUy  CXIV.  lieryciilie 8.37 

Genus  370.  CauloloplB,  Gill 838 

1219.  longidens,  Gill 830 

GcnuB  377.  Anoplogastor,  Gtlnther „ 839 

1220.  cornutus  (Cuvier  &  Valonclennes) 840 

GcnuB378.  Poroniitra,  Goodo  &  Bean ... 840 

1221.  capito,  Goodo  itc  Bean 840 

Genus  379.  Plectromus,  Gill 840 

1222.  BuborbitallB,  Gill 841 

1223.  lugubrlB  (Gilbert) 842 

1224.  beanii  (GUnther) 842 

1225.  crasBiceps,  GUnther 843 

1226.  cristiccpB  (Gilbert) 843 

Genus  380.  Boryx,  Cuvier 844 

1227.  dccadactyluB,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 844 

1228.  splendens,  Lowe 844 

Family  CXV.  HolocenlricUe 845 

Genus  381.  Myripristis,  Cuvier 840 

Subgenus  Ostichthys  (Langsdorf) 846 

1229.  trachypoma,  GUnther. 840 

Subgenus  Myripristis . 846 

1230.  Jacobus,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 846 

\  1231.  occidentalis,  Gill 847 

I  1232.  p<ccilopus  (Gill) 847 

\  Genus  382.  Holocontrus  (Gronow)  Seopoli 847 

i  1233.  ascensionis  (Osbeck) 848 

1233a.  rufus  (Walbaum) 849 

1234.  Biccifer,  Cope 849 

1235.  Buborbitalis,  Gill. 850 

1230.  coruscus,  Pooy 851 

1237.  brachypterus,  Poey 852 

1238.  marianus,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 862 

1239.  voxillftrluB,  Poey -. ._ , , 862 


il:^ 


CONTKNTH. 


XLVII 


OLASBIII.  :  IS(!K8— Contlimod. 

OHin.n  lUJ.  AcANTiiiiiTr.iii— CiintliiUDil. 

family  ''AT.   Iloloiviilriilii — Coiitlliuoil.  PoKO. 

1240.  i)gculii»,  Pony _  863 

1241.  Himitl-iiaull,  (iUiithcr _  863 

(}(>nuH  :i8:t.  Pli'<trv|«>|>H,  (!ill 803 

1242.  rctroHpiiilH  (Guichenut) . . 863 

ramilii  VXVl.   Voliiiiii'Mie - 854 

(ioiiiiH  !1H4.  Pol.vmixiii,  Ijowo . 854 

124U.  li.wol,  Giliitliir- __ HVl 

Familit  rXVII.  Mulliihi- 855 

tJeiius  liM.I.  Miillim,  l.iniiii'iis . 860 

1244.  aunitiiH,  Jordiiii  .t  Gilbert 86(1 

OoiiiwllHO.  MulliiiilcH,  nioi'Ucr 857 

1245.  riitlilxiui  (EviTiniinn  it  .Tonkins) 857' 

QenuHliST.  Upencnn,  Cuviur , „„.-™ 867 

124<i.  miKmlatnH  (Blucli) 858 

1247.  iliiMtiitus,  Gill -  859 

12»«.  iiftrvns,  Pooy. _ 869 

1249.  niurtinicnK,  Cuvior  A  ViilcncionncH 850 

125().  xantliDgraminuN,  GiUiort 8fiO 

1251.  Kriinai.M(|uiimlB,  Gill  _ 8C(I 

<in,u|>Sconil>ri)i(Iel 800 

Famihi  CXVIII.  ffmwhridif  .._ 86:i 

GuMU»388.  Soomliiir  (Artfcli)  Linnii'UH .. 865 

Silbgcnim  Sriinibcr 805 

1252.  scombniB,  Tiinnii'UH 8(!5 

.Siib^onnH  l'nonmiito|pboniH,  Jurdun  &  Gilbert 8G6 

1253.  coIiuB,  Gmolin 800 

Genua  380.  Au-xis,  Cuvior 807 

1254.  tlia/ard  (Lucepodo) 807 

GenuHaOO.  Gyninosarda,  Gill 868 

1255.  |)olaini8  (liinnu'iiH) 808 

1250.  alloterata  (Raflnosiiuc) 809 

Genus  SOI.  ThnnnuH,  South 800 

1257.  thynnu8  (Linnii'UH) 870 

Qenut)392.  Germo,  Jordan 870 

1258.  alalunga  (Gmelin) 871 

GcnuH303.  Sarda,  Cuvior . 871 

1259.  8arda(Bloch) 872 

1200.  chilunisis,  Cuvior  &  Valencionnos 872 

Genus  394.  Sconilieroniorus,  Laeop6do 873 

1261.  (.'oucolor  (Lockingtun) '. 873 

1202.  inacuIatU8(Mitihill) 874 

1203.  sierra,  .Tordan  &  Starks 874 

1264.  rogttlis  (Bloch) 875 

1205.  cavalla  (Cuvier  ife  Valoncicnueii) .  875 

Genus  395.  Acanthocybiuni,  Gill 870 

1200.  Bolandri  (Cuvier  &  Valeuciennos) 870 

Familn  CXIX.  GempijUdx 877 

Genus  390.  Bipinnula,  Jordan  &  Evcrmann 878 

1207.  violacea  (Bean) 878 

Genua  397.  R     cttus,  Cocco 870 

1208.  pretiosus,  Cocoo j 879 

Genus  398.  Epinnula,  Poey 880 

1269.  magistralis,  Poey 880 

Genus  399.  Kealotus,  Johuson 881 

1270.  tripes,  Johnson 881 

P.  N.  A. IV. 


'■Ill 

4 


■'iM 


!i!i 


U 


I 


''11 


1|i 


I  : 

V'i 


XliVIII 


CONTKNTB. 


CLASH  III.  PiSOES-Oontinaeil. 

Uui'Kn  BU.  A<'ANTiioiTr.Ri— Contlnueil, 

tUmily  OXIX.  aempi/lulir—Oont\nwid.                                                                            Pagf. 
Oeiiua400.  Prometlilolithy*,  GUI . .. ..._ . 882 

1271.  iironiothuiiH,  Clivlnr  A  Yalunclennoa  H82 

1272.  |)ttrvl|iliinlH  (Ooodo  A  IJcan) 883 

OoiiiiM'IOI.  (loinpylui,  Oiivlitr  i<c  ValonflonnoH H83 

127;i.  Horponii,  Ciivler  A  Vahaicloiinoi . 884 

Family  CXX,  I^jiilnjnilir ........__......... .......... 884 

0«iiuh402.  AiilmnopiDi,  Lowo  ...... ......................................  88S 

1274.  minor,  Collott 886 

aenu«4(n.  Kvoxymotopon,  Pocy 886 

127r>.  tn-nlutiw,  Pony 880 

QoniiH  4(14.  Lopldopiii,  Oouaii 880 

127C,  cAudatiiR  (Enphrown) 886 

GonuR  406.  Duntliu<l<'Riniis,  Goo<Io  &  Iloan 887 

1277.  atlantlcUR,  Goodo  &  Bean 887 

Family  CXXI.  TrichiurUlir 8H8 

OoniiR4()0.  TrIcbiuniR,  Iiiuiin.<UR --  «H9 

1278.  leptuniR,  Linnn-iw HHO 

Fapiily  CXXIL   hliniihorhUe- 800 

QeniiR  407.  iHtiophoniR,  Lac(<p(^do 800 

1279.  nIgriranR  (LacC'i^do) . 801 

GonuR  408.  TetraptiiruB,  RaflnoRqtio ...... .... 891 

1280.  Impcrator  (Bloch  A  Sohnoidor) 802 

1281.  iinipluH,  Poey . 892 

t\imily  OXXIII.  Xiphiida; : 803 

Oonng409.  Xlphias,  Lliinn-UR 893 

1282.  gladliiH,  LinMBUR 804 

Fimily  OXXIV.  NematiMiidie 894 

Gonus  410.  NematUtiuR,  Gill 895 

1283.  iKJctornlio,  Gill 805 

FamUy  CXXV.  Oarangidm 895 

0«nu8  411.  Ollgoplltes,  0111 898 

1284.  RauruB  (Bloch  &  Schneider). 898 

1286.  gallons  (Bloch) 890 

1286a.  palomota  (Ouvlor  &  ValonclonneB) 890 

1280.  altus  (GUnther) 899 

Genua  412.  NaiicratcR,  Bdflnesque 900 

1287.  ductor,  Llnnicud 900 

Oonu8  41.3.  Seriola,  Cuvior 901 

1288.  dorsallR  (Glil) 902 

1280.  zonata  (MltchlU) 002 

1289a.  carnlinonslR,  Holbrook 902 

1290.  lalandl,  Cuvler  &  Valencionnos 903 

1291.  dumorill  (Rlsso) 903 

Subgenus  Zonichthyg,  Swalnson . . 904 

1292.  mazatlana,  Steindachner 904 

129.3.  faRclata  (Bloch)— 904 

1294.  rivoliana  (Cuvler  &  Yaloncicnnes) 904 

1295.  falcata,  Cuvier  &  Vnlonciennes 905 

GonnR414.  ElagatlR,  Benr   > 906 

1296.  bipinnulatuR  (Quoy  A  Gaimard) 906 

GenuB416.  Decaptenis,  Bleeker . 907 

1297.  punctatUB  (Agasglz) 907 

1298.  Bcombrinns  (Valenciennes) 908 

1209.  sanctte-helenaa  (Cnyier  &  Valenciennes) 908 

1300.  hypoduB,  Gill 908 

1301.  macarellus  (CuTier  &  Valenciennes) . 009 


CONTENTS. 


XLIX 


t'LA88  III.  I'I8(;KH— Contlnupil. 

UauKU  BB.  Ai'ANTlloiTERl— Cnnllnuod. 

i\ni4ilii  CXXV.  rtirim(//iJ«— Continual.  P*Kp. 

Geiiiiii4l6.  TnkchiiriiH,  ItaHnotqiie ....... .... . IKK) 

WYi.  plrtlirutUH  (Ilow(llch) !M)0 

130.1.  trurliiiruH(Mnnii'iiii) . 010 

(Ieniiii4l7.  Trft<;liuro|iii,  Qill !»11 

l:i04.  rnini(>:i()plitlmliiiii«  (lilocli) .. . Oil 

(Jriiu«41H.  Ilfinlrariiiix,  Ble{'kur . . 012 

lliori.  aiiiltlyrliynchuH  (Ciivicr  Si  VHlont-lennes)......... ...... .......  012 

i;UHi.  atiitimmw  (Jordan  A  Gilhort) Oia 

1307.  Hi'Ciinduit  (Poey) 014 

1308.  furtliii  (.><toln(l»cliiior) 014 

1,30!».  leiicurug  ((itInUicr) 014 

OeiiiiM410.  OBninx,  Lurt'pido . 018 

Hiil)Ki'nu8  Solar,  Bleokor .. . .... . .  018 

i;JIO.  vliictiiH,  Jimlau  A  GlllKjrt 018 

Hubgeiiuit  Caranx ....... .  010 

1311.  rubor  (Bloch) J 010 

11)12.  bartliolunia'l,  Cuvlor  A  Valencioniios . . 010 

SiibgoiiUM  Tricroptorui,  ItafluoHqiio ..... . .... . .  020 

1.313.  Iiippoa  (LinDH-iift) 020 

SubKoiiUH  Paratractus,  Gill . .. ....  021 

1314.  crysoB  (MItchlll) 021 

1315.  caballuH  (Olliitlicr) 021 

SiiltKenus  CarangichtliyH,  Bleokur 022 

13l«.  margliiatus,  Gill 922 

1.117.  latiw,  Agawiz.. 023 

1318.  mediisirula,  Jordan  A  StarkH 024 

1310.  liigubria,  Poey 924 

1320.  niulampyguH,  Cuvlor  A  VuloncioDiieB ...... ...... 925 

Sul)Kenu8  Uranpiit,  Blocker ............ . .... 026 

1321.  gnara  (l)onnatorre) 02G 

GenuB  420.  Gnatliaiiodoii,  Blceker 027 

1322.  BpocioBUH  (Fontk&l) 028 

GeuuB421.  CarangoidoB,  Blocker . 028 

1323.  orthogramnius  (Jordan  A  Gilbert) 028 

Genus  422.  Citula,  Cuvier.. 920 

1324.  dorBalis  (Gill) 030 

Genus  423.  Alectig,  Raflnesque 031 

132.'>.  ciliaris  (BlocJi) 931 

(SiinuB  424.  Ilyunis,  Cuvior 932 

132('>.  cubonsid  (Poey) 032 

1327.  hopkinBi,  Jordan  A  StarkB 033 

Genus  425.  Vomer,  Cuvier  A  Valenciennes 033 

1328.  dorBalis,  Gill 034 

1320.  setiplnnis  (Mltchill) 934 

1330.  galmuonsiB,  Guichenc^ 934 

GouuB  42G.  Selene,  Lac6p^do 935 

1331.  (lerstodii,  LUtkcn .  036 

1332.  vomer  (LinnieuB) 036 

Genus  427.  Cliloroscombrus,  Girard 037 

1333.  orqueta,  Jordan  A  Gilbert 037 

1334.  chryBurus  (Linnajus) 938 

Genus  428.  Trachinotns,  Lacdpide. 030 

133.5.  glaucuB  (BIocli) 040 

1336.  rhodopiiB,  Gill 941 

1337.  falcatuB  (Linnasus) 041 


■*. 


I-;- 


Y^ii 


CONTKNTB. 


H. 


•■r 


« 


i 


{> 


V 


!l 


OliAHHIII.  iTflOKH— (!imtlniii<l. 

Dhukii  nil.  Ai'ANiiKiiTRlil  -Contlinit'd. 

t)amUii  i'XXV.  <'iiriiH(/iiJw— (^iitliiutnl.  P»f«. 

i:i.'M.  I'ulvvri,  .liinUii  k  HUrkii .... . Wi 

\XV.\.  ktinmxiyi,  StcliKlinl r Wi 

i;)l<).  giHHinI,  Jiinliin  >V  Hvormiiiiii ..................... ..........  043 

III4I.  lll'Ki'tltoilH,  CiivliT  iV  Vnli'liriciiiit'l..... ....... ......-.._.............  M'l 

i:i4'J.  t'liroliiiiiH,  Iiiiiiiii'iiM — .................. 044 

i;i4:i.  |iuliiiiiji,  Jonlikii  >t  HtiirkN ................................  04A 

i:H4.  rik.vi'iiiii'iinli,  (!iivl<'r>^  Vuli'iiiii'iiini .... ..  040 

h'ltiiiilii  <'.\'.\'I7.    I'miialiimiilir ............ ..... ........ .  Wt 

OiMiiiH  4'J!*.   I'oiiiatiiiiiiiH,  Luc<'-|H'ilo  ...........................................  040 

1:11:1.  Hitltutrix  (I.iiiiiii'UM) 040 

Familii  i'.S.W  II.  Hiirhiiienlrithr .. 047 

<iuMUH4:i().  Ituchyroiitron,  Kaiip . 048 

Vm.  <'»imiluM  (Liiiiiii'iiit) 04'i 

rmtiiltl  rXX  Vlll.    Snmeiilir Mt 

aHiiiiH4:i1,  NiiinoiiN,  Ciiviur ._....._............... ...... .. ....  040 

i;tJ7.  unmovll  (OiiK-llii).. 040 

OoiiiiN  4:12,  I'm-iich,  (MivitT  a  VnluiicUMiixm  . ..... .... ... . DM 

i;»48.  |i«llu<l.liiM,  Ltltkon ftWl 

1340,  cyitiioplirvH,  ('iivlor  iV  VuIoiiciciiiioM  ............ ................   Or>() 

laCft.  iniiculutuN,  Liltkuii 061 

l:iM,  roK<>l«>*t  I'ooy.-.. ...... ...... ......... Oftl 

MimiV//  CXXIX.   CoriixthirniiUr 1151 

(ji'iiiiH  4n;t.  Corvpliii'iiit,  LintiiiMiri  .. .. . ... .. 052 

Vi^t.  lii|>|>iiriiN,  Liiiiiii»i« .. .............................   OSS 

13/i3,  uquiHutiH,  Liiiiiii'iiH ..... . ............ . ........ 053 

t'amilii  ( 'XXX.  Lampriiliv . ... .. . ..... 0A3 

(ioiiiiH  4:U.  liaiiipriH,  Itotziuii . 054 

ISM.  liiim  ((Jmdiii) 054 

t\imily  CXXXl.  lie  acUdiv. 056 

G<>niiM435.  I'liTiu  IIh,  flronow - ..... .... ......-._...  066 

1:155,  oaroliiniH,  Ciivlor  ik  Vuloiicii'iiiicH . 066 

Familii  CXXXIl.  linwiiilii _.  !»6(1 

(i(!iiua43G.  TiiriictcM,  Lowo —.__._. !(57 

i;i5tl,  wiuMuril  (Luiiel) _. 067 

(ioiiuH437.  IlraniB,  Hlotli  &  Scbnoiilcr 068 

1357.  aKiutgizli,  Poey 959 

135;.  brevoortil,  Pooy 959 

1359.  rail  (Hloch) 959 

t\imati  CXXXIl  I.  Uleinem-riidiE 960 

OoiiiiH  438.  Stchiegoriu,  Junlaii  &  Bvcrmaiin . 900 

1300.  rul)ewenH,  Jonlau  &  Kveniiami .._ „ .  061 

J!Vimi7;/  CXXXIV.   < •eiitrolnitlMii; -_ _. 902 

fleiiuH439.  Contriilo|>hu8,  Larupixlo . 902 

1361.  iiigcr  (Gmulin) 903 

iJohiib44(».  I'ulinuriclithyH,  Bleokor 963 

1362.  porclforiiiiH  (MltchiU)  ._ 904 

Family  VXXXV.  SlronuUeiihc 064 

QeniiB  441.  lUiombtiH,  Lac{>i)«iilo . . _j_ 066 

Siibgoiiiig  Itboiiilius _. 966 

1303.  paru  (LinnaeuH) 906 

1364.  xantbiirua  (Quoy  iSc  GaimanI) . 966 

Subgenus  Palometa,  Junlau  &  Evcrmann . ... ..__  066 

1366.  palometa  (Jordan  &  Bellman) 066 

1.366.  niodiuH  (Potors) . 967 

1367.  simlUlmiiH  (Ayrcs) 907 

SubgenuH  Poronotus,  Gill 907 

1368.  triacautbus  (Peck) 067 


CONTENTH. 


l.Ill 


CliAMH  III.   I'lHCKH— <'i>hI|iiiiihI. 

(iui>r.ii  nil.  Ai'AN'riiiii'TKiii -CuntiniKiil. 

h'liiiiily  C\ l.Ill.   /Vni.'/i— CiiiiIIiiiiimI.  PIMI*. 

SiiliKi'iiiiM  fluiilnlii,  .Iiinliiii  ,V  Kvi'riimiiii......... ...... .....................  1040 

IIJ',1.  M(|imiimtii:i  HJIIlM.rt  .V  Swiilu) ............ 1040 

SullKI'IIIIH  ll,V|l<il|M||M|H ............................................  1040 

UlMt.  auruiitliuiiH  (Copo) ....... HMO 

M:il.  <yiiiat..|(iiilii((ill»)«rt  .t  M.-ck) . . 1041 

IIU.;.  iiliiiiKiiiiMfilll'frt  A  Mcok) 1042 

I  'X\.  Hpllc.tllM  ((illlllTt) HMD 

(ii'iiiiN  .''.H.  Ciiti  it(ii»(i'r,  I'utiiain. ..................................... ......  1044 

HultKi'iiiiN  (!iiili)KiiHti'r .. . . ... ..... .  1044 

11:M.  iininl.l.u  (Jordiin  A  (JillicrO 1044 

li;i.l.  lopfliuicll  (.lonliui) . ........ lOlfl 

Hul>K<>i)iiH  Iiniiatiiiiia,  Jonliiii...... ............ ........................  1044 

H:hi.  Hliiimiinll  ((Jlnml) 1046 

Geniu4iiO.  UliH'i<iitra,  Junluti .... . 104T 

I4:i7.  ntl({iii(io(.liiriliiii)-- — - HHT 

14:tH.  glllHTtl,  Kvcriimim  A  Tlii.lmin 1O40 

l-l;!!),  vurcciiudu  (Jiiriliiii  A  Kvcriimiiu) .. ... . ................  1040 

lUO.  hlBtrld  (Jordan  A  (JIllKirt; 1060 

1441.  (iliiiotora  (Cope) loftl 

144J.  phlox  ((!o|K<) „ 10ft2 

OonuH'170.  DipluHiiiii,  ltufliii'Ri|uo ...... ... .......... 10V2 

144:1.  bloiMiioldi'H  (ItulliiiiMiiuo) . 1063 

Oeuiiit47I.  BoIooHomu,  Do  Ku.v ....... ........—...—. .... 1084 

1444.  liiiiKiniiiiiiif*  (Jordan) . . 1064 

1146.  ptxIoHtomoiiii  (Jordan  <fc  Junklna) ... .......... 1066 

1140.  nlgriirii  (llafliicdipio) . 1060 

M40<i.  oliiiHfodI  (Storur) 1067 

144(l/<.  umilBons  ((Ilrard) 106« 

144t!<'.  vexlllaro  (Jordan) 1068 

mad.  niaLulttticoiw  (CoiM)) 1068 

144tJf.  niewvnm  (Cope) _ 1069 

1447.  RUianii)  (Jordan  A  Swain) . 1059 

SubgonuH  Vuillantia,  Jordan ... . 1000 

1448.  camurum,  ForlK-g 1060 

Genus  472.  Cryntallarla,  Jordan  A  Gilbert KMM) 

1449.  asprolla  (Jordan^. _ lOfil 

GenuH  473.  Ammocrypta,  Jordan - - lOfil 

1460.  pelluclda  (Balrd) 1002 

1460ri.  Clara  (Jordan  A  Meek) - 106.1 

1460b.  vlva.\(Htty) _ 10«:» 

1451.  beanll,  Jordan 1004 

GonuH  474.  loa,  Jordan  A  Brayton — .. 1064 

1452.  vitn-a  (Cope) 1064 

1463.  vigil,  Hay 1065 

Genus  475.  Etlicostonm,  Ilaflnesquo . 1060 

Subgenus  I'ceclllclilhyp,  .XgasHlz  i. 1000 

1454.  varlatuni,  Kirtliind 1009 

SubgonuH  Nanostoina,  Putnam . 1070 

1455.  Bwannanoa,  Jordan  &  Evermann 1070 

1466.  thalatelnum  (Jordan  &  Brayton) 1071 

1457.  inscriptum  (Jordan  &  Brayton) 1072 

1468.  blennlus,  Gilbert  A  Swain 1072 

1459.  rupestre,  Gilbert  A  Swain 1073 

1400.  clegans  (Hay) 1074 

1401.  zouale  (Cojw) 1075 

1461a.  arcanBaniim,  Jordan  A  Gilbert 1076 


i 


•'i 


f 


\ 


Ni'ili 


LIV 


CONTENTS. 


■  ::■  m 


U- 


J  I 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— Continued. 

Obuf.r  BB,  Acantiioi'tkiii — Continued. 

Fnmihj  CXLllL  rtiticfH— Continued.  Page. 

SubgunuH  NotlionotuH,  AguHsi/. . . .. ......... 1076 

1462.  camuruin  (Cope) _ 1076 

14t«.  vulneratum  (Cope) — —  1077 

14(i-i.  niiiculatuni,  Kirtland 1077 

1465.  einorcum,  Htoror 1078 

14(!6.  tcsuclliitum,  Storer - 107« 

1467.  nililineatiim  (Cope) - —  107l» 

1468.  joiduni,  Gill)ert —  107!) 

SuligenuH  Torrontarin,  Joriliin  &  Evcrnmnn 1080 

146^.  sagitta,  Jordan  &  Swnin _  10»0 

1470.  aiiHtrale,  Jordan 1081 

SuljgenuH  Nivieola,  .Torduu  &.  Kvcruiann 1082 

1471.  iHireuIe  (Jordan)  _ - 1082 

guligenuH  ItuflnesijiiiuiluM,  Jordan  &  Kvormann ..... 1082 

1472.  poltsii  (Girard) 1082 

SuligeiiuH  OligoceplialuH,  (iirard 1083 

147.3.  iowie,  Jordan  <':  Meeli —  108;» 

1474.  jossiH"  (Jordan  *  Brajton) 1084 

1475.  luteovinctum,  Oilliert  &  Swul-i 1086 

1476.  lupidogouys,  EvcTnmun  &  Kendall 1087 

1477.  ((iTuloum,  Storer 1088 

1477(1.  Biiectabile  (AgaHsiz) 108!) 

1478.  lopidum  (Baird  .fe  Girard) 1080 

1479.  tippecanoe,  Jordan  &  iJverniann . 10!K> 

1480.  punctulatnm  (Agassiz) lOOO 

1481.  crogiui,  Gilbert 1091 

1482.  ()l)eyenHC,  Kimdi _  1092 

1483.  pagci,  Meek 1092 

1484.  virgatuin  (Jordan) 109.1 

Subgenus  Claricola,  Jordan  &  Evcrniann 109U 

1485.  juliiv,  Meek 1093 

1486.  artesire  (Hay)... 1094 

1487.  alabamai  (Gilbert  &  Swain) 1095 

1488.  Mhipplii  (Girard) 10!)5 

1489.  squamicepg,  Jordan 1090 

Subgenus  Ethoostoma 1097 

1490.  flabellare,  Kaflneflipie •. 10!»7 

1490a.  cumborlandicuni,  Jordan  &  Swain 1098 

1490f;.  linoolatum  (Agassiz) 1098 

Genus  476.  Alvarias,  Girard 1099 

1491.  lateralis,  Girard 1099 

Genus  477.  Psycbromastor,  Jordan  Ic  Evormann 1099 

1492.  tuBcuinbia  (Gilbert  A  Swnin) IKK) 

Genus  478.  Copelaudellus,  Jordan  .t  EYermann 1100 

1493.  ((uiescens  (.Tordan) IICO 

Genus  479.  Boleiclithys,  Gir&rd 1101 

1494.  fusiformis  (Girard) 1101 

1495.  exilis,  Girard _ 1103 

Genus  480.  Microperca,  Putnam 1103 

1496.  proeliurls,  Hay 1103 

1497.  punctalata,  Putnam 1104 

1498.  fonticola  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) 1104 

t^tmUfi  CXLIV.  Cheiioclipteridie 1105 

Genus  481.  Apogon,  Lacepiido . ..... . 1106 

1499.  imberbis  (Linnteus) 1107 

1500.  dovii,  QUntUer 1108 


CONTENTS. 


I<V 


CLASS  III.  I'ISOES— Continued. 

Oiint.ii  HB.  ArANTiioPTKRi— Continued. 

I'niiiilii  CXLIV.  Cheiloilipleridn — Continued.  Paffe. 

1501.  retroiiclla  (<iill) IKm 

1502.  niBculatuK  (I'oey) _ IKKt 

l.WJ.  binottttug  (I'w.v) 110!) 

1504.  pigmontarius  (I'oey) 1109 

(ioniiH4H2.  Apogonlclitiiys,  Hluoltor . 1110 

1605.  alutuH  ;jordiiii  *  Gilbe-t) 1110 

1500.  stollatug,  Copi" 1110 

1507.  punrticulatuH,  I'ooy 1111 

aeiiug48;t.  Ologgamiii,  Oill _ ,  1111 

15<»S.  pandionii((i(>odp  &,  Boau) 1111 

OeniiH  4s4.  KpigonuH,  Ilalnu!fii|ue 1111 

I50!l.  oocidcptiilig,  (toode  &  liean 1112 

Genug  4S5.  Cliollodiptorug,  Larepi'do 1112 

1510.  nfflnig,  Pocy 1113 

Genus  4S(i.  Amiiclithyg,  I'ooy 1113 

1611.  <liapt<TU8  (Pony) 1113 

(teuiis4S7.  Spliyrii'nopg,  Oill 1114 

1612.  huirdiaiiUH,  I'ooy 1114 

Genus  4HS.  Hconibroitfi,  Tomniiuck  &  Schle(!;el 1114 

Subgenus  liatobrus,  I'ooy 1114 

1513.  oculutus  (I'ooy) 1114 

(ionus4H9.  Ilypoclydonia,  Gooio  A  IJoau 1115 

1514.  liella,  Gomle  &  Bean 1115 

Familji  OXLV.   (U-iUrtipomidir 1110 

Gouus  4!»0.  Oentropomus,  La('e|)6do 1117 

1515.  viridis,  Loclcington 1118 

1516.  undocimalig(Blo(h) 1118 

1517.  niKre.^ccns,  Giinthor 1119 

1518.  podimacula,  Pony 1119 

1610.  grandoculatus,  Jenlcins  &  Evorniaiin 1120 

1620.  cuviori,  Bocourt . 1121 

1521.  niexicanus,  Bocourt 1121 

1522.  parallelus,  I'ooy 1122 

1523.  pectinatus,  I'ooy 1122 

1.521.  uniononais,  Boco;irt 1122 

162,"..  annatUH,  Gill 1123 

1520.  robalito,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 1123 

1527.  affinls,  Stoindachner 1124 

1528.  cnsiferug  Pooy 1125 

nimUii  CXhVr.  S.'tTamfte_  ._ _  1120 

Genug  4!>1.  Roccus,  Mitchili 1131 

Subgenus  Lepibcnia,  Ratines(|uo 1132 

1529.  chrysops  (Rafinosquo) 11.32 

Subgenus  Roocug 1132 

1.530.  linoatus  (Bloch) 1132 

Genus  492.  Morono,  Mitchili 1133 

1531.  interrupta,  (Jill li:J4 

1532.  amcricana  (Ginulin) ".  1134 

Genug  4!)3.  Lioproiioma,  Gill 1135 

1533.  aberrang  (Poey) 1136 

Genus  494,  Chorigtistiuni,  Oill 1136 

1.534.  rubrum  (Pocy) 1136 

Genus  49,5.  Storeolopis,  Ayros. 1137 

1535.  gigae,  Ayros 1137 

Genus  496.  Polyprion,  Cuvier 1138 

1536.  americanus  (Blocb  c&  Schneider) 1139 


I  !  1 
'    1 


If 


LVI 


CONTENTS. 


rii 


I'll 


iu^v- 


11 


CLASS  III.  PISCES-Continued. 

Order  BB.  ArANTiiopTERi — Continiiud. 

i'amily  f^XLVI.  Serranulir — Continued.  Page. 

Genn8  407.  Gonioplcctrug,  Olll ._ 1139 

15;i7.  hiipanuH  (Cuvicr  ic  VuluucionneH) 1140 

C}enuH4»8.  Petronietopon,  Gill 1140 

153H.  pimamongiB  (Steindachuer) 1141 

1539.  criientatuH  (Lac^p<>dc) 1141 

l.')39a.  coronatUB  (Ciivior  A  Valenciennes) 1142 

Genus  4»i).  HodianuH,  Blooh.. 1143 

1540.  tii'ni()|>8  (Cuvior  &  Valenciennes) 1144 

1541.  fulvus  (Linuii'us) 1144 

1541a.  ruber  (Bloili  &  SrVneider) 1145 

1.'>41fc.  imnctatus  (Liunnius) 1146 

Subgenus  Monephorns,  Poey 1140 

1642.  dulling  (Poey) 1140 

1643.  pnnctifenig  (Poey) 1147 

SubfienuH  KnneistuH,  .lurdan  A  Evorniann 1147 

1.544.  acantliigtiug  (Gilbert) 1147 

GenuB5(H».  Kpineplielns,  Blodi 1148 

SubgohUH  Si'liiHtorn8,Gin 1151 

1545.  mygtaeinng  (Pooy) 1151 

Snbgcnug  Epinepliolus 1152 

1546.  anuloguB,  Gill 11,52 

1.547.  adsrengioniH  (Osbeck) 11.52 

1548.  giia/a  (Linnaeus) 1154 

1.549.  Inbriformig  (.U-nyns) 11,55 

1.550.  flavolinibatus,  Poey 11,55 

1551.  niveatus  (Cuvier  A  Valenciennes) 11,50 

1.5,52.  striatuB  (Bloch) 11.57 

1553.  inacuIoBUg  (Cuvior  &  Valenciennes) 1158 

1554.  drummond-liayi,  Goode  &  Beau 1150 

15.55.  niorio  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) 1100 

OonusSOl.  Garnipa,  Jordan 1161 

1556.  nigrita  (Holbrook) 1161 

Genus  502.  Promicroiw  (Gill)  Poey 1162 

1557.  guttatus  (Linnoens) 1162 

Genus  503.  Alphestes,  Bloch  &  Schneider 1164 

1558.  afer  (Bloch) 1164 

1559.  multiguttatus  (GUnther) 1165 

Genus  504.  Dermatolepis,  Gill 1160 

Subgenus  Lioperca,  Gill 1167 

1560.  inermis  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) 1167 

Subgenus  Derniatolepig . . 1168 

1561.  punctatUB,  Gill 1168 

Genus  605.  Mycteroperca,  Gill 1169 

Subgenug  ArchoiHsrca,  Jordan  &  Evermann 1171 

1562.  boulcngeri,  Jordan  &  Starks 1171 

Subgenug  Trisotropig,  Gill 1172 

1563.  venenoBU  (Linnaeus) 1172 

156.3a.  apua  (Bloch) 1173 

1564.  bonaci  (Poey) 1174 

1564a.  xanthosticta,  Jordan  A  Swain 1176 

1565.  jordani  (Jenkins  &  Evermann) 1176 

1560.  niicrolepis  (Goodo  &  Bean) „_. 1177 

1507.  intcrstitialis  (Poey) 1178 

1568.  diniidiatus(Pooy) 1179 

1609.  xenarcba,  Jordan ._.„ „„. . 1180 


CONTENTS. 


liVH 


CLASS  III    PISCES— Continued. 

(tiiKKii  Ufl.  AcANTHOPTKRi— Continued. 

Family  CXLYI.  Serr«)ii(te— Continued.                                                                             Pag;e. 
Sub^tinus  PiirepinonheluK,  Bleekor 1180 

1570.  rubra  (Bloch) - 1180 

Subgenus  Xyatroperca,  Jordan  <&  Evermann 1181 

1571.  iiardiiliH,  Gilbert 1181 

Subgenus  Myctoropcrca . 118:1 

1572.  olfax  (.lenyuB) 1183 

1572a.  ruberriniu,  Jordan  &  Bollnian 118;i 

157;i.  rosacea  (Streets) 1184 

1574.  falcata  (I'oey) 1184 

1574(1.  pliena.x,  Jordan  ■&  Swain 1185 

1575.  venadoruni,  Jordan  i&  Starks 118ti 

1576.  calliura,  Poey 118(1 

1577.  tigris  (Cuvior  &  Valenciennes) 1187 

1677a.  camelopardalis  (Poey) 1187 

Genus  506.  Cratlnus,  Steindachner 1188 

1578.  agassizii,  Hteindachner 1188 

Genus  507.  Hypoplectrus,  Gill 1189 

1570.  lamprurus  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) 1190 

1580.  unicolor  (Walbanm) 1190,1192 

1580a.  puella  (Cuvicr  &  Valenciennes) 1192 

1580/).  vitulinus  (Poey) 1192 

1580f.  pinnivariuH  (Poey) 1192 

1,'J80(/.  guttavarius  (Poey) 1192 

1580c  gumniigutta  (Poey) 1192 

\m)f.  crocotus  (Cope) 1192 

1680;/.  aberrans  (Poey) 119:1 

1680/1.  accensus  (Poey) 119;J 

ir.SOi.  afflnis  (Poey) 1103 

1580/.  clilorurus  (Cuvier  &  Valeuciounes) 1193 

1580A-.  nigricans  (Poey) 1193 

1580/.  indigo  (Poey) 1193 

1580)11.  liovinus(Poey) 1193 

1581.  gemma,  Goode  &  Bean 1193 

Genus  .')08.  Paralabrax,  Oirard 1194 

1582.  nebulifur  (Girard) 1195 

■i.')83.  maculatofasciatus  (Stoindacliner) 1196 

1584.  Iiumcralia  (Cuvior  &  Valenciennes) 1196 

1585.  clathratus  (Girard) 1197 

Genus  509.  Centropristes,  Cuvier 1198 

Subgenus  Centropristes 1199 

1686.  rufus,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 1199 

1587.  Ktriatus  (tiinmvus) 1199 

1588.  of.yiirus  (Jordan  k  Kvermann) 1200 

Subgenus  Triloburus,  Gill 1201 

1589.  philwlelpliicus  (liinnieus) 1201 

Genus  610.  Diplcctrum,  Holbrook 1203 

Subgenus  Haliperca,  Gill . I 1204 

15110.  sciunis,  Gilbert 1204 

Vm.  radialo  (Quoy  AGaimard).. 1204 

1592.  macropoma  (Giintlier) ^ 1205 

1593.  euryplectruni,  Jordan  *  Bollnian 1-06 

Subgenus  Diplectruni 1207 

1594.  formosum  (LinnieuB) 1207 

GenusSll.  Prionodes,  .Tenyns 1208 

Subgenus  Prionodes 1210 

159:.  aequidons (Gilbert) 1210 


I*  1 


\\ 


in 


■f''  ::! 


LVIII 


CONTENTS. 


!|     I 


i 


1 

1 

■:| 

i 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— Continued. 

OimEH  Bli.  AcANTiiuPTiiRi— Continued. 
Vamilj)  CXLVl.  Serranidir — Continued. 

1596.  fu8ciilu«  (Pooy) 

1597.  piKnbe,  I'ooy 

1598.  faflciutu8,  Jouyng....... 


Page. 

.  1211 
.  1211 
.  1212 


1609.  bullori,  BouJonger 121;< 

SuligcnuB  Mentiperca,  QiH 1214 

1000.  tigrinug  (Bloch) 1214 

ICOl.  tabacariuH  (Ouvior  i<[  Valenciennog) „ 1215 

1602.  t1av(!8ceu8,  Ciivier  &  Valenciennes . . 1215 

1603.  liuioporcanuH  (I'ooy) 1216 

16(H.  stilbogtigma,  Jordan  A  Bollman 1216 

GonuH612.  DulcH,  Cuvior 1217 

1605.  subligarius  (Cope) 1218 

1606.  dispiliirus  (GUnther) 1219 

1607.  auriga,  Cuvier  &  Yalencionneg 1220 

Genug  513.  Parantliias,  Guichonot 1221 

1C08.  furcifer  (Cuvier  &  Valencionneg) —  1221 

Genus  514.  Iloniiantliias,  Steindacbner 1222 

1609.  peruanus,  Steindacliner 1222 

1610.  vivanus  (.Jordan  &  Swaiu) 1223 

Genus  515.  Pronotogrammus,  Gill 1224 

1611.  eos,  Gilbert 1224 

1612.  niultifasciatus,  Gill 1226 

G«nuH516.  Antliias,  Blocli 1226 

1613.  asperilinguis,  Giinther 1 1227 

GenuB  517.  Ocyanthias,  Jordan  &  Evennann 1227 

1614.  martinicensis  (Guichenot) 1228 

Genus  518.  Gramma,  Poey 1228 

161.'">.  loreto,  Poey 1229 

Genug  519.  Rypticus,  Cuvior 1229 

1616.  xanti,  Gill 1231 

bicolor  (Valencienncg) . 1231 

saponaceus  (Bloch  &  Schneider) 1232 

arenatu^,  Cuvier  k  Valenciennes 1232 

coriaceus  (Coj)©) 1233 

Subgenus  Promicropterus,  Gill 1233 

1621.  bistrispinus  (Mitchill) 1233 

1622.  nigripinnis,  Gill 1234 

Famay  CXLYII.  JMholidw 1235 

Genus  520.  Lobotes,  Cuvier 1235 

1623.  surinamensig  (Bloch) 1235 

Fawihi  CXLVin.  Priacanthidie 1236 

Genug  621.  Priacantbus,  Cuvior 1237 

1624.  areiiatus,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 12.17 

lij25.  cruontatUH  (Locupede) 1238 

Genus  522.  Pseudopriacanthus,  Blocker . 1239 

1626.  serrultt,  Gilbert 1239 

1027.  altug(Gill) 1239 


1617. 
1618. 
1619. 
1620. 


m 


'    - 

;  1 

•!*    :  i 

i^\ 

w 

»'     ,1 

i 

i^i  I 

zirl 

■1   ' 

■■x^.  ■ 


CONTENTS 


U 


CLASS  III.  PISCES— Continuod. 

Orpbr  no.  AcANTiioiTKRi— Coiitlnuoil.  I        Page. 

Famihi  CXXXVI.  l<o»lei<lir  — 0(W 

(JonuH44U.  IiriclithyH,  Jonliiii  *  (iilliort 060 

l;l6!».  lockliigtoiii,  Jordan  &  Gilboit 900 

CieMiin443.  SchedophlluH,  Cocco 070 

IIWO.  niodiiHopliiiKUH,  Cooco 970 

aeniiH444.  IcohU'iih,  IjockiiiKtoii 972 

1S71.  H'lilKniaticuH,  L(ickinKt<m 972 

GeniiH44.">.  Anotiis,  Uciiu 973 

1372.  willouKliliyl,  Beiiii 973 

Family  CXXXVII,  dnwiniirokpidiiliF 973 

QeniiH44U.  (JramiiiicoUipis,  Piioy „„ 974 

1373.  bnichiuaciiliiH,  Pooy . 974 

Familii  VXXXVtIl.   Tetraijoniiriilir 975 

(ioniiH447.  TetragonuriiH,  Rismt 975 

1.374.  cuviiTi,  RiHso 97C 

Familfi  CXXXIX.  Femplieruliv 977 

Goiiuh448,  Poiiiplierio,  Ciivior  it  Yaluucionnot) .„ 977 

1375.  mexicaiiiiH,  Cuvicr  *  Valenciennes 978 

1370.  8clioml)ur(?ki,  Mtlller  &  Triwcliel 978 

1377.  niullcri,  Pooy - 978 

1.378.  poeyl,  Itean _.  979 

Group  Percoidoa 979 

F(tmily  CXL.   Fliiimmiiibr 981 

(<cniis449.  KlaNNonia,  .lordan „ 982 

1379.  zunatum,  Jordan 982 

1380.  everttladei,  Jordan 982 

Famihj  CXLl.  Cenirarehidir 984 

GuniiH  4.")0.  Pomoxin,  ItaflneHijiie 980 

1381.  annularin,  IlaflneH({Uo 987 

1382.  sparoides  (Larepede) 987 

Genns  451.  ContrarchuH,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 988 

1383.  niacropt«ruH  (Lacep^de) 988 

GonuH  ^.Vi.  Acantharchns,  Gill ._ 989 

1384.  pomotis  (Baird) 990 

Qonus  4.'i;i.  AniblopliteH,  ItafiiioHque 989 

1385.  rupentris  (Bnfinesqiie) ,    . 990 

138o((.  cavifrons,  Cope ._____. ...... 990 

Genus  454.  Archoplites,  Gill 990 

1380.  intorniptus  (Girard) 991 

Genus  455.  Ohwnobryttus,  Gill 991 

1387.  gutosus  (Cuvier  &  Valoncienues) . 992 

Genus  450.  Knneacanthus,  Gill 992 

1388.  obcsHH  (Baird) 993 

1389.  gloriosus  (Holbrook) 993 

Genus  467.  Mesogonistius,  Gill 994 

1390.  chsBtodon  (Baird) 995 

Genus  458.  Aponiotis,  Baflnesque ._.._- 995 

1391.  cyanellns  (Raflnesque) 996 

1392.  ischyruB  (Jordan  &  Nelson) 997 

1393.  phenax  (Cojhj  &  Jordan) 997 

1394.  punctatus  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) 997 

1395.  syinmetrlcus  (Forbes) 998 

GenuB459.  Lepomis,  Baflnesque 999 

SuligenuB  Leiiomis . 1001 

1390.  aurituH  (Linnmus) 1001 

1390n.  solis  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes) 1001 

1397.  niiniatus,  Jordan 1002 


■'  ':V.  { 


a\\ 


) 


il 


m 


LII 


CONTENTS 


1« 


M  H 


CLASS  III.  PISCKS-Contlnued. 

Oriikii  HI).  AoANTiioPTERi — Coutinuod. 

Familii  CXLI.  fWi/riircAiW/r— Coiitlliuetl,  P*Ro. 

SubjfonuH  XeiidtiK,  .Tonliin „ „-.._-_..._. . . ..... 1002 

laos.  gariiiaiii,  Forln^H 1002 

1390,  niegalotlH  (Rafliifwiuo) 1(HI2 

SiiliKeiiiiN  Ilolioporca,  Jordan ........ . 1004 

I4(K).  hiiniiliH  ((Jirunl) 1004 

1401.  haiiliiKimtliiiM,  Coik!  _ 1004 

UO'J.  iniuTui'liiriiH,  liafliicm|ue .... 1005 

1403.  i)alliaiiH(Mitclilll) 10(W 

^-       QoiniH  4tiO.  Kupoinutix,  Gill  >t  Jordan lOOC 

SuligonuH  X.vBtmplitcH,  Jordan . 1006 

1404.  pallidiiK,  AganHi/ , lOOC 

Subgenus  Kn|H)niotiH 1(K)7 

1405.  »ieroH(Bairtl  Jt  Giriird) 1007 

1400.  holbrooki  (Cuvit-r  *  ValoncienncH) 1008 

1407.  euryorus  (McKay) IOCS 

1408.  gibbomiH  (Llnnicus) 1009 

QenuH4r>l.  MicroptoruH,  Tiact'i)c'de ...... 1010 

I.  1409.  doloniieu,  liiici'ijode 1011 

1410.  xiilmoidcH  (LaiOpudo) 1012 

Fiimay  CXUI.  KuMiidK 1013 

OeniiH  4(12.  Kiililiii,(Jill 1013 

1411.  urge,  Jordan  &  Uollnmn 1014 

1412.  xonura  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) 1015 

Familii  (  XIJIl.  Percidie 1015 

GvniiH  4G3.  Stixuntudion,  UafinoHqno 1020 

.Siibgcnu.-<  StixoKti'dion ... . 1021 

1413.  vitreum  (Mitcliill) 1021 

Subgenus  Cynoporca,  Gill  &  Jordan •. 1022 

1414.  canadensc  (Smith) 1022 

1414<i.  griseum  (Do  Kay) 1022 

1414/..  boroum  (Giranl) 1022 

Oonus4('>4.  IVroa  (Artedi)  Linnn-us .; 1023 

1415.  flavcsreiis  (Mitcliill) 1023 

Genus  4(i5,  Perciua,  Haldenian 1024 

141(1.  rex,  Jordan  <&  Rverniann . 1025 

1417.  caprodes  (Rafluosque)  ___.^ 1026 

1417<i.  /.obni(Aga88iz) 1027 

Genus  466.  Ilatlroptvrus,  Agussix .. 1028 

Subgenus  Alvordius,  Girard .. 1030 

1418.  pboxocepbalus  (Nelson) .. „.. . 1030 

1419.  macrocephalus  (Cope) 1031 

1420.  maculatUH  (Girard) 1031 

1421.  aspro  (Cope  &  Jordan) _.  1032 

1422.  giintberi  (Eigenmann  &  Eigeninann) 1033 

1423.  peltatus  (Stauffer) 1034 

1424.  ouacliito!  (Jordan  &  Gilbert) 1035 

1425.  roanika  (Jordan  &  Jenkins) 1036 

Subgenus  Ericosma,  Jordan  &  Copeland 1030 

1426.  evides  (Jordan  &  Copeland) 1 1036 

Subgenus  Serraria,  Gilbert 1037 

1427.  scierus,  Swain . 1037 

1427a.  serrula,  Jordan  &  Gilbert 1038 

Subgenus  Hadropterus,  Agassiz 1038 

1428.  uigrofasciatus,  Agassiz 1038 

Genus  467.  Hypohomus,  Cope 1039 


Sifi 


\ 


.y 


■d'^ 


SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION. 

'  /  '  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


BULLETIN 


OF  THE 


NITED   STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


No.  -47. 


THE   FISHES 


r 


OF 


NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


\. 


■icniPTiM;  catalu<u;k  of  tiik  spmciks  of  Fisii-LrKK  vertkubates  foi;nt)  in  the 


WATERS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA,  NORTH  OF  THE  ISTHMUS  OF  PANAMA. 


■•■? 

I 


DAVID  STARR  JORDAN,  Ph.D., 

PRE8IDKNT  OK   THE   LELAND  STANFORD  JUNIOR   I'NIVERSITY, 


BARTON  WARIi^:  h  VERM  ANN,  Ph.D., 

ICIITlIVULOaiST  OF  TIIK   UNITED  STATES  FISH   COMMISSION. 


PART  I. 


U    i. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE. 

1896. 


,-->'■ 


V 


^UVIOKTISICMKNT. 


'  1^ 


m. 


II 


t 


1-7 


I 
I 


This  work  (Bulletin  N<>.  47)  i.s  ono  of  u  scries  of  pajMrs  iiib  u\\ 
to  illustrute  the  collectioiis  hcloiijt^iii^  to  tin?  Uiiittid    StHie;-    i 
coiistitiitiu^  tlu'  Niitioiuil  Museum,  <»r  which  the  Sniitiisitiiiuii  ;i ^ 
tution  was  phieed  in  charge  hy  the  act  of  Congress  of  Align 
184(i. 

Tlie  publicutiouH  of  tlu;  National  Museum  consist  of  two  s(  lic 
the  Bulletins,  of  which  this  is  No.  IT,  in  continu(nis  series,  ami 
Proc(*e(Iings,  of  which  the  (Ughteenth  volume  is  now  in  presto, 
suiall  edition  of   each  |)aper  in  the  Proc«ie(lings  is  (listiibutml 
})amphlet  fo  m  to  specialists,  iji  advance  of  the  publication  ef  i 
boun<l  A  olume. 

The  Bulletins  of  the  National  Mus(^uni,  tlu^  publication  of  wlmi 
was  conunence<l  in  ISTo,  c(jnsist  of  ehiborate  jiapers  bast^l  ;ii»(m  i 
collections  of  the  Museum,  reports  of  expeditions,  (^tc,  while  tl| 
Proceedings  facilitate  the  i)rompt  publication  of  fresh ly-a<^uiii 
facts  relating  to  biology,  anthroi)ology,  a'l^  geology,  doscrjiptioiij 
of  restricted  groups  of  animals  and  plani;*,.the  discussion*  f 
ticular  questions  relative  to  the  synonyu\j-  of^^cfes,  and  tlilf.'  U!.tu| 
of  minor  expeditions. 

Other  pajjers,  of  niori;  general  popular  interest,  arenrintec.  -in 
Ajjpendix  to  the  Annual  Repoi't.  , 

Full  lists  of  the  publications  of  the  Museum  may  bo  foi.nli 
the  current  catalogu«.'S  of  the  i)ublications  of  the  Smithsonia 
Institution.  ^ 

Pai)ers  int(;nded  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings  and  Buili 
of  the  National  Museum  are  Joferred  to  the  Committee  on  Piiili 
cations,  ccmiposed  as  follows:  Fkedkkh^k  W.  True  (chair lui^l 
R.  Edward  Earll  (edittn-),  J.  E.  Benedict,  Otis  T.  3lAS(fl| 
Leonhard  Stejne(4Er,  and  Lester  F.  Ward.  I      '5 

s.  P.  lanoleyI 

Secretary  of  the  Smit>unmian.Jtuitit^ ' 


WASUIKaTON,  D.  C 

March  18,  1896. 


\--.: 


LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES. 


The  followinj?  is  ft  list  of  thu  frtiuily,  jyeiu'ric,  snbKoneric,  Hpecific, 
iiiid  HubHi)ecific  iiameH  which  apiMiiir  ua  new  in  Part  I  of  the  present 
N^ork: 

I'ugo. 

Lmipetrii  wllderi,  Ohro la 

(htiiliiB  liter,  .lonliin  k  Oilliort 26 

Znptoryx  xyster,  Jonlnn  &  Evornmnii Ci 

Ihustor,  Jonlan  &  Kvonnanii  _ 137 

lliblilu,  Jordan  A  Evornmnii - —  140 

Ciimpogtonia  |irl(ol,  Jordiin  *  Tliolmrn —.....  206 

lotlclithys,  JoidttM  *  Evorniann 24K 

OiiaoiMi'a,  Jordan  &  Evorinann 249 

A  tci-a,  Jonlan  A  Everinaun 2M 

N)troi)i«biaytoni,  Jordan  A  Evcrmann  — 204 

Oic(>lla,  Jordan  A  Eveniiiinii 289 

n,?l)OiiBlH  m(^eki,  Jordan  A  Evcrmann 317 

Yi'riria,  Jordan  A  Evoriiiiinii 321 

K!i{cnnianiiia,  Jordan  A  Evorniann 341 

Verina,  Jordan  A  Evennaun 374 

t*c  itica,  Jordan  A  Evorniann ._ 4(>4 

Tarpon,  Jordan  A  EvirniaDii 4()9 

J'Mikinrtia,  Jordan  A  Evormann 418 

Li!o,  Jordan  A  Evormann 431 

Ai.fliovla,  Jordan  A  Evermann 449 

Mitcbillinu,  Jordan  A  Evermann 453 

Salnio  fialar  ouaniiniclie,  McCarthy 487 

S|iirinchu8,  Jordan  A  Evermann 522 

XaiiBoiiia,  Jordan  A  Evormann . 528 

Viiiciguerria,  Jordan  A  Evermann 577 

Viieiu'iennolIuB,  Jordan  A  Evermann 677 

Keiioza,  Jordan  A  Evormann . 626 

FoiitinuB,  Jordan  A  Evormann - 646 

OiiiiibuBinuH,  Jordan  A  Evormann ..„._. 649 

Xi|ihop)ioru8  gnntheri,  Jordan  A  Evormann 702 

(Vd  jlabis,  Gill - 720 

K\')ca'tuB  lutkeni,  Jordan  A  Evermann 730 

Sip'ioBtoma  pooyi,  Jordan  A  Evorma  ■• 700 

LolhoBtolo,  Jordan  A  Evermann..     792 

(Uiiroxtoma  bartoni,  Jordan  A  Ev  armann . 793 

Khtlandia,  Jordan  A  Evermann . 794 

IjeiTcstlies  crameri,  Jordan  A  Evermann 802 

KuiyHtolo,  Jordan  A  Evermann . 802 

.Mii;il  thoburni,  Jordan  A  Starks - 812 

Dipinnula,  Jordan  A  Evermann 878 

Tin:hlnotu8  goodel,  Jordan  A  Evermann 943 

Stcinegeriidte,  Jordan  A  Evermann . 900 

I'alometa,  Jordan  A  Evermann 966 

Swninia,  Jordan  A  Evermann 1040 

Ulu'ontragilberti,  Evermann  A  Thobum 1049 

(LIX) 


rt 


I- 


.1 


t 


It 


'■•.1 


1 

111 


f 

!  i 


I 

?     I 


!  m 


^am 


LX 


MHT  OK   NKW    NAMICH. 


fS 


TorrrntAriA,  Joriliiii  A  Erormitnn .... .... ....  10(f> 

Nivlciilu,  Jiirilikii  ft.  KviTiiiaiiii . .. ....... ......... ........  lOti 

Riklliii'MiiiilullnH,  Jiinliiii  tt  Kv(  riiiaiiii . ............... .... . .........  10ft: 

Clurlcolii,  .Ionian  >V  K\i'niiiiiiii .... .................. ................ .....  lOVi 

l'«,vcl>roiiiiiHtur,  .IdicIiiii  k  Kvcriiiniin. ... .......................... ... ........  lOlvi 

('opeliinilxlltiN,  .Idi'ilaii  k  Kvi-iiiiiiiiii .. ... .... ....... ..—„',  lICi 

('\)ntru|iotiiiiH  ('onitiiiitliiiiK,  .lorditii  k  Htnrkit ... . . . . . WiU 

Kniiniitliiii,  .lonlitli  k  Kvcimijiiiii ....... ....................... .- .....  1M7 

Ai'i'li»|iori'ii,  .liinlaii  A  Kvorinanii ............. ...................  ..... 1171 

X.VHtroiM^rni,  .lonlikii  \  Kvi'i'iniinn . . ........ . IIM 

(Icyuutbiiw,  Jurduu  k  Kvoriuauii............... ................... ........................  1227 


h- 


•> 


Bulletin  y/,  United  States  National  Mineum. 


Class  I.  LEPTOCARDII. 

(The  Lanc-ei.ets.) 

Bkoloton  inembrnno-ciirtilag^nouH.  Notochonl  porHiHteiit  and  extondiiig 
to  tlio  anterior  vtul  of  tho  head,  inolosed  in  a  niuniliiunoiiH  Hh<>uth  ah  U 
thu  cord-liku  norvuuH  uxIh  above  it.  Heart  u  lougitiidiuul  tubnlur  v«hhu1 
wliich  giveet  ott' branchial  vchhoIh  wbioli  unite  in  an  aorta;  end  of  tho 
nervoiiH  uxiH  not  dilated  into  a  1>rain  and  not  Huiroiinded  by  a  protective 
caimule,i)rHkull.  Hlood  colorleuH.  Uespirutory  cavity  eontluent  with  the 
cavity  of  the  abdomen ;  i;;ill  Hlitn  in  great  number,  the  water  being  expelled 
through  an  abdominal  pore  in  front  of  the  vent.  .TawH  none;  the  mouth  a 
longitudinal  flHsure,  with  cirri  on  each  side,  liody  lanceolate  in  form, 
more  or  Ichh  llHh-like,  and  not  enveloped  in  a  tunic.  Doraal  iln  preHent, 
low ;  anal  flu  uHually  more  or  less  developed. 

Small  marine  unimalH,  highly  iutereuting  to  tho  zo<">logiat  uh  exhibiting 
the  lowest  degree  of  development  of  the  vertebrate  type.  The  oIubh  in- 
cludes but  tho  Hingle  order,  Ami'IIIOXI  or  Ciukostomi.  (Afrrroc,  thin; 
wpdin,  heart.)    (SubcluHn  LErrocAumi,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  viii,  513-514.) 

Order  A.  AMPHIOXI. 
(The  CiRROSTOMEs.) 

This  order  in  equivalent  to  the  family  Buanciiiostomid*;.  {n/iipif  both  ; 
o^vi,  sharp  :  Cirrontomi  in  from  cirrua,  a  lock  of  hair;  aru/iu,  mouth.)  (Cm 
itOHTUMi,  Uiiuther,  Cat.,  viii,  513-514.) 


1 1 


Family  1.  BRANCIIIOSTOMID^.* 

(The  Lancelets.) 

Body  elongate,  lanceolate,  compreHsed,  naked,  colorleso;  tbefiua  repre- 
sented by  u  low  fold  extending  along  the  back,  with  usually  a  rudimentary 
fold  below  which  passes  by  the  vent  to  the  abdominal  pore.  Mouth  in- 
ferior, appearing  as  a  longitudinal  fissure,  surrounded  by  conspicuous, 
rather  stift",  cirri.  Eye  rudimentary.  Liver  reduced  to  a  blind  sac  of  the 
simple  intestine.  Small,  translucent  creatures  found  imbedded  in  the 
sand  on  warm  coasts  throughout  the  world.  Eight  species  are  now  recog- 
nized, referable  to  2  or  3  genera.  They  are  all  very  similar  in  appear- 
ance and  habits,  and  the  numbers  of  the  muscular  impressions  furnish 
the  only  characters  thus  far  known  by  which  the  species  can  be  distiu. 
guished.t    (Ciruostomi,  Guuther,  Cat.,  vin,  513-514.) 

a.  Qonads  (reproductive  Btructures)  prvHcnt  on  both  sides  of  thu  nicdiun  liuc  ;  anal  fln  present, 

with  traces  of  fln  rays ;  uo  caudal  process.  -  Branciiiostoma,  1. 

«o.  Gonads  present  on  tho  right  side  only  ;  anal  fln  without  fln  rays  or  euccessive  flu-ray 

chambers ;  a  long  caudal  process,  or  tail,  about  as  long  as  the  hoad.     Asyhhethon,  2. 

*  In  the  arrangement  of  tho  genera  and  Bi>ocicg  of  tliia  group  we  have  been  guided  by  the  con- 
clusions of  Dr.  E.  a.  Andrews,  in  his  recent  |)apur,  "An  undcscribed  Acrauiate  :  Asifmmetroii 
lucniianinii."    (Studies  Biol.  Lab.  Johns  Hopkins  University,  v,  No.  4,  2l;i-247,  189.3.) 

tSee  Giiuther,  Rept.  Zool.  Voyage  H.  M,  S.  Alert,  18«4,  whore  tho  value  of  this  character  is 
flnt  fully  recognized. 


ri 


I  I 


:'i 


^i1 


■  i 


.-i 


'1 


1 

'+ 

> 

■  \    « 

i 

^. 

i 

1 

f 

■  hi 

1 

M 

m 

■::h: 


< , . 


y 


[\  'i-  I 


.  ,  \ 

f  1    ' 

11           ■    ! 

Thh  Fishrs 

> 

NORTH    AND    MIDDLE    AMERICA 

l)Y    DAVID    SIAKR  JOKDAN    AND    MARION    WAKRLN    I.VhKMANN. 


IcIitliyoloKy  (li<irr,  UnIi;  >ii)iir,  a  diHcourMo)  in  tho  Htudy  of  lishos.  A 
"  lUli,"  ill  tho  poimlar  hoiimu,  Ih  ii  iiiuiiibor  of  iiny  uiio  uf  tlio  tliiuo  cIuhhus 
of  u<|iiatic  ur  liHli-liku  vuttubrutoH,  tlut  groiipa  lioru  (ItiHi^iiutud  au  Lepto- 
ctinlii,  MiirHijxihrdncliii, and  J'intrM,  Tlwi  Tuiikatu  awl  Entt  ropncuHta  ( Baluno- 
glo$min),  now  rt'cugui/ml  uh  boluii^iii^  to  tlio  Ciiuuuata  iiiul  uppruxinmtud 
to  th«)  Vkhtkiikata,  iiru  uxcliulod  in  tliiH  dnlinitiou,  no  in  thoii  udult  cuu- 
dition  tliuHu  ct'otitiircH  havo  utidor^ouo  u  letrugrado  luotumorphutiiH  uud  uru 
liy  no  iiioans  tiNli-liko.  Fur  an  oppoHitu  roanuu,  tho  DATitACillA,  which  de- 
velop jointud  liniliH  in  their  adult  cuudition,  although  cloaely  allied  tu  the 
title  HhIioh,  arc  not  included  in  the  popular  idea  of  a  tinh. 

Among  the  foriiiH  conuuouly  called  tltihoa  wo  rucogni/e  three  cluHHoa — 
Lvi>loairdii,  Maraipobraiichii,  and  Piscea,  Wo  have  preferred  to  leave  tho 
I'iHccH  as  a  single  class,  including  all  lish-like  vertebrates  with  paired  tins, 
though  there  is  iiiiich  to  bo  said  in  favor  of  regarding  the  Selachians  and 
Dipnoans  as  each  constituting  a  distinct  class  coordinate  with  the  true 
iishes  and  tho  Hatrachians.  We  see  no  warrant  for  separating  the  Ganoids 
as  a  class  from  the  true  ilshcs,  still  less  for  uniting  the  Uauoids  and  Sela- 
chians in  one  class,  PaUvkhihycH,  while  the  true  tishes  are  placed  in  another. 

Analysis  of  tiik  Ci-.vsses  ok  Fisii-like  Vkhtkbuates. 

(I.  .Ici'iiiiKi/ii. — Atitoriur  Olid  of  thu  iviitrikl  uorvoiiti  iixis  uot  diluted  Into  a  braiu  uud  not  Mur- 

rouiiiU'd  by  a  prottn'tivo  caiwulo,  or  skull. 

Ii.  Nutoclioril  iic'i'fui't,  iiorHiHtont,  cxtoiidiiig  tlirougliuiit  tho  l)o<ly,  iucliidod  iu  u  iiioni))rauuua 

ghuittli,  as  Ih  tho  ford-liko  nervous  axis  above  it ;  body  ulonguto,  luncoohito,  uot 

worm-liko  nor  envoloiicd  iu  ii  tunic  ;  wulla  of  tho  body  witli  munculur  luyotonioH ; 

niiddlo  lino  of  body   with  rudliiioutary   flua  ;   no  prcboscls;  tho  mouth  slit-liko, 

fr'-igod  with  cirri;  iioart  a  louKitudinal  tubular  vesaol  which  gives  off  branchial 

tubes  which  uiiito  in  an  aorta  ;  gill  Blita  iuclosod  oxtornully  by  a  fold  iu  tho  iu- 

toguraont  which  incloscH  a  chamber  (atrium)  which  opens  bolow  ;  vont  reiaotu 

from  mouth.  Leptocakdii,  i. 

<i«,  CcHiiioM.— Anterior  end  of  tho  nervous  axis  dilated  into  i\  brain  which  is  contained  withia 

a  protective  capsule,  tho  skull  ;  notochord  uot  continued  forward  beyond  tho  pituitary 

body  ;  heart  developed  and  divided  at  least  into  two  parts. 

c.  Skull  imperfectly  developed  and  without  jaws  ;  shoulder  girdle  and  pelvis  obsolete  ; 

no  paired  llns  ;  a  single  median  nostril ;  gills  purse-shaped  ;  skin  miked  ;  skeleton 

cartilagiiiouK.  MAitsiPoiiitAN(;iiii,  ii. 

cc.  Skull  well  developed,  and  with  jaws;  shoulder  girdlo  and  pelvis  more  or  less  devoloiied  ; 

nostrils  not  mediau  ;  gills  not  purae-shai>cd  ;  limbs,  if  present,  developed  as  rayed 

flns,  never  with  fingurs  and  toes  like  those  of  the  higher  vertebrates ;  gills  \>et- 

sistont  through  life.  Pisces,  hi. 


F.N.  A. 


(1) 


jottiitn  <*//(/  Jivirpnann. — Fts/its  of  Xorth  Anifrim. 


I.  BRANCHIOSTOMA,  Cuata. 

(LAN«;KI.Kr8.) 

/lriiMrfci"»'o»iii,  (,'oiTA,  (Viitll  ZoiiloKlfl  Niipol,,  49,  \K\\,  (liiliriami  -^  Ittnceuliitum), 
t,„,,l, M»,  Yakhhi.,  Uiillitli  KUlii",  4tiH,  l«;i(l,  (Imtcfulttlwi), 

LuiicttlctH  with  tliiv  gunudm  ov  roprodtiotivo  Htnu;tiii'«t  pruHoiit  on  luitli 
NiilitM  of  tlimni'iUiin  line.  Aiiiil  tin  pntiiont,  with  truc.itH  of  rayH.  Vtuto- 
liriil  coliiiiiii  not  pnxliK'ud  backwunl  into  a  uaudul  proc«MH.  Six  or  7 
H|i*><'ifH  KTo^ni/ud,  found  in  the  warm  Huas,  usually  hiirii<<l  in  Hand  llatH 
lit  no  ^r(<at  dt«pth.  Thoy  uru  very  tunaciuuu  of  lifu,  and  will  vndiiru  cun- 
Hidorabhs  mutilation.  ((V').V"'»  8^1'" J  i7T,',/i<r,  mouth,  the  cirri  about  th« 
luouth  having  been  taken  for  gilln  by  Costa). 

CI.  M.viHuiimmla  or  iiiuHoulur  bumlH,  fiH  to  fi4. 

h.  MyuiiJiiiiiiutii  liuhiiiil  vc'ut,  U  tu  M,  tlio  furtuulu  iiHiiiilly  M  \- 14  I  12  ~lil. 

I.ANl'KOLATI'M,   I, 

lib,  MyiKDiuiiiatii  bi'liliiil  vuiit,  7  lo  10,  tho  forniulu  uBuuUy  ;tft  |  M  |  U  -  M. 

CAHIIt;t:('M,  'J. 

1141.  MytM'uiiiiiiatii  or  iiiiiHciiliir  l)aiulR,  (IS  tu  70,  thu  uauiil  t'urmulu  44  |  It)  f  0=^0!);  hIxu  lurK<'i' 
thuu  ill  utliiT  Amuricau  BpuulvH  ;  the  tuil  tihort.  L'Ai.it'uK.Nie.Mti:, :), 

1.  BBANCHIOSTOMA  LANCKOLATIIM,  (Pallaa). 
(KunuiTAN  Ijancklet;  Amimiio.xuh.) 

Muscular  bands  usually  35  +  H  -f  12-01.  Usual  length  li  inches.  The 
common  European  species,  with  tho  tail  stoutish  and  rather  long;  abun- 
dant on  the  sandy  shores  of  tho  Mediterranean,  and  known  from  Southern 
England  and  Scandinavia.  The  Lancelet  of  tho  Chesapeake  Bay,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Andrews,  is  referable  tu  this  species  rather  than  tu  li.  carilKViim. 
(laiiveohitiis,  lance-shaped.)  i^V.) 

lAtiiax  litiiceolalut,  Pai.lak,  Spicilogia  Zoiil.,  X,  19, 1774,  Cornwall. 

RniiichiDsltima  Inbriciim,  <.'osTA,  Ceuiii  ZoiJi.  Kapul.,  41),  1834,  Naples. 

AiriihinxwtlanceiiltiluH,  YAiinEM.,  British  FiBbc8,4C8, 1830, nud  of  miiny  writorH  on  uiiatomy  ;  OO.n- 

TiiBR,  Cut.,  VIII,  S13, 1870  ;  Joruan  A  Giiuf.ut,  SynopBis,  867, 1883  ;  GVntheh,  Ropt.  ZoUl.  H. 

M.  S.  Alert,  32,  1684  ;  ANDnews,  Studies  Biul.  Lab.  Joliiis  HopliinH  Uaiv.,  v,  238,  1893. 


11 

■  ft-T 


•         i 


»     ,( 

■,     t 
'     i, 


Mi 


If 


2.  BBANCHIOSTOMA  CABIB£UM,*  Smidevali. 

(West  Indian  Lancelet.) 

Muscular  bands  (myocommata)  usually  35  +  14  -f  9  =rr  58 ;  gonads  22  to 
26  on  each  side ;  usual  length  1|  inches;  tail  short;  extremities  attenuate. 
In  shallow  waters,  buried  in  the  sand,  from  Beaufort,  N.  C,  to  the  mouth 
of  the  La  Plata;  abundant  off  the  Carolina  coast  and  in  localities  in 
Florida  (Port  Tampa),  Jamaica,  Brazil,  etc.  (Name  from  the  Caribbean 
sea.) 

Ilr(iHrhioiitomamribKtiin,SvnDr.vAU.,  OlferB,  Vot.  Aliad.  FUrliandl.,  12, 1863  ,  St.  Thomas;  Rio 
Janeiro;  GPnther,  Voyage  Altirt,  32,  1884  ;  Jordan  &  Gimiert,  SynopsiB,  3;  Andrews,  I.  c, 
240,  1803. 

♦This  siwcioB  iH  not  very  difToront  from  B.  /aiic«oI(i(uiii,  and  niiiy  vary  into  it. 


i^' 


i  ■ 


,;' . 


I'f 


I 


/I 


tli^^^ 


I  M 


n      :   I 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Mua-um. 


:},  BUANCIIIUSTOINA  CALIFOKMKNKK,'*^^  Uill. 
(Oaufoiinia  Lancelgt.) 

Larger  than  the  other  American  upecies,  Avith  the  niUHuuhir  handH  in 
greater  number,  usually  44  +  16  -f  9  --=  61).  Tail  very  short.  Usual  length 
70  nun.,  or  nearly  3  inches.  Coast  of  California,  from  San  Diogo  liay 
southward,  very  abundant  at  the  mouth  of  San  Dif^go  Hay,  where  it  was 
first  obtained  by  Dr.  J.  U.  Cooper  about  1868;  lately  taken  in  large  num- 
bers at  San  Diego  and  at  San  Luis  Gonzalen  Bay,  in  the  (iuU  of  California. 
In  specimens  from  the  last-named  locality  (Aluatroso  Coll.)  the  usual  for- 
mula is  45  -I-  14  -f  9  ::==  68. 

liranvhiodoma,  Hiiccius,  Cooi'ER,  Croniso,  Nat.  Woaltli  Oiillfornia,  48!i,  1808,  San  Diego. 
Bruiuhiusloina  cal{fornieii»iii.  Gill,  MS.,  ANunEWS,  /.  c,  241,  18'j;!. 

2.  ASYMMETRON,  Andrews. 

?  EfiigonicMhys,^  Peters,  Borl.  MoiiatBbor.,  327,  1876,  (eultellu*). 

Aiynimetron,  Andrews,  Studk's  lUol.  Lab.  Jolins  Ilupkins  Univ.,  v,  'ii:!7,  imtli,  {Imniiiiitiiin}. 

Gonads,  or  reproductive  structures,  developed  on  the  right  side  only. 
Anal  fin  without  fin  rays  or  successive  fin-ray  chambers.  A  long  caudal 
process.  Otherwise  as  in  Branchiostoma.  One  spocies.  {li-avu/is r/wi, 
wanting  symmetry.) 

4.  ASY.'MMETRON  LIICAYANUM.  Aiidiiws. 
(Bahama  Lancelet.  ) 
Right  metapleuron  continuous  with  the  median  ventral  (anal)  fin,  which 
passes  to  the  right  of  the  anus.  Preoral  hood  extensive,  the  cirri  united 
by  the  me/nbrane  throughout  the  greater  part  of  their  length,  and  smooth, 
without  sensory  papilla,'.  Gonads  on  the  iight,  29,  extending  from  the 
15th  to  the  43d  myotomes  inclusive.  Mj otoine  formula  44  +  9 -f  13=; 66. 
Length  i  inch.  Adult  and  yourg  swimming  at  the  surface  in  the  evening 
in  June  and  July  at  Bemiui  and  Nassau,  Bahamas;  also  taken  buried 
in  calcareous  sand.  (Andrews.)  {Lucaf/as,  the  islan'^:^  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1492,  now  the  Bahamas.) 

A^ytumetroH  lucayiimtni,  Andrews,  1.  <:,  237,  189.3,  Bernini,  B.  hatnas. 

Class  II.  MARSIPOBRANCHII.J 

(The  Laisipreys.) 

Skeleton  cartilaginous ;  the  skull  imperfectly  developed,  not  separate 
from  the  vertebral  column.     No  true  jaws,  no  limbs,  no  shoulder  girdle, 


♦Olocoly  allied  to  this  spocies  is  li.  clomjahnn,  Sundoviill.  M.vuconiniata  4!)  !  18  |- 12  71). 
Li-ng;tli  1%  to  2J^  inclies,  Cliinchas  Islands,  IVni,  probaldj'  extondiug  nortbwani  to  I'aiianiu, 
but  not  yet  recorded  within  our  limits.  (Sundovall,  Olfcrs.  Vet.  Akad.  Kiirh.,  147,  THM, 
ChinchaR  Islands.) 

,  Ej^uionichthyn  is  said  to  differ  from  Jiranchiofloma  in  the  n))scn.'"e  of  the  anal  Im.  Dr.  Andrews 
Btates  tiiat  Mr.  Arthur  Willey,  who  has  examined  its  Australian  type,  E.  ciiluUm,  finds  (;ouad3 
on  the  right  siflo  only,  as  in  Astimmetron.  If  Afymmefrnn  is  .t  valid  genus,  probably  Epiijoiiiclithys 
Is  also  valid.     It  is  pnrhai)S  distinguishable  from  Asyiiinielioii  by  the  want  of  a  caudal  process. 

t  Prof.  Cope  makes  the  nTantijuibranchii  a  sul)class  under  a  class  AynMa,  characterized  by  the 
absence  of  jaws  and  shoulder  girdl 3.  This  class  is  couiposed  chielly  of  extinct  forms,  most  of 
them  belonging  to  the  subclass  (htrncnilermi,  and  provided  witli  bony  dermal  plates  and  Interal 
limbs.  Sfc'  American  Naturalist,  October,  1889,  8.W.  The  group  Maraipuhiuiuhii  in  also  ofteu 
known  as  Cyclostomi,  as  Demiopteri.  and  as  Myzontes. 


■"":'  ''?<'^-'  ■-;;•• 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


no  pelvic  elemonts,  no  ribs.  Uills  in  the  form  of  lixod  hbch,  without 
liianchial  arches,  (5  or  more  in  number  on  eacli  Hide.  Nostril  single, 
median.  Month  subinferior,  suctorial,  more  or  less  circular.  Heart  with- 
out arterial  bnlb.  Alimentary  canal  straight,  simple,  without  ciecal  ap- 
|)(Midage.s,  pancieaSjorspleen.  (ionerativo outlet  peritoneal.  Vertical  fins 
w'ith  feeble  rays,  usually  continuous  around  the  tail.  Naked,  eel-shaped 
animals,  inhabiting  cool  waters,  both  fresh  and  salt.  They  undergo  a 
motamoi  )lio8is,  the  young  being  often  quite  unlike  the  adult.  (Subclass 
Cyc'.o'  -omi,  (iiinther,  Cat.,  viii,  1«70,  499-512.)  {ftupalniov,  pouch; 
/?p(l,  oMUs.) 

OrDRKS  OV  MARSIPOnKANCIIII. 

/I.  Niisnl  tiilin  (Inct-like,  with  cartiliiginous  riiigB,  penotratingtliopalato;  Rill  oponlngB  remote 
from  tlio  lio.nl,  opfiiiiig  (lifi'i'tly  into  tlio  pliiirynx;  uo  «}•««.  Hvpehothf.ti,  H. 

nil,  Nanal  iliict  a  liliml  sac,  not  iicnctiatiiiK  tlio  i)alate;  gill  openings  i-loso  licliind  the  head, 
'  coiuniiiiiii  .itiiig  with  a  <onini(m  hrancliial  passage  which  opens  directly  into  the  phar- 

ynx; eyi'H  well  developed  in  tlic  adult.  Hvpkuoahtii,  0. 

Order  B.  HYPEROTRETI.* 


.-    I 


aTss 


(The  Hagfishes.) 

Nostril  tube-like,  with  cartilaginous  rings,  penetrating  the  palate,  its 
position  at  the  extremity  of  the  head,  over  the  mouth;  snout  with  8 
biibels;  mouth  without  lips;  1  median  tooth  on  the  palate  and  2  corab- 
liko  series  of  teeth  on  the  tongue.  Branchial  apertures  at  a  great  distance 
from  the  head;  a  ssries  of  mucous  sacs  along  each  side  of  the  abdomen. 
Intestine  without  spiral  valve.  Eggs  large,  with  a  horny  case  provided 
with  threads  for  adhesion.  Marine  laniprey-like  animals,  burrowing  into 
the  llesh  of  fishes,  on  which  they  feed.  They  may  be  referred  to  2  families, 
differing  mainly  in  the  strticiure  of  the  gill  openings,  (bizepum,  palate; 
Tni/rmj,  perforate). 

a.  Ilrancliinl  uperturi'.H  fl  to  14  on  cai-h  side,  each  leading  liy  a  duct  to  a  branchial  sac. 

IlKl'TATIlEMin.l';,    II. 
I'l.   Itrancliial  iiperfures  singloon  each  side,  from  which  diverge  ducts  to  (1  hranchial  sais. 

Myxinid.v,  III. 

Family  II.  HEPTATREMIDiE. 

(The  Borrrs.) 

This  family  differs  from  the  Myxinido!  chiefly  in  the  structure  of  the 
branchial  apparatus,  there  being  6  to  14  sacs  on  each  side  which  receive 
water  directly  from  the  aisophagus,  as  in  Myxine,  but  the  emptying 
ilucrs,  instead  of  passing  backward  and  downward  to  a  common  external 
opening,  as  in  Mtjxine,  jyass  directly  through  the  wall  of  the  body,  so  that 
there  are  as  many  external  openings  as  there  are  gill  sacs.  Species  about 
5,  relerable  to  2  genera,  inhabiting  the  colder  parts  of  the  Pacific,  their 

*  For  a  general  account  of  our  species  of  Hyyerotreii,  see  Putnam,  Froc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 


I;! 


\  ■■' 


ipr 


6 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1  li 


habits  similar  to  those  of  Myxine  glutinosa.  Thoy  fasten  themselves  on 
the  gills  or  eyes  or  isthmus  of  largo  fishes,  whence  they  work  their  way 
very  rapidly  into  the  inside  of  the  body.  They  there  devour  all  the  flesh 
without  breaking  the  skin,  so  that  the  fish  is  left  a  mere  hulk  of  hoad, 
skin,  and  bones.  {Myxin'uhv,  genus  lidcUoHtoma,  Giinthor,  Cat.,  viil,  511. 
The  generic  name  HvpUiirema,  I)uni<?ril,  has  priority  over  Bddlostoma.) 

a.  <iill  u|ioiiiii|;f)  10  to  12  on  cni'li  sidu;  base  of  <   :ig)io  opposite  sixth  or  BRVciitli  iiuir  of  RillR. 

POMSTOTBF.MA,   .'I. 

3.  POLISTOTREMA,  Gill. 

roUslolrema,  Gn,L,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nftt.  Muh.,  1880,  30,  {ilomheii).* 

This  genus  is  distingaishcd  from  Ileptatrema  ( Bdelloftioma  )  by  the  pres- 
ence of  10  to  14  gill  openings,  instead  of  G  or  7,  as  in  Hcptatrcma.  Two 
or  3  species  known,  from  the  eastern  Pacific.  (A  superlative  of  iTo?vg, 
many ;  rpi/ua  aperture.) 


i    i 


6.  POLISTOTREMA  STOUTl,  (LockliiKton). 
(Califounia  Haokish;  Lampeiiina.) 

Gills  usually 1 12  on  each  side,  the  number  varying  from  10  to  14.  Teeth 
10  in  each  series,  Hrancbiiil  artery  dividing  opposite  sixth  or  seventh 
pair  of  gills.  Snout  20  times  in  total  length  ;  head  to  first  gill  opening 
4i;  branchial  region  8,  tail  8.  Plum  color,  palor  below,  the  edge  of  tlie 
lower  fold  pale.  Skin  thin,  very  lax,  and  separable  from  the  muscles, 
excessively  slimy.  L.  14  inches.  Coast  of  California,  and  noi'th  to  Cape 
Flattery,  very  abundant  about  Monterey,  burrowing  t  into  thellesh  of  the 
larger  flounders  and  Sehaatodea.  (Named  for  Dr.  A.  13.  Stout,  of  San  Fran- 
cisco.) 

liikUostmna  slonli.  Lockinqtov,  Amor.  Nat.,  187a,  7!),T,  Eel  River,  California. 
BdeUoxtimia  (Imnbi')/,  JonnAN  it  GiMiEUT,  Synopsis,  57,  18sr!,  not  of  Cuvier. 


*  rolistotrema  ilomheij  (Cuvier)  is. i  species  (iisliiict  from  P.  slmtli.  It  istlmsilinrBcterized  liy  I'ut- 
naiti  (Proc.  Host.  .Soc.  Nut.  Hist.,  I.'*":!,  l(iO),  from  speeimens  from  Chile:  "  Ileiid  iihoiit  '.,  (pf  total 
lenstli,  and  contaiiKid  aliontlj.,  times  in  tlio  lenntli  of  tiic  iiliilomen.  Tail  7  to  8  times  in  total 
length.  Ua.so  of  tongiio  between  tin;  7tli  or  8th  pair  of  rills.  Gills,  10  on  each  side.  Longlli 
from  13  to  22  indies.  Coast  of  Chile."  Aecordingfo  I'ntnam  the  branchial  artery  divides  at  its 
baso  into  a  right  and  a  left  trunk  in  this  species. 

Ia'  GdKtrohrnnehe  dniiilx!/,  Laokpkdk,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  I,  ,W1,  1798,  Chile,  non-binomial. 
Oiislrohranchnii  (limiheii,  Vi\iKR,  Kegiie  Animal,  121,  1817,  after  Iiace])edo. 
Ildellontnniti  jmhilri'tiin',  (iiRAun,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1854,  ll)!t,   Valparaiso. 
lidellosloma  pdliilioiiii,  GUntoku,  Cat.,  viu,  512,  1870. 

f.Vccording  to  Dr.  Gilbert,  in  54  speeimens  of  Vnlii'Uilrenia  stouti,  41  were  found  to  have  12  gill 
opening."  on  each  side,  12  had  11  on  each  side,  and  1  had  IH.  Occasional  specimuna  may  have 
eitlior  10  or  14,  but  tho  normal  number  is  12. 

ITheliagfish  fastens  itself  usually  on  the  gills  or  istlimus  of  large  fislies,  sometimes  on  the 
eyes,  wlienci)  it  works  its  way  very  rapidly  into  the  inside  of  tlie  body.  It  then  devours  all  the 
flesh  of  tho  body  witliout  breaking  tlio  skin,  so  that  the  fish  is  left  a  living  hulk  of  head,  skin, 
and  bones.  It  is  especially  destriictivo  to  fishes  taken  in  gill  nets.  In  every  gill  net  in  summer, 
at  Monterey,  moro  or  le8.s  of  these  enijity  shells  of  fishes  are  obtained.  When  these  are  taken 
from  the  water  the  hagtish  scrambles  out  with  great  alacrity.  It  is  thought  that  tho  hags 
enter  t.io  fishes  after  they  are  caught.  A  fish  of  10  to  15  pounds  weight  will  be  devoured  by 
them  in  a  single  iiiglit.  Large  fishes  of  even  30  pounds  weight  are  often  brought  up  without 
flesli  and  without  viscera,  and  they  certainly  do  not  swim  into  a  gill  net  in  this  condition. 

Tho  fishes  chiefly  infested  are  Sebaslodes  pinniget;  'niiniatus,  and  tnyalmm,  Ophiodun  elongalw, 
Paralichthys  cal{fomicM,  and  BhacochilM  toxotei. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


■■t 


Family  III.  MYXINID^E. 
(The  Hagfisiirs.) 

Body  eel-sliapod,  covered  by  a  thin  skin,  which  is  easily  detached. 
AlouR  the  lower  side,  for  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  animal,  are  2 
rowsof  niucdiiH  ^jlands,  each  with  an  external  opening,  yielding  an  abnn- 
(laiKM!  of  nuicuH  which  renders  these  animals  excessively  slimy.  No  eyes. 
Hrain  small,  of  the  normal  fish  type.  Skull  little  developed,  cartilaginous  r 
the  llexihle  notoohord  inclosed  in  its  sheath,  and  extending  from  the  base 
of  Mui  skull  to  the  end  of  the  tail,  representing  the  spinal  column.  Mouth 
round,  suctorial,  without  lips,  with  a  pair  of  barbels  on  each  side.  Nostril 
single,  large,  on  the  median  line  above,  and  at  the  very  front  of  the  head, 
provided  with  2  pairs  of  barbels.  Teeth  strong,  a  single  median  one  on 
the  roof  of  the  mouth,  and  2  rows  on  each  side  of  the  tongue,  which  is 
a  powerful  organ,  with  a  strong  fibrous  tendon  moving  in  a  muscular 
sheath.  Alimentary  canal  a  simple  nearly  straight  tube,  without  spiral 
valve;  gill  sacs  placed  on  each  side  of  the  oesophagus,  lying  directly 
against  its  outer  walls.  The  water  passes  into  them  by  a  small  pore  open- 
ing directly  from  the  oesophagus  into  each  sac.  It  is  then  passed  out  by 
a  duct,  which  continues  backward  along  the  outer  walls  of  the  sacs  to  ■ 
the  abdominal  wall  at  the  end  of  the  last  sac,  where  all  the  ducts  from  one 
side  unite  in  one,  and  the  water  is  emptied  at  the  branchial  opening  on 
each  side  of  the  median  line.  In  close  connection  with  the  branchial 
opening  on  the  left  side  there  is  a  third  opening  that  leads  by  a  very  short 
duct  to  the  nisophagus,  and  hence  into  the  branchial  sacs,  at  the  times 
when  the  supply  of  water  through  the  mouth  is  cut  off  by  the  head  being 
buried  in  the  flesh  of  the  animal  on  which  it  feeds.  Ovary  single,  on  the 
right  side.  No  oviducts;  the  mature  eggs  falling  into  the  abdominal  cavity 
and  excluded  through  the  peritoneal  opening  at  the  side  of  the  vent.  Eggs 
with  a  horny  case,  and  threads  for  adhesion.  Parasitic  animals,  burrow- 
ing into  the  bodies  of  fishes,  and  found  in  the  cold  seas. 

Two  species  are  usually  recognized — Mtjxiiie  olivacea,  Lac^pede  (=/»:.«- 
trflUf),  Jenyns),  frcun  the  coasts  of  Patagonia,  and  Myxine  glutinoHa. 
(Myxinidw,  geniis  Myxine,  Giinther,  viii,  510-511.) 

4.  MYXINE,  Linnteus. 

Miixiiw,  LiNN.TiiTS,  Systpma  Natnrro,  Eil.  x,  1758,  050,  (.jhUmnaa). 
(Idnlrnhrimchiix,  I»i„irll,  lolith.,  mt,  51,  tal>.  413,  17U7,  [cu-ciik). 
Mnruniihlt'iiuii,  IjAc'KI'KDe,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  v,  047,  1801$,  (oliuacea). 
AiinpKii^,  UAFiNKsgtK,  Aiiiil.  (!«,'  la  ,N    'lire,  49a,  1815,  (nlirucea). 

Characters  of  the  genus    ncluded  above.     (An  old  name,  from  /ivin, 

slime).  / 

6.'  MYXINl    GliUTINOSA,*  LinnreuR. 

(Uaqfish  ;  BoREU.) 

Head  3^  to  4  in  total  length  ;  tail  6*^  to  10;  lingual  teeth  8  to  11  in  each 
row.     Bluish  above,  whitish   below.     North  Atlantic  on  both  coasts, 


*  "  3f//.riiic  is  s'l'iierally  or  ahvaj-s  in  itH  yoiiiis  ftau;''  a  male,  while  at  a  more  advanced  stage 
it  beeomos  traiisl'ormed  into  a  fcnialo.  It  secniH  to  ho  an  aiiliual  wliicli  in  Bexual  rospectn  Ih  in  a 
transition  stance,  from  what  and  to  what  it  is  hard  to  say.  It  seenia  to  be  seeking,  without  yet 
reachint;  that  niodo  of  reproduction  which  is  moat  profitable  for  it  in  the  struggle  for  exiateuce. ' ' 
—  F)i'iljof  Kanien. 


I 


8 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


aouth  to  Capo  Cod.    Not  abundant  in  America.     "Intrat  et  dovorat 
Pisces;  a(|uam  in  gluten  nmtat."  (LiuuiuuH).  (Eu. ) 

nij/xine  ylutitumi,  LiNNXirs,  SyHt.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  050,  1758,  Atlantic  Ocean;  GOntiier,  Cut.,  viii, 

510,  1870;  PlJTNABi,  Proc.  lloHt.  Sim:.  Nut.  Hist.,  IST.'J,  l:ir>. 
Myxim  limoiiu,  Mikaiih,  I'mc.  A<;.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  185H,  2£),  Grand  Menan,  Bay  of  Fundy; 

JOIIDAN  it  (Jll.llKRT,  SyllDpHiK,  ,1,  188;i. 

0<i»lrobmm'linii  nivM,  Bi.oi'ii,  Iclith.,  xii,  pi.  41U,  f'lfi,  171i.'>,  Denmark,  etc. 


I    I 


Order  C.  HYPEROARTIL* 
(The  Lamprkys.) 

Nasal  duct  a  blind  sac,  not  penetrating  tlie  palate.  This  order  is 
equivalent  to  tbo  single  family  Vetromyzonldw.  (iVtpMrt,  palate;  uprin^f 
complete;  i.  c,  entire.)     (Petuomyzontid/K,  Giintber,  Cat.,  viii,  199-509.) 

Family  IV.  PETROMYZONID^. 
(The  Lampreys.) 

Body  eel-sbaped,  subcylindrical  anteriorly,  compressed  beliind  ;  tbe 
montb  nearly  circular,  suctorial,  usually  armed  witb  horny  teotb,  or  tooth- 
like  tubercles  which  are  simple  or  nnilticuspid,  resting  on  papilliii ;  those 
immediately  above  and  those  immediately  below  the  (usophagus  more  or 
less  specialized  ;  eyes  developed  in  the  adult ;  gill  openings  7,  arranged  in  a 
row  along  the  sides  of  the  "  chest ; "  nostril  on  top  of  the  head  just  in  front 
of  the  eyes;  lips  present,  usually  fringed;  dorsal  iin  more  or  less  deeply 
divided  by  a  notch ;  the  posterior  part  commonly  continuous  with  the  anal 
around  the  tail;  intestines  with  a  spiral  valve;  eggs  small. 

These  animals  undergo  a  metamorphosis;  the  young  are  usually  tooth- 
less and  have  the  eyes  rudimentary.  Separate  generic  names  (Ammocwtes, 
Scolecosoma,  Chilopterus)  had  been  applied  to  these  larval  forms,  before  it 
was  discovered  that  they  were  the  normal  young  of  the  true  lampreys. 

Genera  about  7;  species  about  15;  of  the  rivers  of  temperate  regions. 
They  attach  themselves  to  fishes  and  feed  by  scraping  oflf  the  flesh  with 
their  rasp-like  teeth.  Most  of  them  ascend  rivers  or  brooks  at  the  spawn- 
ing season,  after  which  very  many  of  the  individuals  die.  (Petuomyzon- 
TiD/K,  Giintber,  Cat.,  vui,  499-509.) 

n.  Second  dorsnl  continuous  witli  ciiudiil. 

/>.  Supruoral  lamina  {"  maxillary  ")  and  intraoral  lamina  ("mandiblo")de8tituto  of  teetl), 
"the  armature  of  tlio  lamprey  typo  being  obsoloscont;"  otliorwise  as  in  Petromy- 
Sim  ;  Boa  lamproya.  Dathymyzon,  5. 

1>h.  Snpraoral  and  iiifraoral  laniinn>  witb  tootb  or  tooth-liko  tubercloH. 

c.  Snpraoral  lamina  coiitractod,  tbo  armatnro  consisting  of  2  or  3  cusps  placed  rlono 
togellier;  diKcal  tectb  numerous,  in  cnnccntric  series  ;  anterior  lingual  tootb 
witb  a  median  depression  or  frroove  ;  buccal  disk  large  in  tbo  adult,  con- 
tracted ill  tbe  youii}:. 

Anterior  lingual  tootb  witb  a  deep  median  groove  and  terminating  in  an  in- 
curved point ;  dorsal  fln  divided.     Largo  lamiireys;  unadromoua. 

Petromyzon,  C. 


*  For  a  detailed  account  of  the  North  American  Lampreys,  see  Jordan  &  Fordice,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Ac.  Sci.,  188C.  For  au  excellent  account  of  the  life  history  of  certain  Bpecies  see  Gage,  in  Wilder 
Quarter-Century  Boole,  1893,  pp.  420-479. 


*  A;.tf.'W.VjiSreji>&^i;.a?*3i£K-  .IffiA'Ait^'ii  liiTf? 


■  '■'^'}^-^^^^^^^:,:l:'l^.ii^^i'. 


Jordan  and  livcrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  9 


iU\.  Aiiti'i'ior  liiiKHul  tcintli  divided  liy  a  iiicdiiin  ^ruiivt<;  dorsal  Ihi  ('ciiitiniiouM, 

Willi  li  limuc)  notch.     Small  laiiipii'yH;  fluviiitile.         IcitTiiYOMV/.uN,  7. 

<•<■.  Sii|iriuiiiil  liiriiiiia  very  lai'Kc,  cxiianclcd  liifi-rally,  rorniiii);  n  croHcoiit-aliuiiod  plato 

with  u  i-us|i  at  cither  end  and  noinetiniuH  a  niodiaiiciiNp;  anterior  llni^ual  teeth 

nmro  or  less  Hcrrate. 

e.  Siipiaoral   lamina  with  a  well-developeci  median  cuap  ;  anterior  lingnal  tooth 

weilno-shnped,  its  cd(?e  finely  serrate  and  nearly  Ktralj;ht ;  dorfliil  flndivid- 

i-d  ;  hiKM-al  dislv  moderate,  Home  of  Its  teeth  hleiispid.       Lar^^e  lampreys; 

anailronions.  Entosphem's,  8. 

rf.  Sn|iraonil  lamina  with  a  very  small  median  cusp  or  none;  anterior  lingual 

tooth   litth'  developed,  its  vA%o  crescent-shaped  and  dentate;  the  middle 

denticle  enlurKed;   liuccal  disk  small,  the  teeth  Binall  and  never  tricuspid; 

dorsal  fins  separate  or  deeply  divided;  small  laniptoys;  finviatile. 

Lampktra,  9. 

S.  BATHYMYZON,  (Jill. 

Ualhumir."!!,  Oii.i.,  »'ro<'.  I'.S.  Xat.  Mus.,l883,2r.l,  (lutirdii). 

Stipraoral  lamina  contracted,  its  two  converpfing  teeth  almost  completely 
fused,  and  only  evident  at  the  snniuiit  ol"  the  comhined  mass;  infiaoral 
lamina  crescontilbrm  and  spout-like  at  the  middle  and  with  the  den- 
ticles obsolete ;  discoperipheral  teeth  numerous  and  in  obi icjuoly  arched 
series  of  4  to  7,  declining  downward  ;  innermost  lateral  teeth  of  the  4  rows 
diverging  from  mouth,  in  each  side  bicuspid,  with  the  cusps  approx- 
imated and  diminishing  downward  rapidly;  lingual  teeth  3,  pectinate. 
Hie  anterior  deeply  impressed  and  sulcate  backward  at  the  middle,  and 
(he  posterior  correspondingly  curved  backward  at  their  inner  lateral 
angles;  the  anterior  dorsal  tin  distinct   from   posterior,     {fla&ix,  deep; 

ftixo,  to  suck.) 

7.  BATHIMTZOX   ItAIItDII,  (Gill). 

Head  from  snout  to  first  branchial  aperture  about  7  times  in  total 
length  ;  eye  midway  between  snout  .and  fifth  branchial  aperture;  diame- 
ter of  buccal  disk  equal  to  interval  between  eye  and  fifth  branchial  aper- 
ture, the  margin  regularly  fringed  ;  indications  of  8  teeth  on  the  iufraoral 
laminii ;  tips  of  the  two  supraoral  ones  barely  perceptible ;  pectinations 
of  lingual  teeth  well  marked.  Chest  about  as  long  as  snout.  Fins  mod- 
erate ;  anterior  dorsal  somewhat  higher  in  front  of  middle  than  diameter 
of  orbit,  second  dorsal  about  twice  as  high,  or  equal  to  the  distance  be- 
tween eye  and  first  branchial  aperture.  Color  dark,  belly  grayish  ;  second 
dorsal  darker  across  middle  in  front  and  toward  margin  behind  ;  caudal 
blackish  throughout.  (Gill.)  Gulf  stream,  once  taken.  (Named  for 
Spencer  FuUerton  Baird.) 

I'drcmii-im  {ndlhiiiiiiir.mi)  hitinJii,  GiLi,,  /.  r.,  254,  1883;  lat.  49"  N.,  547  fathoms;  GooDK  & 
Ukan,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  4,  1801.     (Type,  No.  .'CtSll.) 

6.  PETROMYZON,  (Artedi),  Linnaeus. 
(Lampreys.) 

Petrnmnsmi,  (Artei>i),  Livn.tu>!,  Systema  Natnrn-,  Kd.  x,  1758,  2;iO  {murinm). 

.■lmw.M,i/.«,  (Pumeril),  CuviEn,  Kegne  Animal,  Ed.  i,  119,  1817,  {binuchinlui,  larval  form  of  any 

oral!  European  species.) 
^t)H)no(?.if(ii,s,  Ui.AiNvltLE,  Faune  Franjaise,  liv.  xxiv,  3,  1828,  {branchialis). 

Lampreys  with  the  supraoral  lamina  armed  with  2  or  3  separate  teeth, 
pointed,  and  close  together,  not  forming  a  crescent-shaped  plate ;  anterior 


'"■■I 


?ri 


n! 


vi 


TTT — ^m 


i! 


/} 


If ;  . 


'!    t 


10 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


lingual  tooth  with  a  median  depression ;  buccal  disk  large,  with  nnmerons 
teeth  arranged  in  concentric  series ;  dorsal  fins  separate,  the  second  joined 
to  the  caudal. 

North  Atlantic,  ascending  rivers;  one  species  known,  the  largest  of  the 
lampreys,    {nirpn,  stone;  ftCCu,  to  suck.) 

SyPETBOMYZON  IWAKIM'S,  LinnsBUs. 
(Great  Sea  Lampkey  ;  LAHrnev  Kri,.) 

Head  large,  longer  than  the  branchial  area ;  buccal  disk  large,  with 
numerous  conical  teeth,  arranged  in  obliquely  transverse  series,  4  to  7  in 
each  row;  lateral  teeth  on  each  side  of  mouth  bicuspid,  the  other  teeth 
simple;  dorsals  low,  well  separated;  the  second  dorsal  with  a  depression 
on  the  tail ;  lips  moderately  fringed ;  males  and  often  females,  in  spring, 
with  an  elevated  fleshy  ridge  on  back  before  dorsal  fin ;  64  muscular  im- 
pressions between  gill  openings  and  vent.  Color  bluish  brown,  mottled 
with  blackish  confluent  patches,  rarely  nearly  plain;  whitish  below. 
Length  24  to  36  inches.  Atlantic  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America, 
southward  to  Chesapeake  Bay,  abundant  northward,  ascending  streams 
in  the  spring  to  deposit  its  spawn.  (^v.) 

Petromyzon  nmriiiHn,  LiNN^fU'S,  Sj'flt.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  230,  European  Seas ;  (aftor  Artedi); 
GOntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  501  ;  Jordan  &  Gimikkt,  Synopsis,  11,  1883  ;  Jordan  &  Fokdice,  Ann. 
Ac.  Sci.N.  Y.,188C,  283. 

Petrotny:oii  americn>m»,  Le  Si'eiir,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  i,  383, 1818,  Coast  of  Massachu- 
setts; Stouer,  Fish.  Mass.,  2.')1,  pi.  38,  fig.  4,1867. 

Pelromiizon  nigvictmi,  Le  SuKrR,  I.  c,  385,  1818,  Massachusetts. 

Ammoarte»  hicolor,  Le  Sfecr,  /.  c,,  386,  1818,(Iarva),  Northampton,  Massachusetts. 

Petroniyzon  ai)}>ewlix,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  381,1842,  (young).  Providence;  Hudson 
River, 

fPelrmmjznnlnmolteni,  Le  Sueur,  in  Do  Kay,  h  c,  382,  1842,  no  locality. 

Represented  in  fresh  waters  by 

8a.  PETROMYZON   NARIXUS  UNICOLOR,  (De  Kay). 

A  dwarfish  form  similar  to  the  common  lamprey  ;  darker  and  more  uni- 
form in  color,  the  dorsal  ridge  larger,  the  fins  closer  together ;  found  land- 
locked in  the  lakes  of  northern  and  central  New  York ;  abundant  in 
Cayuga  Lake. 

Ammocoplfn  miirohr,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  383,  1842,  (larva),  Lalce  Champlain. 
Ptlrotnyr.fin  mnritim  dormhis.  Wilder  MS.,  JORDAN  &  GuDERT,  Synopsis,  869,  1883,  Cayuga  Lake. 

(Typo,  No.  :U36S) ;  Gaok,  Wilder  Quarter  Century  Book,  18!»3,  420. 
Petromyson  iiinrinwivnicoloi;  31EEK,,  Ann.  Ac.  Scl.  I(.  Y.,  1886,  284. 

7.  ICHTHYOMYZON,  Girard. 
(RiVEU  Lampreys.) 

Ichthyomyzon,  Gtkard,  Pac.  B.  R.  Sur.,  x,  .381,1858,  (argenleu»). 
Scolecosoma,  GiRAnn,  I.  c,  385,  1858,  {cnnmlnr,  larva). 

Allied  to  Petromyzon,  but  with  the  anterior  lingual  tooth  divided  by  a 
median  groove.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  with  a  broad  notch.  Small 
lampreys;  confined  to  fresh  waters  in  eastern  United  States.  (Ix^vg, 
fish;  fiv^u,  to  suck.) 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  11 


a.  IIoiiil  V/x  ill  li'iiRtlij  iiifraoral  lamina  with  7  nispg.  ioncolor,  9. 

aa.  H'liil  '•  in  longtli;  Infraoral  liiniina  with  7  to  12 cusps.  castankus,  10. 

9.  ICIITIIYOMYZON  COXCOLOR,  (Kirtluud). 
(Silvery  Lampkev.) 

Body  considerahly  compressed ;  head  broad,  with  large  buccal  disk, 
which  is  iiiodcratoly  fringed;  teeth  strong  and  nearly  niiiforni,  the  2 
snpraoral  tt'cth  being  Himilar  to  those  on  the  rest  of  the  disk  ;  lateral 
teeth  all  simple;  infraoral  cuaps  connivent, 7  in  number,  the  middle  ones 
the  longest;  upper  margin  of  dorsal  scarcely  depressed  in  front  of  the 
vent;  origin  of  dorsal  nearly  midway  between  the  tip  of  snout  and  end 
of  tail ;  51  muscular  impressions  between  gill  openings  and  vent.  Head 
1\ ;  depth  12.  Color,  silvery,  bluish  above,  sometimes  with  bluish  spots ; 
a  small  dusky  spot  above  each  gill  opening,  usually  conspicuous  even  in 
the  larva;  larva  with  small  toothless  contracted  mouth,  as  in  /*.  mnriniis. 
It  may  be  that  this  is  the  young  of  Peironujzon  mnrinua.  L.  12  inches. 
Great  Lakes  and  upper  Mississippi  Valley ;  rather  common  ;  ascending 
small  brooks  in  the  spring,    (cuncolor,  uniformly  colored.) 

Pelromijznn  anjmtiiif,  Kirtland,  Host.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  lii,  1840,  342,  with  plato  (name  pre- 
occupied). Big  Miami  River. 
Amnincd'U-s  cimcolm;  KiRTLAXi),  I  c.,47;i,  with  plato  (larra),  Mahoning  River  ;  Scioto  River. 
f  Amuiociiieihoreidu,  Aijassiz,  Lako  Superior,  252,  1850,  Michipicoten  River. 
f  Aiiimociflen  Kpylerm,  Adiiott,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18t;o,  1127  (larva),  Ohio  River. 
I'flioinyzim  hilellium,  Jdrda.n,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  A.,  4,  1885,  after  Kirtland. 
Pfliomir.ou  concolor,  Jordan  &  Foudice,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sci.,  18Sfi,  2*2. 
lehthyowysoH  aryentewi,  Jordan  &  Gildert,  Synopsis,  10,  1^83. 

10^IC;HT1IYOMYZO^•  CASTANEUS,  Girard. 

Snpraoral  lamina  tricuspid;  some  of  the  lateral  teeth  bicuspid;  infra- 
oral  lamina  with  7  to  12  cusps ;  head  9  in  length ;  otherwise  as  in  /.  concolor, 
the  color  more  yellowish.  L.  12  inches.  Missiusippi  Valley,  scarce.* 
(castaneu8,  chestnut  color. ) 

Inhthyomyzon  cantaiieim,  OiRARD,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  381,  IS.'iS,  Galena,.  Minnesota, 

hhlhynmyzon  hirwli,  GiUAUD,  I.  c,  382,  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas.     (Tvpo,  No.  980.) 

Petri)mij::oH  raxtfiiiciix,  JoRiiAN  AGll.DKRT,  Synopsis,  808, 1883,  and  Jordan  &  Fordicr,  '.  r.,  281, 18GC; 

Gi'NTiiER,  Cat.,  VIII,  507,  1870. 
IchthyomyMH  hinido,  Gu'nther,  <!at.,  vin,507,  1870. 


I- 


\l 


1 


I' 


8.  ENTOSPHENUS.  Gill. 

pntnaphetmn,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nnt.  Sci.  Phila.,  18fi2,  331,  {tridetiUitun,  imnif"  only);  Joiidan  &  Gii- 
iiEUT,  Synopsis,  7,  1883  {Iriilenlaluii). 

Lampreys  of  large  size,  with  the  snpraoral  lamina  forming  a  crescent- 
shaped  plate  on  which  are  3  cusps,  the  middle  one  little  smaller  than 
the  others;  anterior  lingual  tooth  wedge-shaped,  its  edge  almost  st/aight 
and  finely  pectinate;  lips  fringed;  buccal  disk  moderate,  its  teeth  com- 
paratively few ;  dorsal  fins  separate.     One  species,  a  large  anadromous 


♦Recorded  from  Galena,  Minn.  (Girard);    Mill  Creek,  Shawnoo  Co.,  Kans.  (Cragin);  Fort 
Smith,  Ark.  (Girard);  Forlorn  Hope,  La.  (Bean);  Manitoba  (Evermann). 


'\l   I 


M 


12 


Hulletin  4^,  Uniti-d  States  Nationn/  Atuseuin. 


lamprey,  found  in  th«  North  I'licifu;,  Hiniiliir  in  hiiMt  to  I'ltromyzon  inaihiUH 
of  tho  North  Atlantic.  {Idtoi,,  within;  (yif>i/i>,  wudgu;  tliu  lingual  tooth 
being  wodgo-Hhapud.) 

II.  KNT(WPIIKM;s  iniDENTATrs,  (niilrdiinr). 

LipH  thick,  fringod  with  nuniorouN  papilhi>,  within  which  are  Hninll 
teeth.  Inirnorul  laniinu  with  .j  or  d  cuHpH ;  hucctil  tooth  Ix'forc  month 
nnicuHpid,  tlii)st<  on  HidoH  larg<>r,  the  HrHt  and  l.iHt  bicnspid,  t\\t'  middle 
onoH  tricuHpid  ;  median  Bupraoral  cusp  little  more  than  i  tli*>  length  of 
tho  other  2;  HrHt  dorsal  fin  distant  about  i  of  its  own  length  from  the 
second.  Plead  8  to  10  in  length  ;  73  muscular  impreHsions  between  gill 
openings  and  vent.  Color,  plain  dark  brown,  rarely  mottled.  Pacilic 
coast  of  America,  Unalaska  to  .Southern  ('alifornia;  ascending  streams  ut 
spawn,  going  as  far  as  Walla  Walla,  in  the  Columbia,  its  range  southward 
extends  to  Santa  Ana  River  at  Riverside,  California.  L.  18  inches  or 
more,     (trideiitatus,  three-toothed.) 

Vetromii^on  IriilenMm,  (Oaiiidnfk  M.S.),  Kichaudson,  Faiiiiii  Itor.  Am.,  2911,  183(;,  Falls  of  the 
Walamet,  now  Willamette. 

I'etromijzon  fiHiUiiii,  AviiES,  Pnic.  (!ul.  Ao.  Si-i.,  lsr>.'"),  -14,  San  Francisco. 

I'eiromywii  liviilns,  OiiiAitn,  I'lic  K.  U.  Siirv.,  IlTli,  IsAH,  Wahlahmath  River,  Oregon  (Willa- 
mette River.)     (Type,  No.  97r,.) 

Pehomijz(m  (ulnri,  (iiiiARii,  /.  r,,  1180,  l8r>K,  Astoria,  Oregon.    (Tvpi',  N(i.  !t78.) 

Ichlhiii>myr,ou  Iriih-ttlnlm  iinil  <i»l«ri,  Gi'.STiiKH,  Cat.,  viii,  .WCi,  1K"((. 

Wiifti«j(/icinM  qii/icj-oiJim,  GiM,,  rroc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liila.,  lac'j,  XW,  Fort  Reading,  California 
aft  or  G  Irani. 

Lampfli-ii  Iriileiitala,  atlnri,  and  epiliexnih»i,  .Ioiidan  A'  (ilMiElir,  SyiiopHlH,  7,  8,  188H. 

Ammocwlei  lri<k)UiUm,  .Iobdan  i^  Fhudk'f.,  /.  r.,  '2!tl,  ISSCi. 

9.  LAMPETRA,    (Jray. 
(Brook  Lampukys.) 

Lantpetrn,  Gray,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  London,  l.sr>l,  235,  (rfiii'ia/w). 

Lampreys  of  small  size,  with  tho  dorsal  fin  omargiuate  or  divided  into 
two  parts,  the  posterior  portion  continuous  with  the  low  anal  fin  around 
tho  tail ;  supraoral  lamina  broad,  forming  a  crescentic  plate,  with  a  largo 
bluntish  cusp  at  each  end,  and  rarely  a  very  small  median  cusp;  lingual 
teeth  small,  with  a  crescent-shaped  dentate  edge,  the  median  denticle 
enlarged;  buccal  disk  sm.all,  its  teeth  few  Jind  never  tricuspid.  Snuill 
lampreys,  inhabiting  the  brooks  of  Europe  and  North  America.  Five  or  IJ 
specieskuown,  bearing  much  tho  same  relation  to  fjHtotjihiuuH  that  Ivhthy- 
omyzon  bears  to  I'ctromyzon.     (lambcri',  to  suck;  pelra,  stone.) 

(1.  Dorsal  fin  dividoil  into  2  parts  wliioh  arc  separate,  or  joinrd  at  base  only. 


*Tho  namo  Ammoccples  was  originally  applied  to  the  larval  forms  of  I'eh(i)iiy::n)iiili<  whicli  are 
in  that  Btu^o  specifically  indiHtili);uislialil(Miiid  wliicli  wen- siipposcil  l>y  Dumcril  and  Ciiviir  to 
liogeuurically  distinct  from  tho  adult  tornis.  After  the  identity  of  the  two  was  discovered,  the 
namo /lHimoc(c<6'«  was  used  by  many  writers,  followiiiij;  a  HUggei'tion  of  Milne-Edwanl.i,  as  a  ncn- 
eral  term  to  be  applied  to  tlio  blind  or  larval  stage  of  all  lampreys.  Lainpitra  of  Gray  slionld 
therefore  bo  used  for  this  gonus,  for  which  it  was  originally  proposed.  Inasmuch  as  no  Euro- 
pean Ammoccetei  can  bo  referred  to  any  determinate  species  of  Pelromyzonid,  the  nominal  genua 
corresponds  with  Petromyzona.B  a  whole  and  not  to  any  subdivision. 


/ordiin  itHif  Evo  maun. — Fishes  of  North  Amennt. 


13 


/'.   Iiil'l'iioial  hiiiiliia  »  itii  7  riiH|>N  ;  (IoihuIh  wliolly  iU'|iarut('. 
/./i.   Iiilniiiiiil  liimiim  w  illi  H  nr  !»  cu-iih. 

<'.  l.ati'i'ul  tcrlh  usiiall.v  t  <>ti  I'ltrli  itiilc,  ull  liiciis|iiil  ;  ilui'HiiN  h('|iui'uU'. 


Al'UKA,  12. 


HI'ADD'KA,    Vl. 


Iiiiti'i'iil  teeth  iHiinlly  It  on  eaeli  Hide  nf  illnk,  the  tiiidilli'  niie  lri<'ilH|ii(l,  tliu  ntlierH 


liiill«Iiiil  ;  (liilsill!!  Kll>;litl.V  I'lilinccteil. 


niiAlliA,  II. 


I)<>i'sal  lliis  (listiiK'tlv  niiiti'd,  with  ii  Hhur|i  iioti'li  ;  littcrnl  li'etli  iisimily  :i,  liii'iispid. 


liKlll,  \U. 


12.  liAMI'KTKA  AritKA,  (Ueuii) 


Dot  Will  fiiiH  Hopniatci,  tlio  liiHt  \  tlio  Iiei^jht  of  tlio  hccoiuI,  tlio  iiitci- 
spaeo  ii  till)  li;ii<j:t)i  of  tlio  lirst;  infniorul  laiiiiiiii  witli  7  ciih]>h,  tliu  oiitur 
lai'^est ;  liviul  HliuitiT  tlinii  thorax,  10^  in  lunj^th.  PIutiibcouB,  jroldeii 
bolow.  (lUon.)  Yukon  JvMvor  and  Htro.'iius  of  Alasku  and  Kamchatkii.  L. 
about  a  foot.     Vt-iy  closo  to  the  V.\no\wiin  L.  JhuiatiHn.  (<r«r«;«N,  golden.) 

.lmm.M„^^  .(iiim.,  Hkan,  Tmc.   U.  S.  Nat.   Mils.,  IHHl,  1,V,),  Yukon  River;  (Tjipc,  X...  21.V2.I) ; 

JiiunAN  \  (Jii.iir.nT,  S.vmiiisis,  8(IH,  I88;i. 
1,111111'rtiii  fiiiii^rhitiirii,  I'ai.i.as,  Zoogr.      Ito.sHo-Afiat.,  Ill,  07,  lull,  Kamchatka.      TliiH   wan 

appai'i'Mlly  not  iiiteiidc  d  as  ii  hinoiriial  iiatiie. 
-  /'W/.i)/(/r."i'  /""■r"^'^,  <JiiiAi!i),  I'ar.  It.  H.  Suiv.,  I!77,  1S5H,  after  I',  jliiriiili",  Uicliardaoii,  iiieiitioiied 

only  as  a  Miiall  laMipn.v  uttaelied  to  an  Iiicoiiiiii  ill  Great  Slave  Lake,  "  vt-ry  liku  Illucli's 

llgliri'"  of  J,.  Jlnriiililis, 

1!J.  LAMl'KTKA  SIMDICKA,  man. 

DoiHals  Hi'jiaratod,  the  intcMspaco  i  the  Huout,  insertion  of  tirst  at 
middle  of  liody;  second  dorsal  little  higher  than  lirst;  infraoral  lamina 
with  9  cusps,  the  outer  largest;  lingual  tooth  with  about  20  pee  tin  a^ ;  4 
liieiispid  teeth  on  each  side  of  disk.  Guanajuato,  Mexico.  {Bean.)  {sjpu- 
dici'Hs,  nut-brown.) 

lAdiqi'lm  siKidiira,  llKAN,  Troc.  l".  S.  Nat.  MtiB.,  1887,  :i74,  Guanajuato,  Mexico.     (Tyi*,  No. 
:WQOn.) 

11.'  I.AMPKTKA  C'lItAItlA,  (Girard). 

Lips  fringed;  infraoral  lamina  with  8  or  9  snbequal  cusps;  about  three 
teeth  on  each  side  of  buccal  disk,  the  middle  one  usually  tricuspid,  the 
others  bicuspid  ;  teeth  on  upper  part  of  disk  8inii)lc;  dorsal  tins  slightly 
connected  at  base;  second  dorsal  not  much  higher  than  lirst,  much  lower 
tiian  ill  L.  iciUlcri ;  insertion  of  dorsal  a  littlo  behind  middle  of  body; 
(tIJ  muscular  depressions  between  last  gill  opening  and  vent;  head  10  iu 
length.  Colorplumbeous,  sides  silvery.  L.  8  inches.  Pacific  slope,  from 
Fraser  Kiver  to  the  Sacramento,  Rather  common  in  the  riversand  brooks 
northward.     (cihiiritiH,  pertaining  to  food.) 

I'llniiiiijr.im  jiliiniliiiis,  Ayuks,  I'ldc.  Oal.  Ac.  Sii.,  liTA,  28,  (name  iireorcupied),  ban  Francisco. 
AiiitiKicalcs  cihdiiiis,  (iiiiAitn,  Vac.  11. 1!.  Surv.,;!S:!,  l,s.')8,  larva,  Puget  Sound;  Jordan  &  FoiiunK, 

/.<■.,  202,  lS8(i.     (Type,  No.  (117ti.) 
I'ltniiiiii.-iiii  tiiinsi,  (li'NTiiKU,  Cat.,  viii,  f)05,  1870,  British  Columbia. 
lAiiiipi'tmjihiiiil.id,  .loiiiiAN  &  (iii.iiKiiT,  Syuopsis,  8,  188:!. 

l.'i.  LAMPKTUA  ^VILOKItl,  Gafje,  new  sp.ricrt. 
(Small  IIlack  Lami'iiey.) 

Head  moderate,  about  as  long  as  the  thorax ;  month  small ;  snout  shorter 
and  lips,  less  fringed  than  iu  L.  planerl ;  dorsal  fins  connected  only  in 
breeding  season,  inserted  behind  middle  of  body,  considerably  depressed 
in  front  of  the  vent,  but  not  divided  into  2  fins;  posterior  lobe  highest; 


1 
I 

. 

i    . 

ir 

:*■, 

^     " 

;  i\. 

■  : 

i  i 

■\^ 

'■ 

1  i: 

Jill 

m 


T-w 


ml 


'!l 


m 


I 


'•I 


n 


II 


I 


! 


II 


14 


JiiiUftin  ./7,  UniteU  Stata  \ati(>nal  Museum. 


iiiHortiuii  ot'tlorHiil  a  littlo  liuturuiiiitMloof  Ixuly ;  l)uth<loiHulN  higli,  tli«t  liiHt 
U  in  luu}{litot'HucoiMl ;  aiuiituliitvuiiHpiciioiiH  in  thoNpriii^;  i\vi>n  nio«l««rut<>; 
Hupruurul  laininu  with  itH  cuHim  lur^u,  trianfriilur,  well  Huparated;  a  HMiall 
|iointt!iI  MUMlian  ciiHp  HoniotiineH  prcNcnt  in  tlie  adult;  in  liall'-^iown  Hpuci- 
niond  the  lamina  I'urnm  '.curved  plato  without  diHtinct  riiHpH;  intraoral 
lamina  cuivtul,  with  5  luU  AudilM,  Idiinti.sli,  Hubuiiual  riiNpH;  aliont  libicuH- 
pid  tflotli  on  rach  nidi*  of  mouth;  otlusr  hucfal  teeth  tiimido.  Head  XJ;  r»7 
nuiHculiir  impi'eHNions  Itetween  ;rill  ttpenin^^n  and  vent.  Mluiuh  hlaek 
ah(»ve,  hilvery  below.  Ji.  <>  to  10  inches.  A  HUiall  specien  aHcendinjj  went- 
cin  HtreaniH  in  the  Hprin<r  in  ju;reat  nnmbeiN  to  deposit  its  spawn  ;  abundant 
from  VVj'btern  New  York  {Cayuj;a  Lake;  Meek,  (iajje)  to  Iowa,  both  in 
tributaries  of  the  (ftoat  Lakes  and  tho  Ohio  and  Mississippi.  Our  species 
HceniH  to  1)0  distinct  from  A«;H^;i'/r«  jW«/i(t»,  tjenenilly  common  in  Noith- 
westorn  Europe.  (Nan\eil  for  Hurt  (Jreen  Wihb'r,  the  distingiiisliud 
anatomist,  the  lirst  to  study  the  lampreys  of  Cayu^ja  Lake.  Specimens 
from  that  locality  are  taken  as  types  of  L.  wilthri.) 

Velriimijvm  iii'jniiu,  UAFiNK8iii'K,  Icli.  Oh.,  SI,  t,><'J(»,  (niiiii"  iiruLX  (.•iipiuil),  Falls  of  Ohiu. 
'  I'elroiiiii.-.dii  lirimcliidlis,  (ii  .ntiii:i!,  Cat.,  viii,  finj,  |S70. 
AmmdaiU'.i  tiiijei;  Jdhdan  XiilUtV.lVV,  !S.vii(i|w1m,  !t,  1K(<:1, 

Amiiwfii'IfH  bnuuliiuUii,  JouVAS  &  FollUli  K,  I.e.,  ii'.Kt,   lusi'i.     (Jauk,   in   Wildi-r  i^uiirti'i-Cciiiiir* 
IVxik,  4;ttj,  18y3. 

Class  III.   PISCES. 

(Thk  Fishes.) 

The  Pisces,  or  Fishes,  may  bo  deiined  as  cold-ldoodcd  '  '  tebrates  adapt- 
ed for  life  in  the  water,  breiithing  by  means  of  gills  win* .  are  attached  to 
bony  or  cartilaginous  gill  arches,  the  gills  persistent  throughout  life; 
having  the  skull  well  developed  and  provided  with  a  lower  jaw;  the  limbs 
present  and  developed  as  fins,  rarely  wanting  tluough  atrophy  ;  shoulder 
girdle  present,  furculashaped,  curvt;d  forward  below,  rarely  obsolete 
or  represented  by  cartilage;  pelvic  bones  present;  exoskeleton  developed 
as  scales  or  bony  ])Iates  or  horny  appendages  or  sometimes  entirely  want- 
ing, and  with  the  median  lino  of  the  body  provided  with  one  or  more  tins 
composed  of  cartilaginous  rays  connected  by  membrane,  the  fins  rarely 
atrophied. 

All  recent  writers  on  fishes  agree  that  the  Laucelets  and  the  Lampreys 
differ  so  widely  in  structure  and  development  from  the  true  fishes  that 
they  must  be  regarded  as  forming  distinct  classes.  Many  writers  go  still 
further,  and  remove  from  the  class  of  fishes  the  Sharks,  Skates,  Chimieras 
and  Dipuoans.  A  smaller  number  remove  the  (ianoids,  also.  It  seems  to  us, 
however,  preferable  to  regard  these,  with  the  True  Fishes,  or  Teleosts,  as 
members  of  the  single  class  of  Pisces. 

The  class  Pisces  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  5  subclasses — 
Selachii,  HoLOCErnALi,  Dipnoi,  CKO880rTEUYGiA,aud  Teleostomi.  As 
there  are  no  North  American  representatives  of  the  Dipnoi  (Ceuatodus, 

LePIDOSIKEN,  Pl{OTOPTEKUS),or  of  the  CU0880PTERYGIA   (POLYPTEKUS), 

these  singular  groups  may  be  passed  by  v.'ithout  further  mention  iu  this 
work. 


,i^.i^^^i^  vi*i;;;i 


'^^y.  ^:->X.^^u^: 


J  or  dim  «///</  Evermann. — I'ishes  of  North  Amerint.  \'t 


SUIICI.AHHKS  OF   PI8CK8. 

.1    Mkiill  wltlioiit  njHtiiii  of  meiubr»iie  li.im'ii(o|H'rcl«'B,  etc.). 

h,  HuMiH'i 'iiiiii  of  lli«  iiiniiiUlihi  pri'iu'iit.    nillM  not  frito,  lioIriK  attacliol  liy  tlui  niitnr 

iniiri^iii  til  till!  hUiii ;  ^'HA*  I<'W  anil  lurK",  iiiiiiri'xiiiittHl  iiiiil  Miiiii'tiiiii'Nili<vi'lii|i<til  iiitrr- 
unlly,  riivcrril  \%itli  11  tlilrk  li'utlnTjr  Kkiii  «  lieu  ili'vcloiiuil  oxtoriiiilly  ;  niitiryo  wUli 
(li'ciiliiiiiiK  <<xli'niiil  kIIIh  \  n»  iiiuinliritiKi  Iiuiiuk  lilmut  ttioliuml;  u|i|mtJiiw  forini'il  uf 
luklutiiii' mill  |ili'i'vKiiiil  (<tumi>iiiH  witliuut  iimxilliiry  or  proiiiuxlllury;  Hkrli'tmi  oir- 
tilii);iii<iiiN  ;  hUiiII  uithoiit  HiitiiniN  ;  tiiil  Ih'Iitim  (•iriil  ;  ventral  Huh  alHloiiilnal ;  main 
Willi  liii'i;i'  inlninillti'iit  urKaiiMiir<'laN|ii'iN  altaihuii  tn  tlin  ventral  linn,  tlieHO  ('omi|iIi<x 
in  ulnii'tiiri'  in  ixislinK  h|ii'('I<'h  ;  NlmnliliT  K'rillu  imt  atlarlii'il  to  llio  Hkull ;  skin 
iiaki'il  iirriivcrril  witlicnmll  roiMlmouloH,  orHpliiuB, or  Imny  liiu'klorn;  noairlilHiiilur; 
arlcriul  Inilli  with  ;t  xerius  of  vutvea ;  optic  iiltvuh  with  a  chiaHnm  ;  cereliral 
lii'iniNpliiTi'H  nniti'il  ;  ^'III  opcninKHglit-lIko,  5  ti>  7  in  uiiinlier  ;  Ja»H  iliHtinct  from 
till'  nIuiII,  jiilni'il  In  It  I'y  Hnxpcnnury  buui'M  ;  teetli  dlMtinit.     (fjliarkn  anil  Skati'H.) 

Mri.aciiii. 

bb.  KuHpenxuriuni  of  the  miinililile  wanting;  no  maxillary  arch;  vuutral  Ann  with  claH|H'rH; 

Kill  opeiiinK  HinKle,  leailiDK  to  4  n\\\  HiitM;  JawH  coaltwoeiit  with  llio  Hkull;  tueth 

uniteil  in  Ihr  form  of  huny  plateH.     (Chinnerafi.)  HuLOCKrilALl. 

nil.  Hkull  with  a  will-devplopi'il  HyMleni  of  niemhrano  lioneH  (opereluN,  Nuliorhilal  riuK,  etc.); 
giliK  free,  attached  (o  tlio  ^\\\  urrhen  liy  tliclr  haHcH  only  ;  gill  opening  Hingle  uii  each 
Hide;  e)(K*i  comparatively  nntM  and  numerous;  no  cluiipers;  a  luaxlllury  arch;  ceruhrat 
liemiBphervH  not  united.    (Trne  FinheB.)  Tklkostumi. 

Subclass  SELACHII.* 

(The  Sharks  and  Skates.) 

ThiH  group,  HuDlcioutly  defuiod  above,  includes  among  recent  HhIich,  the 
HIiai'kH  iintl  the  Kuyu,  niuiiiiu  iLsheH  niontly  of  large  Hi/.e,  ahounding  in  all 
seaH.  The  group  ih  commonly  divided  into  2  orders,  which  are  widely 
different  in  appearance,  so  far  an  the  extremes  are  concerned,  but  which 
pass  into  each  other  by  insensible  gradations. 

We  begin  the  group  with  the  archaic  typo,  the  order  or  suborder  Diplos- 
{toiidyli,  proceeding  thence  from  the  more  generalized  sharks  to  the  special- 
ized skates.  The  true  sharks  form  an  almost  perfect  gradation  into  tlie 
skates,  but  there  are  no  forms  extant  which  connect  the  DiploHjwiidyli 
with. modern  sharks,  ((T(:?.axor,  shark;  the  word  originally  meaning 
cartilage.) 

OlU>El{S  OK  SeLACIIII. 

II.  (jiill  openings  6  or  7  ;  dorKal  tin  Kin^fle  ;  vertehral  column  imjierfectly  soKmeiited,  each  seg- 
ment being  eiiulvalout  to  'J  vertebra',  and  bearing  2  neural  aches  ;  anal  flu  preHenf. 

Dii'i.osi'ONDyi,!,  D. 

CJill   oponingB  !> ;  vertebral  culumu  well  segmented,  each  segment  formiug   a    neural 

arch  and  1  centrum. 

Ii.  Vertebra"  each  with  the  internal  calcarooua  lamelliu  radiating  from  the  central  ring  ; 

anal  fln  preKent.  A8TF.BO.si>oNnYLi,  K. 

bb.  Vertebra'  with  the  internal  calcareous  lamellae  not  radiating,  Imt  arranged  in  one  or 

more  concentric  circles  or  series  around  tho  central  ring  ;   no  anal  fin  ;  palato- 

quadrate  arch  not  articulated  to  the  skull. 

c.  Gill  openings  lateral ;  dorsal  flus  2.  Cycloshondyli,  F. 

CO.  Gill  o|)eniug8  ventral ;  dorsal  fins  small  and  posterior,  or  wanting  ;  body  and  jiec- 

toral  tins  formiug  a  depressed  ilUk.  Batohiki,  G. 

^  *  Also  frequently  known  a.s  ElKsmobnmi'hii,  Plaijiortomntu,  Cliomlropterygia,  or  Placoidei.  In  Prof. 
Cope's  system,  the  AieduAu  constitute  one  of  the  2  orders  in  tli is  subclass  and  all  tho  existing 
sharks  and  skates  are  referred  t  o  it.  In  the  Sehichii,  as  thus  understood,  the  claspers  are  complex, 
while  in  the  extinct  order  ot  Ichlhijotomi  these  organs  are  simple. 


i 
■    1, 

I 

it! 


i-  ^ 


.1' 


(       i  j' 


'".^n'-'..  ,.>';i-':^.A;.Ju-;i:-.v  «-y*  .jj."t 


i 


I 


<i 


t ', 


■ ' ,  „ 


I.; 


n 


^ 


10 


Ihillttin  ./7,  United  Stairs  National  Museum. 


Order  I).  DIPLOSPONDYLI. 

(Tlir,    NoTIDANOIl)    vSllARKS.) 

Hhiii'kNwith  tli»i»al»toi|iiii(lnitMU]>pai-iitMs  .articiiliitod  ori>onuuot<t(l\vitli 
till)  poNtoiliitiil  |in>ct«MH«m  of  tlio  Hkiill ;  Itruncliial  upttrtiuoH  in  iniMuuHttd 
iiiiiiiImm',  (i  or  7:  only  1  tloiHul  liii.  Vertebral  eoliiiiiii  iiiiiierCeetly  He;r- 
inuntutl  HO  that  from  eaeli  Ne^riiuuit  2  lUMual  arulieM  and  'J  vurtui)ral  bodien 
iiriHu.  AiiioiiK  ^'^■'*tiii;;HliurkH  tliiH^roii|)  eoiitaiiiH  li  taiiiiliuH.  NuiiieroiiN 
fTuiiera  repreNuiited  by  IohnIIh  Htusiii  allied  to  tlieN«>,  which  are  uiiionp;  the 
"olde8t  living  vcrtebrateH."  {(bT?''<';( ,  double;  aixliv^^v'kui:^  vertelira;  Ao/» 
diiiiHH,  (ruTiihifii^,  dry  back)  in  a  (jlruuk  iiaiiiu  ot'Homu  Hhuik,  in  AthuiiuiiH. ; 

II,  liudy  Krt-ally  (iliiiiKiitr,  iiIiiiunI  (■cl-nliuiicil  ;  ilnr-'itl,  iiiiitl,  iiml  vmtrnlH  clixio  to^vtlirr  on  pon 
torlur  |iurt  or  biitly  ;  tvuth  in  tliu '^Jmwh  iiliki';  nioutli  iiiit«ri(ir. 

ClII.AMYIIONKI.Anilll.V;,   V. 

iiu.  liiiily  iiiudorutcly  ('luii(;iiti' ;  to-tli  In  tli  >  ',:Jii\vm  unliki' ;  iiii>ntli  Inl't-iloi'. 

Hkxanciiiu.'I:,  vi. 

Family  V.  ("HLAMYDOSKLAOHID/E. 
(TlIK  FitlM.KI)  .Shahkm.) 

Hody  oloii^ute,  Hieiidor,  HiiKK«'Htin};  the  form  of  an  ool.  Iloud  broad, 
depruNNud.  KycH  Iat(«ral,  wilhotit  nictitating  nienibrane.  Nanal  cavity 
Heparat«t  from  that  of  the  mouth.  Month  auturiur.  Teeth  with  broad, 
backward-extended  bancH  and  slender  cuspH.  SpiracleH  preHent.  (jiill 
upeuingHt).  OnedorHal  Hn,  without  Hpine  ;  anal  fin  prcHeiit.  No  pit  at  root 
of  caudal.  Firut  gill  niembraue  free  acroHH  the  iHthmim.  Intestine  with  a 
spiral  valve.     Anterior  basibianchial  cartilages  present. 

This  family  contains  a  single  species,  recently  discovered  by  Mr.  (jarman, 
from  whose  ))apers  tiiis  account  is  taken.  It  iuhabitti  the  open  sea,  and 
may  not  occur  in  American  waters. 

I'lilaiiiyilmclnchidu,  (iAHMAN,  Hull.  Erhcx  Iimt.,  1X84,  47,  und  olBuwhuro. 

10.  CHLAMYDOSELACHUS.  Garman. 

ChUnnijihiicluchiiii,  Oaiiman,  Bull.  KMcxInRt.,  .Tan.  17,  18HI,  17,  (niirjiiiiieiiii). 

Opercular  llap  forming  a  broad  frill  over  first  gill  opening.  Teotli  simi- 
lar iu  both  jaws,  each  with  8  slender,  curved,  siibconical  cusps,  sepa- 
rated by  a  i»air  of  rudimentary  denticles,  on  a  broad  base;  no  median 
upper  series  of  teeth  in  front;  a  series  ou  the  symphysis  below.  Month 
wide,  without  labial  folds  at  the  angles.  Pupil  horizontally  elongate. 
Fins  broad ;  caudal  without  a  notch.  Basihyal  elongate.  Ouo  species 
known,  inhabiting  waters  of  some  depth  in  the  ojten  sea.  An  extinct 
apeciea,  Chlamifdonehichiia  lawhyi,  Davis,  has  been  described  from  pliocene 
deposits  in  Tuscany,     (x^afivg,  mantle  or  frill ;  aiT^axoc,  shark.) 

1«.  ClIliAMYDOSKIiACIirS  A\(U'I>'Kl%  Uarman. 

Dorsal  iin  small,  opposite  the  anal,  which  is  more  than  twice  its  size; 
pectorals  small,  placed  low;  ventrals  largo,  placed  far  back,  opposite 
anal.    Eye  small.    Gill  openings  large,  curved,  oblique,  all  of  them  before 


.^^.•5;«&Wr^'*",-  ^7i. 


Jordan  atui  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  17 


juictoiulH.  Tootli  J  ,  ,;,.  ScaloM  on  upi»«r  ««Ik»<  of  tail  »ii>lurKe«l.  HoimI  74 
ill  Iciintli.  (liHMituMt  (h'ptli  of  body  iilioiit  15.  Color,  plain  brown.  L.  5 
to  ti  fct't  (dtdtiKiu).  SuiiM  iiltoiit  .lapuii;  iiUo  tiikun  otf  Ma<b)iru,  in  tluup 
wiitt'i.  Nut  (crlaiiily  known  froni  thu  Ainuiican  roaHt,  but  if  liHliuriiiun'ii 
ilrawiii^H  can  he  tiUNttMl, tliiH  is  found  in  the  WuHtoin  Atlantic  and  in 
probaitly  tlioorijiinal  of  Hoiiioof  tiio  ruconhul  "mui  HuipttntH."  ((inijuineuit, 
from  aiiijuiH,  tlio  mIow  worm,  tlio  word  allied  to  uutjuiUa      *),\;t>.i'c',  ««!■) 

(7i/iiiM.v'""'"'''""""i/"""'"«.  <iMiM\N,  /.  <'.,'\nil  111  null.  MuB.  ('(imp.  /.oiil.,  IHH5,  XII,  N".  I,  with 
liliif.'K  uiiil  lucoiint  of  (iiuitipiiiy,  off  Japan  ;  OCntiikii,  I)i"|i  Hcii  KIkIhh,  Cliiillciini  t,  1884, 
Willi  |iliiti'H,  Japan;  roi.i.Krr,  Hull.  Sm-.  /oiil.  Fruucu,  l»m,  2l'.i;  Punchal,  Madeira. 

Fiijuily  VI.  HEXANCHIDvE. 

(  TlIK  Cow  HHAUK8.) 

Hody  iiiodoiattdy  olonfjut'S  Hoinewhat  depressed  anteriorly,  tajiering 
towaril  tbo  caudal  tin.  Head  dopros»ed,  oblong,  with  the  snout  project- 
iiii;.  KyoH  Hiibiiiudian  or  anterior,  without  niotitatiuj;^  inoinbrane.  Mouth 
Hultinforior,  lai>{(',  arched  in  front;  no  labial  fold.  Teeth  in  the 2, jaws 
iinliki* ;  in  the  ii|)p»'r  Jaw  1  or  2  pairs  of  awl-shaped  teeth,  thu  next 
t)  teeth  broader  and  each  provided  with  several  cusps,  one  of  which  is 
much  the  stronjieMt.  Lower  jaw  with  6  large  comb-like  teeth  on  each 
side,  besides  the  smaller  posterior  teeth.  Spiracles  small,  on  the  side  of 
the  neck.  Only  1  dorsal  fin,  without  spine,  opposite  the  anul,  and 
HJmiiar  to  it.  No  jiit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal.  Uill  openings  wide,  6 
or  7  in  niimbor.  Viviparous  sharks,  sometimes  reaching  a  very  large 
si/e.  Genera  H;  species  about  7;  of  the  warm  seas.  (Notiuaniu>k,  (Jiin- 
thor,  Cat.,  viii,  :«t7-3ltU.) 

II.  (ill!  ii]iuiiiiiKH  7  Mil  t'licli  sliU- ;  nicilian  tooth  of  lowur  jaw  with  ii  Hiuall  iiicdiiiii  ciiMp  or  iionu. 

NoTuRliyNCIIVrt,  11. 
mi.  (iill  oponlngH  r>iin  cncb  Hido  ;  iiieiliaii  tooth  of  lower  Jaw  with  u  suiall  mediitii  euHp  or  none. 

IIe.xancuus,  12. 

II.  NOTORHYNCHUS,'  Ayres. 

^"^.l7(//H(,|.|(»,  AviiKH,  I'roc.  Cn\.  Ac.  Sci.,  IS'iO,  i,  72,  (maculatiiit). 

Uill  Openings  7  on  each  side.  Dentition  in  general  much  as  in  Hex- 
iinchiix,  the  lower  teeth  uniform  in  size  or  decreasing  toward  corners  of 
mouth  ;  cusps  on  the  cutting  edge  regularly  graduated,  while  the  ascend- 
ing' inner  margin  of  each  tooth  is  finely  serrated;  median  tooth  of  lower 
Jaw  with  the  median  cusp  small  or  wanting.  Two  species  known ; 
spotted  sharks  of  the  Paoitic.  (i/urof,  back;  f)vyxoi,  anont',  the  allusion 
not  clear.)  , 

17.'NOTORIITNCHl'8  HACCLATUS,  Ayres. 

Snout  broad,  rounded,  the  nostrils  near  its  tip;  spiracles  large,  nearer 
the  gill  openings  than  the  eye;  a  long  furrow  at  the  angle  of  the  month. 
No  median  tooth  in  npper  Jaw;  2  small  teeth  near  together  in  front, 
simple  and   pointed;  2  a  little  larger,  behind  and  outside  of   these; 

*Iii  l[iiiim,uhii<K  cinereus,  the  Kuropean  type  of  UeplranchioB,  the  lower  median  tooth  has  a 
Htrong  central  cusp. 

1'.  N.  A. 3 


X 


[i'i' 


"'           ^\\ 

1      '    ^  ^  ^   1 

M   M 

-    -V        ■  -     ■ 

d 

|y  y  M^H 

11  h 


18 


bulletin  4/,  UrMed  States  National  Afuseum. 


V 


'  i 


chci)  2  othorH  directly  boliind  the  fivHt  puir ;  next,  ou  each  side,  u  tooth 
much  lai'got',  painted,  with  a  couHpicuous  cusp  ou  the  outer  Bide  at  base, 
aud  one  or  more  denticulations  beside;  the  other  teeth  larj^er,  similar,  but 
mcTo  se.natod  and  more  oblicjue,  approaching  the  lower  teeth  in  form; 
median  >'ootli  in  lower  jaw  broad,  with  a  small  median  cusp  and  2  or 
3  larger  lateral  cusps  on  each  side;  the  other  teeth,  6  on  each  side, 
much  broader  than  high,  with  4  to  6  sharp,  outward-directed  cusps,  the 
first  cusp  longest  and  bearing  a  small  tooth  near  its  base;  these  teeth 
are  (juite  similar  and  increase  slightly  in  size  outward.  Tail  long, 
21  in  total  length,  the  caudal  fin  mostly  below  it;  anal  small,  just 
behind  the  small  dorsal.  Sandy  gray,  with  some  round  black  spots, 
larger  than  the  pupil,  rather  sparsely  placed.  Pacific  coast,  from 
Monterey  northward  to  Washington ;  rather  common  northward,  espe- 
cially in  Humboldt  Bay.     {macdlatua,  spotted.) 

KolnrhiHclinsmijatUilHn,  Ayueb,  Proc.  Cnl.  Ac.  Sci.,  1850, 1,  72,  San  Francisco. 
Nolorhi/nchus  vmaihilus,  Gu.h,  Proc.  Ac.  Nai.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18G2,  495,  and  1804,  149. 
Noturhunchm  horcdlis,  Gii.i.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Philii.,  18(14,  150,  Nisqually,  Washington. 
IleittraiichUu  macuUitus,  Juiidan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsie,  02,  188o. 


12.  HEXANCHUS,  Kaliuesque. 

Uexanchiif,  Raiinesque,  Caruttori,  1810,  14,  (yriseKit). 
KoU(Iumt»,  CuviEU,  Ruguo  Aliiiuiil.  Ed.  1,  1817,  128,  (</)  iseio). 
Monopterhinus,  Blainvili.k,  FauDO  rruuyuisi',  1828,  77,  (^rweiis). 

Two  species  k:iowi)  distinguished  from  all  other  living  sharks  except 
the  eel-shaped  67it(r»ij/(?o<'t'?ac/»u«,  by  the  presence  of  6  gill  openings,  (t?', 
six;  uyx'K,  bend  or  sinus.) 

(1,  Mediau  tootli  of  lower  jiin  with  a  sli  'it  niodiuu  cusp  and  about  3  luargiiial  cu^ts  ;  flrst 
.ateiul  tooth  with  about  G  cuhi)s.  coki.nu.s,  18. 

aa,  Modiau  tooth  of  lower  jaw  without  median  cuBp,  liut  with  4  ur  5  marginal  cusjig;  first 
lateral  tooth  with  8  or  9  cusps.  uiuskus,  19. 


;  i 


is;  HEXANCHUS  COBINVS,  Jordai.  &  Gilbert. 
(Shovel-nosed  Shark.) 

Head  large,  broad,  depressed,  and  blunt.  No  median  tooth  iu  upper 
jaw  ;  abo'it  4  pointed  teeth  in  front  of  upper  jaw  ;  all  entire  and  without 
basal  cu8T»d ;  the  next  3  teeth  with  a  single  btrong  cusp  ou  the  outer 
margin;  others  with  more  cusps,  approaching  form  of  lower  teeth;  me- 
dian tooth  of  lower  jaw  ^ery  small,  with  a  small  cusp;  lateral  teeth 
with  8  cusps,  the  first  the  largest,  the  others  regularly  smaller,  the 
median  edge  iu  the  adult  finely  serrated.  Tail  long,  twice  as  loi.g  as 
head,  about  3^  in  total  length.  Pectoral  as  long  as  lower  jaw  from 
gill  opt  niag.  Scales  on  upper  edge  of  tail  enlarged.  Color  almost 
black,  uuspotted ;  a  grayish  lateral  streak.  Monterey  Bay  to  Puget 
Sound,  not  comnion.  {corinus,  northwestern,  from  corns  or  caiirux,  the 
northwest  wind.) 

Hexanchus  corinits,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  3.52,  Neah  Bay;  and  Soquel 
and  Bay  of  Monterey,  California;  SynopKis,  32, 1883.    (Types,  Nos.  37369,  27196.) 


Jordan  and  Ej^ernuinn. — Fishes  of  A^orth  Atncrica, 


19 


lU.  liEXAM'lUS  UltlSKlS,  ((inx  lii>). 
(Cow  Siiaiik;  CaSa-IIota.) 

Head  laiKo,  doprcssed,  1»luiit,  tho  noHtrils  near  tip  of  snout;  no  median 
iMiper  tooth;  2  on  cacli  side  entire,  liooked  outward;  tho  next  teeth 
Nvitii  ()  or  7  cuspN,  the  others  siniihar;  h)wer  nuidian  tooth  huuiU,  without 
ciiHp ;  lateral  teeth  each  with  7  to  9  cusps,  the  nunibor  of  denticles  on 
most  of  the  teeth  being  thus  greater  than  in  //.  eoiiniin.  Tail  not  twice 
iiead,  'Sk  in  length,  its  upper  Kcalos  enlarged;  pectoral  shorter  than 
lower  Jaw  from  gill  oitfuing.  Color  dark  gray.  {Day).  L.  S  to  2ti  feet.  A 
very  large  shark  inhabiting  deep  water,  in  the  Mediterranean,  thence 
north  to  the  west  coasts  of  Scotland;  also  frequently  taken  in  Cuba. 
(I'ofif).     {(irincti-s,  gray.)  (Eu.) 

AiiiiiliiH  grimiis^  (Jmk.i.in,  S.VHt.  Nat.,  H'.i.'i,  1788,  Mediterranean,  al'tor  llrouHsonot. 

Sijiuilii^  (jiisruK,  IloN.NATKHUE,  Tiilil.  Kiujcl.  Iclitli.,  9,  1788,   Mediterranean,  iifti^r  Griset  of 

Ilront^aoiiet. 
SdliilaiiKs  j/i-ideiM,  <!('NTllEll,  Cftt.,  Vlll,  397,  1870. 
.\nli,l<mm  ijihenn,  1>AV,  IJritisli  FisliOH,  :i08,  1870. 
llexuiiclms  ijriseM,  I'oey,  SyuoiJBiu,  i54,  1875. 

Order  E.  ASTEROSPONDYLI. 

(The  Typical  Sharks.) 

'J'.'ie  essential  character  of  this  order  is  in  tho  structure  of  the  vertebrae. 
The  calcareous  lamelhe  within  each  vertebra  radiate  from  the  central 
ring.  The  group  contains  the  great  body  of  living  sharks,  including  all 
of  those  with  5  gill  openings,  2  dorsals,  and  an  anal  tin.     (aari/i),  star; 

rym'wdvXor,  vertebra.) 

SUBOKDEUS  OV  AsTKUOSPONDYLr. 

K.  I'lilatdiiiii.drutn  upparatuH  ur*i<'>ilat('<l  to  proorbitiil  jiart  of  skull;  dornjil  fuis  with  BpinoB. 

I'ltOAKTIIIlI. 

(III.  I'aIatO(iim(lrato  upparatus  not  articulated  with  tliu  Nkull;  no  dorwil  spiues.  Galei. 

Suborder  PROARTHRI. 
(The  Cestraciont  Sharks.) 

This  group  is  characterized  by  tho  articulation  of  tho  ])alato(iuadvate 
apparatus  by  an  extensive  surface  with  the  preorbital  region  of  the  skull. 
Vertebraj  asterospondylous.  It  consists  of  a  single  family,  tin-  IIktkuo- 
DONTlD.K,  which,  like  the  preceding  families,  possesses  much  interest  to 
paiii'ontologists  from  its  supposed  relation  to  extinct  forms.  (  tt()i'i,  before ; 
npdixw,  Joint;  Ce,itracion,is  an  old  name,  from  Ktarpa,  a  pickax ;  the  name 
probably  originally  applied  to  Sphyrna.) 

Family  VII.  HETERODONTID.E. 

(TiiK  Hl'llhe.vd  Hiiarks.) 

Sharks  with  'J  dorsal  fins,  each  provided  with  a  strong  spine;   the 

first   dorsal   opposite   the  space  between    pectorals  and  ventrals;    the 

second  in  advance  of  the  anal.      Body    elongate,   obtusely   trihedral, 


\ 


:!l 


m 


II 


;!l 


^  1 


m 


'  \ 


i' 


m 


i 


^ 


\':^ 


ivi 


''I 


(    1     i 
I 


20 


Jiulletin  77,  United  States  National  Museum. 


gradually  tapering  backward;  lica<l  liigli,  with  the  forehead  dfclivoiis, 
little  ))roiiiiiient ;  nostrils  couHueut  witli  nioutli:  mouth  rather  narrow, 
the  upper  hp  divided  into  7  lolies,  the  lower  with  a  fold;  spiracles 
small,  below  the  lower  part  of  the  eye;  no  nictitating  membrane;  gill 
openings  rather  narrow  ;  dentition  similar  in  both  jaws,  small  obtuse 
teeth  in  front,  which  in  the  young  are  jjointcd,  and  provided  witli  IJ  to 
5  cusps ;  lateral  teeth  large,  pad-Uke,  twice  as  broad  as  long,  arranged 
in  oblique  series,  one  serifs  being  formed  by  niucli  larger  teeth  than  those 
in  other  aeries;  scales  siriall,  sometimes  cruciform;  caudal  tin  moderate, 
more  or  less  bent  upward,  and  usually  notched  at  tip.  Oviparous,  the  egg 
cases  very  large,  subconic.il,  without  tintacles  and  spirally  twisted. 
S^)ecieH  j^l>ont  |,hII  inhabiting  the  J'acific  Ocean,  usually  placed  in  one 
yoUlls;  Li  litsre  rcicogni/ed.  Sizosnuill.  (('KSTHACloxriD.}:,  Oiinther,  Cat., 
Vllt,  417-118;  but  IIetkhooon  '  s,  I51ainville,  IHltJ,  has  priority  over 
Ckstha(:io.n,  pin  ill,  IbIT  ) 

13.  GYROPLEURODUS,  (iill. 

G\jroi>\i'm<n\m,  (iii,l,,  I'inc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sd.  Diilii.,  Isfi2,  489,  (fmwchd.) 
^•qjii'iJiMdii,  Mill.,/,  I',,  {iiiiiilliinniin^-  (iiiiijii). 

lilauches  of  the  Jower  Jaw  widely  se/in rated,  the  iutevvul  rtiundetl  in 
front,   growing   wi-.ler  behind.     Molars   i/i   few  rows;    ridges   above  eye 

Iiromineiil.     Characi  -rs  of  the  genus  otherwise  included  above.     Easleiii 
^acilic.     (yrpoi,  whorl;  7r/.f r/mr,  side,  oi'orc,  tooth.) 

(1.  (Jill  opiiiiiiHH  nut  vi'i-y  liipli,  tlio  Iciiiztli  of  the  lirst  slit  \iriiin  li'it  lliiiu  llml  dl  llic  lii;iti>  liuil 
i('t;inii;  iii(ilar.-<  in  I  to  (!  mwK;  riil^i's  nl)ovi'  cji-  mi'v  imiininint. 

(1.  ]\U)lui-8  convi-.x,  till'  liirfj;or  ones  nut  niiuli  if  any  caiiniiteil.  1  uancisci,  )iil 

iit.   MiiliiiH  ciiiiniiti'  along  their  iniildlo.  cji  ovi,  21. 

20.  (aROPLKlROIUS  FB.VM  IMI,  idirai.li 

(BlJI.LIIEAll    SlIAHK.) 

Head  short  and  high,  broad,  but  with  subvertical  sides;  the  loreluad 
very  declivous  fron\  eyes,  the  snout  wide  and  transverse,  but  prominent  ; 

2  blunt,  divergi:ig  ridges  continued  from  eiii'h  HJdii  uf  tlio  slioiit,  ab 
ruptly  merging  into  tlio  more  eouspieuous  siiperelllary   ridges,   the  in- 
terval between  which  is  nearly  plane;   teeth   in  fioiit  digitated,  with 

3  or  4  cusps,  quincuncially  distributed  in  rows  slightly  converging 
toward  the  middle;  in  the  upper  jaw,  on  the  sides,  molars  oblong  ami 
tlatteued,  arranged  in  about  4  obli(|ii(i  whorls,  iiiiirorm  or  ineieitslng 
backward,  except  the  last,  which  is  smallest  ;  on  tlio  sides  of  the  lower 
jaw,  also,  are  molars,  oblong,  with  Hattened  crowns,  and  arranged  in 
transversely  oblique  whorls,  but  decreasing  backward.  Ihanclies  of  the 
lower  jaw  widely  seixuated  by  an  interval  rounded  in  front  and  becom- 
ing wider  behind,  the  sides  themselves  being  curved  outward  ;  She  acute 
teeth  confined  to  the  front,  tlio  molar  teeth  few  anil  OlHpnsed  In  tilltlllt 

4  whorls,  theiirst  3  of  which  slightly  Increase,  while  the  fourth  is  almost 
rudimentary.     Kranehial  area  almost  oblong.     l)oisal  tins  considerably 
produced  backward  at  their  posterior  angli;;   the  compressed  spine  form 
ing  about  A  of  tI;o  base  of  each  tin  ;  anal  tin  large,  reaching  the  root 


"m 


Jordan  and  Ever  ma  tin. — Fishes  of  North  America.  21 


of  nuidal;  caudal  fin  about  i  of  the  length,  a  notch  at  its  tip,  opposite 
liLst  vertebra.  Color  brown,  with  small  black  spots  scattered  over  the 
body  and  fins.  L.  2  f«'et.  Coas*.  of  California  ;  abiindant  south  of  Point 
Concej>cio)i.  Its  spirally  twisted  egg  cases  are  very  remarkable.  (Name 
from  San  Francisco,  but  its  range  probably  does  not  extend  sc  far  to  the 
north.) 

r,',</)i"/"i/./V((iyi-(.s,/, (iiiiAiin,  I'loi'.  Ac.  Nat.  S<'i.  Pliila.,  18.'>4,  100,  Monterey. 

f',■«^■(l<(../(7V(((l(■/s<■l,  (Ji'NTiiKU,  fat.,  VIII,  4Hi,  1S70. 

{iiiri,\iU'nrnihi*  fruimi-ci,  Gii.l.,   l'ri)c.  Ao.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1802,  402;  Jordan  k  Ctii.iiKiti',  Synoii- 

«i«,  ;ti,i88:j. 

•21.  (JVKOPriKrilOnrS  (jrOVI,  (Kreminville). 

First  dorsal  inserted  nearer  vcntrals  than  pectorals;  anal  fin  low,  not 
reiieliiiig  base  of  caudal;  body  slender.  Ikown,  with  round  dark  spots 
about  a.s  large  as  eye.  (T  "iicicnHes,)  Galapagos  Islands.  (roM.(^uoy,a 
French  naturalist.) 

Cmlniiidti  'iiii'iii,  Fiti'Mixvir.l.E,  Mftfj.  Ziii'il.,  1840,  |il.  3,  Galapagos. 

Ceithdiiiiii  itiiiilhi'i-iiiin,  VAi.KN'tuxNES,  Viiva;;c  cli'  la  Vt'iiiis,  about  1S50,  1120,  Galapagos. 

1'ct.lriirioii  •iih.iii,  (,ii'NTlii:i!,('at.,  viii,  410,  1870. 


!l 


Suborder  GALEl. 
(TiiK  True  Sharks.) 

AsteroNp()ii<1yIoii.s  .sliai|>s  will)  (lie  pa'atoqnadrate  apparatus  not  artic- 
llliited  y\\\\i  l|ieH|<iil|;  gill  opeiiings  always  5  and  always  lateral.     Dorsal 


jitis  'J,  ^(i}\  |)t!VH)o|)ed,  each  without  spines.    This  order  contains  most  of 


II.   |<'|i's|  i|ui'.-{i|  Ijll  iivi'i' oHii'Imlij  ||ii'  M!|iIIii|h;  .^'|ill'lil'j|i  III lisf'lj^  :  110  nictitatiiip;  inoinliranc. 
h.  Tail  Hot  Iii'lit  iiiiwarif  ;  imsfrils  not  coiilliiciit  U'|(((  i^b  ilioiitli.      Scvi.i.ioitiiiNiD.i;,  viii. 
hh.  I'lill  alii  ii|<lly  ilii<  rli  i|  ii|ivuiiil  aud  bavkwUI'i)  froltl  (||p  onnu  ol'  the  caiulal  tin  ;  noHtrilH 

(■(llllllll'llt  with  tllr  IllOUtll.  OlNCiLVMOSTUMID.i:,   IX. 

.1.1.  KIrst  ilorsal  llM  |||ffi'rtei|  fnofi)  p^  |i>kii  III  in|vii|)cn  nf  flio  veiitrald, 

'■.  First  (Inival  tin  Imip;  ami  low,  liiglic^l  |iii3trlloflj- ;  H||liacles  dovi'lopoil;  no  pit  at  root 
I  niil.liil;  u'ill  I'I'iMiing.s  all  in  advaiico  ol  poctunll.  I'si'.iiiinTUiAKtn.i:,  x. 

,sj||  llli  lilfill,  IiIkIickI  iiiid'iiorly,  itn  |)asi.  wholly  in  fmrit  of  that  of  vmitralH. 
ill  llli  |iii|  litll.^tn,  ItHiiIipiT  liilic  lH(Miriiioio||||M's(|ii'  li'iigllj  of  tfiilowor,  with 

it  KG 


l  CM 


4  |io|(|)  |(l.l/hv  l|(ffar(l  Its  tip  ;  sldo  oft 
liiifi  L'lj)  tijiotilliK  alioyi^  liiwi^  of  poitor 


f. 


.;./ 


'tail  not  keck>d. 

,■  ||wtornl. 

iiioilclately  (|(!Vu|iijioi(,  |'ti)|!|j(ig  |rs.s  )|)a|)  ](,  of  tlu^  total  loiigth;  eyes 
with  iilclitatinp  p)clii))f-!i)|fci 
(/.  Iliiiid  iiiiinially  |>j((iiP/|.  Uai.eiii.i;,  xi. 

in/.  tU'itil  liaiiitnur-iilia|aHt  or  kiiiiiny-sliapi'il  liy  tlio  oxlcnsion  of  its  sidus. 

Spiivi!nii),t;,  xn. 

./;■.  Tail  cxcrndinRly  long,  forming  ahout  %  tho  total  l.iigth  :  eyes  without 

niilitatiiig  nicinliraiin.  Ai.oi'iiD.i:,  xiii. 

«•.  Tiiwt  gill  opi'iiingrnlircly  in  lioni  nf  iiorforal;  .spiraclus  pore-like;  tail  inodcr- 

ati  ly  di^vclopi'd.  Cauciiariiu.t-;,  xiv. 

I^aiidal  fin  lunate;  caudal  peduncle  witli  a  keel  on  each  side  ;  size  largo. 

Ii.  lia-it  gill  oi)eniug  entirely  in  fvont  of  iicctorals. 

('.  (Jill  openings  moderate  ;  teeth  large  and  sharp.  IiAti.vm.T-;,  xv. 

ii.  tfill  openingB  very   larpi^  nearly  meeting   utkIit  the  throat  ;  teetli  very 

small;  size  enormous.  CRTomiiNiD.v.,  xvi. 

hh.  Last  gill  opening  above  tho  haso  of  the  pectorals.  Riiinodontiu.d,  xvii. 


.1  ft 


fil 


mir 


1    n 


ii: 


22 


Jiullctin  ^7,  United  Slates  National  Museum. 


Family  VIII.    SCYLLIORHINIDiT".. 

(TiiK  Cat  Sharks.) 

Dorsal  fins  2;  both  rafclier  Hinall,  without  spines,  the  ftrst  more  or  less 
behind  the  ventrals;  anal  lin  present,  usually  before  the  second  dorsal; 
caudal  (in  rather  lon^,  usually  with  a  basal  lobe;  the  tail  not  keeled,  and 
not  bent  upward.  Spiracles  present;  no  nictitating  membrane;  gill  open- 
ings small,  th)  last  one  above  the  root  of  the  pectorals.  Mouth  usually 
broad,  with  small  teeth,  several  series  being  in  function  ;  teeth  each  with  a 
median  cusp  and  1  to  4  small  cusps  on  each  side ;  nostrils  near  the  mouth, 
sometimes  conlluent  with  it,  sometimes  provided  with  cirri.  Mucous  pores 
about  head  numerous,  especially  on  lower  side  of  snout.  Egg  cases  large, 
quadrate,  with  prehensile  tubes  at  the  angles.  (ScYLUiD.K,Guuther,  Cat., 
vm,  400-413.) 

a.  SCYI.IIORIIINI.V.T:.  SpiracloH  closo  licliind  oyc;  gill  openings  nearly  eriuidistant;  tooth  Kniall, 
Timially  triciiHpid. 
h.  Nostrils  not  separated  by  an  isthmus,  (he  nasal  valves  confluont ;  tail  not  serrated. 

St'yi.i.ioitiiiNus,  14. 
hh.  Nostrils  separated  from  each  other  hy  a  broad  isthnms. 

f.  Scales  on  npjier  margin  of  tli<!  tail  little  if  at  all  enlarged,  usually  similar  to  tlioge 
on  rest  of  body,  or  at  any  rate  not  forming  a  serrated  edge.  (Jatiii.iis,  V*. 

14.  SCYLLIORHINUS,  Hlainville. 

(ROUSSETTES.) 

ScijJUorhimi!),  Blainville,  .Tourn.  Pliys.  IHlli,  2il;!  :  {cnninihi,  etc.). 

tv-ijUium,  Cuvier,  IJegno  Animal,  Kd.  1,  1K17,  121,  (nniiciiln). 

Scyllinrhiiiiin,  Gill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iHiil,  41,  reprint,  (restriction  to  rniiinild). 

This  genus  includes  those  Scyiiioid  sharks  in  which  the  nasal  valves 
are  conlluent,  with  their  hinder  border  entire  and  free.  Caudal  moderate ; 
gill  openings  eiiuidistant :  spiracles  close  behind  eye.s  ;  tail  not  serrated. 
Species  mostly  of  the  old  world.  {aKvTi'Ainv,  a  small  shark ;  okvXXu,  to  tear ; 
lUi'i/,  shark.) 

22.  SCYLLIOBHISl'S  PROFCXDORUM,  Goodo  &  Bean. 

Ncisal  valves  confluent,  with  a  short  blunt  cirrus  on  the  posterior  as 
well  as  on  the  anterior  llaj) ;  length  of  nasal  cavity  about  equal  to  hori- 
zontal diameter  of  the  eye,  the  2  cavities  separated  by  a  space  e(|ual 
to  i  interorbital  area  and  '^  snout;  distance  of  posterior  angle  of  nasal 
cavity  from  root  of  teeth  at  nearest  point  i  area  between  cavities; 
distance  from  sj'mphysis  to  tip  of  snout  e((ual  to  width  between  angles 
of  mouth.  A  well-developed  labial  fold  at  angle  of  mouth,  extend 
ing  on  lower  Jaw  halfway  from  its  angle  to  the  symphysis,  and  on 
upper  jaw  nearly  in  direction  of  nasal  cavity,  disappearing  at  i  the 
distance.  Teeth  moderate,  with  2  small  lateral  cusps  on  each  side  of  the 
longer  middle  cusp,  in  about  5  rows.  Gill  openings  narrow,  some- 
what less  than  long  diameter  of  eye;  distance  from  first  to  last,  which, 
like  the  fourth,  is  above  angle  of  pectoral,  equal  to  i  snout.  Ventral 
fins  thick,  short,  leaf-shaped,  their  origin  twice  as  far  from  nasal  cavity 
as  is  last  of  gill  openings;  origin  of  anal  under  tip  of  first  dorsal,  its  end 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


23 


under  end  of  dorsal ;  itH  base  equal  to  .}  Icnj^th  of  head  to  lirst  gill 
opening.  Caudal  continued  in  line  of  axis  of  body;  lower  lobe  rounded, 
and  in  its  greatest  height  not  deeper  than  the  height  of  the  caudal  ex- 
tension of  the  l)ody  at  the  same  point.  Color,  uuifornt  grayish  brown. 
One  specimen  (85()4G,  U.  S.  N.  M.),  20J  inches,  obtained  by  the  Fish 
Commission  steamer  AlhatrosH  at  a  depth  of  816  fathoms,  in  latitude  39° 
9'  N.,  longitude  72°  IV  \v>'^  W.  {Goodc  <)'•  Jieati).  (profundorim,  of  the 
depths.) 
BcyUiorhiuiiK  profundomm,  Goodk  *  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  17, 1894,  Gulf  Stream. 


IS.  CATULUS,  Smith. 

Pnluhif,  Anprfw  SMiTir,  Proc  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.,  18117,  S'>,  (sli'llnrin). 
Piirodenna,  Smith,  /.  <•.,  {(ifricaiiiin). 

fMnlnrm,  Oii.i,,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  V.,  1801,  407,  {hihgeri). 
Cephahm-nll'uw,  Gll.l,,  /.  c.,  {latkeps). 

As  here  understood,  this  genus  is  very  close  to  the  European  genus 
SojUiorhinus,*  from  Avhich  it  is  distinguished  by  the  separate  nasal  valves, 
(iill  has  further  divided  the  group  into  Catnlus,  having  the  nasal  valves 
provided  with  lobes  or  grooves,  Halwlurua  having  the  nasal  valves  simple, 
and  Ccphalo8cyUium,  which  has  a  very  broad  head  and  the  stomach  intlata- 
ble.  The  latter  group  is  perhaps  gonorically  distinct,  but  we  lack  the  data 
for  properly  defining  it.  Catuhis  differs  from  rrisiiurus  in  having  the 
scales  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  tail  notniuch,  if  atall,  enlarged  and  usually 
not  dirterentiated  from  the  others.  The  prickles  on  the  body  are  usually 
much  coarser  in  (7a/HiM«  than  in  Sciflliorhiiius  or  Pvisliiirus.  Species  numer- 
ous, usually  in  rather  deep  water.  (Catulua,  diminutive  of  low  Latin 
catus,  cat.) 

T.  Oatuu'r:  Ilead  not  very  broad;  belly  not  onpalde  of  groat  Inflation, 
a.  Rcdy  plain  brown,  or  marbled  with  wliitish  without  biaolc  Bpota  or  inarkinp;^;  belly  duBky. 
ft.  Upper  margin  of  tail  with  a  broad  band  of  enlarged  closely  appressed  tricuspid  Hcales 
(obsolefo  ill  the  young), 
c.  Snout  from  month  forward  %  width  of  mouth;  anal  much   longer  than  second 
dorsal;  belly  pale.  xaniubus,  21!. 

}ih.  Tipper  margin  of  tail  without  enlarged  scales;  belly  not  pale. 

i/.  Snout,  from  mmitb,  %  widtli  of  mouth;  anal  2)4  times  base  of  second  dorsal. 

IIKI'NNEUS,  24. 

ill  Snout,  from  mo\itb,  scarcely  J.<J  width  of  mouth;  anal  scarcely  larger  than  second 
dorsiil.  CEPiiALUS,  25. 

(in.  Body  not  jdain  brown;  spotted,  or  banded,  or  marbled  with  black;  no  enlarged  scales  on 

back. 

c  Back  of  tail  covereil  with  narrow  black  lines  which  form  a  net  work  of  polygonal 

meshes;  belly  yellowish;  body  moderately  elongate,  the  stomach  probably  not  in- 

tlntuble.  UETiFEu,  20. 

IL  CEPiiAlosrYLi.n-M,  {K((t>a\^,  head;  Scyllium,  crKvWiov).     Head  very  broad  and  depressed 

Stomaih  capable  of  great  inflation. 

/.  Back  with  broad  black  crossbars;  upper  part  with  largo  round  black  spots.       UTEii,  27. 


"  Srylliorhiaus,  Blainville,  18lfi  =  .Sf;/WiHm,  Ouvier,  1829,  typo  Sq.  caniatla,  Linnrous. 


i 


■\' 


1 
i 


t  i 


^  1  a  fl£y  ^^^n 


wmn. 


f 


,1    I 


i    i' 


Ij' 


I       I 


24 


Bttlletin  47,  Untied  States  National  Museum. 


Subgenus  CATULUS. 
!»!».  ("ATULIS  XAMl'Ul'S,  (iilb.it. 

Snout  short,  broadly  rounded,  its  length  from  month, i  pfreatest  vrldi 
of  snout,  which  is  ccjual  to  Avidth  of  month;  angle  of  mouth  with  folds, 
that  on  lower  jaw  twice  as  long  as  on  upper,  reaching  about  \  distance 
to  sym]iliysis;  teeth  small;  snout  and  sides  of  hoiid  with  numerous  mu- 
cous poies;  eyes  largo.  Pectoral  small,  rounded;  first  dorsal  <»ver  ven- 
trals,  its  base  2  in  the  interspace  between  dorsals,  shorter  than  that  of 
anal;  second  dorsal  slightly  shorter  and  lower  than  (irst,  its  base  1:1  in 
anal:  caudal  i\  in  length;  upper  edge  of  caudal  in  adult  with  a  broad 
band  of  enlarged,  broad,  crowded,  tricuspid  scales,  the))and  broader  than 
in  the  European  Pristiuriia  mclaaiomus,  and  the  scales  less  acute;  scales 
of  body  much  coarser  than  in  rri-tiiinis.  Color  dark  slaty  browti,  usually 
uniform  above,  sometimes  with  small  whitish  spots,  the  linei  often  edged 
with  paler;  belly  jialc.  L.  2  feet.  Pacific  coast  of  Southern  California, 
abundant  in  rather  deep  water;  apparently  a  transitional  form  between 
Catulus  and  rristiurua  with  the  appearance  of  the  former,  but  approach- 
ing the  latter  in  the  scaling  of  the  tail,     (parlor,  scraper;  oiy^i,  tail.) 

CaUihis  xaniitrun,  Gii.nERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1891,  TiiO;  off  Southern  and  Lower  Califor- 
nia, in  184  to  684  fathoms. 

24.  CATIJLI'S  BRUXXEl'S,  Gilbert. 

Body  deeper,  head  narrower,  snout  longer  and  sharpor  than  in  C. 
xaniurus.  Prooral  part  of  snout  'i  greatest  width  of  snout  and  |  width  of 
mouth.  Anglo  of  mouth  with  labial  folds,  the  lower  slightly  shorter  than 
upper  and  reaching  halfway  to  symphysis.  Eye  3  in  snout.  Pectorals 
more  adnate  to  body  than  usual.  First  dorsal  narrow  and  high,  reaching 
little  beyond  vontrals,  its  base  li  in  i'lterspaco  betwooii  dor-sals;  second 
dorsal  slightly  larger  than  first ;  anal  very  long,  its  base  2}  times  that  of 
either  dorsal.  Caudal  Ilj  in  body,  the  scales  along  its  upper  edge  like 
those  on  rest  of  body,  not  saw-like.  Uniform  warm  brown  above  and 
below,  the  snout  and  edges  of  fins  blackish.  L.  I'O  inches.  Gulf  of  Cal- 
ifornia, in  deep  water;  one  specimen  known,  a  female  with  mature  eggs. 
(Irunneus,  brown.) 

Calalm  hnimiciis,  Gii.nEKi,  I'rtic.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mub.,  1891,  512,  Gulf  of  California. 

2.'».  CATl  LI'S  CEPHAIXS,  Gilhoit. 

Allied  to  C.  xaniitrits,  but  the  head  wider,  the  snout  shorter,  the  preoral 
portion  less  than  i  its  greatest  width  ;  color  darker,  the  belly  dark  brown 
like  the  back,  the  second  dorsal  larger,  more  posteriorly  placed,  the  first 
dorsal  larger,  the  anal  smaller,  scarcely  larger  than  the  second  dorsal; 
pores  on  head  large,  in  rows  instead  of  patches.  Tail  without  band  of 
enlarged  scales  (these  possibly  developed  in  the  adult).  Teeth  mostly 
tricuspid,  the  inner  sometimes  with  ^  or  even  5  cusps.  Size  very  small, 
probably  not  over  15  inches  when  adult.  Gulfof  California  and  southward, 
in  deep  water;  no  full-grown  examples  known.    {kecjuM/,  head.) 

Caltilw  rephnliis,  Gilbeut,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1991,  541,  deep  water  near  the  Revillagig- 
edo  Islands  and  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  in  362  to  460  fathoms. 


1i|;   1:1 


y, 


1^ 


Jordan  ami  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America.  25 


•2B.  (ATI  LIS  KKTIKKK,  ((iiirman). 

Body  moderately  oloiigato,  the  vent  in  front  of  its  middle.  Head  de- 
pressed, itHwidtli  nearly  oqiiiil  to  its  length,  from  spiraclos  forward  ;  length 
of  snout  (Voni  niontli  less  tiian  distanoo  between  onter  margins  of  nostrils; 
nasal  valves  hidader  than  isthmus;  length  of  arch  of  month  a  little  more 
than  A  its  width;  lower  lahial  fold  reaching  \  distance  to  symphysis; 
teeth  small,  each  with  a  <!entral  cnsp  and  2  small  ones  on  each  side. 
IVrtorals  short  and  liroad.  First  dorsal  inserted  near  middle  of  body ; 
<'aiidal  not  large,  l.ight  brownish,  crossed  at  irregnlar  intervals  by  gronps 
«)t  2  to  1  narrow  black  lines,  which  are  Joined  by  other  lines,  forming  a 
network  of  jjolygonal  meshes;  belly  yellowisli.  {Garman.)  Gnlf  Stream 
in  deep  water,  a  few  specimens  taken  off  the  South  Atlantic  coast,  {rete, 
nut;  fero,  to  bear.) 

Snilliiim  Mif.'nnii,  (iAinux,  Hull.  Mnf.  ('ow\>.  Zdlil.,  XI,  '.i;i;i,  IHKl,  off  coast  of  Virginia,  in 

deep  water. 
S<!illi'irlii,iii>i  ii7;/;T,,laiiiiAN  ^*i  GiLBEUT,  Synopsis,  8C9, 1883. 


^  ( m 


m 


t  I 


Subgenus  CEPHALOSCYLLIUM,  Gill. 
27.  CATl'LI'S  I'TEK,  .Jonliiii  &  Gilbert,  iiom.  m-w  species. 

(SWEI.I.    SlIAKK.) 

Head  very  broad  and  (h^pressed,  broader  than  long,  and  not  i  as  deep 
as  broad.  Snont  very  blunt,  projecting  a  little  beyond  the  mouth.  Mouth 
very  broad,  little  arched,  with  only  a  trace  of  labial  fold.  Teeth  similar 
in  both  Jaws,  small,  tricnapid,  in  about  1  series,  '^'l  in  number.  First  dor- 
sal beginning  over  middle  of  veutrals;  second  dorsal  beginning  behind 
front  of  anal  and  ending  before  end  of  anal.  Grayish,  tinged  below  with 
yellowish;  back  with  l)lack  crossbars  ;  upper  parts  with  large  round  black 
spots;  sides  with  small  whitish  spots  also.  L.  2i  feet.  Monterey  to  San 
Diego;  very  abundant  in  Santa  I'.arbara  channel.  A  small  voracious 
shark,  often  taken  in  lobster  pots.  When  caught  it  intlates  its  stomach 
with  air  till  its  diameter  is  1  its  whole  length.  It  will  then  lloat  belly 
iipwar>'  on  the  water,     {iilcr,  an  inllated  bladder.) 

f  Sfiilliiiiii  iviilriitfiiiii,  Uauman,  Hull.  Mns.  Coinn.  /uiil.,  vi,  107,  1880,  Chile. 

SirijlliiDii  iiiiiriiiHiiiii,  .loiiUAN  «&  Gii.nKUT, .^iyiiopsis,  50,  1883.  It  is  probablo  that  tlio  Oalifornian 
HlH'cii'S  is  distinct  from  tlio  Chilean  rfiitriosiis.  IJoth  iiri'  clopo  to  the  Auatnilian  C.IuIki'iis, 
lypfofllK^  gi'inis  or  subgenus  (e]>l(aliisc!il!iinu,  v;hU-h  differs  from  Calnliis  iu  tho  intlatablo 
bi'Uy  and  the  broad  depressed  head. 

Family  IX.  (ilNGLYMOSTOMIDiE. 

(TlIK   NtJKSK   rillARKS.) 

Large  sharks  with  general  characters  of  the  ScYixiORnixxD.iK,  but  with 
the  tail  very  long  and  more  or  less  abruptly  bent  upward  at  its  base,  as  in 
tin:  (Jalkid.k  F'irst  dorsal  above  or  behind  tho  veutrals,  the  second 
oitjtosite  or  rather  before  jinal ;  eyes  very  small,  with  small  spiracles  behind 
them;  nostrils  coulluent  with  the  mouth.  Nasal  valves  on  both  sides 
fo'ining  a  quadrangular  flap  in  front  of  the  mouth,  each  being  provided 


i  11 


■H 


il' 


1^1 


v!M'i  J 


l-l; 


:h 


26 


Bulletin  4y,  Untied  Stales  National  Afuseum. 


with  a  free  cylindrical  cirrus;  an  upper  and  lower  lip,  the  latter  not  ex- 
tending acruMB  the  BympbyaiH ;  fourtli  und  fifth  gill  openings  close  together, 
(jlenera  3,  species  about  5;  largo  sharks  of  the  warm  seas.  (Scyij.iiu4<:, 
part,  (Jiinther,  Cat.,  vm,  407-t(H>.) 

a.  Tail  motlurato,  about  ',,  total  luiij;tli;  HpirncloR  minuto;  Riioiit  rather  blnnt.  Tooth  in  holli 
JuWH  ill  many  Horii'N,  ciicli  with  a  KtroiiK  nii'diaii  iMisp,  ami  I  or  2  Hnnlli<r  riiRps  on  n\  li 
Hiili) ;  Hecond  (lorxal  nearly  oppoHitu  Hiial.  Uinolymohtoma,  Hi. 


1.         ^ 


i6.  GINCLYMOSTOMA,  Miillor  &  Heme. 

Oi»gliim(irt<mm,  MTllkr  .1'  IIr.ni.e,  WioRinnnn'a  Archiv.,  2*2, 1K:I7,  {clnalm). 

Characters  of  this  genus  given  above.     (j/yyXr/iOf,  Iiinge;  (ttoiUo,  mouth.) 
S8.  (IIXULYMOSTOMA  CIRItATUN,  ((iniuliu). 
(NrnsF,  Shabk;  (Uta.) 

Head  obtuse,  depressed;  nasal  cirrus  reaching  the  lower  lip;  angles  of 
the  fins  obtusely  rounded ;  tail  forming  nearly  ^  of  the  total  length ; 
skin  very  thick.  Uniform  brownish;  young  specimens  with  small,  scat- 
tered, round  black  spots.  L.  fi  to  10  feet.  A  largo  shark  of  the  ■warmer 
parts  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  abundant  Ab(>\it  coral  reefs  in  the 
West  Indies  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  and  occasionally  on  our 
South  Atlantic  coast,     (virratus,  bearing  cirri.) 

Squahm  rimiliis,    (Jmemn,    SyMt.    Nat.,   I,    14U2,   1788;    American    Seas,  after    Uroussonot. 

(linghj»iiwliimii  vimitmii,  MCi.t.EU  k  IIeni.k,  l'laKli>stiinii'ii,  23,  1838;  (iCNTllEii,  Cut.,  vill,  4(»8, 1K"0. 

Si/Mn/im  ciVni/in,  IloNNATKKRK,  Tablmiu  KuryclopiMl.  Ithtliyol.,  7,  178K  ;  aftor  ISarbilloii  of  llronR- 
Boni't. 

Sijualim piiiiclaluit,  Btncii  &  SciiNEinEn,  Syst.  Ich.,  134, 1801  ;  Cuba,  after  Oata  Hispanis  of  Parra. 

S(iHnlui>  prmctiildliiK,  Bi.ocii  A  Schnkideii,  f.  c,  .MO;  Cayenne,  nftor  Si/nale  pohUUIr  ot  hucvpcilc. 

SqHdhiii  arijnn,  Uanchoft,  Zool.  .loiir.,  v,  82,  1832-1834,  West  Indies. 

OiiujIiimoHloma  fHlnini,  Poky,  Jli'iiiorias,  ii,  342,  IKOI,  Havana.  TIiIh  name  waH  applied  to 
iinHpiitteil  BpeciineuR;  tbcfle  occur  on  liotli  coiiHtH  of  Mexico,  and  tlio  aliBenco  of  tipotH  in  the 
yoiiii);;  ifl  probably  an  individual  variation.  If  not,  (>'.  fulvum  may  ranii  an  a  Hpeeie.i  or  sub- 
spec  leu. 

GinglymostomacabovcriUaniis,  Cai'eli.o,  .lour.  Sci.  Phys.  Lisb.,  1807,  167,  Cane  Verde. 

Family  X.  PSEUDOTRIAKID^. 

Body  elongate;  mouth  wide,  with  a  very  short  labial  fold  near  the 
angle;  snout  dopressed;  nostrils  inferior,  not  confluent  with  the  month; 
eyes  oblong,  lateral,  without  nictitating  membrane;  spiracles  well  devel- 
oped, behind  the  eye ;  gill  openings  moderate,  in  advance  of  pectoral ;  jaws 
with  many  rows  of  very  small,  tricuspid  +eeth;  first  dorsal  fin  long  and 
low,  highest  posteriorly,  Inserted  opposite  the  space  between  the  pecto- 
rals and  ventrals ;  second  dorsal  rather  large,  larger  than  anal ;  ventrals 
and  pectorals  well  developed;  no  pit  at  root  of  caudal;  caudal  fin  very 
low  and  long.  Skin  with  minuto  asperities.  One  species  known,  a  large 
shark  of  the  North  Atlantic,  in  most  respects  similar  to  the  Scylliorhin- 
iniE,  but  having  the  dorsal  fin  different  in  form  and  placed  farther  forward. 
The  insertion  of  the  first  gill  opening  is  also  different.  For  these  reasons 
we  have  placed  the  gonna  provisionally  in  a  distinct  family.  (PsKUDOTBl- 
Acis,  Giinther,  Cat.,  vm,  395.) 


1!'- 


Jordan  ami  Kverinann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  27 


17.   PSEUDOTRIAKIS.  Capcllo. 

;Vri<Mii.i*/»,  CaI'KM.i,  .Iciiir.  Sri.,  Miilli.,  I'liyn.,  Nat.,  Lisbon,  iHtlH,  :1J1,  (mi.  )-.m/..ii). 

CiiaiaoteiH  of  tlio  jjomiH  j^ivcii  above.     ( i/'f i'('//f ,  falno;  Tnak'xs.) 


^  5  '■'s 


•.»U.  rSKinOTKIAKIK  NU'KOnOX,  nipillo. 

(JrayiHli  brown,  tlio  (ins,  oxctipt  tluj  fiiHt  <lorNal,  rdjjod  witli  dtiMky; 
baHo  of  first  dorHal  7  tiiiicH  its  lioijrht.  Two  NjMiciiiKMiH  of  this  himumhh  aro 
known — tlio  typn  from  Tortujiiil;  the  Hocond,  10  feet  in  lenjfth,  taken  at 
AniaganHctt,  on  Lonf?  Inland.    {/uKpiic,  .small;  Mo/y;,  tooth.)  (Kr.) 

I'tt-wlohiiikii'  iiiiirnilnii,  Cai'km.o,  .Iimr.  .Sci.,  Miilh.,  vU:,  lilHlwrn,  IHIJH,  ;1J1,  Portugal  ;  OCnttifu, 
Cut.,  VIII,  ;i«,'<,  l«7ii;  IlKAN,  I'ror.  V.  8.  Nat.  Miih.,  1«8:1,  117. 


Family  XI.  GALEIDiE. 
(Thr  RK(}riK.M  SnAHics.) 

Sharks  with  2  dorKtil  (ins,  the  lirst  Hliort  and  hij^li,  entirely  before  thc^ 
ventrals,  the  second  eomparatively  Hmall,  oppo.site  the  anal ;  no  sjiines; 
f;ill  oiienings  moderate,  the  last  above  the  base  of  the  pectorals;  tail 
more  or  less  bent  njiward  fioiii  the  Itase  of  the  caudal  lin ;  sides  of  tail 
not  keeled;  eyes  with  nietitatinjj  membranes;  head  not  hanimer-sliap«!d, 
the  snout  being  longitndinally  produced,  as  usual  anion}?  sharks.  Ovo- 
viviiiaroiis.     Sjiiracles  small  or  obsolete. 

A  large  family  of  20  or  more  genera  and  about  60  species;  found  in  all 
seas.  The  species  are  often  closely  related  and  dinicult  of  determination. 
(Cah("U\kiM).i;,  part  (C'aiuiiaijuna  and  Mcstemxa),  Giinther,Cat.,  viii, 
8r)7-:^H(»,  and  3H3-:^«H.) 

n.  Oai.f.in.k:  Tcrfli  flat  iiiiil  jiavcd,  without  iii-^iiB  or  riiljrcs;  Hiiirncle.s  jirofient;  no  pit  at  root  of 
tail;  labial  Colil.H  well  divclopcil. 
h.  Knilirj-o  not  attachril  to  tlui  utonis  by  a  placi'iita;  teeth  vory  blunt.  JIrsTKi.r,<,  IS. 

I'll.  Kiiihiyo  atlaihcd  to  tli<'  utiTu.s  by  a  plaii'iita;  teeth  more  acute.  Galkis,  10. 

ir.i.  Teelli  more  or  leris  com  pressed,  with  entire  or  serrate  sliarp  edgts. 
(iAi.KoiiiiiMN.i:: 
('.  Spiracles  jnesent. 

(I.    Hoot  of  tail  without  pit. 

i:  Teeth  rather  small,  I'aih  with  a  medium  cunp  and  1  'or  2  small  lateral  cusps 

on  ea<'li  side. 

/.  Teeth  small,  close-set,  .■ipproaehiiij;  tliosi'  (,(  ^;,(/eiis  but  with  poiiiteil  eiisj)!j; 

snout  slender;  embryo  attached  to  nteruH  by  a  placenta,     (('(doration 

phiin.)  ItiiiNOTiuAns,  •.!(). 

/.  Teeth  larfcor,  with  shiirp  cusps;  snout  of  inot'/'rate  liniiith;  embryo  not 

attached  to  uterus  by  a  placenta.     (Coloration  ^arie^;atcd.) 

TuiAKis,  21. 

f.  Teelli  lanjer,  w  itli  a  single  cusp,  oblicpK',  notched  aucl  coarsely  serrated  on 

the  outer  mar-in.  Galeorhinus,  22. 

</i(.   Uoot  of  tail  without  I'oiispiiuous  pit  above;  feetli  all  coarsely  serrate,  alike  iu  both 

jaws  and  all  with  a  (le('p  notch  on  outer  nmrgin;  caudal  (in  with  a  (luuble 

"otcl'-  Galeocerdo,  2:!. 


►   1 


5   1? 


'I'-  ;^' 


i  ; 


1 


1.  i 


I     \i\ 


hi 


38 


liulli'tiii  ./7,  Unitrd  Sla/rs  Natioiml  }fiist'nm. 


;• 


,/ij 


!  ■■  I 


i] 


I    I    |! 


ilT 


J  .. 


IS 


('auciiakiiinin  v.: 
ic  S|iiriit'li'gi)lii*(ilt'tit;  luwcr  luctli  iiiii-rnwcr  tliiiti  iippi'i'  tct'tli, 

i/.  AdkI*'  of  niiiuth  witlioiit  Ki'iiovii  or  witli  nii'rt'l.v  ii  nIIkIiI  iluiirpHNlon,  wlilcli  iKicm 
iKit  <'\l<'iii|  ali'iic  litlicr  jiiw. 
h.  KIi'nI.  ildrHiil   till   iiisi'i'Ic'il  |i<i-ti'riiii'ly,   iii-iuir  voiilriilH  tliiiii   |i('r|iinilH;  <'|iiI>|'m> 
lint  .jiiitli'il   til  III!'  lllcl'IIN  liy  II  |>lii('c'i>lii;  plriiili'l'  nIiiiiK-,  wIiIi  M'IV  Ntl'Mii;:l\ 
(iiriiitc'il  tci'lh.  I'liKiNAci:,  V!l. 

hh.  Kii>t  (lorBiil  iiiHurti'il  iiiiti'riorlv,  iifiiriT  iiiTtoratd  tliitn  vi'iitnilH;  ciiilirvn  i»" 
fur  iiM  UridWii)  uIIiii'IkmI  Ici  tlni  \ilc>riiM  liy  a  jiliicoiitii. 
I.  Ti'ctli  all  hcrrati'  iiinri'  or  Ichm,  nflfii  ciilini  In  llir  vct.v  yoiiiit;. 

('.MiriiAiiiliNrs,  '.''■. 
ii.  Trctli  iif  iippor  jiuv  ocrriitc'  at  \<\\*i-  only;  lower  tidli  (.nliri',  irii-t. 

ilYI'KIMIION,  2i'>. 

Hi.  Toi'tli  all  I'litiri'  at  all  \\v,i",  iiinl  nearly  all  cri'it.  Ai'iiinMinnN   '1'. 

gij.  AiikI)'  of  inoiitli  pn>\  idi'il  »itli  a  more  or  les-*  iliNllnct  (groove  wlilili  exteiiiU  alun;; 

one  orliolli  of  tile  Jawri;  teetli  entire,  or  very  nearly  no,  more  or  lesH  ol)lli|nely 

plaeeil,   tlnir  pointri  tnrneil  away  from   tlie  liicdiuu   line;    xmliryo  (no  far  ax 

kiiouii)  Willi  a  plai'iMita.  Hcouoiidn',  'JN. 

i8.  MUSTELUS,  Cuvior. 

(I)0(>    SUAIJKH.) 

MuitMm,  riTvlF.n,  Hi'pno  Animal,  Kil.  1,  12s,  1K17,  (mimltln.i  iiml  mnin). 

niushliin,  (lii.i.,  I'roe.  Ae.  Nat,  Sci.  I'liila.,  ISdl,  1  Is,  (re^trieteil  to  .t/um  anil  itn  relatives,  llie 
allies  of  nTimleliis  lieinj;  calleil  I'U'nnii inviiiJon). 

Body  olongnto,  Hleiider;  snout  conipnriitivcly  loiij;  iiiul  lliitt(Ui('(l ;  nioutli 
creHcent-sliajUMl,  with  wcll-dovoloix'd  l.-ibiiil  folds;  tt'otli  Hiiiall,  ninny 
rowed,  Hat  and  Hinooth,  rhoinhic,  arraui^od  like  ])avcnH>nt,  ali1<u  in  hotli 
jaws,  and  Idiinter  than  in  any  other  wliaiks;  ovi'h  lai'i^o,  ohlonij;;  Hpirach's 
small,  Just  behind  tli«  «yes;  jKictoral  lin.s  hi  rye ;  first  (h)rs;il  larj^e,  nol 
much  behind  pectorals;  second  dorsal  somewhat  smaller ;  anal  opposite 
second  dorsal  and  still  smaller ;  ventrals  well  devclojied  ;  basal  lobe  of 
caudal  almost  obsolete,  the  tail  nearly  straiufht;  embryo  not  attached  to 
the  uterus  by  a  placenta.  Small  sharks,  among  the  smallest  of  the  Ameri- 
can species,  {inunlrlus,  a  weasel  or  marten  ;  the  same  word  used  for  shark, 
as  is  the  synonymous  word  (/(ilcns.) 

a.  ]Mi(l(ll('  of  flrrtt  ilorsul  evidi-ntly  nearer  jio-itcrior  root  of  pertoral  than  antprioi"  root  of  ven- 
tral; Rnuiit  loii};,  its  length  from  month  nioi'i!  than  wiiltli  of  month;  teeth  lilnnt.  Km- 
bryo  not  examined,  jirolialily  as  in  .V.  muin.  i.VNii.ATt  s,  :Ui, 

(Id.  Middle  of  first  dorsal  about  mldwiiv  Ijetweeii  pectorals  and  ventrals  (as  aln.ve  ineasnred). 
First  dorsal  higher  tlian  Ion;;,  the  tip  of  nnlerior  lolie  reailiiiiK,  when  depresseil,  lieyond 
tip  of  posterior  lohe,  its  freo  margin  dei'ply  incised,  its  liuse  2',';i  times  in  interval  lietween 
ilorsals;  teetli  blunt.  cANls,  .'il. 

30.  Ml'STKLrS  LrXULATIIS,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
(Gato.) 

Free  margin  of  fins  concave;  first  dorsal  high,  its  narrow  anterior  lobe 
reaching  tip  of  the  slender  posterior  h)bc  when  deflected,  the  tin  about  as 
high  as  long;  interval  between  dorsals  'Jit  times  base  of  first ;  lower  lobe 
of  caudal  pointed ;  tail  ;">  in  body,  its  terminiil  lobe  more  than  ^  its  length  : 
pectoral  rather  sharp,  its  free  margin  incised,  its  tip  about  reaching  mid- 
dle of  dorsal.     Embryo  unknown  (probably  without  placenta).     Very 


Jordan  ti>ii/  l-.virnuinii. — J^'is/ies  of  North  Amiricu. 


20 


iiiN  all  pule.     li.  I'D  iii«!li»H.     WoNt  coitHl  ot'  Mt;xi«-o,  (Mtiiitiiuii  in 
ir  orCiilituniiti.     (/«)iu/((/i<'<,Muim)wliiit  mooii-Nliiii>u(l,  t'toin  thecuiicuvu 


|i;ili>  K'i'.v 


(ill 


iiiai^riiiH  lit'  till)  Huh). 

Wm.</>/im  (iiilil/"^l<',  .ll>l|llA>'    .V    (iir.ii 


lT.v|H',  N.I.  'IViW.) 


Kitr.  I'roo.  I'.  8.   Niit.  Miih.,  Insvi,  Kw,  Mazatlan,   Mexico, 


:»1.  >IISTKI,rM  TAMS,  (MItclilll). 
(hMdiiiii  lliiiNii;  DiMi-siiAIiK;   llinA  DuM't.) 


hody  NlrndtM',  tii|it'riii>,'  Imckwunl  fntiii  tlicdoiHiil  I'm  to  tlit«  Ioiik  .sloiulet- 
liiil:  siioiil  (li-prf^.sfil,  iiuKlcnitcly  nliarp:  nututh  hiiiiiII,  tliu  tei<tli  alliiliko 
liliiiitlHli :  a  loltl  at  tliu  aiiKlo  of  tlio  inoiitli ;  lowur  lotu  of  caudal  Idiint; 
till!  iniii'u  than  \  body,  IIh  toiiiiinal  lolio  inoio  tlian  '',  itH  len^tli ;  |ii;ut<>nilH 
lailici  olituHd,  tlirir  frco  niar^'inn  litllr  inciMfd,  t iioir  ti|m  rcacliin;;  lirst 
third  of  doiMal ;  innt>r  lol>»>  of  v»Milra.s  produi'cd  ;  cniltryit  without  pla- 
centti.  Culomtion  lijiht,  gray,  ntsarls  nniforni,  ,sonietiin«i«  witli  pal«  HjiotM. 
Li'iij,jtli  L'lo  ;{  ft'tl.  C'apcCod  t(»('iil)aand  in  Soiithoin  Enrop*?;  a)>undant 
on  tim  Atlantic  coasts  uf  both  continents,  cHpociully  olf  Now  Yoik  and  in 


tho  Mcditcrninean.     (cttnin,  dog.) 

S/ili/hs  ,,„ii»,  Mm  iiii.i.,  TniMK.  i,ii.  I'ljil.  Sic  N.  Y.,  1,  lHir>,  48(1,  New  York. 

Mii>lihi.i  .iWi)i(i,<,  Ci.iuM'f.T,  Dirt.,  liiV,  1h2(i,  Europe. 

Mii.lJiis  nilijiirit,  ^I(  I.I. Kit  X  lU.Ni.K,  I'laiilMst'iMicii,  I'.IO,   pi.  U7,  li^'.  1.  IHIIK,  Europe. 

.<lii,hi^  liiiiiiiiliii,  Hi.Ai.NviM,!:,  ^'(llllll■  I'liiiic.,  81,  111.  'Jii,  11k.  -,  I*'-'',  Mediterraneun. 

l/(■^^//M»K^'^(/ll.■<,  lii.-isii,  Kur.  Moricl ,  1.VJ6,  l'.iii,  Nice. 

Mii^lrliiH  jitibrjiiM,  Itn.NAi'AiiTK,  I'liiiiiit  Itiilii'U,  |iioi  VII I,  13,  pluto  l.'llt,  In:(4,  Italy . 

Mii^liliiH  nilifirin,  (iCNTIllMi,  Cat.,  Vlll,  ILSd,  1H7II, 

MiiMehiH  ciiiifi,  .SiiiiiEK,  1''InIi.   BlacH.,  2'J7,  lis67;  .Iokhan  .V  (iii.iii;i(i',  S.viidiwiN,  f<70,  \»Ki. 


(Eu.) 


•Ics 

not 

<il(^ 

of 

to 

'li- 
nk. 


VI'II- 

Km- 
:!ii. 
■ll), 

iiiml 
ween 


obc 
t  as 
obc 
rth; 
iiid- 
cry 


19.  GALEUS,  Ualinesqiio. 

(..(/(■Ill,  JlAKlNKsiji'K,  CaiiilliTi  Alru:il  Niinvi  (joiicri,  Hi,  IHll),  (I'l'i*'''"*,*  ftc ;  Ih 

Ih  Hp|ini'ciitly  Si/,  (/ii/ciiv,  I,.,  tlioiiKli  tliatHpiMk'8  i,-<  imt  iiH'iitiuin<l  liy  name). 
i..i/iii>,t  fjK.Ai'll,  Oliscrv.  (ri'iiilN  Siiiiidii.t,  (I'J,  181li,  (iiiiihIiIiih), 
ll,n,;i,,;iiiiiilnii,  till.!.,  I'roi;.  Ac  Nat.  ."Si'i.  I'liilu.,  IHtll,  IIS,  {hrnit^iiiiiKlehis). 


iiiti'iidi'tl  typo 


* diilitiM  iiiiisli'liiH  (\i'\i\i\neuH),  t\n^  SliKintti  Hound,  of  Kurnpe,  has  liooii  lir'ted  ilm  Ainuricaii  by 
1)|-.  (tiintlier,  wlio  rmnrdis  a  stiiltod  Hiicciiunu  I'loiii  Now  Yiirk.     No  Aiiiuriruii  collector  Iihh  rec- 

n)illl/(d  it. 

trill'  iiiiiiic  '.'((/iHv  was  liibt  u.soil  in  liiiKiiiiiiial  luiiniiiclatjiiM  bv  ItarincHiinc,  Tor  a  gviiiiH  tliilil 
il.rilH'il: 

"  Vlll.  (i.  (iAi.K.rs.  I)uu  spirugli,  duo  nlo  dorsuli,  iin  ala  aualc,  clii<|Ui-  britnclilo  da  ogiii  luto, 
'  <>i|;i  ilisc^fiialr,  <ililii|Ua. 

•■  'i«i-rri(-i<,Hi'.  La  iiia(:t;iiir  parti  dclli  <S'(/h((^  d('j;li  autmi  si  aTiiiovcriiiio  in  ijuesto  n""<'ri',  it 
■  |imIi'  si  ilistiiiciii'  ilal  vein  unii  ri'  .Si/iin/ii*  ilclla  prc-irii/iiili  iin  ula  anal^^" 

I'liiir  s|"'(j('.><  arc  ini'iilioni'il,  niljui  iihii>,mrliisliinin!f,  ailiiliis,  and  }iiiii'lelnii.  Tlic  npcuicH  wliidi  tho 
iiitliiii-  liail  in  inliiil  wa.s  dtiulitlcsH  N/i(«/hs  yiWcii*,  I.. 

I'll  is  wcll-kiiiiun  spci  iis  afrrccs  with  llic  aliovcdlatinosis,  and  althnudli  not  explicitly  included 
111  llic  ;;cniis  (I'lii-  I!a(iiicsi|uc's  paper  treated  (inly  of  new  species  and  new  neiierii),  yot  it  would  go 
Willi  llie  (ilheis  lis  one  (lithe  "inuirtrior  liaiti  delli  N/iki/i."  An  ini]iortniit  iirKUinont  for  tliiH 
>  iiw  ii'sts  ill  the  fact  Hint  Iia(iiiesi|ne  ad.iptcu  tnany  Ijinniean  specific  names  for  lii.s  genera,  and 
111  iiiii-t  cases  explicitly  spei  itied  such  l.inna'an  species  as  the  types  of  his  fieneni.  Tliero  can  he 
IIP  ihiiilit  .hat  S'liialus  ijatvus,  L.,  was  his  type  of  his  genus  (jaleiis,  and  iSi/Mniiis  ttinhnriiiH,  L.,  his 
lype  of  Ills  CiinhdvidS. 

Ill  Isj-'.  Leaih  priipiiseil  a  (lenus  (Inletif,  to  include  sharks  with  tho  iinal  tin  preKcnt  and  the 
I'iiii.liil  I'm  iire}.'ular  (/.  «.,  notluiialo).  'I'hiD  genus  thus  delined,  corresponds  nearly  to  Galnisot 
ll.Uiiie>.|iii..  itiil  one  species,  (ialiiis  iniifliliiH,  is  nientionid  liy  Leach,  tho  sumo  Bpccioj  having 
I'liMi  iiuluiloii  in  liiiliiiK,  Halinesque.  Kor  this  reason  wt  hav(!  formerly  adoi)tpd  tho  name 
lyihiix  for  (.'.  iiiti.ilrlii.t.  ,<till  later,  n  suliKcniis,  (iiilKi)hiiiiis,  was  proposed  hy  Dluinvillo  foreharks 
ii^iiii'.'iiis'iiecl  fidin  l'(irihiiri)iiis,  lllainville,  liy  tlie  presence  of  Bpiiacles.  This  group  again  cor- 
i'  ^poiiils  In  the  (.'(//iK.sof  Hatinesipie  and  Leach.  In  this  groU]i  are  included  with  others,  &/ii(i/iis 
/'M.,r..;ii«  mill  .Vi/Hd/iiM  (/((/,.|i»  of  Linnieus,  tli"  latter  species  being  oliviously  intended  as  tho  type. 
>lill  later  il»17;,  tho  genera  Muslclnn  and  UdUim  were  delined  by  Cuvier,  and  with  liis  dofiuition 


':i 


;  I 


f    »  I 


:i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


^. 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


121    12.6 


E 


1^  1^ 
m  m 


■  2.2 


I 


L£    12.0 


^ 


^>. 


.^v^v 


"W 

■> 


y^ 


r 


w 


o 


7 


I%3tographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  145*0 

(716)  872-4503 


^o 


m\ih  f 


t  \ 


30 


Bulletin  47,  Untied  States  National  Museum, 


This  ^uiiiis  iH  very  close  to  MuHtclun,  with  which  it  ugiecH  in  most  ex- 
ternal icHpectH,  the  eHsential  (lill'eronce  being  in  the  presence  of  a  placenta 
connecting  the  embryo  with  tiie  nterns.  The  teeth  are  rather  sharper 
than  in  Miislihin.  The  bonndarie.s  of  this  group  and  the  preceding  are 
not  yet  well  defined,  and  it  may  be  that  the  two  should  be  reunited. 
(yuAtur,  a  kind  of  shark,  like  yu'Xi/,  the  weasel.) 

II.  Middln  (it  fi'Kt  dorsiil  iiliuiit  niUlwuy  iM'twcon  |'<'*'l<'i'i'"' root  ufiPcctoralH  mul  iintoiior  root 
of  vmitriilH;  liist  iIoihhI  longer  tliilti  IiikIi;  ilHtil)  not  rcarliiiig  tiiiol'puKleriorloliu,  itsfn'u 
iiifirgin  Bciircidy  inciHcd,  itB  buKuibout  half  tlio  inturvul  butwufu  dorsuls;  teeth  Hhiirpiish. 
(Knibryo  not  o.xaniin«d.)  uoksams,  :i2. 

(III.  Jliddlc  of  first  dornul  much  neuier  root  of  vciitralH  tlmn  in'itoials;  Huoiit  rather  hhort,  itK 
lonjvtli  from  mouth  a  littloh'ss  than  distanci^  hotwi'oii  angles  of  nmiitli;  tectli  ratliur 
Nliarii.  c'ALiroHNlcus,  il3. 

»'J.  OALKl  S  lM>ltSAIiIS.  (Cill). 

Lower  lobe  of  caudal  not  acute;  tail  less  than  I,  total  length,  its  terminal 
lob  >  less  than  i  it.-,  length;  pectorals  obtuse,  their  free  edges  almost 
straight,  their  tips  reaching  first  fourth  of  dorsal ;  inner  lobe  of  vontrals 
not  produced,  the  free  edge  of  the  fin  straight.  Embryo  with  jdacenta. 
Color  dark  gray,  axils  of  pectorals  and  ventrals  dusky.  L.  ii  to  i  feet. 
Panama  and  neighboring  waters,  north  to  the  Gulf  of  California,  the 
largest  species  of  the  group,     (dorsalis,  i)ertaining  to  the  back.) 

SIitKleliitiliimiliK,  (iii.i.,  I'roo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilrt.,  l«Ot,  149,  Panama. 
.Musteliia  dorMlin,  JoilDAN  it  Gli.itKiiT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  110. 

33.  OALKIS  <'AL1F0KXHH'S,  (Gill). 

First  dorsal  longer  than  high,  its  blunt  tip  when  depressed  not  reaching 
tip  of  jiosterior  lobe,  its  margin  deeply  incised,  its  base  2i  times  in  the 
interval  between  dorsals;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  blunt;  terminal  lobe  of 
tail  more  than  i  its  length,  pectorals  rather  obtuse,  their  free  margin 
little  concave,  their  tips  reaching  little  past  front  of  dorsal ;  inner  lobe  of 
ventrals  somewhat  produced  ;  embryo  attached  to  uterus  by  a  placenta. 
Dark  grayish ;  axils  of  pectorals  and  ventrals  dusky.  L.  30  inches.  Cali- 
fornia, north  to  San  Francisco;  rather  common. 

Mwstehts calif omic-.»,  GiLl,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1801,  148,  San  Frr.ncisco. 
Mnntehis  caUforniais,  JonDAN  Sc  GiLliKUT,  i'roc.  U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.,  1882,  110. 
Mtiilclus  caU/ottiicut,  Jordan  &  Gii.ueut,  Synopsis,  870,  1883. 


>l    ! 


I! 


20.  RHINOTRIACIS,  Gill. 

Uhiuolmici.%  GiLi.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Philu.,  1862,  48<),  (henlei). 

(jteneral  appearance  of  Gnlciis,  but  with  the  teeth  distinctly  tricuspid 
and  not  paved.  Snout  sharp.  Embryo  attached  to  tbe  uterus  by  a 
placenta.     Coloration  plain.     One  species  known.     (/)/v,  snout ;   Triads). 


they  have  been  accepted  by  nearly  all  later  authors.  It  Beems  to  us  best  in  cases  liUo  this  to 
follow  the  rules  of  nomenclature  strictly.  The  strict  b.-tter  of  the  law  seems  to  require  tlie  use 
of  Otileus  in  place  of  Plevrucromtjlnn. 

The  name  Mnslelim  was  at  firsi  applied  liy  Cuvier  to  th(>  whole  group  of  smooth-mouthetl 
siiarlvs.  It  has,  liowever,  been  restricted  by  Gill  to  the  subgenus  typified  by  Jlf.  f(m«»,  and  it 
should  l)e  retained  for  tliis  subdiv.sion,  leaving  PIcnracromylon,  or  Gateiis,  as  the  name  of  tlie 
other  genus  or  subgenus. 


Jordan  and  Evermann.— Fishes  of  North  America.  31 


»4.  ltHI.>OTKIA<'IN  IIENIiKI.  Gill. 

Snout  i>io(lnce<'i,  Hlemler.  L.  2i  feet.  Color  nnifbiiii  reddish  brown 
above,  pale  below,  the  pectoral,  ventral,  and  anal  (ins  margined  with 
p.iler.  Coast  of  California  from  Humboldt  Hay  to  Monterey,  r,  rather  rare 
iuid  imperfectly  known  species.  (Named  for  Prof.  J.  llenle,  the  associate  of 
.lohannes  Miiller.) 

Illiiiiiilriniit  liiiiUi,  (lii.i.,  rii.c.  Af.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  1862,  IWl,  San  Francisco. 
Tiiai-iii  Iwiilei,  JoiiDAN  &  Giliikict,  Syiupsii.-,  2ii,  l«8;i. 


lid 

a 

?)• 

to 
use 

it 
llio 


21.  TRIAKIS,  Miiller  &  Ilenle. 

Tiinkin,  MCl.l-Kll  it  IIeni.k,  Magii/.iuti  of  Niitural  lliNtury,   ii,    now  Bfries,  :t6,    18;!8,   (ncijlliuw), 
{TriiiiiK, C(irroctt'(l  Hpolliiig.) 

Hody  compressed,  elongate;  mouth  large,  cresoent-shaped,  with  well- 
developed  long  labial  folds;  teeth  moderate,  numerous,  nimilar  in  both 
jaws,  each  with  a  longer  median  ciisp,  and  1  or  2  smaller  ones  on  each 
side;  eyes  small,  with  nictitating  membrane;  spiracles  small,  behind  the 
eyes;  no  Mit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal;  no  lower  lol)e  to  the  caudal ;  first 
dorsal  fin  opposite  the  space  between  the  pectorals  and  veutrals.  Embryo 
without  placenta.  Coloration  vai legated,  black  and  gray.  Pacific  and 
Indian  Oceans,     (rpnf)  three  ;  u-iic,  yoiut.) 

35.  TltlAKIS  SKMIFASCIATIJM,  Girard. 
(Cat  Si!..,bk;  Lkoparu  Shark.) 

Snout  moderately  produced,  rounded.  NostrJl  with  a  broad  anterior 
llap.  First  dorsal  fin  nearly  midway  between  the  i)ectoruls  and  ventrals; 
the  second  dorsal  not  miidi  smaller  thru  the  first,  and  partly  in  advance 
of  the  anal.  Gray,  the  upper  parts  \»-ith  well-djtined  black  cross  bands, 
narrower  than  the  interspaces;  a  n  w  of  rounded  black  spots  along  the 
sides  of  the  bodj',  alternating  with  the  interdorsal  crossbars.  L.  3  feet. 
Cape  Mendocino  to  San  Diego,  common ,  a  handsome  shark,  readily  known 
by  its  variegated  coloration,     {ncmifasciatus,  half  banded.) 

'IMckiii  netDifiifcitiim,  (iiitAui),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Fhila.  ,T8o4, 190,  Presidio  de  San  Francisco; 

Jordan  cS;  Gimiert,  Synopsis,  20,  188,'i;  GCnther,  Cat.,  viii,  384,  1870. 
MimleUis  felin,  AvKES,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  S<'i.,  1854,  17,  San  Francisco. 

22.  GALEORHINUS,  Blaluville. 
(Topes.) 

Ualeiis,*  lUfiNEsqrE,  CarattKfi  Alctini  Ntiovi  Goueri,  13,  1810,  iu  i>art,  (yaleus,  etc.,  although 

that  spccii'H  is  not  ('xi)licitly  mentioned). 
H'llnirhimiH,  Bi.ainvii.i.e,  Hull.  Sci.  Philom.,  181G,  121,  {ijaleus). 
(I'lleus,  Cuvier,  lU'gno  Animal,  Kd.  i,  127,  1817,  {'juleun). 
iMjideuK,  GilL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  .*ci.  Pliila.,  1804,  148,  (ijalcus). 

First  dorsal  opposite  the  space  between  the  pectorals  and  ventrals; 
month  crescent-shaped,  with  the  teeth  alike  in  both  jaws,  obliiiue, 
iiotcaed,  and  serrated;  spiracles  present,  small;  nictitating  membrane 
present;  no  pit  at  the  base  of  the  caudal;  caudal  fin  with  a  single  notch. 
Tropical  seas.    {yuTieo^,  a  kind  of  shark,  like  a  weasel,  fuvr/,  shark.) 


\ 


*  Sec  note  under  Oaletts. 


:  \ 


'■; 


I    I 


\\ 


-H 


i   !. 


Hi 


I 

i     - 

V,'  V. 

U  -]   ■'-   :      i 

V 

p' 

!   ■  ■-. 

to 

\,h:Uk       M 

li 

.'ift- 


I'      t 


32 


Bulletin  4J^  United  States  National  Museum. 


»«.  (aLKOItlllM'S  XYUl'TKHUS,  .luiami  ,V<^ilheit. 
(OilSiiahk;  Soi'i'-KiN  Siiauk.) 

Suuut  dei>ies8od,  latlier  long,  ronudccl  at  tip;  nostrils  nearer  mouth 
than  tip  of  snout;  teeth  about  jiri,  the  4  or  5  nearest  the  middle  much 
smaller,  the  median  tooth  of  each  Jaw  smallest,  stihtiiangular,  witliout 
basal  cusps;  lateral  teeth  of  both  jaws  similar,  their  points  directed 
strongly  outward;  a  sharp  angle  near  middle  of  outer  nuirgiu,  below 
which  are  2  to  5  sharp  cusps  or  serrations;  eye  iuige;  second  dorsal 
scarcely  i  size  of  hrst.  Dusky  grayish,  most  of  pectoral,  tip  of  caudal, 
and  anterior  portion  of  both  dorsals  black.  L.  G  feet.  Coast  of  Southern 
California  from  San  Francisco  to  Cerros  Island;  very  abundant.  Valued 
for  the  oil  in  its  liver,  and  for  the  lins,  which  are  much  prized  by  the 
Chinese;  the  gelatinous  lin  rays  making  a  line  soup.  Closely  related  to 
the  Euroi)ean  Tope  f  G.  tjaleiin,  (L.) ),  from  which  it  may  prove  to  be  indis- 
tinguishable.    (Cwi',  soup  ;  TTTepiiv,  tin.) 

(Iiiletirliiiiiin :.ii(ipti'niK,  JonuAti  &  CJiLUERT,  Synopsis,  871,  ISSIi,  San  Pedro,  California.     (Tjiie, 
No.  26973.) 


w  ) 


f 


f  I 


•I 


4    i 


{'     I    V 


-33.  GALEOCERDO,  Muller  &  Henle. 

tittleoivrtlii,  Mi'Ll.KK  &  Hknle,  PIii^iinBtnrni'ii,  Ti'.!,  ISIIK,  {(iiiriniiy). 
Uurcoijali'iin^  Gli.i.,  Ann.  I<yr.  Nut.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  Ml,  411, 1801,  (urclifiis). 

Month  crescent-shaped  ;  teeth  alike  in  both  jaws,  large,  obli(iuo,  coarsely 
serrated  on  both  margins,  with  a  deep  notch  on  outer  margin;  spiracles 
present ;  caudal  iiu  with  a  double  notch ;  a  pit  on  the  tail  above  and 
below  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin  :  first  dorsal  opposite  the  space  between 
pectorals  and  ventrals.  Large  sharks,  found  in  most  seas.  (yiiAeui;,  a  kintl 
of  shark,  like  yal/'/,  the  weasel ;  Kt(nV.>,  a  fox  or  weasel.) 

»7.  OALEOCKRDO  TKJRINrS,  Milller  k  Iloule. 
(TifjKit  Siiahk;  Ai.eckin  ;  TKiitoNK.) 

Ciiudal  fin  forming  about  i  of  the  total  length,  much  longer  than  the 
space  between  the  dorsal  fins;  second  dorsal  somewhat  in  advance  of  the 
anal;  a  long  labial  fold  along  the  upper  jaw.  Color  brown,  with  numer- 
ous dark  spots  largei  than  the  eye;  adult  nearly  plain.  Tropical  seas, 
not  rare,  occasionally  northward  to  Cape  Cod  and  to  San  Diego.  L.  15  to 
39  feet.  A  very  largo  and  fierce  shark,  known  by  its  variegated  color- 
ation, the  most  formidable  of  the  West  Indian  species.*  (tigrintta,  tiger- 
like). 

Oiileocerdo  tigriims,  MCiXEn  &  IIenle,  Plagiostomon,  fiO,  1S38;   GCntiiek,  Oat.,  viii,  378,  1870; 

.TOKDAN  &  Gii.HEUT,  Syiiopsis,  21,  1883. 
Gakus  iiiaailatHii,-f  Ranzam,  Do  Novis  Sjicfioljiis  I'lsiiuin.  I>issort.  Prima,  7,  1838,  Brazil. 
(Salencerilo  vkicuUiIiis,  Poev,  .Synopsis,  455,  1808. 


*  "  Luliasnoado  del  viontre  del  niadro  mas  do  GO  felos  jjrontos  a  nacer vivos  y  apoblar  ol  abismo." 
Foeji. 

fWo  aro  iinaMo  to  docido  which  of  those  two  names  of  tlio  same  date,  lir/riuim  iiiul  mnculnhii',  is 
entitled  to  priority.     Common  usage  has  occordod  procedeneo  to  the  work  of  Milller  it  lleule. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Nort/i  America. 


33 


24.    PRIONACE,  Cantor. 
(Blue  Sharks.) 

I'riowiihii,  MClleii  .V  IIknlk,  riii!?ioHtoinun,,'!0, 1838,  (tjtannii',  vU:,  nnmo  prnoocupied). 
I'lii'ii'iir,  ("ANTiiii,  Mala.viiii  I'i.-slic!',  ;5!)!t,  IS.W,  (gubfitituto  for  I'rioHinlim). 
((iwi'i'li"!"",  (Ki.k.in),  tiii.1.,  Alln.Ly(^Nltt.IIiHt.  N,  Y.,18t>l,  -101,  (ijltvicim). 

LaiKO  Hli.'irks  with  the  body  and  head  alt  ider;  no  Hpiraclos;  the  teeth 
in  h(>th,jaw8  stiongly  Hcrratcd  in  the  adult,  those  in  the  upper  jaw  broad, 
tliosc  Inflow  iiunower,  8trai<;ht,  and  clavifonn  ;  first  dorsal  large,  inserted 
midway  between  axils  of  pectorals  and  -entrals;  sceond  dorsal  much 
HMialhn',  usually  not  larger  than  anal ;  embryo  not  attached  to  the  uterus 
by  a  placenta.  Species  rather  few;  large,  slender,  swift,  voracious  sharks 
of  tl<.  warm  seas.  The  gri)ups  here  called  Priotiace,  Ifypoprion,  .ij>riono- 
doii,  ind  Sfoliothn  are  usually  i)laced  as  subgenera  under  Carchorhiiiiis  or 
('(ircliiiriits,  as  the  grouj)  has  been  commonly  called.  Their  retention  as 
(ILslinct  genera  is  apparently  justified  on  the  ground  of  convenience. 
(-IH(ji\  saw;  imii;,  point). 

38^PUIOXACE  OLArCA,  (LinnaiiB). 
(Gnr.AT  ni.i'E  SiiAitK.) 
Snout  very  long;  nostrils  rather  nearer  to  the  mouth  than  to  the 
extremity  of  the  snout ;  no  labial  fold  except  a  groove  at  the  angle  qf 
the  mouth  ;  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  oblique,  scarcely  constricted  near  the 
l)a.se  ;  lower  teeth  slender,  triangular  in  young  examples,  lanceolate,  with 
a  broad  base,  in  old  ones.  Pectoral  fin  long,  falciform,  extending  to  the 
dorsal,  which  is  nearer  the  ventrals  than  the  root  of  the  pectorals.  Color 
liglit  bluish  gray  above,  paler  below.  A  largo  shark  of  the  warm  seas, 
occasionally  taken  on  our  coasts  (a  few  specimens  from  San  Francisco 
and  Monterey).     More  common  in  Europe.  (Eu.) 

S /iialiis  ijjimfiis,  LiNN^tis,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  236, 1758,  Seas  of  Europe. 

Ciiyliiiriiis  ijhiiicna,  GCntiieu,  Cnt.,  vin,  .'J04, 1870. 

Omli.trhiiiiiiiijhiuciin,  Jdllli.vN  &  GILBERT,  SyilopHia,  22,1883. 

S.iiinliis  rifrnleiin,  Ili.AiwiLLE,  Fauiie  Frauyai.sf,  91,  1828,  Medeiterranean. 

>'.;«. i/i(.i  hiiiimUnaceiiK,  Valenciennes,  in  Miiller  &.  Hcnle,  Plagiostonioii,  :J7,  1838,  Brazil. 

25.   CARCHARHINUS,  Blainville. 

Cmchdritin*  Rafinesque,  Carottori  Alcuiii  NuoviQonori,  10, 1810,  (iu  purt ;  ^nm-Kx,  tli(M)iiIy  HpecioB 

naiiu'd). 
iiirrli'irhiiiiin,  Hi.AiNViLi.E,  Journ.  Phys.,  1810,  264;  (oommcr^oHi,  a  iiaino  liaced  <ii   liaci-pode'H 

timiro  of  " .S/HiiJi(S  Ciirc7i(in'<i» "  ;  it  apparently  r(>pr<'st,'nt8  CwcJ.nrhiimn  hiDiin). 
I '■uvhfirian,  CuviT.R,  Iteguo  Animal,  Ed.l,  125,  1817,  (ciirc/mcifi.^,  expn!s.sly  idcntitied  with  Caiiin 

t'ti'harUui  of  IKdon  (do  Aiiuatilibus,  1,()0),  which  is  tho  spocies  cumniuuly  callud  Carcharian 

I'Diiia). 
I'lilamiii,  Gill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1861, 401,  {lamia). 
I'l'iliipmlmi,  GllL, /.  c,  401,  {incnincn-ah). 
h",j„i,i])hi><l>i{j  GiLl,  /.  (\,401,  (oxyrhytiehuf). 
I.'iiiiiopiiui,  Gill,  /.  c,  401,  {tenmiincki). 


*  Tti('  iianic  Carcliarios  as  a  generic  term  wa'i  first  used  hy  Bafincsquo  in  1810.  It  was  tluiB  dc- 
liiicJ: 

"(l.CAiiciiAniAS.  NoBsnni)  .'piragliu,  due  aledorgali,  nnalaanali,  cinque  aperture  hranchiali 
ilii  oKiii  lati).  Coda  disiguale  obbliqua.  Oss. ,  Questo  genere  0  i  1  prime  noil'  ordino  doll!  S(iualini, 
'■  lunticne  le  Bpeclo  lo  pifi  enormu  e  le  pill  voraci;  dilferisce  notabilinente  del  genore  Gakm  dalln 

1'.  N.  A. i 


.:  I:   i 


* 


0 


' 


j ,  t 


■  ^% 


!        1 


I  5  H 


^'-^(.ji^ili^w.  .JLiit.-^^-:' 


-■S'^-j:/i^^.^.<^-^iiki  ^ 


TfTfi — ^^Bl 


{<*' 
|i»i 


I  }t   s 


•  I   ; 

: 

i?'    '■ 


i. 


34 


Bulletin  4^,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Body  rather  robust,  the  head  broad  and  dcproHsed ;  month  inferior,  with 
the  teeth  in  both  jaws  strongly  serrated  in  the  cdnlt,  less  so  or  entire  in 
the  young;  those  in  the  upper  jaw  broad  or  narrow,  those  below  narrow, 
straight,  and  nearly  erect.  No  spiracles.  First  dorsal  large,  placed  not 
far  behind  pectorals ;  pectorals  falcate ;  second  dorsal  suiall.  Embryos 
attached  by  placenta  to  the  uterus,  as  in  Scoliodon,*  Triakia,  and  GaUiix. 
Species  very  numerous  and  difficult  of  separation.  Voracious  sharks  of 
the  warm  seas.  (Kapxafuiti;,  an  old  name  of  C.  lamia,  from  Ki'ifix'tftof,  jagged  ; 
fHVti,  shark,  the  name  first  applied  to  Squatiua,  from  its  rasp-liko  skin; 
I'nvri,  a  file.) 

a.  Tooth  ill  both  Jaws  distinctly  serrate  in  thu  adult ;  tho  RorrcD  on  tlio  lower  tci-th  eniallor; 
upper  tooth  rather  broad,  lower  tooth  nnrrowtr  ;  suout  not  very  acute. 
Platvpodon,  (nAam,  broad;  iin-o,  under;  bdov^,  tooth): 
b.    Upper  teeth   obli(|ue,  deeply  notched  on  the  outer  margin  ;  lower  tooth  narrow, 
scarcely  or  not  notched, 
c.  Pectoralg  very  largo,  3  timea  na  lung  oh  broad,  falciform,  extending  beyond  biiHe 
of  first  dorsol ;  color  blue-gray.  onsi.'ciius,  3!i. 

cc.  Pectorals  shortor,  not  3  times  as  longasbruad,  extending  littlo  if  any  beyond 
base  of  first  dorsal. 
d.  Length  of  finout  from  mouth,  littl<i  if  any  greater  than  width  of  mouth, 
e.  Distance  from  end  of  base  of  first  dorsal  to  veiitrals  less  than  length  of 
base  of  first  dorsal. 
/.  Nasal  flap  without  sharp  lobe. 

g.  Second  dorsal  smaller  than  anal ;   snout  depr»8scd  ;  first  don^iO 
close  behind  pectorals.    Light  gray.      pi.atyrhynciii's,  4ii. 
gg.  Second  dorsal  and  anal  nearly  equal ;  color  bluo-gray. 

FALCIFOIIMIS,  41. 

mancanzadegli  Spiragli."     Under  this  group  one  new  species  is  described,  Carcharian  launm,  a 
species  of  OcUmtntipit,  iis  the  genera  have  l)een  understood. 

No  typo  is  indicated  by  Rafinesquo,  but  it  is  evident  that  ho  had  tho  Siptnlu/i  carchariait  of  Lin- 
URUS  in  mind  as  type,  in  accordance  with  his  custom  of  raising  Linna-an  species  to  the  rank  of 
genera.  In  Raflnescjue's  Indice,  published  in  the  same  year,  1810,  a  few  months  later,  Sijtiahm 
carchariai),  li.,  appears  as  tho  type  of  Ckircharuu  under  tho  name  of  Carcharim  lamia.  The  Squalus 
carcharias  of  LinnoiUH  as  understood  by  Rafinesquo  was  Carcharlntms  la}iiia.  It  was  primarily 
based  on  Carcharodon  carcharian,  a  species  not  known  to  most  of  the  succeeding  authors,  wlm 
applied  the  name  Sqitalus  carcharias  to  Carchariat  lamia  instead  of  to  Can-harodon.  Cuvier  dis- 
tinctly makes  lamia  the  tyi)0  of  his  genus  Carcliaria.i  as  he  refers  to  BClou's  figure  of  ' '  Oini- 
carcharitui"  as  the  only  good  representation  of  his  species. 

BSlon's  figure  plainly  represents  Carcliariun  lamia.  It  is  olso  evident  that  Rafinesquo  has  tin- 
lamia  in  mind  in  referring  to  bis  ''Si/ualm  carrhaj-ias"  or  "  Carcharian  lamia."  The  phrase  "Codii 
disigualo,  obldiqua,"  shows  this,  as  also  does  the  fact  that  the  species  was  planed  in  the  list  of  Sicil- 
ian fisfaos.  Carcharias  lamia  is  common  in  Sicily.  Carcharodon  carcharias  is  rare  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. In  fact,  few  of  tho  earlier  writers  in  Italy  or  France  knew  the  Carcharodon,  and  referred 
all  accounts  of  it  to  the  great  shark  known  to  them,  Carcharias  lamia.  So  far  as  intention  of  tlic 
author  goes,  Carchari(is  of  Rafinesquo  should  be  strictly  synonymous  with  Carcharias  of  ('uvior, 
and  both  based  on  tho  same  typo  as  the  Eidamia  of  Gill.  Carcharhinus  of  Rlainville  was  originally 
based,  according  to  Gill,  on  his  Si/nnfiis  comniersnni,  which  seems  to  bo  Curchariinis  laviia.  In  tliis 
connection  we  may  note  that  Rafinesquo,  in  1810,  seemed  to  have  used  but  two  general  tiealif^i- 
on  fishes,  the  Systema  Naturic  of  Linnaeus,  and  the  Historie  Naturelle  des  Poissons  of  Lacfpide. 
Raflnesque's  genus  Carcharias  is  Laceix'de's  "Premier  sousgenre,  une  nageoiredo  1'  anus  bum.-' 
events."  His  Oaleiia  is  the  "Second  sousgenre  une  nagcoire  de  1'  anus  et  deux  events,"  whili' 
tho  name  Sqnahis  is  retained  by  him  for  the  "Tn.sifeme  sousgenre,  deux  events  sans  uageoirc 
de  r  anus."  Raflnesque's  remaining  genera,  Dalalias,  Tftrnras,  Immis,  Cerictins,  Aloitias,  etc.,  arc 
based  on  sperios  supposed  by  Raflnesque  to  be  new. 

If  we  should  refer  Raflnesque's  genera  to  the  groups  of  Lacepede,  on  which  they  wore  really 
based,  Carcharias  yio\\\A  be  equivalent  to  Carcharhinus  and  Oaleus  to  Oaleorhinvs.  On  the  othei 
hand,  the  strict  rule  of  roquiiing  the  type  of  a  genus  to  be  taken  from  the  species  actually  men 
tioned  by  its  author  mak6s  tho  arrangement  here  adopted  the  necessary  one.  As  in  other  di^ 
puted  cases,  we  here  follow  the  rules  strictly. 

*  So  far  as  known  to  us,  the  embryos  in  all  our  other  viviparous  sharks  are  without  placentii . 


i| 

f  ■" 

Jofiiiin  and  F.vfnnanii. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


35 


,//      .N'iIMiI   fllip  Witll   WW  lll'lltl'   llllir, 

h.  .Siiiiiit  nut.  viM'.v  Hliiirt,  itx  ln||^tll  from  iiioiitli  not  iicitiildy  Iokh 
tliiiii  wiilt'i  i>t°imiutli.     Colur  yclluwiHli  limwii. 

AtllONOTt'H,  4'2. 

A/i.  Siiiiiif  very  nlKirt  and  bluut,  lU  lungtli  I'niMi  nmntli  Imt  ;/,  width 

(if  nioiitli.  rKUK/i,  13, 

ci'.  DiHinnci'  from  Pinl  of  liasu  of  flrat  dorwil  to  vcntralH  ;^i'(>ati'r  tliiin  lrn;;tli 

of  liint  ilopHirl  ;  nnoiit  nioilcriito,  iikmoti  h,  W. 

itil.  I.rn^th  uf  Hiiuiit  from  niuiith  gruutur  than  width  uf  inuuth;  llr»t  durHal  small. 

IIK.NLKI.45. 

('.UK'M.MinlNl'S: 

(.(/.  ','piiri    tii'th  IrlaiiKnlnr,  snliorcct,  Hcarcidy  notclicd  oiitluMiiitor  ninr^in  ;  lownrtouth 
siiiillar  liiit  nimli  narrower. 
I.  .Snout  nioilorati^,  ilH  Icngtli  from  nnmth  uliout  <'(|inil  to  width   :(  ni.'ulh. 
./.   I'cctoialH  not  faltati^ ;  tins  not  conMiiiciiunHly  darker  ut  ti)   .     Atlantii-. 

MII.IIKIITI,  40. 

y.  I'lM-torals  soinowliat  falrato  ;  Bocond  dorsal  ratlicr  nmallcr   than  anal  ;  tins 
scarcely  dusky  at  tip.     raciflc.  i,amiei,l.\,  47. 

ii.  .Sniiiit  very  Hhort,  its  Icn^tli  front  ntoutli  Iohs  than  width  of  mouth. 

k.  I'uctoral  long  and  falcate,  reacliiiif;  to  posterior  i>art  of  ham?  of  dorsal.     At- 
lantic. 
/.  Anterior  nnirKin  of  first  dorsal  <-ouve.\,  tho  heightuf  the  fin  uliout  ci[nal 
to  depth  of  liody.  la.mi.\,  48. 

kk.  Pectoral  (in  moderate,  Kcarcidy  fa'cate,  not  reachint;;  lo  end  cpf  base  of  dor- 
ual. 
VI.  Si'cond    dorsal  not  larger  than  anal;  lungth  of  snout  from  mouth  l^j^ 
times  in  breadth  of  mouth;  upjicr  teeth  very  broad.     Atlantic. 

I'LATVODO.N,  4y. 
mm.  Seconil  dorsal  larger  than  anal. 

II.  Length  of  nnout  froui  mouth  hut  '.^  breadth  of  mouth;  upper  teeth 

not  very  broad ;  head  very  luoad  above.     I'licifti'.       kronto,  .10. 

nil.  Length  of  KUout  from   nioulh   mure  than  ^.j  breadth  of  mouth; 

fresh  water.-).  nicaraouknsis,  61. 

IsiiiiOMi'UoDoN,  (i<ros,  e(|nal;  yonijioi,  nail;  oSovt,  tooth): 

'I.I.  Teeth  slightly  serrated,  similar  in  form  in  tho  two  jaws,  narrow,  claviform,  constricted  at 

base;  Hiiout  rather  sharp. 

11.  Snout  moderate,  its  length  from  mouth  uot  greater  than  the  breadth  of  mouth;  teeth 

moderate,  i.     MtSOiu  each  jaw;  fins  edged  with  Mack. 

ji.  Uasu  of  anal  a  little  longer  than  that  of  second  donsal;  pectoral  reaching  end  of  base 

of  first  doi-sal.  a;tiiai.oiiis,  .')2, 

j);>.  Base  of  anal  equal  to  that  of  second  dorsal;  pectoral  reaching  past  base  of  first 

dorsal.  i.iMiiATrs,  53. 

"II.  Snout  very  long  and  narrow,  its  length  from  mouth  twice  distance  between  nostrils; 

teeth  snniU,  about  48  in  each  jaw.  oxyuhynchl's,  54. 


\      t     I 


Subgenus  PLATYPODON,  Gill. 
3».  VAUCHAllHINUS  OBSt'l'KCJS,  (Lo  Sueur). 
(Dii.sKV  Sir  AUK.) 
I  load  rather  pointed,  flattened  above  and  below;  first  dorual  rather 
lar^fo;  second  dorsal  smaller  than  the  anal,  and  considerably  produced 
lu'hind  ;  pectorals  very  large,  falciform,  extending  beyond  the  end  of  tho 
(loisal,  their  outer  margin  4  times  the  inner.     Dark  clear  blue  above, 
wliite  below.    A  large  shark,  reaching  a  length  of  9  or  10  feet,  inhabiting 
the  Middle  Atlantic  and  frequently  taken  on  our  coast.     (ohscnruH,  dusky. ) 
.^'./im'ms  rifwiinio,  Lf.  SoEUR,  .lour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1818,  1,223,  New  York, 
(•■".;„„■,„,  ohsnmiK,  Gl'NTHER,  Cat.,  vili.  30(i,  ICTt). 
('•ii'/i.ir/iiiiiis  i./iwiiiiis,  .Jordan  &  Gilhert,  Synnjisis,  22,1883. 
^''"■■■Iinriiis  fiikiphmis,  LowE,  Proc.  Zoil.  Soc.  Loud.,  183!),  90,  Madeira. 
iVi(.iiu,(yii  iihfdiUus,  Valenciennes,  Poles,  lies  Canaries,  103,  1830,  Canaries. 


i 


T 


;{(> 


liulUtin  4j^  Unitid  Stales  National  Museum. 


i  1»( 


40.  (AmilAKIlIM  S  l>l..\TIKilV>t'iirS,  ((illicit). 

Snuui  iiuulurute,  not  pointed,  very  flat,  and  bnmdly  idiindod  ;  itulen^tli 
fruni  luoutL  ulightly  j^roator  than  width  ufniuuth,  and  Icnh  tiian  widtii  ol' 
Hnout o])]>OHito  noHtrilH.  No  labial  folds;  ntmtiil  llap  without  aciit*'  IoIh;; 
upper  teeth  broadly  triangular,  coarsely  serrate,  the  inner  edge  oliIii|iie, 
the  outer  more  or  less  definitely  notched  ;  lower  teeth  narrow,  erect;  eye 
moderate.  Pectorals  little  falcate,  long,  reaching  beyond  base  of  first  «lor- 
sal,  the  fin  about  \  as  broad  as  long ;  first  dorsal  inserted  close  behind  pec- 
toral, its  distance  from  pectoral  \  its  base;  its  ba8e2.i  times  in  interspace 
between  dorsals,  and  less  tlian  its  height,  which  is  less  than  depth  of  body  ; 
Hocond  dorsal  inserted  over  anal,  its  base  1^  in  first  dorsal,  the  fin  smaller 
than  anal;  caudal  3j  in  total  length.  Light  gray,  the  fins  colored  lil;e 
the  body.  Magdalena  Hay  to  Galapagos  Islands  ;  probably  not  rare.  Kc- 
sembles  C  iamivUa,  from  which  it  differs  in  dentition  and  in  position  ul 
lirst  dorsal.     (nXaTig,  flat;  i'>i'yx<>Sj  snout.) 

Eiilamin  philyrhiiiichii^,  Gii.iikut,  Vrov.    V.   S.   Nut.  Mun.,  IX'Jl,  544,  Clarion  Island,  Socorro 
Island,  Magdalena  Bay. 

41.  CAltCHAItlllM'S  FALCIFOUiniS,  (liibiuii). 
(Cazipn  i>k  Ti.aya.) 

Snout  moderately  prolonged  and  acute;  nostrils  without  lobe;  first 
dorsal  rather  backward  ;  second  dorsal  and  anal  o])]iosite  each  other  ami 
of  medium  size  ;  pectorals  not  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  upper  teeth  witii  a 
marked  reentrant  angle  on  the  outer  border;  2  jiores  on  the  nape,  well 
marked.  Color,  blue-black,  deeper  than  in  any  other  species.  L.  10 feet. 
(Poey.)     Cuba  and  neighboring  waters,     {falx,  scythe;  forma,  form.) 

CiiiclKiriiiH/iilcifiiniiis^  ItiiiiiiiN,  ill  Miillcr  k  Ilenlo'H  I'la^iostoiiicn,  1",  18;i8,  Cuba. 
SijiiiihiHiiliiirii,  I'liKv,  IMoiiiiirias,  11,  .ttl,  ISGl,  Havana, 
Phitijiiudon  fukij'iiruiUi,  PoKY,  Euumcratio,  191,  1870. 


'■I   ^A 


42.  CAKCIIAiailMIS  ACKONOTUS,  (P(xj). 

Close  to  C.fulciformis,  but  with  an  acute  lobe  to  tho  nostril ;  lirst  dof^^.ll 
farther  forward;  the  second  dorsal  and  anal  larger;  pectoral  scarctl.v 
falciform;  nuchal  pores  inconspicuous;  color  yellowish  brown.  (Poeyi. 
Cuba,     ((i/cpof,  sharp ;  rwrof,  back.) 

Sijuahia  acroiwtiu,  Poey,  Mumoriuf,  ii,  ;13'>,  1801,  Havana. 

43.  rAKCHAItlllM'S  PKRKZI,  (Pooy). 

Snout  rounded,  its  length  from  mouth  3  width  of  mouth,  and  about 
equal  to  length  of  mouth  (measured  from  the  line  connecting  tlit^ 
angles) ;  teeth  oblique,  with  a  deep  notch  on  outer  margin  ;  lower  tetili 
narrow ;  Nostril  with  a  small,  sharp  lobe.  Pectoral  falciform,  ratlur 
large.  First  dorsal  acute,  inserted  near  tip  of  pectoral;  anal  opposite 
second  dorsal,  Avhich  has  a  bsise  nearly  i  as  long  as  that  of  first  dor- 
sal. Gray,  tips  of  fins  dusky.  Cuba.  (Named  for  Don  Laureano  Per/, 
of  the  University  of  Madrid.) 

PIa(2ir/)o(Ionjjere%i,  Poey,  Euumeratio,  106, 1875,  Cuba. 


i 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  37 


44.  CAItCIIAKIIIMS  RKMOTVS,  (ValoncloiiiuH). 

Miizzlf  roiindt'*!,  tlio  preocnlnr  loiiKth  equal  to  the  intororbital  area; 
HiiDiit  l)«>toi'u  iiioiitli  (M|ii»l  to  wi«ltli  of  iiioutli ;  iippur  to«th  obliqiio  with 
!i  loJ'iitiiint  aiifjlo,  till)  h)\vcv  narrow;  lirst  dorual  a  little  higher  than 
loiij,'.  coiiiiiieiiciiiK  <'1<>N»*  behind  pectorals  ;  sccontl  dcsal  lower  than  anal, 
tlie  interspace  l>et\vecn  dorHalH  nearly  3  tinioM  Itane  of  anal;  tliHtance 
iKini  Ihst  (lor.sal  to  vontrals  j^reater  than  length  of  first  dorsal ;  pectorals 
Ijj  times  as  Ion;;  as  broad,  the  posterior  margin  concave;  the  onter  angle 
rouiidcd :  caudal  ")!  in  length.  Color  gray.  Martinicpie.  (Dunu'^il.) 
(»Y»/i(>/"",  remote;  the  ventrals  remote  from  the  flrst  dorsal.) 

(\\rch»riii»  riiiii'liis,  VAi.F.NriRNNK8,  in  DiimfirirH  IliHt.  Nat.  PuIrr.,  i.,  374, 1870,  Martinique. 

45.  (ARCHARHINrS  IIENLEI,  (Vulonclonnos). 

Snont  produced,  the  distance  between  its  extremity  and  tho  mouth 
licin^  more  than  the  width  of  the  mouth,  npper  teeth  oblique,  notched  on 
tlie  outer  margin  ;  lower  teeth  narrow,  nearly  erect.  Pectorals  short,  not 
roacliingendof  dorsal,  their  lower  margin  I  length  of  upper.  First  dorsal 
very  small  and  short,  its  b.-ise  much  shorter  than  that  of  anal.  Uniform 
iiviiy.  ((jiinther.)  Const  of  Brazil  and  northward  to  (iuiana.  (Named 
for  Dr.  .T.  Henle.) 

(•„i;li,irhis  hittlci*  VAi.EHt'iENNKS,  in  MUlIcr  &  Henio,  PlaKioBtomcn,  40, 18H8,  Guiana. 
r.i,.  ;,„,i„y  j,,.ir..«H<,*  Hanzani,  Nov.  V\v.  DShs.  Prima.,  70,  18:!8,  Brazil. 
r.ici/cdiKS  jiiin/.siw,  GCntiieii,  Cat.,  viii,  30,'i,  1870. 

Subgenus  CARCHARHTNUS. 
4«.  CAKCIIARillNrS  MILBKRTI,  (MiUler  >%  Ilcnlo). 

This  species  differs  from  C.  platyodon  chiefly  in  the  following  respects ; 
Head  longer,  snout  much  less  obtuse,  its  length  from  mouth  eiiual  to 
breadth  of  mouth ;  distance  between  nostrils  ^  leas  than  length  of  snout. 
Tcctli  and  fins  as  in  Cplatijoclon.  Pectorals  rather  small,  not  falcate,  GA  in 
body  ;  caudal  t  in  body,  rather  narrow.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida ;  not  rare, 
but  very  imperfectly  described.  (Named  for  M.  Milbert,  a  French  natur- 
alist who  collected  in  America.) 

I  ',ii;  liiiriiix  [Prinnnihii)  milhetii,  MCm.eu  &  IIeni.r,  PlagioHtomon,  38,  1838,  New  York. 
CinhiiiiKxcni-nkus,  Pr,  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fislics,  354,  1842,  New  York. 
<'iiirl,„)-ii,itr:iriileits,  .loiiHAN  .t  GiLiiKUT,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  244. 
I.iuniiii  riiiiihiiii,  Dk  Kav,  /.  '■.,  3.>1,  1842,  Brenton  Reef,  Rhode  Island. 
i:,il;i„i(i  mllhi;-!!,  OiM,,  I'loc.   Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18(14,  202. 
< 'iiirliiirhiiiiis  r.ini/ciis,  .Jordan  it  Gii.iiKUT, Synopsis,  872,  1883. 


11 

}  I 
ill 


I* 


47.  CARCIIARHINUS  LAMIELLA,  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

(Bay  Shaiik.) 

Body  robust,  the  back  elevated.  Head  broad  and  flat ;  the  snout  long, 
but  wide  and  rounded,  its  length  from  mouth  a  little  more  than  width 
1)1  mouth  and  greater  than  distance  between  nostrils,  which  are  nearer 


*  We  do  not  know  which  of  these  two  names  has  priority  of  date. 


'  b 


mwww 


•I  : 


38 


Jiullt'tin  ^j,  Uniti'ii  Stafcs  Natiotntl  Afiisi-um. 


11 


H 


1    ' 


HiKiiit  than  initio  of  tlio  month,  Eyo  iiiodoratc.  Tooth  ^il,  thoir  form  aw 
in  C.  lamia,  th»  upper  ro^iilarly  triuuguhir,  without  notch,  narrow  in  the 
young,  tlio  hiwor  narrowly  triangular,  oroct,  on  a  broad  liaHo;  all  tlio 
tooth  (liHtinctly  and  ovonly  sorratod.  First  dorsal  beginning  at  a  diH- 
tancn  )|  itH  own  baMO  behind  the  pectorals  and  ending  u  little  more  than 
itH  base  before  the  ventrals.  Space  between  dorHals  2'>  times  base  of  first 
dorsal,  7  times  that  of  second.  Height  of  first  dorsal  H  the  depth  of  the 
body;  i)entoral  reaching  past  first  dorsal.  .Second  dorsal  very  small,  not 
},  the  height  <<f  the  first,  snniller  than  anal  and  nearly  opposite  it.  Pec- 
torals hmg  and  broad,  reaching  past  base  of  dorsal,  Gii  in  body.  Tail  HJ 
in  length.  Color  plain  light  gray.  San  Diego  Hay  and  southward  along 
the  Mexican  coast,  ^'^ery  close  to  C.  lamia,  but  the  dorsals  and  pectorals 
smaller  and  the  first  dorsal  farther  back.     (Diminutive  uf  lamia.) 

Citrrhariiin  tnmielhi,  .Iiirdan  k  Gll.iiRUT,  Prnc.  \j.  H.  Nat.  Mus.,  1R82,  110,  San  Diego  ;  .1  rhan  & 
GiMiKHT,  SyiioiwiH,  873, lUKl.    (Tyiio,  No.2"3'!0.) 

4«.  CAHCllAllllINrS  LAMIA,*  (Riiflti.Rquo). 
(Cun-aiiAiiK;  Ukqi'in;  Ukqimem  ;  Lamia.) 

Head  broad,  depressed;  snout  short  and  rounded,  nostrils  midway  be- 
tween its  tip  and  the  front  of  the  mouth;  breadth  of  mouth  2^  times 
length  of  preoral  jtart  of  snout.  First  dorsal  very  large,  inserted  close 
liehind  the  base  of  the  pectoral,  its  height  a  little  greater  than  the  length 
of  its  base,  its  anterior  margin  convex,  its  upper  angle  rounded,  its  pos- 
terior border  nearly  straight,  its  lower  angle  pointed,  its  lieight  about 
equal  to  greatest  depth  of  body ;  second  dorsal  much  smaller  than  first, 
about  equal  to  anal ;  pectorals  at  least  twice  as  long  as  broad,  5  times 
in  body  ;  noper  lobe  of  caudal  i  the  total  length,  twice  the  inferior  lobe, 
(jlraylsh,  fins  rarely  darker  at  tip.  L.  10  feet.  Tropical  parts  of  the  At- 
lantic; common  northward  to  Florida  Keys,  abundant  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea  and  in  the  Mediterranean;  a  man  eating  shark,  notorious  in  warm 
regions  as  a  greedy  scavenger  about  wharves.  (?.«///'«,  lamia,  sea-monster, 
from  hufwg,  devouring  hunger.)  (Eu.) 

Canin  rnrrJinrinn,  Lniniii  cr  liv(piiii  of  early  nTitcrs. 

Sqnabia  carcharinn  of  most  early  French  and  Italian  writorn,  not  of  Linna>nf<. 
CarchariimUtmiii,  Kafinksqvf,  Indico  d'ltliol.  }>ici1.,44,  1810,  Sicily,  (after  Lacepedo). 
Cnrcharlihwn  cniiimfnimii,  Bi.AiNViM.E,  Hull.  Sci.  Fliiloin.,  181(i,  121,  (boned  on  LaceiH-do's  figure 

of  SqHahiD  carcharids.) 
Squnlxn  ctircliarixK,  Cuvier,  Kepno  Animal,  lin-^ed  on  Cmiis  rarrharins  of  BelloiiiiiH. 
Carrliimiixlmum,  Risso,  Ilist.  Nat.  Europ.  Morid.,  iii,  110,  182G,  Nice. 
Sqniiliinloiiijimmiui>,  PoEV,  Mcniorias,  11,  338,  1801,  Cuba. 
Eulantia  longimatia,  Poey,  Synopsis,  48,  18fi8. 
Etdamia  lamia,  Poey,  Knunieratio,  188, 1875. 
Oarcharins  lamia,  GOntiieb,  Cat.,  vni,  372,  1870,  .TonDAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,1884,  104. 


*  Carcharliinus  leticns,  (Valenciennes):  Peetorals  rallier  lonjr,  Iiut  shorter  than  in  C.  Inuiia;  first 
dorsal  with  pointed  angles,  its  anterior  honler  not  <'onve.\,  and  its  posterior  Imrder  little  exia- 
vated  (Dumoril);  otherwise  about  as  in  V.  lamia,  with  wliieli  it  is  juobably  identical.  West 
ludicB  ;  Algiers.     (Atuicds,  white.) 

Garciiariat  leucos,  Yulencieunes,  in  MUller  iSc  Heulo's  Plagiostomen.  42,  1838,  Antilles ; 
Dnm6ril  Hitt.  Nat.  Poiss.,  358. 


Jordan  uhJ  Kvertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


.10 


III.  <.iK<'ll\ltlllMH  IMiATVOIION,  (l>»iy). 

IStiily  stout;  lieutl  voiy  Hliort,  Itruiul,  (h^proHHetl,  an<l  bluntly  roniuled; 
iitdiitli  twice  as  broad  aH  lon^;,  its  broadth  ubuiit  \,  iiioio  than  hMi^tli  of 
Hiiont;  upper  toetli  very  broad,  triau^ular,  erect,  coarsely  Hurrato,  not 
notclit'tl ;  lower  tenth  narrower,  more  finely  Herrate.  FirBt  dorsal  be^in- 
iiin;;  close  behind  pectoral,  a  little  higher  than  long,  not  falcate,  its  base 
'1\  in  interspace  between  dorsals;  second  dorsal  very  small,  its  base  5 
ill  intorNpa<;o;  caudal  moderate,  2;i  in  body,  anal  a  little  longer  than 
Hecond  dorsal,  and  placed  a  little  farther  back;  pectorals  rattier  small, 
not  falcate,  (S  in  total  length,  reaching  a  little  past  front  of  dorsal ;  width 
of  jK'ctoral  nearly  \  of  its  length.  81aty  blue,  white  below  ;  caudal 
blackish,  other  tins  with  dark  tips.  L.  10  to  1.5  feet.  Cuba  to  Texas; 
abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  specimen  here  described  being  from 
(Jalveston.     (Tr^arif,  broad  ;  «(5oi'f,  tooth.) 

Si/niiluii  pMjiodon,  PoF.Y,  Momnriiis,  il,  3.11,  1801,  Havana. 

S'liiiiliiH  iMiinif,  PiiKY,  /.  c,  'MT,  Havana. 

Curi-liaiiiiipliiliiuitoH,  JoBiiAN  &  Gll.UKUT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  MiiH.,  18H2,  243;  SynopelB,  872,1883. 

60.  CAllt'IlAKIIINUS  VRONTO,  (.TuiJua  Si.  Gilt>ert). 
(Tini'RON.) 
Body  short  and  stont;  head  very  broad,  depressed,  broadly  rounded 
anteriorly,  the  front  of  snout  parallel  with  cleft  of  mouth;  snout  from 
nioiith  i  the  distance  between  angles  of  mouth ;  and  about  equal  to 
distance  from  chin  to  the  line  connecting  these  angles;  interorbital 
width  twice  length  of  snout  to  eyes.  Teeth  in  both  Jaws  narrowly  trian- 
gular, twice  as  high  as  broad,  all  nearly  erect  and  scarcely  notched  on 
outer  margin.  Free  margins  of  tins  concave;  insertion  of  tirst  dorsal 
nearer  pectorals  than  vontrals;  length  of  base  of  first  dorsal  more  than 
lis  height,  but  less  than  interorbital  width;  interspace  between  dorsals 
2i  times  base  of  first,  3s  times  base  of  second;  tail  4J  in  body;  anal 
Hiiialler  than  second  dorsal ;  pectorals  large,  not  acute,  reaching  a  little 
])a.st  front  of  dorsal.  Slaty  gray,  the  edges  of  fins  biownish.  L.  10  feet. 
Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico ;  a  largo  voracious  shark  remarkable  for  its  broad 
liciul.     {fronto,  having  a  wide  forehead.) 

('(iirlinriiuifrimto,  .TouDAN  &  GiLBEiiT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  102,  Mazatlan,   Mexico. 
(Tvpc',  Xo.  28107.) 

51.  CARCHABIIINUS  NICASAOUENSIS,  (Gill  &  Bransford). 

(TlORONE.) 

Snout  short,  obtusely  rounded  ;  distance  from  mouth  to  snout  ^  distance 
l)ot\veeu  nostrils ;  teeth  |'« ;  upper  teeth  triangular,  scarcely  notched  on 
outer  margin  ;  first  dorsal  commoicing  just  behind  axil  of  pectoral,  its 
height  greater  than  length  of  its  base;  second  dorsal  larger  than  anal, 
its  base  2^  in  that  of  first  dorsal;  pectorals  moderate,  their  length  not 
twice  height  of  dorsal.  L.  7  feet.  Lake  Nicaragua  and  its  outlet,  Rio 
San  Juan,  abundant,  confined  so  far  as  known  to  fresh  waters,  the  only 
strictly  fresh  water  shark  recorded. 

I'ulamia  nicaragtietisis,  GiLL  &  Bransfobd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Fbila.,  1877,  190,  Lake  Nica- 
ragua, Nicaragua. 


H 


Si'        S: 


I-     I 


M 


i  * 


1       I  !t 


l-:H 


^rj':i1ljlAk*;--iAi.^'i^^o;'.*^i;■■■L;■"f:■r:>^:vl^^■■il:\t^^ 


w^ 


40 


JiiiUctiii  4j,  Ihiiied  States  National  Museum. 


•i 


m 


P\  § 


I' 


1 


I  ■-' 


i 

1   'i 
1  '■ 

■J      J 


^■:;  • 


SubKenua  ISOQOMPHODON,  <illl. 
5S.  CARCIIAKIIIMH  l.TIIALOItrM,  (Jonlmi  .V  <Jilliert). 
Rody  TobuNt,  tlio  hoiul  rathur  loii^f  and  pointed  in  proOIti,  tInttiHh  nbovo; 
snout  from  mouth  c<|ual  to  diHtancn  l)otwuon  rukIch  of  mouth,  J  grontor 
than  fromcliiu  to  lino  connnctingthoHn  angles  ;  intororhital  widtliHJightly 
morn  tluin  Hnout  from  eye ;  3  Hhort  furrowH  from  angle  of  mouth  ;  tuetii 
In  both  jawH  narrowly  triangular,  nearly  erect  and  scarcely  notched 
on  the  outer  margin,  all  finely  Hornite;  jtoreH  not  couHpicnouH;  gill  open- 
ings largo.  Free  margins  of  all  llns  concave.  Insertion  of  tirst  dorsal 
chme  behind  base  of  pectoral ;  length  of  base  of  tirst  dorsal  less  than  its 
licight ;  interspace  between  dorsals  2  to  2A  times  base  of  tirst  dorsal  and 
4  times  second,  ^vhich  is  much  emaller  than  tirst.  Tail  about  i  total 
length  ;  anal  a  little  longer  than  second  dorsal.  Eyes  very  small.  Pec- 
torals somewhat  falcate,  reaching  to  opposite  posterior  part  of  base  of 
dorsal,  their  tips  pointed;  pectoral,  6  in  body.  Slaty  gray  ;  upper  edge 
of  tail  blackish  ;  tips  of  all  fins  blackish.  L.  6  feet  or  more.  Ma/atlau 
to  Panama;  common;  very  close  to  C'.  UmhatuH,  (tiKiu'^j/,  soot;  <V«C» 
margin.) 

Cdrchariim  nIhalDriis,  JonoAit  ic  QlhVKKT,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Muh,,  1882,  104,  Mazatlan.     (T}'!"'. 
No».  28202, 2y519.) 

S».  I'AIUilAItlllNrS  LI9inATUS,(Man<'r,<[IIotilo). 
(Ca<;onktta.) 
Snout  somewhat  pointed  in  front,  rather  produced,  the  distance  between 
its  extremity  and  the  month  somewhat  less  than  width  of  mouth ;  nos- 
trils nearly  midway  between  the  extremity  of  snout  an'i  mouth  ;  teeth 

yf.ji'  similar  in  form  in  both  jaws,  erect,  conctrictcd,  on  a  broad  base,  the 
nppor  more  distinctly  serrated  than  the  lower;  gill  openings  wide,  at 
least  twice  as  wide  as  the  eye,  which  is  small.  Pectorals  falciform,  ex- 
tending beyond  end  of  dorsal,  the  length  of  their  upper  margin  being 
nearly  4  timed  that  of  lower.  First  dorsal  commencing  very  close 
behind  the  axil  of  the  pectoral ;  origin"  of  second  dorsal  and  anal  oppo- 
site to  each  other,  the  bases  being  nearly  equally  long.  Caudal  fin  long, 
its  length  equal  to  distance  between  the  origins  of  the  2  dorsal  fins. 
Color  gray,  lower  side  of  the  extremity  of  the  pectoral,  extremities 
of  the  second  dorsal  and  anal  and  of  the  lower  caudal  lobe,  black. 
(Giinther.)  Tropical  seas,  north  to  Florida;  a  stray  specimen  taken  at 
Woods  Holl,  Mass.;  common  in  Brazil;  used  as  food  by  the  very  poor. 
(Iimbatu8,  edged.) 

Carcharicu  (Prionodon)  liinhafut,  Ml'Li.En  &  Henle,  Plap;ioBtoinou,  49,  1838,  Martinique. 

Carcharicu  Hmhatu/,  Gt'NTirEK,  Cat.,  viii,  373,  1870. 

Itcigumphodon  Imhatim,  Jordan  &  Gii.iiEnT,  Synopsis,  23,1883. 

liognmphodon  macHUpinnin,  PoET,  Kopertorio,  1, 191,  1867,  Cuba. 

Carcharia:  muUeri,  Steindachner,  Sitzber,  Akod.  Wiss.  Wien.,  18G7,  .356,  West  Indies. 

Carchariai microps,  Lowe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1840,  38,  Madeira. 

PrionodoH  cucuri,  Castelnav,  Anim.  Am^r.  Sud.  Poiss.,  09, 1856,  Bahia. 


64.  CARCHABHIXUS  OXTRHTNCHVS,  (MUIIor  &  Honle). 
Snout  very  much  elongate,  pointed,  narrow ;  distance  between  mouth 
and  tip  of  snout  about  twice  distance  between  nostrils ;  a  short  labial 


r " 


Joriian  and  Rvtrmann. — Fis/irs  of  Xort/i  Attierira.  41 

told  oil  carli  .jaw  ;  ti'ctli  Hiimll,  ,^  ,;,,  t«r»'t!t,  riitliiT  Hlon<l»>r«T  in  l(»«vcr  jiiw  ; 
only  tln!  iii>|ifr  tc'ctli  mIiow  MTiutioii  iii-ar  llio  tip.  IVctomlN  very  liujjo 
mill  liroiid.  »'xt<ii(Uii>;  Itfjoiid  <l<iiMuI,  \vl»i«;li  lii-^iiis  aliuvinoot  of' itcrtoral. 
SccoimI  (loi'Hal  aiul  anal  8t'.l)-u<|iuil,  only  \  xi/.n  of  liiHt  durMiil,  Kyo  Hnnill, 
j,'ill  opfiiiiiK'*  i"<"l*''"'"'  (<'"'nMi«'r. )  Hiiriiiani.  (o^Vr^Hliurp;  /ii)  v"  ,  Hiioiit.) 
i;,rrl,'iriii»'0!iihiiii'hiiH,  Mri.i.rii  AlIi'.M.K,  l'hi(,'lo«ti)mi'ii,  It,  ls:iH,  Surinam. 
i:„ih<iiM«iuiirhijn'lii",  OCSTHKII,  Cut. , VIII,  ;iTr>,  1«7<». 

26.  HYPOPRION,  Miiiloi  iV  Ilonlo. 

ll,il„ii}vhH,  Mri.i.rn  A  IIkni.k,  PIiiKinHtonu'ii,  Ml,  1n;)s,  'm,irl„ii), 

lliiiiiii'ii"iinil'ni,  (ill. I.,  Ann.  I.Nr.  Niil.  Hi«t.  N.  V.,  Isiil,  4o|,  (li,  iiii'i'lini)  (Ii'olli  Hi'i-rnfo  mi  oiitiT  hIiIi' 

nil!}). 

CliamctcrHCHHCMiially  as  in  < 'tnTliKrhiiiiiH,  \t\\t  witli  tli«>low«(rt««tli  i^ntiro, 
the  ii|.in>r  tcotli  coaiHcly  .sciratt'tl  at  l>a.so  only,  on  onoor  liotli  sidos  ;  lower 
teeth  cioet.     ( / -r;,  lielow  ;  T/)/(,>r,  Haw  ;  tlio  iipp<a' tuuth  ii(;iii};  Horratod  at 

l»aM<). 
<i.  Siuiiit  dbtiiNi' ;  ItH  IciiB  li  from  inoiith  ),j  ititrrdiliitnl  wlillli  ;  iiiipcr  tri'fli  wcaltly  HiTiittc 
cm  tiiilli  dicli'H  ill  mliili;  scidinl  diiriiil  viTy  liirni",  nioro  tliiiii  '._,  Iiiihi'  hI"  tlrst. 

llltKVIHOflTIIIN,  M, 

11(1.  Snout  aciito  ;  Its  Iciigtli  from  iikhiIIi  1',.  tiinoH  widll,    if  nidiitli  ;  iiiipcr  t<'clli  Htroni-'ly 
Kirriit"  (III  liiitli  Ki(iiH  ;  Hccdnil  dorriiil  Hiniill,  alxiiit  '  .j  us  idiipiiis  (Irst.  siiiNATrfi,  fill. 

CS.  IIYiM>l>ltIO\'  ltlti:VIIt(»STitIS,  Pocy. 
Body  robust;  head  flattened,  tho  snout  Hlioit,  flat,  broadly  rounded; 
nostril  midway  between  tip  of  Hiioiit  mid  po,sterior edjjo  of  pupil;  prcoral 
jiart  of  snout  half  intcrorbital  width  ;  wi<lth  of  mouth  e(|ual  to  di.stance 
t'loiii  tip  of  snout  to  posterior  iiiai'H;in  of  orbit ;  fold  at  an^rle  of  mouth 
lialf  orbit ;  upper  teeth  broadly  triangular,  the  base  finely  serrate  on  outer 
('dpi  only  in  young,  on  both  sides  in  adult;  lower  teeth  (uect.  EyoHinall. 
SiM'ond  donsal  unusually  largo,  similar  to  first  and  nearly  as  high.  Inter- 
Hpace  between  dorsals  2i  times  base  of  first,  2^  times  second  ;  anal  about 
l  si/o  of  second  dorsal;  pectorals  moderate,  broad,  nearly  reaching 
iiii<ldle  of  first  dorsal.  (»ray,  fins  dusky  in  young,  inside  of  mouth 
lirilliant  white.  L.  7  feet.  West  Indies,  north  to  Charleston,  not  rare  ai 
Key  West,  where  it  frc<|uents  the  wharves  with  its  more  dangerous  rela- 
tive, Carcharhhins  himid.     (hrevirontrin,  short-nosed.) 

Ihiii'iitrinii  lirn'in'Mirix,  I'dky,  Ttcpertorio,  11,  ■l.')!,  till).  4,  ISOS,  Cuba  ;  JoniiAN  &  Cimikiit,  Troc. 
I'.  S.  Nat.  Bins.,  18H2,f)81;  Johdan,  /.  c,  1884, 104. 

f>6.  IIYPOPKION  SI«NATi;S,*  Pooy. 

Snout  long,  acute,  the  preoral  length  1,^  times  width  «)f  mouth ;  nostrils 
with  a  short, acute  lobe;  ]iectoral  acute,  not  falciform;  second  dors.il  op- 
po.site  anal,  neither  J  base  i-f  first  dorsal;  upper  teeth  strongly  serrate 
:it  base,  the  claw  sharp  and  nearly  erect.     Cuba.     (Poey,  description  of 

loiKi'irontris.)    {Hitjnatus,  marked.) 

Iliiii.ijiriiinitujniilm,  PoF.y,  Synopsis,  Vrl,  18C8,  Cuba;  Poey,  EniimiTatio,  199,  187.'). 
lliijfiipriiiH  limyiroslm,  ToEY,  Kuiiincratiu,  199,  IST."!,  Cuba. 


'  I'lii'V  lias  given  iianios  to  2  species  of  Ilyimprii,)!  with  tlio  snout  lonjr,  tlii' 2  dillcriii}?  only 
in  I'oiiii  of  the  teeth.  These  aro  luiiyiroitlnii,  Uescrihed  as  above,  and  si<iii(itiiii,  known  from  the 
t''etli  only.  The  upper  teeth  of  silinutu/i,  ncrordinR  to  Poey,  have  tlio  claw  triangular  and 
bluntish,  tlie  lower  teeth  blunti8h,'not  flexuous,  and  Bomow'hat  oblique.  Probably  tho  2  aro 
not  different  species,  and  ligtiaius  la  tho  older  n&nio. 


i: 


■^ 

I 


t.'^ 


;  * 


i  t 


I 


:■ 


f 


■  lirtt 


t."v;-.'^l_'^i:.T''-S.liJk4.'- 


«T 


! 


I  T 


i 


w 


42 


BuUetin  4^,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'.'    '  ,  I 


I  I 


!^ij:, 


if-i  r 


27.  APRIONODON,  Oi!l. 

itpWon.  Mt'Ll.KR  &  IIeni.K,  IMitgloHtoli'  'II,  32,  18:)8,  jircucnipiiMl,  {iiiodmi). 
Aprii)Hodi)ii,  (iiLi.,  Aui     Ii}'c.  Nut.  IIM.  N.  Y.,  vii,  ISUl,  'HI,  QiiimYn/iiM   ~  Mii<{(in). 

Snout  more  or  loss  protlucetl  and  conic;  teeth  entire,  without  serrm,  nil 
of  them  narrowed,  on  u  broad  base,  tlio  lower  erect,  the  upper  erect  or 
Hlightl)  olliquo;  dorual  more  or  Ichh  posterior,  opposite  the  Hpuce  between 
pectoraU*  and  vei  trals.  («-,  privative ;  ttjuui',  saw ;  udovg,  tooth ;  the  edges 
of  the  teeth  Iteing  always  entire.) 

r,7.  APKIONOIION  ISOIM)N,  (Milllor  &  Hcniu). 

Snout  short,  little  pointed;  distance  from  angle  of  month  to  nostril 
twice  that  from  nostril  to  end  of  snout;  pectorals  reaching  end  of  first 
dorsal,  which  ismuchlongei  and  higher  than  sccontl.  (irayish.  (Dumdril.; 
Atlantic  Ocean,  recorded  from  New  York,  Virginia,  and  Cuba ;  probably 
rare.     ( tcrof,  equal ;  oJotff,  tooth). 

Otrchm  'tu  ixidim,  M'.'l.lKu  &  Uenle,  ri»i;io8toiiinii,  ;i2,  lri38,  New  York. 

Oirc/ian<i(ij)«Hi'<(i<M(i,  GCntheii,  Cat.,  viii,  3U1, 187(t,  New  York,  (not  S<jualuH punclaliu,  Mitciiill, 

whicli  iH  Si'oUodon  tcrrx-noviv). 
AjirinHiuloH  inoilon,  PoEV,  Eiiumoriititi,  2(K»,  1875. 
Viircharias  uodoiifDvutuih,  Eluiiiuobrunulu's,  349,  187U. 

28.  SCOLIODDN,  Miiller  &  Henle. 

HcModoii,  MfLLEii  &  IIenlg,  Wicgmiiiiu'B  Archiv.  f.  Natiirg.,  in,  1X37,  (hUicaudnn). 

Teeth  entire  or  very  nearly  so,  obliijue  and  flat,  the  points  directed 
toM'ard  the  sides  of  the  mouth,  so  that  the  inner  margins  are  more  or  less 
nearly  horizontal,  the  teeth  in  front  more  nearly  erect;  teeth  not  swollen 
at  the  base,  each  of  them  with  a  deep  notch  on  the  outer  margin  below 
the  sharp  ^loint;  lips  with  conspicuous  grooves.  Otherwise  as  in  Carcha- 
rhimis,  from  which  the  genus  is  scarcely  distiikct.  Size  small.  (rr,\'6Atof, 
oblique ;  ddovg,  tooth. ) 

<i.  Teeth  nnuutoly  sorrulato  above  in  the  ndult,  loss  obii<iuo  timii  in  tlio  next;  Hiiout  Hliur]i,  its 
lougf'  from  mouth  greater  lliuu  width  of  moufh.  i.onourio,  08. 

«<«.  Teeth  <">tiro,  all  very  oblique;  Kuout  uotBhurp,  ita  lungih  from  mouth  less  than  width  of 
mouth.  terii;e-nova:,  59. 

68.  SCOLIODON  LONG  (TRIO,  (.Tordun  <«;  Gilbert). 

Snout  much  produced  sharp,  its  length  from  mouth  IJ  times  width  of 
mouth ;  labial  folds  well  developed,  that  on  upper  jaw  reaching  about  i 
distance  to  middle  of  jaw,  the  lower  fold  i  as  long;  upper  teeth  broadly 
triangular,  minutely  serrated,  serrulate  on  both  margins;  lower  teeth  en- 
tire, suberect,  less  oblique  than  in  S.  ternv-norce.  Pectorals  short,  not 
reaching  end  of  first  dorsal;  first  dorsal  large,  close  behind  pectorals,  its 
base  2ar  in  interspace  between  dorsals ;  second  dcsal  very  small,  over  anal, 
which  18  nearly  tv.ice  its  length ;  base  of  anal  nearly  ^  thiic  of  first  dorsal. 
Dark  gray,  the  young  with  the  fins  dusky  edged.  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico ; 
not  rare,     {longurio,  a  slender  youth,  or  stripling.) 

Carcharias  longurio,  JoBDAN  &  "iLBKnT.  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  lOG,  Mazatlan.      (Type,  Nob. 
28306,  28330,  28331,  29541,  29551.) 


Jordan  and  J'A'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


43 


5».  MMM.IOIION  TKKK.K-XOV.K,  (RichitrdHon). 

(SlIAni'-NiiSKt)   81IARK.) 

Hodv  sloiKlor;  Knout  dopressod,  moderately  ronndeil ;  month  U-Hlinped, 
\»  itli  ii  sliort  labial  {iioove  at  its  anjjlo,  which  groove  extends  on  the  nppcr 
jiiw  aH  well  as  on  thi  lower;  distance  Ixstweon  nostrilH  greater  than  diH- 
taiice  from  nostrils  to  end  of  Hiiont ;  gill  openings  narrow ;  first  dorsal  niod- 
orate,  midway  hetween  pectorals  and  ventrals;  second  dorsal  very  small, 
sljirjitly  behind,  and  rather  smaller  than  anal :  anal  fin  much  shorter  than 
distance  from  anal  to  ventrals;  jtectoral  fins  rather  large,  reaching  ahont 
to  middle  of  first  dorsal;  ventrals  small.  Color  gray  ;  candal  fin  with 
a  conspicuous  narrow  blackish  edge.  Oapo  Cod  to  lirazil,  very  common 
southward  along  the  Atlantic  Coast.  Size  rather  small.  L.  3  feet.  (Name 
from  Newfoundland,  whei  0  the  species  was  erroneously  supposed  to  occur. ) 

S/iiii/hi  (Qnrrhnrinf)  terrir-nnvir*  KicilAimsnN,  Fniiim  Bor.  Ainrr.,  in,  2S9,  l«3fi,  Newroundland. 

rar.-)miiii.iten:i'-iinv!r,  (iCXTlir.R,  Cat.,  vill,  :!fi(»,187n. 

.s'./im/iis  j)|(hW«("«,  MiTciiiM.,  TraiiH.  Lit.  fc  Phil.  Sor.  N.  V  ,  1,Ih:i,  IHI.I,  New  York  ;  iiiiimi  jirr- 

oiruiii<''l. 
rairhiinas  hihmdi,  MCl.i.EU  it  TIkni.k,  riaKlnstomon,  .'M),  1S3H,  Brazil. 

Family  XII.  SPHYRNID.E, 

(Thk  Hammku-hkadki/  Siiakks.) 

(ienoial  characteristics  of  the  (Jai-eid/K,  but  the  head  singularly  formed, 
Iddney-shaped  or  "  hamm«r"-sh;'ped,  from  the  extension  of  its  sides,  the 
nostrils  being  .interior  and  the  eyes  on  the  sides  of  the  "hammer"; 
month  crescent-shaped,  under  the  "hammer"  ;  teeth  of  both  Jaws  similar, 
ohli(]ue,  each  with  a  "otch  on  the  outside  near  the  base;  no  spiracles;  last 
f,'ill  oi)ening  over  the  i)ectoral;  first  dorsal  .and  pectorals  large,  thedoiaal 
nearer  pectorals  than  ventrals;  second  dorsal  .and  anal  small ;  .a  pit  at  the 
loot  of  the  caudal;  caudal  fin  with  a  single  notch  tow.ard  its  tip,  its  lower 
lolie  developed.  One  genus  with  5  species,  inhabiting  most  warm  seas. 
Large  sliarks,  known  at  once  by  the  singular  form  of  the  head,  which  is 
not  <iuite  the  same  in  any  two  species.  (Cakciiakiid.k,  ]»art,  group  Zy- 
(i.KxiNA,  tiiinther,  Cat.,  vi  11, 380-383.) 

29.  SPHYRNA,  Rafinesqne. 
(Hammer-iiead  Sharks.) 

i^lihijrnn,  RAFiJEPQrE,  Indico  d'  Ittiol.  Siciliana,  fiO,  1810,  (v/qmia). 

Ci-slrtirhinuii,  Rr.AINVlLLE,  .loiirii.  I'liys.,  HOt,  ISlfi,  (zijijinm). 

Zininnn,  CrviEii,  UeRno  Animal,  Kd.  1, 127,  1.S17,  {-ijijimn ;  iiamn  preocciipipf".). 

l'i''iiis,j,ii,l„s,  SwAiNsoN,  Classn.  Aiiiin.,  11,  318,  18:?9,  ("Hhuro"— links). 

<"■  f^lrtii'ion  {Ki.r.is  :  pre-Linnwaii),  Gii.i,  Ami.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  viii,  ISlil,  412,  {zijgiena). 

I'l'^l'hjini,  GlLI,,  /.  c,  (hlochii). 

/i'.iiiVc;)s,  GlLI,,  I.  c,  {tihtiro). 

"'  This  spociw,  with  otlmrs  bolongiiit^  to  thi'  Florida  fauna,  Ih  said  l>,v  Richardson  to  havo  been 
l>!c)iij;lit  from  Newfoundland  by  Audubon.  They  doul)tle8s  came  from  Bonio  locality  in  Florida 
or  Carolina. 


1   ;••■; 

V    i  ■( 


:  ) 


i:   \>i 


w 


l-:U 


WIT 


:n 


i  (\  t  '■ 


H 


if*  ^ 


I 


'i 


4! 


44 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  Nationiil  Museum. 


Characters  of  the  jreniis  included  above.  In  the  fonn  of  the  head,  there 
is  a  perfect  gradation  among  th»)  Hpecies  from  the  narrow  hammer  of  S. 
hlochii,  with  the  lobes  3  times  as  long  as  broad  and  deeply  grooved 
along  the  anterior  edge,  to  the  kidney -shaped  head  of  aS.  tihuro,  in  which 
tlie  anterior  grooves  are  obsolete,     {a^i'fxi,  hammer.) 

II.  NostrilMiicnr  tlio  oycs. 

h.  NoHti'il  with  tlic  frontftl  rpoovo  short  nr  ohsoloto;    latoriil  oxteriRioii  of  licii'l  iiiodoi-iitc 

HO  that  thn  hcuil  is  riitlicT  Ividiir'y -shaped  tlian  haninu'r-slin|i<'d. 

c  Renicki'S,  (iviki,  Uidriftj- ;  cc^i,  head):  Nostril  with  tlic  groovo  obsoli'tc  ;  antorior  and 

hitural  niargiiiH  of  head  confluent  into  a  gcniicirclo.  Tinrno,  fiO. 

rr.  I'l.ATYSiiUAM'S,  (»r\aTU!,  liroad;  nqiiiiliin):  Nostril  with  asliort  };i<iovo;  antorior  inariiin 

of  head  curved,  not  rontiniioiia  with  htteral  cdfics.  tidk.s,  (11. 

SlMIVRNA  : 

W<.  Nostril  with  n  well-dovclopcd  p;roove,  which  extends   alonjc  the  front  of  tho  haniiner- 
nhaped  head,  the  anterior  and  posterior  outlines  of  wliiili  are  nearly  paralhH. 

7.v>i,i:na,  r,2. 

Subgenus  RENICEPS,  Gill. 

60.  Sl'HYRNA  TIBURO,  (Linnaus). 

(SnoVEI.-lIEAI)   SlIAnK:   llONNKT-IIEAn.) 

Body  rather  slender,  not  mnch  compressed;  liead  depressed,  senncircn- 
lar  in  front,  reniform,  the  posterior  free  margins  short,  the  lateral  margins 
continuous  with  the  anterior;  pectorals  large;  first  dorsal  high,  midway 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals;  second  dorsal  much  smaller,  produced 
behind,  higher  and  shorter  than  anal;  ventral  fins  moderate; '  gaudal 
moderate;  mouth  small,  crescentic;  teeth  small,  very  oblique,  with  a 
deep  notch  on  the  outer  margin.  Head  4^  in  length,  0  to  tip  of  caudal ; 
width  of  head  slightly  less  than  length  of  head.  Color  uniform  ashy, 
paler  beneath.  L.  3  to  5  feet.  Atlantic  Ocean;  abundant  on  our  coast 
from  Long  Island  southward;  ranging  to  China.  (/(■?)«ro,8hark,  in  Spanish.) 

Sqiialmtihiirn,  LiNNiEUs,  x,  1758,  234,  America. 
/.ili/niia  tUmrn,  GOnthkii,  Cat.,  viti,  382,1870. 
IlenicepB  tilmro,  .Tobban  ife  Gilhert,  Synopsis,  25, 1883. 

Subgenus  PLATYSQUALUS,  Swainson. 
«1.  SPHYRNA  TCDES,  (Cuvier). 

Intermediate  in  all  respects  between  S.  s\i(j(vna  .and  .*?.  ilhuro,  the  head 
longer  and  the  hammer  less  produced  laterally  than  in  the  former.  An- 
terior margin  of  the  head  much  curved,  but  not  continuous  with  the 
lateral  edge;  length  of  hinder  margin  of  one  side  of  the  hammer  less  than 
its  width  near  the  eye.  Nostril  close  to  the  eye,  its  groove  longer  than 
in  S.  tihuro,  but  very  short,  continued  for  but  a  short  distance  along  the 
side  of  the  head,  and  followed  by  a  line  of  pores.  A  large  shark,  of  the 
warm  seas;  Gulf  of  California,  West  Indies,  Mediterranean,  and  Indian 
Ocean,    (tiides,  hammer.)  (Eu.) 

'/.ygicna  liules  (OuviEii  MS.),  Valknciennes,  Mom.  Mus.,  ix,  22.'),  1822,  Nice,  after  r.mtonlliir  ol' 

Risso. 
Sphfma  Inden,  MOlt.eb  &  Henle,  Plapiostoinen,  53,  1838. 
Xygmia  tudcn,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  382. 

Sphyma  ludts,  Jordan  &  Gildert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  1882,  105. 
Sphyma  tude»,  Jobdam,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  A.,  9, 1885. 


\f  ' ;/ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  45 

Subgenus  SPHYRNA. 
e-J.  SPEIYKN'A  ZY(J,ENA,  (Liuun-U8). 

(irASIMElt-HKADRI)  SlIAllK.) 

Head  truly  hainmor-shaped;  width  of  head  about  twice  its  length; 
Iciigtli  of  hinder  nuirj^in  of  liaimiier  nearly  oiiiial  to  its  width  near  the 
eye:  nostril  dose  to  eye,  prolonged  into  a  groove  which  runs  along  nearly 
flic  whole  front  nuirgin  of  head;  lirst  dorsal  large;  second  quite  small, 
hiiialitT  than  anal;  pectoral  rather  large.  Color  gray.  A  large  voracious 
siiark,  reaching  a  length  of  15  feet  or  more,  found  in  all  warm  seas;  occa- 
sional on  our  coasts  from  Cape  Cod  and  f.'om  Point  Concepcion  south- 
ward.    (C'7'"w,  Zifijwna,  the  ancient  name,  from  Cvyoi^,  yoke.)  (Eu.) 

!<,liiitlii>  iiiijn nil,  LiNN.in's,  Syst.  Nat.,  Eil.  x,  17")8,  '2.M,  Europe;  America. 

.s./.m/".<  "/«'/<  "S  llissci,  Iclitli.  Nice,  34,  181(1,  Nice. 

/,ijij:niii  /H((/?f«.'i,  .'^TiiIlKI!,  Fisli.  Mass.,  2.'i8, 18(!7. 

f^lihiirmt  y/ihi nil,  JoniiAN  iV  (Jir.iiiaiT,  S.vtiopslH,  2."),  188;). 

/.iiijuun  kiciiii,  Luiiu  ill  GitiFirrii,  Aiiiiiml  KIiikiIi'I",  x,  MO,  1831,  New  Holland. 

/.ijijiuM  suburctiuta,  Stobeu,  I'loc.  Uvni.  Sue,  Nut.  Hist.,  1818,  70,  Cape  C,od. 


!      i 


::.      i 


Family  XIII.  ALOPIID^E. 
(The  TiiiiESiiEH  Sharks.) 

Hody  moderately  elongate,  the  snout  rather  short;  mouth  croscont- 
iduiped,  teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  moderate  sized,  Hat,  triangular,  not 
serrated;  the  third  tooth  of  the  uitper  Jaw  on  each  side  much  smaller  than 
(lie  others;  gill  openings  moderate,  the  last  one  above  the  root  of  the 
pictorals;  no  nictitating  membrane;  spiracles  just  behind  eye,  minute  or 
uli8cnt;  first  dorsal  large,  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals;  second 
dorsal  and  anal  very  small;  caudal  tin  exceedingly  long,  about  as  long 
as  the  rest  of  the  body,  a  pit  at  its  root,  a  notch  on  the  upper  lobe  near 
its  tip;  lower  lobe  moderately  developed;  no  caudal  keel;  ventrals  rather 
huge;  pectorals  very  large,  falcate.  A  single  species,  reaching  a  largo 
size,  inhabiting  most  seas,  known  at  once  by  the  great  length  of  the  tail. 
(Lumnidw,  part,  CJuuther,  viii,  393;  geuuu  Jlo^tmun.) 

30.  ALOPIAS,  Kafinesque. 
(Thkesueu  Sharks.) 

l/'/'ms,  Hafine.si)T'k,  ("iiriiltci'i  di  Alcuni  (JiTieri,  etc.,  12,  I81(i,  (iii,iniiiinis=riilpeii). 
Miiliiiiiis,  Mi'ii.KK  A-  Ueni.k,  I'liiKiostomeu,  74,  T838,  aiiuiuled  ortliofjriipliy. 

The  characters  of  the  genus  are  included  above.  (/tAw-of,  a  fox,  Latin, 
rulpis.    A.  vttl2>cii  was  known  to  the  ancients  as  aAuneKiur,  fox-like). 


«3.''aL0PIAS  VI'LPKS,  (Omolln). 

(TlIRKSHF.R  ;   Fox-RIIAllK  ;  SWINQIE  TaII,  ;   LnNli-TAIJ,  .SHAKK.) 

A  large  shark,  abounding  in  all  warm  seas,  especially  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  Atlantic.     It  is  also  frequently  taken  on  our  Pacific  coast. 

(I'Kl'j^ys,  fox.)  (Eu.) 


f 


■'   '. 


46 


Pulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


S<iimlii>  rnlprf,  CiVF.MV,*  Hydt.  Nnt.,  I,  llOfi,  1788,  Mediterranean,  (iiftci-  I'l'iiiiaiit). 

^■</lll(/lHl  i'/(//)iiiii»,  Jtip.NNATEKKK,*  Tiiblciui  Kiicycl.  IcHiy.,  u,  17BS,  Mediterranean, (after PeDoaut). 

AlojtecUu  vuljws,  (JCN'riiKU,  Cat.,  vm,  3'J;J,  1870. 

Altipiiinndpes,  JoKDAN  Si  Gli.iiKKT,  Synopsis,  'J7, 1881!. 

Aliqiiiu  macrimrun,  llAKiNES(<rF,,  I.  c,  1810,  12,  Sicily. 

S<itMlut  ulopecias,  tinoNuw,  Out.  FislicB,  7,  1854. 

Family  XIV.  CAKCIIAKIIDvE. 

(The  Sand  Siiakks.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  the  snout  sharp;  ii\outh  croscunt-shapod,  wide; 
the  teeth  largo,  long,  narrow,  and  sul)u]ate,  most  of  them  witli  1  or  2 
small  cusps  at  tlie  base,  thuir  edges  entire ;  gill  openings  rather  large,  all 
of  them  in  front  of  the  pectorals;  two  dorsals,  moderate,  subcqual;  the 
anal  similar;  lirst  dorsal  well  behind  pectorals;  caudal  well  developed, 
with  a  short  basal  iol)e  and  a  notch  toward  its  tip;  no  caudal  keel ;  pec- 
torals rather  short ;  no  nictitating  membrane ;  spiracles  minute,  pore-like. 
A  single  genus,  with  3  recognized  species.  A  number  of  fossil  species  be- 
long to  this  family.  Voracious  sharks  of  moderate  size,  chietly  inhabiting 
the  Atlantic.   (Lamnid/E,  part,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  viii,  392;  genus  Odontaapis.) 

31.  CARCHARIAS,  Kafincaque. 

CarchiriM,  R.iFlNF.SQUE.t  ''iirnttt'il  di  Alouni  Nuovi  (iciicii,  Id,  l.Slii  ;  iiiimrt,  tin;  only  spofiert 

liit'litioucd,  JiiioH*,  belongs  licrc.     (See  nolo  umltT  Canimrlniiii",) 
Odontditjiiii,  Aa.\s,siz,  I'oissonH  Kossilcs,  in,  87,  1830,  (/civm-). 
'l\-iijlocliis,  Mt'Li.Kii  &.  1Ii:ni,e,  Mat;.  Nat.  Hist.,  1837,  ii,  88,  (j\n,x). 
Eugomphodus,  GiLi,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  tsci.  Pliila.,  1804,  200,  [liltundia). 

Characters  of  the  genus  given  above.     {Kni)xai>i(ii,  a  rough  shark.) 

a.  Tcetli  largo,  n\Yl-Bliape(],  most  of  tbeni  with  1  or  2  small  cuBp.s  at  iiase. 

EvooMriloDi's,  (tu,  true  ;  yo/uii^os,  nail  ;  bSovi,  tootli): 
b.  First  and  fuurtli  tcotli  of  iippur  jaw  and  lirst  tooth  of  tho  lowur  uiniplc,  without  baual 

CUHpS.  LlilUKALIH,  04. 

Subgenus  EUGOMPHODUS,  Gill. 

64.  CARCHARIAS  LITTORALIS,  (Mitchill). 
(Sand  Shark.) 

Body  elongate,  its  depth  i  the  length;  head  rather  pointed,  about  f  of 
the  length :  tins  small,  the  tirst  dorsal  not  much  longer  than  the  second, 


♦Tlu'geueial  workHofDr.  J.  V.  Gniolhi  and  thu  Ahbr  IJonnati'rrc  lii'ur  tiiiiBanio  date,  1788.  Wo 
do  not  know  which  in  tho  earlier,  and  follnw  roninum  UKige  in  retaining  in  this  and  othorcasvx 
the  name  given  by  Gniclin.  Neither  writer  nii'iitions  the  other.  Ginolin's  prefare  iK  dated 
March  10,  1788,  wliile  the  page  devoted  by  Bonnaterre  to  the  "  Privilege  du  Uoi  "  bears  date  of 
May  10,  1788.  Bonnaterre  states  that  there  liave  been  thirteen  editions  of  Linnii'iis'  Systema 
Natura'.  Of  these  tho  tiiirteenth  istlio  work  of  Gmelin.  But  there  is  no  evidence  that  Bonna- 
terre had  seen  or  used  this  thirteenth  edition,  or  that  tho  latter  had  ap|iearcd  when  bis  own 
work  was  published.  Tho  two  works  were  nearly  simultaneous  in  appearance,  but  tlieruisa 
slight  probability  in  favor  of  Gmelin.  Gnielin's  names  have  been  generally  used  by  eubseijucnt 
authors,  while  tiiose  of  Bonnaterre  have  lieen  almost  totally  ignored. 

t  Cnrcharias,  KafiuoB<)ue,  was  establisiied  for  those  shiirks,  "the  most  enormous  and  most  vora- 
ciouBof  their  order,  which  difi'er  from  the  genus  ddetm,  Rafinesque,  by  the  lack  of  spiracles." 
Tho  group  corresponds  to  tho  first  suligcnus  jindttr  Sipialus,  in  the  arrangement  of  Lacepede. 
The  type  of  this  subgi'uua  is  Sr/MaJus  carcharhif,  whicli  was  identified  by  liatinesque  with  Carchar- 
hinvulaniia.  Carc/Hinns /aicm  shouhi,  therefore,  luive  been  designated  as  the  type  of  Carehanas, 
but  Itafiueeiiuo  failed  to  no  indicate,  ai:d  v.o  leave  the  uanio  with  tho  only  Bpecies  bemeutiouB. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


47 


iMitli  Niiiiilar  to  the  anal ;  pectoral  iina  short,  obtiiHe  or  tninvate.  Color 
^rray.  L.  5  feet.  A  small  voracious  shark  with  very  sharp  teeth,  rather 
(•(million  on  our  Atlantic  coast,  especially  between  Cape  Cod  and  Cape 
Ihittoras,  said  to  differ  from  the  European  C.  taurtiH  in  its  more  anterior 
(Idisal;  the  two  species  need  further  comparison.  {liUoralis,  pertaining 
to  the  shore.) 

>./".(/"«  iinieriaiiiuf,  MiTCillLl,  Trmis.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc,  181,5,  i,483,  New  York,  (iiotol  Sliaw), 
S/ic/ki /i(/"in^'/i,  iind.S.  macrodtif,  MiTClliI.L,  Am.  Monthly  Miif?.,  ii,  1818,  :V2«,  New  York. 
(•.irriniihiMiirisrii.i,  AviiKH,  BoRt.  Juiir.  Nat.  IliHt.,  1844,  288,  Long  Island. 
(i.l.iiil.i.^pinaiiieiiraHiiH,  GC.NTilF.li,  Cat.,  VIII,  302,1870. 
Emjnmphodnii  liltoriilin,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sol.  Pbiln.,  1804,  2f.O. 
OiivlMriat  americanus,  Juudan  &  Giluekt,  Syuupsls,  27, 1883. 


Family  XV.  LAMNID^. 

(The  Mackerel  Sharks.) 

Sharks  of  large  size,  with  the  body  stout,  the  mouth  wide,  with  large 
tpctli,  and  the  tail  slender,  the  caudal  tin  lunate,  the  2  lobes  being  not 
very  unequal,  the  upper  lobe  ■'trongly  bent  upward;  caudal  peduncle 
with  a  strong  keel  on  each  side;  gill  openings  wide,  all  in  front  of  the 
]M'ctoral8,  entirely  lateral,  not  extending  under  the  throat;  first  dorsal 
laifio;  pectorals  large;  ventrals  moderate;  second  dorsal  and  anal  very 
Biuall ;  a  pit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal ;  spiracles  minute  or  absent.  Genera 
;{;  Hi)ooies  6  or  more,  besides  numerous  fossil  species.  In  this  family  the 
dtuititiou,  as  well  as  the  muscular  system,  reaches  its  highest  degree  of 
specialization.    (Lamnid.e,  part,  Giiiither,  Cat.,  viii,  389-392.) 

u.  TiAMNiNfl!.  Teoth  slender  and  sharp,  with  entire  cdpes. 

/).  Teoth  without  liiisiil  cusiis,  long,  flexuous,  and  acute.  IsuRim,  32. 

lib.  Te(!th,  or  most  of  them,  with  n  Hinall  cusp  on  oacii  Hide  at  liiiso,  compressed,  sharp,  and 

somewhat  triangular.  Lamna,  33. 

(til.  ('aucii  AKonoxTis^E.  Teeth  with  serrated  edgt-s,  conijircssed,  and  triangular  in  form,  without 

biiMil  cusp.  Cakuiiauouon,  34. 

32.  ISURUS,  Rafinesque. 

ImniH,  Rafinf..s(}ue,  Oatattori  di  Alcuni  Nuovi  Gonori,  11,  1810,  (nrijrhynchtit). 
Oriirhiiiii,  AiJASSlz,  Poissons  Fossiles,  ill,  276,  1830,  {sjmUuuzanii  —  oxyrhynchufi). 
[iiivpsh,  Gill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  viii,  153,  1801,  ((jlaiiciiii). 

Siiont  rather  long  and  pointed ;  the  body  formed  much  like  that  of  a 
tiumy  or  mackerel ;  first  dorsal  and  pectorals  large;  second  dorsal  and 
anal  vory  small :  caudal  {)edunclo  slender ;  teeth  long,  lanceolate,  with 
sliarp  entire  cutting  edges  and  no  basal  cusps,  (mof,  equal;  ovpu,  tail; 
the  two  lobes  of  the  tail  being  nearly  equal,  as  in  all  the  members  of  this 
family.) 

IcriMi'sis,  (i(T09,  equal ;  oupo,  tail;  oif/ii,  appearance): 
II.  Kirst  dorsal  inserted  entirely  behind  pectorals,   nearly  midway  between   pectorals  and 
ventrals. 
''.  Height  of  dorsr.l  1%  in  head;  pectoral  as  long  as  head.  pekavi,  6,5. 

IsuKVS: 
an.  First  dorsal  inserted  close  behind  i)ectoral8.  oxyriiynchub,  00. 


r 


I  ? 


It       > 


!  ■   *' 


■'  1  'A. 


i   ♦ 


^ 


iJ  I, 


5  !'■ 


Ill 


!  . 


t.  4 


48 


Bulletin  V7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Iff 


i  :;!i 


%m 


'••    ;    I 


Subgenus  ISUROPSIS,  Ulll. 

66.  ISUUl'S  DKKAYI,  ((till). 
(Mackeiif.i.  Shark.) 
Head  5  in  length  to  tip  uf  caudul ;  x)octoral  uh  long  uh  head,  a  little 
longer  than  upper  caudal  lube.     DuroalH  and  puctoralH  falcate ;  fiiHt  dorsal 
inuerted  behind  ituctoral  at  a  distance  equal  tu  ^  head  ;  base  of  fuHt  dorsal 
2^  in  head,  its  height  If.    Middle  teeth  very  long,  much  longer  and 
narrower  than  lateral  teeth.     Dark  bluish  gray  above,  white  below,  the 
color  abruptly   changing   on   the   tail;    upper   tins   dusky,   lower  pale. 
L.  10  feet.     Cape  Cod  to  West  Indies,  not  eonunon  ;  described  here  from 
a  specimen  taken  at  Pensacola.    The  American  species  seems  to  ditl'er  from 
the  Asiatic  /.  gluucuH  in  its  longer  pectorals  and  higher  dorsal.     (Named 
for  James  E.  De  Kay,  author  of  the  Fauna  of  New  York.) 
Lamnu  juiuclatii,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishi'H,  352,  184'2,  New  York,  (not  Ajitaltu  punvtalu$, 

MlTC'HII.L). 

hiiriqiniH  ihkiiiii,  OiLi.,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  18(il,  l.ia,  after  Do  Kay. 
hnrtip»i>t  gliiiiciis,  I'oEV,  SynojJsiH,  -140,  1SG8  (not  Oxijrhina  ijluiica,  MCllkr  •&  IIenle). 
laurtu  dekayi,  JuuuAN  &  Gilii»;bt,  Synopsin,  874,1881). 

Subgenus  ISURUS. 

6«.  I8URUS  OXYltHYNCHU!^,  Rutintsquu. 

(Mackerel  Shark  ;    Pesck   Tondo  ;   Cane  i>i   Mare.) 

Muzzle  long  and  pointed,  the  preoral  portion  of  the  snout  as  long  m 
the  cleft  of  the  mouth  and  greater  than  interorbital  space;  snout  in 
the  form  of  a  cone  Hattened  below;  spiracles  very  small.  Teeth  {jj  on 
each  side,  long,  lanceolate,  without  basal  cusps;  third  tooth  on  each  side 
of  upper  jaw  much  smaller  than  that  next  to  it.  Gill  openings  very 
wide,  the  width  of  the  first  rather  more  than  its  distance  from  tlu) 
last.  Origin  of  dorsal  close  behind  base  of  pectorals,  which  are  falci- 
form, the  length  of  the  lower  margin  i  that  of  the  upper;  second  dorsal 
very  small,  opposite  the  anal  and  of  the  same  size ;  caudal  lunate,  the 
upper  lobe  J  longer  than  the  lower.  Size  very  large.  A  voracious  shark, 
similar  in  habits  to  Isurua  delcayi,  from  which  it  difiers  in  the  back- 
ward position  of  the  dorsal;  from  Lamna  cornubiea  it  is  separated  by  the 
absence  of  lateral  denticles  on  the  teeth.  Mediterranean  Sea  and  ueigli 
boring  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  probably  occasionally  straying  to  our  coast, 
as  the  description  of  the  large  shark  published  by  Capt.  Nathaniel  E. 
Atwood,  under  the  name  of  Carchariaa  tigris,  *  could  refer  to  no  othei 
known  species,     (ofif,  sharp;  ^iijvYof,  snout.)  (Eu.) 

*Oapt.  Atwood  describes  this  specimen,  which  was  8  feet  10  inches  in  length,  as  dark  lilin' 
above,  an  irregular  lead-colored  lateral  band;  belly  white.  Largest  teeth  1J4  inches  long,'., 
inch  broad  at  Imse,  smooth  (edged)  and  curving  upward.  Snout  pointed,  2  feet  long,  fmin 
first  gill  opening:  branchial  apertures  9  inches  long,  the  distance  from  first  to  last  Siudics; 
7Ji  inches  between  the  eyes;  nostrils  254  inches  l)eforo  eyes.  Front  of  first  dorsal :!  inclirs 
behind  pectorals;  it  is  13  inches  high  and  12  long  at  buse,  the  free  posterior  edge  2%  indie.-. 
Second  dorsal  25  inches  behind  posterior  root  of  first,  2*4  inches  high,  4  inches  long  ;  pectoral 
23  inches  high,  11}^  broad  at  base;  ventrals  inserted  at  a  point  midway  between  the  two  dorsals. 
anal  similar  to  second  dorsal,  inserted  an  inch  farther  back.  Upper  lobe  of  caudal  2.3  inclu- 
long,  lower  18;  the  distance  between  the  tips  31  inches.  "The  first  specimen  of  this  very  'aiv 
shark  was  brought  from  the  Gulf  of  Mo.vicoand  presented  to  the  State  Cabinet,  the  second  ""^ 
taken  at  Truro  and  presented  to  the  Museum  of  Ccmiparative  Zoiilogy ;  the  third,  which  liinl 
bitten  off  and  swallowed  largo  portions  of  asword  fish,  was  captured  in  1864,  at  Provinceti)Wii 
and  given  to  the  (Hoston)  Society  ;  a  fourth  specimen,  and  the  one  described  above,  at  Province- 
town  in  August  lost."— .<4<u;oo({. 


foriian  tuid  Evermann. — Fis/irs  of  North  America. 


11) 


(',(/,..  ,\i  mnrf  ili  M'hiiii'i,  Si'ALi.ANZANt,  Vinculo  'l""'  SIclllc,  IV,  32r>,  1797,  Messina. 

l.,iinn  ii.nir'inii'l'i",  KakinekcM'K,   Canittml,  etc.,  I'J,  iHll),  Palermo. 

hiuit,n„<lhiir.imi,  U.\iiNKSi;i  I-,  Iinliii',  (IK,  l.Sl(»,  (after  Spalliin/.iiiii). 

(>.r,iiiliiiiuf}i(iliiii:iiiii,  UiiXAl'AllTK,  Filillia  Itiilini,  xxvi,  1:J4,  pi,  lilt'.,  f.  1,  18;il». 

{hmUiiniijxiiiiihoiUm,  Nri.i.Kii  A  IIenle,  I'luttinKtomcii,  <iH,  1m:!«,  Atlantic  Ocean. 

S;».,^r«  nWriidis  Maiiii,  Mi'iii.  Ac.  Sci.  Niipoli,  Ti.'),  181!i,  Naples. 

/..imii.i  fpMm.'iiii,  (irNiiii;i(,  Cut.,  viil,  300,  187(1. 

(i.nirliiirti'iiiilhiiir.'iiii,  DlMl'lui,  KhlKlUDliruiichcH,  -108,  1H70. 

Ciinlmiidi  tiijriii,  Atwouo,  rriic.  UoMt.  Soc.  Nut.  Hint.,  xii,  '.!(iH,  Iwtl'.t,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

33.  LAMNA,  Cuvior. 
(Porbeagles.) 

/,.it»ii(i,  (U'ViEH,  R^'-pno  Animal,  Eil.  i,  120,  1817,  (.•(.ihh'kVhn). 

I.iiniui,  Kissci,  Kiir.  MiTiil.,  l'j:i,  iii,  lS2fi  {cnrniibicm,  imiiio  proocciipiwi;. 

Si'liwi'iiiiif.  Ki,i;miN(^  llcilisli  AiiiiimlK,  111!),  1828,  {inM'ri  =  f'iniiihifHs). 

Hody  short  and  stout,  tho  back  consideniltly  elevated ;  Hiiout  prominent, 
jKiinted;  teeth  tiiansnlar,  pointed,  entire,  oacli  one  with  a  small  cusp  on 
lacli  side  at  Imse;  one  or  both  of  these  sometimes  obsolete  on  some  of 
tlio  teeth  in  the  younj?;  gill  openings  wide;  doreal  and  pectoral  fins  some- 
what falcate;  second  dorsal  and  anal  fins  very  small,  nearly  opposite 
ea'-h  otlier;  first  dorsal  close  behind  the  root  of  the  pectorals.  This 
i;cinis  iH  very  close  to  7««ri(s,  with  which  fossil  forms  seem  to  connect  it. 
l\'rliaps  the  two  should  be  united  under  the  older  name  Isitrus.  {?i(i^vu, 
:i  kind  of  shark,  from  hi/iia,  a  horrible  anthropophagous  monster,  a 
bugbear  used  by  the  Greeks  to  frighten  refractory  children.) 

/ 
/ 

67.'LAMNA  CORNUBICA,  ((imoliii). 

(POKDEAQI.E  ;   MaCKEUF.I.  SHAKK.) 

Siioiit  conical,  pointed,  rather  longer  than  tho  cleft  of  the  mouth ; 
tenth  lii^Ii  on  each  side;  the  third  tooth  on  each  side  in  the  upper  jaw 
small;  first  dorsal  beginning  over  the  axil  of  tho  pectorals.  Color  bluish 
<iviiy,  A  large  and  fierce  pelagic  shark  reaching  a  length  of  10  feet. 
North  Atlantic  and  North  Pacific,  occasionally  taken  on  tho  coast  of  New 
Kiigland  and  southward;  not  rare  in  California.  {cornuhicuH,  from  Corn- 
w  iiil,  from  which  region  tho  species  was  early  descrilx  d.)  (Eu.) 

S'jiHilii.i  ciiniiiliii'iiH*,  (i.MEi.iN,  Syfit.  Nftt.,  1, 11!)7, 178S,  shores  of  Cornwall. 

hiiiiiKi  oiniiihka,  GCntheu,  Cat.,  viii,  1181),  1870 ;  .Ioudan  &  Gu.beut,  Syiioiisis,  3(1,  1883. 

Stjiiiihis  »((.s»(i,  BoNNATERRE,  Tabloau  Kncycl.,  Iclitli.,  10,  1788,  Cornv/all,  after  Bcauuiaris  of 

I'l'miaiit. 
Siiiuliis  iieiiiKiiiii,  Walhai'm,  Artodi  PiHcium,  517,  1792,  Cornwall,  after  Pennant. 
^'7"»/»s  ))io);t'?i>i's,  SiiAw,  Gen.  Zoiil.,  v,  S.W,  1804,  Anglesea. 
S'liiitliis  fchiiinnii.",  Leach,  Edinb.  Mem.  Wern.  Soc,  1819,  11,  pi.  1,  fig.  2,  55. 
iH-idioiiiiin  inilkcri,  Fleming,  Britisli  Animals,  109,  1828,  Lochfyne,  Argyleshire,  "Sintif  Sela 

IKilldlS." 

*  Wi'  do  not  know  which  of  tho  two  names,  coniubictu  and  nasus,  baslpriority  ;  we  follow  usage 
iu  retaining  tho  name  of  Gnioliu. 


K.  N.  A.- 


li 

',   .   ...  f 


I      •■ 


) 


•!| 


11 


l5  Ih 


,.L \ 


'''■iL 


^r'si:^^lk,!^i,^ 


50 


Hulletin  ^7,  United  States  Natiomtl  Afitseum. 


i 


34.  CARCHARODON,"  Smith. 
(Man-eatkr  Shauks.) 

Otrehnrnihiii,  Andriw  Smith,  Proo.  Oeol  Soc.  London,  v,  80,  ISSV,  (((ijichiim  -(•aro/xiridii). 

(^enorul  cliaractorH  uf  fnurii8  and  Lnmna,  but  with  a  difforont  dontition, 
the  touth  being  large,  Hat,  eroot,  regularly  triangular,  thoir  udgeH  Herrated ; 
lirHt  dorsal  moderate,  nearly  midway  between  ])ectorala  and  ventralu; 
Hecond  dorsal  and  anal  very  small;  pectorals  large,  ventralu  mixlerate; 
caudal  peduncle  rather  stout ;  spiracles  minute  or  absent.  Sharks  of  very 
large  si/e;  the  strougoKt  and  most  voracious  of  all  fishes;  pelagic,  found 
in  most  warm  seas.     («''/),v"/"'f)  rough;  odoi'f,  tooth.) 

68.  CARCIIAKODON  CAReiIARIA8,t  (LinniuuB). 
(Man-eatkh  Shark;  Oueat  White  Shark.) 

Body  stout,  depth  about  5J  in  total  length;  mouth  very  large;  both 
jaws  with  5  rows  of  large,  triangular,  serrated  teeth,  those  in  tlie  lower 
.jaw  narrower,  about  \^  in  each  row  ;  first  dorsal  somewhat  behind  pec- 
torals; caudal  lin  large  and  strong.  Color  leaden  gray;  tips  and  edges  of 
pectorals  black.  One  of  the  largest  of  the  sharks,  reaching  a  length  of 
30  feet.  It  is  found  in  all  temperate  and  tropical  seas,  and  is  occasionally 
taken  on  our  coasts,  both  in  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific.  One  caught 
near  Soquel,  California,  was  about  30  feet  long  and  had  a  young  sea  lion, 
weighing  about  100  pounds,  in  its  stomach,  {napxciudi,  an  old  name  of 
Caroharhinua  lamia  and  of  other  man-eating  sharks.)  (Eu. ) 

Lamia,  Bondei.f.t,  Hist.  PoisB.,  305,  1558,  good  flfriiro,  Nice,  Marseilles. 

Siiuahts  carch'    ::w,l  LiNN.tu-Sjg  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  .\,  1768,235,  Europe,  after  Artedi. 

Carchariasrims,  AoASSlz,  Poiss.  Fosb.,  hi,  01,  1830. 

Ctvchnrodon  roudchli,  BlrLLER  &  IIenle,  Plai^iostomoii,  70, 1838,  after  UoudoUit,  Mediterranean 

Sea  and  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Carcharoilonromlelvli,  GONTlIKn,  Cat.,  viii,  392,  1870. 

Ctxrchariai  atwoixli,  SrouEn,  Proc.  Boet.Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1848, 71,  Provincetown. 
Ciircharodon  carclmriiw,  JoiidaN  &  Gii.iiekt,  Synopsis,  875,  1883. 
Carcliarodoii  capeiisia,  Smith,  III.  Zoiil.  S.  Africa,  pi.  4,  1842,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
CarcharotloH  gmillii,  Bonaparte,  Sclach.  Tab.  Anal.,  9, 1839,  after  Sniilli. 

Family  XVI.  CETORHINIDvE. 

(The  Basking  Sharks.) 

Sharks  of  immense  size,  with  the  gill  openings  extremely  wide,  extend- 
ing from  the  back  nearly  to  the  median  line  of  the  throat,  all  of  them  in 

*  Ono  species  of  this  genus,  Carchnrodon  megaloilon,  now  extinct,  must  have  reached  a  far  larger 
size  than  the  living  Carcharotlon  carcharias.  Its  teeth  are  found  in  great  abundance  in  tertiary 
deposits  along  the  coast  of  South  Carolina. 

tA  good  .iccoiint  of  this  species  is  given  by  Dr.  W.  B.  Stevenson,  Proc.  Vassar  Brothers  Sci.  Soc, 
Ponghkeepsie,  1884,  and  in  the  American  Naturalist  for  the  same  year. 

JThis  species,  well  figured  hy  Rondelet,  and  described  by  Artedi.  and  after  him  by  Linnieiis, 
acems  to  have  been  lost  sight  of  by  subsequent  writers  from  1758  to  1830,  the  various  reforenee^^ 
to  Sipialus  ciircliarias,  between  Ijinnieus  and  Miiller  &  IIenle,  belonging  chietly  to  CarcliwUia  lamia, 
The  true  Squalus  carcharius  of  Linuieus  is,  however,  unquestionably  the  Uarcharodou. 

g"Jonant  Prophetani,  ut  vetcrcBlIoruulcnitriuoctem,  in  hujus  veutriculo  tridui  spatio,  bu;8iss< 
Teroeimile  est." — Linnieut. 


Jordan  and  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Anurica.  51 


tViiiit  ot'  tlio  pcctoralH;  niuutli  inudorate,  the  tuuth  vory  small,  niinieroiiM, 
cuiiicnl,  without  citHpH  or  Hurraturos;  no  nictitating  iiioinln-anis  HpiracloH 
vi'ij  Miiiall,  altovo  tho  corners  of  tho  mouth;  first  dorsal  largo,  midway 
lictsvuuii  puctorais  and  vontrals;  second  dorsal  an«l  anal  suiall ;  caudal  tin 
luiiiito,  tho  upper  lohe  considerably  the  larger;  caudal  peduncle  keeled; 
IM'ctoralH  and  vuiitrals  large.  Hrain  very  small.  A  single  genus,  with 
piolialdy  hut  one  species;  the  largest  of  living  fishes,  pelagic,  iuhahitiug 
ihe  northern  seas.     (Lamnid.k,  part,  (iiinthor,  viii,  lUH,  genus  Sdavhe.) 

35.  CETORHINUS,  Hlainville. 
(Basking  Siiauks.) 

.-"/■.Yivimji,*  BaFINF.SQI'E,  Ciirattcri,  11,  1810,  {nwjioin). 

( W"i7iiii"s  Ht.AiNVii.i.K,  Juiirii.  IMiys.,  ISlli,  2i'>4,  ([/iiiiiieri  =: miuriimi*). 

fiiliuhc,  (,'rviK.ii,  U^•^Mlo  Animal,  ImI.  i,  I'J'.i,  1817,  {iiKuiiniif). 

l'i>}ijimit>njmii,  CoiTlI,  HiHt.  Brit.  FiHh.,  l,  tl7,  I8til,  {rivilileiijh(tutu  =  m(ixi)     •). 

Tlie  characters  of  the  genus  are  included  above,  (wz/tof,  whale;  /i/i'v,  a 
shark  (Sniialina),  t'roin  I'lin/,  a  file  or  rasp,  the  rough  skin  of  the  shark  being 
used  for  polishing  wood  and  marble.) 

««.''(KTORIII\|IS  MAXIMUS,  (Guniiei). 
(nASKiNii  Shark;  ITxi^rin;  Ki.ki'iiant  Shark;  Done  .Shark.) 
Body  rugose,  the  skin  very  rough  with  small  spines;  head  small;  snout 
liluiit :  eyes  small ;  teeth  in  0  or  7  rows  in  each  jaw,  about  200  in  each  row  ; 
first  dorsal  large,  triangular,  over  tho  space  between  pectorals  and  ventrals ; 
s(!Cond  dorsal  much  smaller,  rather  larger  than  anal;  pectorals  long,  tail 
lar;;o.  Uill  rakers  slender,  long  and  clo.se  set,  resembling  whalebone 
(lit'uco  the  name  Bone  Shark).  Largest  of  the  sharks,  reaching  a  length 
(if  nearly  40  feet;  found  in  tho  Arctic  seas,  straying  southward  to  Portugal, 
Virginia,  and  California.  Occasionally  taken  by  whalers  in  Monterey  Bay. 
It  id  ill  general  a  rare  species,  but  gregarious  in  tho  breeding  season,  num- 
bers swimming  together  on  the  surface,  sluggishly,  like  logs,  (maximiis, 
greatest.)  (Ku.) 

S'jn.ihmiwt.rimiii,  GuNNER,  Trondhjom  SolskabHkr.,  ni,  33,  17G5,  Coast  of  Norway. 

Sfhiihii  viaximus,  Storkr,  Fisli.  Mass.,  22'.»,  18G7. 

titl'irhc  viaxima,  GOnther,  Cat.,  viii,  394,  1870. 

(Vl^rhiiiiif  maximm,  JORDAN  it  (ilLllGBT,  SynopHis,  .11,  1883. 

SijiiiiUi^  (jninu'rianus,  Ulainvillk,  Jour,  ilo  PhyH.,  1810,  'i.lR,  uftor  Giiunor. 

,<:lii,tlut  pehjriHHs,  Blai.nville,  /.  c,  1810,  257,  Europe. 

.'''i/iid/Hs  hiiminmts,  Hlainville,  I.  c,  1810,  257,  after  Evoranl  Ilonie. 

cioiliiiiHushaviimiiii,  Ui.AixviLLE,  /.  c,  1810,  204,  after  Shaw. 

Symi/ii.s  ismliis,  Saverii)  Macri,  Mem.  (lulla  U.  Ac.  Sci.  Napoli,  lsl'.»,  i,  5.5,  pi.  1,  li^.  I,  aud  jd.  2, 

flj;.  2,  Naples. 
&iii,ihis  elephai',  Le  Sueur,  Joiir.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ii,  343,  1821,  New  Jersey. 
.Si/ici/ms  cetacem,  Gronow,  Cat.  Fisbos,  C,  1854,  Norway. 

&/H(i(»s  rasMeiijIianns,  Corcil,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  xiv,  91,  1825,  Cornwall,  (a  monstrosity). 
Aovilhrns  hlitinvillei,  Capello,  Plagiostomos,  i,  21,  180fi. 
Piilniinmpui  macer,  Coccu,  Hist.  Brit.  Fishes,  1,  C7,  1861,  England. 

*  The  dpscription  of  Tetrorcu  is  apparently  taiton  from  hearsay,  and  applies  to  no  known  shark. 
It  cipiiicB  nearest  the  present  species,  but  may  bo  mulango  of  Ittiriia  and  IleptranchUts.  We  have 
tlicr.  lore  hesitated  to  substitnte  Tetroraa  tor  Cetorhinns.  Tetroras  aii>/iV>ru  is  described  as  having 
"twii  ilorgals;  one  anal;  four  gill  openings;  tail  unequal,  oblique;  snout  blunt;  teeth  rasjilike; 
a  kicl  on  each  side  of  tail;  eyes  very  small;  gill  openings  rather  large;  length  about  0  feet. 
Oiilled  .1ii>;ioi'ii  at  Palermo,"  The  uam'o  Anciovn  is  now  applied  at  Palermo  to  Heiilranchias  cintreus, 
according  to  Prof.  Doderlein. 


¥(   <,.'l-   ' 


1:1 


(  :• 


i 


ill 


>  rj  ii  \ 


52 


BulUtin  47,  United  Stahs  National  Museum. 


Fumilv  XVII.  UHINODONTID.i:. 

(TllK.   WllALK   SlIAUKS.) 

Orifi^iii  of  the  th-Ht  durHal  tin  Hoiiiuwhat  in  lulvaiico  ol'tlitt  vt-iiHulH;  tho 
Huvund  Hniull,()|>|)OHite  the  anal ;  botli  withont  H|-<nuH  ;  a  pit  at  I  ho  root  uf 
tho  caudal;  lower  lobo  of  the  caudal  well  developed;  sideN  of  the  tail  with 
a  keel;  no  nictitating;  niein1>i'aue;T)pii'acle.s  very  Hniall ;  mouth  and  nostril 
near  the  extremity  of  the  Huont;  teeth  very  nmall  and  nnmerouu,  conical ; 
gill  opeuingH  wide,  the  laut  <»ne  above  tho  bauu  of  tlio  pectoralH.  Largo 
aharku,  of  warm  HoaH.  Two  HpooioH  are  known,  h'hhiodmi  li/piviix,  IVoni 
the  Cape  of  (iood  Hope,  and  the  following.  (Uiiinodonhu.k,  (iiinthor, 
Cat.,  VIII,  390). 

II.  Tuuth  oac)i  reciirvi'il  IxickwAnl  itiid  uvutcly  iiointud,  nwoUoii,  iiiulivitli  a  liuul-hku  projur- 
tioii  ill  fniiit  I'iNiiit;  fruiii  itx  liuao.  MlciUiiToiii  h,  'Mi. 

36.  MICRISTODUS,  (Gill). 

Micrinlodut,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac,  Nat.  8cl.  Plilla.,  1805,  177,  (iminiutm). 

This  geuuH  is  known  from  its  teeth  only.  These  arc  described  an  fol- 
lows: "The  teeth  are  iixed  and  extremely  minnto,  the  largest  little  more 
than  a  line  in  length  (in  a  shark  1^0  feet  long)  and  decrease  towards  the 
ends  of  tho  jaw;  they  are  dis|)osed  in  regularly  transveiso  rows,  of  which 
there  are  164  to  107  on  each  side,  while  in  front  there  are  13  to  10  in  each 
transverse  tow;  each  tooth  is  recurved  backward  and  acutely  ])ointoil. 
swollen,  and  with  a  heel-like  projection  lu  front  rising  from  its  base." 
((iill.)     (^t«/«(f,  small;  (ffroi;,  an  upright  projection ;  oiVn'c,  tooth.) 

70.  MICItlKTOIMIM  PUNCTATHS,  Gill. 

A  very  large  shark  found  in  the  Gulf  of  California.     No  description  Ikin 
lieen  given,  and  only  the  teeth  are  yet  known,     (punctatun,  spotted.) 
Micristoditu  piiiictuliis,  Gill,  Pruc.  Ac,  Mat.  8ci.  Plilla.,  IStW),  177,  Gulf  of  California. 


f^ 


ll    .   I 


;      I 


|:^ 

■1;  Ir 

1             <i 
■y 

Order  F.  CYCLOSPONDYLI. 
(The  Cyclospondylous  Sharks.) 

Calcareous  lamolliu  arranged  in  one  or  more  concentric  series  or  rin<;s 
about  a  central  axis  in  each  vertebra.  Spiracles  present.  Anal  tin  warn- 
ing. Dorsal  tins  2,  with  or  without  spine.  As  hero  understood,  the  ordti 
Cycloupondyli  includes  tho  sharks  of  the  groups  called  CyvloapoHtlijli  aud 
Tectoapondyli  by  Hasse.  The  vertebra!  in  tho  rays  show  similar  structurts, 
and  it  is  probably  from  sharks  of  this  group  that  tho  Latoidoi  are  dc- 
Bcended.     (/ci/cXor,  circle ;  amMvXoi;,  vertehra.) 

Families  of  Cvclospondym. 

a.  OvcLOBPONDyLi  :  Vertebrii'  witli  tlie  oalcaroous  laniollin  arranged  in  a  ring  alioiit  tliocenlinl 

axie.     Pectoral  fins  normal,  not  expanded  or  deci)lyiiotclu'd.     Anal  fiu  absent ;  sjiirailrs 

prwent ;  no  nictitating  tncinbraue ;  gill  openings  before  ]>ectorals;  caudal  bent  ui>\vui'i, 

the  lower  lobe  little  developed. 

b.  Dorsal  fins  each  provided  with  a  stout  spine,  the  first  dorsal  far  in  advance  of  veiitnls. 

SyuALii).*:,  xviu. 


[I  m 


Jordan  antf  FirrniiVin, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


53 


/</..  Itiiimil  lint  wliliMiil  «iiiin',  til"  flfHt  ilorNiil  (ivcr  or  in  lulviini)'  nf  ventrnlN, 
>'.   V\\*\  iliirmil  iiiiii'li  liuriii'4<  vi'iitruln;    xkiri  nuiilcmti-ly  ihukIi. 

I>AI.ATIIt»:,  XIX. 

<■!■.   k'irxl  ilor-nl  ii|i|>(mllc  vcntnilK;  kUIii  with  tliurii-liki'  tiilxTi'lim. 

RrillNORIIINIII^,   XX. 

■|'irT"«r'.M'Vi.i  (TKTuir,  II  liulldur;  (TTTiii'i^iiAof,  vi'itiilirn) ; 
,„•,  \i'iri  lirii'  uilli  till-  fiilcikri'oiiH  litinrllii'  rariL;i'<l  in  Novnntl  concentlir  nitIi'n  or  rln^ii  iilioiil  \\ 
itinlnil  uxIh  ;  |ii'rti>i'al  Dhh  v>  r.v  litrci',  \|iitriil)Ml  linri/onliilly  itiiil  )'Xt('niliMl  lurwiinl  at 
liii'«'  In  rriint,  Kivln^  lln'  li  iily  thit  I'orn.  of  tliii  lliittcni'ii  ill^k  of  tho  nivH;  tli<'  iiiitt'rior 
''Xli'MHliir  fii>|iiii'iiti'<i  froiii  tlio  neck  liy  a  <lm<|)  iiotcli,  In  wlilrli  tlii<  ^\\\  niMMiitiKN  Hi'  ;  n<> 
mini  liii  ;  ilnriiil  tInHHniiill,  inMirrior ;  nioiilli  liroiiil,  antvrior.  HgttATiNin.K,  xm. 

Suborder  CYCLOSPONDYLI. 
Family  XVIII.  SQUALIDiE. 

(TlIK   I)00-FI8IIK8.) 

Ilody  moro  or  loat  elongato.  Head  doprcHHod.  EycH  latornl,  without 
niotitiitiiij;  iiKMiihr.'intv  Mouth  inferior, rather  lar^n, arched, a  dec)>  K''<»"vo 
oil  cacli  Hide.  TtM'tli  compn'H.spd,  variouHly  forniod.  Nostrils  iiit'orior, 
Hf|);ir.'il(> ;  Njiinu^lrs  nitluM' lar^o ;  gilln  o]ioiiinKH  moderate,  all  in  front  of 
til)'  pectoral  Huh.  DoihuI  fiuH  2,  each  armed  with  a  spine;  the  (irst  dorsal 
in  IVdiit  of  tlie  vontrals;  anal  fin  wanting;  caudal  (in  with  the  lower 
IoIm;  sinail  or  obsolete ;  ventral  fins  inserted  posteriorly,  not  nnieh  tiefore 
Nccoinl  dorsal.     Oviparous. 

(leneratior  more;  species  ahont  15;  rather  small  sharks,  chiefly  of  the 
Atlantic.  These  sharks  represent  a  comparatively  primitive  type,  appar- 
ently not  des(M>nded  from  any  other  existing;  St/iiali.  (8riNACiI>/K,  )>art, 
(Jiinther,  Cat.,  viii,  417-42;..) 

»    lluily  riitlior  clniiKiitc;  no  fold  of  Bkln  aInnK  siilo  of  iM'lly;  (lorml  npinoB  both  ilircctnil  liack- 
wnril. 
Ii.  UiipiT  ti'ctli  Hinipli',  without  Bmallcr  cuspg  nt  hnRo. 

r.  Ti'otli  ulikd  in  l)ot)i  jawH,  sii>ii|uniIrnto,  oarh  with  ft  itbarly  horizontal  rnttini;  oilgn 

and  a  point  diri'ctrd  outward.  SguAurx,  37. 

re  Ti'ctli  nni'ijnal,  tlio  upper  very  dmnll,  narrow,  and  lanrcolato,  orort,  tho  lowornioro 

or  lesH  olilii|iio;  ihirnal  spines  hidden  in  tho  Hkin.  Ct;NTRos(;vMNr«,  38. 

ill.   I'ppnr  teetli  eacli  witi)  1  or  '2  Bihall  ciinpH  at  luMo  on  racli  Hide. 

il.  Teeth  nneipial,  tlie  upper  preet  and  trirnspid,  tho  lower  oldii{iio.     Ktmoi>ti!ih's,  3!). 
ilil.  Teetli  ecjuiil,  very  small  and  pointed.  (!KNTiioRVYl.Li(tM,  40. 

37.  SQUALUS,  (Artedi),  Linna-ns. 

S/ii'ifin,  CAtiTKin)  I.iNN.T-;r.s,  x,  IV.W,  2;t3,  (inrludeB  all  BliarkR). 

S/ie//»«,  ItAKiNK.sfji'K,  Caratteri,  etc.,  13,  1810,  (acaulhian  and  tiiinln;  ftrHt  rpftrirtion  of  the  nnmo 

S'liiiihiH^  to  Kjiecies  with  Bpirarles  and  without  anal  fin). 
Ariiiilhiiiliiiius,  Ui.AlNViM.K,  .lournal  de  rhyHiiine,  1810,  203,  (ardnthiiu). 
.h'nilhiiii,  His.fn,  Kiirope  Mcridionale,  m,  131,  lK2f>,  (armithiim). 
r\l:.ni,hirm,  CiiM,  Pror.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  40r,,  {mjaUi). 

limly  rather  slender.  Month  little  arched,  with  a  long,  straight,  deep, 
olilii|iie  ftroovo  on  each  side ;  no  labial  fold.  Teeth  rather  small,  all  sim- 
l>lt',  ((iiial  in  the  two  jaws,  their  points  so  much  turned  aside  that  the 
inner  mar^nn  forms  tho  cutting  edge.  Spiracles  rather  wide,  just  behind 
tho  eye.  Fins  moderately  developed,  the  first  dorsai  ^rger  than  the  sec- 
ond, much  in  advance  of  the  ventral  fins,,  which  are  behind  the  middle  of 


■4| 


1   S 


ii;-  ! 


\  \-  'n 


.  \\ 

,' "  j,-    -, 

■  ^  p-p 

y  i     .1 

s;t  ■ 

1 

\^\  \ 

u 

li 

54 


Jiuiietin  y/,  United  States  National  Museutn. 


ll  %:. ' 


II-  : 


■  i 


tho  IxHly,  ulllioiigli  ill  aih'uiiCMoC  tlu)  hocuimI  (IoismI.  DoihuI  HpiiioN  Htroii^, 
not  ^Ktovftl.  Tuil  Hciircoly  hoiit  upward.  Hiiiull  HhurkH  ulioiiiitlitiK  in 
till'  ti<iiiporut«  HtMis  ;    I  or  5  Npociim  known. 

'1  Iii4  LinniiMtn  k*''!)!**  Sifualun  wuh  IliNt  HiilMlivided  by  HuUnoHqiin,  who 
KtNti'irti'd  tlio  niiiiio  to  tliimo  HpncioH  with  apirudoH  »nil  no  anul  tin,  tho 
type  hoin^  StiimliiH  avunlhinH.  Thirt  ,";oiiiih  nuiHt  thomfori)  lio  callud  SqiiuliiH 
anil  not  Ae<inlhian.     (mimiliiM,  Nhark,  a  word  cognatu  to  tho  Urunk  }"(/(//.) 

It.  H|i|iii>  III'  nr>t  ilorxiil  iiliiiiit  }  llin  lii>l|;lit  i>(  tin'  llii,  Ni'i'ui.il  ikliiiiit  J;  nniiii'  nf  tlii'  wliiia  i||iii(h 
on  luii'k  iinimlly  inTMinti'iit  llirmiKli  U(<:  aiantiiiam,  71. 

nil.  .S|iliin  ol  DiKt  (liirHikl  I,  to  '.|  tlio  l|i'i);lil  iiC  llii>  flu,  tlilll  of  tlir  Horiilnl  tlolMll  lllioiil  ■ . ,  ; 
wliilo  tt|HilH  (HI  Inn  k  iiNyiklly  illiiu|i|H>ai'liit(  Willi  it^i'.  Ml'i'HI.II,  Ti. 

71.  N({|!Ali|!S  ACANTIIIAS,  I.lnnaMiM. 
(DoiiriMii ;  Pii'Krn  DouriHii  ;  noyRixxi;  Skittlk-iioii.) 

Itody  Hlondoi';  Hiioiit  pointed;  head  (i^  in  Inn^tli ;  depth  ahoiitH.  Dor- 
nal  HpinoH  rathur  hi^fh,  that  of  i\w  i\tni  dorsal  about  j  huight  of  tin,  tlii> 
Hooond  dorHal  Hpino  tiliout  v|  huight  of  tin.  Slati^  color  above,  pale  below, 
back  with  oblong  whitiHh  spots,  espciiially  in  the  young,  these  rarely  all 
obsolete  in  tho  adult.  L.  2  to  3  feet;  weight  5  to  Impounds.  A  Hniall 
shai  p-toothed  shark,  ranging  widely  in  the  Atlantic,  very  alnindant  along 
the  shores  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  and  taken  as  far  south  as 
(!uba.  From  its  livers  "  Dogfish"  oil  is  extracted.  It  feeds  largely  on 
herrings.     (uKavxiiac,  an  old  name  from  uKai>^(i,  spine.)  (^V.) 

N/iiii/m«  iiciuiihiiif,  liiNN.v.f.s,  S.vHt.  Nnt..  VA.  x.,  176H,  i,  2:i:t,  Coast  of  Europe. 

(iillKilliKiUKIilhiiiii,  .lolllPAN  A  OiLIIKItT,  .SynoJisiH,  Hi,  ^HM. 

Aeinlliini  americiuiitf,  STunElt,  Mniii.  Am.  Ac,  II,  184(1,  500,  Maasachusetta. 

/li'iitiMiiid  miKTi'i'iiinii,  Stiiher,  Fish.  Murh.,  ';32,  1HC7. 

.IriiiiMi'iM  I'li/j/iiriii,  Kisso,  Kur.  Mc'rid.,  Ill,  llll,  IH^il,  Nice. 

i4r(iH//ii<i«fiWj/urt»,  Gl'NTllEU,  Cat.,  viil,  41H,  1870. 

;2yS<JllAI,rS  SrCKLII,  (r.lranl). 

(Califoiinia  PiKinsii.) 

Very  similar  to  tho  Atlantic  spocios,  S.  nciivthias,  but  with  tho  ^.orsal 
spines  lower,  the  first  about  A  tho  height  of  its  fin,  the  second  about  1. 
Gray,  tho  fins  usually  edged  with  black  ;  young  with  white  spots  on  tho 
back,  which  usually  wholly  di.sa])pear  with  age.  Aleutian  Islands  to 
Santa  Darbara,  very  abundant,  similar  in  habits  to  tho  preceding,  and 
likewise  producing  "  Dogfish  "  oil.  A  similar  species,  possibly  the  same. 
S.fcrnandinus  (Molina)  occurs  in  Chile.  (Named  for  Dr.  Uoorge  Suckloy, 
a  naturalist  ou  tho  U.  S.  Pacific  R.  R.  Survey.) 

Spinnx  (AcanOiio.)  mtcklii,  GiRARD,  I'ruc.  Ac.  Niit.Si'l.  I'liila.,  1854, 100,  Fort  Steilacoom,  Wash- 
ington. 
Si/im/im oKcW/i,  Gii.i,,  I'roc.  Ao.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1802,  499. 
Acanlliiai lucklii,  GiitAun, I'aciflo  U.  11.  Survry,  :iU8,  1858. 

38.  CENTROSCYMNUS,  Bocage  &.  Capello. 

Centrotcijmnuii,  Bocaoe  &  Capello,  PrfPcZoiil.  Soc,  1804,  203,  (adnhpii). 

Dorsal  fins  each  Avith  a  spine,  which  is  hidden  in  tho  skin  ;  mouth  wide. 
but  little  arched;  a  long,  deep,  straight, oblique  groove  uu  each  side  of 


1             :'l 

V 


Jordan  tttui  liver mann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


r.5 


iiiotith.  Tooth  oflowtM  jiiw  nl»lii|iio,  with  tho  point  iiioro  or  I»hh  iliru<<t«<l 
iMitwitrd.  I'ppttr  tt)«tth  lunuuoiiito,  on  a  <|Uu<li'unK»lHr  hiiHo,  with  ii  Hin- 
Kluouap.  SpiruulcH  witio,  holiinil  th««<yo.  (lil!  op«>nin);H  narrow,  (kH'tihw^ 
spino;  nKi'iivu^,  au  ancient  niiniu  of  some  ahurk,  from  tiKinvoi;,  n  lion'H 
wliulp. ) 

7:i.  CKNTItOSriMMM  ('(ELOLKIMS,  no<  nRn  ,V  (ii|><>llo. 

liahiiil  K''<>**vo  prolonged  forwAril,  but  Hopnratcdhy  a  broad  spaoo  from 
that  of  tho  other  Hido.  Upper  tuotli  vory  Hinall,  narrow,  and  lancoobitu. 
UiHtanco  botwtMMi  tho  noHtrilH  ratliur  Iohn  than  h  the  length  of  tlii)  pri<>oral 
|iiirtion  of  thu  Hnout.  Lower  anghM>ftho  pectoral  rounded,  not  produced. 
Dornal  thiH  Hhort,  ospocially  the  ilrHt,  the  length  of  which  (without  tho 
N|iiiio)  iH  «>nly  about  i*;  its  ditttanoo  from  theaocond;  extremity  of  thoven- 
tnilH  below  the  end  of  the  Hccond  dornai.  Scalea  on  the  head  and  nape 
with  Htriii',  the  othern  Hmooth,  with  a  depreaHion  at  the  baae.  Uniform 
lihickish  brown.  (Uiinther.)  Coaat  of  Portugal  and  neighboring  parta 
of  the  Atlantic,  occaaionally  taken  in  deep  water  otV  Uloucoater,  MaHH., 
and  ort"  the  banka  of  Nova  Scotia.     (xo/Aof,  hollow  ;  Xrn'/f,  acale.)        (Eu.) 

( ,„lt,Miiiium»  riflolepit,  BorAOB  it  CapeM.d ,  Proo.  /nill.  Soc,  20.1,  18(i4,  PortUKCl. 
C<iiln>iilwni$  iiiliii'jiiii,  Gt'NTIir.lt,  Cut.,  VIII.  42;i,  INTO. 
(Jeiilron'timnitu  citlolfjiin,  JuRUAN  &  UiLDEUT,  8yiiu|)HiH,  17,  18H3. 


it 


!tl 


39.  ETMOPTERUS,  Raflnesque. 

FimnpUnm,  RAnNBSQtiE,  Pnratterl,  otr.,  14, 1810,  {nnilmlim). 
iS/iiiin/,  CuvtEii,  Rvgno  Animal,  Ed.  i,  129,  1817,  {nciiHthum  anil  ajniinx), 
Siiimix,  MOi,i.r.R<&  'Irnlr,  PluK'n''ttiincii,  8G,  1k;)8,  (xyiin'ij-). 
Aniulhiilinm,  LowR,  I'roc.  Zool.ffoc.  London,  18:tU,  91,  {iinHlUim). 

Mouth  little  arched.  Teeth  of  lower  jaw  with  the  point  ho  much  tnrned 
a.sido  that  the  inner  margin  of  the  tooth  forma  the  cutting  edge;  upper 
t<>eth  erect,  each  with  a  long  pointed  cuap  and  1  or  2  smaller  oiiea  on  each 
8i(h);  spiracles  wide.  Two  species,  in  the  Atlantic.  (Irfjayov,  to  cut; 
nriiMV,  fin,  the  original  type  having  frayed  fins.) 

74.  ETMOPTERrS  PUSILLU8,  (Lowo). 

Hody  smooth,  scales  very  small,  each  with  a  minute  tuberosity,  but  with- 
out spines ;  first  dorsal  fin  much  shorter  than  the  second,  midway  between 
Bocoud  dorsal  spine  and  the  eye;  tail  relatively  shorter  than  in  K.  apinax, 
it.s  length  less  than  the  space  between  the  snout  and  the  origin  of  the  pec- 
torals; color  brown.     (Gunther.) 

The  Blake  took  a  single  individual,  believed  to  belong  to  this  species, 
at  Station  CVIII,  off  St.  Christopher,  in  208  fathoms.  It  had  previously 
been  known  only  from  Madeira  and  Cuba,  and  the  Travaillcur  fonnd  it  at 
the  Cape  Verdes  at  about  290  fathoms.    (Goode  &  Dean.)    (pusillus,  weak.) 

AritnthiUum  puailUnn,  LowB,  Proc.  Zoill.  Soc.  London,  1839,  91,  Madeira. 
Siiiiiiix pimUtin,  Qt'NTiiEB,  Oat.,  vill,  425,  1870. 
Spmax  hilliantu,  Poet,  Memoriae,  ii,  340, 1861,  Cuba. 


) 


;■  a;'';...**. 


'  ' 


\i  i 


in.; 


t ' ' '    ; 


I 


*■|er^■■-v^«,^- '  -i.T*"i|rrj(^w7^ ; 


,1 


'V.^ 


56 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


40.   CENTROSCYLLIUM,  Miiller  &  Ilenle. 

OeutroiciiUium,  MOllkr  &  UzvhK,  SystciniitiHcho  BcBctiroibung  dor  PlagiuHtomou,  101,  1838,  (/nb- 
ricii). 

Teeth  equal  in  bo*h  jaws,  very  small,  straight,  pointed,  each  with  1  or 
-2  smaller  cusps  on  each  side  at  base;  mouth  croscont-shaped,  with  a 
straight,  ohli(]uo  groove  at  its  angle;  spiri'-clea  moderate;  gill  opeiiingH 
rather  r arrow ;  dorsal  fins  small,  each  with  a  strong  spine;  the  second 
dorsal  entirely  behind  tlie  ventrals.  One  species,  in  the  Arctic  Seas. 
(KtvTfiov,  spine,  aKv'AX'iov,  Scyllium,  an  allied  genus,  from  rrs/vlAw,  to  rend 
or  tear  to  pieces.)    , 

76.  CEXTROSCYLLIUM  FABRICII,  (Reinlmnlt). 

Body  covered  with  minute  stellate  ossification  ;  dorsal  fins  short,  with 
strong  spines;  second  dorsal  behind  ventrals;  color  nearly  black ;  Green- 
land Seas,  southward  in  deep  water ;  occasionally  taken  off  Gloucester  and 
off  the  Nova  Scotia  banks.  (Named  for  Otho  Fabricius,  a  Danish  natural- 
ist, the  first  to  study  the  fishes  of  Greenland.) 

Spiimx  fahricii,  Rkiniiardt,  Uaiisk.  Viil.  Selsk.  Forli.,  1828,  111,  xiv,  Greenland. 
C''"iroscDlHHm  fahricii,  GCntheu,  Cat.,  vili,  425,  18"(». 
(-'■eiUroscylliwu  fahrku,  JORDAN  &  Gilbert,  Syuopsis,  10,  1883. 


Ih. 


Family  XIX.   DAT^ATIIDiE. 

(The  Scymnoid  Sharks.) 

Sharks  with  no  anal  fin  and  with  2  dors.il  fins,  each  without  spine; 
fins  al'  small ;  ijiil  openings  small,  entirely  in  advance  of  pectorals ;  moutli 
but  little  arched ;  a  long,  deep,  straight,  obliquQ  groove  on  each  side  of 
it;  spiracles  present.  Oviparous,  the  eggs  without  horny  case  (at  least 
in  SoMNlOfUS).  VertPbraj  cyclospondylous.  The  absence  of  dorsal  spino 
chiefly  distinguishes  this  family  from  the  Squalid.i;,  of  which  these  arc 
somewhat  degenerate  allies.  Genera,  5;  species,  about  10,  mostly  of  tho 
North  Atlantic,  soi.T?  of  them  reaching  a  large  size.  (SpiNACiDyK,  part, 
Gunther,  Cat  ,  viii,  425-429.) 

SoMNIOSINiE: 

<i.  First  dorsal  nnich  in  advance  of  ventrals. 

b.  Upper  teeth  narrow,  tlio  lower  qiindrato,  with  a  liorizontal  edge  ending  in  a  point 
directed  outward  ;  body  very  robust,  tlio  fins  very  small,  the  dorsals  about  equal ; 
akin  moderately  rough.  Somnio.su8,  41. 


P 


41.  SOMNIOSUS,  Le  Sueur. 

Somnhstu,  Le  Sueur,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1818,  i,  Z22.{hreripiH)ia—mierocephabu). 
Leiodon,  Woon,  Proc.  B)st.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  li,  174, 1847,  {echinatiwi  -niarncephnhis). 
Licmargtu,  Mf  ller  &  Henle  Plagiostomen,  93,  1838,  (horcalis—microcephahii). 
Rhinoicymnus,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18G4,  264,  (rostratus). 

Body  thick  and  clumsy;  mouth  transverse,  little  arched,  with  a  deep, 
straight  groove  running  backward  from  its  angle;  nostrils  near  tlm 
exi  lemity  of  the  snout ;  jaws  feeble;  teeth  in  upper  jaw  small,  narrow, 
conical ;  lower  teeth  numerous,  in  two  or  more  series,  the  point  so  mucli 


Jordan  and  livermanit. — Fishes  of  North  America.  57 

turned  aside  that  the  inner  margin  fonuH  a  cutting  edge,  which  is  entire; 
-.piracies  moderate;  no  nictitating  membrane;  gill  oponings  narrow; 
tins  all  very  small,  the  ventrals  between  the  dorsal  flns;  skin  uniformly 
covered  with  minnte  tubercles.  Tail  short,  much  bent  upward.  Eggs 
liipi'c,  soft,  globular,  without  shell,  dropp^l  in  the  oozo  on  the  leea  bottom. 
Six'uies  2,  of  the  Northern  Seas.     (Latin  Honmiosiia,  sleepy.) 

Jft^SOMNIOSUS  MK^ROCKPIIAIil'S,  (niocli). 
(Si.EEi'F.n  SirAiiK;  Nimise.) 

I'.ody  robust,  rapidly  tapering  behind  ;  greatest  depth  a  little  more  than 
■  tli(i  length;  head  somewhat  less;  mouth  moderate,  upper  jaw  with  .'> 
rows  (if  small  sharp  teeth,  which  are  incurved  and  lancet-shaped;  lower 
j;i\\  with  2  rows  of  broad,  ((uadrangular  teeth,  d.vided  in  their  centers 
liy  a  i)ori>ondicular  ridge  and  directed  outward,  about  26  teeth  on  each 
Hide ;  tins  sniall,  the  tlrst  dorsal  about  as  large  as  the  ventrals  and  larger 
tliau  the  second  dorsal ;  pectorals  short,  caudal  short  and  bluntish.  L. 
iil.Kiit  25  feet.  Arctic  Seas  south  to  Cape  Cod,  Oregon  and  franco;  a 
liiigc  clumsy  shark,  not  lare  northward.  An  enemy  to  the  whales,  biting 
out  large  maoses  of  flesh  from  their  bodies.     (utKpdf,  small ;  Kfitii-Vii,  head.) 

(Eu.) 
fi.jh„hi!i  h\icrnrpjilia1m,  ni.orii  *  SrirvEinr.n,  Syst.  Iclitli.,  l:!r>,  1801,  Northern  Seas. 
fi,Miriinyiishrri-lpinnn,  Lf  SiTEvn,  .lour.  An.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  i,  12'.i,  1S18,  Massachusetts. 
S.ii„iiiiiiilireripiu>iii,  SroRER,  Fishes  Blass.,  23.5,  IStlT. 

,S,;ii„;»s  hiireiiHs,  ScoBESiiY,  Arct.  KoR.,  i,  1)1.  15,  figs.  ;\  anil  4,  1820,  538,  Arctic. 
L:n,„tr,jiis  hnre((U.i,  GCsTliER,  Cat.,  'Ill,  42(),  1870. 
Sqinihis  ijlncinlis,  FAnEn,  Fischo  Isl.,  23, 1829,  Iceland. 
Siwilii.i  wn-wpriinwif,  Bi.AiNvii.i.E,  F.aiin.  Fran^aiRe,  61, 1828,  Norway. 
Lmil<m  etiimaimn,  WooD,  I'roc.  Bust.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  174,  1847. 


Family  XX.     ECHINORHINID^. 

(TiiR  Bramiilk  Siiauks.) 

Characters  of  the  family  included  below  in  those  of  the  single  genus. 

n.  First  dorsal  oppusito  ventrals,  liotli  fins  very  sniall.     Teeth  ocjnal  in  the  twi>  jaws,  very 
(ibliiiHc;  skin  with  scattered  round  tuborelos,  like  the  thorns  of  hninihles. 

K0IIIN0RIIINI'.<l,  42. 

42.  ECHINORHINUS.  Blainville. 

f.V'/iiMi/i/ims,  Bi.AiNViM.E,  Bnll.  Soi.  Philom.,  ISlfi,  121.  {HpiiioiiHs). 
'.'oiiiniJks,  Aoassiz,  roias.ms  Fossilea,  in.  183,  1830,  {spinostis). 

Two  very  small  dorsal  fins  without  spine,  the  first  opposite  the  ven- 
trals ;  no  anal  fin  ;  skin  with  scattered,  large,  round  tubercles,  surmounted 
liy  ]irickles  like  those  on  a  bramble,  and,  like  them,  leaving  a  scar  when 
(It'taclied.  Motith  crescent-shaped;  a  labial  fold  around  the  angle  of  the 
iiiontli  and  the  end  of  the  snout.  Teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  very  oblique, 
the  ,  ;iut  being  turned  outward;  several  strong  denticnlations  on  each 
8i(l(>  of  the  principal  point;  no  nictitating  membrane;  spiracles  small; 
gill  openings  of  moderate  width.  A  single  species  of  the  East  Atlantic, 
straying  to  our  coast,    (txh'og,  a  hedgehog,  or  sea  urchin;  |5(f  17, 'shark.) 


r  ; 


I  ' 


!■ 


^  I 


fl 


I    : 


58 


fiulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


77.  GCLINOUHINVS  SPIBJOSUS,  (Gmo'in). 

Spiraclea  behind  the  oye,  behind  the  vertical  from  the  angle  of  the 
month.  Teeth  ^~^-j.  Dorsal  fins  close  together.  Each  tubercle  with  a 
small  spine  in  the  center.  Brownish  violet,  with  or  without  dark  spots, 
((liinther.)  A  largo  shark  of  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa,  in 
rather  deep  water;  a  stray  individual  taken  on  Capo  Cod.     L.  10  feet. 

(Eu.) 

Squahio  tpinomit,  Omemn,*  f'.yst.  Nat.,  1788,  loOO,  "the  ocean." 

Kfliiiiiirhiiiiiimjiliwiiiiii,  GiintluT,  Cut.,  VIII.,  428,  1870. 

R-liiitoiliiniin  /qniuisiiH,  Jordan  &  Giliiert,  Syiio|iHi!i,  14, 188M. 

Si]tmUu  hnicKs,  BoNNATKUiiK,*  Talil.  Encyolop.,  Iditli.,  11,  1788,  "the  ocean." 

Echinorhintu  ohemm,  Anprrw  Smith,  III)).  7,M\.  So.  Africa;  Fisiiort,  |i1ate  i,  184.5,  Cape  of  Good 


Hope. 


Suborder  TECTOSPONDYLI. 


Characters  of  the  group  given  above.     (See  page  .53.) 

Family  XXI.  SQUATINIDiE. 

(The  Angei.  Sharks.) 

Ray-like  sharks.  Body  depressed  and  flat,  the  snout  obtuse,  the  month 
anterior;  tooth  conical,  pointed,  distant;  pectoral  fins  very  large,  ex- 
panded in  the  plane  of  the  body,  but  not  adherent  to  the  side  of  tho 
head,  being  deeply  notched  at  the  base ;  ventral  fins  very  large ;  dorsal 
fins  2,  small,  Huboqual,  on  the  tail  behind  the  ventrals;  no  anal  fin; 
caudal  small;  gill  openings  wide,  partly  inferior,  partly  hidden  by  tho 
base  of  the  pectoral;  sp'Tacles  wide,  crescent-shaped,  behind  tho  eyes; 
nostrils  on  tho  front  margin  of  the  snout,  with  skinny  flaps;  males  with 
small  prehensile  appendages ;  vertebra)  tectospondylous.  A  single  genns 
among  living  forms,  with  but  one  species  so  far  as  known ;  a  small  shark 
of  singular  appearance,  found  in  most  warm  seas.  In  appearance,  as  in 
structure,  this  family  is  strictly  intermediate  between  the  sharks  and  tho 
rays.  Its  nearest  living  allies  are  probably  the  Dalatiid/E.  Two  or  more 
related  generaare  found  as  fossils.     (Rhinid.i:,  Gunther,  Cat.,  viii,  430.) 

43.  SQUATINA,  Dumdril. 
(Angel  Fishes.) 

ffqualina,  CONSTANT  DuMi^RiL,  Zoiil.  Analyt.,  102,  1800,  (migehis—xjnalina).  ' 

Rhiua,  B '.FiNESQUE,  Caratterl  Alcr.ni  Nuovi  Generi,  14,  1810,  (sipialina). 
Illiiiia,  (Ri.f.in),  AiinusTK  Dum^rii.,  Elusmobranchcs,  4G4,  1870,  (squatitia). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  {Squatina,  the  ancient  name, 
akin  to  the  English  words  "skate"  and  "squat.") 

78.  SQUATINA  SQUATINA,  (Linnseus). 
(M0NKFI8I1;  Anqel  Fish;  Squato.) 
Caudal  fin  triangular,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer ;  dorsals  short  and  high  ; 
skin  rough,  with  small  stiflTprickles,  largest  along  the  middle  line  of  tho 
back ;  eyes  small .  Ashy  gray  above,  much  blotched  und  speckled  w  ith  oil ve , 
white  below.    L.  2  to  3  feet.    Warm  seas ;  common  in  the  Mediterranean ; 
rather  scarce  on  our  Atlantic  coast  from  Cape  Cod  southward ;  rather  com- 
mon on  the  coast  of  California,  especially  from  San  Francisco  to  Monterey. 
*We  do  uot  know  which  of  these  uamcs  has  priority,  but  follow  usagein  retainiDg  that  of  Gmelin. 


I  . 


JordifH  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


69 


The  East  coast  form  has  been  named  Squatina  dumerUi,  tlio  Pacific  form 
Sqnatiua  calij'oniiai,  but  all  belong  apparently  to  the  same  species.     (Eu.) 

»iml,<K  sqnadM,  LiNN.KUs,  x,  1758,  S.a,  Coasts  of  Europe. 

S/H'i/i'iia  fcr/M, CuvrEn,  Ri^gnn  Aiiim.,  EJ.  1,  IM,  1817,  a(,  r  LiiinnMiH 

fi,liiiiliiia  angtlim,  DuMfRii,  Ziii.l.  Aiml.,  lOJ,  l!*OC,  aftiT  Liiiiiinis. 

S^imliwi  ilinw'rili,  I.ESirEim,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  S.i.  I'liilu.,  1,  22:.,  1H18,  i.rol.al.Iy  Florida. 

S^liwUiincnll/nrmcfi,  AviiKH,  Proc.  Ca!.  Ar.  Sci.,  I(i59,  2!»,  San  Fr&ncisco. 

Ilhhiu  fqmlinn,  nCNTiiEii,  Cat.,  VIII,  4;!0,  l87(t. 

S.iii<'tiiii""ifrl"'>  .'"noAN  AGiMiKUT.  Synopsis,  3r>,  188;i. 

N/iiifd'ii'i  (i»;/i'mS  f'lVlEIt,  Ri'tjno  Animal,  Ktl.  II,  36!l,  1829. 

Sijitiitimi  viilQarif,  RiSRo,  Irlitli.  Nicp,  45,  1810,  Nice. 

S.iiiiilhia  fimbriiila,  MClleu  .t  IIenm.k,  PlagioHtomcii,  101  niid  102,  18;»a,  Mediterranean  Sea. 

S'/iiatina ociikUi,  13on.\p.\I(TE,  Faunu.  Ital.,  Peso.,  .xxviii,  18-10,  Italy. 

S^iKilinajnponica,  Bleekeii,  Act.  Soc.  Sci.,  Iiido-Noorl,  in,  Japan. 

SiiuariM  letm,  Coi'CH,  Truiis.  Linu.  Soc,  xiv,  'JO,  1825,  Cornwall. 

Order  G.  BATOIDEI. 

(The  Rays.) 

(Jill  openings  inferior,  slit-like,  5  in  number;  spiracles  present;  no 
anal  fin  ;  dorsal  fins,  if  present,  insetted  on  the  tail ;  body  typically  disk- 
likt ,  broad  and  flat,  the  margin  of  the  disk  being  formed  by  the  expanded 
pectorals;  tail  comparatively  slender,  the  caudal  fin  small  or  wanting. 
Vertebrie  cyclospondylous.  With  the  exception  of  the  Kajid.k,  most  or 
all  of  the  rays  are  ovovi\iparous.  (Suborder  Ii.\TOii)Ki,  Utinther,  Cat., 
viii,  434-498.)    (i3nTn(;,  a  Hiy,  tldog,  likeness.) 

a.  f'ARCUKA  (Topf,  il<!sli ;  ovpd,  tail).  Tail  comparatively  thick,  with  2(1or8al8  and  a  caudal  fin; 
no  Bcrr.itud  caudal  Rplne. 
h.  Snout  Baw-like,  much  producod.  Hat,  armed  with  strong  teeth  on  each  side,  set  at  riRht 
angles  to  itH  txi.s;  body  Homowhut  nhark-like,  the  disk  gradually  patiRin^  into  the  tail. 

PRIRTIII.I',    XXII. 

bb.  Snout  not  saw-like. 

c.  Electric'orgaus  alisent;  nkin  not  perfectly  smooth. 

il.  Species  ovoviviparous,  the  yonnj;  developed  within  the  body  of  the  parent. 

Pisk  ])assing  gradually  iiito  the  long  stout  tail;  pectorals  nut  extending 

to  the  snout.  UiiiNonATin.i;,  xxiii. 

(/i/.  Specieri  oviparous;  the  cfrRS  deposited  in  wheelbarrow-shaped  leathery  egg- 

Ciuscs;  disk  abruptly  contracted  at  base  of  the  tail;  pectorals  extending  to 

tliesnout.  Rajid.i;,  XXIV. 

cc.  Electric  organs  present;  a  structure  composed  of  honeycomb-liko  tubes  botv/cen 

pectoral  tins  and  head;  skin  i)erfcctly  smooth.  Nabcciiatida:,  xxv. 

aa.  MASTicruA  (uno-rif,  whip,    ovpd,  tail).  Tail  comparatively  slender,  thedoreal  fln  single  or 

wanting;  the  buck  of  the  tail  usually  with  a  serrated  spine. 

e.  Pectoral  fins  unintarrupted,  confluent  around  the  snout;  teeth  small. 

DaSYATIDA^,  XXVI. 

Of.  Pectoral  flns  interrupted,  one  jiortlon   forming  detached  appendages  en  the   snout 

("cephalic  flns"). 

/.  Teeth  very  large,  flat,  tessellated,  few  in  number.  MvLlonATin.i-:,  xxvii. 

/.  Teeth  numerous,  very  small,  thit    or  tubercular;    size  enormous;    cephalic  fins 

conspicuous,  resembling  horns.  Mantid.i;,  xxviii. 

The  rays  form  a  highly  specialized  group  of  Selachians,  of  which  the 
typical  forms  present  an  appearance  quite  unlike  that  of  the  average 
shark.  The  intergradations  between  the  two  groups  are,  however, 
extremely  perfect,  the  families  of  Squatinid/e  and  Pristiophouio/K, 


t . 


J 


\ 


tk 


. 


(■■■»;': 


1 


\'\ 


I    .-  : 


'     ( , 


' 


1              : 

ill 

Md 

■i 

Tf 


ii 


!.,| 


^<l 


;  It 


60 


liullctin  ^y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


9 


'/ 


ray-liko  (tharka,  closely  approaching  tlio  Puistid.k  and  KniNOitATiD.i;.  Ah 
above  noticed,  the  Batoidei  Hiieui  to  bo  deHcouded  from  the  CycloHpomljflouH 
sharks. 

Suborder  SARCURA. 

(The  Thick-tailf.i)  Rays.) 

Family  XXII.  PRISTID.E. 

(The  Sa\vf:.siie8.) 

Body  olonptato,  deprosaod;  pectoral  Uhh  modorato,    the  front  margin 

quito  free,  not  extending  to  the  head;  Hnont  prodncicd  into  a  very  long, 

thin,  flat  blade,  which  is  armed  with  a,  Heries  of  strong,  tootii-like   pro 

cesses  placed  in  sockets  along  each  edge;  teeth  in  Jaws   niinnte,  obtnsts 

gill  openings  moderate,  inferior;  spiracles  wide,  behind  the  eye;   nostrils 

inferior;  no  tentacles;  no  nictitating  membrane;  dorsal  fins  large,  witli- 

ont  spine,  the  first  nearly  opposite  the  ventrals.     Candal  well  developed, 

bent  upward;  a  fold  along  each  side  of  tail.    A  single  genns,  with  5  or 

more  species,  inhabiting  warm  seas  on  sandy  shores,  sometimes  ascending 

rivers.     A  family  of  sharks,  PuiSTiopnoKiD.K,  similarly  armed  with  ;i 

"saw,"  occurs  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     (Pristiij.k,  (jitnther,  via,  43(>-4:{i). ) 

44.  PRISTIS,  Latham. 

Pritlis,  Latham,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  n,  27t),  1794,  {j>rinlis). 

Pn'iihilintiiii,  Ill.AlNVil.l.E,  Joiirn.  riiy-'.,  181(1,  'JH2,  {niitiiiiKinnii-priitliii), 

Miiriiislmti,  OiiAV,  Proo.  Zoiil.  Soc,  ISfi-l,  (hiijijiiiKi,  hasi'il  on  a  fraRini-nt  of  a  rostral  procogs). 

Characters  of  the  genns  included   above.     (Trp/ar^f,  the  ancient   name, 
meaning  one  who  saws.) 
a.  Kostral  tooth  in  18  to  20  pairs;  first  dorsal   chiefly  hoforo  ventrals;  randal  with  a  sninll 

lower  l(ll)0.  I'KUnOTTETI,  7!>. 

an.  RoBtral  tootli  in  24  to  ^2  pairs;   first  dorsal  opposite  ventrals;   randal  withont  lower  lohe. 

<       ^Ot^^    ^■^^ti  t  ^Cii^   /t^<  '■  --•  •  I-ECTINATrS,  SO. 

-5^<-<.     /^.^-.-v    '^"  -   >t  !i^ '.•    <V  JO.  PRISTIS  PERKOTTETI,  V.aloncicnncs. 

First  dorsal  fin  chiefly  in  advance  of  ventrtl'i;  seco'id  dorsal  mucli 
^7f ''smaller  than  first;  candal  with  a  small  lower  lobe;  root  of  pectoral 
before  first  gill  opening,  its  outer  angle  a  right  angle.  Saw  with  18  to  20 
pairs  of  teeth,  well  separated  and  not  trenchant  behind.  (Giinther.) 
Tropical  seas,  north  to  Ma/atlan  on  the  Pacific  coast ;  also  said  to  occur 
in  the  West  Indies;  not  so  common  as  the  next.  It  may  bo  that  our 
Pacific  species  is  distinct  from  the  true  perrotteti,  first  obtained  in  Africa. 
(Named  for  M.  Porrottet,  a  French  naturalist,  who  obtained  the  types.) 

Pri*ti« pi-n-otlcli,  Vai.enoiennes  MS.,  MClleii  &  IIenle,  Plagiostomon,  108, 1838,  Senegal  River; 
GPntheu,  Cat.,  VIII,  436,  1870. 

80>  PRISTIS  PECTINATCS,  Latham. 
(Common  Sawfish;  Pez  Sikrra.) 
First  dorsal  over  ventrals ;  second  dorsal  scarcely  smaller  than  first : 
no  lower  caudal  lobe.  Saw  with  24  to  32  pairs  of  teeth,  the  posterior 
farther  apart  than  the  anterior.  L.  10  to  20  feet.  Tropical  seas ;  nortli 
to  West  Indies  and  Florida ;  abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  ascending 
the  lower  Midsissippi.     (pectiiiatus,  comb-toothed.) 


r. 


/' 


i 

'■ 

j 

ii 

n 

i 

■\ 

-Ii 

\ 

\ 

Jordan  and  Evcnnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  61 


IY,»IW  imtuMlm,  I.ATiiAM,  TniiiH.  I;iiiii.  Sou.,  ii,  278,  17!tl,  "in  the  ocean." 

Vn.U>  .//./»h/"«.i,  I«i..)(ii  .V  >SciiNF,ii)Kii,  Syst.  I.l.thyol.,  35^,  1801,  (lifter  rmiu),  Havana. 

I'lifiii  I'liiiii'iiK't  ^iiNiHKii,  Cut.,  Mil,  -1:17,  187(1. 

I'rifti*  in>lin'iliis,  .!ij|ii>.VN  A  (ilLiiKllT,  .■<yiiiip»in,  87,'>,  188:1. 

/VW.-H  mw(."i/.;'iV»»'»,  KAHNK.syiE,  Icli.  Oh.,  80,  18'jii,  lower  Mississippi. 

;V(W/«  m,,iulii<l<ni,  l)u.Mi';uii.,  IClaaiiiiilniiiiclics,  47(1,  I'l.  '.<,  tig.       1S70,  Cayenne. 

;•,,»/,..  ,i.»/iV.W;(>,  l)i:.Mf:itii.,  /.  '■.,  47'.),  1870,  Martinique. 

/•,..(« urt.i,  DiM/auL,  /.  .■.,47!),  1870,  lo.allty  unknown. 

Family  XXIII.    KHIN015ATID.E. 
(TiiK  (JuiTAK  Fishes.) 

Sliuik-likc  rays.  Trunk  Kii»l»'ilb'  piiwsiiig  iuto  tli«  loiif;  and  strong 
tail,  which  is  inoviilcd  with  'J  well-dovcloj»ed  dorsiil  lins,  a  cuudul  iln 
and  a  conspicuous  dermal  fold  on  ea<!h  Hide ;  disk  not  very  broad,  tho 
rayed  portion  of  tlie  pectoral  lins  not  being  contimied  to  tho  Hnuut;  no 
conwpicuons  npines,  the  skin  being  nearly  smooth;  no  electric  organs. 
(iemua  about");  sjtecies  about  20;  inhabiting  warm  seas,  distinguished 

ill'  tlie  Ua.iid.k  (Oiielly  by  tho  fact  that  the  eggs  are  hatched  within 
the  bod.  .  The  typical  species  are  also  much  more  elongated  in  form. 
(ivliiNoiiATlD.K,  (iiiniher,  Cat.,  VllI,  •140-M8.) 

.(.  V\y-t  (iDi-fiil  much  hohiuil  the  vnntrals;  niitcrior  imsiil  valves  not  coiilliiont. 

Ii.  Disk  siilitriiiiijfuliir  or  ihumhic;  tlici  Piiout  iiioru  or  U'bs  i)rodui;u(l;  skin  covorcil  with 
line  shagruL'ii,  usiiiilly  witli  Boiuuwhat  larger  sjiine.s  on  tho  Imrk  of  tail. 

RlIINOUATUS,  45. 

bb.  Disk  rhoiiililc,  the  smmt  less  produced;  uoaal  valves  dilated,  o.xtending  ou  the  space 
hetweoii  no.strlls;  Imdy  covered  with  irregular  tuherch'S  and  prickles  instead  of 
shngroeii.  Zai'TKHYX,  46. 

bbh.  Disk  broad,  rounded  iu  front;  nasal  valves  broad;  body  covered  with  shagreen,  with 
stout  spines  on  huik  and  tull;  labial  fold  well  developed.  l*LA'n'KillNOiuis,  47. 

45.    RHINOBATUS,  liloch  &.  Schneider. 

(GUITAl'.  FlSIIES.) 

IthiiKilialiii:,  Hlocii  i'  SrilNElDEit,  .Syst.  Ichth.,  35:!,  1801,  {rhiiwbuliu). 
Lfiiiliiiliis,  llAFiSESQrE,  Caratteri,  10,  1810,  (luwiUinihts). 

Siirrhiiiii,  Jlt'LLKR  Sc  Hkm.k,  I'lagiostomeu,  llll,  1838,  (colntnnH-   ~  imuluratns). 
(.7iihc(»/('|/h.<,  BoNAi'AiiTE,  Ciitiilogo  Mctodico,  14,  1840,  {rliiiwbiitioi). 

Body  depressed,  gradually  passing  iuto  the  tail.  Cranial  cartilage  pro- 
duced into  a  long  rostral  process,  the  8i)ace  between  the  process  and  the 
])ectoral  fin  being  filled  by  membrane;  spiracles  wide,  behind  the  eye; 
no-strils  obli([ue,  wide;  anterior  valves  not  coulluent;  teeth  obtuse,  with 
an  indistinct  transverse  ridge.  Dorsal  (ins  without  spine;  both  far  be- 
iiind  the  ventral  fins;  caudal  fin  without  lower  lobe.  Claspers  slender 
and  pointed.  Species  numerous  in  warm  seas,  varying  considerably  as  to 
the  form  of  the  snout;  those  with  the  snout  shortened  and  the  nasal 
valves  broader  constituting  the  subgenus  Leiobatua,  or  Syrrhina.  (invr/, 
a  shark ;  /3(irof,  a  skate.) 

UllINOllATlS: 

'1.  Nasal  valves  not  e.xtendiiig  ou  the  space  between  the  nostrils; disk  su'jtriangular,  the  snout 
slender  and  pointed. 
b.  Spiracle  with  two  folds. 

c.  Skin  abovi;  everywhere  closely  freckled  with  whitish ;  ridges  of  rostral  cartilage  close 
together,  uurrowly  separated  at  base.  lentiuinosvb,  81. 


i 


i 


m^' 


'  ! 


A"'. 


■  \t 


i 


••I: 


I      \.'l 


;:5 


' 


t 

r 


H 


: 


1' 

.1 

.' 

y 

i\ 

i 


s 


^ 


I  * 


,1 


H 


i: 


i  :  :* 


\ 


62 


Bulletin  47 y  United  States  National  Museum. 


t'c.  Skill  iiliovii  |i|(iiii  ii1lvar<>(iiifi,  or  with  otipu-iin!  liirRo  wliitisii  Itiutclii-ii. 
({.  UidKi'H  of  I'liHlriil  ciu'liluK''  Hiiutriitii  tliroiiKliuiit. 

f.  I)iKl«  nlxivc  iiiiki'ld'd  witli  riiiiit,  roiinil  sliito-rolorcd  H|)ot8  mh  liiruo  iih  uyn; 

Hiiiiiit  2,',j  in  li'iiKtIi  of  liinlt,  iiiit  very  Hliiirp  ut  lip,        iiLArcuHTKlHA,  K2. 

te.  I)iHl(  witli'iiit  triu'us  of    |>iili'  Hjiota  uliuvu;  xiiuiit    nttiior  luiigur,   iiriitc  ut 

tip.  I.Kl'COnilVNCIHS,  Ki. 

Ad.  KldK^''*  "'  ruHtriil  curliliij^u  i'(iiithi<«iit  iiliuut  ^-g  ">"  l*'i>t;tli;  Hiiuiit  rouiiilcil  ut 

tip.  I'UOIH'CTI'8,  H4. 

lUUX.  KidK'OM  of  roHtral  ciirtiliigo  united  iiioro  tlmii  J^  tladr  length;   BUuut   pro- 
(liired,  narrow. 
/,  Grooves  iM^twoou  rostral  ciirtilnf^eM  iiKideratu;  upper sinTiiii*  witli mmio  hirgc, 
I'uiiit  whitixh  Njiutx;  Nliuiilders  with  2puti'ho!i  of  HpiiioH. 

rKllCKLLENR,  S."). 

//'.  firoovo  Ix'iwoen  niBfriil  cartllaged  very  short  uudemiull.  sriNosus,  8<i. 

bb.  Spiracle  with  a  sliigln  TulU;  siiuut  blunt,  ruuuded.  I'Lanicbps,  87. 

SI.  KilIN0KATI7S  LENTIUINOSUS,  Garmuu. 

Snout  long  and  narrow,  its  ridges  close  together  throughout.  Eyes 
large,  twice  as  largo  as  spiracles.  luterorbital  space  narrow,  concave,  as 
wide  as  nostrils  or  the  interspace  between  them.  Distance  between  outer 
angles  of  nostrils  nu>re  than  \  the  snout.  Mouth  straight,  its  width 
not  quite  the  interorbital  space.  Dorsal  and  preoonlar  spines  very  small ; 
five  larger  spines  on  tip  of  snout;  supraocular  and  scapular  spines  obso- 
lete. L.  2  feet.  (Jrayish,  densely  freckled  with  small  paler  spots,  uni- 
form below.  Widths  in  length;  tail.about  2;  snout  to  the  month  r>!f. 
Charleston  southward,  not  rare  on  the  Florida  coast.  (lenlujlnoHux, 
freckled.) 

Uliinvhiidm  Ivniigiiiosiis,  GAnHAN,  Dull.  Miih.  Comp.  Zuid.,  188U,  1<>8,  Coast  of  Florida. 
ItliinoUittus  leiitiijinoms,  Jordan  &  Gilukkt,  Synopsis,  (>u,  1883. 

82.  KHIN0BATU8  OLAUCOSTIti.nA,  Jordan  Si.  Gilbert. 

(GCITAKUO.) 

Disk  long  and  narrow,  the  snout  produced  but  not  acute  at  tip,  its 
length  2i  in  disk;  interorbital  width  3^  in  snout;  spiracle  large,  with 
2  folds;  rostral  ridges  moderately  separated,  slowly  convergent  ante- 
riorly, but  not  united;  snout  in  female  without  fimbriate  appendage; 
vent  somewhat  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal ;  dorsal  fins  similar ;  skin 
everywhere  rough  with  fine  shagreen;  no  spines  on  snout;  ^superciliary 
spines  very  small;  1  or  2  spines  on  shoulder;  a  series  of  low,  bluntish 
spines  along  the  middle  of  back,  becoming  larger  and  farther  apart 
behind.  Color  light  gray,  with  the  usual  translucent  area  on  sides  of 
snout.  Disk  with  numerous  round,  clear  slate-colored  spots  as  large  us 
eye,  symmetrically  arranged;  a  blackish  blotch  f)eIow  snout.  L.  2i  feet. 
Gulf  of  California,  locally  abundant;  close  to  the  next,  but  well  distin- 
guished by  its  color,  which  does  not  fade  in  spirits.  {yXavKug,  hoary  blue; 
ariyna,  spot.) 

IlUinohat.m  yinneostkjma,  Jordan  &  Gii.iikrt,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  188.3,210,  Mazatlan.     (Type, 
Nos.  28205;  282(6;  29547;  29G02.) 

83.  RHINOBATUS  LECCOKIITNCHUS,  GUnther. 

Disk  rather  long,  the  snout  acute  at  tip;  rostral  ridges  separate  for 
their  whole    length,  converging  toward  tip  of  snout*  eye  moderate; 


Jordan  and  Evermann.— Fishes  of  North  America. 


63 


iiitororbital  width  3i  in  siumt;  Hpiracle  with  2  fohln.  Roily  covered  with 
nnil'orm  HhaKiocn;  Hiiiall  Hpiiu^s  on  orbital  ridgos;  a  row  of  small  spiueH 
on  back,  a  pair  on  «ach  shouldbr;  dorsal  (ins  similar.  Light  olivaceous 
brown,  unspotted,  the  usual  pale  areas  on  snout.  Panama  aud  vicinity, 
n(»t  rare.     (Att)K«V,  white;  f^i'yr'H)  snout.) 

llhiwI^ii'itlciii'irhniK-hiiK,  (iONTiiBB,  I'foc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loud.,  C()4,  lOOC,  Panama. 
Uhiiiobuliu  leiworhyMliiiH,  (i.vBMA.v,  I'loc.  U.S.  Nut.  Muh.,  1880,617. 

84.  RIIIXOBATUS  PB0DUCTU8,  Ayres. 
(Guitar  Finn.) 

Snout  rather  long,  rounded  at  the  tip;  iDstral  ridges  armed  with  small 
Hpines  above  and  confluent  about  i  their  length;  spiracle  with  2  folds; 
moderate,  liookod  spines  along  raiddle  line  of  back;  smaller  spines  on 
shoulder  and  around  eye;  females  with  a  small  digitate  Hap,  free  behind, 
above  tip  of  snout.  Color  dull  grayish,  unspotted,  a  black  blotch  below 
Huout.  San  Francisco  to  Sau  Diego,  coi  muou  southward,  {produvlm, 
produced.) 

Itlimxh.itHs  jn, iiliichm,  AvRKs  MS.,  ()iRAHi>,  I'roo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  I' Iiilii.,  1854,  l!t(i,  Monterey. 
UhiiinhiihiH iiin,lit,l,i»,  Gahman,  I'roi-.  U.  .S.  Nat.  Mum.,  1S80,  f.l7. 
Ithiiwbitliu pruiluctiii,  .Joruan  A  (lii.uERT,  SyiiopHiH,  87(1,  18*J. 

86.  UIIINOUATVS  I'KKCKLI.KN'S,  (Wullmuiii). 

(FlUDlER    KiKll;    I'URAQl'K.) 

Rostral  cartilages  very  narrow,  confluent  more  than  ^  their  length; 
snout  long  and  narrow,  about  4^  times  interorbital  width;  eye  moderate; 
spiracles  with  2  tubercles  on  hinder  margin.  Mouth  nearly  straight. 
Skin  covered  above  and  below  with  shagreen  ;  a  "  rtebral  series  of  small 
spines;  a  row  of  several  near  the  middle  of  shoulder  girdle  on  each  side, 
none  on  snout.  Olivaceous,  with  a  few  round  white  spots  ou  middle  of 
disk ;  snout  with  translucent  spaces ;  adult  sometimes  unspotted.  West 
Indies  to  southern  Bra^^il,  generally  common  southward,  north  to  Jamaica 
(Cockerell).     {perceHens,  smiting.) 

Itiija  percelleiin,  Walhai'M,  ArtcUi  PiBciuin,  rp2.'),  171)2  (uftc-r  Puraque  of  Mttrc(;ii'.vo,  151). 
IthinohiUnn  thclriims,  Bldcii  Sc  SoilNRinKK,  Syst.  Iclith.,  :15(),  1801,  Brazil,  bttsuU  ou  l>urui|UO  of 

Mtticgravo. 
IthinobaliiH  iimMatm^  (ii.FKus,  Torpedo,  22,  1831,  Brazil. 
lihinohdlim  Hmliildlitu,  OCntiieii,  Cut.,  vilt,  444,  1870. 
Ilhinobntits ijlaucustitliis,  iii.yt'.KS,  I.  c,  18111,  Brazil. 
Wiinobalua  marcgntfu,  Henle,  Ucbcr  Narcino,  34,  1834,  Brazil. 

86.  RIIINOBATUS  i>iPlN0SU8,  GUuthor. 

Snout  much  produced,  the  rostral  ridges  very  narrow,  largely  confluent, 
with  a  very  small,  short  groove  at  base,  their  whole  length  armed  with 
spines;  mouth  nearly  straight ;  compressed  spines  dilated  at  base  along 
median  line  of  back,  on  shoulder,  and  above  eye  and  spiracle.  Color  plain. 
Mexico  (probably  the  east  coast).     (Giinther.)     {apinosua,  spiny.) 

Uhinobatut  spimsuii,  GOntheb,  Cat.,  viii,  518,  1870,  Mexico;  not  recorded  by  nuy  other  author. 


■  :'\^ 


'    I 


r     i 


,-^^.-^--- 


r 


i 


f 


if 


;1 


!  r 


: 


hit 


i& 


if! 


I  if] 


Hr 


i      I 
f 


7' 


ni 


1 

!.  - 

t  ■ 

1 

1  { 

1'^ 

H^ 

■I 

64 


Jiullctin  77,  United  Stales  Nutionai  Museum. 


n;.  ItlllNOIIATrS  l>l,AM<'i:i>S,  (iurmnii. 

Diak  rhuinbic,  alxxit  1.^  tiiiicH  hhIuii^  us  wide;  liuiul  liroiul,  Hut;  roHtnil 
curtila^os  iiioderatu,  (Ulatiid  at  tip,  witli  tho  ritlgoH  cIoho  togetliur  uiittM'i 
orly  ;  Huoiit  louiuled;  Hpiraclo  witli  u  Hiii^lo  fold.  Itauk  uiul  tail  witli 
coinpi'UHMud,  huukud  Hpinou;  2  patclu'H  of  Hpiu<!H  uu  oucli  Hhoiildur  uud 
a  HericH  altovu  oyo.  Color  biowniHli ;  youiij;  with  hoiiio  \vliit«)  upotM  on 
buck.  CouHt  of  I'ei'ii  uiid  Gulapa^foH  Islauds.  ((iaiiiiaii.)  (jWauHH,  Hut ; 
-ft'jw,  for  caput,  liuad.) 
Ilhiniilmtiia jilamcepn,  Oarman,  UuII.  Mum.  Ooinp.  Kuiil.,lG8,  IHHO,  Peru;  Galapagos. 

46.  ZAPTERYX,  Jordan  Af  Uilbcrt. 

/apleri/.r.  JunDAN  &  QlLliKliT,  Prof.  V.  .S.  Nut.  Miis.,  lf<8(l,  filt,  {eximiiirala). 

This  ^onuH  is  clos«  to  th«>  Boction  Lciohatiis  {Syrrhinii)  of  lihinohatus,  from 
which  it  dillerH  inaiuly  in  having  tlio  uppi^r  parta  covered  with  coarae,  irreg- 
ular atullated  prick  lea,  inatead  o.*^  a  iiiiifonn  ahagreun.  The  anout  la  ot 
moderate  length  and  the  uaaal  valve  broader,  exte:!ding  on  the  apao' 
between  tho  noatrila.  Two  apeciea  known.  (s(/-,  an  intenaive  particle; 
nrtfiv^,  fin,  tho  vertical  iiua  being  larger  than  in  liaja,  and  the  vcntrulu 
not  eniarginato.) 

((.  1  sk  sliKlitly  loiigor  timu  I'l-oml;  iio  yellow  Hpots  ulmvo.  KXAKrKUATUH,  XH. 

tui.  hiak  Bligbtly  bruudur  than  lung;  buck  witli  .volluw  BpotH  ubovu,  HurruuudeU  with  bhick. 

XY8TEU,  8'J. 

88.  ZAPTKUYX  KXASI'KR ATI'S,  (Jordun  .k  ailboH). 

Diak  rhombic,  rather  longer  than  broad.  Snout  prominent,  but  bluntiah 
at  tip,  anterior  margin  of  pectorala  forming  leaa  than  a  right  angle ;  eyes 
rather  large  ;  anterior  naaal  valve  prolonged  to  the  internal  angle  of  tho 
noatrila  ;  roatral  ridgea  parallel,  aepavate  their  whole  length.  Tail  atout, 
depresaod,  with  a  narrow  lateral  fold.  Upper  aurface  entirely  covered 
with  atout,  cloao-act,  atellated  pricklca  of  different  aizoa,  largeat  on  tin; 
baaea  of  the  pectorala  and  amalleat  on  the  outer  edgea  of  the  fina,  thoae  on 
tho  tip  of  anout  and  anterior  edge  of  tho  pectorala  not  enlarged;  atout, 
bluntiah,  alightly  recurved  apinea  preaent  aa  foUowa:  One  at  tho  ujjper 
anterior  angle  of  the  eye  and  2  behind  it;  1  largo  one  at  tho  middle  of 
tV.o  ahouldera,  in  front  of  which  are  2other8;  2  aerieaon  the  ahouldera  out- 
aide  tho  median  line,  tho  inner  of  2,  the  outer  of  2  to  4;  a  aeriea  of  about 
a  dozen  on  the  median  line  of  the  back  and  tail ;  no  lateral  aeriea  on  the 
tail.  Under  aide  covered  with  ahagreen,  made  of  triangular  depreaailiit^ 
aaxioritiea;  region  from  the  noatrila  to  the  ahoulder  girdle  amooth,  except 
tho  lower  lip ;  a  few  other  amall  naked  areaa  below.  Upper  lip  developed . 
Teeth  gg.  Color  brown,  mottled  and  barred  with  blackiah  ;  tho  markings 
moatly  iu  the  form  of  tranaverae  bauda ;  fore  part  of  head  blackiah  ;  m 
black  blotch  on  hinder  part  of  pectorala  below.  Tail  rather  ahorter  tlum 
diak.  Firat  doraal  not  far  behind  vontrala,  nearer  hind  part  of  root  of 
ventrala  than  front  of  aecond  doraal.  Snout  ^  the  length  of  diak,  twice 
the  interorbital  apace.  San  Diego  Bay;  locally  abundant;  only  male 
specimena  known.     L.  2i  feet,     {exasperataa,  made  rough.) 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fis/ies  of  North  America, 


65 


/V.i/yW(iM>ii/<»»i<ir>i<'<,  •'oiii>AN  .V  <iii.iir.iiT,  I'roc.   U.  8,  Nut.  Mu».,  1»«0,  :i'2,  San  Diego.    (TyiK-, 

Nil.  W'MM.) 
/iti'hnjx  tz-iiH^iiriiliiK,  .lOHDAN  *  f!iMir.iiT,  Pror.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu».,  1880,  53. 
7V//7<iiMi7(i)i<i  (ilieiild,  Gahm  n   Hull.  Mtm.  Comp,  Zoill.,  18W),  1«9,  San  Diego, 
.<,inhimiej-ti.'<peiala,  (Ubman,  I'roo.  l',  8.  Nut,  MuN.,  1880,  f/il. 
'tliiwMliiii  ccucpenitut,  Jordan  A  Uilueiit,  Syuupslg,  011,  1883, 

HU.  ZAI'TKKYX  XYHTl'B,  Jurdnti  &  Kvornmim,  new  kixcU'N. 

DjHk  Homowliat  broader  than  long,  its  length  slightly  greater  than  that 
lit'  tail.  Coloration  similar  to  that  of  Z,  cxaspcratua,  iucluding  the  large 
lilatk  blotch  on  posterior  angle  of  pectoral  below;  upper  side  of  dink  with 
Mvoial  round  yellowish  spotH  hh  largo  as  pupil,  each  spot  ocellated  with 
lilai  kiMJi ;  a  very  distinct  spot  on  each  side  of  shoulder;  a  second  on  pec- 
toral tin  ncaj  posterior  angle  ;  a  third  midway  between  latter  and  median 
lino  of  back;  several  fainter  spots  on  back  anteriorly.  Spines  and 
prickles  above  as  in  Z.  exu/^peratiis,  but  entire  lower  surface  covered  with 
lliiu  Mliagi'oon,  this  perhaps  a  sexual  character.  L.  22  inches.  Two  female 
Hpccinieus  (Museum  Yale  University),  collected  by  Prof.  Frank  H.  liradley 
at  Panama  in  1866.  (^vari/f),  a  scraper.) 
UtinhiiM  t.'.uKperuta,  Jordan  A  Oilueiit,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1882,621. 

47.  PLATYRHINOIDIS,  Garman. 

niiiirhitmiili!',  CfAnsiAN,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  522,  {IriMriala). 

Disk  broad,  flat,  and  rounded,  the  tail  moderate,  depressed;  dorsals 
posterior;  middle  line  of  back  and  edges  of  pectorals  and  tail  with  stout 
Npiiics;  skin  covered  with  tine  shagreen  as  in  likinobatuH  ;  labial  fold  well 
developed;  nasal  valves  not  reaching  the  mouth,  the  posterior  lobe  rudi- 
mentary. One  species,  with  the  general  form  of  a  ray  and  the  color  and 
appearance  of  Hhinobatus,  like  which  genus,  it  is  viviparous.  {Pluty- 
rhiiKi,  or  Discobatua,  an  Asiatic  genus  of  liajidos,  which  species  it  resem- 
bles in  form;  doog,  like;  Flatyrhina  from  nhirvg,  broad;  {)iv,  snout.) 

DO.  PLATYRHINOIDIS  TRISERIATUS,  (Jordan  A  Gilbert). 

Disk  broad,  ovate,  broader  than  long;  snout  very  bluntly  rounded,  not 
projecting ;  the  angle  formed  by  the  pectorals  anteriorly  very  obtuse ; 
anterior  outline  of  the  pectorals  slightly  convex,  not  undulated.  Tail  very 
stout,  much  longer  than  the  disk,  its  edges  with  a  broad  fold,  broader  than 
in  /.  vxasperatm  ;  pectoral  fins  extending  almost  to  the  tip  of  the  snout ; 
rostral  ridges  wide  apart,  strongly  converging  forward,  inclosing  a  trian- 
gular urea.  Eyes  small,  wide  apart;  the  broad  spiracles  close  behind 
tliein.  Caudal  tin  well  developed  above  and  below;  dorsals  similar, 
their  posterior  free  margins  very  convex ;  first  dorsal  well  backward, 
its  origin  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  ventrals.  Mouth  broad,  its  width 
nearly  equal  to  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout,  a  deep  crease  passing  around 
it  l)ehind,  in  front  of  which  the  lower  lip  has  3  folds  of  skin ;  upper 
lip  not  developed,  a  fold  of  skin  passing  from  the  angle  of  the  mouth  on 
either  side  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  nostrils,  thence  straight  across, 
inclosing  a  depressed,  trap<^zoidal  /  \  shaped  area,  bounded  below  by 
the  curved  outline  of  the  upper  jaw :  in  this  are  3  cross  folds  of  skin. 

1'.  N.  A. 6 


i 


!■ 


!      t 


< 


'     I 


llf 


\     \       '.\ 


<M 


if 


'  -s-.M 


m 


1 


. 


W 


66 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Teeth  HH.  (lili  oponiiip;B  narrow.  Hkin  ovorywiicro,  ahuvo  an<l  bolow, 
oovorod  with  Wiw  Hliagroon,  thu  prickluH  cuaiMur  uii  tho  uiituriur  uutvi 
margin  of  the  |t«>otoral«  (^),  whoro  uro  2  or  3  rowH  of  rotroiHe  HpinuN : 
4  strong  Hpinea  on  tho  tip  of  th«  Huout,  forming  u  rhombiu  tignru;4()i 
5HpinuH  uround  oachoyo;  along  series  of  wry  Htrong  HpineH  altuig  tlif 
median  lino  of  liuck  and  tcM,  and  a  serioH  of  Himilar  oiioh  on  each  Hidf 
of  tho  tail ;  a  single  strong  spine  on  the  outer  edge  of  thu  shoiildur  girdle 
and  2  between  this  and  tho  median  series,  breadth  of  disk  i'„  more  than 
its  length;  tail  nsually  h  longer  than  disk;  snout  ^  of  Ituigth  of  dink, 
not  k  longer  than  width  of  interorbital  urea.  Color  light  olivo  brown, 
without  distinct  markings.  L.  2  feet.  Coast  of  California  from  Point 
Concopciou  southward  ;  abundant,  {trinvriatusf  3-rowed,  irom  the  spineH 
on  the  tail.) 

nalyrhiiia  t,-iterUila,  Jordan  A  fJti.nrHT,  Proc.  IT.   8.  Ni»t.   Mi  h.,  1880.   a",  S«nta   Barbaru 

CaUfornla.    (TyiM-,  No.  wmx) 
BMuohnliittruerialiiii,  JoRitKS  &  Oil.iiRiiT,  8ynn|wl8, <i-l,  IHH:). 
Platj/rhinoidiHtruerialuf,  Oauman,  Proc,  V.  8.  Nut.  Mus.,  1H8(»,  B22. 

Family  XXIV.    RAJIDiE. 

(Thk  Skates.) 

Disk  broad,  rhombic,  tho  skin  more  or  less  roughened  with  spines  or 
prickles;  tail  stout,  rather  long,  with  a  longitudinal  fold  on  each  sidu; 
usually  2  dorsal  fins  and  sometimes  a  caudal  fin  present,  all  on  the  tail : 
pectoral  tins  extending  to  the  snout;  ventrals  largo;  uo  serrated  spine 
on  tho  tail ;  uo  electric  organs.  Oviparous,  tho  eggs  being  laid  in  large 
leathery  egg  oases,  4-angled,  with  2  long  tubular  "horns"  at  «<^ach  end. 
Genera  4  or  more;  species  40,  most  of  them  belonging  to  the  genus  Kaju. 
Found  in  all  cool  seas,  some  of  them  in  deep  water.  (Rajid.<i<:,  Uiinther, 
VIII,  455-471.) 

a.  Chudal  flu  rudiiiioutary  ur  iibsent;   i)ectoraU  not  conlluuiit  nround  tho  BDout;  vontriiN 
deeply  nutclivd.  Kaja,  4>^. 

48.  RAJA,  (Artedi)  Linnteus. 

I{<ya{\RTtiVt)  LiNN^iifi,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1768,  231,  {batit). 

Diplnrim,  Kafinesqve,  Cariittorl,  16,  1810,  (baliii). 

Plalopterut,  Rafinesque,  Analysode  la  Naturo,  03, 1816,  (balin). 

DaiybatM,  Blainvii.le,  .Toiirn.  I'liyn.,  1816,  200  {<o»ininniii). 

Proplerygia,  Otto,  Nova  acta  Acad.  Oris.  Leop.  Carol.  Nat.  Curios.,  1824,  W .  (hypoUicta ;  inoii 

BtroiiB  example,  with  flns  not  aduato  to  head). 
Lmviraja,  Bonafakte,  Fauna  Italica,  xxv,  130, 1830,  (oxtjrhynchm). 

Vraptera,  MVlleb  A  Henle,  Plagiogtomon,  155, 1838,  (agaigizi) ;  (spficicH  without  niudal  tin.) 
Batu,  Bonaparte,  Cat.  Hotod.,  12,  1846,  radula,  no  description. 
Malacorliiuuii,  Oarman,  Bull.  Mub.  Comp.  Zool.,  xi,  236,  1881,  {philnnin) ;  (sptM-ivB  with  imiwrfiM  t 

roBtral  cartilngo;  probably  recogniKable  as  a  valid  genun,  when  the  Hpeciosaru  bettor  known  I 
Raia,  various  authors,  change  of  spoiling. 

This  genus,  as  here  understood,  comprises  all  those  Bajida;  which  have 
the  pectoral  fins  not  continued  around  the  snout,  the  ventrals  deepl,\' 
notched,  and  the  caudal  fin  little  developed  or  wanting.  The  tail  is  very 
distinct  from  the  disk,  and  is  provided  with  2  rayed  dorsal  fins.  The  skm 
of  the  body  is  usually  more  or  less  spinous ;  the  dentition  differs  in  the 


Jordan  and  /'.lerniann. — Fis/ii-s  of  North  Atntrica. 


07 


I  wo  mtxuH,  and  tli«  iiiaU^  Ih  iiHiinlly  provHlod  with  a  (litVorentiutod  putuh  of 
N|iiiieH  uri  cauli  pMcturul.  SpucittH  iiiiiiuii'oiiM,  inoHtly  of  tho  Northurii  hi^uh. 
TIh-.v  iiru,  oil  tlio  wliolu,  nut  very  witll  knuwn,  and  an  analytical  taltio 
wliiuii  wouUl  hIiow  tlioir  natural  altlnitioH  can  not  \w  niadu  out  in  tliu 
pK^Hcntconditionofour  knowledfju.  Tlioro  iHconnidoraldo  variitty  within 
tlii<  gttnuH,  but  tho  natural  Huh^cMUM-a  aro  ytt  to  bu  duiiiifHl.  TImih  tar  ail 
iiituinptH  at  natural  HuhdiviHion  liavtt  rt-iHultod  in  failuro.  \Vu  aro,  th<>re- 
I'oro,  forcod  to  niako  a  prinuiry  diviuiun  on  thu  unnatural  charactur  of  the 
;  coKraphical  diHtribut  ion  of  th«  HpocioH.  ThuHynoiiy my  of  houio  spucivn  Ih 
hi  ill  uncitrtuiu.  Tho  bent  account  of  tho  eaHtorn  HpociitH  iH  that  ^ivcn  by 
Mr.  (larman  in  Proc.  Host.  See.  Nat.  Hist.,  1H74,  170,  vt  acf/.  Of  tiiin  \v« 
liave  made  lar^^u  uhu  in  tho  following  aualyttitt.  {raja,  or  va\a,  a  ray,  or 
Nkato.) 

I.  Atlunti<!  H|>«rioN. 

1.  HidiD"  linn  of  tinrk  anil  tnil  Imhind  8linul<loi«  iinnriiiod  In  tlie  nilnit,  with  a  row  of  NpinoH 
In  tho  yoniiKI  oiitlitui  of  tliitk  Ix-ront  Hiiiriu'luH  obtuito,  witlioiit  iicutu  iiiikIk  lit  lip  of 
HMoiit;  Npci'loM  witli  I'oiniil  (lurk  H|iutM. 

/),  Tooth  ill  about  51)  HurioH  In  ciicli  jiiw  ;  iti/ii  Rmnll,  kiiina<'»:a,  lit. 

hh.  Tooth  In  about  !NI  8t'i'ifH  In  uiich  Juw;  si/o  large;  uatially  »  jioutoral  ucoIIum. 

OCKLLATA,  W'l. 

iKi.  Miilillo  lino  of  liiK'k  with  a  row  orBplnea  at  all  agoa. 

c.  Tip  orHiinnt  ruuutlod,  vory  blunt,  without  niarki'd  anglo.    Skin  very  rouK'li;  lulur  varie- 
gated. KYi.1,.1':,  UK. 
re.  Tip  ofanout  with  a  nioro  or  loaa  marked  angl<\ 

d.  Angle  at  tip  of  anout  ahort,  obtuao;  teeth  In  30  to  r>0  aerieH. 

t.  Hotly  and  tail  arniod  with  largo  biicklern,  oaeh  wilh  ii  radiated  or  Ntollato  buae. 

IIADIATA,  04. 

tt,  Ilody  and  tail  artnod  with  ainall,  rloao-aet,  atullate  apiiioH;  color  dark  brown 
with  Irregular  marking*.  plutonia,  Ofi. 

ree.  Body  and  tail  amooth  orwithamall  aapcrltlcg.     Largor  apineaon  orbital  re- 
gion, back  and  tail;  browuiali,  with  lighter  and  darker  apota. 
/.  Disk  a  littlo  longer  than  broad.  acki.kyi,  tiii. 

ff.  Diak  a  littlo  broader  than  long.  oi.nata,  U7. 

M,  Angle  at  tip  of  snout  acute,  moderately  long. 

0.  Splnca  ou  akin  abovo  acarcoly  atellate;  teeth    iu  60  rowa;  color  brown  witli 

darker  markings.  f.oi.antkkia,  08. 

gy.  Spinca  on  akin  above  amall,  their  bnao  fitellate;  teeth  in  about  40  rowa;  color 

brown,  aonietlmea  with  1  or  2  paler  apota  above.  senta,  09. 

Md.  Angle  at  tip  of  anout  much  produced,  blunt  at  tip;  teeth  in  'to  rowa. 

A.  Skin  nearly  amooth,  ita  apinea  few  and  aniall;  color  browniah,  with  palor  apotx. 

L.»;vi8,  100. 

II.  Pacific  apeclea;  median  lino  of  tail  always  with  stronger  apinea. 

i.  Snout  acute  or  acuminate,  more  or  leaa  projecting  beyond  the  diak,  thu  roatrul 
cartilage  well  developed. 
j.  Snout  vory  long  acuminate;  usually  no  spines  on  median  line  of  back  iu 
front  of  venfrala;  intororbital  apace  littlo  concave. 
It,  Snout  tapering  to  apoiut;  akin  almost  everywhere  i)ricklyal>oTo;  color 
nearly  plain  brown.  riiina,  101. 

Ick.  Snout  long,  but  bluntlah  at  the  tip;  akin  minutely  prickly  above, 
smoother  than  in  preceding;  1  or  2  spines  at  center  of  Imck;  color 
brown,  with  largo  rounded  white  spots  above.       binocim.ata,  102. 
jj.  Snout  of  moderate  length,  rather  sharp,  but  shortish;  color   brownish; 
usually  with  2  faint  ocelli;  intororbital  apace  deeply  concave;  prickles 
on  body  rather  amall. 


t    -  r- 


t    • 


m 


I  i 


1 


.■teir;,t^iv.'.^.l!4t^-:.>i^:i 


^,^^i='kA^^^:Z:^.J^. 


i 


. ')' 


i  1 


4H 


Jiulletin  4jy  Unittd  Suites  National  Museum. 


I.  Kyu  witli  row  III'  nil  ii|iltii>ii  Imliiw  II;  ilink  ,'„  lirmulor  tliuii  ImiK 

INollNATA,  |(Kt. 

/(.  KyiMvltli  I  rowmir  1111111111  twlow  M;  iliik  '.,  linmiliT  tliiiii  Ioiik- 

Kgl'ATOHIAI.II,  till 

ii.  Hiioiit  tiliiiitliili,  llN  tl|i  lltllo  ir  liny  |irii|i>i-llnR;  iihikI  of  ii|i|ii'r  Hiirriirn  roii)ili 

Mfllli  |iri('kli'ii;  InwiT  pinriK'i'  iii'iirly  i>r  i|iiiti'  hiiumiIIi;  iniiiil  rnililiiKi'  »<'iili. 

m,  C'uliir  ullvii  lirowii;  tlm  H|Hitii,  IT  uiiy,  |Hilf;  iiiliiruililtitl  wiillli  It' ^  In  Mmiit 

I'.MOIIKKIIA,    lll.'i 

iHHi.  Color  (link  limwM  i>r  Miuklnli;  nlxili' ii|>|i«r  Hiirrm  i<  rmiKli  ^vltli  iti'lluti' 
{•rlrklni. 

II.  SluiiililiT  Kirilli'  with  H|ilni'H, 

(I.  OrliituI  rliii  Willi  u  low  of  nlmit  |irirkli>ii;  timwii,  niticli  vurii'gntcil 
with  I'lm  k  N|i(itH  mill  Iuiik,  ■oiih'  ot  Ihc  n|HitN  oci'lliilii. 

NTKLI.CI.ATA,   VK 

•III.  Orhltul  rlin  without  niiIiidh;  |ii'lrkli'n  IIih';  iii/,i<,  vnry  liii'^o. 

ALKU'I'K'A,  II17 

nil.  Hbouldtir  Kinllo  without  Kiiliii'n;  color  iluHky,  nourly  |ilaln. 

TItACIII'IIA,  lllK 

Hi,    Hnuut  Huft,  hluntUh;  ilUk  iihovouuil  Imlnw,  with  cluMu-iivt,  vulvcly  iirirkli- 

AUYMNICOLA,  lU'J 

01.  UAJA  KKINAC'KA,  MIt  hill. 
(Common  Skatkj  Littie  Skatk;  TonACco  Box.) 

Form  rhumbuid,  with  all  tho  uugloH  roiindud;  Hpiut^M  largi  )t  on  tlio 
anterior  oxteiiHioiiH  of  tlio  pectorals,  wlioro  they  (ire  cIoho  Hot,  Htroii^', 
laterally  coinprtiHHod,  and  hooked  backward;  Hinallor  oneu  are  Hcaltuntl 
over  the  head  above  the  HpirauleH,  above  and  in  front  of  the  eyett,  and  on 
the  back,  the  median  lineof  which  ia  comparatively  Hinooth,  witlioiit  hirgor 
median  soricH,  except  in  tho  youn^;  a  triangular  i>utch  on  the  Hiioiiidtn 
girdle;  inner  posterior  augleu  of  the  pectoralH  nearly  ttmooth;  in  tho  mal«-N 
near  the  exterior  angles  of  the  pectorals  are  2  rows  of  large  erectile 
hooks,  pointing  backward.  Females  with  groups  of  Hinall  scales  on  eaeli 
side  of  the  vent;  teeth  small,  the  middle  ones  sharp  in  the  males;  all 
bluut  in  the  females;  jaws  much  curved;  each  side  of  tail  with  a  dermal 
fold;  caudal  tins  rough,  not  separate  to  the  base.  Color  light  brown,  witii 
small  round  spots  of  dark  browu  ;  uo  pector^^l  ocelli;  females  larger  than 
the  males.  L.  1  to  2  feet.  The  smallest  and  commonest  of  our  skater; 
abundant  on  our  coast,  from  Virginia  northward  to  Maine,  {vriiiaveitx, 
like  a  hedgehog. ) 

Ilaia  erinnren,  MiTCiiiLi.,   Am.  Jour.  8cl.    Arts,  ?,i,  liOO,  1826,  New  York;  (iauman,  ?.<•.,  17(.; 

Jordan  &  Gii.dkiit,  Syiiopsln,  41,  1883. 
iiaiu  e(/{(iN<eria,OVNTliGR,  Cat.,  vill,  402,  1870,  i.t  C  <'.  Liiceptide. 

eS.^  BAJA  OCELIiATA,  Mitchill. 
(Bio  Skate.) 

General  form  and  appearance  of  the  preceding  but  much  larger;  tin' 
arrangement  of  spines  similar,  except  that  additional  rows  of  spines  aic 
present  down  the  back  and  along  the  sides  of  the  tail;  caudal  tin  1101 
separate,  rough  with  small  spines;  jaws  curved.  Color  light  brown,  witii 
rounded  dark  spots;  a  translucent  space  on  each  side  of  the  snout;  ne:ii 
the  posterior  angle  of  the  pectoral  there  is  usually  (but  not  always)  a 
large  white  ocellus,  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  center  and  a  darker  bordei : 


\ 


Jtrdan  and  F.vermann. — Fiihti  of  North  America. 


60 


L»  Hiimllor  Mimilur  HpotH  oft»>ii  prown'      fOftrinftn.)    Count  of  New  York, 
Mii.snii(liiiM«>ttH,innl  iioitliwimL     Hi/o  voiy  much  liirK«r  than  in  U.  irinaira, 

n-iichiiiK  11  l«"i'Ktl'  of  iH"»i'Iy  •'  f««^-     '^'•'"  •'KK  <"***♦"•  •*•■«  '""•■"  t'"*"  twioo 
HH  hirK"  !*'•  tlioHO  of  tlio  Hinullor  8p«ici«H.     (ovellatus,  with  oyu-liko  Hputs.) 

W.im  ..  .•/^|^^   Miriiiii.i.,  Tnm-.  Mt.   I'lill.  Hor.,  i,  477,  iHl.'i,   New  York;  Oarman,  1.  c,   177; 

J.lHliAN  A  (iaii».llT,  Syllci|ilil«,  4",   IHMIJ. 

OII.'ltAJi  KYMi.K.  lilltki'ii. 

DJNlt  latlioi  liroftiU'r  tluiii  lonn,  liroadly  roundod  niitoriorly;  thn  tip  of 
tlm  Mnoiit  vory  blunt  antl  Kcarc«ly  projuctinm  a  row  of  HtroiiK  hat^kward- 
hoiiki'il  HpiiM^H  aUiUff  iiiutlian  lino  .>f  back  and  tail;  2  Hiniilar  HpincH  on 
cacii  Mhoiildcr  and  4  or  6  over  each  «yc;  nkin  very  rouj^h  with  (doH« 
Kct  Hpihulcs,  wliicli  lire  c(»arHor  than  in  nioHt  spocien;  HidoH  of  tail  vory 
roujjii;  tail  longer  than  rcHt  of  body,  ilrown,  with  nnmerona  rounded 
liluckiMli  iti(itc)ii>N  ttn  tliHk,  tail,  and  Hiin.  Dav'H  MtraitH,  (treonland,  in 
HO  iiitlioiiiH.  Known  from  a  yonngexaniple  about  8  inchoHh>n){.  (Liitken.) 
(I'ljlla,  name  of  the  Danish  cruiMoi  by  which  the  typo  was  taken.) 

K'ljn/yllif,  Lt'TKEN,  VM.  Mudd.  Naturli.  Koron.  KJiHioiili.,  1H87,  1,  pi.  1,  Davit  Straiti. 

04.^{A.IA  IIAD'ATA,  Donovan. 

HcHJdoH  the  spines  on  tho  pectorals,  head,  back,  and  tail  couunon  to 
tiioNt  spocioH,  this  species  is  marked  by  tho  presence  of  lar^^e  spinous 
])lat*-H  or  bucklers;  these  are  large,  strong;  spines,  with  L<road,  stollate 
or  Nhield-like  liases  arran^^ed  as  follows:  1  or  2  in  front  of  each  eye; 
I  on  each  side  between  the  eye  and  the  spiracle;  a  pair  on  the  shoulder, 
the  sinallor  in  front;  and  14  or  more  forming;  a  dorsal  row,  beginning 
JiiHt  back  of  the  head  and  extending  to  tho  caudal;  an  irregular  row 
of  spines  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  separated  from  the  membrane  by  a  band 
(if  shagreen;  males  with  2  or  more  rows  of  claw-liko  spines  on  the 
pectorals.  Teeth  with  a  long,  sharp  point  rising  from  the  middle  and 
iKKikin^  liackwnrd  in  tho  male,  bluntish  in  tho  female;  females  larger 
tlian  the  males  and  more  spinous.  (Garman.)  Sizo  medium.  L.  1^  to  2 
fi-t'i.  North  Atlantic;  found  both  in  America  and  Europe,  not  common 
on  our  coast.     (rft({i'a<H8,  radiated.)  (Eu.) 

;.'..i,r  rivliiiii,,  Donovan,  Ili»t.  Brit.  Fluh.,  v,  pi.  114,  1820,  Great   Britain  ;  OOntiier,  Cat., 

VIII,  4t;o,  IH70;  (tARMAN, /.<•.,  177;  .lonnAN  &  GiLnERT,  Synopsis,  41, 188.3. 
Itiiiii  itmtriniiia,  Dr.  Kay,  N.  Y.  Kuuiih:  FIhIios,  3C8,  1842,  Staten  Island. 

U5.  RAJA  PLUTOMA,  (iarman. 

Disk  broader  than  long,  subqnadrangular,  rounded  in  front;  snout 
a  vory  blunt  angle;  rostral  cartilage  short,  imperfect;  tail  i  longer  than 
disk;  width  of  mouth  i  its  distance  from  snout;  toeth  in  32  series.  Eyes 
larj^e,  their  length  more  than  interorbital  width.  Rack  and  tail  covered 
with  small,  close-set,  stellate  spines,  the  points  slender,  compressed, 
directed  backward,  a  close  series  of  large  spines  along  median  line  of 
liack  and  tail ;  a  supraorbital  row,  and  a  single  spine  on  each  side  of  back 
of  head;  about  5  on  each  side  of  shoulder  girdle,  in  front  of  which  are 
1  or  2  more;  2  series  on  each  side  of  tail;  smooth  below.    Color  brown, 


1,1 


11 


it 


i 


M 
i 


' 


\:iA 


I 


,  'I 


I 


70 


^1 


it 


\        I 


■   ,1! 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


the  adults  purplish,  with  irregular  transverse  series  of  ill-defined, 
often  confluent  brown  spots,  besides  some  white  spots;  tail  with  white 
and  dark  bands;  dorsals  dark,  lower  surface  white.  Deep  water  off 
South  Carolina.     (Garman.)     (j){MfoniM8, dusky;  from  Plato.) 

Ilaja pbiiimia,  GAnMAN,  Dull.  Miia.  Corn)).  Zuiil.,  xi,  2:tn,  1881,  off  South  Carolina;  Jordan  & 
GlLUEUT,  SyiiopHiH,  K78,  1883. 

ee.  RAJA  ACKLKYI,  Garman. 

Disk,  including  the  vcntrald,  rhombic,  longer  than  wide;  anterior  mar- 
gins sinuous,  posterior  outline  convex;  tail  moderate,  depressed,  with  a 
narrow  cutaneous  fold  on  each  side;  angle  formed  by  snout  less  than 
right.  Rostral  cartilage  rather  slender.  Mouth  moderate,  much  curved, 
width  Ig^  in  distance  from  end  of  snout.  Teeth  small,  cusps  sharp,  in  42 
rows  on  the  upper  jaw  (male  adult).  Eyes  moderate;  interorbital  space 
narrow,  leeply  concave,  its  width  3  times  in  the  distance  from  the 
end  of  the  snout  to  the  eye.  Spiracles  smaller  than  the  eye.  Yentrals 
medium.  Dorsals  small,  separated  by  a  space  with  tubercles;  a  vertebral 
series  of  small  tubercles  on  back  and  tail ;  2  lateral  series  on  each  side 
of  tail;  a  series  on  each  orbital  ridge;  a  group  of  several  above  the  end 
of  the  rootral  cartilage;  a  group  on  each  pectoral  opposite  eyeand  spiracle; 
a  group  of  retractile  spines  opposite  the  shoulder  near  the  outer  angle  of 
the  pectoral;  the  disk  otherwise  smooth  above;  lower  side  of  snout  with 
fine,  sharp  scales  or  shagreen.  Differing  from  R.  eglanteria,  which  it  resem- 
bles in  shape,  in  a  somewhat  shorter  snout  and  in  coloration.  Disk, 
including  ventrals,  9.5  inches;  width  9;  tail  from  vent  9.6;  total  length 
16.2.5  inches.  Light  yellowish  brown,  sprinkled  with  small  spots  of  brown 
intermixed  with  others  of  white;  on  base  of  each  pectoral  a  little  behind 
the  shoulder  girdle,  a  transversely  oblong  spot  of  brown,  i  inch  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  small  spots  forming  a  sort  of  rosette. 
Yucatan  Banks,  in  deep  water.  (Garman.)  (Named  for  Lieut.  Seth  N. 
Ackley,  of  the  "  Blake.") 

n(\ja  ackleyi,  Garman,  Bull.  MuB.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  xi,  235,  1881,  Yucatan  Banks. 


I  '■ 


97.  RAJA  ORNATA,  Garman. 

Disk  little  broader  than  long,  the  anterior  margins  convex ;  tip  of  snout 
obtuf^e ;  snout  not  produced ;  width  of  mouth  f  its  distance  from  tip  of 
snout;  teeth  in  44  series ;  entire  upper  surface  rough  with  small  asperities; 
a  median  series  of  spines  on  back  and  tail,  a  lateral  series  on  each  side  of 
this  on  back  and  2  on  tail,  a  series  on  each  orbital  ridge;  a  single  spine 
on  forehead  between  eyes,  several  above  tip  of  snout;  a  group  on  hinder 
angle  of  pectoral  and  on  its  front ;  lower  surface  smooth.  Tail  a  little 
longer  than  disk,  Light  brownish,  freckled  with  paler,  marked  with  a  few 
groups  of  small  darker  spots ;  several  spots  on  the  tail ;  one  at  base  of  each 
dorsal.  Deeo  water  off  South  Carolina  and  Florida.  Pdrhaps  a  variety 
of  the  preceding.    (Garman.)    (ornatus,  adorned.) 

Rqja  omata,  Garman,  Bull.  Mub.  Coinp.  Zoiil.,  xi,  235, 1981;  off  South  Carolina,  and  Alliga- 
tor Key,  Florida;  Jordan  &  Gilbsrt,  SynopBis,  877, 1883. 


z  rtr^K^-Ti  r'T'\r- 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  71 


98.  RAJA  ROLANTEBIA.  Bohc. 

Prickles  compaTatively  small  and  very  sharp,  most  numerous  on  the  an- 
terior portion  of  the  pectoral,  over  the  head,  on  the  snout,  on  the  middle 
of  the  back,  and  on  the  tail  betwdbn  the  rows  of  larger  ones;  enlarged 
spines  present  around  the  eyes  and  spiracles,  on  the  middle  of  the  snout, 
iu  a  median  row  along  the  back,  and  in  2  rows  along  each  side  of  the 
tail ;  these  spines  very  sharp;  larger  and  smaller  ones  alternating  in  the 
rows;  a  large  spine  in  the  middle  of  each  shoulder;  a  spine  between  the 
caudal  fins.  Color  brown,  with  bands,  bars,  lines,  blotches,  and  spots  of 
darker  color  in  the  middle  of  the  pectoral ;  a  translucent  space  on  each 
side  of  snout,  ((iarman.)  L.  about  2  feet.  Cape  Cod  southward  to 
Florida ;  not  very  common,     {eglantina,  tb"  briar  rose.) 

Kai<i  eyhinteria  (Bosc),  LAcfepfinr,  Hist.  Nat.  doa  Poiss.,  ii,  103,  1800,  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina; Cabman,  I.  c,  179, 1881 ;  .Jdhdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  41, 1883. 
Ilaiailiaphaua,  MiTCHiLr,,  Trans.  Lit.  Phil.  Soc.  i,  1815,  478,  New  York. 
Raid  demnareftia,  LeSueub,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  iv,  100, 1824,  Florida. 
Ham  clunUtiiay,  Le  Sukub,  I  c,  106,  1821,  Delaware  Bay. 

9»^RAJA  SF::Ta.  Qarman. 

Form  of  iJ.  eglunteria.  Sr  jut  projecting,  its  tip  acute  and  flexible;  inter- 
orbital  space  concave,  3|  in  snout;  mouth  littlo  curved,  i  preoral  part 
of  HHout;  eyes  and  spiracles  small;  teeth  in  36  to  40  rows.  ■  Tail  slender, 
tapering.  Entire  upper  surface  covered  with  very  small,  close-set  spines, 
each  slender,  acute,  strongly  hooked  backward  over  a  broad  stellate  base ; 
vertebral  line  with  a  series  of  large  spines  with  smaller  interspersed ;  2  or 
3  large,  booked  spines  before  each  eye ;  a  few  moderate  spines  on  snout  and 
back  of  head.  Olivaceous,  clouded  with  darker,  a  whitish  spot  sometimes 
on  middle  of  back,  and  a  pale  bar  on  back  of  tail.  (Garman.)  Banks  of 
Newfoundland  to  Cape  Cod,  in  deep  water,     (sentis,  briar.) 

H.yi(  Mita,  Cabman,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  43,  Cape  Cod  Bay;  Le  Have  Bank.  (Type, 
No.  21014  ami  24309.) 

lOO;  RAJA  L£TIS,*  (Mitchill). 

(Baundoor  Skate.) 

Angles  of  the  disk  more  acute  than  in  any  of  the  others;  muzzle  wmch 
produced,  somewhat  shovel-shaped  at  tip.  Spines  of  the  body  very  few 
piul  small:  some  present  above  the  eyes  and  spiracles,  on  the  snout,  along 
the  anterior  border  of  the  pectorals,  and  on  the  back ;  those  on  the  back 
very  small;  a  median  dorsal  row  of  larger  hooked  spines  extending  along 
the  median  line  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  back  and  the  tail;  usually 
2  lateral  rows  on  the  tail.  Female  rougher,  as  usual  among  rays. 
Color  variable,  brownish,  with  paler  spots,  which  are  usually  ringed  with 
darker.  Thelargest  of  our  Atlantic  species,  reaching  a  length  of  4  feet. 
New  England  to  Florida;  not  uncommon  northward.    {Iwvia,  smooth.) 

* liaja  granulata,  Gil!.  Allied  t'^fi.tetfu.  Back  and  ventrals  surface  covered  with  minute  sharp 
Rriinular  ossifications.  Teeth  in  about  30  rows;  claspers  slender  and  scarcely  expantou.  JIate 
color.the  ventrals  with  reticulate  markings,  (flill.)  Bank8ofNowfoundland;adoul)tful species, 
imperfectly  described,  apparently  not  different  from  It.  leevis.    {grauulatus,  granular.) 


i' 


•€r?- 


J 

I 

r    I 

i 


•     ] 


i   I' 


! 


i 


f  .1 


i:l 


:*  i  ' 


i-'i 


,i . 


,.s:*ii!-stiiik«'ii 


jl  • 


w, 


\ 

■f 

. 

i 

h  ' 

' 

>  ! 
tt 

i  1 

! 
1 

72 


Bulletin  47 ^  United  States  National  Museum. 


Jlq/a  \mv\»,  Mitchill,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.,  it,  327, 1817,  New  York. 

haialKvit,  Stores,  Iligt.  Fish.  Mass.,  1867,  242;  Garman,  I.  c,  180,  1881;  Jordan  k  Qildbbt, 

SynopslB,  41, 1883. 
£aia  ^rmiuIcUa,  Qill  MS.,  Goode  <tc  Bean,  Bull.  Ensex.  Iu«t.,  xi,  1879,  28,  Le  Have  Bank. 

101.  BAJA  RHINA,  Jordan  k  Gilbert. 

Disk  broad,  the  outer  pectoral  angle  sharp,  farther  forward  than  in  R. 
hinoculata.  Anterior  outline  of  pectoral  somewhat  undalated  and  exceed- 
ingly concave,  bo  that  the  snout  is  very  long,  acuminate,  and  tapering  to 
the  extreme  point ;  interorbital  space  quite  narrow,  little  concave.  Supra- 
ocular ridges  slightly  elevated ;  eyes  large,  much  longer  than  spiracles. 
Spines  on  body  comparatively  strong;  5  to  7  above  the  eyes ;  2  or  3  near 
the  middle  of  the  back ;  none  on  th9  median  line  of  the  back  until  oppo- 
site the  posterior  end  of  veutrals,  where  a  series  of  rather  sharp  spines 
begins;  prickles  on  body  above  rather  large,  sharp,  strongly  stellate, 
those  on  the  snout  largest  and  most  stellate;  skin  above  everwhere 
prickly  in  the  female ;  the  prickles  small  and  sparse  on  the  base  and  edges 
of  the  pectorals  and  on  ventrals;  larger  on  the  median  region  of  the  disk. 
Male  with  bases  of  fins  smooth,  and  the  prickles  generally  fewer  and 
smaller;  anterior  edge  of  pectoral  with  spines;  under  side  of  disk  almost 
everywhere  prickly  in  the  females,  smooth  posteriorly  in  the  males. 
Mouth  somewhat  arched.  Teeth  i^.  Color  light  brown,  nearly  plain, 
with  a  dark  ring  at  base  of  pectorals,  which  grows  obscure  with  age. 
Disk  I'tt  broader  than  long,  its  breadth  twice  the  length  of  the  tail. 
Snout  nearly  i  the  length  of  the  disk,  3|  times  the  interorbital  width.  L. 
2i  feet.  Monterey  to  Alaska ;  not  rare,  especially  northward,  (/jiv,  snout ; 
l>ivTif  rasp.) 

fiq/a  rhina,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.   Mus.,  1880,  261,  Monterey ;  San  Francisco. 
Baia  rhina,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  45, 1883. 

102.  BAJA  BINOCULATA,  Girard. 
(Bia  Skate  of  California.) 
Disk  broad,  its  widest  part  behind  the  middle.  Snout  long,  regularly 
long  acuminate,  but  not  very  sharp  at  tip;  the  anterior  outline  of  the  pec- 
toral not  much  undulated,  and  little  concave;  interorbital  space  very 
broad,  almost  flat,  slightly  depressed  in  the  middle;  supraocular  ridge 
scarcely  elevated;  eyes  small,  shorter  than  the  spiracles.  Spines  on  body 
small  and  few ;  2  or  3  small  spines  around  the  eye ;  1  or  2  near  the  center 
of  the  back;  otherwise  none  on  median  line  of  back  in  front  of  base  of 
ventrals,  where  a  series  of  spines  begins,  feeble  anteriorly,  but  growing 
larger  backward;  females  (as  in  other  species)  with  lateral  series 
of  epines  on  the  tail;  upper  surface  mostly  covered  with  minute  prickles 
which  are  largest  on  the  median  line  of  the  back,  on  the  tail,  and  the  front 
of  the  pectorals.  Disk  smooth  below ,  except  anteriorly.  Teeth  about  ^  g ; 
the  jaws  rather  strongly  arched.  Disk  ^  broader  than  long,  its  width 
twice  the  length  of  the  tail ;  snout  3i  in  length  of  disk,  2|  in  interor- 
bital width.  Color  brown,  with  a  dark  ooellate  ring  at  base  of  pectorals ; 
npper  surface  everywhere  with  round  pale  spots.    The  largest  of  our 


II 


i 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  73 


skates,  reaching  a  length  of  over  6  feet;  the  egg  case  nearly  a  foot  long. 
Pacific  coast  from  Monterey  to  Sitka,  abundant.  (Ai's,  two;  ocuXaius, 
eyed,  Irom  the  pectoral  ocelli.) 

/;,;.( ''/i<')(;i(/(iM,Gi RARn,  Pri)c.  Ac.  Not.  8ci.  Phila.,  18S4, 196,  San  Francisco;  .Toudan  ft  On.- 

i;kht,  Synopsis,  878,  188;». 
I'riijtl^m  hiiioailata,  (JllUIlI),  Pac.  R.  K.  SurToy,  .373,  1858. 

Il.iiii  ("operi,  UiBvni),  Pac.  R.  R.  Survey,  372, 18.'>8,  Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington. 
lliilii  iiioperi,  Jordan  A  Oiliiekt,  Pruc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.,  1880,  V.i5. 


\     i 


103.  RAJA  INORNATA,  .lordan  &  Gilbort. 
(Common  Skate  of  California.) 

Disk  hroad,  its  widest  part  well  forward ;  outer  angle  of  pectoral  blunt ; 
posterior  edge  convex ;  anterior  margin  of  pectoral  undulated, not  strongly 
coiK-avc ;  snout  rather  pointed  and  prt^  acting  at  tip,  but  not  very  long, 
itH  ncnmination  being  confined  to  its  anterior  half.  Interocular  space 
narrow,  deeply  and  uniformly  concave;  eyes  large,  longer  than  spiracles ; 
supraocular  ridge  prominent.  Spines  on  body  rather  stronger  than  in 
rt'lattid  species;  4  or  5  over  the  eye;  5  or  6  (rarely  fewer)  along  the 
n.edian  line  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  back;  a  series  of  very  small 
spiiK'S  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  changing  opposite  the  middle  of  the 
vciitrals  into  a  series  of  rather  strong,  hooked  spines;  tail  with  a  strong 
lateral  series  in  females  only,  as  usual  in  the  genus;  prickles  on  the  body 
sinail  and  few;  a  small  band  of  sparse  prickles  near  the  median  line  of 
back  on  each  side  of  the  median  series  of  spines;  snout  and  interorbital 
apa(H)  prickly ;  no  prickles  on  the  shoulders  or  on  the  fins,  except  the  an- 
terior edge  of  the  pectorals;  smooth  below,  exc(tpt  on  the  snout  and  front 
of  pectorals;  armature  variable,  smoothest  specimens  in  deeper  water. 
Teeth  i^.  Jaws  somewhat  curved.  Color  I'ght  brown,  slightly  mottled ; 
a  blackish  rin^  at  base  of  pectorals,  which  becomes  faint  in  the  adult;  a 
small  dusky  spot  at  base  of  ventrals  and  on  posterior  edge  of  pectorals. 
Disk  -^\f  broader  than  long,  its  breadth  twice  the  length  of  the  tail. 
Snout  i  the  length  of  the  disk,  3  times  the  interorbital  width.  L.  2  feet. 
Coast  of  California ;  very  abundant  from  San  Diego  to  Cape  Mendocino. 
{inornatita,  unadorned.) 

Rnj      .   ui'Ui,  .TonPAN  &  GiLPURT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1880,  457,  and  1881,  74,  San  Francisco. 
Rai,  ,.  '  ;  •;]  Jordan  &GiLBF,RT,  Synopsis,  378,  1883. 

/?i(,,     i.r    I"  C\nMAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  43,  San  Francisco.     (Type,  10704.) 
Rata  iH'r»  '".     .«, luis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,   Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  74,  Santa   Barbara. 
(Type,  No.  "G92C.) 

*  11"  <a  jor(Iant,Garnian.  Disk  broader  than  long,  the  snout  a  little  sharper  than  a  right  angle,  the 
tip  pniiitcd  ;  wiutliof  disk  1  )^  times  length  of  tail  from  ventrals;  tail  slender,  tapering  regu- 
l»rly  to  a  point.  Dorsals  ser^iatod  by  a  large  spine.  Interocular  space  broad,  deeply  concave,  3 
iiisnciiit.  Kye  moderate,  as  large  as  spiracle.  Mouth  wide,  curved  forward;  1%  in  preoral 
pai't  cil' snout ;  teeth  in  38  rows.  Head  above,  including  rostral  cartilages  and  skin  between 
tlnni,  rough  with  small  spines ;  a  row  of  larger  spines  along  orbital  ridges  and  median  line  of 
liiu  k  and  tail ;  type  ( cf!  without  lateral  spines  on  tail ;  2  large  spines  side  by  side  in  front  of 
and  near  dorsals;  a  group  of  large  spines  on  front  of  each  pectoral;  most  of  the  disk  smooth. 
ClaspiTS  long,  slender,  pointed,  Iheir  form  unlike  that  of  H.  erinacea.  Dark  olivaceous,  a 
re  I'dod  pale  spot  with  a  darker  center  on  each  shoulder;  dark  mottlings  on  lower  aide.  L.  2 
feet.  (Qarman.)  San  FrauciKo,  apparently  not  distinct  from  B,  inomsJa,  (Named  for  Darid 
8t»Ti  Jordan.) 


'•■■;i 


ii  1 1 


i     V 


^■i  ^         -jLtW    •■ 


74 


Bulletiti  4Y%  United  States  National  Museum. 


M 


104.  RAJA  EQVATOBIALIS,  Jordan  &  Bollman. 

Disk  to  posterior  base  of  pectorals  i  broader  than  long,  the  breadth 
exceeding  the  length  by  a  distance  equal  to  snout  and  eye ;  the  breadth 
somewhat  longer  than  length  of  tail  (measured  from  vent>;  ante- 
rior margin  concave  in  front  of  eyes.  Snout  produced  at  a  nvther 
ucute  angle,  its  tip  rounded,  its  length  from  eye  3j(  in  length  .if  tUsk. 
Interorbital  space  rather  strongly  concave,  its  width  2§  in  snout.  Eye 
not  much  larger  than  spiracles,  3  in  snout.  Width  of  mouth  li  in 
prenasal  part  of  head ;  nasal  flaps  at  angle  of  mouth  deeply  fringed. 
Pectorals  reaching  middle  of  ventrals,  which  are  as  long  as  from  tip  of 
snout  to  posterior  border  of  spiracle.  Claspers  in  typical  example  1^  in 
disk.  Dorsals  small,  their  length  2  in  snout.  Caudal  small,  not  longer 
than  eye.  Snout  above  with  2  rows  of  spines,  besides  smaller  asperi- 
ties; a  row  of  about  12  before  and  above  eye  and  spiracle;  a  row  of 
strong  spines  along  line  of  back  from  posterior  border  of  spiracle  to  sec- 
ond dorsal,  these  alternately  large  and  small  on  the  tail ;  a  row  of  similar 
spines  on  each  side  of  tail  commencing  just  behind  posterior  base  ot 
ventrals  and  extending  to  caudal ;  a  single  spine  on  the  shoulder  ou 
each  side;  4  or  5  irregular  rows  near  the  anterior  margin  of  the  disk 
opposite  the  eyes ;  the  length  of  this  patch  not  as  long  as  snout.  Pec- 
torals with  the  usual  strong  retrorse  spines  characteristic  of  the  males  of 
this  genus.  Small  prickles  present  along  the  outer  anterior  margin  of 
pectorals,  interorbital  area,  on  top  of  snout,  and  along  its  margin  for  a 
distance  equal  to  f  of  snout,  and  beneath  from  tip  to  opposite  posterior 
teeth,  tho  anterior  prickles  strongest;  a  small  patch  in  front  of  eyes. 
Teeth  Jg. 

Color  light  brown,  spotted  with  paler ;  the  back  with  obscure  reticu- 
lations of  the  ground  color,  forming  honeycomb-like  markings,  surround- 
ing paler ;  an  obscure  roundish  dusky  blotch  at  middle  of  base  of  pectorals, 
and  a  darker  one  near  their  posterior  base;  edges  of  ventrals,  pectorals, 
and  snout  pale ;  dark  markings  ou  interorbital  area  and  below  eye ;  no 
markings  below. 

Related  to  Baja  inomata,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  from  which  it  is  at  once 
distingnished  by  having  4  rows  of  spines  below  eyes,  a  series  of  stout 
spines  on  each  side  of  tail  in  the  male,  and  no  prickles  on  back  except  the 
median  series  and  the  spine  on  each  shoulder.  The  size  is  much  smaller, 
it  being  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  rays,  known  from  a  single  male  speci- 
men 14  inches  in  length ;  dredged  at  a  depth  of  33  fathoms,  at  station  2797, 
off  the  west  coast  of  Colombia,  between  Panama  and  the  Galapagos 
Islands,  8°  06'  30''  N.,  78°  51'  W.    (equatorialis,  of  the  equator. ) 

Rya  eqtuilorialis,  JoHDAN  &  BOLLMAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1889,  l.'iO,  off  Colombia.     (Type, 
No.  41132.) 

105.  RAJA  PABHIFERA,  Bean. 

Disk  considerably  broader  than  long ;  tip  of  snout  slightly  projecting : 
interorbital  width  3i  in  distance  from  snout  to  eye ;  tail  as  long  as  front 
its  root  to  eye.  Teeth  in  27  rows.  JSnout,  supraoccipital  region  and  whole 
margin  of  pectorals  and  ventrals  covered  with  small  prickles,  as  also  au 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  76 


area  on  tail ;  back  and  tail  with  a  median  row  of  22  to  29  large  spines ; 
tail  witli  u  marginal  row  of  large  spines  (  9  )  I  rest  of  disk  mostly  smooth  ; 
lower  side  mostly  smooth  except  below  snout.  Olive  brown,  with 
numerous  paler  blotches,  2  larger  than  the  others.  L.  3  feet.  Coast  of 
Alawka.  common.    (Bean.)    {parma,  shield ;  fero,  I  beai.; 

i:„i„  p.<r.nifer<i,  Bkan,  Pror.  U.  S.  Nat.  MuB.,  1881,  157,  Iliuliuk,  Unataska  ;  (Typo,  No.  27f>.'>l). 
JuiiiiAN  A  Gli.BKBT,  Synopsis,  878,  18&3. 

106.'  KAJA  STKLIillLATA.  Jordan  A  Gllbnrt. 
Disk  much  broader  than  long,  anteriorly  broadly  arched ;  the  snout 
very  obtuHe,  but  its  tip  slightly  exserted  and  acutish ;  anterior  margin  of 
ptH'torals  somewhat  undulated  and  convex ;  posterior  margin  very  con- 
vex. A  row  of  small  stoutish  spines  above  eye;  about  6  spines  on  the 
Hcapular  region,  and  a  median  row  of  strong  spines  on  the  tail ;  entire 
upper  su  face  rough  with  strong  stellate  prickles;  these  largest  on 
head,  middle  of  back,  and  on  tail;  underside  smooth,  except  anteriorly. 
Teeth  Jg.  Nasal  cartilage  very  weak.  Color  brown,  everywhere  strongly 
variegated  with  light  and  dark  colors;  a  black  spot  at  base  of  each  pec- 
toral, surrounded  by  a  pale  ring,  and  this  by  a  black  ring;  numerous 
Mack  spots  of  various  sizes,  some  of  them  ocellated,  scattered  over  the 
l)od,v  ;  head  with  black  crossbars.  Disk  jt  broader  than  long ;  the  length 
ef  tail  more  than  i  the  width  of  disk;  the  snout  4^  in  length  of  disk, 
and  2A  times  the  interorbital  width  ;  the  snout  is  as  long  as  in  inornata, 
lint  much  wider,  appearing  blunt  and  short.  L.  2i  feet.  Coast  of  Cali- 
fornia and  northward,  Santa  Barbara  to  Unalaska;  locally  abundant 
alioiit  Monterey,     (atellula,  a  small  star,  from  the  form  of  prickles.) 

/,'.(/.( stelhtiala,  JoRPAN  A  GILBERT,  I'roc.  U.  .S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  133,  Monterey  ;  Jordan  &  Git- 
iip.iiT,  Synopsis,  45, 1883. 

107.  RAJA  ALEUTICA,  Gilbert  A  Thobum. 

OloHely  related  to  R.  atellulaia,  differing  in  the  much  finer  stellate 
jirickles,  which  uniformly  cover  the  entire  upper  side  of  disk,  the  con- 
tinnuus  series  of  median  spines,  the  narrower  disk,  and  longer,  sharper 
snout.  The  latter  forms  a  right  angle,  Its  length  more  than  ^  length  of 
(liHk.  Interorbital  space  deeply  concave,  the  rostral  cartilage  a  slender 
rod,  with  semitransparent  spaces  on  either  side.  Anterior  margins  of  disk 
gently  convex  near  snout,  concave  near  pectoral  angle.  Length  of  tail 
eiiualing  distance  from  snout  to  vent.  Teeth  f§.  No  spines  or  enlarged 
prickles  on  orbital  rim.  Two  large  spines  on  shoulder.  A  broad  band  of 
enlarged  prickles  on  each  side  of  tail. 

The  single  specimen  is  a  young  male,  33  inches  long,  taken  south  of  Una- 
laska Island,  Aleutian  group,  at  a  depth  of  81  fathoms.  The  species 
evidently  reaches  a  larger  size  than  either  stcUulata  or  parmtf era,  aa  the 
claspers  failed  to  reach  ventral  margin,  and  the  pectoral  hooks  were  un- 
developed in  the  type. 

R'ija  iihutica,  Gilbert  &  Tiiobubn,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  181*1;  Sannak  Island,  Aleutians. 
108.  RAJA  TRACHVRA,  Gilliert. 

Allied  to  Raja  iaotrachys,  a  deep  water  species,  but  the  disk  broader,  the 
snout  much  blunter,  the  angle  muoh  greater  than  a  right  angle.    Upper 


.■A^■.: 


■.-.■i[i^.*'',V'.Vi*t.i*Hli'.l.:*  ■,A-.;)=v'*ic"ij,,  I'S.t-'-Jl.llteK''-- 


■ ;  >  ^  i  i''V^*likTi\iiU-.>ii  ;^  :.v.".KfS,^  r-V.'' li .  ,^^ 


I 


76 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


surface Bparsely  and  evenly  covered  with  sniall  sharp  prickles  with  stellate 
base,  crowded  between  eyes,  in  a  broad  band  along  front  of  disk,  behind 
shoulders  and  especially  on  sides  of  tail ;  no  spines  on  orbital  rim  o^  shoul- 
ders ;  a  small  spine  on  middle  of  back  between  shoulders ;  23  spines  ulon^' 
median  line  of  tail.  Anterior  outline  .strongly  undulated,  convex  near 
tip  of  snout,  which  slightly  projects.  Length  of  disk  1^  in  its  width  : 
interorbital  space  concave,  1^  times  eye,  which  is  3^  in  snout.  Distance 
from  front  of  eye  to  edge  of  disk,  lij  in  snout.  Tail  longer  than  body  by 
i  snout;  dorsals  small,  equal,  prickly.  Color  plum  color,  darker  at 
margin  ,  brownish  below,  becoming  dark  on  fins.  L.  18  inches.  One  s|)eci- 
men  known  from  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  in  822  fathoms.  (Gilbert.) 
{rpaxix  rough ;  o'v()u  tail.) 
Ilaia  Iriichum,  Oiluert,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miib.,  1891,  63<J,  Santa  Barbara. 

lOO^RAJA  ABYSSIC'OLA,  Oilbort  &.  Thoburn. 

Three  strong  spines  on  middle  of  back  and  a  series  down  median  lino  of 
tall.  No  other  spines  present.  A  band  of  enlarged  prickles  on  each  sid*' 
of  tail.  Both  upper  and  lower  surface  hispid  with  close-set,  slender 
bristles;  the  margins  of  disk,  the  ventrals,  and  the  under  surface  of  tail 
partly  naked.  No  scapular  spines.  Anterior  margin  of  disk  concave 
near  snout  and  near  pectoral  angle,  a  convex  area  intervening.  Snoiil 
broad,  but  not  short  nor  blunt.  Interorbital  space  deeply  concav<>. 
Claspers  long,  slender  and  flexible.  Bostral  cartilage  imperfect ;  skeleton 
generally  very  flexible.  Hooks  on  pectorals  in  male  imperfectly  devel- 
oped. Nearly  uniform  sooty  brown  on  both  upper  and  lower  sides,  with 
a  few  scattered  black  spots  above. 

A  single  specimen  known,  a  male  4.5  inches  long,  taken  off  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia,  at  a  depth  of  1,588  fathoms,  tlio 
greatest  depth  at  which  a  ray  has  been  found.  A  strongly  marked  spe- 
cies, probably  type  of  a  distinct  genus,  (ahysaicola,  living  in  the  deptliH.) 

Rya  abymcala,  Oiliif.rt  Si  Tiiohuhn,  Rnll.  U.  S.  Fish  Cum.,  18<J4,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands' 

Family  XXV.  NARC0BATIDJ5. 
(The  Electric  Rays.j 

Trunk  broad  and  thick,  covered  with  perfectly  smooth  skin.  Tail  com- 
paratively short  and  thick,  with  rayed  caudal  fin,  and  commonly  2 
rayed  dorsal £ns,  the  first  of  which  is  over  or  behind  the  ventrals ;  a  longi- 
tudinal fold  on  each  side  of  the  tail;  anterior  or  nasal  valves  confluent 
into  a  quadrangular  lobe ;  a  large  electric  organ  composed  of  many  h')x- 
agonal  tubes  between  the  pectoral  tins  and  the  head.  Genera  7 ;  species 
about  15;  rays  of  moderate  or  large  size,  noted  for  their  power  of  giving 
electric  shocks ;  found  in  most  warm  seas.  According  to  Fritsch,  the  tor- 
pedoes pass  through  3  distinct  phases  of  development,  a  shark-like,  a 
ray-like,  and  finally  a  torpedo-like  stage.  The  very  young  have  lonjj 
external  gills.    (ToRPEDiNiDiE,  Giinther,  Cat.,  viii,  448-455.) 

a.  Dorsal  flna  2. 

h.  Ventral  fins  separate,  tail  moderate. 

0.  Spiracles  at  some  distance  behind  the  eyes. 


y 


i 


^^■. 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.         77 


(/,  Splrui'los  rouiiilod,  with  entlro  mlgoR,  (not  friiixt'U).  Tbtkonarok,*  49, 

cc.  8pi:'ui'U>H  plucc'd  cIuhu  bobind  the  eye8,  not  fringed,  but  with  tbu  margin  Hiiniutlniti8 

tul>nruulato.  Narcink,  lA). 

lib,  Vontral  llus  united  ;  splraclog  clone  to  tbo  oyen,  not  fringed.  Discopvui:,  61. 

49.  TETRONARCE.  Gill. 

■fvli-'iiitrri',  OuA.,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Ifist.  N.  Y.,  IHIil,  viii,  :!87,  (occUlenliiUi). 
':iiwinilin-}ieilii,  Vlinncu,  Aicli.  Aniit.  I'liyn.,  lH8ti,  ao.'i,  {occuleiilttliit). 

Klocti'ic  nij-8  with  the  disk  very  hrotiil,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  tail; 
L'  dorsal  tiua;  caudal  tin  well  developed;  ventral  tins  large,  separate; 
s|iiiacle8  lavKe,  rounded,  with  entire  (not  fringed)  edges,  placed  behind 
the  eyes;  niuuth  small;  teeth  pointed ;  skin  perfectly  smooth.  Species 
niioiit  1,  2  European,  the  others  American.  (rtTpu-,  four — four-cornered; 
,('iphi/i  i>u  old  name  of  Tetronarce  narce,  meaning  numbness,  equivalent  to 
I'nrindu.) 

II.  Ciilor  nearly  uniform  black,  rarely  Hjiottod  j  first  dorxal  over  middle  of  ventrali). 

0CCn>KN1AI,I8,  IIU. 

,11    Ciiliir  dark  brown,  UHually  xpottud  with  black  ;  flrat  dorsal  inserted  behind  middle  of  ven- 

trulH.  CALIFORNIUA,  111. 

110.  TETKONARCE  0CCIDENTAL18,  (Storer). 

(CnAMi'Kisii  ;  Torpedo  ;  NuMni'isu.) 

First  dorsal  more  than  twice  as  large  as  second,  its  insertion  over  mid- 
illc  of  the  ventrals;  spiracles  not  fringed,  their  edges  smooth.  Color 
almost  uniform  black,  with  obscure  darker  spots;  beneath  white.  L.  2 
to  r>  feet ;  breadth  f  of  length,  the  disk  very  blunt  or  almost  emarginate 
ill  rront.  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States,  Cape  Cod  to  Cuba ;  not  very 
coiuiiion.  A  large  species,  allied  to  the  European  T.  nobiliana,  said  to 
reacli  a  weight  of  200  pounds.  According  to  the  figures,  T.  nobiliana  has 
the  second  dorsal  smaller  and  inserted  farther  back,  (occidentalia, vi  K^itevn.) 

T'riiiilo  ocridruMis,  Stobeu,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Artn,  1843,  165,  Massachusetts. 

Tiirjx'ih)  occiiUuMm,  Storer,  Fishes  Mass.,  247,  1867. 
T'uiietio  ofcUlentalis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  39,  1883. 

111.  TETRONARCE  CALIFOBNICA,  (Ayres). 
(California  Torpedo.) 

Color  very  dark  brown,  with  small  round  black  spots,  which  are 
sometimes  obsolete.  Eye  small;  spiracles  at  a  distance  behind  them 
more  than  twice  eye  and  more  than  length  of  spiracle;  edges  of  spira- 
cles not  fringed;  breadth  of  mouth  about  equal  to  its  distance  from  tip 
of  snout;  teeth  small,  sharp.  First  dorsal  more  than  twice  second,  half 
of  it  opposite  ventrals.  A  large  species,  reaching  a  length  of  about  3 
feet.  Coast  of  California,  on  sandy  shores,  scarce,  rarely  seen  except 
about  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Cruz;  not  noticed  south  of  Monterey. 
Perhaps  not  different  from  T.  occidentalia. 

*  III  the  Old  World  genus  Narcobalun,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family,  the  edges  of  the  spiracles 
are  (ringed  with  papilUe.    The  synonymy  of  this  genus  is  : 

T"r(ir,/,j,  DuMfcRiL,  Zoiil.  Anal.,  102,  1806,  (lorpeilo) ;  name  preoccupied  for  an  electric  catfish. 
.Van "/)«/««,  Blainville,  .loum.  Phys.,  1810,  262,  {iHactiUitii:<,  ijuh-uni,  etc.). 
XarcicioH,  (Klein),  Bleeker,  Nederl.  Tidskr.  Dierk.  iii,  171,  (torpeilv). 
t\mbriotorpedo,  Fbitsch,  Arch.  Anat.  Pliys.  1886,  365,(marmornta— <orj»edo). 


■I  i  fu 


■  j^ 


!         »    I 


i  f 


78 


liulUtin  V7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Tnrpnln  niUfiirniai,  Ayrrn,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac,  8cl.,  IHM,  70,  San  Francisco. 
Torpeili)  citltftyrniua,  JunuAN  iV  Oilbkut,  Synupala,  t)7l),  l8H:i. 

50.  NARCINE,  Henle. 

Narrine,  IIBNI.E,  U«!l)er  Narclno,  31,  1834,  {linmletuu). 

CifcUmarce,  Qll.l.,  Aim.  Lye.  Nat.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  1801,  VIII,  387,  (.limlei). 

OoHiomtrce,  Qihh,  I.  c,  {iuilicu). 

Disk  more  or  leas  rounded,  not  cmarginate  in  front;  spiracles  vory 
cloHe  to  the  eyeH,  their  edges  tuberculate  or  smooth ;  month  narrow,  sur- 
rounded by  a  circular  fold  of  skin,  which  forms  the  freuum  of  the  uasul 
valve;  teeth  in  qaiucunx,  not  occupying  the  whole  of  the  jaw,  most  of 
them  visible  whan  the  mouth  is  closed.  Tail  about  as  long  as  disk  ;  sec- 
ond dorsal  larger  than  lirst.  Warm  seas;  the  species  usually  smaller 
than  the  species  of  Torpedo.  (vapKr/,  numbness,  an  old  name  of  the  Tor- 
pedo). 

llSi.  NAKCINE  BRASILIEN8IS,  (Olforx). 

Disk  oval  or  nearly  circular,  the  snout  broadly  rounded,  not  exsortetl; 
spiracles  with  roughened  edges;  snout  ii  in  disk,  twice  int»rorbital 
width;  mouth  l^  in  preoral  part  of  snout;  tail  1^  times  length  of  dJHk; 
second  dorsal  a  little  higher  and  a  little  longer  than  first.  Color  varia- 
ble, a  fact  which  has  given  rise  to  several  nominal  species;  sometimt'H 
nearly  uniform  dark  brown  (in  deep  water);  sometimes  marked  above 
with  dark  spots  and  dashes  {umbroaa);  sometimes  with  a  dark  band 
across  head  and  dark  spots  elsewhere  (corallina).  West  Indies  and 
Brazil,  occasionally  northward  to  Key  West  and  Pensacola.    L.  2  feet. 

Torjiedo  hrmilieHiiii,  voN  Ol.FEiis,  Torpedo,  19,  1831,  Brazil. 

Narcine  bragiluimi*,  QtlNTiiEli,  Cat.,  Vlii,  4M,  1870. 

^arcine  bmn/teiMU  c<>ra//iH(i,  Gaiiman,  Bull,  Mub.  Com]).  Zoiil.,  xi,  234,  1881,  Florida  ;  .Iokdan  a- 

GiLBEiiT,  8yiiopRis,  877,  1883. 
Narcine  umbroia,  .Tordan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  MiiB.,  1884,  106,  Key  West. 
Narciiie  Itraiilieum,  .louDAN  A  EvERMANN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Miis.,  188(),  472. 
Tori>edo  hancro/ti,  Griffith,  Anini.  Kingdom,  x,  C4'J,  |il.  xxxiv,  1834,  Jamaica. 
Narcine  nigra,  1)iim£ril,  Bevuo  Zool.,  272,  1862,  Brazil. 
Torpedo  piclm,  Gronow,  Cat.  Fishes,  13,  1854,  Antilles. 

SI.  DISCOPYGE,  Tschudi. 

Diicopiige,  TsciiuDi,  Fauna  Peruana,  32,1844,  (tschudii). 

Ventral  tins  united  into  a  continuous  disk  below  the  tail.  Disk  circu- 
lar; tail  with  2  dorsal  fins  and  with  a  fold  on  each  side;  nasal  valves 
confluent;  teeth  flat,  the  hinder  edge  angular;  spiracles  close  behind 
eyes.  Two  species  in  the  Eastern  Pacific;  small  electric  rays  resembling 
Narcine,  but  with  united  ventrals.  (cJicrxoc,  disk;  nvy^,  ramp,  from  the 
disk-like  ventrals). 

118.  DISCOPTOE  OltinATA.  .Tordan  &  Gilbert. 

Spiracles  with  coarse  fringes.  Snout  4i  in  disk;  eye  small;  interorhi- 
tal  space  li  iv  snout.  Width  of  mouth  If  in  preoral  part  of  snout ;  tail 
slightly  shorter  than  rest  of  body ;  second  dorsal  narrower  and  higher 


Jordan  otut  F.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  79 


than  tirat;  ventrals  lar^e,  atlnate  behind.  Color  brown,  mottled  and 
Hituttnd  above  with  lighter  and  darker;  center  of  dink  with  a  large, 
blackish,  ocellated  spot,  the  darker  center  surrounded  by  a  pale  ring,  u 
imlo  spot  at  center;  ooellua  as  long  as  snout.  Panama,  rare.  {oftfinTo^, 
ey««l,  from  the  color  markings.) 

lJiM.i>pi/yevmmata,  Jobdan  &  OlLBeiiT,  I'roo.  U.  S.  N»t.  Mill.,  1880,  ini,  Panama.  (Typo,  No.  41  1:M. ) 

Suborder  MASTICURA. 
(The  Whip-taileu  Rays.) 

Family  XXVI.  DASYATIDiE. 

(TiiK  Stino  Rays.) 

DJHk  usually  more  or  less  broad  than  long;  the  pectoral  fins  uuinter- 
inptedly  confluent  in  front,  forming  the  tip  of  the  snout ;  tail  variously 
tbniiotl,  usually  whip-like,  sometimes  short  and  stout,  sometimes  bearing 
ii  HJugle  dorsal  or  caudal  fin,  but  never  with  2  dorsals;  usually  1  or 
more  vertical  folds  of  skin  on  the  tail,  rarely  a  lateral  fold.  Tail  gener- 
ally armed  with  a  large,  sharp,  retrorsely  serrate  spine  on  its  upper  sur- 
I'aco  toward  the  base ;  2  or  3  spines  occasionally  present.  Ventral  fins 
not  eiiiarginate.  Skin  smooth  oi-  variously  prickly  or  spinous,  rough- 
t'st  in  the  adult ;  no  differentiated  spines  on  the  pectorals  in  the  males, 
the  sexes  being  similar.  Mouth  rather  small;  teeth  small,  paved, 
usually  more  or  less  pointed  or  tubercular.  Nostrils  close  together ;  nasal 
valves  forming  a  rectangular  flap,  which  is  joined  to  the  upper  jaw  by  u 
narrow  frenum.  Spiracles  large,  placed  close  behind  the  eyes.  Skull  not 
olevated,  the  eyes  and  spiracles  superior.  Ovoviviparous.  Genera  about 
10:  species  50.  Found  in  most  warm  seas,  some  of  them  in  the  fresh 
waters  of  the  northern  parts  of  South  America.  The  large,  jagged  spine 
on  the  muscular  tail  is  capable  of  inflicting  a  severe  and  even  dangerous 
woiunl.    (TKYGONiDiK,  GUntber,  Cat.,  viil,  471-488.) 

riioLoi'iiiN.'t; : 

(I.  Tail  Htoiit,  providud  with  a  rayod  caudal  fin;  no  dorsal  flu;  disk  rouudinh ;  caudal  Hi)ine 

Htrong.  Urolopiiud,  62. 

Dasyatin.h  : 

(i>i.  Tail  slender,  without  caudal  fln;  pelvis  without BWord-8hai)ed*  process,     (Marine  species). 

h.  Tail  whip-like,  longer  than  the  disk  which  is  rhomboid  or  roundish ;  caudal  spine  strong. 

Dasyatis,  63. 

bb.  Tail  very  short,  shorter  than  the  very  broad,  transversely  rhombic  disk;  <-audal  spine 

weak,  often  wanting.    No  trace  of  dorsal  fln.  Pteroflatea,  64. 

52.  UROLOPHUS.  MUller  &  Henle. 
(Round  Sting  Rays.) 

/.i'»ihn^»i,  f  Blainville,  Jour.  Phys.,  lxxxiii,  1816,  262,  {irtieiahu;  not  Leiobahu,  Raflnesque, 

1810). 


*  In  the  fresh  water  genera  Ettipetunu  and  Paratrygon,  species  of  which  are  found  in  the  waterH 
of  Colombia,  Venezuela,  and  Guiana,  the  pelvis  has  a  sword-shaped  continuation  or  process. 
Sc'i>  (iarman,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1877,  210,  and  Steiudachuer,  Fische  dcs  Magdaleneu- 
stromt'B,  1878,68. 

t  In  the  Fanne  Francaise,  1828,  Blaineville  changes  "  baiu"  in  this  and  all  similar  names  to 
"batit,"  thus  Lewbatit,  Aiitobati$. 


■  !     \ 


\    f,  i 


I      i 


i)    i 


r  t  y\ 


i-  jUW..'i-T->ai:^-h'i^M':-£il* :. 


r 


8() 


liulletin  ./7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


itucitilm). 


% 


rVii/ofiAiia,  MCm.kii  .t  llrNl.K,  IMiiKt<>Ntiiint<ii,  1h;iH,  \TA,  (ivirnnlUmm 
I'mlriiyoH,  till. I,,  l*|-<H'.  Ac.  Niit.Hi'i.  I'liilll.,  IHtlil,  17:i,  {miiniliu). 

DiHk  ovul  or  rlioiiibic,  tlio  IfiiKtIi  liixl  bn^iultli  not  vrry  uii«m|iiuI  ;  niioiiI 
roiiiidiMl  ov  tli«>  tip  i<XNi>rtod  ;  Hkiii  Hiiioitlh  ur  moro  or  Iohh  itiirkly.  Tail 
rallior  hIioiI,  littlo  if  any  longer  tiian  tiio  «liHk,  iiuiNciilar,  provitltMl  with 
u  (liHtinut  myud  vuiitlal  tin  ;  nu  doiHal  tin.  irppur  part  ot'tlio  tail  vvitli  a 
Ntroii^  HtMiuttMl  Npino.  Warm  Htum.  Stin^;  layH  of  Hniull  Ni/««,  tliu  miohi 
vi)<;uroiiH  and  inoHt  dun^tu'ouH  of  tlio  ^roup,  nioutly  ronlinod  to  tropical 
America.     ("I'lx'h  tail ;  '^int'ir,  ui'i^Ht.) 

(I.  MItlillt'  Unit  of  buck   or  tail  with  no  <'iiliirK<><l  oliii'lilH,  ti|iliii>Ni)i-  prii-klcH,  (lii<  HkiiiHiiiootli  m 

with  |irirkli'H  Niniillil'  to  lhoNi>  Inuilcl  clHcwhi'l'i';  dink  I'oiiiiiliHli,  thoNlioiil  not  |il'tililllii'iil. 

(i.  Skill  i'vi>r,v\vlu>!'i'  iirrlVctly  Hiiioolh;  Hiioiit  liltln  |in)iiiliii'iit;   lull  Nlioitri'  than  <ll,'.lt 

IiimIv  with  yi'llow  Htri-akH  hikI  h|iuIh,  iiallkhi,  II I 

hf),  Hklii  moro  or  Icrm  prickly  aliovc. 

r.  Skill  iiioHtly  Nimxith,  ooiiic  wt>iik  |irii'kli>N  |ir<<Hoiit  on  iniildio  of  hack. 

Nem'umiiH,  ll.i. 
<v,  Skill  aliov(><>vcrywlit«rcl>c«ot  with  Hiiiall  pricklcH. 

if.  Tail  rather  Hhortcr  than  dink,  which  in  loiiKor  lliuii  hruad.     ('olor  lirown. 

everywhere H|iriiikli'd  with  yellow  dolM.  jam.mcknhih,  llii 

((((.  Tail  rather  loii);er  than  dink,  the  caililal  h|>ine  iiiHerttMi  liehind  Un  middle;  di^U 

UH  hroad  an  loii^;  |iricklea  ntellate.    Color  plniii  lirowniHh.      munih'ii,  117. 

aa,  Miildle  line  ofliark  or  tail  with  I  or  nii>re  iiiilai'Ked  H|iinuHor  (iricklvM;  tiiiof  Biioiit  luuro  or 

lei<8  |iroiiiiiient.     Color  nearly  plain. 

t.  Middle  of  hack  with  I   or  'J  Htoiit  npinoa;  nu  BpinoM  on  tail;  roHt  of  diak  Binootli  m 

HliKhtly  prickly;  dink  l>.'oader  than  loiift.  Hhorter  than  tail.  iiuuiiEl,  ll>. 

ee.  Bliddlo  of  hack  without  dii'.erentiateil  xpiiieH;  median  linecf  tail  with  apincH. 

/,  Median  lino  of  tail  with  'J  to  H  ntroiiK,  hroad  rooted  HpineH;  re8t  of  liody  entinlv 

Hinooth;   tail  loiiKcr  than  dink  which  U  Nli);htly  longer  than  hroad;   the  hiioiii 

atrou|;ly  projecting.  ASi'immi's,  Il'.i. 

ff.  Mi>diau  line  of  hack  and  tail  with  18  to  22  rocnrvcd  RpiniileN;  theso  lar^uHt  on  tall; 

disk  above  mostly  covered  with  anmU  Rtellate  prlcklcM;  Hiioiit  hlightly  pii>' 

Jecting;  tail  aa  long  aa  diak,  which  iaalightly  broader  than  long. 

A8TEKIAH,  I'JU. 

114.   IIROLOPIIVS  H.4LLERI,  Cooper. 

Diak  nearly  round,  a  little  broader  than  long,  with  the  anterior  margins 
straightish,  meeting  in  a  slight  angle.  Snout  (from  the  eyes)  longer  than 
the  width  of  the  interorbital  space;  less  than  i  disk.  Tail  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Teeth  obtuse  in  both  sexes.  Skin  perfectly  smooth, 
without  spines  or  prickles.  Color  light  brownisli,  with  marbliugs  and 
wavy  lines  of  yellowish  and  dusky,  sometimes  with  yellowish  spots,  occa- 
sionally with  wide,  obscure  dusky  streaks,  which  are  crossed  by  similar 
transverse  streaks ;  belly  yellowish  tinged.  Coast  of  California  from 
Point  Coucepcion  southward  to  uorthen  Mexico ;  exceedingly  abundant  in 
sheltered  bays.  L.  12  inches.  The  smallest  of  our  sting  rays.  Closely 
related  to  the  Australian  U.  crudatua.  (Named  for  Mr.  Ualler,  of  Port 
Townsend,  Washington,  who,  "^s  a  boy,  was  stung  by  this  species  at  San 
Diego  in  1862.) 

Vrolophtm  huUeri,  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Scl.,  1863,  iii,  95,  San  Diego;  Jordan  &  Gilbkut, 
Syuopaia,  46,  1883. 

115.  ITBOLOPHUg  NEBULOSUS,  Garman. 

Disk  nearly  round,  formed  much  as  in  U.  halleri.  Skin  not  quite 
smooth,  some  asperities  present  about  the  middle  of  the  back;  no  median 


SS..-^ 

' 

Jordan  *///</  F.xwrtnann.  —  Fishes  of  North  Anwrua, 


81 


.K\\ 


'..rii'H  lit' HpiiioH  on  htick  or  tail;  inoiilh  with  :(  hiiiiiII  pupillir.  (!ol<tr 
.  !<iuiIim1  olivaruDiiH  iiliovtt,  whitiHli  Im^I«iw.  4iiill'«>rCulifoi-iiiu  to  rHiiuiiiu; 
not  nii'o,  I'fplariii^  V.  /KW/criHoiitliwunl,  uiid  <lilIoriiiK(;liiully  in  tliuprivkiy 
li:i(^k.     (HfhiiloHiiH,  cloiiilod.) 

/  ,.7../i/iiMii.(iiWii"ii»,  (Jahsian,  I'mr.  II.  S.  N»».  Mum.,  IMMA,  41,  Colima.     (Tj|«>,  No. 7.V>ll.) 

ll«.   I'ltOMinillH  JAMAK'KNNIN.  (('iivlur). 

MinU  ovato,  loti);or  tliaii  liroud,  ratluM*  lon^or  tliun  tiiil,  itN  front 
KMiiiilfil,  tli*>  Huoiit  not  projcctinff.  Kkin  iilxivo  ovt^rywIuMo  NpaiHoly  cov- 
t'li'd  witii  Nniall  pi'icklns.  ('olor  brown,  Hprinklt>(I  with  Hniall  yoliow 
^|llltH,  I'd^od  witli  tlarkor.  Wtmt  Indiiw,  K*'ii*>i'<''lly  common;  ouco  (pur- 
haps  crroncouHly)  rt'cordod  from  New  .lerHoy. 

I  .iihiilnn  tliiiini,  lli.AiNVii.i.K,  .Idiirii.  riiyit.,  IKIII,  2il2,  iiiiino  only, 

/,'.>/. I  iniuiiiinms,  Citvir.li,  Iti'Kiie  Anininl,  ii,  l;i7,  1817,  Jamaica,  ul'tiir  I'liKtiiiiu'ii   Miiriim  i>l' 

.Sliiiitir. 
7V',./..)(i./mi/ih  (f.r/ici/iimii,  Dkhmaiu'.nt,  Pri''in.  Pt'-n.  Ichtli.,  ti,  lt*2:i,  Cuba. 

Vi.l„l<Uii*  liirimUiiiiH,  (irNTHF.K,  Cnt.,  VIII,  4Hfi,  1H70 ;  Oaiiman,  I'roc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mui.,  IHHr,,  4:t. 
U-in,  simiiii,  IlANi'UOFT,  /oiil.  .louriiul,  V,  8:),  1H21),  Jamaica. 

117.   1'ltOI.OIMirS  NINIUIN,  (Oill). 

Disk  orbicular,  rounded  in  outline;  the  snout  Hli){htly  projecting,  aH 
li>ii;r  iiN  broad ;  tail  a  little  longer  than  dink;  caudal  Hpine  iuHertcd  a  little 
liiliiiid  middle  of  tail;  hh  long  uh  from  noHtrils  to  tip  of  Huout;  teeth 
pointed.  Skin  lieHet  with  numorouM small  Htelliform  tuborcles,  largest  on 
till' liiick.  Color  unif<irm  dark  Srown.  (Gill.)  Panama ;  not  seen  by  us. 
(iiniiidHK,  clean.) 

fnrfn/./.iH  miim/iiH,  <Jlll.,  Pror.  I'.  S.  Nut.  MuH.,  186.1,  17H,  Panama. 

UK.  IIROLOPIIIIS  (lOODKI,  .ronlaii  /c  nullnmn. 
Disk  broader  than  long,  by  a  distance  equal  to  snout  and  i  eye; 
fniiit  margiuH  of  disk  slightly  convex,  the  tip  of  snout  asserted  and 
Nliaiply  pointed,  its  length  3}  in  length  of  disk  ;  eye  equal  to  spiracle,  3i 
in  snout ;  edge  of  spiracles  entire ;  width  of  mouth  2  in  snout  before  it ; 
vunlrulH  projecting  beyond  disk,  their  length  li  in  their  breadth.  Caudal 
Hpine  large,  as  long  as  snout  and  i  eye,  its  edge  with  8  to  10  retrorse 
H{iinulc8,  its  insertion  before  middle  of  tail  (from  axil  of  pectoral),  its  tip 
roacliing  front  of  caudal ;  tail  longer  than  disk  by  a  distance  equal  to  eye 
anil  N])iracle ;  skin  smooth  or  somewhat  prickly  on  upper  surface  of  snout ; 
1  or  2  Htrong  spines  near  middle  of  back.  Color  plain  brown,  nearly  uni- 
form, the  margins  bright  yellow  in  life.  About  Panama,  at  a  depth  of  33 
futlioms;  also  taken  in  Magdalena  Bay;  snout  longer,  3  in  disk  (Gilbert.) 
(Named  for  George  Brown  Goode.) 

Urnli'iihim  goodei,  JoBDAV  &  BoiLMAN,  Pfoc.  U.  8.  Nat.  MuB.,  1889, 151,  near  Panama.    (Type, 
\o.  41150.) 

1 19.  UROLOPHIJS  ASPIDURU8,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Disk  very  slightly  longer  than  broad,  its  length  slightly  less  than  tail, 
its  anterior  margins  nearly  straight,  the  tip  of  snout  projecting  abruptly 
as  a  narrow  triangular  prominence,  rounded  at  end ;  snout  from  eye  3 

v.  N.  A. 7 


l^    ■ 


M 


•Hi: 


\ 
1 H 


,1 


M'l 


^t.1 


!f.; 


I 


\f 


M 


'I 


li 


1 

! 
i 

J* 

i;' 

ft: 


82 


liuUetin  4-/^  United  States  National  Museum. 


Ill  cIihU;  tt,v<m  Hinull,  iiiiicIi  1»hh  tliuii  HpiruoluH.  Mouth  2^  in  Uh  diHtaiicc 
from  Hiioiit.  ('aiidul  Mpiiitt  very  lurf;»,ulittloinor«t  tliuii  twico  iiitororbital 
widtli,  ilH  iiim>rtioii  in  front  of  niidillooftuil.  Hkin  vntiruly  Hniootli,oxco|M 
for  u  HuritiH  t)f  u  fow  ('2  to  K)HtronKi  liroud-root<f<l  Hpinim  or  iMicklurH  on 
nppor  pitrt  of  tiiil  Ix^foru  ciiiidiil  Npiiio;  tlitwu  itro  Htrai^lit,  Hliurp,  dlr«cti)il 
luMtkwai'd,  tluiir  lioiKlitci|Uiil  to  width  at  haHu,  which  iH);roatorthuii  pupil, 
('ohir  plain  br«»wii.  li.  IK  inch«H.  I'unania.  ('mTr/r,  Hhiold;  oi'/ja,  tail.) 
rri>/(ij)Aii*  tminilunin,  JoitiiAN  \  (lii.iiKiiT,  Dull,  If.  t*.  FIhIi  (^uiii.,  IHHI,  ;uft,  Panama.     (Ty|)u,  Nor. 

mo.  rUOLOI'lilN  ANTKKIAN,  .lonlmi  .V  (illlxrt. 

Disk  alnumt  round,  a  littlo  Itroadvr  than  lon^,  about  an  loiij;  aa  tail;  an 

teriiM-  niarffiiiH  of  dink  nearly  Htrai^^ht,  thu  tip  acutu,  Nli^rhtly  uxHertiMl. 

Snout,  fi'oiii  ()yfl,4  in  <liHk.     Ey«HHniall,niuch  Hiiiallur  than  NpiracluH, about 

i   intororbital  width.     Mouth   2/;    in   diutanco   to   tip  of  Hiiout.     Tuetli 

HJiarp  in  nialtm,  itavuiiiunt-liku  in  feinaloH.     Caudal  spino  v»ry  long,  loiif^ui 

than  Hiiout,  iuHurted  111  front  of  niiddlo  of  tail.     Skin  abov«)  (nurywbnr*' 

uovur»d  with  Hinall  Htullato  priokleH,  thvHo  lar);ur  and  inoru  niimerouH  on 

median  linu;  ventralH  Hinooth;  both  hoxch  v(|ually  rough;  median  line  of 

back  with  a  HeriuH  of  18  to  32  Hharp,  recurved,  HpiniilcH,  from  nhoulderH  to 

caudal  Hpine,  tlicHe  beooming  lar^rer  and  Hharper  backward,  but  all  iiiu<-li 

Hiiiuller   than    llie   priokleH  in   U.  usphhiruH.    Color   plain   light   brown. 

Mazatlan  to  Panama,  not  rare,     (('lari/it,  a  tttar,  from  the  Htellate  HpiiieH.) 

Vroloiihim  ii»(eriiiK,  .hinitKN  A  Uii.iiKiiT,  Vrvr.  V.  H.  Nut.  MiiM.,  1M8'2,  57'.),  Mazatlan;  Panamu. 
(Typo,  NoH.  282(tl  ;  a».V^I  ;  2U6-I2  ;  'I'MViH  ;  V!!«1H.) 

53.  DASYATIS,  KallneBciue. 
(Sting  Rays.) 

Diwjhalm,  Kl.RiN,  1742,  (pro-LiDiiR'aii). 

iJdinjiUiH,  lUriNKsiM'K,  f liiriitteri  (li  Alcunl  Niiovl  Gen.,  Itl,  IHIO,  {iijii»=ii(juitinuca). 

Vroxin,  IlAriNKHuuK,  Iiulico  (I'lttlul.  Sii-ll.,  Ill,  IHlO,  (iiyui). 

TrifjoniihaUm,  Di.ainvili.k,  .lour.  I'liys.,  iMlti,  2li1,  {rnlaarin). 

TrygoH,  (Adanhon)  '.'rviKii,  KL-giiu  Aulnial,  Eil.  i,l:i(>,  1817,  (iHutiuaca). 

HemilryyoH,  MI'i.leh  &  Uknlk,  Mng.  Nat.  Iliut.,  1837,  DO,  (bemietti). 

Ilimimlura,  Mi'LLEit  &  Henlf,,  Wiogmunn'ii  Arclilv.,  1837,  4U0,  (itamak). 

Pimliiiiuii,  SwAiNSON,  Clossu.  Aniin.,  319,  1839,  {oUfiicen). 

AiMfanthun,  Eiirknbruo,  in  Swainbun,  /.  <-.,  {orhiciilariH). 

Piistiiiiira,  Dr.  Kay,  N.  V.  Faunii:  Flslios.  373,  1842,  (ii-utiniica). 

Diiaifidft'i,  Gaiiman,  in  Jordan  &  Oilueut,  SyuopHi8,  (>.'>,  1883,  {piiHlinaca;  curr«cto<l  urthugmpliyi. 

Disk  oval,  flat,  with  ronnded  angleu.  Tail  very  lougand  ulender,  wliiii- 
like,  wit  'loutfin,  but  often  with  lor  2  vertical  membranoun  folds;  aHtron^ 
serrateil  upine  toward  the  base  of  the  tail.  Skin  more  or  leuu  HpinouH  <ii 
prickly,  rarely  smooth.  Teeth  small,  paved;  a  few  papillu)  usually  pnt- 
sent  in  the  mouth  behind  the  lower  jaw.  Species  about  30.  Sting  rn.vs 
of  largo  size,  abundant  in  warm  seas.  Many  of  the  spinous  species  aro 
nearly  or  quite  smooth  when  young,  becoming  rough  with  age.  Some  of 
oar  species  are  yet  imperfectly  known  and  much  of  the  synonymy  iu 
uncertain,  {danrg,  shaggy  or  rough;  fiarig,  a  skate;  abbreviated  from 
Da8ifhati8. ) 


Joniiin  and  F.vennauii. — Fishes  of  Xorlh  Anierim.  8.1 


III  MiiHVOON,  (q^i-i  half;  rpvywf,  TryKon,  n  iIiit<<,  iIik  hhiiik  iiitiin-  nUiiii|i|ilii'<|  In  tlin  nIIiik  niy*): 

,    'I'ltil  wllliii  ki'ul  i>r  wliiK  llk<ti>x|iiuinli>ii  liclnw  i>tily  ;  itiliilt  with  xtmit  liiukliTN  on  iNnk  ami 

iitil ;  titit  niiiKli,  iiiiii'K  tliiiii  twiiK  IciikIIi  <ir>liiik.  ikmui  ha,  I'^I. 

Pa  a  \  I  IH  ; 

iiiil  with  Ik  nnrrow  ki-i-l  or  •>x|Niiiiiliin  Imih  uIhiv<>  iiinl  IhOow, 

U.  Tull  Hliiiply  ktii>li<il  ithovo,  with  n  wiiiK'Uki'i-xpitimliiii  Ih<I<iw. 

V,  >*li>iiiliU'r  with  )l  Mcrli'H  nl'  liilivn  Icm;  tail  Ii'hh  thitli  twiri'  lti|it;th  nl'dlnk. 

MANTATA,  Vli. 
ic  MlmiililiT  wllh  li'UHthBii  :i  hitIoh  cif  liihiTch'H, 

>/.  Titll  muiiil,  nil  "II  thuii  twlcu  dink;  littrk  with  «lruuK  liihi>rcli>ii;  Nuoiit  Mharp. 

•lYMNI'IIA,  12:1. 

hh.  Tiill  iiiori'  or  li'HH  i'iiiii|iri'HHi«l,  witli  it  wlii|{-llki<  i'X|iiuihIiiii  itltiivi',  u  Iiiikit  iiiiu  IwIow. 
)'.  Skill  iiiori'  or  li'nH  jirirkly  in  mliilt,  with  a  iiiinliikii  Hurii'H  ot  tiilinrrlcHuii  Imrk. 
./',  Tail  iiKiri' tlinii  3,j  Iiuikit  IhiiiiillNk. 

!/.  Dink  HiilM'Irciiliir,  tlii'Niiciiit  iiroiniiiont.  iAtiiNA,  \'i\. 

I/I/.    DlMk  Niitii|uuilriiiiKiihkr,  thii  Hiioiil  lilinil.  lonua,  12/). 

jf.  Tiill  ihil  <.j  loii)(iir  Ihuii  ilink;  illHk  Huti<|iiuilraiiRitliir,  thnriuuut  liliiiit. 

Ill  n  Klin  ha,  HW. 

ee.  Hklii  iii-ikrl>  ur  i|iiltii  miioolli  in  ailiilt;  iiiuiUuii  lliiu  of  liakck  nut  |irlckly  ur  with  Imt 

I  Ipllli'.  MAV,  127. 

Subgenus  HEMITRYOON,  Mill'tr  A  lloiWu. 
Dtl.  ItAMVATIN  CKNTKIIItA,  (Mitchill). 
(OoMMON  Htinu  ItAYj  Stindaukb;  Olam  Ciiackch.) 

]>iHk  «|iin<lraiiRul.)r,  aliout  i  wider  than  loii^.  Aiitorior  inai'KinH  hjiiu- 
uiiH,  t*(tiicavu  oppuMite  the  eycH,  convex  tuwurd  the  Hli^litly  ]ti'utiilM>runt 
HiiiMit  uiid  rounded  outer  anj^lcH  ;  poHterior  margin  Htra  ;liter,  very  little 
cuiivux  ;  inner  convex;  hinder  ungloH  Idiint.  VeutnilH  truncate,  with 
niiiiHled  anghm.  Tail  more  than  twice  an  long  us  the  disk,  much  com- 
primHiul,  rounded  above,  witli  keel  or  cutaneous  expunttiou  below,  with  1 
ur  more  strong  serrated  spines  ut  the  termination  of  the  anterior  fifth  of 
itH  length,  rough  on  all  siaet  with  spines  ur  tubercles.  Till  half  grown, 
tlu<  young  are  smooth;  as  they  approach  maturity,  Iiroad  stellate-bused, 
cuiiical-pointed,  irregularly  placed  bucklers  appear  on  the  middle  of  the 
biiitler  part  of  the  back  and  on  top  and  sides  of  the  tail ;  very  large 
exiiiiiples  have  the  central  portion  of  the  back  closely  mailed  with  small 
tlattuued  tubercles.  Mouth  arched  forward,  with  5  pupillie ;  teeth  in 
(jiiiuouux,  bluut,  smooth.  Color  on  back  and  tail  olive  brown  ;  nearly 
white  below.  From  D.paatinaca,  the  common  sting  ruy  of  Europe,  which 
tblH  species  resembles  in  shape,  it  is  distinguished  by  the  tubercles,  by  the 
leiifTth  and  compression  of  the  tail,  and  absence  of  all  trace  of  keel  or 
expansion  on  its  upper  side.  (Uarinan.)  Coast  of  Maine  to  Cape  Ilat- 
teriiH,  abundant,  reaching  a  length  of  10  to  12  feet.  {KivTimv,  spine  ;  uifui, 
tail.) 

Uiijuientnirii,  MiTCIllM.,  Trans.  Lit.  Phil.  See.  N.  Y.,  i,  479, 1815,  New  York. 
lkuni)iiiu  cmlnira,  Jordan  &  Oilbbrt,  SynupNJH,  07, 1883. 

Subgenus  DASVATIS. 

122.  DASTATIS  HASTATA,  (Do  Kay). 

Disk  quadrangular,  about  i  wider  than  long  ;  anterior  margins  nearly 

straight,  meeting  in  a  blunt  angle  on  the  end  of  the  snout,  curved  near 

the  outer  angle  to  meet  the  slightly  convex  posterior  margins ;  inner 


..■■!.ii-:-.'i*"i  'iA-i-^^'.f:^.''J:^£6^ri^.-:^^.^A',-ji.:  .,j  ...r. 


if  \ 


1 

« 

w 

1  \\\ 

.■  'i't 

:  r^  ' 

i 

(  r 

'  I:"  : 

i     ■ 

\ .  f/ 


i   .<' 


(• 

1 

1^' 

ir       >  , 

1 

f 

1  '. 

!       1 

I 

"Hi 

ii'ilUl 

-»   r  " 
1    i   , 

l1 

1 

11 

.      1 

f  Ll^^ 

^ 

{>^l^^ 

'   ■ 

r^lH 

■  T  rf^^/T^^i^ 


s  H 


■'I 


Pf 


i; 


84 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


borders  convex;  outer  and  binder  angles  rounded.  Ventrals  alnioNt 
entirely  covered  by  the  pectorals,  their  hinder  margins  convex.  Tail 
more  than  1^  times  the  length  of  the  disk,  low-keeled  on  the  upper  side, 
a  long,  broad,  membranous  expansion  below  ,  roughened  with  small  aspori 
ties;  lor  more  serrated  spines.  Body  smooth  in  young ;  very  old  witli 
scattered  small  asperities;  a  row  of  narrow  compressed  tubercles  uluii^' 
the  middle  of  the  back  and  on  the  base  of  the  tail ;  the  points  of  theHr 
tubercles  are  depressed  and  directed  backward.  On  each  shoulder,  \yA\- 
allel  with  the  median  row,  there  is  a  shorter  row,  the  length  of  whi'li 
varies  according  to  age.  Mouth  with  3  papillae  Jaws  with  more  curva- 
ture than  those  of  centrura  and  less  than  those  of  sabina;  young  without 
tubercles.  Color  bluish  or  olivaceous  brown,  pale  below.  West  Indifs 
to  Brazil,  north  to  Florida,  the  original  description  from  a  specimen  taken 
in  Rhode  Island,    (haatatua,  armed  with  a  spear.) 

Trtjgon  hmlata,  DeKay,  N.  T.  Taunpr  Fishes,  373,  pi.  65,  flg.  214,?,  1842,  Rhode  Island. 
TryijoH  haitata,  Storer,  Syn.  Fhh.  N.  Amer.,  261,  1846. 
Trygon  hai'ata,  Di'm£:ril,  Elasmobranclies,  6U2,  1870. 
Dcaibatia  hastala,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopBis,  70, 1883. 

128.  DASTATIS  OTHNVRA,  (MUlIer). 

Disk  quadrangular,  a  little  wider  than  long.  Snout  produced,  sharii- 
poiuted;  anterior  and  posterior  margins  nearly  strai-^ht,  the  anterior 
curved  near  the  outer  angle  to  meet  the  posterior,  and  the  latter  curved 
near  the  hinder  angle  to  meet  the  inner.  Tail  nearly  3  times  tlie  length 
of  the  disk,  with  a  slight  ridge  above  and  a  narrow  cutaneous  expansion 
below,  roughened  with  small  spines  similar  to  those  on  the  head;  a  row 
of  elongated  tubercles  on  the  back  and  anterior  portion  of  tail,  and  1 
or  more  smaller  ones  on  each  shoulder;  the  posterior  tubercles  of  the 
median  row  much  elongated,  so  as  to  resemble  the  spines.  Mouth  much 
uadulated,  with  8  papillae;  teeth  small,  uneiual.  Young  without  tubei- 
cles  ;  as  the  animal  grows  older  a  few  scattered  asperities  appear  on  the 
head;  still  later  these  increase  in  number  and  size  to  such  an  extent  as  tu 
cover  the  head  and  back  with  a  heavy  coat  of  mail  made  up  of  closely  Hot 
flattened  scales ;  the  tubercles  of  the  back  cease  growing  as  the  scales 
enlarge,  and  ultimately  there  is  little  distinction  between  them;  usually 
the  tubercle  on  the  middle  of  the  pectoral  arch  'j  larger;  those  on  the  tail 
continue  to  increase  in  size  with  age.  Disk  wider  than  long ;  tail  3  times 
length  of  disk.  Color  yellowish  to  olivaceous  brown,  darkening  with  aj;e. 
(Garmar.)  Surinam  to  Brazil,  recorded  from  Grenada  by  Gunther,  other- 
wise no*^  '  nown  from  the  West  Indies,    {yvfivoi;,  naked;  ovpd,  tail.) 

Paie tuberculveyl.Actpi.BK,  II,  106,  pi.  4,  flg.  1,  1800,  Cayenne. 

Itaia  tuberculafa,  Shaw,  Genl.ZooI.,v,  290, 1804,  after  Lacepede,  not  of  Boniiaterro,  1788, 

IVygon  gymnnra,  J.  MOller,  Ermaan's  Reise  um  dlu  Grde,25,  taf.  13, 1830,  Brazil. 

Trifgon  oste.osticta,  .7.  MCllER,  I.  c,  25,  taf.  14,  1830,  Brazil, 

Trygoii  tuberculala,  GCnthcr,  Cat.,  viii,  480, 1870. 

Dasibat.is  tiiberailata,  Jordan  &  Git.bebt,  Syuopsie,  66, 1883. 

124.  DA8YATIS  SABINA,  (Le  Sueur). 

Disk  subcircular.  Snout  produced,  blunt.  Anterior  margins  of  the 
pectorals  concave  near  the  snout,  becoming  convex  toward  the  broadly 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


85 


roiiiHled  outer  extremities;  hinder  and  inner  margins  convex.  Upper  jaw 
with  a  deep  indentation,  receiving  a  corresponding  prominence  on  ttie 
Idwor.  Teeth  at  the  sides  of  this  indentation  much  larger;  mouth  with 
ft  papillae.  Tail  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  disk,  tapering  to  a  fine 
|ii)iiit,  rough  with  small  prickles,  similar  to  those  scattered  over  the 
iii'ud  aiid  hack,  a  cutaneous  expansion  above,  and  a  broader,  longer  one 
licldw ;  these  end  nearly  opposite  each  other,  the  lower  extends  for- 
w  aitl  under  the  spine.  A  median  row  of  tubercles  on  the  dorsum  and  1 
(II  a  ]>air  on  each  shoulder.  Distinguished  from  T).  gymniwa  by  the 
slia])('  of  the  snout,  the  rounded  pectorals,  the  shorter  tail,  the  larger 
tcctli,  the  greater  curvature  of  jaws,  the  smaller  size,  and  the  2  cuta- 
neous expansions.  Proportional  length  of  body  and  tail  as  i^  to  8;  in 
nr  civso  is  the  tail  twice  <as  long  as  the  disk.  Color  ochraceous  brown. 
Stroai  >«  and  estuaries  of  Florida,  abundant  on  both  coasts;  several  speci- 
iiiiMis  were  taken  in  Lake  Monroe,  at  a  distance  from  salt  water.  (Gar- 
niaii.) 

Trwj.')i  mhina,  Le  SuECn,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.,  iv,  109,  1824,  Florida. 
Iht.'ih.iiiH  sahina,  .Iordan  A  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  6H,  188:{. 

12.5.  DASTATIH  LONQA,  Oarman. 

Disk  quadrangular,  about  I  wider  than  long.  Margins  nearly  straight, 
anterior  meeting  in  a  blunt  angle  on  the  end  of  the  snout.  Outer 
aiij^los  rounded,  posterior  blunt.  Ventrals  rounded.  Tail  variable  in 
l(Mif,'th,  usually  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  body,  roughened  with 
small  asperities,  depressed  anteriorly,  compressed  behind  the  spine,  keeled 
abovo  the  compressed  portion,  with  a  long,  narrow,  cutaneous  expansion 
on  the  lower  side.  Mouth  curved,  with  5  papilla) ;  a  row  of  small  tu- 
hcrck's  behind  the  head  on  the  shoulder  girdle.  Larger  specimens  prob- 
ably with  tubercles  on  back  and  tail.  Gulf  of  California  to  Panama. 
Perhaps  not  distinct  from  D.  dipterura,  from  which  it  usually  differs  in  the 
slightly  longer  tail,  and  perhaps  in  tbu  presence  of  .5  papillto  instead  of 
3  in  the  mouth,    {longus,  long.) 

;)iisi7.((/i's  hngii,  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  vi,  170,  1880,  Acapulco  ;  Panama ;  .loa- 
iiAN'  it  Gilbert,  Ijynopsis,  C6, 188,3. 

126.  DASTATIS  DIPTERURA,  Jordan  &  Oilbfirt. 

Disk  rhomboid,  slightly  broader  than  long,  its  anterior  margins  nearly 
straight,  meeting  anteriorly  in  a  very  obtuse  angle ;  posterior  margins 
curved ;  lateral  angles  rounded ;  tail  variable,  usually  i  longer  than  the 
disk,  with  a  conspicuous  cutaneous  fold  below  and  a  smaller  but  evi- 
dent one  above;  jaws  considerably  arched;  buccal  papillaa  3;  teeth  f^. 
Young  perfectly  smooth;  adult  with  a  row  of  low  but  rather  stout  tuber- 
cles on  the  median  line  of  the  scapular  region  and  2  others  on  the  hu- 
meral region;  tail  with  small  prickles;  caudal  spine  long,  its  length 
nearly  3  'times  the  width  of  the  mouth.  Color  bluish  brown,  nearly  plain. 
L.  (i  fieet  or  more.  Bay  of  San  Diego,  and  southward ;  locally  abundant. 
((!('<;,  two ;  nrepbv,  wing  ;  u'vpu,  tail.) 

Dasjihiitix  dipieninif,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mud.,  1880,  31,  San  Diego. 
basiliiilis  diplerura,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopsiB,  71, 1883. 


'         IV        ! 


1        \ 


r^ 


f.i 


\  , 


.^'d' 


(i 


i  > 


iW 


ml 


\    M 


-'***i 


'  :^ti''ja^'-T./ifit>'jiA't'i!.-i^i-«;i?:;^i*'vi''i-j<^^ 


np 


^C^rv^r.   'i-; 


!■:' 


:j 


(     ig 


N 


'   1 

.     'i 


86 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


127.  DASTATIS  SAY,  (LoSiiuur). 
(South  KiiN  STiN<t  Hay.) 

Disk  quadrangular, ,';  wider  than  long,  anterior  margins  nearly  straight, 
posterior  and  inner  borders  convex,  outer  and  posterior  angleo  rounded. 
Snout  not  protruding  beyond  the  lines  of  the  irargins.  Ventrals  rounded. 
Tail  strong,  rather  more  than  \\  times  the  length  of  the  disk,  with  a 
strong  serrated  spine,  hearing  a  short,  low,  cutaneous  expansion  behind 
the  spine  on  the  upper  side,  and  a  longer,  little  wider  one  below,  ending 
nearly  opposite.  Upper  jaw  undulated ;  lower  prominent  in  the  middle. 
Tooth  small,  smooth  in  young  ai;d  females,  sharp  in  adult  males;  3  pa- 
pillio  at  the  bottom  of  the  mouth,  and  1  at  each  side.  Body  and  tail 
smooth.  Color  olive  brown  in  adult,  reddish  or  yellowish  in  young;  lower 
surface  whitish.  Closely  resembles  the  European  species,  />.  paatinaca. 
In  J),  sail,  the  anterior  margins  form  a  more  blunt  angle  at  the  end  of  tlio 
snout,  which  is  less  prominent  at  the  apex,  the  outer  and  posterior  extrem- 
ities of  the  pectorals  are  rounder,  the  posterior  margins  are  more  convex, 
the  disk  is  broader  toward  the  ventrals,  and  the  tail  is  longer ;  in  D.  pax- 
tinaca  the  lateral  and  hinder  angles  of  the  pectorals  and  the  lateral  angle 
of  the  ventrals  are  marked  by  blunted  corners ;  a  single  small  roundod 
tubercle  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  Carolina  to  Brazil,  common  in  Florida, 
occasional  northward  to  New  York.  (Garman.)  (Named  for  Thomas 
Say.) 

lidjasaij,  TiK  SvEim,  .Tour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  I,  42,  1817,  New  Jersey. 
Mi/HohnliH  fwii,  Dk  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  37<i,  1242. 
TViigon  Hivji,  Dum(:rii.,  Klosmobranchos,  fiO:},  1870. 
Danibntu)  siijii,  JoitnAN&GiLiiKRT,  Synopsis,  09, 1883. 

54.  PTEROPLATEA,  Muller  &  Henle. 

PleropMea,  MCi.i.ER  A  TIenle,  Plagiostomcn,  1C8,  1838,  (allnreUi). 

Disk  much  broader  than  long,  its  anterior  margins  meeting  in  a  very 
obtuse  angle,  its  outer  angles  more  or  less  acute,  the  form,  therefore, 
transversely  rhombic.  Tail  very  short  and  slender,  shorter  than  the 
disk,  without  fin,  armed  with  a  very  small  serrated  spine,  which  is  often 
wanting.  Skin  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.  Size  rather  large.  Warm 
seas.  The  species  are  closely  related,  {nrepuv,  fin;  n'^arhg,  broad;  an 
ancient  name  of  /'.  altavela.) 

a.  Spiracio  without  tontaole. 

h.  Front  of  tlick  with  a  row  of  closc-8t;t  paler  pp.its  or  half  spots. 

c.  Disk  Rcarcoly  twicn  as  hroad  as  loiijj;  upper  surface  finely  marbled  with  grayish 
niottlings,  besides  specks;  tail  witli  4  cross  blotches.  macmira,  li'S. 

re.  Disk  twice  as  broad  as  long;  upper  surface  with  thick-set  dark  points. 

CUEIIRIIM'NCTATA,  Vl'.K 

bh.  Front  of  disk  without  distinct  pale  spots;  dark  markings  above  forming  reticulations 
around  pale  spots;  tail  without  dark  cross  blotches.  marhorata,  130. 

128.  PTEROPLATEA  MACLUBA,  (Lo  Sueur). 
(Butterfly  Ray.) 

Disk  scarcely  twice  as  broad  as  long,  covered  with  perfectly  smooth 
skin.  Tail  about  ^  as  long  as  the  disk,  with  a  very  slight  dermal  fold 
above  and  below.     Snout  a  little  projecting,  so  that  the  anterior  ed|^e 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.  87 


of  each  pectoral  is  somewhat  concave.  Color  brownish  olive,  Hnely 
marbled  with  grayish,  and  finely  speckled ;  anterior  edge  of  disk  with 
halt' spots  of  paler;  tail  with  4  dark  blotches  above,  forming  half  rings. 
(Caudal  spine  wanting  in  all  the  specimens  examined.)  Long  Island 
to  Itrazil ;  not  uncommon  on  the  Carolina  coast.  (Nam  d  for  William 
Maclure,  fonnder  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Scieucep  at  Philadelphia.) 

/,'.N'(  mneUra,  Le  Sukub,  Jour.  Ac.  Nftt.  8ci.  Phila.,  1817,  41,  Rhode  Island;  DuMftRii.,  Eliisnio- 

brancheB,  i,  614, 1870. 
I'i,roplalea  maclura,  GGntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  487, 1870;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopnig,  46, 1883. 

129.  PTEBOPLATEA  t'KEItRIPVNCTATA,  Peters. 

Breadth  of  disk  twice  the  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  vent.  Snont 
with  a  blunt  projection;  anterior  margin  of  pectorals  undulate,  convex 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly, medially  weakly  concave;  outer  angle  sharply 
rounded ;  posterior  margins  weakly  convex,  the  posterior  angle  rounded, 
covering  outer  half  of  base  of  ventrals;  spiracle  without  tentacle;  tail 
with  a  low  fold  on  its  upper  edge.  Brown  above,  with  thick-set  black 
points;  a  row  of  small  close-set  yellow  spots  on  front  of  disk,  (iulf  of 
California  and  southward,  along  the  west  coast  of  Mexico :  common,  {cre- 
bvr,  abundant;  pnnctatua,  spotted.) 

fiirnplatea  (rebriptmclatn,  Peters,  Monatsber.  Berl.  Akad.,  703, 1809,  Mazatlan. 

130.  PTEBOPLATEA  NABIHORATA,  Cooper. 

Disk  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  covered  with  perfectly  smooth  skin. 
Tail  3f  in  length  of  disk,  with  a  rather  small  cutaneous  fold  above  and 
below,  the  lower  fold  the  longer,  the  upper  about  as  deep.  Interorbital 
space  a  little  snorter  than  the  snout.  Snout  slightly  prominent,  but 
forming  a  very  obtuse  angle.  Olive  brown,  finely  mottled  everywhere 
with  darker,  the  dark  forming  reticulations  around  pale  roundish  spots; 
tail  without  dark  rings.  Caudal  spine  very  small,  present  in  all  speci- 
mens examined.  Coast  of  California  from  Point  Concepcion  southward 
to  Cerros  Island  ;  common.     (mannora<M8,  marbled.) 

VicmpUitea  marmorala.  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  8ci.,  iii,  112, 1863,  San  Diego;  Joupan  A  Oii.beut, 
SyiKipBis,  47, 1883. 

Family  XXVII.  MYLIOBATIDiE. 

(The  Eagle  Rays.) 

Disk  broad;  the  pectoral  fins  not  continued  to  the  end  of  the  snout, 
but  ceasing  on  the  sides  of  the  bead  and  reappearing  in  front  of  the  snout 
as  1  or  2  fleshy  protuberances  (cephalic  fins),  which  are  supported 
by  fin  rays.  Tail  very  long  and  slender,  whip-like,  with  a  single  dorsal 
tin  near  its  root,  behind  which  is  usually  a  strong  retrorsely  serrated 
spine.  Nasal  valves  forming  a  rectangular  flap,  with  the  posterior  mar- 
gin free,  attached  by  a  frenum  to  the  upper  jaw.  Skull  less  depressed 
tha^.  usual  among  rays,  its  surface  raised  so  that  the  eyes  and  spiracles 
are  lateral  in  position.  Teeth  hexangular,  large,  flat,  tessellated,  tiie 
middle  ones  usual!y  broader  than  the  others.  Ovoviviparous.  Skiii 
smooth;  no  differentiated  spines  on  the  pectorals  in  the  males,  the  sexes 


'  ,  ; .  i.tJ 


?nl 


...:  i. 


dtuti. 


T 


"»■ 


it< 


;  t 


t ' 


il 


88 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


being  Hiinilar.  VentralH  not  omarginate.  Uonera  3;  HpocioH  about  20. 
Lar^e  sting  rays;  iuhubitiug  warm  seaH,  feeding  chiotly  on  niolluHkB 
which  they  crush  with  their  large  grinding  teeth.  (Group  Myliohatina, 
Ciiinthor,  Cat  ,  vin,  488-4J»5.) 

AliToiiATlN.*;; 
(I.  T*>elli  ill  H  BiiigUi  KurioH,  vury  liroikd;  nui7.z1it  oiitiro.  AKtomatiir,  nn. 

UiiiNiirTKiiiN.T:: 
(III.  Ti-i'tli  ill  Nuvoral  ooritm,  tlii<  miildle  Buriitfi  vnry  liroail, 

h.  Miikk!)!  ontlio.  Mtuoiiatih,  W. 

Xth.  Mii2/.l(<  vniarginnte  ;  ('opliulic  flns  liolow  tlio  luvol  of  tlio  (lisk.  Riiinuitkra,  D7. 

55.  AfiTOBATUS,  Blainville. 

Aiinhaim,  Bi.AiNViLLR,  Jour,  de  PliyH.,  Lxxxiri,  1816,  2r>l,  (iii/(/urw,  naniinW,  etc.). 
Aetulmliii,  ISlainvillk,  Fuiiiio  Frunvaiw,  Livr.  'M,  :I8,  IK'JK,  (a>/iii7ii,  cic). 
AclobtUin,  MCi.l.Kli  Jl  IIENI.K, Plugiustoinon,  179,  WM,(n<iriniiri,  tint  rcHtrictiun). 
Stoatoihm,  CANTitn,  Cutaloguc  Miihiyuu  Fislu-H,   134,  WM,  (nnrinari,  stibHtltuto  for  ArlohatU;  re- 
stricted to  (ll/lli{<l). 
ChnMiaiUi,  Auassi/.,  I'roc.  Uust.  Sue.  Nat.  Hist.,  1859,  385,  Qhnjelliim). 

General  form  of  MyliobaiiH.  Muzzle  entire.  Teeth  flat,  broad,  form- 
ing a  single  series  corresponding  to  the  middle  series  in  MifUolmtiH, 
there  being  no  small  lateral  teeth.  Upper  dental  lamina  straight,  lower 
curved,  the  latter  projecting  beyond  the  upper.  Free  border  of  the  nasal 
valve  deeply  emargiuate.  Skin  smooth.  Tropical  seas.  (/lertV,  eagle; 
(inrm;,  ray). 

a    Dink  twirtuifl  broad  OH  long  ;  palo  s|)otA  rntlior  8mall.     Atlantic  CoiiHt.  narinari,  131. 

aa.  Disk  more  than  twioo  us  liroad  as  long  ;  iialu  spots  large.    1'ucitlc  Coast.        latiokpr,  132. 

131.  aEtOBATITS  narinari,  (Eiiphroson). 
(SpoTTKn  Stino  Ray.) 
Disk  twice  as  broad  as  long,  its  anterior  borders  a  little  convex,  pos- 
terior concave,  outer  angles  pointed.  Cephalic  fln  about  i  broader 
than  long.  Teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  straight  or  more  or  less  angularly 
bent.  Tail  3  to  4  times  length  of  disk.  Brown,  with  small  round  pale 
spots.  (Dum^ril.)  Tropical  seas,  north  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Vir- 
ginia; not  very  common  on  our  shores,     {narinari,  a  Brazilian  name.) 

Raia  narinari,  Eupiirasen,  Vet.   Ak.   Nya  Ilandl.,  xi,  217,  1790,  Brazil,  (after  narinari  of 

Marcgravo). 
RaiaftagettHm,  Bi.orii  &  SoiiNEinER,  Syst.  Ichth.,  361, 1801,  Corotnandel. 
Aelobati» narinari,  GOktiibr,  Cat.,viii,  492,1870;  Dum£ril,  Elasmobranclics,  641, 1870. 
R(ya  quinqueaculeata,  QuoT  &  Oaimard,  Voy.  Uranio.,  200, 1824. 
Stoamdon  narinari,  Jordan  &  Qilbbet,  Synopsis,  879, 1883. 
Myliobati$  eellenkee,  RPppell,  Kou.  Wirb.,  70,  1835,  Red  Sea. 
Goitiobatit  viacri>plera,  MvClilland,  Calcutta  Jour.  Mat.  Hist.,  1841,  i,  CO,  Bengal. 


A^-U}  A^i^'C,    '^'^/^f^-*^ 


\\\ 


A  '-/^  V  M.  V^^  V  ^  A 1  182.  AfiTOBATUS  LATICEPS,  (Gill). 

•  2  *?  y  ^  Disk  rather  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long ;  fontanelle  on  top  of  head 
gradually  expanding  backward;  tail  4  to  5  times  length  of  disk.  Bluish 
black  with  numerous  rounded  yellowish  spots  on  head  smaller  than  eye, 
much  larger  on  body,  assuming  on  the  pectoral  the  form  of  ocelli.  Gulf 
of  California  to  Panama,  abundant  southward.    {latuSf  broad;  -cep8,head). 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fis/ies  of  North  America. 


89 


,■(,/,),'.,••/(»  /K/iVr/w,  (iii.i.,  Ann,  Iijrc.  Nut.  TlUt.  N.  Y,  iwin,  i:i7,  locality  unknown,  received 
from  San  Francisco,  It  Iiiin  novur  iMittn  proporly  coniiMtrud  with  A.  uoWnari,  and  may 
iiiit  III'  illMurunt. 

56,  MYLIOBATIS,  l)nm<:>ril. 
(Eagi-k  Kays.) 

'  I  j'liliitli'ullmiii',  TlAriNF.NqiiK,  Inillrc  Illiol.  Slcil.,  ♦11,  1H1'»,  {maniliiliin,  prolMkbly  a  derormud  ray). 
Milliiiliiilis,  IM  Ml^llii.   Ill  (Juvicr,  llt-Kiio  Aiiiliiiil,  Kil.  I,  11,  IM7,  IN17,  {witiila). 
liliirliiiiiii',  (Jll.i.,  I'riir.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  I'liilii.,  iHtl'J,  :i;il  (iiHjwrtilin      calif nrniini)) . 

Disk  Iti'oad,  tlio  outer  an^rlnH  aciito.  Cephalic  iiiiH  fortniiif;  a  noft  con- 
vex ii])])(;ii<lu^<>-  in  front  ofHuout.  JawH  abont  equal.  Median  teeth  very 
liioad,  much  broader  than  long  in  the  adult,  proportionally  narrower  iu 
lli(f  young.  Several  snrieB  of  narrower  teeth  on  each  Hide  of  the  median 
scricH;  totnih  changing  conBiderably  with  age.  Free  edge  of  the  naHal 
viilvo  not  deeply  emarginate.  Tail  very  long  and  slender,  with  a  small 
(Idi'Hal  fm,  and  one  or  more  serrated  spines.  Skin  smooth  or  nearly  au. 
Sizo  large.     In  ail  warm  seas.    (//fXtar,  grinder  ;  /3nn<;,  ray.) 


M\  l.iiiliATis: 

Vciitriil  flnn  nioilorato. 

Ii.  Ti'i'tli  of  main  row  4  to  r>  timeH  oa  broad  ao  Iohk  ;  Bktn  Hmootli. 
Iliii.oitiiiNr.'^,  (oAot,  Kollil  ;  pt'r,  kiiiiuI): 
<M.  Vi'iitrnl  linn  lai'Kt^ ;  rlioiiilMiid,  liroailiir  tlian  loiiK- 
'',  Tt'ctli  of  main  row  U  to  4  tiiiioM  as  limail  iim  Ion);. 


FRIMINVIM.KI,  13,'). 


CALirORNIOUH,  134. 


I. 


!"«;  r 


Subgenus  MYLIOBATIS, 
l»:i.  MILIOHATIK  FRKMINVILLKI,  Ln  Suour. 

Disk  broader  than  long ;  the  breadth  equal  to  the  length  of  the  tail. 
Viiiitral  (ins  much  narrower  than  in  C.  mUformctis.  Skin  entirely  smooth. 
A  lilunt,  whitish  prominence  over  each  eye.  Muzzle  prominent.  Teeth 
of  the  n)ain  row  4  to  ()  times  as  broad  iis  long;  small  teeth  in  3  rows. 
Keddisli  brown  ;  tail  nearly  black.  Cape  Cod  to  Brazil ;  not  uncommon. 
(For  Chr<^tien  Paulin  dc  Fr^minvillo,  a  French  naturalist.) 

MijUohaiisfri'imnrUUi,  Lb  SrEUK,  .lour.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  Philu,,  iv,  111,  1824,  Rhode  Island. 
MijUnhdl'ui  hinjimimm,  Stoiieu,  I'roc,  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  HiHt.,  1,1841,  53,  Massachusetts. 
Miili^luilishinpinosiis,  DuMf;Kil.,  KlaHmobranclifH,  07,  1H70. 
Miiliiiliniis  acuta,  Ayres,  Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  O.'i,  1841,  Connecticut. 
Miilinlmlix  frrmiwillei,  JoED.\N  &  Gn.iiEKT,  Synoimis,  51,  188,'J. 

Subgenus  HOLORHINUS,  Gill. 

184.  MYLIOBATIS  CALIF0RM€1IK,  Gill, 

(California  Stino  Ray;  Batfish.) 

Disk  not  quite  twice  as  broad  as  long;  .the  wings  anteriorly  convex, 
posteriorly  somewhat  concave.  Cephalic  fin  very  blunt,  nearly  4  times 
as  liroad  as  long.  Tail  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  disk.  Ventral 
lar<;e,  broader  than  long.  Lateral  teeth  iu  3  to  5  series  on  each  side ; 
iiu'diiin  teeth  only  3  to  4  times  as  broad  as  long,  even  in  the  adult.  Skin 
wliolly  smooth.    Color  dusky  brownish  ;  the  young  somewhat  variegated. 


I 


U' 


Mm 


'   I---}*-.  V.-^i-c..,. 


%"■    I 


J?    ?' 


m 


i  f  '^ 


li 


..I 


9U 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  /National  Museum. 


California  from  Cape  Mendocino  southward ;  very  comiuou  along  innd 
flats.    Destructive  to  oysters. 

Khinnptera  venptrlilio,  Oirard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1866, 137,  Tomalea  Bay;  not  MylUibatis 

vtntertilio,  Bleeker,  also  a  MijliohatiH. 
Ilolnrhitm*  vefperlilio,  GiLi.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862,  a.*)!. 
MiiWilmliii  califomicHs,  Gii-i,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  nist.  N.  Y.,  ISOfi,  137,  (aft«r  Oirard). 
nfylinhalu  caHfomiciti,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synojieis,  61. 1883. 

57.  RHINOPTERA,  Knhl. 

Rhinoplera,  (Knit),  Ouvieb,  R^gne  Animal,  Rd.  2,  1828,  {marginata). 
Zygobalu,  AoASRiz,  Poisaons  Foasilog,  iii,  70,  1830,  {jtu»ieui). 
Mylorhina,  GlLl.,  Ann.  Lye.  Nnt.Hist.  N.  Y.,  18C5,  136,  (lalandi). 
Mierometttt,  Gill,  I.  c,  (adtperua). 

Disk  broader  than  long,  with  the  anterior  angles  more  or  less  acute. 
Snout  mere  or  less  emarginate  on  the  median  line.  Cephalic  fin  emar- 
ginate  and  placed  on  a  plane  below  the  level  of  the  pectorals,  the  snout 
thns  appearing  4-lobed.  Free  border  of  the  nasal  valve  not  einarginato. 
Teeth  in  5  to  20  rows,  the  median  teeth  enlarged  or  not,  but  often  smaller 
than  in  Cephaletitherus.  Tail  long,  whip-like,  with  a  small  dorsal  fin  and  m 
serrated  spine.  Tropical  seas.  The  species  vary  considerably  in  their 
dentition.     (/5/v,  snout;  Trrepw,  fin.) 

Riiinoptrra: 

(I.  Teotb  of  middle  of  upper  jaw  much  broader  than  those  of  gidea,  the  lateral  teeth  Rrndiiullv 

diminiahing. 

h.  Tooth  in  7  rows ;  the  median  teeth  above  about  4  times  as  broad  oh  long ;  broadtli  of  disk 

1%  times  its  length.  iionasus,  Vi!). 

hh.  Teeth  in  7  rows,  the  median  teeth  3%  times  as  broad  aa  long ;  breadth  of  diak  1 '., 

times  its  length.  bteindachneri,  VM. 

Micromksi'R  (fiiKpof,  small;  fiiaoi,  middle): 
aa.  Teeth  of  middle  of  upper  jaw  not  much  larger  than  the  outer  teeth;  teeth  in  many  aeries. 
0.  Teeth  of  lower  jaw  in  about  15  aeries ;  the  tocth  unequal  but  all  ainall,  the  broailcst 
being  those  of  the  6tb  to  8th  aoriea  from  the  aiiio  which  are  twice  as  broad  aa  long. 

eiisenad.I':,  1.'<7. 

Subgenus  RHINOPTERA. 

186.  RHINOPTERA  BONASUS,  (MitchiM). 

(Cow-NOSE  Kay.) 

Disk  i  broader  than  long;  anterior  borders  almost  straight,  posterior 
undulated;  muzzle  deeply  emarginate;  teeth  in  7  rows  in  each  jaw,  tlie 
median  teeth  above  4  times  as  broad  as  long,  the  others  gradually  dimin- 
ishing outward.  Tail  very  slender,  a  little  longer  than  the  disk.  Skin 
smooth  or  nearly  so.  Color  brownish.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida;  not  rare; 
feeds  on  mollusks."    {honaaus,  buffalo.) 

Biy'a  honoDuii,  Mitciiii.l,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  1815,  479,  New  York. 

liaia  quadriU>ba,  Le  SirEUR,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  44, 1817,  New  Jersey. 

Rhinoplera  qvadrUoba,  Gl'NTllEB,  Cat.,  viii,  494,1870. 

Rhinoptera  quadrihha,  DuH^RiL,  Elasmobranches,  648, 1870;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopals,  61, 18S3. 


*  "  He  enters  the  bay  and  ranges  very  extonaively  on  the  flats  where  the  soft  clam  lives.  Tln'se 
shellflah  he  is  supposed  to  devour,  for  a  shoal  of  cow-noses  root  up  the  aalt-water  flats  as  com- 
pletely OS  a  drove  of  hogs  would  do." — Milchilt. 


Jordan  and  Evermatm. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


91 


1S«.  UlilNUPTEKA  8TKINDACIINERI,  Evirnmiiii  li  JenkinH. 

(Qabilan.) 

Width  nf  disk  1$  times  its  length;  anterior  horder  nearly  straiglit;  tail 
vt;ry  slender,  H  to  H  times  length  of  disk;  mnz/.Ie  emarginate;  cephalic 
111)  a  little  broader  than  head;  tail  with  1  or  2  sonated  spineH,  their 
Itiij^th  2i  times  eye.  Skin  everywhere  smooth.  Teeth  in  lower  Jaw  in 
7  N<;ries,  7  in  the  median  series,  (i  in  each  of  the  others.  Median  teeth 
lii^xiigonal,  their  length  3s  in  the  breadth, which  is  nearly  twice  the  breadth 
(if  a  tooth  in  the  second  series;  this  is  again  nearly  twice  as  wide  as 
teeth  in  third  series;  upper  teeth  very  similar  to  lower.  Uniform  dark 
brown  above,  paler  below.  Gulf  of  California.  (Named  for  Dr.  Franz 
.stfindachner,  director  of  the  Museum  at  Vienna,  one  of  the  most  accurate 
and  conscientious  workers  in  ichthyology.) 

Hhittoplfi-n  fteiivlachueri,  Evfumann  &  Jenkins,  Tror.  1'.  .s.  Nut.  Mu».,  1891,  l:i(),  |il.l,li);.  I, 
Guaymas,  Sonora,  Mexico.    (Tyjie,  No.  4:t235.) 

Subgenus  MICROMESUS,  (iill. 

137.  RHINOPTERA  KNSENAD;K,  R(wi  Smith. 

Teeth  of  lowei  jaw  in  14  or  15  series,  all  small,  unequal  in  si^o,  the 
liioadest  being  those  of  the  sixth  series  from  the  loft  side,  which  are  twico 
aH  broad  as  long.  Known  only  from  a  lower  jaw  picked  up  on  the  beach 
at  Eusenada,  on  Todos  Santos  Bay,  in  Lower  California.     (Smith.) 

Ilhiwiiilira  eusfiiudir,  Bora  Smitii  (Mrb.  0.  11.  Eioenmann),  Proc.   V.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  I88t!,  220, 
Ensenada,  Lower  California.     (Type,  Nu.  37!)*>r>.) 

Family  XXVIil.  MANTIDiE. 

(The  Sea  Devils.) 

Rays  of  enormous  size,  with  the  disk  broader  than  long  and  the  pectoral 
(ins  not  continued  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  the  anterior  or  cephalic 
portion  being  separate,  developed  as  2  long  horn-like  or  ear-like  appen- 
dages. Mouth  wide,  terminal  or  inferior.  Teeth  very  small,  Hat  or  tuber- 
cular, in  many  series,  those  of  the  upper  jaw  sometimes  wanting.  Eyes 
lateral.  Nostrils  widely  separated,  their  valves  united,  forming  a  Hap  as 
wide  as  the  cleft  of  the  mouth.  Tail  ior.g  and  slender,  -whip-like,  with  a 
single  dorsal  fin  at  its  base,  and  w'.t  <  .-^i  without  a  serrated  spine.  Ven- 
tral fins  not  emarginate.  Skin  more  or  less  rough.  Males  without  differen- 
tiated spines  on  the  pectorals,  the  sexes  similar.  Ovoviviparous  Genera 
2;  species  about  7.  Largest  of  all  rays  and  among  the  largest  of  all  fishes ; 
fonnd  in  the  tropical  seas.  (Myliobatid^,  group  Ceratopterina, 
GuntLjr,  Cat.,  viil.  490-498.) 

n.  Tneth  in  both  jaws;  mouth  inferior.  AonoN,  .58. 

mi.  Teeth  in  lower  jaw  only;  mouth  terminal.  Manta,  .19. 

S8.  AODON,  LacepMe. 

Aoihm,  Lac£p£d1!,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  i,  30O,  1798,  (mamiaiiaii,  Frencli  name  only). 
Aoilmi,  Kafivesque,  Indice,  46,  1810. 

Moliitia,  Rafinesque,  Indico  il'Tttiol.  Sicil.,  fil,  1810,  [anrictiMn   ^  edpttliila). 
■ipleritnis,  Bafinesque,  J.  c,  62,  (/afcroni  =  edentnliiit). 


mJ 


Hi 


li 


.   ■■.-'i^'.'ir.Sif'^ 


92 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Oephaliiplertu,  (DlTt:(:RlL)  Rihnd,  Irlitliyul.  Nice,  14,  IHlU,  (j/tonm --- e(/itifu{ii;  Hut  of  (ii'unruySl. 

IJilaiio,  mrj,  a  tteniis  of  lilnjH). 
DUerobatiiii,  Ui.ainvii,i,k,  .lour,  du  IMiyg.,  lHir>,  202,  {mohiihtr    ^  nUnluln), 
Ojthitliiplerti,  (DrMf:Rll.)  (U'Vikk,  TU-kix)  Animnl,  Kil.  1,  ii,  138,  1H17,  {giorna), 
A'xlon,  IjAc(:pi'.i)R,  TIi«t.  Nut.  PoIhi*.,  Rilitioii  IMIIot,  il,  nri,  18;iO,  (mduiiwid). 
Jteroo'phiiUi,  Swainhon,  Nut.  IliHt.  Finhon,  ii,  H21,  I8;i0,  (ijiornn). 

Head  free  from  pectoral  fin,  truncated  in  front,  with  the  cephalic  fin  on 
each  side  developed  as  a  Htraight,  horn-like  appendage  ])ointing  forward. 
Nostrils  widely  Heparated.  Mouth  inferior,  wide.  Teeth  in  hoth  Jaw.x 
very  small,  fiat, or  tubercular,  in  many  sericH.  Tail  very  slender,  with  ii 
dorsal  fiu  between  theventrals;  the  serrated  spine  present  or  absent. 
Species  about  5,  in  tropical  seas,  reaching  an  enormous  size  niid  therefor<' 
not  well  known.  ((*/ — ,  without;  mJo/f,  tooth;  J/o/xt/ar  isaname  said  to  Ix' 
used  for  the  European  species,  Aodon  edentulua  (Uriinnich),  in  the  Azores, 
"diable  des  Caraibes.") 

1S8.  JtOnON  HYPOSTO.'MirS,  (Bancroft). 

Skin  smooth ;  mouth  inferior ;  anterior  margin  of  pectoral  straight : 
the  spirach  t  situated  in  a  groove  under  anterior  base  of  pectoral  tin. 

This  species,  described  from  Jamaica,  is  w^  y  imperfectly  known,  and 
may  lio  the  same  as  Aodon  olferxi  (Muller  &.  Ileule),  afterward  described 
from  Brazil.     (vTro,  below ;  ctto/uh,  mouth.) 
CephalopUriii  hi/po»(omm,  Bancroft,  Proc.  Ouiiiin.  Zoiil.  See.,  1830, 134,  Jamaica. 


I  r 


i 

i  ^    ' 

m 

59.  MANTA,  Bancroft. 

MarOa,  Bavcroft,  Zoiil.  Jonr.,  1828-1829,  iv,  444,  {maiilit  —  biroii(riK). 
Ceralnptera,  MCller  &  Hf.ni.E,  Plngiostoinoii,  18ft,  1838,  (rampynu  —  hiroiiriii). 
BracliUtptilon,  Newman,  ZoologiBt,  1849, 74,  (hamiltoni      hiroutrh). 
Dicaiolichthys,  Holmks,  I'roc.  Elliott  See.  Nat.  Hint.,  lK,5fi,  39,  leUiotli=hiro>lrui). 

Disk  broader  than  long,  its  exterior  angles  a;  ate,  the  posterior  margins 
of  the  pectorals  concave.  Head  truncate  i?  Iront;  the  cephalic  fins  loii^s 
turned  forward  and  inward.  Mouth  l^r^e,  terminal.  Teeth  minute, 
present  in  lower  jaw  only.  Tail  whip-like,  often  (always?)  without  ser- 
rated spine.  Skin  rough,  with  small  tubercles.  Two  species  known. 
(manta,  blanket,  "  a  name  used  at  the  pearl  fisheries  between  Panama  and 
Guayaquil  to  designate  an  enormous  fish  much  dreaded  by  the  diver.s, 
whom  it  is  said  to  devour  after  enveloping  them  in  its  vast  wings.'' 
Dnm^ril.) 

1»0.  MAXTA  BIROSTRIS,  (Walbaum). 

(8f,a  Devil  ;  Devii,  Fish  ;  Manta.) 

Disk  not  quite  twice  as  broad  -x^  long.  Tail  abont  as  long  as  the  disk. 
Teeth  in  about  100  longitudinal  series,  which  are  separated  by  distinct 
interspaces.  Skin  of  body  and  tail  everywhere  covered  with  small  stellate 
tubercles,  rendering  the  surface  very  rough.  Brownish,  the  margins  of 
the  disk  darker.  Tropical  waters  of  America;  north  to  New  Jersey  and 
San  Diego ;  not  rare  on  the  Florida  coast.  Reaches  a  width  of  abont  20 
feet,  one  of  the  most  enormous  of  aquatic  vertebrates,  (bia,  two ;  rostrum, 
snout.) 


\  I 


Jordan  and  Evcrinann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


93 


\lnw  hirotlriii,  Wai.iiaum,  Arteiii  PiHclnen,  MB,  1792,  ufti-r  IHti'inlmi  miirmim  WlllU({lil>.v,  <'tc. 

i;.,i,i  iiniiiiiii'i,  Uliic'ii  a  Sciinkideu,  Syat.  Ichtb.,  3U4,  IHUI,  Tropical  America  ;  aftor  Hnk  mn- 

,„ili<,  Lnctipt'do. 
;,.,)"  i/i.ih-i'"'  m-iWniK",  Blocii  &  SriiNKlDKU.  J.  <;.,  3«8,  1W)1,  India;  aftor  Williinliby. 
i:,„njin(hii<ilii,  l.wf.viim),  lllst.  Nut.  I'uiHM.,  IV,  077,  iwo.  Gulf  Stream,  58°  N. 
<  ■.■).hah>iilera  vmiqiijrut,  MiTciiil.i,,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  \X-£.\  Z\,  Delaware  Bay. 
('■  >iili>i)lirariimp!ini$,  Dl'Mf:UlL,  KlaHmoliriiiirhcN,  r,  OW),  1870. 
I    .nhiithnl  nii/i/i.vriH,  flCNTIIKH,  Cat.,  VIII,  4'J8, 1870. 
I .  ,,hiih>iili  nm  ijiorwi,  I.K  MuEi'K,  Juiir.  Ac.  Nut.  .Sri.  I'liila.,   IV,  18'J4,  US,  Georgia;  (uot  Ht^a 

jliiinid,  IiUC»''{H'do). 
I  •  pliiilciiliiit  iiKiiilit,  or  Miiiila  iiiiii-ririinit,  lUNi'RorT,  /oiil.  Journal,  IV,  114,  I>*1!8,  Jamaica. 
i;j,l„ih<i<liiiijiiltHi,  MCi.i.KU  A  IIkm.k,  riugioHtoniuii,  18«,  18118,  West  Indies. 
l:,.i,liii>iiiitniiliuiiiillimi,  Nkwman,  Ziml.,  74,  1840,  Gulf  r'' California. 
\  uih«\irlilhii»  elUiM,  II111.MKS,  I'roc.  Klliott  Soc.  Nat.  IliHt.,  18.50,  ;i!l,  Charleston. 
M.iiiluliironlii)!,  JOUUAN  i  UlLIIKUT,  riyuopKJK,  .'(2,  I88;i. 

Subclass  HOLOCEPHALI. 

(The  CHiMi-ERAS.) 

Skeleton  cartilaf^inous.  Gill  cavity  with  I  cleftH  within,  bnt  havin;; 
OIK!  external  opening  only,  which  is  covered  by  a  fold  of  skin.  No  spir- 
iU'lcH.  Mouth  inferior.  Jaws  with  teeth,  confluent  into  1>ony  plates; 
ii|i]ier, jaw, palate,  and  hyomandibiilar  coalescent  with  thoskull;  inteutine 
witli  a  spiral  valve.  Pectoral  lius  normally  developed,  placed  low ;  ventral 
tins  alidoniiual,  with  claspers  in  the  male.  Derivative  radii  aessilo  on  the 
si(lt'8  of  the  basal  bones  of  the  limbs.  Skin  scaleless,  its  muciferous  sys- 
tciii  well  developed.  This  group  contains  a  single  order,  Ciiim.kroidei. 
( 1  loLOCEPiiALA,  Cat.,  (iiinther,  viii,  348-352. )     (liAot',  solid ;  /ce^a/i//,  head). 

Order  H.  CHIM^EROIDEI. 
(The  Chim/Kroids.) 

Characters  of  the  order  included  above.  The  group  includes  one  exist- 
iuj,'  family,  Chim.kuid.k.     (yv^'u/ot,  chinuera;  ehhc,  resemblance.) 

Family  XXIX.  CHIMiinUD^. 

(The  CiiiMiERAS.) 

l?()dy  elongate,  rather  robust  anteriorly,  tapering  posteriorly.  Head 
c()iii)>re8sed;  month  smaF,  inferior,  the  upper  lip  deeply  notched.  Nos- 
trils confluent  with  the  mouth,  separated  by  a  narrow  isthmus;  jaws 
with  the  teeth  confluent  into  4  bony  laminw  above  and  2  below.  No 
Hpiiacles.  Pectoral  fina  free,  placed  low  ;  ventral  fins  abdominal,  many- 
rayed,  provided  in  the  male  with  claspers;  dorsal  fin  usually  divided, 
anteriorly -with  a  very  strong  spine,  which  is  grooved  behind;  caudal 
fin  low,  fold-like.  Skin  naked,  rarely  somewhat  prickly.  Lateral  line 
present,  usually  with  numerous  branches  antariorly.  Three  free  gills 
and  2  half  gills,  1  on  each  side;  isthmus  moderate;  gill  rakers  small. 
Ovi]iarou6,  the  egg  cases  long,  elliptical,  with  uilky  filaments.  Genera  4, 
(the  following  and  Callorhynchus);  species  about  7.  Fishes  of  singular 
appearance,  found  only  in   the  seas  of  the  cold    regions.     Numerous 


.{ 


t 


^  i 


,! 


11' 


ill 


it 


I'- 

f 


t    . 


.  viit-.i-ati^iiiiaiaisiiiii. 


I 


'i  >i 


I    I 


11 

I 


■!     :* 


i  *     i 

1  J 


*■  f 


P 


94 


liulletin  47,  United  States  NatioPuU  Museum, 


extinct  ^unura  art)  uImo  rul'eriuU  tu  tbiu  fuiuily.     (CiiiM/KUIIki-:,  (jiiiiitlioi, 
Cut.,  VIII,  :MU-352). 

ClliM.KHiN.l':: 
u,  Siiuiit  Hliort,  Mill,  not  txriuiiiutiiiK  in  a  I'litiiniiiniN  ltit|i;  tail  not  Ih'IiI  ii|>»'uril. 

h.  Olim|iorH  ill  tli<i  iimlii  trillil;  tail  (MuliiiK  ill  It  llliiiiii'iil.  (Imim.kiia,  en 

Ih.  (>luH|ii<i'H  ill  (III)  iiittlu  liillil;  tuil  nut  t'litliiii;  >n  »  llluiiK'tit.  llvitiioLAtiUit,  I'll 

IIaiiuiuttin>:: 
(III.  HuiMit  uxccHHivdIy  long,  witii  lnuf-lilio  lutiirul  uximiiHiouit;  ilurMtl  h|>Iiii<  vi  ">  liirKis  cIuhihi 
Hinull,  Hiiii|ilu.  IIauiiiuyta,  w-i 

6o.  CHIMiGRA.  LinmuuH. 
(ELKI'IIANT  Fisiiks.) 

{'Uiinam,  IiiNN*l'H,  HyHt.  Nat.,  Kil.  x,  1768,  liUCi,  (;;«(iM/r<«ii). 

Huad  Hoinowbat  coiiipiuHHod,  the  Huuiit  liluntiHh,  iirotrtiding,  fleHliy, 
not  ai'iiiud  at  tip  with  an  ai»penda)fo.  Eyes  vory  large,  hiteral.  Teeth 
rather  strong.  LipH  thickiuh,  the  lower  with  a  frenuni.  Lateral  lino 
Hiniple  on  the  body,  but  forking  anteriorly,  forming  Heveral  Herieu  ol 
niucouH  tubes  on  the  head.  Male  with  a  club-Hhaped  eartilaginouH  hook 
on  the  head  above  the  unout;  this  hook  is  curved  forward  aud  down- 
ward, and  is  armed  at  its  tip  with  decurved  spines;  its  tip  fitting  into  ii 
depression  in  front  of  the  eyes;  females  without  this  appendage.  Gill 
opening  small.  Pectorals  moderate;  ventrals  rather  large,  with  lar^c 
bilid  claspers  in  the  male;  male  also  with  rough  appendages  at  the  bam' 
of  the  ventrals,  protruding  from  a  sheath  of  skin.  First  dorsal  triangu- 
lar, preceded  by  a  strong  spine,  which  is  grooved  behind  aud  serrated  on 
its  edges;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  low,  oftou  more  or  less  notched. 
Tail  extending  in  the  line  of  the  axis  of  the  body,  more  or  less  j)roduc('(l 
in  a  filament  at  tip.  Skin  smooth.  Fishes  of  singular  appearauc*' ; 
mostly  of  the  northern  seas;  not  vabied  for  food.  (A7ju»</»a,  chimuira,  a 
fabulous  monster,  with  the  head  of  a  lion,  body  o'*  a  goat,  aud  tail  of  a 
serpent). 

a.  First  (lorHHl  nhnust  cimtiniiuiiH  with  Hucond;  body  stuut;  pectonkls  ruut'hinK  |iOHtoi'ior  cikI 

of  VC'lltrillll.  M0NSTB08A,  \\'\ 

aa.  First  dorsal  well  so|iaratiMl  from  sucoud  ;  body  Hleudur;  iiui^toialti  not  nuurly  ruafliini: 
vuntrals.  affinis,  Ml. 

140.  ClIIlHEItA  NONSTUOSA,  LinuuiUH. 

(CltlMiKBA.) 

Tail  ending  in  a  very  long  rayless  filament  about  as  long  as  body  and 
head.  First  dorsal  fin  close  to  second  and  subcontinuous  with  it,  tliu 
upper  margin  even,  not  notched  except  just  in  frimt  of  the  low  caudal 
fin;  pectoral  reaching  posterior  extremity  of  ventrals.  Each  clasper  ot 
the  male  with  2  long  slender  branches,  each  rather  longer  than  snout, 
the  inner  branch  again  divided  into  a  simply  cartilaginous  styliform  part, 
aud  another  coated  with  spiny  membrane.  Brown,  marbled  with  lighter; 
dorsal  fins  with  a  broad  black  margin.  (Giinther.)  Deep  waters  oft"  the 
coast  of  Europe ;  recorded  by  Poey  at  Matanzas,  Cuba,  {monstromx, 
monstrous.)  (Eu  ) 


fordan  and  Evertnatm, — Fishes  of  North  Atnerita. 


05 


('ihiiHd"!  i.Mi)M(r»<>(,  LiNN.t:i'H,  0]rit.  Nnt.,  I'M.  \,  I7&tt,  230,  Atlantic. 

C/lim.'i' >  i/i'>N«<nM>i,  aUNTHIB,  Cltt.,  VIII,  310, 1X70  ;  PoRY,  Hyiiii|iHiN,  4in,  iHtM. 

I'/lllil/fn' o'v/ltlfi'ir,  AMARIV*  K'ONKH,  Itov.    Nat.,|il.  XV,  1N()0. 

(JiiHifM  I  \>«rtiA0,  Shaw,  (!«ii.  /util.,  v,  2,  30A,  j)!.  KiT,  18()4,  aftiir  Ltliiiicu*. 

(Viiiii/i  .1  "LilOrmiHtii,  UiH*i,  Kur.  MtTlJ.,  in,  IflH,  1827,  Nice. 

(Viini.t'       ii'o'x,  Kaiiku,  I'IkIio  IhIiukIn,  1,°.,  1820,  Iceland. 

(jhijtvf/i^^i  ;iH<c'eM(riii(t  uud  C.  u<<uH(iim',  UuoNow,  (.'at.  FUIiuh,  IA,  10,  IHM,  Atlantic. 

141.'  CHIHif:itA  AiriNlH,  Cuiwllu. 

Hotly  more  elongate  than  in  C.  monatrom;  baao  of  flrat  ilurHal  equal  to 
iiiti'i^i'.u-o  lietwoon  thoni ;  Hocond  (loraal  low,  with  a  HtraiKht  border ;  pvc- 
tonil  nut  nearly  reaching  vuntials;  caudal  very  HUiall,  ending  in  a  minute 
liluiiiiMit;  cephalic  appundagoH  with  5  apineH  on  the  inner  surface;  claH- 
pei'N  III  male  trifid,  the  divlHiou  of  the  3  portions  at  ii  the  length  from 
tlii>  hnsi\  the  cylindrical  portion  larger,  ditferout  in  form  from  the  others. 
(Capi-llu.)  L.  3  feet.  Deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic,  off  I'ortugal  and  off 
tlie  Aiiitu-ioun  Coast  from  Cajie  Cod  northward.  ( affiniH,  related  to  Chimara 
monilrdxa,)  (Eu.) 

Chiiniiiit  'i,fliiiii,i!KPr.i,U),  Jour.   Sue.   Math.  Lieboti,  iv,  18<W,  314,  ]il.  in,  Coast  of  Portugal; 

(ii MiiHB,  Cat.,  VIII,  360, 1870. 
Chiitiiifi  I'liiiiihiui,  Gii.i.,  I'roc.  Philuij.  Sue.  WaBh.,  Dec.  22,  1H77,  Qulf  stream  oFT  Cape  Cod. 
I'himnii  iiliimlien,  JoRUAN  &  OiLUBKT,  SyiliiliHiH,  51, 18H3. 
(1„ni.i>w  ahbr      ita,  G11.L,  Pruc.  U.  S.  Mat.  Mum.,  1883,  254,  Lat.  40"  N.,  Long.  6o<^  W.     (Type, 

No.  .'.3135.) 

61.  HYDROLAGUS,  Gill. 

H'jdri'Uvins,  (iiLI,,  Proc.  Ao.  Nttt.  .Sci.  I'lillu.,  1802,  331,  (eoHiei). 

TliiH  ^enus  is  very  close  to  Chimcera,  diH'ering  ohietly  in  the  form  of  its 
claHiici'H,  which  are  simply  biiid,  the  2  parts  subequal.  The  tail  is  not 
prodiicod  in  a  filament.  The  single  species  lives  in  the  North  Pacilic,  in 
water  of  moderate  depth,  {'vduf^,  water;  Aaywf,  hare,  from  the  form  of 
tlie  lipM  and  teeth.) 

148.  HYDROLAGUS  COLLIEI,  (Lay  k  Bennett). 
(Ratfish  ;  Elephant  Fibii.) 

Body  anteriorly  stoutish,  tapering  into  a  slender  tail,  which  is  not  pro- 
duced in  a  filament.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head,  reaching  about  to 
baHe  uf  ventrals.  Dorsal  spine  |  the  length  of  the  head.  Second  dorsal 
low,  highest  in  front,  then  very  low,  then  higher,  ending  abruptly  just 
l)efoi'i>  the  beginning  of  the  upper  caudal  fold;  a  small  fold  between 
lirst  and  second  dorsal,  free  from  both;  lower  caudal  fold  higher  than 
upper,  neither  quite  reaching  the  tip  of  the  tail.  No  distinct  anal  fin. 
Color  grayish,  with  numerous  round  white  spots;  both  dorsals  edged  with 
black iuh.  L.  2  feet.  Pacific  coast  from  Monterey  northward  to  Alaska; 
very  abundant  in  cold  waters  at  a  moderate  depth  ;  rarely  used  as  food. 
(A  personal  name). 

Chimm-a  colUei,  La*  &  Bennett,  Beechey'H  Voy.,  Zoiil.,  71,  1849,  North  Pacific;  GCntheb, 
Cat.,  VIII,  360,1870;  Jordan  <Sc  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  66,1883. 


hi 


iiv-i 


:  I       'I* 


^'    I     •■ 


!'    ti 


a 


■•■„j3»;;Ly.',.*i  ^:-i^-.»i».-« 


i ' 


[I! 


I      II 


90 


JiuUttin  47f  United  Slates  Nationai  Museum, 


62.  HARRIOTT  A,  Uoodo  A  Hoan. 

HtirriiMit,  (JoiiiiR  .It  Ukan,  Oftiaulo  Ii'lithyoloity,  Si,  l>*ul,  (ralii'jhimn). 

tSiioiit  u\cuu(liii);l,v  t'loii^atu,  with  11  ciii'tilut(iiioiiH  iniilril),  uiid  foliacioiiH 
lutoral  oxpaiiHioiiH  of  thu  Mkin  at  itN  hiiHu,  Twu  <U)I'hu1  Huh,  thu  utitciiur 
with  an  iiniiioiiHo  triau(;iihvr  Hpinu,  finely  HorrattMl  upon  itH  hitorul  imI^im. 
Anul  tin  rodncud  MtnciitiiuuoiiH  fold.  LonKitutliiiul  iixiHof  tho  tail  ncaily 
thu  Hiinit)  aH  that  of  thu  trunk,  very  ulongutu,  with  liluiuuntouti  tip,  tlu' 
tin  hulow  much  nioru  uxtunHivu  than  that  ubovu.  Nu  cuphaliu  or^itn, 
(jilll  opunin^H  laturul,  Nupaiutud  hy  u  wid«)  iHthtniiH.  ('luHpuiH  Hniall  und 
Hiuiplu.  ("Naiiiud  in  honor  of'TlioiiiaH  Harriott,  thu  nioMtuiniiiunt  piiilim 
opliur  and  naturaliut  of  hiH  day  in  Englaml,  who  waH  u  inunilM'i  oi 
Haluif{h'H  Koanoku  oulouy  in  Virginia  in  1585,  and  who  publiuhud  tho  IiinI 
work  in  Eugliah  on  American  natural  hiHtory."} 

148.  IIAKRIOTTA  ItAI.KIdilANA,  Ouodo  ,V  lUan. 

Tail  oxtundud  in  a  very  long  ttiauiunt,  much  longer  in  the  older  iiidi- 
viduaU  than  in  the  young;  not  prcHunt  in  very  young.  Fir8t  dorMal  tin 
separated  from  thu  Hocond  by  an  inturval  nearly  uqual  to  tho  diauuitt-i  of 
the  eye  in  thu  older  individualH,  very  much  greater  in  thu  younger  oiics, 
in  which  the  cartilaginouH  portion  iu  excuudingly  narrow  and  iiij^li; 
Second  dornal  tin  long  and  low,  itH  height  about  ecpial  to  diameter  of  tlif 
eye,  itH  lungth  uqual  to  that  of  head.  Dornal  spinu  verj*  strong ;  its 
length  in  thu  older  individuala  u(|ual  to  thu  diHtance  from  itH  own  liaNi' 
to  the  origin  of  thu  Hucond  dorsal;  in  thu  young  it  Ih  proportionately 
much  longer  and  utouter;  a  double  row  of  Htrong  upinen  in  udvanci*  ot 
the  second  dorsal,  and  in  tho  notch  between  tho  second  dorsal  and  itN 
continuation  upon  the  upper  part  of  thu  tail ;  a  similar  group  of  at  iciiNt 
6  strong  spines  upon  thu  top  of  tho  head  back  of  the  interorbital  H|ia(c, 
and  surrounded  by  the  curve  of  tho  forward  extension  of  the  lateral  line. 
Traces  of  these  spines  may  bo  felt  beneath  the  skin  in  older  individualH 
of  both  Hexes.  Clanpers  in  the  young  male  examined,  small  and  simple, 
in  length  scarcely  equal  to  jj^  the  long  diameter  of  the  eye.  Pectoral 
fins  immense,  wing-like,  rounded  in  the  young,  subfalcate  in  the  (dder 
individuals ;  inserted  slightly  in  advance  of  the  origin  of  the  iirHt  dorsal, 
and  extending  in  the  older  forms  beyond  tho  root  of  tho  ventral.  Veii- 
trals  also  subfalcate;  similar  in  form  and  appearance  to  the  pectoral,  and 
extending  to  a  point  at  I  the  distance  from  the  origin  to  the  endol'tiu' 
second  dorsal;  in  length  little  less  than  J  thu  snout.  In  the  you n^;  the 
ventrals  are  placed  somewhat  farther  back  and  reach  to  a  point  iiiidei 
the  origin  of  the  third  section  of  thu  dorHal  lin.  Tail  prolonged  in  a 
slender  lilameut,  and  in  tho  older  individuals  the  cutaneous  flap  upon  its 
lower  edge  is  3  or  4  times  as  deep  as  that  above,  and  extends  beyond  it 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  In  tho  younger  specimens  the  upper  ami 
lower  flaps  are  about  equal  in  height,  and  the  upper  flap  extends  far  in 
advance  of  the  insertion  of  the  lower  one.  Lateral  line  extending  in  a 
straight  line  from  a  point  beneath  tho  origin  of  the  first  dorsal  appruxi- 
mately  to  the  middle  of  thu  lower  caudal  lobe,  which  it  follows  along 
its  base  for  the  remainder  of  its  course ;  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  I'm  it 


it 


Jordan  unJ  Evtrmann. — Fiihvs  of  North  Ameriia.  U7 


ImmiiI<  downward  in  iin  olUptioul  ouiiiho,  ruid  Www  riHOH  verticnlly  t'runi 
till'  (Mcipitt  to  Join  itH  coiintorpnrt  from  tho  otiier  Hid»;  bridlo-liku 
uxIriiMioUH  of  the  Huine  nyHteni  uxt»iid  on  tiio  aiduH  of  the  head  under 
tlit<  I' w  H,  curving  upward  in  front  of  tlu)oyu,  then  downward  and  Joining 
uti  tint  undrrHido  of  the  Huout  to  u  branch  running  from  beneath  tlie  eye 
tliiw  II  ward  to  tho  baHe  of  tho  pectoral  in  the  young,  or  under  the  throat  to 
li  jiiiii  lion  in  the  older  ouuh,  and  aJHo  forward  from  tlie  Name  point  under 
tho  i'>L'H  to  ,|i>in  on  either  Hide  the  circle  which  Murrounda  the  nioutli. 
All  I  hilxiriite  HyHteni  of  mucous  poreu  upon  all  Hides  of  tlie  nnout ;  on  the 
iiikIi'i  Mirfiice  of  tho  Hiiout  in  4  longitudinal  HerieM.  In  tho  older  indi- 
vitliiiiiH  there  in  an  exteuHiou  of  the  lateral  line  ByMtcm  on  either  Hide  of 
the  midrib  on  the  snout  to  itH  tip,  and  there  are  also  Hyinmetrical  contiii- 
iiatidii^  of  tho  Hame  upon  the  under  Hurface  of  the  nnout.  Color  brown  ; 
eauii'il  liliiiiiont  pule.  Eye  5^  in  Htiout  in  tho  older  speoinioiiB,  and  the 
diittaniMt  between  tho  eyen  Ih  equal  to  their  diameter.  Four  specimeuH 
known,  tho  largcHt,  a  female  (No.  1)9415,  U.  S.  N.  M.),  25  inchoH  in  length, 
fioiii  ;(!t°  44'  30'^  N.  lat.,  70°  30'  45''  W.  long.,  in  1,0«1  fathomH,  taken  by 
the  Htt-aiiier  Alhutroxa.  Another,  a  male  (No.  38200,  U.  S.  N.  M. ),  l*Ji  inchoB 
ill  loii^th,  waH  taken  by  the  Albtitrotm  in  3t)°  45'  N.  lat.,  74°  28'  30"  W. 
1011^,11*  1*  depth  of  781  fathoiiiH.  A  third,  u  young  individual  (No.  35.'»20, 
U.  S.  N.  M.),  4  inchcM  in  length,  was  obtained  by  tho  Albatross  in  39°  37' 
IV  N.  lat.,  71°  18'  45"  W,  long.,  in  991  fathoniB.  Still  another  (No. 
35();il),  was  taken  at  Btatioii  2235,  lat.  39°  12',  long.  72°  03'  30",  707  fath- 
oiiw.  ((jioode  «&  liean.)  (Named  in  honor  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigb,  by  whom 
tlm  liiNt  KngliHh  Bcieutiiio  explorer  was  Bont  to  tho  Now  World.) 

\Uiri>,li,i  iiihiijlinmi,  (iuuuK  &  Dkan,  OofBiiic  lohtliyology,  ;»3,  181(4,  39°  N.,  70°  W. 

Willi  tliiHextraordinary  creature  we  close  the  Belaobiau  series  and  take 
iiji  tlitt  ^roiip  of  Ganoids,  from  which  stock  the  true  flshes  of  the  present 
(lay,  us  well  as  all  tho  higher  vertebrates,  seem  to  be  descended.  Tho 
uld  (iaiioids  were  doubtless  largely  amphibious.  The  group  has  appar- 
ently early  ditlbrentiated  into  the  lung-bearing  series,  from  which  tho 
two  (inlurs  of  the  7>t^;notand  the  Batrachia  are  descended,  and  the  aquatic 
dories,  in  which  tho  lung  becomes  degraded  to  a  swim  bladder,  tho  last 
buing  the  uuceHtors  of  the  true  iishes. 

Subclass  TELE0ST03II. 

(The  True  Fishes.) 

Skoloton  usually  bony,  sometimes  cartilaginous.  Skull  with  sutures; 
'".u.'oraue  bones  (opercle,  preoperole,  etc.)  present;  gill  openings  a  single 
slit  on  each  side ;  gills  with  their  outer  edges  free,  their  bases  attached 
to  bony  arches,  normally  4  pairs  of  these,  the  fifth  pair  being  typically 
moditled  into  tooth-bearing  lower  pharyngeals;  median  and  paired  tins 
developed,  the  latter  with  distinct  rays.  Ova  small;  no  claspers.  Heart 
developed,  divided  into  an  auricle,  ventricle,  and  arterial  bulb.  Lungs 
imperfectly  developed  or  degraded  to  form  a  swim  bladder,  or  entirely 
absent. 


V.  N.  A. 


i 


n 


I, 


'    I'.  1 


'    I 


H 


.      I.    ^: 


I-  \ 


!. 


*    .     t  -i] 
i 


1" 


J 


Mil 


< 


;  j 

i 

\ 
1 

1 

. 

> 

'A 

1.; 

98 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


We  here  include  under  one  bead  the  Ganoids  and  theTKLKOSTS.  Tlio 
former  group  is  chiefly  composed  of  extinct  forms.  While  many  of  its  rep- 
resentatives are  extremely  dissimilar  to  the  bony  fishes,  there  is  a  gradual 
series  of  transitions,  and  between  the  Cycloganoidea  of  the  Ganoids  uml 
the  Cluproids  and  others  of  the  true  Tklkosts,  the  resemblance  iu  much 
greater  than  that  between  the  Cycloganoidka  and  many  other  Ganoids. 
The  Ganoids  are,  in  fact,  the  most  generalized  of  the  true  fishes,  thoHc 
nearest  the  stock  from  which  the  Telrosts  on  the  cue  hand,  and  tbe 
Dipnoi  and  Batraciiia  on  the  other,  have  sprung.  The  real  value  or 
rank  of  some  of  the  current  orders  or  i^uborders  is  still  doubtful.  {Ttltivr, 
perfect;  arufia,  mouth.) 

Omitting  orders  not  represented  in  our  waters,  we  have  the  followiug 
analysis  of— 

Orders  of  True  Fishrs. 

a.  Artcrfai  liiilb  muscular  with  numerous  valvos;  optic  norvca  forming  u  solid. chiaoina;  veu- 
trnls  abilominal;  air  bladder  witli  a  well  duveluped  duct;  tail  etruugly  heturocen."! 
tliruugliuut  life;  Bouie  flns  usually  witli  fulcra,    (Series  Omuiidei.) 

Giionhuouanoidea: 
b.  Skeleton  cartilaginous;  ventrals  with  an  entire  BorieH  of  basilar  segments. 

c.  Maxillary  and  iuteroperclo  obsolete;  skin  naked;  uir  bladd;;r  cellular. 

Sf.i.aciiostomi,  1. 
re    Maxillary  and  interoporcle  present;  skin  with  bony  shields;  uir  bladder  simple. 

CllONUItOSTKI.  J. 
HoLOSTE;  or  IlYOnANOIDGA: 

M>,  Skeleton  bony;  ventrals  with  boiiilar  segments  rudimentary;  air  bladder  cellular. 

d.  VertebriB  opistliocculian  (concavo-convex);  maxillary  transversely  divided  intomv- 

eral  pieces;  scales  rhombic,  enanioled  plates.  Rhomiiooanoidea,  K. 

dd.  Vertebrroamphicoelittu  (double  concave);  maxillary  not  transversely  divided;  BCttll•^ 

cycloid.  Oyclooanoidea,  L. 

tsa.  Arterial  bulb  thin,  with  a  pair  of  opposite  valves;  optic  uorves  crossing,  not  forming  u 

solid  cbiasma.     (Series  Telfostei.) 

e.  Anterior  vortehcfc  (about  4),  much  modified,  coiissiflod  ai  'I  i-rovidcd  with  oseicula  and- 
itus,  or  weberian  apparatus;  shoulder  girdle  suspended  from  the  skul'  by  a  bony 
post-temporal; moBonoracoid  arch  well  developed.  Air  bladder  (if  present)  connerlcd 
by  a  slender  air  duct  with  the  intestinal  canal,  this  porsistent  throughout  lil'u; 
ventral  flns  (if  present)  abdominal,  T"ithuut  spines,  their  basilar  segments  riidl- 
mental.  (Ostariophysi.) 
/.  Maxillary  bono  imperfect,  forming  the  base  of  a  conspicuous  barliel;  no  subupi'r- 
do  nor  symplectic  bone;  no  scales;  aupraoccipital  and  pnriotulB  coiisnilii'd. 

Nehatoqnathi,  M. 
ff.  Maxillary  bone  perfect  (rarely  wanting)  and  never  i^ntering  Into  the  baxo  ol  u 
barbel;  subopercle  and  symplertic  present;  scales  usually  preaent. 

Plictospomdyi.i  N. 
ec.  Anterior  vertebrre  unmodified,  similar  to  tbo  others,  or  more  elongate  ;  b  ':"\n»te  md 
without  ossicala  auditus.    (Descendants  of  Ilolostean  Ganoids.) 
g.  Body  eel-shaped,  provided  with  very  many  (100  to  260)  vertebras;  scale-  minutr  or 
wanting;  no  ventral  fins;  gill  openings  restricted. 
h.  Gill  arches  4  paira;  the  hindmost  being  modified  a:}  pharyngeal  bones;  (nl- 
titopterygoid  arch  present. 
*  ».  Premaxillary,  maxillary,  and  palat^ie  bones  well  developed  and  distinct 

from  each  other  as  in  ordinary  fishes;  no  paired  fins;  gill  openings 
confluent;  shoulder  girdle  Joined  to  the  cranium  in  our  species 'trat 
not  in  all).  Symbbancuia,  0. 


^"'d-* 


''■•JW^Kfyn^f^ 


■'■\ 


Jordan  and  Evermann.  —  Fishes  o/  North  Atnerica. 


99 


J) 


a.   PrHiiiiixilliiri<!S  mid  miixilliiries  preHuut,  iinitod  liy  Hiitiii'<*  uiid  iiiiiiiovably 

cuiiiii'ctfd  Id  tliu  i'riiiii\iiii ;  otliorwiHo  as  tii  Apmhu.         Cakknciieli,  I*. 

III.  rreiiiiixilhiry  Htrii|iliii'ii  i>i-|iiHt;  iiiaxilliiriuH  IiiIithI,  iiiod' ur  Icim  coiithi- 

ciit  with  thu   paliitiuuri;  Bhuulder  girdlu  not  attiit'liud  tu  tlio  gkiill. 

Al'oiiKfi,  Q. 

Iih.  (iill  iiiclii'H  Ci  or  li  |iiijrH;  t)i«  |ioHtorior  not  iiKidifloil  into  jiliurynui'iils,  itiiil  nil  vf 

tlieiii,  iiN  wiOl  iiH  till!  hIioiiIiU'I'  f^irdlo,  diHcoiiiibctvd  IVoiii  tlio  rriiuiiini;  nu 

|ialiito|itrry);oid  itrcli ;  no  oiieriMilur  uluumiitf.  Lyomkiii,  It. 

Holly  not  truly  cid-sliaiied;  tlio  vortcbriu  tisually  in  iiiodrriktu  or  nttlii-r  largu  niini- 

bur  (14  to  ISO);  vi'ntral  fluH  UHUiilIy  present;  ^111  oponiii»;«  typically  ainpir; 

pruiimxillnry  always  proHunt,  niid  maxillary  iiHuully  so;  ghouldcrgirdlonuurtho 

craniiiiM,  ll^*llally  Imt  not  always  attached  tu  it. 

j.  Ifypurcuracoid    and  tiypocoracuid  cualescod  in  a  singli'  laniollar  inipcrfurntu 

plato;   di'apular  arch   formud  of  proncapiila  and  poHttitniporal,  tlio  latter 

impinging  on  Bupraoccipital  unly;  d'jrsal  flu  with  many  spiiios. 

IIf.trhomi,  V. 

Ifyporcorncnid  and  hypocoracoid  imperfectly  difforoutiatud,  repretiented  liy  a 

cartilagiuous  strip  or  plate,  not  perforate,  and  without  seiiarato  actinosts; 

ventnilH  abdominal;  no  tin  82iines.  Xknomi,  W. 

jy.  Ilyporcuracoid  and  liyiiocoriicoid  well  developod,  not  coaledcoiit. 

k.  lutorclavioles  prosuut;  air  bladder  without  duct;  vuntrala  abdominal  or  sub- 
abdominal,  if  present;  :io  mesocoracoid. 
/.  Gills    pectiuatc;  gill  openings  large;  dorsal  and  ventral  usually  with 
spines.  ilKMiiiKANciiiii  /. 

//.  Gills  tufted;  gill  openings  very  small;  operolo  a  simple  plate;  skin 
with  bony  plates.  Loi>iioiiitANciiil,  A  A. 

kk.  Intorclavicles  wanting,  so  far  as  known. 

m.  I'reopercio  entirely  detached  from  the  suspensoriiim,  ruilin\i'iitiii\v  and 
attached  only  to  lower  jaw, its  normal  position  taken  by  tlio  siib- 
opercle;  no  spines;  no  mesocoracoid.  LveroMi,  U. 

mm.  I'reoiierclo  normally  connected. 

(..  Mesocoracoid  well  developed;  flns  witlioutspines;  air  bladder  with 
a  persistent  duct;  pectoral  flns  inserted  low;  veutrals  abdominal. 

ISOSI'ONUVLI,  S. 

nil.  Mesocoracoid  always  wanting. 

0.  Ventral  flns  abdominal,  without  spines;  no  true  spines  in  dor- 
sal or  anal  flns, 
p.  Air  bladder  with  a  persistent  duct;   lower  pharyngeals 
seitarato. 
q.  Shoulder  girdbi  not  connected  with  the  skidl  in  the 
usual  way,  the  post-temporal  barely  toiii'hing  the 
cranium.     (Mostly    deep-sea    fishes,    with    weak 
skeletons.)  Iniomi,  T. 

77.  Shoulder  girdle  connected  with  tho  skull  by  a  bifld 
post-tomponil.  (Mostly  fresU-water  flshes,  the 
skeleton  well  ossified.)  IIai'Lomi,  X. 

2171.  Air  bladder  without  duct  in  adult;  lower  pliaryugeals 
fully  united.  SYNENTOiiNATni,  Y. 

00.  Ventral  fins  usually  anterior  in  position  ;  spines  usually 
present  in  the  fins;  pectoral  flns  not  on  the  piano  of  the 
abdomen ;  parietal  bones  usually  separated  by  the 
supraoccipital.     (Spiny-rayed  flshes  chiefly.) 

r.  Pectoral  flns  not  pediculate,  the  gill  openings  in 

front  of  them.  Acamiioi'teki,  KB. 

rr.  Pectoral  flns  pediculate,  tho  liasal  bones  reduced 

in  number  and  elongate;  gills  in  the  axil  of 

the  pectorals.  Pkdicui.atj,  CC. 


':  ■  'i: 


/£^. 


.,:.^' 


\ — - 


'/•:. 


100 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  Aational  Museum. 


m 


Iff 


,  ( 


1    ..V,"l     .        !• 


M^l;; 


!* ; 


1    ! 


^iri    ! 


m:  I  I 


■1 

i 

j     i 

■  ;..■ 

Series  GANOIDEI. 

J  Z  (The  Ganoiu  Fishes.) 

The  naiiio  Uanoidri  was  first  used  by  Agassiz,  for  those  tishen  which  an- 
armed  with  bouy  platos,  instead  of  regular  cycloid  or  ctenoid  suuleh. 
Later,  Johauues  Miiller  restricted  the  group  to  those  fishes  thought  to 
show  more  or  less  distinct  reptilian  ^v  batrachiun  afiiuities,  and  especially . 
afiinities  with  the  mailed  fishes  of  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  iii^t'^ 
The  group  is  a  heterogeneous  one,  and  one  practically  scarcely  susceptililc 
of  definition.    In  some  of  the  Ganoids,  the  air  bladder  still  retains  Us 
original  function,  a  lung.    The  existence  of  the  solid  optic  chiasnia,  tlii' 
presence  of  several  valves  in  the  arterial  bulb,  and  of  a  more  or  less  devel 
oped  spiral  valve  in  the  rectum,  distinguish  the  living  Ganoids  from  all 
Teleosts,  but  none  of  these  characters  can  be  verified  in  the  extinct 
forms.    We  begin  the  series  with  forms  having  the  skeleton  still  cartila 
ginous  as  in  the  sharks,  but  even  less  developed,     {yiivut;,  splendor,  from 
the  enameled  scales. ) 

CHONDROOA>OIDEA. 

(Thk  Cartilaginous  Ganoids.) 

Skeleton  chiefly  cartilaginous,  the  vertebral  column  entirely  so,  the 
vertebral  segments  little  developed,  arranged  along  the  uotochord.  Ante 
rior  vertebra)  simple,  imperfectly  formed.  Ventral  fins  abdominal,  with 
an  entire  series  of  basilar  segments.  No  subopurculuin  or  prcopurculum 
Branchiostegal  single  or  wanting;  a  niesocoracoid  arch;  no  syniplucti> 
bone.  Mesopterygium  distinct;  interclavicles  present.*  Arterial  biil. 
with  several  pairs  of  valves.  Optic  nerves  forming  a  chiasma.  Intestinti 
with  a  spiral  valve.  Air  bladder  connected  by  a  duct  with  the  a'sophagiis. 
Tail  heterocercal,  its  fin  with  fulcra.  Skin  naked  or  armed  with  boii^ 
plates,  never  with  true  scales.  This  group  comprises  two  orders.  Its 
place  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  the  Sharks  and  the  Catfit*lies, 
though  without  close  relation  to  either.  (Cuondkostei,  Giiuther,  Cat., 
via,  332-347.)     (j^iWpof,  cartilage ;  Gunoidea.) 

Analysis  ok  Orders  of  Chondroganoidea. 

a.  Maxillary  and  intcroi)oiTlo  ubsuluto;  skin  uaknil;  bratichiliyulH  ('itrtila;.;iiiuii8;  air  Ma<l<l(T 
culliilar.  Ski,aciio8T().mi,  I. 

aa.  Maxillary  aud  inturoiiurch!  presuut;  tikiii  with  buiiy  Hliicldx;  braiii'lilliyaiti  oMKiniis;  air 
bladdur  siiuplc.  C'iium)Uj8ti.i,  J. 

Order  I.  SELACHOSTOMI. 

(The  Paddle-fishes.) 

Notochord  persistent,  the  division  into  vertebrin  imperfect.     Mesoctiu 
coid  developed;  no   symplectic    bone;  premaxillary  forming   bordei  o; 
mouth;  no  suboperculum,  preoperculum,  nor  interopercnluni ;  mesoiit  j 

*  The  OBtooloKical  characters  hero  and  in  some  other  parts  of  tliiH  work  are  )Hiitly  taltcii  ficifs 
Cope's  "Contribution  to  the  Ichthyology  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,"  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  i«7(n 


''^ftbw. 


--  ......J- 


.4A..„. 


u  •  i . 


Jordan  and  Evennann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        101 


rv.,'iiuii  distinct;  basihyala  and  superior  ceratobyal  not  ossitied;  inter- 
i;hivi('loH  present;  maxillaries obsolete;  branchihyalscartilaijinons.  This 
Older  contains  but  one  family,  Polyodontid.k.     (CTeAa;fv,  shark ;  tiTofia, 

llKllltll.) 

Family  XXX.  POLYODONTIDiE. 
(TiiK  Paddle-fishes.) 

lloily  fusiform,  little  compressed,  covered  with  mostly  smooth  skin. 
Snoiil  prolonged,  expanded  into  a  thin  Hat  blade,  the  inner  portion  formed 
livtli'  |noducod  nasal  bones,  the  outer  portion  with  a  reticulate  bony 
fniiiit  work,  the  whole  somewhat  flexible.  Mouth  broad,  terminal,  but 
oveiliiiiif;  by  the  spatulate  snout,  its  border  formed  by  the  premaxillaries, 
the  iii.ixillaries  being  obsolete;  jaws  with  many  fine  deciduous  teeth; 
HJiiiil^n  tooth  on  palatines;  no  tongue.  Spiracles  present.  Operculum 
nidiiiMiilary,  its  Hkin  produced  behind  into  a  long  acute  flap  ;  no  pseudo- 
Itiancliii'N  or  opercular  gill;  gills  4i;  gill  rakers  long,  in  a  double  series 
on  eacli  arch,  th(5  series  divided  by  a  broad  membrane;  gill  membranes 
(•(insidciably  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus;  a  single  broad  branchios- 
trgal.  No  barbels.  Nostrils  double  at  base  of  blade.  Lateral  line  con- 
tinuons,  its  lower  margin  with  short  branches.  Dorsal  fin  well  back,  of 
Noft  rays  only  ;  anal  similar,  rather  farther  back;  tail  heterocercal,  the 
lower  caudal  lobe  well  developed,  so  that  the  fin  is  nearly  equally  forked  ; 
Hides  of  the  bent  portion  of  the  tail  armed  with  small  rhombic  plates; 
caudal  lin  with  fulcra.  Pectorals  moderate,  placed  low  ;  ventrals  abdom- 
inal, many-rayed.  Air  bladder  cellular,  not  bifid ;  pyloric  cmca  in  the  form 
of  a  sliort,  broad,  branching,  leaf-like  organ  ;  intestine  with  a  spiral  valve. 
Two  Hjiccies  known — Polyodon  apathula  and  Psephurua  gladiua;  singular 
lislics,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United  States  and  China.  They 
teed  ciiiotiy  on  nuul  and  minute  organisms  contained  in  it,  stirring  it  up 
witli  tiio  spatulate  snout.     (Polyodontid.k,  Giinther,  Cat.,  viii,  346-347.) 


<i.  (iill  rakora  very  fino  nnd  uumerouR;  caudal  fulcra  Rinall  and  numorouB. 

63.  POLYODON,  Lac^pMe. 


Polyodon,  63. 


(Paddle-fishes.  ) 

Pnliimlnn,  IjAcfii  ftpE,  Ilist.  Nat.  Pois.'f.,  I,  402, 1798,  {feiiill');  French  name  only. 

I'rihii«l,,ii,  Bi.ocn  &  ScnNF.iDEn,  Syst.  Ichtli.,  457,  1801,  (ji,,,iini). 

S)«(iJ.ri;,(,  .Sll.\w,  Oen.  Zoiil.,  v,  3(52,  1804,  (rellcitlaln). 

nuiM^lm,  Lk  St  EUR,  .Tour.  Ac.  Nat.  iz^l.  Pliila.,  I,  1817,  227,  (edentula). 

Plimirdsirn,  ItAKixF.sQUE,  1th.  Oil.,  83,  1>    i,  {edentnln). 

PiiireriiH,  Rafinf.s  jllE,  Ich.  Oh.,  87,  1820,     niwuhitui). 

(iill  r.akevH  exceedingly  numero  s,  very  slender ;  spatula  broad.  Caudal 
fulcra  13  to  2(i  in  number,  of  moderate  size.  Characters  otherwise  those 
of  tlic  family.  Rivers  of  the  middle  United  States.  {ttoAIc,  many ;  Mo/f, 
tooth.) 

144.'' POLYODON  SPATHULA,  (Walbaum). 

(Pappi.e-fish;  SpooN-nii.i,  Cat;  Duck-bill  Cat;  Spade-fibii.) 

Opercular  flap  very  long,  nearly  reaching  to  ventrals ;  premaxillary 
('xttiuling  far  behind  the  small  eye.     Skin  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  except  the 


1  I 


! 


m 


■\     s  ■ 


; 


■ 


i   ; 


.  ^   , 


r*i 


4'.A!^.^Jivii"i  'Vsfi  " 


^ 


H> 


»i  1 


'     ii 
I    li 


i^ 

'1 

•i       ■ 

;■    ; 

Ui^-i 

1        ^ 

,1  : 


102 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Musetim. 


if       :! 


rhombic  plateH  on  the  Hides  of  tbn  tail.  Veiitruls  iiuiir  the  iiiiddlo  of  tiio 
body;  dorHiil  well  behind  tboin  ;  anal  uioatly  behind  the  dorsal,  and  sonitt- 
what  larger;  these  fins  somewhat  falcate.  Fin  rays  slender.  Spiratlo 
with  a  minute  barbel.  Isthmus  papillose  in  the  younj;.  Spatula  broail, 
2\  to  4  times  in  length,  proportionately  longer  in  young.  Head,  wiili 
opercular  (lap,  more  than  \  length;  head,  without  spatula  Hap,  about  r> 
Color  pale  olivaceous.  I).  50  to  (iO;  A.  50  to  (55;  V.  45.  L.  5  to  (J  feet, 
Mississippi  Valley  mid  rivers  of  the  southern  States;  generally  abundant 
in  the  larger  streams;  also  known  from  Lake  Krie.  A  singular  fish  dl' 
rather  sluggish  habits,  the  llesh  coarse,  resembling  that  of  the  larger  cat- 
fishes,  but  inferior  in  quality,     (njuithuhi,  spatula.) 

f^lH(ilii»  npitlhulit,  WAT.nAt'M,  Arfoili  Pise.,  5^2,  \^^•l,  utter  Sputhula  of  HoziiT,  Jour.  I'liys.,  1771, 

:i8i,  |)1.  2. 
"I'lihiiiihii  ffiiille,"  LAcf  pfinK,  Illst.  Nat.  Poisd.,  i,  402,  171W,  locality  unknown. 
VdIjioiIoh/iiUiiui,  lli.oc'U  Sc  SciiNEiDEit,  Syst.  Ichth.,  4,^7,  IWll,  aftur  I.hcuim-iIo. 
Si>(iliiliiriii  rrriiiihilii,  .SiiAW,  Goii.  Ziiiil.,  v,  302,  1804,  after  I.iu'<)|ii-(i<<. 

I'htiroulm  iikiititla  (luliilt),  Lk  Suki'K,  Jour.  Ac.  Nut.  S<-i.  Pliila.,  i,  1817,  227,  Ohio  River. 
Poll/odoH  foliiiiii,  GCntmkk,  Cat.,  viii,340,  1870. 
Poli/ndiiii  Hpnlliiihi,  JoitDAN  ife  (ilMiRKT,  Synopsis,  8.1,  MiM. 
Aciiwiisir  tiiiji'itarwii,  Rakinesqiir,  Ifli. Oil.,  86, 1820,  Oliio  River. 
PivK.wiM  niiiciiltiliin,  St.  Genevieve,  Missouri,  and  Prwerot  viUatm,  Lake  Ontario,    Kakin 

ESijuE,  Icli.  Oil.,  m,  87,  1820. 
PImnrottra  tpiiliila,  Owkn,  0»tm)l.  Oat.,  i,  8.'i,  1853. 

Order  J.  CHONDROSTEI. 

(The  vSturokons.) 

Notochord  persistent,  the  cartilaginous  vertebral  imperfectly  developed. 
A  uiesocoracoid.  No  sjinplectic  bone.  Maxillary  present.  No  sub- 
operculum  or  preoperculnm.  Interoperculum  present.  Mesopteryginiii 
distinct.  Interclavicles  present.  Hasihyals  and  superior  ceratohyal  not 
ossified.  Branchiliyals  osseous.  This  group  is  composed  of  the  siuf,'lc 
family  AciPKNSKUin.i;.     {^ovdpoc,  cartilage;  ooTtov,  bone.) 

Family  XXXI.  ACIPENSERID^E. 

(The  SturOiKons.) 

Body  elongate,  subcylindrical,  armed  with  5  rows  of  bony  bncklors, 
each  with  a  median  carina  which  terminates  in  a  spine,  which  sonietinios 
becomes  obsolete  with  age;  a  median  dorsal  series,  and  a  lateral  ami 
abdominal  scries  on  each  side,  the  abdominal  series  sometimes  decidu 
ous;  between  these  the  skin  is  rough  with  small  irregular  plates,  llt^atl 
covered  with  bony  plates  joined  by  sutures;  snout  produced,  depressed, 
conical,  or  subspatulate.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  protractile,  with  thick- 
ened lips.  No  teeth.  Four  barbels  in  a  transverse  series  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  snout  in  front  of  the  mouth.  Eyes  small ;  nostrils  large,  double,  in 
front  of  eye.  01118  4;  an  accessory  opercular  gill;  gill  membranes  united 
to  the  isthmus;  no  branchiostegals.  Maxillary  distinct  from  the  preniax- 
illary.  Head  covered  with  bony  plates  united  by  sutures.  Fin  rays 
slender,  all  articulated;  vertical  tins  with  fulcra.  Pectorals  placed  low; 
ventrals  many-rayed,  behind  middle  of  body;  dorsal  placed  posteriorly ; 


-::■  :■-! 


ml 


Jordan  afui  F.Termann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


103 


aiiiil  Hoinowhatholiind  it,  Himilar;  tail  heterocnreal ,  th«  lower  caudal  lobo 
ilr\ eloped;  the  iipptu'  lobo  of  tlie  tail  covorud  with  rhomboid  Hcalos.  Air 
bladder  large,  Niniplo,  connected  with  the  insophugus.  Paendobranchiiit 
Hiiiall  orolmoleto.  Stomach  without  blind  sac;  rectum  with  a  spiral  valve; 
liaiicroaH  divided  into  pyloric  appendages. 

l/iirgefiHlieH  of  the  seas  and  fresh  waters  of  northern  regions,  feeding  on 
Hiniill  animals  and  plants  sucked  in  through  the  tube-like  mouth.  Most 
of  tlio  species  are  migratory,  like  the  salmon,  which  are  found  in  the  same 
waters.  Genera  2;  species  about  20;  although  more  than  5  times  that 
nmiiber  have  boon  described.  The  American  species  especially  have  been 
niiiinly  multiplied,  particularly  by  Augusto  Dumdril,  who  has  found  up- 
wards of  40  of  them  in  the  museum  at  Paris.  But  0  American  species  are 
known  to  us,  and  we  doubt  if  any  more  exist.  The  changes  with  age  are 
cniiHiderable ;  the  snout,  in  particular,  becomes  much  shorter  and  less  acute, 
and  the  roughness  of  the  scales  is  greatly  diminished  ;  the  ventral  shields 
sdiiintimes  disappear  altogether.  The  number  of  plates,  although  one  of 
the  best  specific  characters,  is  subject  to  considerable  variation.  (  Acii'KN- 
8KKii)/K,  Giinther,  Cat.,  viii,  332-;j45.) 

II.  Spiracles  prcRont;  Bnout  Buliconir;  rowH  of  bony  hIiIoIiIh  ilintinct  llirougboiit;  tho  tail  not 
(loprosstul  nor  niuilod;  gill  ral<nrH  lancoolatc.  Acipenkkk,  (U. 

ii.i.  HpiracloH  otiRoluto;  snout  Niilmpntiilato,  rows  of  bony  shiflldn  confluent  t)eliin(l  tho  dorHikl  so 
that  tlio  iloprosaeil  tail  is  coniplotdy  mailed;  gill  rakcro  small,  fan-Hhapeil,  eniliuK  in 
3  or  4  points.  Scapiiikiiynciium,  r>,'i. 


x 


PI 

I    ( 


m 


1 1 

V 


■  »■ 


64.  ACIPENSER,  LinniBus. 
(Stukgeons.) 

Acijirmfr,  (AnTEm),  LlNN^W-rs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  17.''>8,  237,  {nliirio). 

Sdiri'i,  Rapinesque,  Indico  Itt.  Sicil.,  41,  1810,  (uliirio). 

Sinhlus,  Rafinesqxik,  loll.  Oh.,  79,  1820,  (nerolimtii). 

biwdwi,  Rafinesque,  /.  c,  82,  (Inmcdlm). 

//ill",  HbandtA  Ratzeburo,  Modiziii.  Zoiil.,  ii,  3,  18.3.1,  (htuo). 

S(ii7i (lis,  Bhanpt  a  Ratzedvro,  t.  c,  3,  {nilhfnuH). 

/ff/o;i«,  Bkandt  &  Ratzeih'ro,  I.  c,  3,  («fc'Hrt/H/i). 

liohisats,  FlTZiNOER  &  IIeckel,  Ann.  Wien.  M«b.,  370, 1836,  (glaher). 

Aiiliicfiis,  Bbandt,  Bull.  Ac.  Sci.  Potorsb.,  v,  138,  18f>5,  (tchijpa). 

Snout  subconical,  more  or  less  depressed  below  the  level  of  the  fore- 
head. A  small  spiracle  over  the  eye.  Caudal  peduncle  moderately  long, 
(leoper  than  broad,  the  rows  of  bony  bucklers  distinct  to  the  base  of  the 
caudal  fin.  Tail  not  produced  into  a  filament,  its  tip  surrounded  by  the 
caudal  rays.  Gill  rakers  small,  narl-owed  or  lanceolate.  Pseudobranchiie 
pi'i'Hent.  Species  numerous  in  all  northern  rivers  and  seas,  (adpenser, 
sturgeon.) 

1.  Plates  between  ventrals  and  anal  small,  ia2  rows  of  4  to  8;  space  between  dorsal  and  lateral 

shields  with  stellate  plates  of  moderate  size,  in  about  5  rows,  intersporst-d  with  smaller 

ones.    Dorsal  shields  about  12;  lateral  about  45;  ventral  about  2.  D.  47;  A,  29.  Color 

plain  grayish.  transmontanus,  14.1. 

"11.  Plates  between  ventrals  and  anal  large,  in  1  row,  or  in  2  rows  anteriorly  and  1  posteriorly, 

of  1  to  4  plates  each. 

b.  S{)aco  between  dorsal  and  lateral  shields  with  stellate  plates  of  rather  largo  size,  in  .I 

to  10  series;  last  dorsal  shield  of  moderate  size,  more  than  )^  length  of  one  before  it. 


n 


i;^l 


u  .J  :i 


5   ! 


Y- 

:1 

; 

■i  ■ 

,1 

t  1 


h  n 


;j;|.,  :|, 


ft 


i 
1 
1  I 


'  i  ' 


A 


104 


Jiullt'tin  47,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


c.  Shields  all  roiiprhly  gtriutcil  and  ridRod;  mini  nearly  m  luni^  as  dorsal  and  ainioht 

entirely  Ixdiind  it.     D.  .'13  ;  A.  22.     Ddrxal  nliiuldg  a)>out  0;  lateral  ulmut  'J(.; 

ventral  about  8.    Color  decidedly  grocniHii.  mriiiuostrir,  14ii. 

re    Shioldg  not  roughly  striated;  anal  a  little  more  than  %  length  of  dornal  nml 

almost  entirely  below  it.     D.  :)8  ;  A.  '27.     Dorsal  sliields  about  10;  lateral  :.;:i; 

Tontral  0.    Color  grayish.  STunio,  117. 

W>.  Space  botwc(^n  dorsiil  and  lateral  nliields  with  minute  npiniiles  in  very  many  series. 
il.  Ijast  dorsal  shield  of  moderate  si/e,  more  tlian  %  the  one  before  it.    Anal  IJ^  '" 

dorsal  and  beginning  below  its  middle.     Dorsal  shields  about  ir*;  lateral  IIk, 

ventral  10.    D.  U.'i;  A.  37.  nuiucrNims,  ll.>>. 

(/((.  Last  tiorsal  shield  very  small,  less  than  J/iJ  length  of  the  one  before  il;  dors^il 

shieldsll;  lateral  32;  ventral  0.     D.  41;  A,  22.    Anal  entirely  below  dorsal  ami 

Yi  as  long.  BREVIIIUHTIUIM,   llli 

( 

14A."ACIPENSER  TRANS.MONTANrS,  Uichardson. 
(White  Sturoeon;  Oregon  STtiROEOn;  Sacramento  STrROEON.) 

Color  dark  grayish,  scarcely  olive  tinged,  and  withont  stripes.  Dor- 
sal shields  mesocentrous,  with  a  compressed  bluutish  spine,  which  is 
anteriorly  often  serrated,  and  followed  behind  by  a  compressed  keel.  Skin 
with  stellate  roughnesses,  but  smoother  than  in  A.  vwdiroatixH.  Space 
between  lateral  shields  with  stellate  plates  of  moderate  size,  in  about  "i 
series  interspersed  with  smaller  ones ;  last  dorsal  shield  \  length  of  one 
before  it.  Snout  sharp  in  the  young,  becoming  rather  blunt  and  shoit 
in  the  adult,  when  it  is  considerably  shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  beat  I. 
Barbels  rather  nearer  to  the  tip  of  snout  than  to  the  mouth.  Gill  raker.s 
comparatively  long,  more  than  3  times  as  high  as  broad,  about  2(5  in 
number.  Upper  lobe  of  tail  with  rhombic  plates.  First  caudal  fulcrum, 
above  and  below,  enlarged  and  granular.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  ratliei 
sharp  and  long,  not  much  shorter  than  upper.  Dorsal  plates  11  or  IL': 
lateral  36  to  50,  usually  about  44  ;  ventral  10  to  12.  Anal  fin  below  dorsal, 
its  base  about  \  as  long.  D.  45  (44  to  48);  A.  28  to  30.  Depth  7  in  lengt  1: : 
head  4.  Pacific  coast  from  Alaska  south  to  Monterey,  ascending  tlic 
Sacramento,  Columbia,  and  Fraser  rivers  in  large  numbers  in  sprinj^. 
It  reaches  a  weight  of  300  to  600  pounds,  and  is  lai'gely  used  as  food,  l)nt 
is  rather  coarse,     {transmonianua,  beyond  mountains.) 

Acipenwr  trawmontaHnu,  RicilARnsoN,  Fauna  Dor.  Amor.,  in,  278,  1836;  Fort  Vancouver. 
Acipenaer  hrachjirhyiichus,  and   aaUirostria   (young),  AVRES,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,  1854,  l.'i,  16,  San 

Francisco. 
Acipenser  (ransmnntauiis  and  brachyrhyuchm,  GOnther,  Cat.,  viii,  330,  337,  1870. 
Aeipcnser  trausmtnilKmiK,  .Ioroan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  86,  1883. 
f  Acipeiaer  aU'utfimn,  FminarAi  &  llECKT.l,   Ann.  Wien.  Mus.,  1836,   Aleutian    Islands,    iit'icr 

Pallas. 
Acipenser  caryi,  ayresi,  and  pulnami,  Di'mCril,  Nohv.  Arch.  Mus.,  in,  1(10,  171,  178,  18C7,  San 

Francisco. 
Acipeiuer  transmoHlamis,  Kirsch  &  Fordice,  *  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1889,  2,54. 

14«.'  ACIPENSER  HEDIROSTRIS,  Ayres. 
(Green  Sturgeon.) 

Color  olive-green,  with  an  olive  stripe  on  the  median  line  of  the  belly 
and  one  on  each  side  above  the  ventral  plates,  these  stripes  ceasing 


*  This  pa]ier  contains  descriptions  and  synonymy  of  all  the  Ameriean  Sturgeons. 


■  .  jL   <*'/*ini*t  j.^ilt?-&t!**".'M'i^/*  * -.  *  £'*^ij*^i 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


105 


()]i|i()4ito  the  vent.  Shields  generally  opisthocentrous  with  a  strongly 
huoki'd  spine;  the  surface  very  rough.  Space  between  lateral  and  dorsal 
ruwH  (if  shields  with  about  Q  series  of  stellate  plates  interspersed  with 
gniailor  ones;  last  dorsal  shield  moderate;  more  than  \  the  one  before 
it.  Snont  about  as  in  A.  <ran«»ion<anM8,  sharp  in  the  young,  becoming 
blunt  with  ngc,  usually  rather  shorter  than  the  rest  of  head.  Barbels 
iipaily  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  mouth.  Gill  rakers  scarcely 
Iiij;Iicr  than  broad,  about  17  in  number.  Upper  lobe  of  tail  with  some 
Hcattcrod  plates.  Caudal  fulcra  not  enlarged.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal 
short  and  blunt,  little  more  than  \  the  length  of  the  upper.  Dorsal 
pliit.s  !()({)  to  11);  lateral  20  to  30;  ventral  9(7  to  10).  Anal  nearly 
as  Idiig  as  dorsal  and  mostly  behind  it.  D.  33  to  35;  A.  22  to  28.  Depth 
1\  in  length ;  head  \\.  Pacific  coast,  ascending  the  rivers  from  San 
FranciHco  northward,  reaching  a  large  size ;  less  abundant  than  A.  tranx- 
moiiliinim, and  smaller  in  size;  not  used  for  food,  being  reputed  poisonous. 
{medium,  moderate;  tostrum,  snout.) 

,l.,)rii(v, I-  timlinislrh,  Aynr.»,  Pror.  Cftl.  Ac.  Sci.,  I,  ITi,  IHM,  San  Francisco;  OUntiikr,  Or!., 

Mil,  ;tl2,  1H70;  JoiiDAN  &  Oii.nKiiT,  SynopsiH,  8fi,  1883. 
.[ripriiscr  injiissi.-.ii,  (ilexandrl,  and  oUgopellui,  Vvtuhiit.,  Nonv.  Arcli.  Mur.,  hi,  181, 183,  184,  1807, 

San  Francisco. 
..l,i;i. )/-.»•  (((/((K.s(',;i,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  VIII,  344,1870. 
At'liiiii'i-riiciiliriixIriA,  GCNTIIER,  Cut.,  vill,  344,  1870. 
Ai'ijiiiiri  r  vinliroslrin,  KiRSCll  &  FoRlilcE,  /.  c,  249,  1889. 

147.^  A<;iPENSKB  STIIBIO,  LinniPiiB. 
(Common  SirnoEON.) 

Shields  not  strongly  striated ;  stellate  plates  small,  in  about  10  rows, 
witli  smaller  ones  interspersed;  last  dorsal  shield  moderate,  more  than 
i  leiif{th  of  one  before  it.  Snout  rather  sharp,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
rest  of  the  head,  becoming  comparatively  shorter  and  blunter  with  age. 
Harliels  nearly  midway  between  mouth  and  tip  of  snout,  shortish,  not 
reaching  the  mouth.  Gill  rakers  small,  slender,  pointed,  sparse,  not 
longer  than  the  pupil.  Fulcra  roughish,  not  enlarged.  Lower  lobe  of 
tail  rather  sharp.  Anal  more  than  i  dorsal,  placed  mostly  below  it. 
Anterior  rays  of  pectoral  thickened.  D.  38;  A.  27.  Dorsal  plates  10  to 
II;  lateral  29  (27  to  36);  ventral  plates  9  (8  to  11).  Olive  gray,  paler 
lielow.  Atlantic  coasts;  ascending  rivers  of  northern  Europe  and  the 
Tniteil  States. 

The  American  Sturgeon  (var.  oxyrhynchun,  Mitchill)  has  the  number 
of  lateral  plates  generally  fewer  (27  to  29  instead  of  29  to  36,  as  in  Euro- 
pean examples).  The  stellate  ossifications  are  also  said  to  bo  somewhat 
rouf;Iier  than  in  the  European  form.  New  England  to  Carolina;  abun- 
dant.   {Hturio,  sturgeon.)  (Eu.) 

AHpimer  nhirin,  LlNN^l'.s,  S.vst.  Nat.,  X,  1758,  237;  GPntiieb,  Cat.,  viii,  .342,  1870. 

Aeipeimrr  oriirU\inchm,  MiTClllLI-,  Trans.  Lit.  &   Pliil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  1,  462,  1814,  tli<>   Amoricr'i 

fiirm.  New  York;  Jordan  &  Gilueut,  Synopsis,  86,  188.3. 
^nrin  nilgnris,  Uafinesque,  Indice,  41,  1810,  Palermo. 
Aeilk'nnr  Uclitemleiiii,  Inlirostrin.  honpUus,  thnmpsnni,  attihis,  anA  j/nrrcWi  of  European    iutliora ;  A. 

mililiilli,  New  York;  kennicntii,  James  River;  girardi,  Maryland;  marrorhimiK,  New  York; 

mnjuianpin^  Lake  Champlain,  milherti,  New  York,  IminU,  Maryland;  ntnreri,  Boston; 

h-lhrnoki,  Charleston;  and  lecontei,  New  York;Di'Mi;BiL,  Nouv.  Arcli.  Mub.,  hi,  18«7. 


j  A' 


f 


■  '    7'  '^- 

1  -  ml 

i 

■   t  i 


i!h!l:' 


'M 


ill' 


m  k 


■:■ 

■  1  ,'  ■ 

■•-•I- 

1 

- 

ti 

jUi 

i^ 

m 

ill* 


!  i^:: 


106 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I4H.  ACIPKNHKK  HUHICUNDIJH,  L«  Sueur. 

(Laki  STiJBdF.oN  ;  Ohio  Stubobon  ;  Stone  Sturokon  ;  Kock  Sturokov  ;  Rfk  Stiirokon.) 

Dark  olive  above,  Hides  paler  or  roddiBh,  often  with  irregular  blackJNli 
HpotH.  Body  comppratively  elongate;  snout  slender  and  long  in  the 
young,  becoming  (juite  blunt  with  age,  when  it  is  considerably  shortrr 
than  the  rest  of  the  head;  shields  largo,  rough,  with  strongly  hookcil 
Hpines,  becoming  later  comparatively  smooth,  the  old  examples  almost 
smooth.  8kin  with  minute  rough  spinules  in  many  Herios;  ventral  shifilds 
growing  smaller  with  ago,  and  finally  deciduous;  lust  dorsal  shield  of 
moderate  si/e,  about  i  length  of  next  the  last.  Anal  \  length  of  dorHul, 
beginning  near  its  middle.  Dorsal  shields  15  (11  to  1(>) ;  lateral  shieldH  ;m 
(30  to  39);  ventral  plates  10  (8  to  11).  D.  35;  A.  2B.  L.  G  feet.  Weifrjit 
50  to  100  pounds.  Mississippi  Valley,  Great  Lakes,  and  northward;  tiio 
common  fresh-water  sturgeon  of  the  lakes  and  streams  of  the  middle 
west,  usually  not  descending  to  the  sea.  The  small  rough  "Kock  Stur- 
geon," A.  maciiloauR,  Lo  Sueur,  we  regard  as  the  young  of  this  specicH. 
(ruMcundus,  reddish.) 

AHpeni>er  nibicHHiltiH,  Lv.  Si'ri'r,  Trans.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.,  i,  1818,  388,  Lakes  Ontario,  Erie, 
and  all  the  upper  Lakes. 

Acipetuirmacuhmu,  Lb  SuKini,  /.  r.,  i,  393,  1818,  (young),  Ohio  River. 

Aripeuner  niperiUinuii,  RiciiAnnsoN,  Fauna  Ilor.  Amur.,  yiii,  11,  183(>,  Albany  River,  Rupert 
Land. 

Aeipetuer  hevif,  carbouariiis,  ond  rhynchmit,  AoARSiz,  207,  271,  270,  1850,  Lake  Superior. 

AciiienMrmbiciiudiin  auA  miiculomtii,  GCnthf.r,  Cat.,  vill,  338,  339,  1870. 

Avipettner  liopelliK,  GCntiikr,  Cat.,  viit,  3(1,  1870,  Mississippi. 

Acipeit/Kr  mbiciiiKliiH,  Mii,NF.R,  Uvpt.  V,  S.  Fish  Com.,  1872,  1873,  07. 

Aripenner  nibkmiihiM,  JoiioAN  &  OunERT,  Synopsis,  87,  1883. 

Acipeiiter  serotinus,  ohietisis,  nmX  macrnstomua,  Rafine.sqi.'R,  IcIi.  Oil.,  80,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Diueftiis  Intncatiu,  Rafinrsqur,  Ich.  Oh.,  80,  81, 1820,  ((irronrons,  on  a  drawing  liy  Auiliibon). 

Acipenser  copei,  ?  upper  Missouri  ;r()iiWii,  Osage  River;  WcftunJuoHi,  Missouri  River;  mm«' //"•», 
Missouri  River; paraiuviimoii,  Huntsville,  Ala.;  nnOinicinns,  Lake  Erie;  biiiuirii,  Missis- 
sippi River;  itirliispis,  Saskatchewan  River;  rafmesipici,  Ohio  River;  rusuriHw,  upper 
Mississippi,  or  Lake  Erie;  philjirhinHS,  upper  Mississippi  ur  Lake  Erie;  kiiihimli, 
Lake  Erie;»<'r/iHi>iHi»i,  Michigan;  honneymatii,  no  locality;  Wiiciu»(i/i,  Ohio  River;  uiiJ 
buffalo,  Lake  Erie;  Dum£ril,  Hist.  Poiss.,  ll,  108-2:)1,  1870. 

liO.'^ACIPENSER  BUEVIltOSTRUM,  Lo  Suonr. 
(SHORTNOSEI)  Sturof.on.) 

Dusky  above,  paler  below.  Snout  very  short  and  obtuse,  about  i  of 
the  length  of  the  bead.  Barbels  short,  simple.  Skin  between  row.s  of 
shields  with  many  rows  of  small  prickle-like  plates;  last  dorsal  shield 
very  small,  less  than  i  the  one  before  it.  Shields  rather  large  and 
smoothish.  Anal  about  half  dorsal  and  entirely  below  it.  Dorsal  shield 
11  (8  to  11);  lateral  32  (22  to  33);  ventral  9  (6  to  9);  D.  41 ;  A.  22.  Cape  Cod 
to  Florida,  rare  northward,  extending  further  southward  than  other 
species;  our  specimen  from  Charleston,     {brevis,  short;  ro8trum, anont.) 

Acipenser  brevirostrum,  lizSvEvn,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  I,  390,  1818;  GOntheu,  Cat.,  vm,  841. 

Jordan  &  Gildert,  Synopsis,  87,  1883. 
Acipenser  oblusiroslris,  LovF.TZKY,  Nonv.  Mem.  Soc.  Not.,  iii,  257  (after  Lo  Sueur). 
Acipenser  microrhynchis.  New  York;  lemieiiri.  New  York;  deknyi,  New  York;  and  ronltVinii, 

probably  New  York;  Dum^ril,  Hist.  Poiss.,  ii,  164-173, 1870. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         107 


65.  SCAPHIRHYNCHUS,*  Ileckel. 

(Shovei.nosk  Stuuokons.) 

,'<Viiii'iirA.vn''AiM,  IIeokkl,  Ann.  Wiener  Mum.  Niitiirizi'Holi.,  i,  18,15,  71,  (ra/liMO/iKi     plaViriinrhiiii), 

(not  Siaiihorhynchiu,  Maxiniiliiin,  a  );<''<>iii  of  MnlN), 
f;;ii,li!irliiiuihoi'i>,  (iiM.,  TranH.  Amur.  IMiil.  Skc,  v,  12,  178,  lH(;:t,  {iihilDiiinihiii). 

Snoitt  brnad,  (leprt'HSfld,  Hiilmpatiilate  or  shovol-Hlmped.  No  H|>iracI<«N. 
Ciiiidal  potliincle  very  long,  strongly  deproHsod,  broader  than  do«5p.  Ho\\  h 
of  l)ony  bucklors  continent  below  the  dornnl  fln,  forming  a  conipiett^  cout 
of  mail  on  the  tail;  tail  producnd  in  a  tilamont  b«'y<Mid  tlio  caudal  tin, 
lliJH  longest  in  the  young,  (iill  rakers  sonu)what  tan-sliapcd.  ]'n(>u<1o- 
liiaiirliiii<  obsolete.  Species  about  4,  one  of  them  inhabiting  the  fresh 
waters  of  the  United  States,  the  otiiors  in  Central  Asia  (Tartary,  etc.)- 
(oiiK,"/)  spado;  i'ii'yx<>c,  snout.) 

160.  SCAPIIIRIIYNCIIIIS  PLATORTNCIIUS,  (Kadnomiiio). 
(Shovei.nosk  STundnoN;  Wiiitk  STrndEnN.) 

lioily  elongate,  tapering  into  a  slender,  depressed  tail,  which  extends 
lioyond  the  caudal  tin  in  tho  form  of  a  filament;  this  tilanient  is  long  and 
Hloiidt'r  in  the  young,  but  is  usually  lost  in  the  adult,  liony  shields 
oiiistliocentrous  (or  with  the  bony  spine  behind  tho  middle),  sharply 
keeled,  the  series  confluent  below  tho  dorsal,  obliterating  the  smaller 
plates  between;  2  occipital  plates,  with  short  keels;  a  spine  in  front 
of  eye,  and  one  at  the  posterior  edge  of  the  rostral  '•shovel";  snout  in 
tlie  young  with  a  few  spines.  Barbels  nearer  month  than  tip  of  snout. 
(hcatest  width  of  head  about  I  its  length.  None  of  the  fulcra  enlarged. 
Dorsal  and  anal  small ;  anal  a  little  more  than  i  length  of  dorsal  and 
entirely  behind  it.  Gill  rakers  small,  lamellate,  somewhat  fan-shaped, 
ending  in  3  or-lijoints.  Dorsal  shields  18  (15  to  20);  lateral  40  (41  to  40); 
ventral  13  (11  to  13).  D.  32;  A.  20.  Head  4  in  length.  Color  pale  olive. 
L.  5  feet.  Mississippi  Valley  and  streams  of  the  western  and  southern 
States;  comuiou.    {Tr7iaThg,  broad;  (tuyxot:,  snout.) 

Aeijunsff  jiUhrijuchm,  Rafinesque,  Ichtli.  Oil.,  80,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Arlpetisir  riiliiphrdcliis,  GRAY,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  London,  18154,  122. 
Si'.i;//(iVA//iii7/H,s  rnjinemjuei,  IIeckei.,  Ann.  Wiener  Miis.  NaturgoHrli.,  i,  ls:i.'>,  71. 
SivjihhliiiitrhiiH  ciUiiphrurliis,  GOntiieu,  Cat,  Vlll,  345,  187(1. 
S'lii'liiiihiiiirhnpniihi/nrrhiiiichiiK,  .ToiiPAN  AGlLliERT,  Synopsis,  88,  l8H:i. 
Hiiipliiiliiiiicliiisjilalyrlii/HcliHK,  Kiitsc'U  &  FoiiBicE,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sii.  I'liila.,  ]HS!»,  246. 

HOLOSTEI. 

(The  Bony  Ganoids.) 

Skeleton  bony.  Ventral  fins  abdominal,  with  the  basilar  segments 
rndinientary,  as  in  ordinary  fishes.  Primary  radii  of  posterior  limb  gen- 
erally reduced  to  one  rudiment.  Suboporculum  and  preoperculum  pres- 
ent. Mrauchiostegals  present.  Coronoid  bone  and  mesocoracoid  present. 
Arterial  bulb  with  several  pairs  of  valves.  Optic  nerves  forming  a  chi^ 
asnia.    Intestine  with  a  spiral  valve.    Air  bladder  cellular,  lung-like, 


*  1!>  llio  rules  of  the  American  Ornilliolojiists'  Union,  tho  (jenorie  namu  Soujiliirhi/iifhojixHUoiM 
be  iiiei'errcd.     We  regard  all  generic  names  not  spelled  alike  as  distinct. 


v 

^M  s 

'^^ 

i 

' 

' 

■  \'  i  t^ 

1 

1 

'■     h    ::] 


I  t 


i 


'-1. 


!■ 

i      i 

\  \ 

f 

■r      '  :\ 

(      ;      j 

.  I 

,' 

j     V 

.  i:    Lik 

hi 

I J 


4i 

•I 


J 


\ 


'i\       !f 


III 


108 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


connuotud  by  11  Hort  of  glottis  with  tlio  rPHopliiiKiirt.  Tail  bctoroc(MTiil. 
Skin  covered  with  Hcalen,  which  are  ganoid  or  cycloid.  Ah  httro  unil<  1 
Htood,  thiH  group  couHiHtH  of  the  two  ordorH  KllOMit()(iAN()ll>KA  inid 
Cy(;i.O(>an(>ii)Ka,  the  Ckossoptkuyoii"  being  conHtdurcd  uh  forming  a  iIi', 
tinct  HiibclaHH  (Uanoidki  IIoi.ustki,  part,  (iiinther,  Cat.,  viii,  :i2l-:ii.*:i. 
.32H-;):U.)    (m/.oc,  complete  ;  ltnT\m,\w\\f\  aluo  culled  Hyoqanoiuka.) 

Order  K.  RHOMBOGANOIDEA. 

(Thk  Gar  Pikes.) 

Pariotals  in  contact;  pterotic,  basis  oranii,  and  anterior  vertebni' sun 
plo;  syniploctics  present.  Mandible  with  coronoid,  angular,  articulai, 
and  dentary  bones;  third  superior  pharyngeal  sniall,  lying  on  fouMli: 
upper  basihyal  wanting;  maxillary  transversely  divided.  Acartilaginnnis 
niesocoracoid.  Vertebrie  opisthocudian,  that  is,  connected  by  ball-iiii*l- 
Hocket  joints,  the  concavity  in  each  vertebra  being  behind.  Pectoral  I'mih 
with  mesoptorygium  and  5  other  basal  elements.  Tail  heterocorcal.  Air 
bladder  lung-like,  single,  connecting  with  the  dorsal  side  of  tlie  u'soplin- 
gus.  This  order  consists  of  a  single  family,  Lki'I808tkii>.i:,  (^V/iof ,  rlioinli; 
Uanoidka;  also  called  Ginglymodi,  )/j7;ii7i'>f,  hinge;  Wfiof,  like,  in  allii- 
sion  to  the  binge  joints  of  the  vertobrie.) 

Family  XXXII.  LEPISOSTEID/E. 
(Thk  Uau  Pike.s.) 
Body  elongate,  snbcylindrical,  covered  wifl  '  ird,  rhombic  ganoid  scalps 
or  plates,  which  are  imbricated  in  obli(|ue  stsn.  s  running  downward  and 
liackward.  Both  jaws  more  or  loss  elongate,  spatnlato  or  beak-like,  tiin 
upper  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  lower.  Premaxillary  forming  mont  of 
the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw;  the  maxillary  transversely  divided  into 
several  pieces.  Lower  jaw  composed  of  as  many  pieces  as  in  reptil<'H; 
coronoid  present.  Both  jatvs  with  an  outer  series  of  small  teeth,  followi  d 
by  1  (or  2)  series  of  large  teeth,  besides  which  on  the  jaws,  vomer,  and 
palatines  are  series  of  small,  close-set,  rasp-like  teeth.  Largo  teeth  of  the 
jaws  conical  in  form,  pointed  and  striate,  placed  at  right  angles  to  t ho 
Jaw  ;  these  largo  teeth  rest,  according  to  Agassiz,  in  a  rather  deep  furn)\v, 
protected  on  the  outside  by  the  raised  border  of  the  jaw,  and  on  tiio 
inside  by  a  ridge  of  the  same  nature;  those  teeth  are  pierced  in  tho  ceiitor 
by  a  foramen,  which  communicates  with  the  maxillary  canal,  and  throufjii 
which  tho  nerves  and  bloodvessels  enter  the  pulp  cavity  of  tho  tooth; 
the  forms  of  the  folded  layers  of  dentine  within  the  teeth  .are  pccnliar. 
Pharyngeals  with  rasp-like  teeth.  Tongue  toothless,  short,  broad,  eni.u- 
ginate,  fr«e  at  tip.  External  bones  of  skull  very  hard  and  rugose.  Even 
small.  Nostrils  near  the  end  of  the  upper  jaw.  An  accessory  gill  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  opercle.  Pseudobranchiie  present.  No  spiracles.  (JIIIh 
4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Brancbiostegals  3.  Gill  membranes  some- 
what connected,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Gill  rakers  very  short.  Air  blad- 
der cellular,  lung-like,  somewhat  functional.     Fins  with  fulcra;  dot  sal 

*  i^/j/j>(«ri<Iae;  all  the  Bpociog  Imloiigiiijj;  to  tlio  Old  World. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fh/us  of  North  Aimrica. 


lOU 


All  .sliort,  rutluM'  lii^lit  poHtoriur,  lumrly  oppoHitc  \\w  anal,  \vliii;li  jh  Himi- 
lui  ill  turiii ;  tail  hotuiociMrul,  in  tlitt  yoiiiitr  prtMliKUMl  uh  »  lilaiiimit  lioyoiid 
till  caiiiluMlii ;  ciiiulul  convex;  vontralH  lu'urly  iiiitlwuy  iHttwot^ii  pucto- 
liil^  and  uiial ;  iivctoialH  un«l  vontraU  niodoratu,  fow-raytMl.  tStoniacli  ni»t 
(iiial;  pylui'ic  a|iponila^t!H  ntinu^rouH.  .Spiral  valvo  uf  intitNlinrci  riiili- 
rm  nliiry.  Finium  «»f  Mm  IiohIi  \vat»'lH  of  Noitli  America  anil  China,  of 
Mlti;;;{iHh  baliitH,  but  voraciouH  anil  iloHtructivuto  Hinall«>i'  liHlit^H.  Tliollimli 
is  loiifrh  and  rank,  valiiuIuNH  art  food.  Uno  ^onim  with  alioiit  5  Hpuuit)H| 
itltllllll^h  niont  than  >()  havu  ItutMi  dcHurilit;*!.  Tlumu  liMhoH  aro  of  much 
mil  ii^Ht  to  gculo^iNtiH  from  their  rclationHhip  to  extinct  ganoid  (genera, 
iimuy  uf  which  arc  nnually  placed  in  thiH  family,  ( liKi'looHTKiD.Kiiiiin- 
thci.  Cat.,  VIII,  :ii.'x-:!:{i  ) 

66.  LEPISOSTEUS,  Laci'pede.     (Jau  I'ikks. 

lffn»'i'leii»,  LAcfi'l^DE,  Hint.  Nut.  I'ljiN^i.,  v,  .Til,  IHiKl,  (i/hcik/m        i,mci(»;, 
Ojtm'lii'fileiiii,  lUflNKMwiK,  Irh.Ohii'iiHiH,  7'J,  l»<'.il»,  (jWud.nfomiii;. 
iliiiii'i'lfiiii,  IIahnesi'^i  K, /.  I'.,  7J,  (./Vnu-). 
ij.|p'(i"iii,  lUflNKSrM'E, /.<•,.  Hli,  (((M/ciifiHd). 
Lelnh'Stfim,  AllAHHIZ,  (roITUCtl'll  KpcllillK)- 

Cppcr  Jaw  With  an  outer  Huriuu  of  Hinall,  Hharp,  even  teetli,  then  u 
HuriiH  of  la  ri^u  teeth.  Homo  of  the  anterior  teeth  being  UHiially  movable  ; 
next  comeu  a  seriuH  of  line  teeth,  iu  one  row  in  front,  becoming  a  band 
lull  i  11(1.  In  HomeHpecie.**,  the  inner  row  of  those  tooth  contains  larger  ouch; 
iiixl  tlio  vomorino  teeth,  also  in  a  long  band,  and  pouteriorly  a  palatine 
baiiil.  ThoHo  bandH  on  the  roof  of  the  mouth  are  freiiuontly  Homewliat 
coiilliitiit  or  irregular.  In  young  Hpecimeno  Homo  of  the  palatine  teeth  are 
ofti'ii  enlarged,  these  Homotiincs  t'ormlng  regular  sorieH.  Lower  jaw  w  ith 
uii  outer  series  of  small  teeth,  ne.vt  a  scries  of  large  tooth,  next  again  a 
liiuiiil  Itand  of  tine  teeth  on  each  side.  Each  of  the  large  teeth  litting  into 
a  (It'iMcssiou  in  the  opposite  Jaw.  Kivors  of  North  America.  A  wingle 
species  {L.  sinens'm,  BleoUer)  found  in  China.      (AeTrif,  scale;  oariof,  bone.) 

II.  Liir)?o  teutli  of  upper  jaw  in  a  siiiKlc  row  on  each  tiiili'. 

I.EI'lSOHTKfS; 

li.  Uouk  luug  uixl  Nluiidor;  tlie  siumt  iiKiri*  tbuii  t\vici<tlio  luiigtii  ot' tliu  rent  iirtliulii'aii. 

OSSKl'M,  151. 
CvMNDnosTF.fs,  ((ciiAiv^pov,  c.vlimlor ;  ocreov,  bouu) : 

Wi.  Iteak  Hhorter  and  Ijiiwuler,  littln  loiiRer  than  r«8t  uf  hoaJ.  i'i.ATOSTOMi'8,  \'>'i. 

Atihi  ni.sTKrs,*  (ciTpaKTos,  Hpimlli-;  oo-Ttov,   lioiit'): 

nil.  l.argi!  tuutli  ill  uppoi'  Jaw  iu  'J  ruwn  uu  vucli  tiiilu;  liitak  iiliurt  ami  liroail,  iint  luiiKt'i'  tliau 

rost  of  lioad. 

c.  Siali-'s  iu  latiiral  liuu  about  00.  laisTiKriicH,  l.^'l. 

1.1 .  i<calvH  largur,  tLoso  iu  latural  lluo  52.  tuoi'Iuuh,  l.Jl. 

Subgenus  LEPISOSTEUS. 

15i;  LEPISOSTEUS  OSSEl'S,  (Liuna!U8). 

(LoNO-sosED  Gab;  Billkibh;  Common  Gar  1'ike.) 

Siiiiiit.  a  little  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  head,  its 
leiijftli  15  to  20  times  its  least  width.     Olivaceous,  pale,  and  somewhat 

*Tlii'  iiiiiiiu  Litholepin,  KafiticBiiiit',  applied  by  liim  to  a  iLClpaiitie  gar,  Lillmlqiis  ailaiviiitlimif,  tlio 
"Iii'vil-jack  Diamond  tlsli,"  in  bused  ou  a  drawing  by  Audubon,  uut  iutendi'd  by  Audubuu  to 
ri'iiroseni  uuy  possible  litih. 


'       I 


M    'i 


i  i 


■ill 


^  \ 


\  i. 


■   ■•  :  ■ 


•»j-j4 


i-^'. 


'If 


"sr^i^K'-i  K'r"- 


110 


liutlelin  y/,  UnittU  States  Natiomil  xXtuseum, 


H 


Ml 

I 


1  ' 


)        IP 


I 


»ir^    ,1 


II     # 


I         ! 


l[^•J^^-■     I 


Hilvt^ry  h«l<>\v  ;  voiticiil  Huh  niid  puHturioi'  pait  of  tlio  ItiMly  willi  roiiml 
liliick  HpotN,  wliicli  ui'«<  iiiiM'u  (liNtiii(!t  ill  tlin  yoHii^;  vttr.v  yoiiii){  witli  ;i 
MiiokiHli  lut««riil  liaiiil.  Moiul  It  in  loii^tli;  tl«t|)tii  I'J.  \).n;  A.  i) ;  V.tl, 
1*.  10.  Lilt,  liiitniltoiit  tt2.  L.  alMtiit  Ti  fcot.  (iroat  l<ai<«-H  anil  rivetH  of  tli>< 
IJnitud  StatcH  from  V'criiioiit  to  tlio  Kio  (iiaiulit ;  ){i'ii<M'ally  alMinilunt  ainl 
i|nitr  varia))li',  tli««  loial  variatioiiH  liiiviii^  ^ivi-n  iini^  to  many  Hiiucilic 
iiumi>.s.'  •Soiitlu'in  NpcciintuiH  aro  ofton  moro  iliNtinctly  H|iott«til.  A  il< 
tailuil  conipariHon  of  many  N|i(>cim«>nH,  from  (iitt'entnt  partHof  tlio  uuuutiv , 
will  jirohaltly  nIiow  tli«>  i^xiHtiMico  of  ruco^ni/uMu  HuimpttuiuH,  lutt  thi8 
coiiipai'iHon  in  yot  to  liu  inailo.     {ohhvuk,  bony.) 

/•.'*,.i- .i«..H.,  IjtNNl.iH,  H.VBt.  Nut.,  Kil.    X,  17.'iH,  ;u:i,  iiftiT  Arli'ill,  IhihciI  on  .Ich/i  mntima  nquatmiai 

viriilm,  tliii  lirrcmiiiir  Fi»li  nf  t'liliwby,  17  is,  pi.  ;i(i,  Virginia. 
Kkix  riiiilii;  (IMKI.IN,  Sy»t.  .Nut,,  l:iM!),  IThh,  iiUo  niter  CiitiHl.y. 

^«'/ll»ll«^■Mll j/<inii7i»,  liArCrruK,  Hint.  I'iiIho.,  V,  :i.'i:i,  Ihou,  "lakes  and  rivers  of  both  Indies." 
LeittKiiiliiinixyiiruK,  IlAKiNt:.'<iM'i;,  Irlilli.  itli.,  7:i,  lnj(»,  Ohio  River. 
l,eiii'<">leiiiilo)i<jir<>iiinK,  IlAn.vKsyn:,  /.  r.,  71,  lH'.i(i,  Ohio  Uivcr. 
l.fluDii^ii'iiH  hiiriiiuiiHiH,  Kii'MMiDHiiN,  I''i4iiiiik  lliir.  Aiiici'.,  ill,  'i'M,  IH'M;  Pcnetanguishene,  Lake 

Huron;  orNTiiEii,  C.it.,  viii,  :):tii,  l«7(i. 
I,eiitiliii>li'iiH  (jiiiiiliH,  .\ijAKsii!,  PdiHMoiiK  FuhnIIuii,  II,  2,  IHItl). 
/.(i/ii'i/iWciit  (/"milt  li("NTiii;ii,  Cat  ,  VIII,  ;i:i(>,  1H70. 
l,ilii>iiMleiuiieiHiriiilinla!t,  A<i\NMiz,  /.  <•.,  ii,  2,  pliito  2,  18110. 
I.iIikIiihIi'Iiii  iiHsriiH,  .FoRPAN   .^:  (Jll.iiKUT,  SyiinpHln,  !»1,  lHH;i. 

Sitii'hiiuH  lUlnliiUfiiUiX  SiinhtrKHitrijiiileiit,  Uah.nkh(jik,  Irhtli.  (111.,  HI!,  1K2(»,  (yoiiiin),  Ohio  River. 
/,*}(M<)»/«nji  hinim,  Dk  Kay,  N'W  York  Kimiiii:  Fi»hcM,  271, 18IJ,  Buffalo,  New  York. 
Lyfiinniilm*  UiienlnH,  Tikimi'hu.n,  IliKt.  Vfrmoiit,  W\  1SI2,  Lake  Champlain. 
MiiriiiijmilUmlitruiiliii',  (Jikinow,  I'lit.  Kmli.,  MH,  Ix.VI,  iiftcr  IiiliiiitiiH. 
I.ffiiiliiflim  li'plorhijHihiiH,  V,\\i\\{\\  I'm'.  It.  K.  Kxpl.,  it.ll,  1S,'>M,  Devil  River,  Texas. 
I.epiihittlfm criimiit,  Coi'K,  I'ri).'.  Ai'.  Nut.  Scl.  I'lilla.,  XWiU,  80,  Bombay  Hook,  Delaware  River, 
LepUhaUM  ulnrmt,  Coi'k,  I.  .■.,  811,  ' '  Platte  River  near  Fort  Riley;"  but  Furt  KIloy  waa  ou  ilic 

the  KaiiHiiri  Kivur. 

Subgenus  CYLINDROSTEUS,  lluniio8<iuo. 

162.  LKPISOSTKC^  PLAT08T0.m'!«,  liafluos'ino. 

(SaoRT-NogKi)  Gab.) 

Suout  iiHually  about  ^  longer  than  thu  rest  of  tbe  head,  sometimes  about 
equal  to  it,  its  length  5  to  G  times  itn  least  width.  Colors  of  L.  oshciis  or 
rather  darker.  Head  3^  in  length;  depths.  D.  8;  A.  8;  V.  0.  Lat.  lino 
about  HG.  L.  2  to  3  feet.  Great  Lakes  and  southuru  and  western  rivi mh, 
with  the  preceding,  but  less  abundant  northward.  Still  more  varialiiu 
than  the  preceding;  possibly  inoro  than  1  species  confounded;  not  al- 
ways readily  distinguishable  from  the  young  of  the  next,  (jr/larij-,  broad ; 
aTufid,  mouth.) 

Lepiaosteus  platuntomtu,  Rafinehqve,  Ichth.  Oh.,  72,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

LeptsosteiiH  iMhii,  Kakinesque,  /.<•.,  73,  Ohio  River. 

Lepuosleiis  plalyitomim,  QUntiieu,  Cut.,  viii,  329,  1870;  .Iohda.n  &  Qiliiert,  Synopsie,  01,  IhHII. 


*M.  AngUBto  Dumljril  (Hist.  Nnt.  Poigs.,  Vol.  ir,  1870)  rtlviiloB  this  specii-g,  as  rcpresoiiti.l  jn 
tlio  MiiHRum  at  I'ariH,  intu  17,  which  ariMliNtiiiftuiHhud  by  trilliiiK  (lifTureiiroN  iu  propuFtioiis  anil 
nunilxTH  of  scales.  His  new  nitinos  aro  L.  IrecKli,  Mississippi,  327;  L.  miWerti,  New  York, 
328;  L.  Iiiiilaiii,  Wabash  River,  32!);  L.  miiitlii,  upper  Mississippi,  330;  L.  ai/refi,  Wabash 
River,  :J31;  L.  cnnei,  northern  North  America,  332;  L.  lesiieuri,  Wabash  River,  ;i.t'>:  L 
eluahelli,  no  locality,  33H;  f,.  laiiinri,  northern  North  America,  337;  /-.  rlinlomi,  no  lo- 
cality, 3.38;  L.  Ininsli,  United  States,  'M'i;  L.  piiinolmuiis.  Lake  Erie,  340;  L.  Iwrnlii,  north- 
ern North  America,  311;  L,  thompaoni,  upper  Mississippi,  342;  L.  louitiaHeniia,  New 
Orleans,  344. 


I  tout 

i.s  or 
I  line 

lable 
It  ul- 

nitl; 


■tl  m 

lis  M\i 

/ork, 
kbash 
In:.;  ;.. 
io  lo- 
lorth- 
New 


Joniiin  and  /u<frmiinn.--/us/u-s  of  North  Atnerita.         Ill 


I, l.i.h:'!. Ill  frani,  AdAMiK,  I'tilmiiiiiii  Kin«IIi«,  ii,  2,  I83«l,  Louiaikoa. 

;.,,,.  .1,  n,  iihliifhini  III,  l»r.  Kav,  N.  Y.  Iiiiiim:  Fldhcn,  i!7:i,  1h4'.',  Florida. 

l^l.,l<iriithUrii,iru>,UinAUi>,  I'lic.  II.  It.  Kxpl.,  :i:>U,  IHAM,  Rio  Pecoa,  Texaa. 

l^l,nlo'ifHiiiHitl<iiii',  WiNi'iiKi.r.,  rriM-.  A<-.  Niit.  i^i.  I'lilla,,  1x04,  IHa,  Huron  River,  Mich. 

l'i,l,i,:l,.:<irii»pr<iiliiiiitii,  ('i)i'K,  I'rw.  Ac.  Niit.  Hci.  IMiilit.,  IMil.'>,  H)l,  San  Antonio,  Texaa. 

i'lfl,„:li'  'himiujiiuuii,  iM'MddL,  Hint.  Nut.  I'DiNH.,  ii,  ;iri|,  1H70,  St.  Louia. 

fiiliwir'ih'Hi Milioki,  I>i'm(:i(ii.,  /,  I'.,  ll.Mt,  uppcT  Miasiasippi. 

Ciili„l,.,ih'H»ri)jlHfiKiiiii,  I'l'Nf.iiii.,  /,  <-.,  ;i.VI,  United  Statea. 

(V/i  ''""'«ii"''<'<'''"i"<i  IX  Mdiii,,  /.  ('.,  IIAA,  Lalte  Lafayette,  Florida. 

(yi>i  ^"'MiiC'iirlotii,  Di'Mfiiii.,  /.  <'.,  :iAit,  New  Orleana. 

Subgenus  ATRACTOSTEUS,  ItHliiii-Nqiw. 

lfi».  liKI>IM»HTi:rs  TItlNTWCIIl'S,  (lll<M'li  A  (kOiiit'idi'r). 

(Al.l.iiiATciit  Oak;  UiirAT  <iAit;  Manjuahi.) 

.^iioiit  iiHiinlly  not  qiiito  ho  long  aH  tho  ront  of  tliu  huiul,  itH  least  width 
cdiitaiiiutl  :4  tiinoH  in  ilH  lun^rth.  Head  3)  in  length-  L).  K;  A.  H;  V.  G. 
Lai.  liiKtOO.  ScaluH  in  an  ubliqnc  Hurio.s  fi-oiii  thu  vuntrala  to  middle  of 
liii(  k  IH  to  20.  (7olor  gruonish,  palur  hulow,  tho  adult  nHually  not  apottod. 
L.  H  III  10  fout.  Kivei'H  of  tho  Hoiithuiii  Stati*H,  Cnha,  and  northern  Mux- 
ico,  mirth  to  St.  Loiiiu  and  (^Mncinnati.  A  lingo,  iniiHculur,  voraoionu  fiah, 
urtflcs.s  aH  food,  rumarkablo  for  ita  arniaturu  of  ouanieled  acalea.  (r/uir, 
tlitfi- ;  ffn>t,|;of,  row.) 

fjuir  li ifliirhun,  ni.orii  A  SriiNKlDKii,  Syot.  Irhtli.,  .IDA,  1801,  Cuba,  uftcr  Miuijuari  uf  I'uru. 

ieiiiin^h iiniimdilii,  liArtpr.ni!,  Ilist.  I'oidH.,  V,  ;i;i;i,  lm:\,  no  locality. 

Ul,i>.,yi. Ill (MnicloiUiitii)  /vrnx,  UAfLNKgyiT,  Iclitli.  Oil.,  7:i,  18'20,  Ohio  River. 

Uyi'li'iliiinmitiijiiari,  PoKV,  Moiiiurian,  l,  2711,  IHCiO,  Cuba. 

ifluil,.-l,iii  {Alractonteiiii)  herlawlini,  GiiiAun,  I'ikc.  It.  It.  K.xpl,,  'M};\  IH^s,  Tamaulipas. 

/,.(,M(..«r.»«  viriiUn,  GOntiieii,  Cut.,  Vlil,  112!),  1870,  imt  /.'iiox  nriilu,  Gmki.in,  which  ih  L.  uaaeua, 

f,i/;i.J.;.i«/iiii/.ii7iH(i,  JultliAN  &  (Jii.iiF.itT;  S.viiDpHJH,  92,  1883. 

Mm'i'nifiin  hwiim,  DcM^niiL,  I.  >.'.,  'MM,  1870,  Tampico,  Mexico. 

164.  I.EPISOKTKl'S  TltOPICUS,  (Gill). 

Il('iid4  in  extreme  length;  depth  8i;  acalea  8-52  to  54-12.  Otherwise 
as  ill  fj.  irinUrchus,  from  which  it  may  not  be  diatiuguiahable.  (Gill.) 
StroaiiiH  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  Central  America,     (tropicus,  tropical.) 

.l(ml■^.<^Hlt /roj)iVi(«,  Gii.i.,  I'rnc.  Ac.  N«t.  Sci.  I'hllii.,  180.'),  172,  streams  near  Panama. 
Mml'ii'leiii  trojiicut,  Dvutuih,  I.  c,  367,  1870. 

Order  L.  CYCLOGANOIDEA. 

(The  Bowfins.) 

I'uriutala  in  contact.  Pterotic,  baaia  cranii,  and  anterior  vertebnn  aim- 
pie.  Mandible  with  opercular  and  coronoid.  Maxillary  not  tranaveraely 
segmented,  bordering  the  mouth.  Third  auperior  pharyngeal  lying  on 
enlar^fed  fourth.  Upper  baaibyal  wanting.  Vertebrse  aniphicoilian,  tho 
anterior  not  modified.  Pectoral  fins  with  meaopteryginm  and  8  other  ele- 
incntH.  Air  bladder  cellular  and  lung-like.  This  order  includes  only  tho 
family  Amiid.k.  (kikao^,  circle;  Ganoidea;  also  called  Halecomouimii, 
halaomorphu8,  formed  like  a  ahad ;  halec,  in  allusion  to  the  reaemblauce 
between  thia  group  of  Ganoids  and  the  Ihospondyli.  It  ia  probable  that 
the  aiiceators  of  the  Isospondyli  are  to  be  found  among  forms  allied  to 
the  existing  Halecomokphi.  ) 


!M 


*  I 


il^ 


i  \'  \-i 


n 


.!,t 


■  1  « 


"  ■  f 


-tl     ; 


p  1  « 

I 


Wf 


>\i%    t''^»  '■  •■  ■■•! 


ii-i:i 


■I 

w4 


'^  i 


iip:. 


rji! 


t 


I  I 

I 


i  i' 


11-  i' 


1^ 


1     i' 


•lite.  ,111 


?  1. 


it 

1      ] 

IV2 


Bullitin  .//,  United  States  iVationui  Museum. 


Family  XXXIII.  AMIIIhK. 

(The  Bow  kins.) 

Hody  obJoiif;,  coiiipressetl  behind,  teroto  jiiiteriorly.  Head  Hii)>coiiic:il, 
anteriorly  blintiHli,  Hlif;htly  depressed,  its  Huporticial  bones  ooriugaU'd 
^ind  very  bard,  scarcely  covered  by  akin.  Snout  8h«)rt,  rounded;  latenil 
ni.ivf^ij  8  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  nuixilluries,  which  are  divided  by  a 
lon,i;itudinal  suture.  .laws  nearly  oven  in  front;  cleft  of  the  mouth  nearly 
liori/.ontal,  oxtendiujj  beyond  the  wmall  eye;  lower  Jaw  broad,  U-shaped, 
tiio  rami  well  separated ;  between  them  a  broad  bony  plate,  with  radiat- 
inj?  striie,  its  ponterlor  edj^e  free;  Jaws  each  with  an  outer  series  of  con 
ical  teeth,  behind  which  in  tlfo  lower  is  a  band  of  rasp-liko  teeth;  bandn 
of  small  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  pterygoids;  palatines  with  a  series  of 
hirger,  pointed  teeth;  premaxillaries  not  protractile;  tongue  thick, 
scarcely  free  at  tip.  Nostrils  well  separated,  tlie  anterior  with  a  shoit 
barbel;  suborbital  very  narrow  ;  a  bony  plate  covering  the  cheek,  similai- 
to  the  plates  on  the  top  of  the  head;  operculum  with  a  bread  dermal 
border.  Branchiostegals  10  to  12.  No  pseudobrauchia*  nor  opercular 
trill;  no  spiracle;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth;  gill  membranes  not  con- 
nected, free  from  the  isthmus.  Two  peculiar,  long,  lanceolate,  obli(|U('l.v 
striate  appendages  on  each  side  of  the  isthmus,  projecting  backward  and 
c'jvered  by  the  branchiostegal  rays,  the  anterior  wholly  adnate  to  the 
isthmus,  the  posterior  freo  behind."  Isthmns  scaleless.  Gill  rakers  stout- 
ish,  very  short.  Scales  oi'  moderate  size,  rather  firm,  cycloid,  Avith  a  mem- 
branous border.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  fin  long  and  low,  nearly 
uniform;  the  \  jsterior  rays  not  much  higher  than  the  others;  its  insor- 
tiou  in  front  ot  the  middle  line  of  the  body,  opposite  the  end  of  the  pecto- 
ral. Tail  somewhat  hoterocercal  (more  so  in  tlie  young),  convex  behind. 
No  fulcra.  Anal  fin  short  and  low.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  short  and 
rounded,  the  ventrals  nearer  anal  than  pectorals.  Vertebrie  amphicadian 
or  double  couoave,  as  usual  among  fishes,  none  of  ;,hem  specially  modified. 
Abdominal  and  caudal  parts  of  the  vertebral  column  subetjual.  Air  blad- 
der cellular,  bifid  in  front,  lung-like,  conneeti'd  by  a  glottis  with  the 
pharynx,  and  capable  of  assisting  in  respiration.  Stomach  with  a  blind 
sac;  no  p^  loric  cteca.  No  closed  oviduct.  lulestine  with  a  rudimentary 
spiral  valve.  Fresh  waters  of  the  United  Stat'is.  A  single  species  known 
among  li>'ing  fishes.  Several  fossil  genera  are  usually  referred  to  tlnn 
fau^ily.     (AMiiD.t;,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  vui,  324-325.) 

67.  AMIA,  Liunajus. 

CBOWKINS.) 

i4mia,t  I'iNNfl'.l-s,  Syst.  Nat.,  I'M.  \u,  17«lt),  oCO;  (<(i/m),  not  of  Oroiiow,  17C;(,  wi.icli  iH  a  iion 
biDOiuial  nunio  for  Apiuj.m. 

♦Sep  '.VilJiT  "On  tho  Serrated  Appoudagos  of  the  Throat  of  Aniia,"  Proc.  Amor.  Assoc.  Adv 
tici.,  T87(),  2.5'J,  for  a  disciissi.)ii  of  tht^si^  curious  organs. 

•"If  tho  nonbiuoniiiil  generic  pames  of  (Jronow  are  to  ho  recoguizod,  tho  nanio  Amia  must  In' 
trasdforred  i,o  Aiiogim  and  tho  pros'  nt  gonu.s  must  bo  called  AmialHs.  The  date  of  Gronow's  woi  |. 
lioH  bctwoen  that  of  the  tenth  edition  (I7r)8),(>f  Linntvus,  .Systema  Natura;,  and  tliatof  the  tweiltli 
(170()).  The  character  of  Gronow's  work  iseusentiallyprc-Linnawin.and  it  contains  no  refereiue 
to  i;he  Linunian  system.  It  seems  to  us  that  the  genera  of  noubiuomial  writers  should  not  i^ 
given  precedence  over  those  of  the  binomial  system. 


\ 


Joriian  and  Ever  man  n. — Jus/ies  of  North  America.        113 


/liMi'i'"  ,  KAt'iNKSijUK,  AuulyHo  do  la  Naturo,  88,  1815,  (calm);  Hubotituto  Tor  .Imia,  rogi'.rduti   oi) 
;,,.,  >li..ii  furH.viniiK'try. 

CliiiiiicterH  of  tliti  ^enus  inclndod  above.  (I'/u/a,  aucieut  uame  of  Home 
lisli,  |>iobably  the  bonito,  Sarda  mrda.) 

UruXniX  CAIiVA,  LinnwuB. 

;Mn.(i-ii  ;  I'liOFiaii ;  Ho  vriN  ;  f! Hindi, e  ;  '■.John  A.  Orindi.e;"  IiAWVKr;  I'i>i880N  DB  MabaIB.) 

Dark  olive  or  blackJHb  above,  paler  below;  sides  with  traces  of  dark 
ifiu'iilatu  iiiiii'kini^H;  lower  jaw  and  gular  plate  often  with  round  blackish 
ypots;  tiiiH  mostly  dark,  somewhat  mottled.  Male  with  a  round  black 
tj|iiit  ;il  IjiiHo  of  caudal  above,  this  surrounded  by  an  orange  or  yellowish 
hIiiuIc:  in  the  female  this  ocellus  is  wanting.  Lateral  lino  nearly  median, 
(liiccttil  slightly  upward  at  each  end.  D. 48  (42  to  53) ;  A.  10tol2;  V.7. 
Lilt  1 1  111',  1)7  ((!">  to  70).  Head  '^'i  in  length;  depth  4  to  44.  Male  about  18 
iiicliis  in  length;  female  24  or  more.  Great  Lakes  and  sluggish  waters 
tVoiii  Miiini'sota  to  Virginia,  Florida,  and  Texas;  abundant.  A  voracious 
ami  ii^n\y  lish  of  remarkable  tenacity  of  life.  The  llesh  is  peculiarly  soft 
ami  pasty  and  is  of  no  value  for  food. 
Aminr.ilni,  LiNNA^us,  Syst.  Nat., Ed.  XII,  17CG,  500,  Charleston,  S.  C;  Cit'NTiiEB,  Cat.,  viii,;i2.'i, 

Amin Iliriiiidn,  RiciiAKPSOw,  Fauiia  Bor.  Ainor.,  in,  23G,  183(1,  cf ,  Lake  Huron. 

Ami.i<";'i,l,;ilnlis,  I)r  Kay,  Now  York  Fauna:  Fislios,  2(!9,  1842,  9,  St.  Marys  River,  Mich. 

.1,111,.  ,„,•,„„, ri(((r,  CuviEitit  Vai.f.ncif.nnek,  XIX,  412, 1840,  New  Orleans. 

.Imid  ,"i,'i(ii,  LESrr.ru,  in  Cuvicrit  Valeucioiiiics,  I.  o.,420,  Chibault,  on  Mississippi  River. 

.l„,i,(i,ii,/is  LeSceiiii,  /.  c,  421,  New  Orleans. 

Amiaii'iiiiKi,  CiTviEU  &  Vai.enciennf.k,  I.  c,  424,  Lake  Erie,  a*'ter  Kirtlaiid. 

AiiiiKlniii'jiiiimi,  Ci'ViEn&  Yai,eni'iennes,  I  c,  42(i,  after  Bounaterro,  no  locality. 

A.ii'.d  siil,r:inileii,  Cl'viEK  &  Vai.kn'ciknnes,  /.  c,  427,  New  Orleans. 

Amiii  nnenii,  Ci'viF.ii  A  Vai.enciennes,  /.  c,  430,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Anna  i-,7„m/i(/i(,  LbSuf.i'u,  I.  c,  4.'11,  Wabash  River. 

AmiatliniiiiiKimi,  DuMf:uiL,  Iliist.  Nat.  Poles. ,  ii,  419,  1870,  Lake  Champlain. 

Amunii'iHotii,  VvukHit,  I.  c,  423,  loTO,  Upper  Mississippi. 

Series  TELEOSTEI. 

(The  Bony  Fishes.) 

This  group  is  sufficiently  characterized  in  the  analysis  on  page  97.  The 
uaiiit)  (7f>,;H)f,  perfect;  oartoi',  bone)  is  not  entirely  distinctive,  inasmueli 
as  the  skeleton  is  well  osaitied  in  certain  Ganoids.  In  general,  however, 
till'  i:roni»  is  well  characterized  by  the  absence  of  the  anatomical  features 
aNcrilii'd  to  the  Gani.-ids. 

Wo  liegiu  the  series  with  those  Teleosts  in  which  the  air  bladder  con- 
nects throughout  life  with  the  alimentary  canal  as  distinguished  from 
tlio.sii  ill  which  this  connection  is  a  feature  of.imniaturity.  Slight  as  this 
cliaiat'ier  is,  it  has  value  as  an  indication  of  relationship.  Among  these 
foiiiis  in  which  the  air  duct  is  retained  there  are  2  well-marked  series, 
piolialily  distinct  in  origin,  the  one  characterized  by  a  singular  modifica- 
tion of  the  auterior  vertebra),  the  other  without  this  character.  The  first 
of  till'  groups  (OSTARIOPIIYSI)  includes  the  great  n^ajority  of  living  fresh- 
watir  lishes.  From  the  other  group  the  specialized  spiuy-raytd  fishes  and 
uio»t  murine  fishes  seem  to  bo  descended. 

r.  X.  A. 9 


-  I 


<v 


11* 


i  1  1 


i,  i.-'i. 


I 
I 


m 


fl 


114 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


OSTARIOPHYSI. 

This  group,  which  inclndes  tho  great  majority  of  tlio  living  fresh-walM- 
fishes  of  the  worhl,  is  characterized  chielly  by  the  luodiiication  of  tho 
anterior  vertebrae.  These  are  coossifled  and  have  some  of  tlieir  lateral 
and  superior  o1eM)outs  detached  and  modified  to  form  a  cliain  otciniil! 
boues,  tho  Weberian  ossicles,  which  connect  tho  air  bladder  wiih  the  ear. 
The  three  orders,  Nkmatoi;natiii,  Pi.ectospondvm,  and  SCYriioi'iioin 
(A/on»iy>'i(/((),  which  conii)o8e  this  group,  are  doubtless  derived  from  u 
coinnion  stock,     (iiarapiov,  a  little  bone;  (pitjoi;,  bladder.) 

Order  M.  NEMATOGNATHI. 

The  CatI' ishes.) 

I'ariotals  and  snpraoccipital  ronllncnt.  Four  anterior  vertebra'  coossi- 
lied,  and  with  ossicula  auditus  or  weluMian  apparatus.  No  mcsoptery- 
giuin.  Basis  cranii  and  pterotic  bono  simple;  no  corom/id  bone,  Third 
Hllperiur  jihacyngeal  bone  wanting,  or  small  and  resting  on  the  fourth; 
second  directed  backwards.  One  or  2  pairs  of  basal  brauciiihyals ;  2  paiiH 
of  branchihyals.  Snboperculum  wanting,  or  niodiUcd  into  tlie  upperniust 
branclilostcg,  '.  Mesocoracoid  present.  l*remaxillary  forming  Itordur  oC 
month  above,  except  in  one  family,  Du'I.omystiu.k,  in  which  the  maxil 
laries  also  bear  teeth.  luterclavicles  present'  No  scales.  H|iiu  naked  o) 
with  bony  plates. 

"This  division  istho  nearest  ally  to  tho  8turgeons(t!!IONl)lM>8ilci)aHnMiK 
Physostonious  fishes,  aud  I  imagine  that  future  discoNciies  will  prmo 
that  it  has  been  derived  from  that  division  1^  di'HC(^nt.  In  the  same  Wiij 
tho  Isospondylous  fishes  are  nearest  the  IIalkcumoiii'III,  and  have  proli 
ably  doscended  from  some  Cro88opteryj>iaii,  lieur  the  Hait.istia,  throiij;!! 
that  order.  The  afitinity  of  tho  calllshcs  to  tho  sturgeons  is  seen  in  llio 
absence  of  symplectic,  the  rudimeutal  maxillary  bone,  and,  as  observed  l)j 
Parker,  iu  the  interclavi  des.  There  Is  a  Biipuillulal  rcseniblance  in  tlie 
dermal  bones." — (Cope,  1.  c,  451.) 

This  group  comprises  the  Simtiud.k*  and  their  relatives,  now  dividid 
into  several  families  by  Prof.  (Jill.  (Siijiuid.i;,  Oiinther,  Cat.,  v,  ^-277.) 
()7///H,  thread  ;  yi'(i\!>()i-,  Jaw  ;  from  the  maxillary  barhels,  which  arortlwiiyH 
preseut. ) 

Anauisis  of  Families  ok  Nemato(inatiu. 

u.  Air  blinldc.r  wull  dovolopi'd,  U8tiall,v  siniplo  (ir  with  tniiiBvoi'Ro  coiiBtrictiuiis,  lying  frn  In 
tile  ulxloniiiiiil  ciivity.  Mimlli  tuiiniiinl;  (iitli  villifdriii,  roniml,  incisor  iir  ni 'liir 
liki';  iiitcstini'E!  short;  artaiij^cd  in  hjn);itiMllniil  foldn;  lioily  nuliud,  or  willi  one  si  iii> 
of  lateral  iilutcs;  iliaiiliragni  nionibranoiiB;  tip  of  Bcapiilar  prorcps  reaching  l'a>i- 
occipital.  Dorsal  (\n  short,  cnulliKiiI  to  tho  nlnloinlnal  part  of  the  vcijohral  tolnmii; 
oporchi  woU  (li'velopeil  and  inovalili-;  niilpi.se  tin  liurinnlly  jircHcnt;  gill  oponiiigs  u' n 
erally  wieli";  caudal  vcrti'linc  not  coinpri'ssiMi,  tho  neural  BpiniK  fiirn|ilo,  Bpinc  1  U 
Maxillary  fiidiuientary,  forming  the  hasu  of  a  long  barbel,  the  prcniaxillaries  ,i!"iii- 
fortutng  tho  margin  of  the  upper  jaw.  SiM'urn.i-:,  xx  mi 


*  In  the  arrangement  of  tho  tropical  genera  of  Nematocinathi,  we  have  followed  cloBuly  '•"■ 
'BoVigtiui  of  tho  South  American  NKMATOdNATUl,"  by  Kigenmanu  &  Eigenmann,  1890. 


n,- 


[\ 


i 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  N^orth  America.        115 


Air  lilaiMer  riidlinoiitiiry,  oiio  iliviHiuu  on  oitli<-r  hIJu  of  tho  coiilcriLvd  vitrti'ltnu  uuU  uiitircly 

Kiirrciiiiiilcd  ))y  a  bony  cRpHule;  tliH  capHiiIc  forinod   by   tho  nkull   unci  by   tliu  lut- 

iTiil   iiroccHges  of  tho  aati'rior  vcrtcl)rn';  diiiiihra^ini   wholly  osKcrniB,  formed  by  tho 

oxiiiinsionH  of  the  claviflo  iind  scniuiUir  procesH.     Scnpniu  and  \\*  piiicocs  flrnily  joined 

to  tl'o  skiill.    Gill  Mienibriincs  joiiiiMl  to  tho  istliinuri;  gkiii  covered  with  bony  plutes. 

/'.  ('audui  vuitebrie  conipiessed,  tho  nenrul  iind  liitMiikl  Hpincs  expanded,  forming  u  con- 

tiuuona  ridtre  ubovo  iind  bulow;  nkin  with  i<ev('ritl  KerieH  of  platen;  month  inferior, 

the  lower  lip  reverted;  teetli  turned  abruptly  baek  above  and  usually  oxpiinded; 

a  oin^lo  NC-rieg  of  teeth  erect  and  in  funetiou,  the  preniaxillariesund  denlarieH  box- 

tthaped,  lilleil  with  nninerouH  relay  teeth;  intestinal  canal  e(>iled;  cavity  of  air 

bladder  coniinunieutiiiK  with  the  exti^rinr  at  a  notch  in  thu  posterior  margin  of  the 

temporal  plate  at  begiuuinj;  of  lateral  line.  Louicakiid.i:,  xxxv. 


^^m 


i 


1.  \  \ 


Family  XXXIV.   SILUKID^E. 
(The  Catfisiies.) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  naked  or  covered  with  bony  platiH.  No 
tnio  Hcales.  Anterior  part  of  liejid  witli  2  or  nioro  barhelH,  tho  biise  of 
tho  ioii;;ost  pair  formed  by  the  small  or  rudimentary  maxillary.  Margin 
of  ujiper  jaw  formed  by  premaxiliiirieM  only.  Snboperciilum  absent; 
(i|ii)iruliim  present.  Dorsal  lin  usually  present,  short,  above  or  in  front 
of  the  ventrals.  An  adipose  fin  usually  present.  Anterior  rays  of  dorsal 
iiiid  |ii  clorals  iiHimlly  spinous.  Air  bladder  ustially  present,  large,  and 
t'DiiiicctL'd  with  the  organ  of  hearing  by  moans  of  the  auditory  ossicles. 
I.DWci  jiliaryngeals  si-paralo. 

After  the  removal  of  nulllfiCOtlH  aberrant  forms  as  distinct  families,  the 
liiliillv  of  Hn.tJ|<l|)i:  contains  more  than  100  genera  and  upward  of  900 
8|)e(i(;s.  \\\\'eX  H^  MlP  P|f.|J|fn>.I';  are  fresh-wj^ter  fishes,  inhal)iti:ig  the 
HvolH  of-  H\\\\  ||5f/|li|(ri,  |<(lit|())(lrt|lr  Sfililll  k\\\m\\  ^|ul  Africa;  compar- 
atively fi»w  of  tiiom  are  maijne,  ati(l  tliese  ibw  KJIt  jlltJsny  tropical.  They 
me  t'Hiuscially  (^liaractorisllu  of  the  Ania/on  (ejlloM  in  South  America. 
iSliX'itiD/E,  part,  (liinther,  Cat.,  v,  30-00;  (J!»-li20.) 

n,  (iill  membranes frou  or  fortllhig  a  ^too  fold  ai  rosn  |lie|8t|)|nt|8,  (l))"li|y  JuUieil  to  ihe  isthmus; 
anal  fln  sliorter  than  caudal  portion  of  vertebral  colutliti. 

TAiiivst'ldN  1:: 
h.  No8trilBc)o80  fotol,(||of-i  ()p|t||n>- with  W  biirbfl,  llio  poBtetlof  ullli  a  valvo;  leeth  on  the 
|4llttu|  catiqii|  l»tBts*|.     (^jiccleH  c|i|e(ly  luarlne.) 
I.  tiuwer  Jaw  wiih  2  batitoU;  Imixllllll'y  Imlliel  band-llki  :  pectoral  npilie  with  a  bainl- 
liko  lilanieiit.  FKi.triirnvs,  G8. 

CO.  tower  JiMv  n|(|(  |  |iarl)els;  pHlafl|)n  feetli  (It'll;  hotli  Jaws  wlt|:  leeth. 
(/.  Gill  rilliufg  tew,  ft  to  'J6;  eyes  «l)(ivo  (uvol  of  inoutli. 

dAI.BIDIII'IHH,  i;|c.,  (genera  (i'J  to  IK). 
M.  (iill  rakera  very  many — H'  or  more,  lont;  and  slender;  eyoM  scarcely  above 
lovej  uf  nioiiUi.  CATiiouors,  lU. 

Iill.  NuBtrilR  romoto  from  each  otiier      (Frosh-water  species.) 

|etAf.)!llIN.t;; 

c.  i'oBlerior  nostril  with  a  barbed;  liarbels  8;  no  toetli  on  voniiT  or  palate. 
/.  Adipose  (in  with  it.f  posterior  niargii.  free. 

(/.   rremuxillary  band  of  teeth  truncate  behind;  not  jirodnced  backward  at 
thu  outer  angles. 
h.  Eyes  normal. 


^::\"^^i:l 


lU 


: 


;    ! 


■,   i 


I 


I  :.i 


h 


'I 

1 


1     i  ■ 


'.    \, 


m     I  It:, 


110  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afiiseum. 


t.  8iiiirai)cci]iilnl  liiiiiocoiitliiiic'd  liiK-kwaril  rroni  tlii'  nii|i(!,  \U  nor  imi 

ti|i  recuiviiig  th<*  liuiiu  at  Iiiihi'  ofiiurMil  N|iiiii<,  ho  thai  a  i nu 

uuiiH  bony  lii'itlf^ti  iH  f'ormcil  imilcr  tlit-  nkiu  I'luiii  tinuiit  to  i  i~< 

ofdorHal;  fuiulal  tin  forked.  Iotaluhi  -,  71;. 

ii.  Sii|iruo'<ci|iital  not  rvacliiiiK  iiitersiiinal  boucH,  tliu  bony  lunl^. 

iiioro  or  b'BH  iiicoiii|)lut«.  Amkh'ui  -,  7; 

gij.  Pruniaxillury  l)aii<l  of  tectb  with   a  lateral  backward  uxtuiiHioii  om  .i,li 

side;  lower  jaw  iirojtjcting;  doraal  Kpluo  Wfak.  Lki'toi-,  7- 

Jf.  AdipoHe  flu  k('('l-lik>-,  adiiatit  to  the  back. 

J.  Itaiid  of  teetli  in  upjierjaw  with  abuckward  e.xteiiHion  at  its  outer  pi>>i.ii,,i 

anj?k',  a8  in  LejitujiH.  NoTi'ui  -,  7',i 

jj.  Uand  of  teutb  in  ujiperjaw  without  backward  uxteUHiou,  aH  in  Almoin  11:1, 

BciiiMiKoiii:,-.  till, 
PiMELODiNyi-:: 

ee.  PoBterior  nostril  without  barbel;  barbelH  i);  adi|iuHe  tin  well  developed;  tueili  ju 

villiforni  bands. 

A:.  Teeth  on  vomer  none,  or  in  Rniall  patches. 

/.  Head  covered  with  soft  Hkiii  above,  not  p;rannlated.     .Snout  bniad,  Rciimlv 

produced;  barbels  terete  or  Hiiglilty  llattened,  iioi  margined;  head  InhL'ii 

than  broad. 

VI.  Occiiiital   process,   if  present,  not  reaching  the  dorsal  jilale;  li  .imI 

spini^  pungent.  Riiamiua,  M. 

Him.  Occii)itai  process  narrow,  reaching  the  dorsal  jilate;  fontamdle  I'luh 

ing  base  of  occipital  i)^!!'^^^,  a  bridge  across  it  above  ihj.-Ii  riur 

margin  of  eye;  humoral  process  spine-like.  l'iMr.l.iilii;i,i  s,  .vj. 

II.  Head  granulated  above,  naked  or  partially  naked ;  occipital  procchKii-iinllv 

reaching  dorsal  plate;  fontanelle  not  continued  behind  eyes;  iiili)iiM- 

fln  longcrthan  high;  humeral  process  broad;  not  spine-like. 

PlMKLOIHS,  S3. 

68.  FELICHTHYS,  Swainsou. 
(Gaff-Topsail  Catfisiies.) 

lireii-rps,  SWAINSON,  Nat.  Ilist.  Fishes,  1,  328,  ISIiS,  (fmijie),  name  ]ireoccupietl. 

FeUchlUijs,  SwAlNSON,  I.  c,  11,  305,  ISIJf),  substitute  for  llrfnivjin,  (hmjn). 

Ailuriililhiin,  Haikd  &  Gihaki),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18&4,  '2G,  {tmiriiim). 

A'llurichthijK,  Gil.l,,  corrected  Bpelllng. 

Mj/stiis,  GuoNow,  Cat.  Fislios,  Ed.  Gray,  IdSt,  18,14,  (cnrolineimfi),  name  preoccupied. 

I'imehdiis,  Bleekf.r,  Siluros  de  Suriuame,  il"),  18('i4,  {iKujre),  not  of  Lacepede,  as  restricted  liv  (iill 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head  depressed,  brojid  aliovp. 
Mouth  large,  the  upper  jaw  the  longer.  Teeth  all  villiforni;  those  on  tlif 
vomer  and  palatines  forming  a  more  or  less  perfectly  crescent-shaped  Ii.iimI, 
iJarhels  4;  maxillary  barbels  band-like,  very  long;  chin  with  1?  ^Ihiii 
barbels.  Nostrils  close  together,  the  posterior  with  a  valve ;  nuchal  r<  ;;i(iii 
with  a  granulated,  bony  buckler.  Fontanelle  large,  well  forward.  Doi 
sal  fin  short,  in  front  of  the  veutrals,  with  1  sharp  spine  and  7  rays.  IVc 
torals  with  a  similar  spine ;  pectoral  spines,  and  sometimes  dorsal  .■^piin 
also,  ending  in  a  long,  striated,  band-like  lilament.  Adipose  fin  niodcmtc 
free  behind.  Caudal  fin  widely  forked;  anal  moderate,  emarginate:  veii 
tral  rays  6,  Gill  membranes  somewhat  connected.  Tropical  Avatt  is  el 
America,  the  species  all  marine,     {/elis,  cat ;  Ix^vC)  fish.) 

a.  Dorsal  spine  not  produced  in  a  long  filament;  occipital  process  largo,  Eha|icd  like  n  i'l<  vir 
leaflet;  gill  rakors  5   )-  14;  baso  of  veutrals  about  e(|uidiBtaut  from  snout  and  c^i mini. 

>  I'ANAMEN.^IS,  15l'i. 


Jordan  ninf  F.'iwr matin. — Fishes  of  North  America.         117 


„„.  I'Mi'stl  8|iiiin  ]irn(]urpil  tii  a  loiiK  fllnmoiit;  occipital  procoM  normal;  k'H  rakcrfi  not  more 
than  !•. 
.',.  |iJHtanri>  from  iloi'Hnl  fin  toti|iorHiiniit3'.'',ti>4inlongtli;  ttiise  of  anal  moru  than  J  lonf;tli. 
<'.  Antt^rior   lobo  of  anal   with   nilnntn  dots,  itH  highcnt  ray  Iuhx  than  '^j  itM  base; 
voniorino  and  palatino  \iatrht<!i  uf  toi>th  Neparatc;  anal  ray^  li'i  to  Wh. 

IIAORE,  \U~. 
11'.  Antorior  lolnt  of  anal  with  a  largo  dark  blotch,  itx  hi);hcgt  ray  mom  than  \<^  itfl 
liaHo;  vomorinn  and  palatino  patches  of  teeth  Joined;  anal  rayg  '28  to  30. 

PINNlMAOri.ATIS,  l.lH. 

fir.  Head  broader;  occi|iltal  procoHi)  narrower  than  in  P.  j(i»Himad(/ii^i(»;  body  and  fins 

nnit'ormly  colored;  no  black  lilotch  on  ventrals  or  iinal.  kymouxii,  1')9. 

\.i..  Distiiiice  of  dorHai  from  tipof  Hnoiit  about  II  in  length;  highent  anal  ray  about  e<|nal  In 

biise  of  anal,  which  is  about  'y  the  length;  anal  roys  20  to  20. 

il.  Auiil  niyrt  aliout  20;  occipital  buckler  large,  triangular,  its  width  at  base  XV;,  in  its 

length.  FILAMENTOHUS,  1(10. 

r/i(.  Anal  ruyB22lo24;  occipital  buckler  Bmall,  oblong,  nearly  ae  wide  behind  as  iKifore; 
to))  of  head  smoother  than  in  most  other  species;  pectoral  spine  shorter  than 
heaii,  a  little  longer  than  dorsal  spine.  makims,  Ull. 

tUi\.  Annl  rays  I!)  to  21 ;  i>ectoral  sidnoas  long  as  head,  much  longer  than  dorsal  spine; 
palatino  teeth  in  a  narrow  band.  iiahibnsis,  1<'i2. 

15ff.  FELH'HTHYS  PANA»KX!$IS,  (Gill). 

Ho(l\  robust;  dorsal  spines  not  produced;  maxillary  barbels  reaching 
hamidt' ventrals;  candal  deeply  forked.  Steel  blue,  with  bright  reflections; 
liiiH  (lotted.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  1,7;  A.  29.  Mazatlan  to  Panama; 
coiiiiMon.  (patiamensix,  from  Panama.) 

.\.hinrl,fl,i:g  jxiunmetuin,  Giu,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phlla.,  18fi3,  172,  Panama. 

Mliirlihiliija  tiiKliitlh,  GdNTHER,  Cat.,  V,  17!l,  1804,  Panama. 

.lUiiriiliihiin paimmenm,  EloENMANN  &  Kwenmann,  S.  A.  Nematognathl,  31,  1800. 

157.  FELK'IITHYS  RAflRE,  (Linnn^us). 

Itoily  rather  elongate;  maxillary  barbels  reaching  beyond  front  of  anal; 
i;ill  iiiktirs  very  slender,  2  +  ^j  dorsal  filament  reaching  candal.  Dark 
IMiiiilisli,  fins  dotted.  Head  44;  depth  SJ-.  D.  I,  7 ;  A.  32  to  35.  Coast  of 
Iir;i/il,  accredited  to  the  West  Indies,  but  rare  north  of  Surinam,  (hnyre, 
I'ortu^niese  name  of  some  catfish.) 

fibmishitiii-e,  TjiNN.T.rs,  Syst.  Nat,,  Kd.  xii,  00.5,  1706,  South  America,  after  Oronow. 

Mliiiirhiiiii't  tKvjri',  Kkif.nmann,  S.  a.  NeiTiatognathi,  33,  1890. 

ikki'hihiis  (jrimoni,  ('uviEii  *  VALENCIENNES,  XV,  40,  1840,  Guiana,  Maracaibo,  Naua,  Bahia, 

Cayenne. 
.Uh'i-i.hll,iix  iirnnovii,  GI'NTHEU,  Oat.,  v,  178,  1804. 

fti</ni<  iii.irroiieiiiii.i,  Kanzani,  Nov.  Coui.  Ac.  Sci.  Honon.  1842,  v,  .'5.34,  pi.  28,  Brazil. 
Uv./"s  •■^nnliiipnuh,  Gronow,  Cat.  Fishes,  Kd.  Gray,  150,  18.H,  Rivers  of  South  America. 

158.  FELiniTHYS  I'lNNIMAniLATlIS,  (Steindachner). 

Hatlior  elongate;  maxillary  barbels  reaching  middle  of  anal;  dorsal 
spine  ii  in  bti.td,  its  filament  reaching  to  caudal.  Metallic  blue;  anal 
witli  a  large  black  blotch  in  front;  lower  caudal  lobe  pale.  Head  4?  ; 
ileptli  \'i.  D.  I,  7;  A.  28  to  30.  Mazatlan  to  Panama;  common  on  sandy 
shore, s.     {jntina,  fin  ;  wat'M7rt/MS,  spotted.) 

.■li(m-..;„i/;/ii  jtiimimacHlnliiii,  Steinpachneii,  Ichth.  Beitr.,  iv,  W,  1875,  Panama,  Altata,  Costa 
Rica;  EtasNMANN,  {.  c,  35,  1800. 


■ 

:    I'll 
•  II 

'  i  r 

!          ■        '; 

I 


ill 
i\  i 

■     .11 


fl 


,  *■  \ 


i 


il 

i 

1    1 


wvr 


'*  '^$< 


#:! 


.,   I 


I   1 


f 


-i 


i<\  r<'l 


•\ii\ 


I        \ 


118 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


150.  FELICIITIIYS  KYDOrXII,  (Ciivlur  A  ValonrionnoB). 

Head  broader  than  in  ¥.  pinnimaculatus.  Dorsal  shield  an  long  as  hmul, 
the  lateral  edges  rounded  ;  its  surface  granulated  and  grooved  ;  ccipitnl 
process  narrower  than  in  F.  jnnmmaculalus.  Teeth  on  palate  li  niiii;;u 
transverse  liand,  subinterrupted  in  the  middle.  Maxillary  barbel  leiH^h- 
ing  niiddlo  of  pectoral  spine.  Dorsal  spine  grooved,  granulated  on 
anterior  edge;  pectoral  lilunient  reaching  end  of  anal.  Body  and  I'min 
uniformly  colored,  no  black  blotch  on  ventrals  or  anal.  Head4f.  D.  1,7; 
A.  30.  Guayaquil.  (Sauvage.)  (Named  for  M.  Eydonx,  its  discoverer.) 
CitlfiihlhijueijiUmxii,  ('I'viKii  k  Valknciennes,  xv,  411,  1840,  Guayaquil. 

Ailimrlilhyii  eyiloiLrii,  Sai'VAoe,  in  Jordan,  I'ruc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mua.,  1884,  40;  duHcriptiunof  ori);iniil 
typo. 

1«0.  FKLK'HTHTS  FILAMKNTOSUS,  Swaindon. 

Very  close  to  F.  marinitu,  which  it  represents  southward.  Shields  on 
top  of  head  rougher  than  in  F.  mariniis,  the  granulations  extending  on 
each  side  of  fontanollo  to  before  it ;  granulated  area  before  occipital  pro- 
cess broader  than  long,  its  width  more  than  i  head;  occipital  process 
triangular,  emargiuato  behind,  its  width  at  base  1^  in  its  length;  basal 
bone  of  dorsal  spine  short  but  broad.  Dorsal  spine  a  little  shorter  than 
head,  a  little  longer  than  pectoral  spine;  its  filament  reaching  to  or 
beyond  adipose  fin  ;  pectoral  filament  to  front  of  anal ;  maxillary  barbels 
to  end  of  pectoral  spine.  A.  26.  Sandy  coast  of  tropical  America,  on  tlu' 
Atlantic  sid;' ;  Jiero  described  from  specimens  from  Lake  Nicaragua.  {JUu- 
metitosHs,  bearing  filaments.) 

FelirhilliijHftliimeutiini's,  SwAlNSON,  Nat.  IliHt.  Aiiiiii.,  ll,  'ADH,  18.10,  iiftor  Bloch,  pi.  365. 
AilurklilhiinJiUimeiiliiiiii!',  .ToiiDAN,  Tror.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1888,  411. 
GaUu-Mhinhhchii,  OuviER  &  Valenciennks,  xv,  4-1,  1840,  Bahia. 

1«1.  FELR'IITIIYS  .MAUINl'S,  (Mitchill). 
(Sea  Catfi.'!!!  ;  ("Iafk  Topsaii..) 

Head  rather  short  and  broad,  rounded  anteriorly.  Occipital  buckler 
small,  oblong,  not  much  broader  before  than  behind;  band  of  palatine 
teeth  nearly  continuous,  extremely  variable.  Maxillary  barbels  extend 
ing  about  to  the  end  of  the  pectoral  spine ;  pectoral  spine  longer  than  the 
dorsal  spine,  1  the  length  of  the  head,  its  filament  reaching  the  vent; 
dorsal  filament  reaching  adipose  fin  ;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  much  tlie 
longer;  anal  fin  falcate.  Dusky  bluish,  silvery  below.  Head  1  J.  D.I, 
7;  A.  23.  P.  I,  12  ;  \\.  6.  Vert.  20  -|-  30.  Cape  Cod  to  Texas ;  coinnion 
southward;  not  valued  as  food. 

.Si/iinis  iimrimis,  MlTCiUl.l,,  Trans.  Lit.  ami  riill.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  I,  1815,  433,   New  York. 
Aihirii-Wiija  vinrinu.i,  GCntiibr,  Cat.,  v,  178,  1SC4. 
Ailuricklhii.ivmriwift,  JoniiAN  &  OiI.nF.iiT,  Synoiwis,  111,  1883. 
AilHricJithiis  marinm,  Kioenmann,  /.  c,  30. 

1«2.  FEIilCHTIIYS  BAHIKNSIS,  i«  iwtolnan). 

Very  close  to  F.  marinun  and  perhaps  not  distinct,  the  pectoral  spine 
longer,  as  long  as  head,  the  maxillary  barbels  extending  about  to  root  of 
ventral;  palatine  teeth  in  a  very  narrow  band.     A.  19  to  21.    (Giintlior^ 


,  1 


'i 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         llO 


Mexico  to  liahia,  a  doubtful  Hpecies,  placed  by  Eigeninann  with  F.  fila- 
mniloHus,  as  synonym  of  F.  marinua. 

ilil. .  Iillnin  hdUieimit,  rAHTl.KNAr,  Aiiiiii.  Amor.  Slid.,  'AT,  185.'),  Bahia. 

,\,in  N hHiiiK  li'iKjiiipmui,  UCntiieh,  Vat.,  v,  178,  1804,  Mexico;  South  America. 

69  to  74.  GALEICHTHYS,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes 
(Ska  Catfish.) 

T'liiut'iiriiii,  TiA('f:pf:i>K,  IliHt.  Nut.  PoIhh.,  v,  1,11,  18():i,  {chinenfin). 

liih.'hiUiiK,  CrviKIl  &  Vai.KNCIKNNKB,  XV,  28,  181(t,  { feliirim,  (itc.) 

.^)■l"^,  CiviKri  A  Vai.knciknnkk,  /.  c,  52,  (i//(iii(Ji(iii«ii)i,  uriim,  etc.)    (Hostrictod  to  iiriim  liy  Bleekor 

III  I8."i8)  -'ViichijiiiiniK. 
.In'o  /■ .,  JK'M.F.li  A  Trosi'Iiei,,  Iloriv  Iclitliyol.,  111,  !l,  1840,  {m-nwrim,  etc.)     (  -TitvlujmtruH.) 
UexaunnitticUlhif,  Hi.KKKKit,  Iclilliyiil.  Arclii|i.  liiilici  8iliiri,  (it,  1858,  (lumiliuau). 
Cejilfil'iraitniii,  Ill.KRKKll,  /.  (•.,02,  {miUmiKliir).     (z^llexaiu'iiMtwhthijii.) 
Set'li,i:l,  lIl.KF.KEIt,  /.(•.,  1.2,  (h««i(Ai). 

^'iii/iViii|;(f,  Ill.KKKEK,  /.  c,  02,  {cotiimetnmi).    {=.\iiiim<i.). 
Hfiifl'i'lilhii',  Ill.r.EKER,  /.  c,  62,  (fmiihyaelim). 
S.7./i.r«/"S  lll.KEKKIl,  /.  f.,  02,  (hfnherijii). 

Ileiiiinii(tii,  Bl.KEKER,  Noilorl.  TijdHkr.  Piork.,  1,  18t'i2.  !W),  (Hloniii).     (—IlernurmnlirhlhiiK.) 
rseii'I'triiix,  Bi.EEKEll,  /.  r.,  01,  ((iii(i»;  gnitKHcdKsin  licing  ropirded  hh  typn  nf  Arim).     (--T<irhj/iiimit.) 
Iffi.mii*,  OiLi,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  .S<i.  Pliilii.,  18G:i,  170,  (ihnoi).    (=.S«/en<(i«i>M.) 
,lrir.;isci,  Oii.l,,  I.  c,  {milherti=fili»).     {:=lli'xiiiiiiiiiUielilhii».) 
.\'./wii»v,  (iir.t,  ^  c,  ((/rniii/toiic'ii*).     (—Xeliimn.) 

Hody  more  or  less  elongate,  siibtereto.  Iload  armed  with  a  bony  shield 
above,  behind  which  projects  an  occi])ital  shield  ;  another  smaller  shield 
at  tlio  baHO  of  the  dorsal  spine;  these  shields  nbuaily  distinct  bnt  some- 
times covered  by  the  skin  as  in  FcUchthi/a.  Skull  with  a  fontanollo. 
Montli  not  large,  the  upper  jaw  the  longer.  Teeth  villiform  or  granular, 
ill  ii  liaiid  in  each  jaw  ;  teeth  in  1  or  2  patches  each  on  the  vomer  and 
pulatiiioH,  all  of  them  sometimes  continent  into  one  band;  the  palatine 
toi'tli  never  movable.  Barbels  6  (the  nostrils  without  barbel),  close 
toj^etlicr,  the  posterior  with  a  valve ;  maxillary  barbels  usually  short  and 
terete  or  somewhat  compressed.  Eyes  with  a  more  or  less  free  orbital 
maifiin,  the  upper  edge  sometimes  adnate.  Dorsal  fin  short,  in  front  of 
tlie  veiitrals,  with  a  pungent  spine  and  about  7  rays;  adipose  tin  well 
developed,  posteriorly  free;  caudal  fin  deeply  forked;  anal  fin  short; 
pectorals  each  with  a  spine  ;  ventral  rays  6.  Skin  smooth,  naked,  except 
on  tlio  occipital  and  nuchal  regions,  where  it  is  usually  confluent  with 
the  Hiirface  of  tlio  bony  bucklers.  Marine  catfishes.  Species  very  num- 
eroii.s  on  sandy  Hhores  in  the  tropical  seas,  never  about  coral  reefs.  This 
grouit  lias  been  treated  as  one  genus  by  (iiinther,  Eigonniann,  and  .lordan 
&  (iil)iert.  It  seems  to  u.s  more  natural  to  separate  the  American  species 
into  several  genera,  Avhich  is  done  in  the  descri[»tive  text  below,  too  late 
for  insertion  in  the  key.     (nn;/*;,  swift ;  oypa,  tail.) 

riAl.FiiiiTiiYS,*  (yoA^,  weasel  ;  ix^ii?,  fi»li):  (geiiiiH  09.) 
1.  IIi'iiil  luid  occiput  entirely  covered  by  flesh  and  Bkin  ;  occipital  proceas  Bparingly  jrranu- 
lat.Mi. 


♦Tliis  analyxis  nf  gpecios  is  condensed  from  that  given  l)y  Eigonmann,  8.  A.  Nomatognathi, 
ii,  aiil  Iroin  that  given  I>y  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.S.  Kisli  ^om  ,  1882,  .37.  We  omit  from 
thi^  aiiulysiH  all  those  species  which  have  not  as  yet  been  found  north  of  Guiana.  Tho  sub- 
geuerii'  groups  are  recognized  below  as  genera. 


h  iM 


' 


i     I 


M  :m 


I 


! 
! 


i 


ill 


i! 


.h 


^ 


! 


I  5. 


t 


I! 

.,1 


u 


ml 

m 


;  •  It 

.A'       !i 


I 

lit  I' 


120 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


h.  Anal  flu  twico  at*  long  ax  IiIrIi,  witli  22  rayn  ;  fontanello  with  iin  indiHtinrt  groove; 
orcipltal  procoM  twIco  aH  Iiiiik  im  broad  ;  HidoH  fincklud.  i.entkiiniisis,  lti:i, 

bb.  Anal  flu  liiglicr  than  long,  with  aljout  15  rayo  ;  rontunollit  contlnuinl  hh  a  dt'cp  grodvn 
tu  liuse  of  occipital  ])rocofiri,  which  Ih  3  tiinuR  uh  lung  aH  hrond  ;  Hiduri  wllli  a  lirnnd 
paloliand.  rKRHViANCM,  ici 

on.  Orclpltal  proc<'§H  itnd  Imnng  of  head  oxpoiicd  or  covered  with  very  thin  fikin  ;  honoK  on  top 
of  h<>n(l  and  occipital  procoKft  grnnnlar. 
r.  Falatlno  piitchcH  of  teeth  with  a  backward  projecting  angle  on  the  Inner  margin  (tliir< 
often  ubRoU'tct  In  the  yuiing  in  Selennnpiii);  vomerine  bandn  coiitignouR  or  continent. 
Ocnenil  color  brown,  with  bronze  reflection*. 
({.  Domal  plate  Hud(llc-8liap<!<l,  enlarged;  ItH  length  on  the  niciliiin  line  morn  than  ,'„ 
that  of  head  ;  teeth  on  the  palate  villiforni  or  binntly  conical ;  vomerine  baii'l^t 
of  teeth  nnited. 
SciADElcMTiiVH,  (Sciadet,  a  rolnted  gonilfi,  from  <ricia,  Bhade  ;  Ix^vv,  flsh);  (geniiH  7ii ) 
e,  I'ofiteriur  nanal  openings  not  connected  by  a  membrane.    SpecioR  I0.'i-172. 

/.  Dorsal  plate  longer  than  bmad,  pointed  in  front,  entering  thcHliort,  emargi- 
uate  occipital  procesH;  fontunt^lle  large,  ending  acutely  at  a  puiut 
nearer  base  of  <lor8iil  than  tip  of  Bnont ;  eye  moderate,  t>l-.,  or  less  in 
interorbltal  space  ;  maxillary  barbels  not  reaching  beyond  base  of  pei  - 
toralH;  no  pterygoid  teeth  ;  head  3).^  in  length.  TiioscnKM,  li,."p, 

Selenaspih,  (acAiji'i),  the  moon  ;  anTwit,  shield:)  (genus  71.)    Speciep  17.'1  to  170. 
ee.  Posterior  nanal  openings  connected   by  membrane  (young   with   the  dor>;il 
plate  reduced  and  no  backward  prolongation  to  palatine  patch  of  teelln, 
DorHal  shield  much  broader  than  long,  its  anterior  margin  trnncatt'. 
g.  Occipital  process  very  short,  truncate  behind,  Vii  wider  ut  base  than  at 
tip,  its  length  loss  than  y2  "^  greatest  width  ;  gill  rakers  7  4-1': 
fontanello  short,  ending  obtusely  at  a  jioint  much  nearer  tip  of  stioni 
than  front  of  dorsal  ;  head  3}^  in  length.  nowi,  171. 

dd.  Dorsal  ]ilato  crcHccnt-shapcd,  not  enlarged,  its  length  on  the  median  line  mu<  li 
less  tliau  ,'g  head. 

Netuma,  (A'Wiima  Mi'li,  a  name  used  at  I'ondichcrry  for  Nelnma  iicliimn) :  (g(^nus  7J.) 
Species  177  to  185. 
h.  Occipital  jirocess  widest  at  its  base. 

i.  Fontanelle  obtuse,  not  produced  backward  as  a  groove  ;  interorbltal  regi.M 
granular  ;  barbels  short ;  caudal  not  |-{|  head  ;  jiosterior  nostrils  n"f 
connected  by  membrane  ;  heail  very  larg<',  It);i  in  length. 

KE.ISI.KIII,  l.^ii. 
li.  Fontanello  continued  backward  as  a  groove  (in  one  species  nearly  oluiH- 
Icte),  and  the  toji  of  bead  not  granular. 
j.  Tnterorbital  region  and  shields  of  head  finely  granular  ;  no  axillary 
pore;  maxillary  barbels  long,  reaching  middle  of  pectorals;  cau- 
dal more  than  %  head,  which  is  4  in  length. 

lNsc^IM■TI^s  Ifl 

j;'.  Interorbltal  region  flat  and  smooth  or  with  smooth  ridges,  a  trllln^'ll■ 
lar  smooth  area  extending  backward  from  it. 
k.  Vomerine  jiatches  of  teeth  united,  except  in  young. 

/.  Groove  of  fontanello  almost  obsolete,  not  reaching  occipitil 

process,  which  is  about  as  broad  at  bas"  lus  long,  with  ( - 

cave  margins  ;  caudal  a  little  shorter  than  head,  \vhi(  li  i- 
3J  in  length  ;  shields  of  hoad  coarsely  granular. 

PI.ANICF.rS,  ISJ 

H.  Groove  of  fontanelle  well  defined,  reaching  occipital  proce>>, 
which  is  longer  than  broad  at  base  and  with  straight  edg'  -; 
barbels  short,  compressed  at  base  ;  head  long  :ig  in  lengtli. 
its  shiolds  finely  granular  ;  paired  fins  often  black  at  Im- 

PLATVI'OQON,  l^:l. 
kk.  Vomerine  patches  of  teeth  separate  on  the  median  line. 


)\ 


fonian  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        121 


m,  Splnoi  loni;,  xrarroly  uliurtor  timn  liond  ;  caiidnl  nrarly  An  toiiK 
nKlicitil ;  lioiidHiiiiill,  4  in  loiiKth  ;  nuiuthiiiinll,  itHbruadth 

IKlt  '  J  lll'lld.  OSCll.l'H,   IM. 

mm.  SpiiicN  gburt,  not  -.,  head  ;  linad  InrKO,  about  3^,  in  leugtli; 
tcoth  on  luiliilc  in  I  iiatilicH,  Idiintly  coniral;  occipitul 
priieoM  Hrarci'ly  hh  lung  aN  liroitd ;  rniidal  xhiirtitili; 
moiilh  large,  itM  breadth  at  loaat  ^'^  h'nKth  of  licad. 

Ki.ATTrm'B,  18r>. 
-.  I'ulatlno  pntrliPH  of  tpcth  without  a  backward  projocting  angle  on  the  Inner  margin; 
dornul  lliield  Hniiill,  iTCNcenl-sliaiii'il  ;  goncrai  cidorbrown  with  lilue  n-tlnrtimiH. 
IlFXANF.MATicMiHVs,  (if,  HJx  ;  vi/Mfl,  thread  ;  'i\ivi,  flili):  (goniig  73.)   Species  IKOtoliHi. 
II    Teeth  on  palate  villitoini. 

11.  Teeth  iin  |ialale  nioNtly  in  4  patrbea. 

p.  Granniatiiins  ofliead  not  extending  forward  to  between  eyo8, 
7.  Fontanolle  continued  liai^kward  as  a  narrow  groove. 

r,  Oec'ipitftl  proceH-i  long,  about  ' /,  bead,  its  tip  convex  ;  inner  edge 
of  ventralrt  pale  ;  beail  liV^  in  length.  vkms,  1S(>. 

rr.  Occipital  proresg  moderate,  not  \\^  head  ;  inner  edge  of  vontraiR 
black  ;  head  longer. 
K.  Head  flat,  depresned  In  front ;  occipital  keel  blnntlsh  ;  grnnn- 
lationH  of  bead  coarRe  and  conHpicnous  ;  fotitanelle  reach- 
ing Imihc  of  occipital  pruceHN.  KEKHANI,  l><7. 
M.  Head  scarcely  depressed  ;  occipital  keel  i-liarper  than  in  any 
othcrHiieclcH  ;  sliieldHof  headNnioothertlian  in  Il.H'emitni; 
p;itclies  of  palatine  teeth  much   smaller,  foiilanello  nar- 
row, not  quite  reaching  occipital  keel.  .loiniANi,  ISS. 
qq.  Fontanelle  not  continued  backward  as  a  groove  into  the  granulati-il 
re;;ion  of  the  head. 

I.  Palatine  i)atclio8  of  teeth  small,  scarcely   larger  than  vomerine 

patches,  which  are  widely  separated  ;  occipital  process  keeled, 
truncate  at  tip  ;  barlMils  rather  long  ;  vertical  fins  dark  ;  inside 
of  ventrals  dusky.  c  kiiii.kscknk,  180. 

II.  Palatine  patches  nnich  larger  than  vomerine. 

II.  Fontanelle  almost  obsolete,   ending  between   eyes,    not   pro- 
longed backward  as  a  groove  ;  boily  slender,  caudal  about 
as  long  as  head  ;  paired  fins  pale.         otrATF.MAr.KNSls,  1!»(). 
nil.  Fontanel, I  ending  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  middle 
of  dorsal  jdate  ;  head  broad(T  than  in  preceding. 

ASSIMII.IS,  1!)1. 
pp.  Granulations  of  liend  continued  forward  to  between  the  eyes;  fontanelle 
continued  as  a  groove  to  base  of  occipital  process  ;  interorbitul  area 
with  4  granular  ridges. 
I'.  Head  moderate,  4V;Jin  lenglh  ;  dorsal  spine   \]■,^  in  head  ;  highest  anal 
ray  less  than  2  in  head.  iiAsvcKi'nAi.i  s,  T.i.'l. 

rr.  Head  long,  ajl  in  length  ;  dorsal  spine  1%  in  head  ;  highest  anal  ray 
2';',  in  head.  i,on(iicki>iiai.i!k,  194. 

TAcnvsunns  :  (genus  74.) 
iiii.  Teeth  on  palate  granular  ;  gill  membranes  not  forming  a  free  margin  across  the 
isthinus. 
II'.  Anal  rays  l!)io  22  ;  head  broader  than  high,  more  than  3  in  length. 

.T.  Ventral  fins  blackish  on  inner  margin  ;  axillary  pore  large  ;  groove  of  fon- 
tanelle scarcely  reaching  base  of  occipital  process;  vomerine  teeth 
small,  the  patches  widely  separated  ;  bead  33^  in  length. 

MKLANorrs,  2(X). 

x.r.  Ventral  fins  pale  ;  axillary  pore  small;  pectoral  spine  reaching  at  least 

halfway  to  middle  of    ventral  ;   occipital    process    little    narrowed 

behind;  vomerine  teeth  course,  the  patches  close  together;  head  3% 

in  length.  fCrthi,  201. 

wo.  Anal  rays  27  ;  teeth  on  palate  in  2  atnall  bands  widely  separated  ;  fontanelle 

long  and  narrow  ;  head  rough.  multiradiatus,  202. 


i  I 
I  ! 


1     •    i' 


i .  r 


.':!':::  \ 


5 


i 


1 
i       I 


5;^: 


u 


!i 


\  i  } 


i 


4 


I 


^ir 


■ri 


tiS 


■      i 


■   i 

M  ^ 

.b^ 

.11 
III 


1         t 


]'}!■*' 


11 


^*  I 


•4  I 
i1 


122 


Jordan  6^  Evetmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


69.  GALEICHTHYS,*  Cnvier  «fe  ValenclonneB. 

168.  flALKICIITHYM  LKNTIUINUHl'H  (KiK«iiiimiin  A  KiK«iiMiiitiii). 

Oill  rakerH  H -f- 4.  Color  li|;ht  brown,  paler  Ixtlow,  the  aidoH  frf^cklnl; 
head  1  to  4.^.    A.  22.     Paiiania.     (Kigoninaiin.)    (/crWi/zi/iusuH,  t'reckltHl.) 

Tiu'hiimnDi  Ifiitiyimimii,  Ekienmann,  I'ror,  (!al.  Ac.  Scl.,  IMHM,  lil'J,  Panama. 

164.  (ULKK'HTHTN  PKKIIVIANI:H,  (Llltkiii). 

(jill  rakors  3  -f  10.  Hack  and  sideH  bliio  black;  a  conHpicnouH  broatl 
pale  band  alon^  the  lateral  lino.  Head  3;^.  A.  14  to  !(>.  I'auilic  CouHt  of 
Mexico  to  Pern,  rather  rare;  this  and  the  preceding  HpecieH  well  niarkid 
by  the  ukin-covered  head,  similar  to  that  of  specieH  of  Fvlichthyn, 

nulfiihthiin  iieriiriiimiii,  liCiKEN,  VIdiiigk.  Med,,  2()-l,  1H7I,  Callao. 
'/'iiWiuiNriM  jirniridHHii,  El<iBNMANN,8.  A.  Nuinut(iK>iatlii,01,  I81M). 

70.  SCIADEICHTHYS.  Bleekor. 
166.  8CIADEICiITHYS  TK08CIIKLI,  ()iill). 

(nxOHK  ('ill.OItAliO.) 

IJody  robnst;  dorsal  plate  lonjjer  than  wide,  its  snrfaco  grannlar;  griin- 

nlations  of  head  extending  to  above  eye;  occipital  process  short,  eniar- 

ginate  behind  ;  fontanttlle  lur|re,  ending  acntely  at  a  point  nearer  base  ot' 

dorsal  than  tip  of  snout ;  upper  caudal  lobe  5  in  length.     Head  3|  to  Itf. 

A.  18.    No  axillary  pore.     Female  as  in  some  other  species,  with  the  hoiul 

smoother  and  covered  with  thicker  skin,  as  in  the  subgenus  GalcichtlniH. 

Dark  brown,  with  a  brassy  luster.     Mazatlan  to  Panama,  not  rare ;  out'  of 

the  largest  species,  used  as  food.       (Named  for  Dr.   Franz   Herniaiiii 

Troschel.) 

Sfiiulis  irimMi,  P.iM,  Pfor.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phlla.,  1803,  171,  Panama. 
Arim  hriiiidli,  Steinhaciineu,  Iclitli.  Uoitr.,  IV,  21,  ISTO,  Altata;  Panama. 
Tiwhuuiriiit  hramlti,  Eigenmann,  S.  A.  Moniatogiiatlii,  05, 18!H). 

166.  SCIADEICHTHYS  EMPHYSETUS,  (Mllllpr  *  Troschol). 
Closely  allied  to  S.  troscheli,  of  which  it  is  the  Eastern  representative. 
Palatine  bands  of  teeth  with  a  backward  projecting  angle;  teeth  villi- 
form ;  posterior  nostrils  not  connected  by  membrane.  Eye  modevatf,  5 
in  the  interocnlar  space,  11  in  head.  Maxillary  barbels  flattened,  reacli 
ing  middle  or  end  of  dorsal  fin.  Dorsal  plate  pointed  in  front,  enteriiif; 
the  notched  occipital  process ;  as  wide  as  long,  its  surface  pitted.  (Granu- 
lations of  the  head  extending  to  above  middle  of  cheeks.  An  elonf^atc 
patch  of  teeth  behind  each  palatine  patch.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  tlif 
upper  lobe 3Hii  the  length.  Head  3if.  Depth  6.  D.  17;  A.  18,  Yellowish 
brown,  paler  below.    Surinam.     (Eigenmann.)    {lu(i>v(J(io>,  to  inflate.) 

n<i//r»s  (Sci<i(/('«)  ewphijuetiiH,  MCil.En  &  TuoHniEi,  Ilorre  Ichthyol.,  iii,  K,  1849,  Surinam. 

Aritm  cmphijseluit,  GOntiikr,  Cat.,v,  150,  1804. 

TacAvmrun  en)ji/<//8e/iiii,EiaENMANN,  S.  A.  Nomatoguatlii,  53,  1800. 

167.  SCIADEICHTHYS  TEMMINCKIANl'S,  (Cuvicr  *  ValcnHcnnoB). 
Palatine  bands  of  teeth  with  a  backward  projecting  angle  on  the  inner 
margin;  teeth  on  palate  villiform  or  nearly  so.     Dorsal  plate  pointed  in 

*  For  the  characters  of  this  and  other  genera  related  to  Tachyturm  see  the  analysis  above. 


Jordan  and  Evertmuiu.  —  Fiahfs  of  North  Ainrrica.         lli«l 


t'l.iiit,  eiitoririK  \\w  notclie<l  ocMMpital  pmctmH,  it  uh  wide  iin  tiio  hUiiII  lio- 
liijxl  tliu  oye;  Hurfauo  of  tlie  hoium  Htriiilo  luthor  than  frruniiluto,  Kyo 
Hiii  ill,  <>  tu  7  ill  tilt)  iiitororhital.  Mnsiliaiy  biirhvlH  riMcliiii^  t  ips  of  vni- 
tiilH.  1).  I,  •• ;  A.  21.  (CnvitM-  iV  V'uIoiicioiiimH.)  C'ayouim.  I,ik<(  tlio 
nt'\t,  known  only  from  tlio  ori^iiiul  ilcHt^riptioii,  liotli  apparently  ailit-il 
ti)  S.  trohvheli.  (Nainod  for  C,  J.  Toniininck,  tlirii  director  of  tli«^  Miinuiimi 
lit  Kolland.) 

n,,./"" ''■"""""'*'"'""".  I'l'Vir.n  A  V»i.R'«<'in\NrK,  xiv,  40:1,  H:in,  Cayenne. 
,iti'<ilimiiiiii<hii,  OI'NTllEli,  Cut  ,  V,  l.M,  iMil,  iiftir  ('||V:«  T  \  ValiMciiiiiK'H. 
f„,  h.Mlinill  IflHllllHi  kmilll'',   KlIIKNMANN,  S.   A.    Nl>nilltllKllUtlll,  tti,   IM'.UI. 

I«H.  SriADKiniTIIVM  KI.AVKSrKNS,  M'liviri  .V  Vi»I(-nrl(»niio»). 

Palatine  liaiidH  of  t(M'tli  with  a  tia<'kwar(l  projection  on  tho  inner 
iiiaiKin.  DorNal  plate  ciilarKetl,  pointed  in  front ,  entering  the  notched 
nci'ijiital  proceHN  ;  einarKinate  l)ehind,  a^  \vi<le  mh  the  craiiiiini  liehind  eye; 
(juiiiulatiouH  not  extending  forward  to<!yeH  ;  o])orelean(l  hiinieral  pioeesM 
Htiiate,  not  ^rannlar  Kye  vor.\  small,  !)  in  interorltitiil.  Dorsal  and  jiee- 
tdial  Hpines  uraiinlar,  moderiitely  Herrate.  Upper  Jaw  little  lon^jer;  pal.i- 
tiiic  handa  of  teeth  oval.  Maxillary  harhe!  extending  to  midille  of 
lii'ctoral.  Ventral  shorter  than  ]>e(;t(>ral  tins;  adipose  k  h^ss  than  anal 
ilii.  [Ipper  caudal  l«)l»o  little  the  longer  1).  I,  7  ;  A.  IH.  (Ciivier  A 
ValoncieniieH.)  Cayenne.  (Jlavitia'tin,  yellowish.) 
/;,/,;) lis /(.riviicH/i,  Ci'viKa.t  VAi,F.ff('iRNNEs,  XIV,  •t^'j,  iH.ifi,  Cayenne, 

,|Mii«y'"'''«'''"»,    f'f'NTIIKIl,  Cut.,  V,  1,11,  l.''fi4. 
VnliifHirimjIiiriMfHK,  KkiknmANN,  S.  a.  Ni'lillttii|;lllltlli,  .la,  lH!)(l, 

I«0.  SriAIIKKilTllYS  MKSOI'S,  (CnviiT  \  Viilem-lPiiiicH). 

Palatine  teeth  villiform,  the  hand  with  a  haekward  projection  ;  poste- 
rior nostrils  not  connected  l»y  membrane.  Dorsal  jilat^^  enlarged,  notched 
in  front,  receiving  the  point  of  occipital  proct^ss.  Kye  midway  Ix^tween 
siKMit  and  preopercle  ;  occipital  jirocess  twice  as  long  as  broad,  its  tip 
iiiiu^ronate,  corresponding  to  a  notch  in  the  dorsal  plate;  top  of  head 
|fianiilated  to  front  of  eyes;  opercle  granulated  superiorly;  humeral  pro- 
coHM  as  long  as  high,  strongly  granulated.  V'entrals  as  long  as  pectorals. 
D.  I,  7;  A.  18.  (Cnvier  Ar  Valenciennes.)  (luiana.  (/itnnr,  middle; 
t'lij',  eye.) 

fti./iim  riK-mj)*,  rrviEn  ,t  Vai.enoiknnkr,  xiv,  4r>ri,  IRM,  Guiana. 

.l/iM.<  )»(■«);)«,  CCntiikii.  rat.,  V,  14.'i,  isril. 

T,i,/ii.<H)iifl  jwi'do/i.i,  EiiiRNMANN,  S.  A.  Ni'matogiiiittii,  ,"i7,  18iHi. 

170.  M'lAIIKICIITIIYS  IMIOOI'S,  (CnviiT  .V  Val.MwiPnncH). 

Head  4  to  4iv  depth,  7.  D.  I,  7  ;  A.  IS.  Palatine  l>ands  of  teeth  with  a 
liackward  projecting  angle;  jiostcrior  nostrils  not  connected  iiy  membrane; 
dorsal  plate  large,  buttorlly  shaped,  notched  in  front,  receiving  the  point 
of  occipital  process;  bones  of  head  coarsely  granular.  Eye  nearer  snout 
than  to  preopercle,  IJ  in  snout,  about  3  in  interorbital.  .Taws  snbequal  ; 
occipital  process  broader  than  long,  miicronate  at  tip ;  opercle  striate, 
liody  slender  and  elongate  ;  head  depressed ;  teeth  on  roof  of  mouth  in  (> 
contiguous  patckes.    Caudal  deeply  forked,  the  longer  upper  lobe  4^  in 


1' 


I      I 

i 


■l 

i 

.  i 

i 

_j. 

u 

i 

'i 


(  i 


i  t 


r  f 


mr 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


:^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


i^M22    |2.5 

1^  m 


V] 


^3 


V 


v: 


V 


% 


Hiotpgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


'#.>" 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


•c 


y,iiii^ij,iitf-TOA™[JMW»W' 


"T 


I'*  I 


Il' 


:•  i 


i 


H? 


f  -i 


124 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


!li 


body;  pectoral  spine  IJ  in  head.    Plnmbeous  above,  witli  blue  luster  ;  fins 
dotted  with  brown.     (Eigenmann.)    West  Indies  from  Porto  Rico  to  .Sui  i 
nam  and  sonth  to  Pernambuco.     (7rp/(,  before;  in\),  eye.) 

naijriin  jtronps,  Cdvikii  A  Vai.enciennks,  xiv,  457,  1830,  Guiana;  Porto  Rico. 
AriiiK  pniiipH,  GCntiikr,  Cat.,  v,  US,  IHlH.  • 

Sehniiii  jironpn,  IlLKEKEit,  Siluresdo  Siiriiiaiiic,  C'2,  1864. 
TarliiHumn prmpK,  RiOKNVlANN,  S.  A.  NcriiatoRnHtlii,  57,  1890. 

171.  SCIADRICIITIIYS  PASSA.W,  (Cuvinr  A  Valonrim.rieH). 

1).  I,  7;  A.  17.  Palatine  patches  of  teeth  with  a  backward  projcctiiiu 
angle;  dorsal  plate  notched  in  front,  receiving  the  point  of  ocrijdtal  pro 
ccHH.  Eye  nearer  snout  than  to  preopercle.  Lowe'- jaw  longer;  occipital 
process  wider  and  shorter  than  in  S.proopa,  its  tip  reduced;  dorsal  plate 
more  or  less  crescent-shaped.  Eye  nearer  snout  than  in  S.  proopn.  Head 
<lat,  especially  forward;  opercle  strongly  granular;  liuinernl  jiroccss 
obtuse,  higher  than  long,  granular;  dorsal  and  pectoral  spine  granular 
in  front,  weakly  serrate  behind  ;  veutrals  longer  than  pectoralr,.  ((!uvi(  r 
&  Valenciennes.)    Cayenne,    (pnamny,  the  vernacular  name  at  Cayenne.) 

liiujriiH  jiKSKmij,  Ci'viER  &  Valenciennes,  xiv,  4.')8,  I'^.'W,  Cayenne. 

Ariiia  jKUi.wii//,  GCNTllEn,  (!at.,  v,  149,  18114. 

TiuMnurM pasmmy,  Eioenhann,  S.  A.  Nomatogimthi,  58,  1890. 

172.  SCIADEICHTHTS  ALBICANS,  (Cuvier  &  ValenciennoB). 

D.  I,  7;  A.  19.  Palatine  bands  of  teeth  with  an  angle  behind,  the  teotli 
villiform;  dorsal  plate  notched  in  front,  receiving  the  point  of  occipiia! 
process.  Eye  nearer  snout  than  to  preopercle.  Jaws  equal ;  dorsal  jtlad' 
large,  almost  as  wide  is  the  skull  behind  eye  ;  opercle  st^L-iate  ;  top  of  head 
granular  forward  to  between  eyes;  a  triangular  smooth  area  in  front: 
humeral  process,  dorsal  plate,  and  outer  margins  of  dorsal  and  pectoral 
spines  granular.  Snout  3  in  space  from  eye  to  preopercle  ;  eye  .5  in  intci- 
ocular  space.  Maxillary  barl)el8  scarcely  reach  gill  opening.  Adipose 
ilmost  as  long  as  anal.  Caudal  lobes  subequal,  5^  in  the  total  length. 
Head  4f  in  the  total,  its  width  H  in  its  length.  (Cuvier  &  ValencienncH.) 
Guiana  to  the  Amazon,     (albicans,  whitish.) 

Jiagnis  alhicam,  CuviEn  &  Valenciennes,  xiv,  401,  pi.  420,  IS.IO,  Cayenne. 

f  liitgrm  rahiirinmeni,  CASTEL>'Ar,  Anini.  Ainer.  Slid.,  31,  jit.  xiif,  f.  1,  IS.W,  Amazon. 

Arim  vttleticifnneM,  GCntiieu,  Cat.,  v,  l.'iO,  1804. 

Tnckimnut  albkmvi,  EiaENMANN,  S.  A.  Nomatogimtlii,  59,  1890. 

71.  SELENASPIS,  Bleeker. 

17».  SELENASPIS  HERZKKRCUI,  (Hlocli). 

Head  3.3  to  3J;  depth,  5  to  6.  D.  I,  7;  A.  18.  Palatine  bands  of  teoili 
with  a  backward  projecting  angle ;  teeth  all  villiform.  Posterior  u'l.sal 
openings  connected  by  a  membrane ;  dorsal  plate  and  occipital  ])rocoss 
truncate  where  thej'  meet,  at  least  in  the  adult;  in  the  young  the  dorsal 
plate  is  somewhat  convex  in  front,  the  backward  projecting  angles  of  1  lie 
palatine  pa^^^ches  not  developed.  Occipital  process  \  lis  wide  at  tip  as  ;it 
base;  its  len.-jth  more  than  \  its  width  ;  its  middle  scarcely  keeled  ;  jiill 
rakers  5  -f- 10.    Body  elongate,  the  head  longer  than  wide ;  plates  on  head 


Jordan  ami  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         rj5 


.'r;iiiiiliii  ;  roiitJiuollo  not  continued  beliiiul  tht.eyeH  jin«l  witliout  backward 
iiiniictiuj^  groove.  PlnnilMUdis  above,  sides  Hilvery.  fine  dnsky.  (Eigen- 
naiiii.)  CoastH  of  South  America  iVoin  Cayenne  to  Para;  common.  (Named 
loi  llcizborg.) 

s,'»,/i<  hirJieKjii,  Hi.ocii,  Ichtliyol.,  viit,  'Xi,  ]il.  'Ml,  IsOl,  Surinam. 
l,,„shri:hciyU,  GI'NTiiEU,  Cut.,  v,  Ml,  lHt;4. 
r >,  l,,s,i,ii«  lier.-.liviijii,  KiuKN.MANN,  JS.  A.  Ncinutogliiitlii,  5!!,  18110. 
I\.„,l,„lii«  iiiiji'iitriis,  IiAcfc  -KDK,  Hist.  Niit.  I'oisH.,  V,  il4,  IS03,  Surinam. 
/,■.„, /lis  iiiiiH'iix,  CrviKK  .';  Vai.kmii.n.sk.s,  xiv,  4r>G,  iKli'.t,  Cayenne. 
I„,.iriix riiloliiiiii',  >li"'i.i.K.u  Hi,  Titusi'iiKi.,  lldTir  Iflitli.,  Ill,  7,  Isllt,  Guiana. 

/r.,,,»(ii((i/iW(%s /(;/"iiii'"''i«"'','U''K';rki(,  Siliires  do  Siiriiiiiiiii',  .^7,  jiIh.   xi  iiiid  xiii,  I.stH,  Suri- 
nam. 

174.  SKLKNASPIS  IIOWI,  ((iill;. 

Iltiitl  .^i  in  length.  Gill  raker.s  7  +  15  ;  A.  It'.  Dorsal  shield  and  occip- 
ilal  process  truncate,  the  former  much  broader  than  long,  the  lj>,tter  very 
sliiii  1  :  the  length  of  occipital  process  not  h  its  greatest  widtli ;  fontanelle 
.sluiit,  ending  obtusely  at  a  point  much  nearer  tip  of  snout  tlian  front  of 
(Imsal.  Young  with  dorsal  shield  reduced,  vomerine  bands  separated  and 
the  backward  prolonga-tion  of  palatine  bands  obscure.  Panama  to  Guay- 
aiiiiii.     (Named  for  Capt.  John  M.  Dow.) 

;.,,,;■  ,iM.v  ./.)«■(,  (iiLi,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hllii.,  ISC.'t,  170,  Panama. 
,l,ii  >  .i/"/"-,  Stkindai'iinku,  Iclitli.  IVitr.    iv,  !'J,  l.S7(!,  Panama. 
.In.i.N  ,/..»■(,  .l(iKl>AN  &  (Jii.iiKHT,  Hull.  V.  in.  Fisli  Com.,  18S1,  37. 
Tiii:lii>i'ni!<  (Uiwi,   'hcKNMANN,  S.  A.  Nuumtoj{U!itbi,  01,  1890. 

175.  SKLENASIMS  LrMSC'l'TIS,  (CiivicrA  ValeiicienncH). 

Head  'S'i  ;  depth  5J  to  6.  D.  I,  7  ;  A.  10  to  IJ).  Palatine  bands  of  teeth 
witli  a  backward  projection.  Teeth  in  jaws  coarse,  conical;  those  on 
voiiui  iuul  palate  finely  granular.  The  patches  separate  in  young,  but 
uiiittul  an<l  covering  most  of  roof  of  mouth  in  adult.  Margin  of  dorsal 
])latc  and  of  occipital  process  convex  where  they  meet ;  palatine  patches 
of  t((!th  connected  by  the  vomerine  patch  in  front,  their  inner  margins 
not  touching  behind.  Body  rather  stout.  Head  large,  tlattish  above; 
top  of  head  coarsely  granular  in  young,  becoming  more  finely  granular 
witli  age.  Occipital  process  broader  than  long.  Dorsal  plate  large,  sad- 
(ll(!-sliaped,  broader  than  long  or  longer  than  broad.  Fontanelle  crossed 
l)y  '2  (ir  \i  bony  bridges,  the  middle  portion  more  than  A  its  total  length. 
Barlitls  short.  Purplish  brown,  with  brown  dots  below.  (Eigeumann.) 
Huniuun  to  liio  Janeiro;  common.     (/«««,  moon;  scHtitm,  shield.) 

Aii'i-^li'iiisfuiix,  ('iiviKii  it  Vai.k.nciennks,  XV,  lO'J,  1840,  Brazil. 

.[iii'~liiiiisailis,  Ct'NTHKlt,  Cut.,  v,  l.')2,  1864. 

Twhifin-Ks  liiniscutiii,  EloENMANN,  S.  A.  Nemtitogi.athi,  03,  1890. 

17«.  SELENASPIS  PAKKEUI,  (Traill). 

(Bresson.) 

Alli(>d  to  8.  hinisctttis;  the  teeth  on  the  palate  granular.  Dorsal  plate 
lai'f^e,  emarginato  in  front,  receiving  the  pointed  occipital  process;  pala- 
tine patches  either  separate  or  united  for  their  whole  length.  (Bleeker.) 
Miulily  river  mouths,  Guiana  to  Para.     (Named  for  Mr.  Parker.) 


I:    I 


\ 


^l 


it 


',i;    !,\ 


"  I 


:; 


\y\r 


I 


r^TTT 


ii^' 


I    5 


U 


126 


■\  *■ 


Bulletin  77,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Sitiirmimiiiiti,  Traii,l,  M«m.  Woriior.  Sue,  \M1,  vi,  U77,  id.  ti,  Guiana. 

.IWhh l)i(i-A<T(,  OOntiikr,  l!at.,  v,  ITj;!,  lm>l. 

T'liiiiniirni  jiiiihii,  KiiiKNMANN,  S.  A.  Ni'iimtogiiiitlii,  ().">,  18tK). 

Ariiiii  iiiiiiilriHriilis,  CrviKii  &  Vai.knciknnks,  xv,  111,  islo,  Cayenne  ;  Mana. 

Xeliwui  qiHidriacutui,  Dleekkii,  iSiluruH  du  Siiriiiiiiiiu,  '>'.),  iHi;;,  with  plutuH. 

72.  NETUMA,  IHeokor. 

177.  NETl'.MA  IJIUNDH'.iSSIS,  (Cuvior  A  Valuiioi<riiiieB). 

Ileml  3fi  to  3J;  (l"pth  5n  to  6,  D.  1,7;  A.  18.  Dorwal  pliitm  cresent 
Hhapcd,  not  eularj^cd.  Occipital  pioccHS  Nhapcd  like  a  clover  lealiot, 
einaigiiiato  at  tip,  narrowly  and  deeply  constricted  at  base,  its  margins 
regularly  and  strongly  convex  ;  its  middle  keeled  or  not ;  its  length  not 
much  greater  than  its  breadth.  Uody  cylindrical  in  front,  taperin;; 
behind.  Head  greatly  depressed,  longer  than  broad;  center  of  fontaneilc 
over  middle  of  eye,  not  continued  backward  as  a  groove;  interorbitiil 
region  with  4  ridges;  upper  Juw  considerably  i)ro,jectiag;  lip  wide;  vome- 
rine teeth  in  small  patches  or  wanting;  palatine  patches  triangular,  jno 
duced  backward.  Guiana  to  Haliia.  (Eigenmann.)  (j/»7(»irfi«,  large;  f«*«(s, 
helmet.) 

/liii(8(/(<(»'(i><i»«'i',  Ci'viF.ii  &  Vaienciknnes,  XV,  fi:!,  111.  ••27,  181U,  Guiana? 
AriiiKiiniwlKiimK,  OCntiikii,  Cut.,  v,  ^r>^,  WM. 
Taditmnu  uruiuUcd-iKi",  Kkiknmann,  S.  A.  Nomatogiiutlii,  «.'>,  IH'JO. 

178.  NETl'MA  STUICTICASSIS,  (Ciivicr  &  Val.-iu  iviiiirs). 

Entirely  similar  to  X.  granificuxsis,  but  with  the  occipital  process  much 
narrowed,  its  margins  scarcely  convex,  and  its  length  2  or  3  times  its  great- 
est breadth.  The  form  of  this  process  varies,  so  that  Eigenmann  regards 
this  form  as  a  variety  of  ^V.  grandicassin,  another  subspecies  (jxirmovitxsis, 
C'lvier  &  Valenciennes,  from  Bahia),  being  intermediate  between  the  two. 
Surinam  to  Bahia.    (Eigenmann.)    (strictus,  narrovred;  caastD,  helmet.) 

Arins  striHiiimii',  Ct'viK.ii  it  Valknciennes,  xv,  fi.s,  18'1(I,  Cayenne. 

Arw»  stricticaafiii,  UCntiiv.u,  <'at.,  v,  l.'J4,  1804. 

Taihuiirus  (jramlwusnu  atridicMt'ii,  Eigenmann,  S.  A.  Neniatognuthi,  08,  18'J0. 

179.  NET1:MA  DI'BIA,  (Bk-k.r). 

Head  4i  to  4^  in  length  ;  eye  4  to  41  In  bead,  IJ^  to  li  in  interocular  space ; 
body  little  broader  than  high ;  caudal  compressed ;  head  depressed,  acute, 
its  width  li  to  li  in  its  length ;  width  of  mouth  2Jt  to  2^.  D.  1, 7 ;  A.  18  to 
20.  Dorsal  plate,  crescent  shaped,  not  enlarged.  Palatine  bands  of  teetii 
without  backward  extension.  Teeth  villiform.  Occipital  process  widest  ;ifc 
its  base.  Interorbital  region  granular,  or  if  smooth,  the  fontanelle  with- 
out a  groove.  Posterior  nasal  openings  not  connected  by  a  membrane. 
Fontanelle  not  produced  backward  as  a  groove.  Maxillary  barbels  reach- 
ing to  base  of  ventrals.  Occipital  process  keeled,  not  much  longer  than 
broad;  snout  scarcely  longer  than  eye,  depressed,  a  large  axillary  port;; 
dorsal  spine  li  in  head,  granulated  on  its  basal  half  in  front,  striate  on 
sides,  slightly  serruto  behind;  adipose  longer  than  dorsal  fin,  twice  as 
long  as  high ;  pectoral  spine  broader  but  not  longer  than  dorsal  spine,  its 
inner  margin  conspicuously  serrated ;  ventrals  much  shorter  than  pecto- 
rals; anal  as  high  as  long;  caudal  4?  to  6  in  the  length.  Surinam. 
(Bleeker.)     (dubiua,  doubtful.) 


1! 

•ild 

.^ 

IK 

hl.s 

tolil 

l.s. 

c; 

'   t 

hr 

1 

lll'> 

A.  s> 

.1 

,.■> 

/..... 

r 

„l,i 

^111 II 

I 


;h^ 


r  ,f^    r^.f  -^■i-fTt 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         I'J? 


\.l,i,nidiihi:i,  Ili.KF.KF.h,  AVH.  M.mI.  Ac.  Wot.  AniatiTiI.,  xiv,  HS-l,  l«tiJ,  Surinam, 

I,,...  ./"'.i"«,  (i(\-iiKii,  Cat.,  V,  111,  I'*!!-*. 

T.,.  In.-nnii  iliibtm,  KiuB.MMANN,  S.  A.  Neiimto^nathi,  6!),  Ih90. 

ISO.  NKTr.MA  KKSSLEKI,  (Stcimlnrlin.T). 
llfiul  laifjo.  3A ;  can  lal  not  ^  head;  foiitauelle  ohtviHe  liebin.l.     A.  17. 
SliicIiU  of  Ix-ad  coaim'Iy  fjramilar;  barbels  abort,  reaching  base  of  pec- 
torals.   Altala  to  Panama;  not  rare.    (Naniedlbr  Dr.  K.  P.  Kessler, author 
,:f  til.-  Ichthyoh^Ky  of  Turkestan.) 

I,,".  A.«.«/in,  Stkinkaciinkh,  Irlilli.  Hcitr.,  iv,  '24,  187fi,  Altata;  Panama. 
\,in. /,■.■"•:  n,  .lollPAN  A-  (llLllKItT,  IJllll.  0.  .-<.  Fisli  ConiiM.,  1K82,  40. 
't\„himnin  kissteri,  ElQKNMANN,  S.  A.  Ncmatognathi.C'J,  1890. 

1«1.  NETUMA  ISSCULPTA,  (Jordtm  A  Oilboit). 

iloati  4.  A.  18.  Eye 6^  in  bead;  Fontanollo  gradually  narrowd  behind, 
liicominij  a  narrow  groove  nearly  reaching  occipital  process;  dorsal  and 
|ii-('t(>ia<  spines  subequal,  H  in  head;   tins  pale.     Panama,     (iniiculptus, 

•siiilptnred.) 

.l)iM«  i)i.« ic/p/iu,  JuuuAN  ii  GiLiiEiiT,  Hull.  U.  8.  Fish  Com.,  18«2  (188a),  41,  Panama. 

1H2.  NETIIMA  PLANICEPS,  (Stoiudaclincr). 

Head  .^J  to  4.    A.  17.    Shields  of  head  rather  coarsely  granular ;  barbels 
very  tslKirt, scarcely  reaching  pectoral;  caudal  a  little  shorter  than  head; 
iiitt'ioibital  area  flat  and  smooth;  flns  dusky.    Altata  to  Panama;  not 
rare,    (p/ajiuo,  flat ;  -ceps,  head.) 
.i/i".s;i/'i)iiaj<8,  STEiNDAiiiNEii,  Iclitli.  Boitr.,  IV,  20,  1876,  Altata;  Panama. 

188.  NETUMA  PLATIPOOON,  (GUiithor). 

Head  ;|^.  A.  18.  Shields  of  head  finely  and  irregularly  granular,  the 
granules  not  in  lines.  Inner  margins  of  palatine  patches  of  teeth  straight ; 
t'ontan(;lle  continued  abruptly  backward  <as  a  groove;  anterior  margin 
lit"  dorMal  spine  sharply  serrate ;  body  rather  elongate,  the  top  of  head 
witli  an  unusually  large  smooth  area.  Gulf  of  Califcrnia  to  Peru; 
generally  common.  {nXarvc,  broad;  nuyuv,  beard,  the  barbels  being 
widened  at  base.) 
Alius  I'liiiiiluignH,  Gl'NTiiF.R,  Out.,  v,  147,1864,  San  Jose  de  Guatemala. 

.(li">  liUllllliogiill,  JOKDAN  &  (iILIIG.'T,  /.  C.,44,  1882. 

Tfhimnts ptali/pixjon,  Eioenmann,  A  A.  Nomutognathi,  71,  1890. 

184.  NETUMA  OSCULA,  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

UeadSJ.  A.  18.  Mouth  small,  with  thick  lips;  occipital  process  naiTow, 
itH  edges  almost  parallel  until  abruptly  widened  at  base ;  median  keel  well 
developed;  fontanelle  broad  and  shallow,  becoming  a  narrow  groove 
lioliiiKi,  nearly  reaching  occipital  process.  Shields  coarsely  and  sparsely 
granular;  interorbital  space  nearly  plane,  witn  smooth  ridges;  barbels 
Hliort;  tinsblackish.  Panama;  scarce.  (O8culu8,diminutuveof  08,moutb./ 
.In"«..«ri(/)(s,  JoKDAN  *  GILBERT,  /.c.,1882,  46,  Panama. 
TiuhmrM  uKuhu,  £ioenhamn,  8.  A.  Nematognathi,  74,  1899. 


\ 

■    f'S'P  » 

• 

.    1    i- 

■  i     '. 

r^f  t 


i,  \ 
ti 


;  -: 


i 


' 

' 

1  >  i 

\ 

Itii 

J 

\ 

^ii 


128 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  Utates  National  Mineum. 


'  ^ 


u 


%  i'^^ 


ISfi.  NKTUMA  KLATTUIIA,  (Jordan  k  Oilbert). 

Head  3ii.  A.  18.  Mouth  rather  large;  vomerine  teeth  rather  coiirae; 
pahitiuo  patches  small;  barbels  rather  short;  occipital  process  Nlidit, 
broadly  triaugular,  with  couca\e  sides,  the  base  abruptly  broiulciitd: 
median  keel  well  developed;  fontanelle  broad  and  shallow,  with  a  iiaiiow 
groova  behind,  uearly  reachin;^  occipital  i)roceH8;  shields  roughish,  'out 
smoother  than  in  .Y.  kesaleri ;  barbels  rather  siiort ;  caudal  short,  1 ,  in 
head.     Panama;  scarce.     (t/^«rroir,  reduced;  ot/ju,  tail.) 

AriiiH  duttitriiii,  Juudan  \  (in.iiKitr,  '.  i.,  't.*),  188^,  Panama. 

73.  HEXANEMATICHTHYS,  Hleeker. 

1H«.  IIKXANKMATK'HTIiVS  KI-M.IS,  (l.iniii.  uh). 
(Ska  Catfish.) 

Ilea*',  'iij ;  depth  5.  D.  I,  7  ;  P.  !,(>;  A.  16.  Body  rathni  elongate,  not 
compressed,  tapering  into  the  slender  tail;  head  subconic,  depres^tud, 
llattish  above;  maxillary  barbel  nearly  as  long  as  the  head;  gill  uiciii- 
branes  broadly  united,  forming  a  narrow,  free  fold  across  the  isthmus; 
occipital  process  with  a  niediiiu  keel,  long,  about  i  head,  its  tip  coiivlx; 
fontanelle  forming  a  narrow  groove;  top  of  head  comparatively  smooth ; 
humeral  process  nearly  h  the  length  of  the  pectoral  spine;  caudal  dciplv 
forked,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Steel  blue,  sides  and  belly  silviiy, 
lower  fins  pale.  L.  24  inches.  Capo  Cod  to  Texas;  common  southwanl 
along  the  sandy  coast,  the  most  abundant  of  the  salt-water  catlisiies  m 
the  United  States  coast,  and  the  only  one  of  the  Tuchysin'iid  type  fouiul 
much  north  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer.    (J'elis,  cat.) 

SUuriitfeliK,  LinN;T.it8,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  5(i;i,  ITOG,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Ariid  iiiilhtrii,  CrviEU  &  Vaienciennks,  xv,  74,  1840,  New  York  ;  Charleston. 

AriiiH  milherli,  (.iiJNTHEll,  Cat.,  v,  155,  18G4. 

AriitH  etiiiffliiH,  Uaiki)  &  Gikard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  Phila.,  18.'>r>,  ^0,  Indianola,  Texas. 

AriiiH  fiiiientii^,  GCntiieh,  Cut.,  v,  173,  18t)4. 

Ariits  fvliii  and  ennestria,  Jokuan  &  Oilugkt,  Synopsis,  llO,  lH«;i. 

187.  HKXANEMATICHTHYS  SEKJIAXI,  (Giintlicr). 

Head  3!},  A.  18.  Head  llat,  depressed  in  front,  its  shields  coaisoly 
granular;  occipital  process  wider  than  long,  with  a  bluntish  keel ;  ton- 
tauelle  open  to  above  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye,  with  a  deep  bank- 
ward  extending  groove;  barbels  reaching  slightly  beyond  base  of  pectorals; 
vomerine  teeth  in  2  small  ovate  patches ;  each  joined  to  a  larger  palatine 
patch ;  axillary  pore  large ;  gill  rakers  5  +  12.  Paired  lius  dusky  within. 
Panama.     (Named  for  Dr.  Seemau,  who  obtained  the  type.) 

AriiiH  tfemaiii,  GCnthek,  CV  ,  v,  147,  18G4,  "Central  America." 
Tachimnis  seemain,  Eigenmann,  S.  A.  Ncmatognatbi,  78,  1890. 

188.  HEXANEMATICHTHYS  .JORDAN!,  (Eigentnann  cV  Eigcnmaiin.) 

Head  3i.  A.  18.  Rather  robust;  interorbital  area  llat  and  smooth; 
shields  Om.  head  finely  and  sparsely  granular;  opercle  smooth;  occijiital 
process  about  as  long  as  head,  with  an  unusually  sharp  keel ;  fontanelle 


AriiiK  luinilesc 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


129 


,.„iitiiiiif<l  as  a  (l«ep  groove  to  baHO  of  occipital  piocoMH  ;  inaxillaiy  liarhclH 
nailiin"  axil;  snout  l)luut;  vomerinu  tcotli  in  2  Hiiiali,  separate  palchoH, 
colli i>;ii(iiiM  to  the  larger  palatine  patches;  ^\\\  rakers  U  +  J».  Caudal 
iliiMilv  Iniked.  Inner  surface  of  paired  tins  black.  Panama;  two  spcci- 
indis  known.     (Named  for  David  Starr  Jordan.) 

;,,,,.„, lis  /..yliiiii,  EniF.NMANN  &   KiriKNMANN,  Proc.  Cttl.  Ac.  Scl.,  1H88,  142,  Panama  ;  Kkien- 
MANN,  S.  A.  NcmiitoKmitlil,  7.>,  18!M). 

IM».  IIKXANKMATiniTHYS  <' KltrLKSt'K>S,  ((iUiitli<r). 
iliMd  ;U  to  '.Vi,  A.  17.  Palatine  patches  of  teeth  small,  scarcely  larjjer 
tliiiii  tlH- vomerine  patches  which  are  oval  and  widely  separated  on  metliaii 
line;  oicipital  process  broader  than  long;  head  !f  as  wide  as  long;  eye 
OJ  ill  ln'ad,  2  in  snout,  3  in  interorbital  width  maxillary  barbels  to  mid- 
dle 1)1' pectorals;  occipital  i)roce88  keeled,  subtruncate  posteriorly;  dorsal 
Njiiiw  -  ill  lit'Sid ;  pectoral  spine  ecpial  to  head  without  snout ;  upper  caudal 
lolic  iiliotit  as  long  as  head.  Steel  blue;  fins  largely  black.  West  coast 
of  (Jiiattirala.  (Giinther.)  (Latin,  bluish.) 
,\rii'.< '  :i  niltfieiiK,  Ut'NTiiEii,  ("I.,  V,  149,  1804,  Rio  Huamuchal,  Guatemala. 

11»0.  IIKXANEMATICHTHYS  (IIIATKJIALKNSIS,  (Giintlior). 

Iload  'M.  A.  18.  Palatine  patcheo  of  teeth  much  larger  than  vomerine; 
I'outaiielio  almost  obsolete,  ending  between  the  eyes,  and  not  prolonge«l 
into  a  ;;roove;  head  I  as  wide  as  long;  body  slender;  fins  mostly  dusky; 
uaadai  uNoutas  long  as  head;  body  slender.   Mazatian  to  Central  America; 

nut  rare. 

Arm  •jii  iiniialemii>,  Gl'NTiiEB,  Cut.,  v,  146,  18fi4,  Guatemala;  Chiapas. 
Amf'jiiKlrmitleims,  Joudan  Si  Oilbebt,  /.  c,  48,1882. 

101.  liKXANt^MATICHTHTS  ASSIMILIS,  (Giinther). 

Foutaiiclio  short  and  narrow,  ending  midway  between  tip  of  snout 
and  middle  of  dorsal  plate;  head  ^  as  wide  as  long.  D.  I,  7;  otherwise 
essentially  as  in  If.  (jaatemalcnsis.  (Giinther).  Atlantic  coast  of  Central 
America,  ascending  streams,     {assimilis,  similar.) 

.Iriiw  iwiiiiMis,  (ii'NTiiEB,  Cat.,  V,  14f),  18t>4,  Lak"  Yzabal,  Guatemala. 
.Inmamiiiil'.y,  .louDAN,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  1883,  281. 

1»«2.  llEXAXEMATiniTHYS  SURINAHKXSIS,  (Uleeker). 

Head  II!;  depth  6.  D.  1,7;  A.  18.  Palatine  bands  of  teeth  without 
backward  i)rojecting  angle;  teeth  all  villiform,  those  on  the  palate  in  4 
patches,  the  vomer  and  palatine  patches  sometimes  contiguous.  Granula- 
tions of  the  head  continued  forward  to  between  the  eyes.  Fontanelle  not 
continued  backward  as  a  groove;  interorbital  area  without  ridges;  adipose 
fin  about  as  high  as  long,  shorter  than  the  dorsal  fin.  Depth  of  head  1'^  in 
its  length ;  width  1^.  Eye  5^  in  the  head,  2^  in  the  interocular,  less  than 
2  in  snout.  Occipital  process  not  longer  than  broad,  not  conspicuously 
keeled.  Snout  depressed ;  upper  jaw  little  longer  than  lower.  Vomer  and 
palatine  teeth  contiguous.    Maxillary  barbels  reaching  to  the  base  of  the 


I 


M. 


K.  N.  A.- 


-10 


'<^T^'jXs^iHSiiiSSM.-tJii£. 


f 


i    '4ik 


ili^ 


ilf 


1 

•                                        .         '' 

1  i 

1 

"1                           ' 

iiS       M 

^iii.L 

130 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


pectorals.  Oporcle smooth.  Dorsal  HpiiieHhoitor  than  thn  ]>octoral  h|miii', 
about  2  ill  the  head,  granulated  in  front,  striatiMl  on  sidus;  oaudiil  I  in 
length    Surinam.     (Bleeker). 

Ilfj-imemiiliihlhyii  Hiirimimentiii,  ni.r.r,KT.n,\i'Tn\.  Mcil.  Akml.  Wot.  AiiiMterd.,  ;IH(),  IHCli,  Surinam. 

Ariui  mriiiameimii,  OdNTllRlt,  Cat.,  v,  14H,  IHM. 

Tuchimirut  surinmmuiu,  Eiuknmanm,  S.  A.  Nttiiiatof^iiatlii,  Kl,18»(). 

1»3.  IIEXANK.MATH'IITIIYS  DASYCKI'llAlirN,  (UUntliKr). 

Head4!^.  A.  21.  Intororbital  area  with  4  very  rough  granulated  ri(l;,'es; 
(smoother  in  9);  shields  of  head  coarsely  granular;  voniurinuandpalutiue 
teeth  on  each  side  conlluont  in  a  small  roundish  patch;  gill  nieniliianei. 
not  forming  an  angle;  fontanelle  continued  backward  as  a  groove  to  ImNe 
of  occipital  process;  spines  high;  the  dorsal  1^  in  head.  Fins  blackinli. 
Panama  (wrongly  ascribed  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands),  ((iaoi'e,  rough; 
Kf^aAf/,  head.) 

Arius  tUitycephaliiii,  G(Intiif.k,  Cut.,  v,  1804,  \!VJ,  Oahu,  appuroutly  an  error. 
Ariut  (liisjicephalm,  Jordan  &  (iILBEIit,  /.  c,  51, 1882. 

104.  lIKXANKnATU'ilTIIVK  LONUICEPHALI  S,  EigcntnutiM  A  Kigiiiniann. 

Head  3J.  A.  20.  Allied  to  .ff.  d«8yoci;.''a?Ms,  but  with  the  granular  ridges 
on  the  head  largely  obscured  by  thick  akin;  occipital  process  an  loiij; 
as  broad,  its  margins  concave;  fontanelle  produced  as  a  deep  groove: 
barbels  short;  gill  rakers  short  and  thick,  4 -f- 5;  npines  short;  tiusduHky. 
Panama.     (Eigenmann.)     (lonyus,  long;  KKpaXi/,  head.) 

Tachmirm  liiiigiieiilinliin,  Eksknmann   &,  Eiornmann,  Froc.  Cat.  Ac.  Sci.,  1888,  143,  Panama; 
KioKNMANN,  8.  A.  Neiiiatognathi,  82,1890. 

195.  IIEXANKMATICHTIIYS  RUGISPINIS,  (Cuvlor  &  ValoncicnnuB). 

Head  3i  to  4  ;  depth  5i  to  6.  D.  I,  7;  A.  19  to  21.  Palatine  bands  of 
teeth  not  continued  backward;  teeth  all  villiform.  Teeth  on  the  palate 
in  2  patches.  Eye  small,  about  10  in  the  length  of  the  head;  fontanelle 
not  continued  as  a  groove.  Sides  of  the  dorsal  and  pectoral  spines  gran- 
ular; fontanelle  angular  behind,  its  posterior  portion  separated  by  a 
bridge  and  not  ending  in  a  groove;  iuterorbital  region  Avith  4  ridges; 
intermaxillary  band  of  teeth  4  times  as  wide  as  deep;  palatine  imtches 
of  teeth  less  thaiidiameter  of  eye  in  width.  Barbels  villiform,  the  max 
illary  barbel  reaching  beyond  base  of  pectoral;  mouth  inferior,  the  lips 
thick;  no  axillary  pore.  Body  slender;  head  broad,  depressed.  Suriuaiu 
to  Para.     (Eigenmann.)     (rM(/a,  wrinkle  or  roughness;  8j>{/ta,  spine.) 

ArimrugUnpinin,  Cuvif.u  &  Valenciennes,  xv,  77,  1840,  Cayenne. 

Ariiis  ruguipmi!<,  GCntiieii,  Cat.,  v,  156,1864. 

Tachuiirtu  rugigpinis,  Eiuknmann,  S.  A.  Nematognathi,  83, 1890. 

196.  HEXANEMATICHTHTS  PHRT0IATV8,  (Cuvier  &  YaloiiciciincH). 

This  species  or  variety  is  very  close  to  H.  rujrispinis,  differing  as  followj; 
Teeth  on  the  palate  in  2  patches.  Eye  small,  about  10  in  the  leu<>;tb  of 
the  head;  fontanelle  not  continued  as  a  groove.  Sides  of  the  dorsal  and 
pectoral  spines  striate;  fontanelle  broadly  rounded  behind;  intermaxillary 


forihin  and  Evermann. — Fishcx  of  North  America.         131 


Imiiil  <"  tt'oth  0  times  uh  wide  as  (h'ep;  ])alutiiiu  patcliua  li  iliainu- 
t,.is  (il  r\()  in  width  iiiul  lenfrth.  (Ei);«iiiiiami.)  Siiriuaiii  tu  Marunhau. 
Tbis  li'i'ii  is  rej;ar(l«Ml  l»y  Ei^tuiiiiaiin  as  a  Hiil).s|u'ci«8  of  the  precudiii^. 
Ah  tln'  i^vd  inhabit  tlio  saino  wattsrs,  phryiiiatuH  shoiiM  ho  either  a  distiiiet 
spucics  lit'  uii  extreme  uf  individual  variatiun.     (phriftjiutnii,  embruidored 

III},'"'''  ' 

,inH« ;''".":'"''"''  •''■^■"''"  *  Vai.km'iennes,  xv,  7!),  IHIO,  Cayenne. 

.[riii'i'lor'!''''"",  •iCNTiiEii,  Cat.,  V,  ir.i;,  I«(i4. 

i.i.liiimnu  ii'ijiHjiiiii) phrygiatim,  Kiubnmann,  S.  A,  Nunmtugiiatlii,  Ml,  I8!)(J. 

74.  TACHYSURUS,  Laci'i)Lde. 

107.  TACHYSI  lUS  M'CIIALIS,  ((Jiintlar). 

Ih'ad  I  ;  deptliS.  D.  I,  7;  A.  21.  Teeth  on  palate  lar^o,  ;<;raunlar;  no 
ti'etli  (Ml  vomer;  occipital  process  triangular,  as  long  a<i  broad,  obtusely 
kei'ltMl:  groove  of  foutauello  not  reaching  baeo  of  occipital  process;  pala- 
tliiu  tt'i'tlt  in  2  subtriaugular  patches  which  sometimes  meet  in  front; 
iniixill.i.y  barbels  nearly  reaching  tip  of  pectorals.  Dorsal  spine  slightly 
hirnituil  on  boih  edges  11,  in  head;  adipose  tin  shorter  than  dorsal;  i)ec- 
tuial  H]t\j\o  as  long  as  dorsal  spine  and  stronger.  Guiana.  (Guuther.) 
[iiitchalin,  pertaining  to  the  nape.) 

.Inii»ii"''i"'i»,  OCmiikii,  Ont.,  v,  171,  1«GI,  British  Guiana. 
I'iidimruK  iiM'.,'i(i/iii,  ElcKNMANS,  S.  A.  Ncmntuguutlii,  80, 180(1. 

I«8.  TACII¥SrKI!S  FISSl'S,  (Cuvior  &  Valenciennes). 

Head  I!  in  lengtlt;  maxillary  barbels  reaching  ahuoat  to  the  middle  of 

tlie  pei'toral  tin.     Teeth  on  the  palate  granular;  no  teeth  on  vomer;  gill 

membrane  not  forming  a  free  margin  across  the  isthmus.     Head  broader 

tliau  hi<;li.   Soft  portions  of  the  head  not  pitted.    Surinam.    (Eigeumaan.) 

{.fimm,  split.) 

Arimfiisuf,  CrviEii  &  Vai.f.nciennks,  xv,  107,  1810,  Cayenne. 

Arimpsiit.,  (iCNlliEB,  Cat.,  v,  172.  18ti4. 

facliimrn.s  lin-mit,  KniENMANN,  S.  A.  NeiiiatOirii.'Ulii,  88, 18'J(). 

AmipMidindatus,  CuviEU  &  Valenciennes,  xv,  108,  1840,  Buenos  Ayres. 

199.  TACIIYSURl'S  SPIXII,  (Aga.s8i/). 

Head  '.ij  to  4;  depth  .'j  to  5i.  D.  I,  7;  A.  21.  Palatine  bauds  without 
backward  prolongation.  Teeth  on  the  palate,  granular  ;  no  teeth  on 
vomer;  gill  membrane  not  forming  a  free  margin  across  the  isthuuis. 
Head  l)roader  than  high,  more  than  3  in  the  length.  Axillary  pore  much 
smaller  than  nasal  opening.  Pectoral  spine  reaching  halfway  to  the 
posterior  third  of  the  veutrals,  or  shorter;  upper  jaw  projecting;  poste- 
rior margin  of  the  eye  about  in  the  middle  of  the  head.  Occipital  pro- 
cess greatly  narrowed  behind,  its  width  at  tip  not  more  than  i  diame- 
ter of  eye.  Teeth  on  the  palate  large,  granular,  20  or  fewer,  some 
of  the  posterior  ones  usually  much  enlarged.  Body  compressed ;  head 
narrowed  forward,  fontanelle  narrow ;  not  interrupted,  continued  as  a 
deep  tapering  groove  to  near  base  of  occipital  process.  Maxillary  barbels 
variable,  long.  Brownish  above,  silvery  below,  sometimes  dotted.  Coast 
of  (iuiana  and  Brazil,  south  to  Santos;  common.  (Named  for  Jean  Bap- 
tiste  Spix,  of  Munich,  explorer  in  Brazil.) 


■  .,  :;.  ri.'.:.'.:-^-y^:t^.^^>^-^'. 


:  l! 


n  ^M: 


:-t;  ; 


;  !, 


vr' 


i[ 


1 

f 

1 

!  ' 

i 

t 

'm^t 

lil 

^w 


l.'J2 


il 


Btillclin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afiiscum. 


m 


l\  i'M  ?iv 


■ 


PiiiK'tiiiluH  nlliiiliit,  Hi'ix,  ill  ARaMi/,  Ooii.  Sjioo.  Pine.  Ilrii»ll,  1!»,  1H.;1I,  Equatoriul  Brazil;  iin,, 

|irootru|ii«il. 
I'mielixliiH  n/iUii,  AoAMiz,  Qua.  Spoc.  PIhc.  DniHil,  l!i,  lH2(t,  iiftor  Spix, 

TiirhiHiiriiii  Kjiixii,  KkiKNMAN.N,  S.  A.  NcllllUOKHlltlli,  M,  IhlHt. 

AriiiH  iiriwihtii,  CuviKK  A  Vai.enciknnkh,  XV,  1(»0,  l«li),  Cayenne. 

Ariim  areuiilnt,  OCntiikk,  Cat.,  v,  172,  IHtil. 

Ariiu  laticepn,  UCntiiku,  Cut.,  V,  171,  1H04,  British  Guiana;  Trinidad. 

200.  TACIIl'SIKI  H  MKIiANOIMIS,  (fJllntlinr). 

Head  4j^.  P.  10;  A.  21.  Paliitine  toeth,  bluutiHh  cuiiiual ;  axillurv  poK 
large.  DoiHal  spine  as  long  au  from  front  of  eye  tu  gill  opuniug  ;  pociDiui 
Hpine  nearly  aH  long;  sliivhlH  of  head  finoly  granular;  groove  of  I'onta 
nolle  not  qnite  reaching  occipital  process ;  orbital  rim  of  eye  not  frctuiimvc 
tins  al!  more  or  less  blackish ;  inner  surface  of  ventral  blaGkish.  lioili 
coasts  of  Central  America;  Rio  Mot'igna  ((Jiinther);  Panama  (Steintlncli 
ner).  Our  speciuians  from  Uio  Ahome,  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  alidvi 
Mu/atlan;  the  original  specimens  from  the  east  slope  of  Uuateiiiaia.  It  \i, 
possible  that  the  Pacitlc  Coast  form  may  be  <litt'erent  from  the  ori^Mnal 
melanopug.  According  to  Oiinthor,  the  axillary  pore  in  iiii'laiii'iinti  in 
nearly  as  large  as  the  nostril.  In  our  specimens  the  jtore  is  much  smiillei 
than  the  nostril,  (//t/^ac,  black  ;  To/f,  foot  or  ventral  On.) 
Ariua  mehmoput,  GCntiikr,  Cat.,  v,  172,  1804,  Rio  Motagua. 

201.  TACHVSrUlS  Ft.RTIIII,  (Steimlucliner). 

Head  3^  ;  A.  25.  Palatine  teeth  granular,  coarser  than  in  T.  melunuinii: 
pectoral  spine  reaching  at  least  halfway  to  middle  of  ventrals  ;  Jaww  8iil)- 
eipial ;  occipital  process  not  greatly  narrowed  behind  ;  gill  rakers  loii^' 
and  slender,  4  -}- 11 ;  gillmembraues  united  to  isthmus,  without  fre<'  niiii- 
gin;  axillary  pore  small.  (Eigeunmnn.)  Panama.  (For  Ignatius  Fiiilli, 
Austrian  consul  at  Panama.) 

Arim/iirthii,  Stkindai'iinku,  Ith.  Ut-itr.,  iv,  29,  1870,  Panama. 
Tachimrua  fiirlhii,  Kioenmann,  S.  A.  Neiiiiitognatlii,  90, 1890. 

202.  TACHYSUIUIS  VARIOLOSUS,  (Ciivicr  and  Valoncieniios). 

A.  22 or  23.  Teeth  on  the  palate  granular,  the  patches  without  backwaid 
projection;  no  teeth  on  vomer;  gill  membrane  not  forming  a  free  niin;;iii 
across  the  isthmus.  Head  broader  than  high;  soft  portions  of  the  licad 
pitted  ;  length  of  head  to  end  of  occipital  process  little  less  than  3  in  tin; 
length,  granular  portion  i  longer  than  smooth  portion  of  the  head.  Fun 
tauelle  not  continued  as  a  groove.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  beyond 
middle  of  pectorals.  Cayenne.  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.)  (iviriy/i/Mc*, 
pock-marked.) 

Ariu»  varioloms,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  xv,  107,  1840,  Cayenne. 

Arius  variolomf,  GCnther,  Cat.,  v,  173,  1804. 

TachistirtiK  variolostif,  Eioenmann,  S.  A.  Nomatogiiathi,  92, 1890. 

203.  TACHYSURUS  MULTIRADIATVS,  (Gilnther). 

Head  4 in  total  length;  depth  5i.  D.  I,  7 ;  A.  27  (5,  22).  Barbels  elioit, 
not  reaching  gill  openings;  teeth  on  palate  granular,  paved,  in  2  sniull 
bauds,  widely  separated  on  median  line;  foutauelle  long  and  nanow, 


i    II 


Jordan  and  Evermatin. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


13.'i 


rcacliint:  almost  to  occipital  process;    boiios  of  head  loufjlily  Kiiiiiular 
imil  M'lll''"'*''' '  occipital  piocons  an  lonjj  as  hroatl;  llns  palo.     Kio  Kay- 

., ii>  ;ii  I'niiftina.    An  ally  of  T.fiirthii,  apparently  (listiiiKiiislKMl  by  tlio 

longer  ;iii;il  tin.    (Kiior.)     (>««/<««,  many  ;  radiatun,  rayed.) 

;i,i.;ni. ./  "  "'' ».  Ksrn,  fltzlicr.  Akad.  WIhs.,  Mtlnrhnn,  18(W,  £27,  imt  of  Cuvlrr  A  Viiloiiciminoii; 

aii'l  IvNt  "  •*;  Stkindaiiiskii,  Bayer  Akml.,  iHfil,  47. 
Iriin  i,iult:ot'li'iiu»,  flCNTiirii,  ('lit.,  V,  173,  18()-1;  (iifttir  Kiht),  Rio  Bayano. 

75.  CATHOROPS,  Jordan  &  (Jilhort. 

(T,/;,nr..(r..  .rMiiiiAN  .V  flil.iiKllT,  HilH.  V.  8.  FIhIi  Ciinuil.,  1HH2,  M,  {hiipofihlhnlmiu). 

This  l;i<m||(  Is  closely  allied  to  tlie  typical  section  (»r  jjenns  of  TttchtinnrHH. 
It  is  (iisti'i<;iii.sli«>d  cliietly  by  tlio  slender  and  nniiieroiis  gill  rakers  and  by 
tiic  low  iii.soition  of  tlie  eyes,  snggestinjj  the  genns  Hi/itoph  thai  mux.  Tlio 
t\v(p  six'cies  are  American.     (««i9o^)(m,),  to  look  down  ;  mi/'>  oyo.) 

,r.  I'|,|ii  riii«  ininli  iiniiliiccil;  brunilth  "f  mnufli  2'.j  in  Ji'  ml.  iiYl'orilTii.ti.Mtm,  201. 

i.i.  ('p|m1  jiiw  Hiaronly  proiliicoil;  liroailtli  ofmoiitli  2  in  head.  iii'i.oHt's,  20.'>. 

•J04.  <'ATIIOROPN  IIYP0IMITHALMU8,  (Stolndnchnor). 

Iltiid  1  .     A.  22.     Hody  elongate;  head  long,  narrow,  depressed;  palan- 

tiiic  fcdli  small,  bhintly  conic,  almost  granular;   vomerine  bands  widely 

sipiiiiiti .  tMch  continent  with  the  large  palatine  baud,  which  is  not  pro- 

iliKcd  liMcU  ward ;  both  jaws  thin,  depressed,  with  narrow  bands  of  teeth  ; 

liarlicls  M  ry  long;  the  maxillary  reaching  near  middle  of  pectoral  spine; 

lidisai  s|(iiio  long;  pectoral   shorter;   dorsal  shield  small;  occipital  pnt- 

rcss  sulitiiangular,   longer   than   broad,   its   sides   concave,  its   middle 

;ui;;ii!iir  l>nt  not  keeled;  fontanelle  long  and  narrow,  not  quite  reaching 

()(ci|)ital  ])roco88;  shields  of  head  rugose,  with  reticulating  furrows.     Fins 

imistly  )iale.     Eye  small,  placed  low,  its  middle  below  level  of  angle  of 

iii'iiitli.    L.  14  inobes,    Panama,  rather  scarce.     (I'l-o,  below;  o^)9«A/i(<r, 
eyo.) 

\r'mliiili„lilitlifthmiii,  STF.lNn.toiiNEU,  lolith.  Beitr.,  iv,  31,  pi.  x,  IS?."),  Panama. 
20.5.  CATHOROPS  flllLOSlIS,  (Kignnniann  &  EiRpninann). 
Ht'iiii  ;>i.  A.  2.3.  Body  slender;  head  broad,  depressed ;  width  of  head 
\\  in  its  length;  occipital  process  about  as  broad  as  long,  obtuselj- 
koiled:  t'oiitanelle  narrow,  continued  backward  as  a  gntovo;  bones  of 
liciid  ni^id.se;  eyo  obli(|ue,  its  center  over  posterior  end  of  mandible,  on 
It'vil  of  Miigle  of  mouth;  barbels  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  pectoral; 
jaw.s  VI  ry  thin;  no  vomerine  teeth;  palatine  teeth  widely  separated,  in 
very  iimrow  bands,  the  teeth  obtusely  conical;  gill  membranes  united, 
with  ficc  margin.  Gill  rakers  12  -f  30,  li  times  diameter  of  eye;  pectoral 
]i«relar<^o;  spine  slender,  rather  long.  Panama.  (Eigenmann.)  {(JiiIosuh, 
larf^Miionthed.) 

JV'iiwpiis  ijiihiiiis,  ErisENMANN  *  EioENMANN,   Pfoc.  Onl.  \c.  Soi.,  1888,  1-lfl,  Panama;  Kkiev- 
.MAN\,  S.  A.  Nomatogiiatlii,  03, 1890. 

76.  ICTALURUS,  Rafinesque. 
(Channki.  Cats.) 

hhihiriK.  li\KiNF.sQUK,  Tclitli.  Oh.,  01,  1820,  (maculatiis—piinclatiiii). 

EHiifs.  H  iriNK.SQl'E,  I.  c,  01,  (marulatus). 

Synedoghiuia,  GiLl.,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1859,  3!),  {beadlei=pmictatiu). 


i  \ 


i 


t 

1 

i  . 

1 

•  I 


1  . 

j. 

,  '■      ■ 

t 
1 

-:  1, 

;ll' 

'!; 

'-'-- 

T 

■•  1, 

rlrl 


i. 

-    1 

I 

'    I 

i:      I 


F  P| 


mi^miim^ 


I        - 


'^<,.' 


i! 


i|: 


lii' 


^11 


134 


Jiullctin  ,/7,  fhtitid  Slatts  National  Afiiseum. 


Body  «!l()ngat«>,  alondor,  (M)iiipr«>HHO(l  {lOHtoriorly.  Koiul  islondei'  nid 
<M)iiical.  Hiiprnoccipitdl  hoiio  cir  prooBHs  ]>roloii(r(til  Imckwunl,  its  oimii- 
frinatod  aprx  i'i>c<tiviiiK  tlio  aciiiiiinattt  anterior  point  of  Mio  hocoihI  inter 
Hpiiiul,  t]iiiH  forming;  a  contiiiiKMiH  Itoiiy  lirid^o  Troiii  tlio  hi^ad  to  thodoiHitl 
Hpiiio.  Moiitli  Hiiia]!,  ttM'iniiial,  tlio  iipptM'  Jaw  \o\\^ii\.  Totitli  Hiiliiilati,  in 
a  Nli«>rt  liaiid  on  «>acli  jaw.  Dornal  fin  tii^li,  with  onn  lon^  Hplnn,  aiid 
iiHiially  (i  layH.  AdipoN(>  llii  over  iioNtorior  portion  of  anal.  Anal  tin 
lonu,  witli  !.'."»  to  Hr>  lays.  Vontral  (inn  each  witli  1  Niinph)  and  7  hranclicd 
rayH.  Pectoral  fhiH  pa«'li  with  a  Htout  Hjtine,  lotrorHo  Hcrrato  within,  ami 
ahont  !)  rayH.  Caiuhil  (in  elongate,  d<>*>ply  forked,  \\w  IoIioh  |)ointod,  tlir 
nppor  tJio  l«injior.  (Adoration  pale  or  Hilvcry.  Fronh  watorw  of  Nditli 
Aniorica;  H  Mjtecies  known;  tli«  hfwt  of  th«  ('atliHhcH  aH  food.  Tho\  arc 
active  fisbcH,  froipicntin^  cHpucially  rivor  channt'lH  and  ripph's  in  lar);(< 
NtroaniH.     (/j^iV/i;,  tiHli ;  m/^oi'/xij,  cat ;  luinco  more  corn-ctly,  lvhUiti(vhnnt.\ 

a.   Aiml  fill  very  Iniiff,  |t«  luiw  nciii'ly  )  ;i  Hh  tmily,  Its  riiyn  112  It);)").  FiltrATis,  JOC. 

an.  Aiiiil  fill  Rlicirtrr,  its  nivH  'Ih  to  2'J. 

h.   Iliirlii'lN  loll);,  I'xtriiiliiiK  i'oiiHi(]i>mb1y  lioyoiid  ^ill  (ipi'iiint;;  annl  rnyn  iiNiiiilly  iiliont  %. 

ITNCTATlN,  2ii7 

'>''.  Itarlx'lH  Nliort,  the  lunKoat  only  roai'hlni;  kHI  opcnhiK;  mini  rayn  2H  or  2!). 

MKKiiiio.VAi.is,  'm. 
20«.  I(  TAMItrS  FriM'ATlS,  (!,.•  Smnr). 

(ClU'CKLK-liEADKI)  CaT.) 

Hnad  email,  ahout  4^  in  length;  depth  4  in  adnlts  to  5^  in  yonii);. 
Anal  fin  extremely  elongate,  its  base  nearly  \  the  h^ngth  of  the  body  (witli- 
out  candal) ;  itH  rays  32  to  S.'i  in  number.  Eye  small,  wh(dly  anterior,  tiic 
middle  of  the  head  being  behind  its  posterior  margin.  81o])e  from  doiNal 
to  snont  somewhat  concave,  especially  in  adults.  Pectoral  spine  rather 
long;  liumeral  spine  stout,  shortish,  not  reaching  middle  of  peetoinl 
spine.  Skin  thin.  Color  silvery,  plain,  or  somewhat  spotted.  Size  rat iicr 
large,  reaching  a  weight  of  over  10  pounds.  Ohio  to  Iowa  and  Texas ;  not 
very  couunon.     (fii^'catitH,  forked.) 

Pimehxhio  fHrciiliif,  Lk  Si-Ei'it,  in  Cuvior  A  Vnlcnrienncs,  ix,  VM,  1840,  New  Orleans. 
TddliiniKfiircatiin,  .Iohdan  X  fliMlKliT,  Syiio|isis,  109, 18H3. 
AmiiirKt  fiirrnhiii,  OCnthkii,  ('at.,  v,  lOII,  18(!4. 

PimehxliiH  affliih,  lUiiii)  *  GinARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1S.')4,  20,  Rio  Grande.        lyi». 
Nor.  8117  anil  K;i8.) 

207.^  irTALUBlIS  PrNCTATUS,  (IlntlnoBquo). 
(CiiANNEi,  Cat;  White  Cat;  Bute  Cat.) 
Head  4;  depth  5.  Anal  25  to  30.  Head  rather  small,  narrow,  convex 
above,  so  that  the  eye  is  little  nearer  the  upper  than  the  lower  outiiiif. 
Eye  large,  the  middle  point  of  the  length  of  the  head  being  near  it.s  pos 
terior  margin.  Mouth  small.  Barbels  long,  the  maxillary  barbels  reaciiiiid 
more  or  less  beyond  gill  opening.  Spines  long.  Humeral  process  loiip; 
and  slender,  more  than  i  the  length  of  the  pectoral  spine,  which  i« 
strongly  serrated  behind.  Color  liglit  olivaceous  above,  the  sides  pale 
or  silvery,  and  almost  always  with  irregular  small,  round,  dvirk  sjioIh; 
fins  often  with  dark  edgings.  Body  rather  long  and  slender,  back  little 
elevated.  Rivers  of  the  (treat  Lake  region  and  Mississippi  Valley  and 
streams  tributary  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  generally  abundant  in  the 


JorJan  t}nd  Evertnann.  —  Fis/us  of  North  Anurua. 


I.'iri 


oljat Ih  of  tho  laiKor  utreaniH,  «Mpcciiilly  Hoiithwtwtwanl.     It  nnichoH  a 

woiu'lit  ')t'  I'Oto  2')  poiiiHlH,  Hiitl  JH  iiii  exc<<lluiit  tootl  IIhIi,  not  iut«'<rioi'  to  tlio 
Hlack  Hiias.     Viiriiiltlo.     (/xinctd/HM,  npottud.) 

<,;,„„,  J /,i(ifii,  K\HNK.'"jrK,  AmiT.  Month.  Miiif.,  IxlH,  :riM,  Ohio  River. 

/,;,(/,»'"."»  ,„i„ihilii  ,  JoiiiiAN,  Dull.  U.  S.  Niit.  .Mm.,  x,  lf77,  7li. 

/•wKh^'ii"     iMli/iirrii/in,  liK  .SiiRiiR,  M6m.  Mill.,  V,  l.VJ,  IBIO,   Wabash   River,  MimiisHippi 

Rjvrr. 
I",,,,^!,.'!"'  ■  ■  niUvrH;  ItAriNRiigcr,  Irlith.  Oh.,  n:),  1820,  Ohio  River. 

l,„j"r"«'  "'■'■'.'"'■'"'«".  OI'NTIIKK,  (;«t  ,  V,  llfj,  18(14. 

I'lmrh"!"'  iiiiiniliilw,  ;i(l//i''H«,  mi/.  ii/iMil.<,  ii/;;;(r«»,  with   viirlotirH  friilhroplrrii,  ninrijiiiillil',  liili'inli; 

l„u:.i.l,.'i,  liAtlNF.Hgl'K,  (illiil-t.  .loi.r.  Si'l.  I.oliildii,  iH'iO,  litiil    Irlitll.    ( )li.,  )','^  i>ti'.,  1H2U,  Ohio 

River. 
l>,ni.i,„iH.~  iiiififrr,  OiTvim  A  VAt.rNCir.NNr.H,  w,  13!t,  imo,  Surinam,  1>y  irmr. 
I>i„„l,.,l,i»,irm-iliii,  lliit'dii,  Ann.   It<'|it.  Ki'K'i'nrM,  .Vlliiiny,  IRTJ,  'Ji'i,  Somervillc,  N.  Y. 
lUfMu'inliH-n,  (iiit.MiK,  rriic  Ar.  Nut.  Hii.    Chilu.,  iH.'iS,  170,  Rivers  of  Texas.      (TyiH', 

Ni'C  ''I:'.,  HI.'',  unci  Hit'..) 
.S,/ii.Wi.|;'.iii/«  l-iidlei,  (Jim.,  TriitiH.   l.yr.   Nat.   Ilint.  N.  Y,,  IH.'.n,  2.  St.  Catherines,  Ontario. 

fTviM,  No.Ml.V) 
;v,,i,/m./«./ "My'ii,  UiiiABii,   I'roo.  Ac.  Nut.  Hcl.  I'lilla.,  IS.ia,  Ift'.t,  Somerville;  Ogdensburgh; 

Foxbu-K,  Penn.     (T.vpp,  No.  I.M12.) 
;'imW'"/"»  II,  ,itilniiii,QiHknv,  I,  e.,  lol,   Black   Warrior  River  ;  Bigsby  River,  Alabama. 

(Tj|i<-,  Nu.  i:.:i2.) 
I'iiHfMui  ijriirioiiut,  (iiRAUP,  I  i'.,  IM ,  Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  Louisiana.     (Ty|i<',  No.  ir>U.) 
J'inul'i'liis  iiiimnimnH  ni\i\  niilnhin,  Aiihdtt,  Vvnr.  Ar.  Nat.    Scl.   I'lilla.,  1800,  BOH,   Fort    Riley. 
I,i,iliir«i'-iiiii>^iiiii,  Oii.i.,  I'riK'.  UoHt.  Soc.  Nut.  Ilint.,  iHiiJ,  \^,  Platte  River. 
Hiliiruiiriiliiiiiii»,Ji>KVAS,  Hull.  U.S.  Nut.  MuB.,  X,  lH77,7ii,  Cairo,  Illinois.     (Tyjm,  No.  ^o.'pC. ) 

•20H.  K'TALntl'S  .MKItllllONALIH,  (Oilnther). 

Head  r> ;  depth  4.  D.  I,  6 ;  A.  28  or  29.  Similur  to  /.  puiictatuH,  but  with 
the  biulicis  Hhorter,  tlie  lungost  only  reaching  gill  opening.  HrowniHh 
iiliovc,  with  blue  reflections,  silvery  below.  Rio  Usiinuicinta,  (tuateinalii. 
((iiiiitlicr.)     {meridionalis,  southern.) 

.liiii'tiriN    iiieriiliimnUii,  (i('N'rMr.ll,  Cat.,  v,  18U4,  102,  and  ill  Truuii.   /uiil,   Sue.   Luud.,  18U8,  473 
Rio  Usumacinta,  Guatemala. 

77.  AMEIURUS,"  Raflnesque. 
(  Horned  Pout.  ) 

/liii«iiii-M.«,  R.\riNE8QUF,  Ichth.  Oh.,  05,  1820,  {ciiprtiiii=n(iUiliii). 
Uriiiiim,  I'.pi'K,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  I'liila.,  1804,  231,  (uujrilahrui). 
iliiiisliir,  .IdiiruN  AND  EvF.UMANN,  RubgoH.  nov.,  {Iwuitrit), 
AiiihiriiK  IT  .liiici'iii'ii",  corrocted  spelling. 

Body  moderately  elongated,  robust  anteriorly,  the  caudal  peduncle 
mncli  compressed.  Head  large,  wide;  snpraoccipital  extended  backward, 
terminating  in  a  more  or  less  acute  point,  which  is  entirely  separate  from 
tlie  second  interspinal  buckler;  skin  covering  the  bones  thick.  Eyes 
ratiier  wmall,  but  developed.  Mouth  large, the  upper  Jaw  inmost  species 
the  ioniser.  Teeth  in  broad  bands  on  tho  premaxillaries  and  denlaries; 
band  of  upper  jaw  convex   in   front,  of  eciual  breadth,  and   without 


*Tlit>  Hiirned  Pout  aro  "dull  and  blunderini;  follows,"  foud  of  tho  mud  and  growing  best  in 
woody  pdiids  and  rivors  without  current.  They  stay  near  tlio  bottom,  moving  Hlowly  about 
with  tlii'ir  liarbtds  widely  spread,  watching  for  anything  outaiilc  They  will  tak(!  any  kind  of 
bait  fmrn  iiii  atiglo  worm  to  a  piece  of  tomato  can,  without  hesitation  or  ('oquetry,  and  they 
•cliloiii  fiiil  to  swallow  tho  hook.  They  aro  very  tenacious  of  life,  opening  and  sliiittlng  thfir 
moiitliH  fir  half  an  hour  after  their  heads  have  been  taken  off.  Tlic^y  spawn  in  spring,  and  tho 
old  fishoH  load  the  young  in  great  schools  near  the  shore,  caring  for  tliein  as  a  hen  cares  for  her 
cliii'keii8.  "A  bloodthirsty  and  bullying  set  of  rangers,  with  ever  a  lance  of  rust  and  ready  to 
do  battle  with  their  nearest  neighbor."— 2%or«au. 


it  if-r- 


iil 


) 


i     ... 


rm 


If 


j 


136 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  JTuseum. 


m 


?l.  ! 


^  1 


i-ii 


4  ;i!i5 


m 


I' 


baok  ward  prolongation  at  the  angle.  Dorual  between  the  pectorals  ami 
ventralB  higher  thMi  long,  with  a  pungent  spine  and  about  6  branched 
rays.  Adipose  fin  short,  inserted  over  tho  posterior  lialf  of  the  anal. 
Anal  fin  of  varying  length,  with  15  to  35  rays,  the  usual  number  bcin^ 
20  or  21.  Caudal  fiL  short,  truncate  in  typical  species,  more  or  Icnh 
forked  in  those  species  which  approach  the  genus  Ictalurua.  Ventrals 
each  with  1  simple  and  7  branched  rays.  Pectoral  fins  each  with  a  stout 
spine,  which  is  commonly  retrorse  serrate  behind.  Lateral  lino  usually 
incomplete.  Hpecies  very  numerous,  swarming  in  every  pond  and  slnj;- 
gish  stream  in  tho  Eastern  United  States;  especially  characteristic  of 
quiet  waters;  1  species  (A.  cantonensU)  in  China.  Tho  species  avo 
variable  and  not  easily  distinguished.  Those  in  which  the  caudal  fin  is 
forked  make  an  approach  to  the  genis  Ictalurua.  The  lack  of  connection 
between  the  supraoccipital  and  the  interspinal  buckler  is  the  only  o'lai- 
acter  by  which  these  species  can  be  separated  from  Ictalarus,  of  whicli 
group  Ameiuru8  should  perhaps  be  regarded  as  a  section,  (u,  privative; 
fieiovpoi,  curtailed;  the  caudal  lin  not  notched.) 

IIaustor,  {haustor,  ono  who  swallows): 
a.  Caudal  fin  Innate  or  forked;  occiiiital  process  produced  backward,  not  falling  far  short  of 
tho  iuterspiual  bones;  spocies  of  large  size,  approaching  Icluliirun;  coloration  n)orc  ur 
less  grayish  or  silverv . 
/).  Anal  rays  25  to  35;  Numeral  process  very  short  and  bluut,  usually  covered  by  sUiii, 
about  y^  length  of  pectoral  spine.  i.acustris,  'im. 

W<.  Anal  rays  usually  20  to  22  (19  to  24). 

c.  Huso  of  aual  fln  longer  than  head;  head  rather  narrow,  the  bony  occipital  lirirl^-i' 
almost  complete.  lui'L's,  2bi. 

re.  Httso  of  anal  fln  much  shorter  than  head. 

d.  Humeral  process  strongly  rugose;  head  and  mouth  narrow  in  young,  becom- 
ing very  broad  in  tho  adult.  catus,  211. 
(kh  Humoral  process  slightly  furrowed;  head  narrow.                          nucir.si,  21'.; 
hhb.  .\nal  very  short,  ol  about  K-  rays,  its  l)aso  not  ^  length  of  body  and  liitle  mnv 
than  ^  head;  head  broad,  with  long  barbels.                          okeeciiodeensis,  2l:t. 
Amehi  Ill's; 
an.  Caudal  fin  entire,  truncoto  or  vorj  slightly  marginate  behind.    Eyes  well  dovelopi'd. 
Coloration,  brown  or  yellowish,  not  silvery. 
e.  Aual  fin  long,  of  22  to  27  rays  (counting  rudiments),  ita  base  more  than  14  body. 

/.  Head  and  body  elongate,  the  back  high,  tho  head  much  longer  than  br  »d;  pecto- 
ral and  dorsiil  spines  very  long.  erebenndk,  214. 
//.  Head  and  body  robust,  the  back  low,  the  head  not  much  longer  than  broail, 
pectoral  and  dorsal  spines  moderate.  natalis,  21.'i. 
ce.  Anal  fln  ;noderate  or  short,  of  15  to  22  rays,  its  base  4  to  6  in  tho  body. 

g.  Lower  jaw  projecting;  anal  rays  20.  vuloaeis,  21ii 

{((;.  Lower  jaw  not  projecting. 

h.  Body  rather  robust,  the  depth  in  the  adult  Z%  to  4}^  in  length;   head  net 
very  flat  above, 
i.  Pectoral  spines  lun, ,,  2  to  2}/^  in  head;  anal  rays  more  than  20. 

NfcBULOSUS,  217. 

a.  Pectoral  spines  short,  2^^    to  3  in    head,  longest   in  young.      Anal    tin 

shorter,  of  17  to  19  rays  counting    udiments.  hei.as,  218. 

hh.  Body  slender  and  low,  varying  with  age,  tho  depth  6\^  to  8  times  in  length: 

heod  in  adult  broad  and  very  flat;  anal  short,  usually  with  18  or  19  rajs; 

a  broad  dusky  shade  across  the  base  of  dorsal  which  is  rather  high. 

PLATY0EPHALV6,  210 

Gbonias,  (ypiivti,  a  cavern): 
aaa.  Caudal  fln  entire;  eyes  covered  by  thick  skin. 

j.  Color  chiefly  black.  miobilabrib,  220. 


(('.*i  r,  -11  lie  THE 


"•■  unjri'weiiH,  .. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,         137 


Subgenus  HAUSTOR,  .Ionian  d  Kvermitiin. 
2007  AMKIlIUdS  liACUSTKIK,  (Walliauin.) 

(CaTI.-II  ilhTlIK    liAKES;   (iaKAT   FoRK-TAItRH  OaT  ;    MlHHIRSIPPl   CaT  ;    FLORIDA    OaT  ;   FlANNF.L 

MiHTii  Cat;  Matiikmf.o,  or  Udtv  kisii.) 

Htiid  4  in  leufjtli;  depth  5;  distaiico  to  dorsal  Hpine  2J.     I).  I,  5;  P.I, 

i);  A.  28  (25  to  32).     Body   ratlier   stouter,  head   lijuch   broader,  lower, 

anil  more  depresaod   than   in   lelalnrn:!  punclniun,   its  greateHt  widtli  ^ 

its  li ii^'th.    Intciorhital  space  honiowhat  more  than  i  the  length  of  head. 

Width   of  the  month  about  i  head.     Eye  moderate,  wholly  in  front  of 

niidtlli'  point  of  head.     Top  of  head  covered  with  a  thicker  skin  than  in 

i,ini(/((/(/s,  8o  that  the  honeH  aic  nearly  concealed.     Upper  surface  of  the 

lifiid  <|iiite  llattish    so  thiit  tiie  eyes  are  much  nearer  the  upper  than  the 

jinvi'i  surface  of  the  head.     Harhels  long,  all  black,  the  maxillary  barbel 

reaching  Iteyond  head.     Humeral  process  very  short  and  blunt,  covered 

l)yskiii,a  little  more  than  i  the  lon};th  of  the  pectoral  spine.     Caudal 

(leeiil.v  forked,  the  upper  lobe  rather  longer  and  narrower  than  the  lower ; 

(loiHiil  a  little  nearer  snout  than  adipose  fin.    Anal  base  as  lohg  as  head. 

Olivaceous   slaty,  growl. 'j  darker  with   age;   sides  pale,  without  dark 

spots :   anal   dusky  edged.      Saskatchewan    River  and  Great   Lakes  to 

Florida  and  Texas ;  abundant  in  all  large  bodies  of  water,  especially 

in  tlio  Mississippi  and  the  Groat  Lakes.     One  of  the  largest  of  the  cat- 

lishes,  reaching  a  weight  of  150  pounds  or  more,     (laeusfriit,  living  in 

mkpH.) 

Oa'liii  l'h-ii»tri<i,  WAl-RAtiM,  Artfdi  Pise,  1792,  144,  Arctic  America,  hasml  oil  tho  Mnthoineg, 

or  1,1111(1  Cod,  of  roDiinnt. 
rimi-lu.iiin  iiigriiiitis,  T>K  SiErn,  Mrm.  Mns.,  v,  153,  1819,  Lake  Erie;  Lake  Ontario. 
Vmeluiliix  )ii<jrPKi:eiiK,  ..iriiAiiPSON,  Fauna.  Hor.  Amor.,  ill,  ISlit;,  1114,  after  Lo  Sue".«-. 
I'Mitfliis  iHirenli*,  KiciiAniisoN,  /.  c,  l:t5,  1S:!(),  Pine  Island  Lake. 
[imiiric  lioreaUs,  GPNTHER,  Cat.,  v,  KM),  18(14;  .Tokhan,  I.  <•.,  84,1877. 
Ui/"i"< /'(CKs/nX  Jordan  &  Oii.heiit,  Syuopsis,  108,1883. 

Aimiirif  ivimleroKm,  *  BEAf,  Pror.  U.  S.  NiU.  Mii.«.,  1879,  280,  St.  Louis.     ^ Type,  23.388.) 
H.ihtrii^  poiidernsm,  .Idrdan  &  Gimiert,  Synopsis,  189,1883. 
lehtimis  nigricmis,  Jordan  &  Giluert,  Synopsis,  882,1883. 

210.  AMEIURrS  LCPl'S,  (Girard). 

Anal  23.  Body  rather  slender.  Head  narrow,  longer  than  broad,  its 
width  45  in  length,  being  less  than  its  length  above.  Dorsal  spine  much 
ucai'fcv  snout  than  adipose  fin.  Base  of  anal  longer  than  head.  Pectoral 
spine.s  long  and  slender,  dentate.  Barbels  long.  Supraoccipital  bone 
almost  meeting  the  interspinal ;  the  relations  of  the  species  therefore  very 
close  to  Ictalurus  punctatus.  Dusky  olivaceous,  sides  silvery.  Rio  Nueces 
and  Kio  Pecos,  Texas  ;  a  rather  doubtful  species,  apparently  inicrmediate 
iietween  Ictalurm  litinctatns  and  Ameiurus  cat  us.     (liijuis,  wolf.) 

V'metii'hi/i  Inpns,  Girard,  Pac.  K.  B.  Expl.,  ^..  211,  1858,  Rio   Pecos;  Jordan,  I.e.,  83,1877; 

GC.NTiiEH,  Cat.,  V,  101, 1804. 
WioHs  Utptis,  JoRD.VN  &  GftiiERT,  Synopsls,  107, 1883, 

*  .hiiiimis  ponderns}!!:,  Bean,  dcscribod  from  the  Missis^^ijipi  Kiror  at  St.  Loiiin  from  a  sppcimeu 
Uivt  long,  weigliing  150  pounds,  is  probably  a  giant  oxamplc  of  this  species,  from  which  it 
'liffi.'p.  only  in  tlio  presence  of  35  anal  rays,  lu  4  specimens,  which  we  refer  to  A.  laeiiMriH, 
«cioii;it  2!>,  27,  28,  iind  32  rays.  We  see  no  reason  for  doubting  the  identity  of  the  "Lind  Cod," 
wMathemeg  of  the  Hudson  Bay  region,  with  Ameiurus  nigricans.  This  northern  species,  called 
Itoredis  by  Richardson,  is  the  original  lacu^ia  of  Walbaum. 


1       ll 


;  'I.  i-i 


i  (■ 


J 


:  ;i 


I      !    *    i 


FF^ 


138 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\ 


¥ 


,1    i 

■'  \ 


W 


I 

1          ■ 
■ 

\ 

i 

r 

i 

! 

1      : 

\    E^ 

. 

L 

1^* 


¥. 


811.  ANEIURUS  CATU8,  *  (LiimwiiB). 
(WiiiTK  Oat  ;  Ciiannf.l  Oat  or  the  Potomac.) 

Body  stout,  slender  in  the  young,  the  head  becominfj;  exceaaively  broad 
in  the  adult.  Barbels  long,  except  nasal  barbel ;  caudal  tin  deeply  forkiid, 
the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Humeral  process  more  than  \  the  lengtli  of 
the  spine,  extremely  rugose.  Anal  rays  21  (19  to  22);  base  of  anal  I*  to 
5  in  length.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  nearly  midway  between  adipose  fin  and 
snout.  Pale  olive  bluish,  silvery  below  without  dark  spots,  but  hdmic- 
times  mottled  or  clouded.  L.  2  feet.  Delaware  River  to  Texas,  very 
common  in  the  coastwise  streams  and  swamps,  especially  about  C'ltiHa- 
peake  Hay  and  in  Florida ;  also  lately  introduced  into  the  Sacramento  and 
San  Joaquin  rivers,  where  it  is  becoming  abundant.  (Low  Latin,  C(i/i(«, 
cat.) 

SiJuriMco/tw,  LiKN^Kl'S,  X,  306,  1758;  baficd  on  the  Catflfth  of  Catcsby,  (liagre  nenti.tffe  njifciei  mnrc- 
gravei  nffiuiii),  which  iH  a  riidi)  flgiire  of  the  adult,  or  "  lophiiis,"  form  of  this  H|M!civH;  North. 
ern  part  of  America. 

Pimelotlm  alhiilim,  IjK  StiEt'B,  Mom.  Muh.,  v,  148,  1810,  Delaware  River. 

PiincWim /j/)i.f ,  (iiKAiii),  I'roc.  Af.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  1859,  160,  Potomac  River. 

Amiuriut  alhUhiii,  Jordan,  /.  c,  84, 1877. 

Irlalnrttn  albiiUw,  Joroan  A  GiLfiERT,  Synopsis,  107, 1883. 

Amiunu  niueirfuliin,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Hoc,  1870,  i.'ft,  Neuse  River;  Jordan,  J.'c, 8:?,  1877. 

IvIalHrtm  niveuviUriH,  Jordan  Sc  Giibeiit,  Synopais,  107,1883. 

Amiurtts  lophbm,  (.'ope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  So<".,  1870,480,  Potomac  River;  Jorpan,?.  r.,85, 1S77. 

Idnlttrut  lophins,  Jordan  A  (Jimieut,  Synopsis,  107, 1883. 

IctaUirii*  viacwikeyi  nud  I.  kevinskii,  Staufker,  History  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 678, 1869,  Lancas- 
ter County,  Pa. 

212.  AMEIURUS  DUMGSI,  Bean. 

Allied  to  A.  catu/i,  but  with  narrower  head,  its  width  5  in  lengtli; 
humeral  process  slightly  furrowed,  not  strongly  rugose  as  in  J.  catiis: 
caudal  deeply  forked.  Color  plumbeous,  silvery  below.  D.I,  6;  A.  21. 
Rio  Turbio,  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  west  of  the  Sierra  Madre.  (To  Alfredo 
Duges,  a  naturalist  and  teacher  in  Guanajuato.) 

Amniirtudngfsi,  Beav,Pioc.  U.S. Nat.  Mus.,  1879, 30-1,  Rio  Turbio,  Guanajuato.  (Typf,  No. 
23122  and  23123.) 

213.  AMEIURITS  OKEECHOBEENSIS,  (Heilprin). 

This  species  is  known  only  from  a  figure, t  no  description  having  been 
published.  This  figure  shows  the  form  of  Ameiurua  catiis.  the  caudal 
deeply  forked,  barbels  long  and  slender,  the  fins  low,  the  anal  very  short, 

*  Wo  indbiitify  the  Silitriin  catiw  of  Linnaeus,  or  rather  the  figure  of  Catesby  on  which  it  is  Inured 
with  AmiiiniK  alhulm  of  Le  Sueur,  the  adult  of  which  species  v  ell  auswurs  to  Catesby's  arcoiiiit, 
and  fairly  matches  liia  rough  figure.  Catesby's  flsh  was  from  the  "  Northern  part  of  Anii'iica," 
and  had  a  mouth  no  large  that  the  flsh  could  swallow  another  of  its  own  size,  ("ejusquo  amplitucl- 
inis  rictus,  et  piscom  w<|ualis  magnitudinis  capere  pOiisit."  It  reaches  a  length  of  2  feet.  The 
adult  form  (called  "/if/>/iiii«")  of  the  present  species  abounds  in  the  Potomac,  and  has  a  larger 
mouth  than  any  other  of  the  tribe.  Southern  s|xtcimens  called  niveiventris  by  Cope,  from  the 
Neuse  to  St.  Johns,  are  rather  slenderer  in  from,  but  we  know  of  no  character  by  which  tin'  two 
can  he  positively  separated.  If  a  difTorence  exists,  the  southern  form  may  stand  as  AmeiiirHi 
nieeiventris,  the  northern  as  A.caiut. 

fThe  figure  of  Heilprin  has  much  in  common  with  that  of  Cutesby,  which  is  the  basis  of  tbo 
name  Ameiunu  caUu, 


Jordan  and  Everniann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


139 


appan'iitly  of  15  or  16  rays  and  much  shorter  than  head,  the  spines  small, 
tho  occipital  bridge  apparently  complete  as  in  IctahiniH  (to  which  genus 
it  may  l)clong),  and  the  color  entirely  black,  as  is  tho  case  with  nearly  all 
IIsIk  s  in  black-water  swamps.  The  typo  is  from  Kissimee  River,  near 
Lake  Okoechoboo,  in  tho  everglades  of  Florida. 

li.ih'ni'^  lAerfhi'heemin,  HBiLPniN,  Trans,  WagriiT  Inst.  S<'i.   IMiila.,   i,  1S87,  pi.  18,  Kissimee 
River,  Florida. 

Subgenus  AMEIURUS. 
214.  AMEiridS  KRKItK>M:S,.Ti>r(1an. 

r.ody  rather  elongate,  compressed,  the  depth  about  4^  in  lengtli.  Dovsal 
reftio'i  latlior elevated;  the  head  quite  long  and  narrowed  forward,  1  times 
in  iiMifitli  of  body.  Head  more  narrowed  than  in  A.  natalin:  width  of 
head  in  front  of  eye  little  more  than  i  its  length  ;  width  of  the  niouth 
aliont  ^  length  of  head.  Greatest  width  cf  head  contained  Ij^  times  in  its 
longtli.  Dorsalfinslightly  nearer  the  snout  than  the  .adipose  fin,unusu<ally 
high,  ito  spine  long.  Pectoral  spines  strong,  about  J  as  long  as  the 
head.  Anal  fin  long,  deep,  nearly  ^  the  length  of  the  body,  of  2*2 
to  21  rays.  Adipose  fin  l.-irge;  caudal  fin  rather  short,  truncate  behind. 
Jaws  Hijbequal.  Supraoccipital  process  but  little  free  behind.  Color 
black;  beliy  paler;  fins  and  barbels  black.  Coast  swamps  and  black- 
water  Rtreams  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida.  Close  to  A.  tiatalis,  but  with 
narrower  head  and  longer  spines,  {tpefievvoc,  color  of  Erebus,  which  is 
very  i)lack.) 

Ameiiinix  neheunux,  .TonPAN,   Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mur.,  x,  85,  1877,  St.  Johns  River,  Florida; 

.fcpuoAN  \-  Gii.iiERT,  Synopsis,  lOri,  1883. 
Amiurm iirdslhisHiis,*  Cops,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  188.3, 133,  Batstoe  River,  N.  J. 

SIS."^  AMEII'BITS  NAT.4LIS,  (Lo  Sueur). 

(Yellow  Cat.) 

Anal  rays  24  to  27.  Body  more  or  less  short  and  chubby,  sometimes 
extremely  obese  (var.  natalia),  sometimes  more  elongate  'var.  lividiis). 
Hf.ad  short  and  broad;  mouth  wide,  the  jaws  equal  (var.  lividus),  or  the 
upperjaw  longest  (var.  cupreiia).  Yellowish,  greenish,  or  blackish,  (ireat 
Lake  region  to  Virginia  and  Texas,  and  southward  ;  generally  abundant, 
extremely  variable,  and  running  into  several  varieties.!  {naialis,  having 
large  nates,  or  buttocks.) 

*Exi'i'|)t  that  tho  raiidal  fin  is  'aid  to  bo  roundod  rather  than  trnncato,  A.  proslhisliii.')  aprnes 
with  I.  nTlii'iiim%  with  which  we  think  it  will  prove  identiral.  GroiitcRt  width  of  liead  f(|nal 
tiii|i|illi  (if  body;  eyo  Bniall,  5  in  iniororhittd  width;  dorsal  spine  inserted  nineh  nearer  tip  of 
smmt  ili.ui  adipose  fin  ;  pectoral  spines  a  little  larger  than  dorsal  spine  ;  maxillary  harhel  r(  aeli- 
iiiL'  iniiliiln  of  pectoral  spine  ;  humeral  process  extendiit;  a  little  farther  ;  hiack,  whitish  lielow  ■ 
fiiH  lilaik;  pectoral  and  ventral  pde  at  base;  head  3%;  depth  i\i.  D.  I,  G ;  A.  24  to  27. 
liatstur  Klver,  New  .Icrsey. — Cope. 

tTlic.sc  viirietios  have  been  thns  diagnosed: 
a.  Diirsiil  considerably  nearer  snout  than  adipose  fin. 

h.  ,Taw9  equal;  spines  very  short;  anal  rajs  25;  colors  yellowish  brown.     Ohio  Kiver  to 
Arkansas,  North  Carolina,  and  south.  '  MVinim. 

Wi.  .laws  unequal,  tho  upper  the  Ioniser. 

c.  Anal  rays  24  or  25,  the  fin  rather  low,  its  base  3^^  in  body,  nape  not  swollen. 

4.  Colors  pale,  yellowish  brown.    Mississippi  valley  and  south.  cupbeus. 


i  '  »■ 


\       <     f 


I    ■'. 


■ 


I  < 


* 


"  i  ;• 


i  .. 


fi 


I  v. 


140 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


lii 


i*r 


\^' 


\\         •:. 


1 

:      li          , 

1     »; 

1     i             ■! 

If 


■!:;! 


I'imelodiuualnlui,  IjF.StTiitm,  M('m.  Mtis.,  v.,  ir«-l,  1819,  North  America. 

Amiunm ntiliilU,  GCnther,  v,  101, 18(14  ;  Joiidan,  /.  c,  8(1, 1877. 

SilnniH  liviilnn,  var. /luca/in,  and  Silnnin  cupri'iif,  RAriNRNQCE,  Qiinrt.  .lour.  Sri.  London,  192fi,  4S, 
r>l,  Ohio  River. 

I'imeliiihiii  felhiiiii  el  anlniiit-nsu,  GiRAliP,  Par.  U.  K.  Kxpl.,  x.  'Jllfl,  18.18,  Canadian  and  San  An- 
tonio rivers,  Texas.    (Typo,  Nob.  it24  mid  <.)Z\.  ) 

I'imflodiiH  idtiiK,  QiFAKD,  Proc.  Ar.  Nut.  8<'i.  Pliilii.,  IS.I!!,  1."iO,  Aux  Plaines,  Illinois. 

I'iiiuhiihis  viipreoidtH,  Giraud,  I.  c,  18.'')9,  1.19,  Aux  Plaines,  Illinois.     (Tjpo,  No.  1407.) 

fimi'/niiioini'i.'oiiKii,  ItiniARiisoN,  t'luiiia  Hor.  Amur.,  iii,  132,  lK)(i,  Lake  Huron. 

I'iiiieldilHiii-iiiireus,  lUKiNF.HQt'K,  lolith.  Oil.,  C'!),  1820,  Ohio  River. 

AminniH  iialdlii,  .louiiAN  it  Oii.iiEUT,  Syiio|)Hi8,  11)5, 1S8;|. 

/l)niMni«  W/i,  CoPK,  Hull    I'.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  xx,  :t,\  1880,  Little  Wichita  River;  Texas. 

Aiiieiiints  hiiVi,  .Iciudan  >t  (iiLiiciiT,  .^,viio|>nU,  881, 1881) ;  thin  furiii  has  rather  lou);ur  H|ihio.M  lli.tn 
UHiial  in  nnlnliii,  approachin);  nihennm. 

Aminnm  valalu  aniilii,  Joriian,  I.  c,  1877,81,  Arkansas  River.     (Type,  No.  al()88.) 

•n^.'  AMEICRIIS  VULOARIS,  (Thompson). 
Anal  rays  20.  Body  moderately  elongate  ;  depth  4i  to  5  in  length;  head 
3J  to  4.  Barbels  long  ;  mouth  wide ;  head  longer  than  broad,  rather  nar- 
rowed forward  ;  proGle  rather  steep,  (svenly  convex ;  dorsal  region  more  en 
less  elevated.  Lower  jaw  more  or  loss  distinctly  projecting;  in  otlicr 
respects  scarcely  distinct  from  A.  nchuloaua,  with  which  it  may  iiitci- 
grade.  Dark  reddish  brown  or  blackish.  L.  18  inches.  Vermont  to  Min- 
nesota and  Illinois,  chiefly  northward  ;  not  rare,  {vulgaria,  common, 
which  is  not  true  in  most  of  its  r.ange.) 

Pimeloiliti  vulgarii,  THOMPSON,  Hist.  Vermont,  l;^8,  1842,  Lake  Champlain. 

I'iiiii'hiilii.1  /Ukniji,  CiRARn,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18,")9, 160,  Oswego,  N.  Y.    (Type,  No.  l.M:i.  i 

P.meliiiltifmhirun,  GiRARP,  Pac.  R.  R.  Expl.,  x,  210, 1858,  L.Amelia,  Minnesota.  (Type,  No.  '<>il) 

Aniiumii  H'liiriis,  Jordan,  I.  c,  1877, 88. 

Amiurti/i  vnlgaris,  Jordan  A  Giluert,  Synopsis,  105,188.3. 

217.  AMEIURHS  NEBl'LOSUS,  (Le  Sueur). 
(Horned  Pnrr;  Common  Bullhead;  Small  Catfish;  Schuylkill  Cat;  Saciramento  Cat.) 

Body  rather  elongate;  depth  4  to  4i  in  length.  Anal  fin  usually  with 
21  or  22  rays,  its  base  4  in  body  :  dorsal  fin  inserted  rather  nearer  adipone 
fin  than  end  of  snout.  Upper  jaw  usually  distinctly  longer  than  lower. 
Humeral  process  more  than  i  the  length  of  pectoral  spine,  which  is  ratlicr 
long.  Color  dark  yellowish  brown,  more  or  less  clouded,  sometimes  yel- 
lowish, sometimes  nearly  black.  L.  18  inches.  Great  Lakes,  Ohio  Valley, 
eastward  to  Maine,  southwestward  to  Texas,  and  southeastward  to 
Florida.  The  common  bullhead,  or  Horned  Pout  of  the  North  and  East, 
abundant  in  every  pond  and  stream;  also  introduced  about  1877  into  the 
Humboldt,  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin  and  Gila  rivers,  where  it  is  now 
excessively  abundant.    Variable,     (nebulosus,  clouded.) 

Pimehdiut  nebiiloHiis,  Le  Sueur,  Mom.  Mua.,  v.  149,  1819,  Lake  Ontario. 

Pimelodns  atraritf,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fish.,  185,1842,  Wappingers  Creek,  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y. 

dd.  Colors  dark,  black  or  greenish.     Great  Lake  region,  north  and  east. 

C(F.NO.-'S. 

cc.  Anal  2(1;  rays  low,  its  base  3 V^  in  body;  spines  weak;  nape  more  or  less  swi.lliii 

and  elevated.     Alabama  River  to  Texas.  anton'ien-i^ 

ccc.  Anal  27,  its  base  ^%  in  length,  its  rays  high,  more  than  J^  head;  spines  stnniu', 

nape  not  Bwollen.     Little  Red  River,  Ark.  anaiis. 

aa.  Dorsal  spin«i  instated  nearer  adipose  fln  than  tip  of  snout,  the  posterior  part  of  body  iliii'k- 

ened  and  shorteued;  jaws  subequal.    Great  Lakes  to  North  Oarolina  and  south. 

NATAI.IS. 


m 


fordan  and  Evertiutnn.  —  Fishes  of  North  America.         141 


,\m,<>rvf  <-'ii«s  .'I'lKAN  k  nii.iiKUT,  S.vn()|p»l»,  104, 188:J. 

l',mrl■^■l"^J'tli^<,  AiiAssiz,  Laki' Siii>crii>r,  'JKl,  1«,">(),  Lake  Superior, 

P,i,„tn,h,iniliii-ciilti'',  (linAiiii,  I'idc.  Ac.  Niit.Sci.  I'hila.,  Is.V.t,  if.o,  Charleston.    (Tyi>e,  No.lKJO.) 

p,,,,,/.  ,/H«/i'7/i,  (tiiiAUii,  /.  I.,  l'«0, 18">9,  Racine,  Wisconsin.    (Tj|>c,  No.  ir.;ta.) 

.4)H,iiin.>  ii(ii>iiillieii»i»,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  iSoc,  1870,  4H('>,  Mispillion  Creek,  Delaware. 

(»!'  tlif  viiiiiitiims  of  this  specieH,  the   following?  seem  worthy  of  rccog- 

iiiiidii  ii8  HiibspucieH: 

217a.  A.MKH'KrS  NKIil'LOSl'S  CATULL'S,  (UiranI). 

Colcir  iii'iuly  Mack;  profilo  very  steep.  Abundaut  in  tlio  streania  of 
iVxiis.     ( J>iiiiiiintive  of  cuiitn,  cat.) 

l',„t,l.;„,,,iiiihis,  (iiiiAUi),  I'ac.  ]!.  n.  Siirvi^}-,  208,  185H,  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas, 
217b.  AMKll  lU  S  NEBILOSIS  MARMOBATUS,  (Holbrook). 

liddy  Hliarply  mottled  with  brown,  greenish,  and  whitish;  jaws  equal, 
or  iiiiiiv  so  ;  deptii  about  4  in  length  ;  slope  of  profile  very  steep.  Dorsal 
till  lii^'li;  the  Hpino  more  than  {  length  of  head;  dorsal  spine  nearer 
a(ii|i<-si;  tin  than  snout.  Barbels  long.  Head  3i  in  length.  Anal  21. 
LowIiuhI  streams  and  swamps  from  southwestern  Indiana  (Switz  City) 
Noutiiward  and  eastward  to  Florida;  the  color  strongly  marked,  but  this 
intciiiriules  with  mot,;led  specimens  of  A,  nebuloaua.  (marmoratua,  mar- 
ble. 1.) 

l'iiinl.''l"i  iiiHriiiiiiiilits,  HoLimooK,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  54,  South  Carolina.     (Typi', 

N...  :"r.i.) 
.l»itiiirii«  munnomtnii,  JouDAN  iV  GiLBEiiT,  Synopsis,  104, 1883. 

ais/AMEIURirS  MELAS,  (Uaflnesque). 

(Black  Dulliieau;  Small  Catfish.) 

Ctilor  almost  black,  varying  to  yellowish  and  brown.  Body  stout, 
hIioiI  mid  deep,  the  depth  3i  to  4^  in  length.  Head  broad  behind,  rather 
colli  ia(  ted  forward,  the  front  steeply  elevated.  Pectoral  spines  short,  2i 
to  !<  in  liead.  Anal  fin  short  and  deep,  of  17  to  19  rays,  its  base  nearly  5 
ill  leiij^th,  the  color  of  the  rays  forming  a  sharp  contrast  with  that  of 
the  (liisky  membranes.  Jaws  nearly  equal.  Barbels  longer  than  head. 
Hiiiiieial  process  rather  long,  rugose.  Size  small.  Northern  New  York 
(lieiH'set!  River)  to  Kansas  and  Texas.  Common,  especially  west  of  the 
Miticiissippi.  Variable.  Much  resembles  A.  uebulostia,  but  smaller,  with 
slioiter,  deeper  anal,  and  especially  shorter  pectoral  spines,     (wtv^af,  black.) 

■S/iiniv  i,i,/„,«,  KAKiNKKQt'K,  Qiiurt.  .lout.  Si'i.  Lit.  Arts  Loud.,  1820,  51,  Ohio  River. 
Pim,,'.../M«.„i,Hms,  (iiuAnii,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sii.  Phila.,  1859, 15!t,  Racine,  Wis.    (Type, No.  1514.) 
.tmi.oHs  n/,«iis,   Gii.i,,   Pro.-.  Boat.  Soo.  Nut.   Hist.,   1802,   45,   Nebraska.     (Type,   No.  8908.) 

J"]iii.\N,;.  c,  HU,  18T7. 
I'iiiii-IhIih  j.ulhin,  I)E  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna  :  Fishes,  184, 1842,  Lake  Pleasant,  Lake  Janet,  N.  Y . 
Ammriisiiiilliin,  Jdhdan,  /.  c,  93, 1883. 
Amiunis  ciij./iiii,  Gilhkut,  BiiU.  Washh.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,   1884,  i,  10,  Garden  City,  Kansas. 

(Ty|.,.,  No.  30814.) 
Ammriiflii.whyucantlms,  CoPE,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xx,  35,  1880,  Medina  River,  Texas. 
Aiiuiiini.i  hniihi/acaiithui:,  JoKiiAN  &  GlLBKiiT,  Syiio^sls,  881, 1883. 
Hilimit  xmthneephalus,  RAi'iNESQt'E,  Quart.  .Jour.   Sci.  Lit.  Arts  Loml.,  1820,  61,  Ohio  River; 

JimiiAN,/.  c,  42,1877. 
Amemni!ijrniilhwei)haim,  Jordan  A  GlLBEUT,  Synopsis,  104,1883. 


i: 


ifl'lll 


!    I 


;   J 


■,   I 


I:  ''^ 


" 


n 


im 


^1 


"^W 


I' 

h 


i\ 


V 


i 


142 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


I    i 


1 

i  1 
1 

1 

i 

. 

I  i 

iSik..; .. 

i!i 


fli 


I 


I      ^!l| 


1. 


am.  AMKIUltUS  Pl.ATYrKIMIAMrS,  (Qirunl). 

(Mi-ii('at;  HuownCat.) 

IJody  oxtremoly  elongate;  niesially, nearly  terete.  Head  low,  flat,  and 
bruad  ;  upper  jaw  (ttrongly  projecting,  tlie  head  much  broader  and  nunf 
depreHHed  in  old  Hpeciniena.  Dorsal  tin  high,  Ji  length  of  head,  its  h|iiih>,s 
nearer  Hiioiit  than  adipoHe  tin  ;  depth  5A  to  Kin  length.  IIead3A;  itHwultli 
3  to  5,  baHe  of  anal  ii;anal  rayu  16  to  20.  Caudal  slightly  onuirgiiiuii<. 
Young  Hpeciniens  much  less  elongate  than  adulto.  Clear  olive  blown, 
varying  into  yellowish  or  greenish  ;  a  blackish  horizontal  bar  or  shuilcat 
base  of  dorsal.  L.  IH  inches;  slenderest  of  the  species  of  the  gen, m, 
and  almost  entirely  herbivorous,  its  elongate  intestine  being  alwayN 
filled  with  water  plants.  A  good  food  lish.  The  form  called  hriduKK., 
IS  the  young,  differing  from  theadult  muchas  theyonngof  J.cvj/HsdiliiMs. 
Abundant  in  the  streams  of  Carolina  and  eastern  Georgia,  Cape  Fear  to 
the  Chattahoochee.     (7rA«rtf,  wide;  Kt<pa?i'//,  Imad.) 

I'iiiichxtm  jilalywplialiiy,  GliiAiii),  Proe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sei.  I'liilii.,  1869,  Kll,  Anderson,  S.  C.     ('h|" 

No.  15:H.) 
Amiunts  briinntuii,  .Jordan,  Ann.   Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  N.   Y.,  Is77,  '.100,  Ocmulgee  River,  Flat 

Shoals,  Georgia.    (Type,  No.  2(ill8.) 
Aineiunm  hnnmi'iin,  Jordan,  L  c,  93, 1877. 

Amiiirm  hniinieiiii,  Jordan  &  Dkayton,  Bull.  U.  B.  Nut.  Miia.,  Xli,28, 1878. 
AmiuruH  biimiicun  ami  platijciphnlus,  Joiidan  Hi  (<ll.iiK.itT,  ^^yuopBiH,  1U3, 1883. 

Subgenus  GRONIAS,  Cope. 

220.  AMEIUKl'S  MflRILABRIS,  (Copv;. 

Black  above;  Jaws  and  tins  black  ;  sides  varied  with  yellowish  ;  Itt'lly 
pale.  Eyes  more  or  less  rudimentary  and  concealed  beneath  the  skin 
.Taws  equal.  Dorsal  spine  midway  between  snout  and  middle  of  a(li|iiitiv 
tin  ;  barbels  short ;  caudal  slightly  eniarginate.  Anal  with  lf>  rayis 
lUanchiostegals  10.  Cave  streams  tributary  to  Couestoga  River  in  east- 
ern Pennsylvania.  Very  close  to  Amciurua  mvlas,  from  which,  or  .some 
similar  species,  it  is  doubtless  recently  descended,  {niger,  black  ;  lahritm, 
lip). 

Gronias  iii<jrilabri«,  Cofe,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18C4,  231,  Conestoga  River. 
Amiunia  nigrilahris,  Jordan,  I.  c,  92, 1877. 
Grottias  nifjrilabris,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopsiH,  1U2, 1883. 

78.  LEPTOPS,  Ralinesque. 
(Muu  Cats.) 

Leplope,  Rafinbsqiib,  Ich.  Oh.,  64, 1820,  (i-itcosus  —  uUvaris). 

OpUulelud,  RAFJNKsm'K,/. c, 64, (nebidosut). 

[liclis,  llAFlNESQUE,  /.  ( .,  CO,  (limosus). 

UopliKleliis,  Gill,  (corrected  8p(!lliug). 

PelodiddhyH,  Jordan,  corrected  Biiclliiig  of  Pilodictis,*  Rafinesque,  which  is  an  iuiagiiiury  lir-li 

Body  elongated,  slender,  much  depressed  anteriorly.  Head  large,  very 
wide  and  depressed.  Skin  very  thick,  entirely  concealing  the  skull ;  su- 
praoccipital  bone  entirely  free  from  the  head  of  the  second  interspinal; 

*"PU«diclis  Unwsm,"  Ratinewpie,  Jour.  Phys.,  Paris,  1819,  422,  wai  liiised  ou  a  "UniwiiiK'  by 
Mr.  Audubou,"  which  dr.awing,  as  shown  by  Raflne8()uo'8  copy,  is  merely  a  fancy  sketcli  of  au 
imaginary  catflsh.  The  name  should  therefore  be  disregarded,  although  it  is  the  earliest  iiU|i- 
posed  to  belong  to  this  group.    Of  the  remaining  syuonyms  Leptops  stands  next  iu  date. 


% 


afl 


fordan  iiiui  ExH'r matin. — Fishes  of  I^orth  America.         143 

fVi'H  Hiiiiill.  Month  very  large,  aiiteriur  and  truuHv»rH»,  tlie  lower  Jaw 
iil\vav-i  pt'djectiug beyond  the  upper.  Teeth  in  broad  villit'orni  baudHon  the 
■iir  Ilia  xillarieH  and  dentarieH;  band  of  upper  Jaw  convex  anteriorly,  and  at 
iiiM'i  lion  ot'tiieiuaxiliaricH,  abruptly  angularly delbtctod, proceeding  back- 
waiil  iiH  an  elongated  triangular  extenaion.  Baud  slightly  divided  ut  the 
nviiiplivHiH ;  lower  band  of  teeth  anteriorly  semi  circular  and  attenuated  to 
tlif  coriM'rH  of  the  mouth.  BranchioHtegala  12.  Dorual  tin  over  the  poH- 
tciiur  half  of  the  interval  between  pectoralH  and  ventralH,  with  a  upino 
and  7  niyH ;  ttpine  rather  Huiall,  more  or  leua  enveloped  in  thick  ukin. 
Adiposu  fin  large,  itH  elongated  baae  over  posterior  ^  of  anal.  Anal  fin 
.siiiull,  conunencing  far  behind  the  anuH ;  of  about  IJraya.  Caudal  oblong, 
Miilitiiiiicato,  with  nunierouH  accessory  rays,  recurrent  above  and  behind. 
Pectorals  with  a  broad  compressed  spine,  serrated  on  both  margins  and 
witli  a  prolonged  fleshy  integument,  obliquely  striated.  One  species 
kiiuwn ;  a  large  catfish  living  in  the  muddy  bottoms  of  deep  rivers. 
{\t-jii^i  slender;  (Jt/j,  face,  the  head  being  slender  in  profile.) 

221.  LEPTOPH  OLITARIN,  (llanuesquo). 
(McD  Cat;  Yellow  Cat;  Bashaw;  Russian  Cat.) 

15()(ly  HJonder,  depressed  forward,  the  head  extremely  flat,  the  lower  jaw 
tiiu  longer.  Barbels  short.  Dorsal  spine  very  weak,  ^  the  height  of 
thu  till ;  caudal  very  slightly  emargiuate  behind.  Anal  short,  its  base 
al'out  ,',  the  length,  its  rays  12  to  15.  Humeral  process  short.  Yellowish, 
imich  mottled  with  brown  and  greenish,  whitish  below.  Size  very  large, 
reiicliiiig  a  weight  of  50  to  75  pounds.  Elvers  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
uiid  Southern  States,  southwest  to  Chihuahua ;  abundant  in  deep,  sluggish 
\vator.s.  A  fish  of  unprepossessing  appearance,  although  one  of  the  best 
oltiio  family  as  food.     {olivariH,  olive-colored.) 

,Si7hiii/i  .i/iraris,  Rafinesqub,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1818, 355,  Ohio  River. 

llophi'leliiH  ../ii(iri»,  Gill,  Ichth.  Simpson's  Kxpl.,42G,  187G. 

relmlichtlnjs  olivarii,  JonPAN,  I.  c,  05, 1877. 

Silurm  nebiihiniK,  viscoHUn,  and  Hmomt,  RAriNSsqi'E,  Quart.  Juur.  Hr.i.  Lit.  Arts  Lcmd.,  1820,  5u, 

Ohio  River. 
hmeli'ilus  imndHlatM,  GCnther,  Cat.,  V,  101, 1864. 
I'iilnilUli.s  Umomin,  Rakinesque,  Ichth.Oh.,67,  1820,  lia8<Ml  on  a  drawing  l)y  Audubon  ;  Ohio  and 

Mississippi  rivers. 
Pimelii'his  )iunctulntnii,  CuviER  &  VALENCIENNES,  XV,  134, 1840,  New  Harmony,  Indiana. 
PimelinlHii  .THciid,  CuviEB  &  Valenciennes,  xv,  135, 1840,  New  Orleans. 
/Wi..(i.7i«  ..(iniiM,  JoEDAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  102,1883. 
l.i-liioin  uUfarit,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synoiwis,  881,1883. 

79.  NOTURUS,  Rafinesque. 

(Stonk  Cats.) 

Sntiirm,  Rafinesque,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  November,  1818,  41,  {flavu$). 

ThJH  genus  contains  a  single  species,  similar  to  the  species  of  Schilheodes 
in  appearance  and  habit,  but  having  the  dentition  of  Leptopa,  the  band  of 
teeth  ill  the  upper  Jaw  having  a  backward  prolong.ation  from  the  outer 
posterior  angle.  The  adipose  fin  is  adnate  to  the  back  as  in  Schilheodes, 
and  there  is  a  poison  gland  at  the  base  of  the  pectoral  flu.    The  species 


V. 


<   s 


:   1;, 


if 


i    ■  \ 


i. 


1:^1:  !:: 


I 

. 

;|-  :  ?     ; '  ■  - 

f-; 

1  \'>  Ljr  h&L 

1, 

1: 

; 


f. 


Ml 


I 


:;  I- 


■  •-  Si 


,.  : 


li 


'l! 


I      * 


ill 

ii 

! 
I 

i 

n 

y  iiii 


'^?  i 


il; 


I  v. 


I 


i  11 


i  ;:'ii 


III 


bulletin  4jy  United  States  National  AFuseum, 


I'DUi^lioH  11  liii'Koi'  nIxm  thun  thoue  of  SchilbiodiM,  ami  it  fre(|iuMitH  rivers  and 
uIiuiiiiuIh  riithei' thau  aiiinll  brouku.  (tbini^-,  hack;  o/'/x),  tuii,  in  iiiliiNion 
to  the  (ionnuction  of  the  cuudalwith  thu  udiposu  fin;  "  uieanu  tuil  ovei  iho 
luck."    KatiuuHijue.) 

222.  NOTl'itrs  FLATUS,  Rannigtiuo. 
(Stonk  Cat.) 

Dody  ulongato;  tho  Iiead  dt'preHHed,  broad,  and  llat,  nearly  as  broad  an 
lon^;  middle  of  body  Hiibcylindriual ;  tail  uoniprcHNud.  Head  about  I  i  iu 
length;  width  of  head  5^;  dept'j  5ft  in  length;  distance  to  ilorHul  alioiu 
3  in  length,  liarbelu  short.  A  Htrong  keel  on  back  behind  doruai,  liiul- 
ing  to  udipoHO  tin  ;  adipoHO  tin  deeply  notched.  Dornal  Hpinc  very  Hiinit; 
pectoral  spine  retrorsely  sernite  in  front,  slightly  rough  or  nearly  oiitiro 
behind  ;  its  length  '.i  in  distance  from  snout  to  dorsal ;  caudal  rounded  lie 
hind.  Anal  rays  about  16.  Humoral  process  very  short  and  sharp.  Color 
nearly  uniform  yellowish  brown,  sometimes  blacki.sh  above,  tins  yellow- 
edged.  The  largest  species  of  stone  cat,  reaching  a  length  of  more  llian 
a  foot.  Great  Lake  region,  westward  and  south  to  Montana,  Wyoiiiiii;,', 
and  Texas;  rather  common,  especially  westward,     (tiavuii,  yellow.) 

SoliiniK Jlttuiu,  Rafinkhqi'i-'.,  AiniT.  Moiitli.  Mai;.,  IHIS,  41,  Falls  of  Ohio  River. 

Siilimm  htteiti',  lUKlNKstii'K,  .Uuii.  ilu  I'liy.-i.,  ISl'J,  421,  Ohio  River;  Uinthku,  Out.,  v,  Idl,  l>i.| 

Jdkdan,  /.  ('.,  Uli,  1877. 
\<itiinisor<:identiUi9,  Gill, I'roc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hint.,  I8(ij,  4.'j,  Platte  River;  QCntiikh,  Vm.,  \ 

105,  I8tl4. 
Sodtms plnlj/cephuliii',  Ot'NTiiKii,Cftt.,  v,  104,  lHr.4,  North  America, 
Notiiriin Jhwiia,  JoiiUAN  &Gilbe:ut,  SynuiisiB,  lOU,  1883. 

8o.  SCHILBEODES,  Bleeker. 
(Mau  Toms.) 

Sihilhemlfii,  Bleeher,  Ichth.  Archip.  Iiidici.  I'roilr.  Sihiri.,  IS.'i.H,  '^.ix,  (;///riMiiii). 

Hilhitlil,  .luKDAN  fc  KVKIIMANN,  UOW  SUbgl'UllS,  {/llliiimls). 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  anteriorly  subcylindrical,  thence  more  or  Icsti 
compressed.  Head  depressed.  Skin  very  thick,  entirely  concealing  tiie 
bones.  Supraoccipital  entirely  free  from  tho  head  of  the  second  interspinal. 
Mouth  anterior,  rather  large;  the  upper  Jaw  more  or  less  projecting.  Trttb 
subulate,  in  a  broad  baud,  in  each  jaw ;  the  baud  in  the  upper  jaw  u 
abruptly  truncated  at  each  end  as  in  Jnu'iitrMs  (not  prolonged  backwanl 
by  a  continuation  from  the  external  angle,  as  in  Leptops  and  Notiinis). 
Branchiostegals  9.  Dorsal  fin  over  the  posterior  half  of  the  interval 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  with  a  short  sharp  spine  and  7  rdys.  Adi- 
pose fin  long  and  low,  usually  more  or  less  connected  with  the  accessory 
rays  of  the  caudal  fin,  not  free  posteriorly,  but  adnata  to  the  body ;  the 
membrane  sometimes  high  and  continuous,  sometimes  notched.  Caudal 
fin  very  obliquely  truncated  or  rounded,  inserted  on  an  equally  obli(|iiL'Iy 
rounded  base;  numerous  rudimentary  rays  present,  both  above  and  bclnw 
the  caudal  peduncle.  Anal  fin  short,  with  12  to  23  rays.  Ventrals  roniuled. 
Pectoral  fins  with  a  sharp  spine,  of  ditlerent  forms  in  the  dift'ereut  species. 
.Vent  at  some  distance  in  p.dvance  of  the  anal.    Lateral  line  complete.    Iu 


m 


/onA/n  and  Evermanti. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica.         14«5 


or  alM>vt'  Him  axil  of  tlie  pectoral  flna  is  nii  oriflco,  which  iH  X\w  o|ienlti)(  of 
tlioilii<'(  of  a  poiHoii  gland.  "From  it  may  fr«M|iioiitIy  l)o  dnuvii  a  Holid 
^r,.|at.ii()iis  Htyloeuding  in  a  tripod, each  limb  of  wliicli  isdicliotoinoiiHly 
(liviilcd  into  sliort  hrancheHof  r»>gular  lengtli." — Coiw.  Thonting  from  tlio 
iMTtiMMl  spino  is  very  painful,  resnmbling  the  sting  of  a  l»co,  but  \vorH«\ 
\tiv  Miiiill  catftshoHof  the  fresh  waters  of  thu  Eastern  United  Status,  hav- 
ing hiiiiit'what  the  habits  of  Elheoatoma,  or  Cottitft,  lying  on  the  bottom 
ainoiii;  mcks  and  weeds,  and  delighting  in  small  rocky  brooks.  They 
aio  rs|ir('iiilly  numerous  southward.  (SchiUw,  an  African  genus  otSilurmifx, 
wit!)  uliioh  those  Ashes  were  supposed  to  agree  in  lacking  un  adipose  flu  ; 
tlihi;,  likcnesH.    The  word  Schilbo  is  of  Arabian  origin.) 

Si'llll.llK'iMKS: 

(1.  I'm.  iiiiiil  Kplne  ontlro  or  Rroovcd  behind,  novor  rotrorso  dorrnto;  atli|ioBO  flu  liigh  nnd  con- 

tiiiiioiifi,  not  fii'pnnitej  by  n  notch  from  cniidal;  randnl  much  roiindc<l, 

I'.  Iliad  Hhurt,  broad  and  dcop;  iiocturuNpino  without  PHrratioii  any  wIiitu,  (;roovudb<>hliid, 

2lnli(<nd;  barbuls  short;  plain  dark  brown,      th  n  narrow  )>la('k  lateral  Ktr*<ak. 

A.  l.l  or  Ifi.  (jYiiiNVs,  '2'S,i. 

hit.  llcinl  fiMiall  and  narrow;  RplncR  vory  nhort  and  weak;  poctoral  npino  weakly  rctrurRu 

Hcrrnto  wlthunt,  grooved  within,  3*^  in  head.     A.  14.     Color  yellowish,  slightly 

nintlled.  LEPTACANTIIU^,  2'J4. 

Kaiiiiia,"'''!'''"',  mini): 
ml.  I'l'ioial  ^piuu  moro  or  lesa  distinctly  serrate  behind  (the  aonrn  sometimes  absent  in  S. 
id  ■•  I II  niui'). 
I.  .\'li|iiisu  tin  continuous  with  the  caudal,  thoro  boiug  no  evident  notch  between  them; 
pcctural  spino  short,  2  in  bead,  its  inner  mnrKlu  usually  with  a  few  short,  sharp 
li'clli  on  basal  half,  Its  outer  nearly  entire,  a  few  points  near  the  tip.     A.  1&  or  10. 
lolur  plain  blucUlsb.  Nom'RNis,  225. 

,-.,  .\i|ipiini'  fin  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  notch  separating  It  from  the  caudal. 

il.  Anal  An  comparatively  long,  of  23  niys;  body  elongate;  adipose  fln  conspicuously 
notched;  spinoB  slender  and  short,  pectoral  spines  with  weak  teeth  on  each 
margin.    Color  plain  blackish.  fuxebius,  226. 

(M.  .\iial  fin  rather  short,  of  12  to  18  rays. 

I'.  IV'ctoral  spino  with  its  posterior  sorriB  short,  their  length  not  l^  diameter  of 
spino.    Color  nearly  plain. 
/.  Adipose  fln  moderate,  the  notch  shallow,  not  separating  it  from  the  caudal 
fin;  caudal  slightly  rounded;  vertical  flns  broadly  edged  with  black. 
g.  Pectoral  spine  very  short  and  weak,  about  3  in  head  in  adult;  head 
small,  4  in  length.  exii.is,  227. 

ijy.  Pectoral  spine  moderate,  about  2  {1%  to  2J^)  in  head;  head  larger. 

IN8IONI8,  228. 

//.  Adipose  fln  very  low,  the  notch  completely  separating  It  from  caudal; 
pectoral  spine  "ery  short,  4  to  It  in  head,  its  outer  margin  nearly  en- 
tire, the  inner  with  sharp  teeth  at  base;  caudal  slightly  emarginato; 
base  of  dorsal  and  lower  lobe  of  caudal  black.  oilberti,  229. 

ee.  Pectoral  spine  with  its  posterior  serras  strong,  spine-like,  recurved,  almost  o8 
long  as  the  diameter  of  the  spine,  the  long  curved  spino  itself  more  than 
%  head;  anal  rays  13  to  16;  caudal  much  rounded. 
h.  Adipose  fln  nearly  or  quite  free  from  caudal;  color  nearly  plain  brownish, 
the  saddle-like  blotches  faint;  everywhere  covered  with  small  dots; 
anterior  edge  of  pectoral  spine  retrorse-serrate.         elevtherus,  230. 
hh.  Adipose  fin  not  quite  free  from  caudal;  color  much  variegated,  tlie  back 
with  black  saddle-like  blotches;  flns  marbled  with  black, 
t.  Pectoral  spine  strong,  about  1%  in  head,  its  anterior  edge  with  few 
serrations.  hiukus,  231. 

li.  Pectoral  spine  very  strong,  about  IJ^  in  head,  its  anterior  edge  with 
many  serratioDs.  fubiosvs,  2i32. 

p.  N.  A. 11 


i    It 


\ 


■  I) 


'  '!. 


I  ! 


1  ,1 


;« 


u^. 


m 


f!"T"  r 


I?  ■ 


i  ^> 


i    I 


( 

1 

'  ■     ,                           Si,  '. 
;  i 

■■■1 

,  i 

4      ) 

14(i 


JiuiUlin  V7,  United  States  National  4\fnsi'iitn. 


J 


SubKenut  SCHILBEODES. 


iiH.  Nnill.HKODKM  (lllllMH.  (Mit.lilll). 

Hotly  contpariitivoly  hIioiI  and  tliiuk.  Ilouil  lar^ts  itH  width  \\\  to  \\  ji, 
loiifxtliot'  'xidy  ;  duptli  4  to  5^ ;  boad  ',\h  to  I.  HpiiicH  Htoiit  and  nitlier 
lon^  ;  tliat  of  thn  |»u(.>toral  tin  Htrai^ht,  not  m<rratud,  ^nms  cd  holiind,  L',\  in 
tilt)  diHtanco  from  Hnout  to  doimil  (in.  DorHal  lii^hur  than  lon^;,  inNntiil 
noamr  unai  tlian  Hnont.  Anal  13.  JawH  nearly  o(inal.  Iliimural  pioccmt 
Hliort.  Nuarly  nniforni  ytdiowiuh  brown,  Honietinu'H  l)biclciHli,  wit  limit 
tranHvcrHO  blotcbuH;  a  narrow  dark  lateral  Htruak  and  1  or  mure  tlniKui 
ones.  L.  5  incbuH.  Hndson  Uivor  and  westward  thron^h  alinoni  ijie 
entire  MisNiHHipiM  Valley,  and  upper  lake  region;  rather  eoinnion,  tspe- 
cially  northwestward  ;  the  weutern  8]iecinienH  more  robuut  and  pvr!ia|iH 
diHtingiiiHhable  an  var.  HiaUn.     {)vi)iv!ir,  tadpole.) 

Hiliinin  gyrinim,  MiTciiii.L,  Amor.  Month.  Mbk-,  IflH,  ;i22,  Walkill  River,  New  York. 

SiiliiriiH  fjiiriniiH,  Jokdan,  Hull.  U.S. Nat.  Miih.,  x,  1(12,  1877. 

Niitiirun  Htiilin,  .TciitDAN,  Hull.  r,.S.  Nat.  Mns.,  x,  loj,  1H77,  White  River,  Indiana. 

NoturuH  yi/riiniH,  .IuIiuan  it  Gii.brut,  S.vnopMJH,  98,  1883. 

224.  SCIilliltKODKS  LEPTACANTIIVS,  (.Fonlaii). 

Itody  Hiender,  tlio  bead  Hniall  and  narrow,  longer  than  broad.  Kjf 
small.  Upper  jaw  much  projecting.  Spines  very  short  and  slender;  that 
of  the  dorsal  not  i-  the  height  of  tiie  fin  ;  all  less  than  ft  the  length  of  tli*,' 
bead;  that  of  the  jtcctoral  retrorsely  serrate  on  the  outer  edge,  ciitiii) 
within.  Head  -H  in  body  ;  its  width  r>J ;  depth  5h  ;  distance  to  dorual  '2>, ; 
pectoral  spine  5  in  this  distance ;  dorsal  nearer  anal  than  snout.  Anal  II. 
Humoral  process  very  short.  Color  yellowish,  somewhat  mottled.  I,,  3 
incbes.  Gulf  States  in  sandy  streams  ;  scarce,  known  from  the  baniimof 
the  Ogeeche,  Alabama,  and  Pearl  rivers.     (Acnrof.  slender ;  uK(ivd<t,  spine,  i 

Kolunm  kplacauthiu,  .ToitPAN,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Illst.  N.  Y.,  1870,  362,  Silver  Creek,  branch  of 

Etowah  River,  Kome,  Ga. 
Xiilnnm  liittmanlhiif,  Jordan,  /.  c,  l(t2,  1877. 
Siiluriu  lei>laaiHtliu»,  Joboan  &  Gilhert,  8>'nopelR,  08, 1883. 

Subgenus  RABIDA,  Jordan  ilc  Kvorniann. 

221;.  8CIIILBE0I»ES  M0CTVRNU8,  (Jordan  .V  (il!l><rl). 

Head  3|.  A.  15  or  16.  Rather  robust ;  bead  moderate,  little  depre.sHud, 
eyes  small;  barbels  short,  barely  reaching  gill  opening;  pectoral  Hpiiie 
short,  2  in  bead,  its  inner  margin  with  short,  sharp  teeth  at  base  (i-iitirv 
in  specimens  from  the  lower  Wabash);  its  outer  margin  with  a  few  poiuts 
near  tip, otherwise  entire;  adipose  fin  high, continuous  with  caudal;  nnul 
high.  Color  very  dark  brown,  everywhere  dotted  with  black ;  fins  diisliy. 
with  narrow  pale  margins.  L.  3  inches.  Sandy  streams,  among  weeds,  in 
Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  known  from  the  lower  Wabash  in  Indiana,  and 
from  tbe  Poteau,  Washita,  and  Saline  rivers,  Arkansas,  (nocturnui,  noc- 
turnal, from  its  black  color.) 

Kotunit  twrtunmii,  JonPAN  &  Gilhf.ht,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,188t),  0,  Saline  River,  at  Benton, 
Arkansas.    (Type,  30461.) 


Ionian  and  livennann. —  I'is/tcs  of  North  Anurica.         147 


•.>'.•«.  M'illLIIMUII'iS   ■•INKIiltH,  ((illli<it  Hi.  Swuiii). 

||,;i<t  I.  A.  12!<,  itH  b»Ho  3j  in  Ixxiy.  Hotly  olon^atn,  tliu  IummI  hU'ImIi  r 
I, lit  iK'i  (IrpreMSt'd  ;  mouth  iiiodtTtitt!,  v«ry  convex,  tlio  lo>vtw- jaw  ultorttir  ; 
liailiil-i  Nicntlcr,  thoHo  uf  niaxillury  i'i>arliin){  lioyund  bam)  of  portoral; 
,.v('  Miy  ^HMiall.  Hpinurt  Hlmdur  an<l  Hliott ;  pectoral  Hpine  :(  in  head, 
i(iii;:lifiicil  without,  and  Avilii  3  or  i  HUiall  weak  ttu^th  on  inner  margin. 
A(li|i<<-i«  llii  wclldovoluptMl,  with  actMiHpicuoiiN  notch.  Anal  much  longer 
tliiiu  III  iiilieiHpccioH.  L.  \S\  inchcH.  liody  and  tiuH  iinit'orm  black.  Trilm- 
iiiry  <it"  Mlack  Warrior  Kiver,  TuHcalooHa,  Ala.  {J'uinhrin,  funereal,  from 
tlmdiirk  color.) 

V,.(i„M./""''<'-,  •iiM'K.iiT.V  Swain,  Bull.  1'.  S.  Fi»li.  Com.,   1k8',),   1,'.;»,  North  River,  Tusca- 
loosa, Alabama.    (Ty|>c,  No.  iliKiiiii.) 

!i'.>7.  KCilllillKODKS  KXIMS  (NMhum). 

II(;iil  I  ill  lcii>;th;  depth  a  t(»  (5i.  Anal  layM  U  to  17.  I'ectoral  Hpine 
liiiiiill,  alxiut  :{  in  head,  Hlijrhtly  retrorsu  serrate  without,  with  about  (> 
siiiiill  sii:ii;;lit  teeth  within,  which  are  not  ^  the  diameter  uf  the  Hpine  in 
Icii^'tli.  Head  huuiII,  not  very  broad,  but  thin  and  depreuHed;  itH  width  5 
toll  in  Iciif^th  of  body;  jaws  nearly  equal.  Dorsal  Hcarcely  hij^her  than 
loii^.  Dintanco  from  Huoiit  to  dorHal  about  3  in  length.  I'ectoral  npine 
mi)  \  in  thin  dit.tance  ;  dorual  Hpine  low,  as  near  unout  uh  anal.  Ilum- 
I  ra!  pKM't'HH  obscure.  Color  yellowiHh  brown,  mottled,  the  Huh  Homewhat 
iiiai(;iii('il  with  duuky.  L.  4  incheH.  WiNcotiHin  to  Minnouri  and  Kan- 
8!i8,  coiiiiiion  in  prairie  HtreaniH;  close  to  <S'.  (/i»tf//ii8,  but  Hlimmur,  with 
weaker  iirmaturu.     (ixilin,  sliui.) 

.Y..(iirii»,/i/M,  Nm.soN,  Bull.  111.  MuH.  Nat.  Hist.,  187i!,  fil,   Illinois  River ;  .Ioiidan, /.<■.,  Km, 

li*7T;  .liiiii'AN  .V:  (iii.iiDiiT,  S.vii"|wis,  1(H),  l8,s:i. 
V./iiri(.iiii>.UH7iiV,  Swain  .v  Kami,  I'ruc.  I'.  H.  Nut.  Mux.,  1882,  <>U!),  Illinois  River,  Napiervitle, 

Illinois.    (T.v|if,  No.  'J!M)77.) 

22H.  HCIIIIiBEOilES  IN'SIUMS,  ;lUclmril8uii). 

(Mad  Tom.) 

Hotly  rather  elongate.  Pectoral  spine  moderate,  about  2  in  head,  retrorse 
serrate  without,  weakly  serrate  within.  Head  broad  and  Hat,  upper  jaw 
luojectiiig;  head  aiiuut  U  iu  length;  depth  G.  Dorsal  tin  i  higher  than 
lon>r.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  about  2^  in  length.  Length  of 
pectunil  Hi)ine  2f  in  same  distance.  Dorsal  much  nearer  anal  than  snout. 
Anal  rayH  11  to  !♦?.  Humeral  process  conspicuoiis,  sharp.  Color  dark 
brown,  Honicwhat  mottled,  tins  all  broadly  and  conspicuouHly  dark-edged. 
One  of  tlie  largest  species,  reaching  the  length  of  nearly  a  foot.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  South  Carolina ;  very  common  iu  streams  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 
{mignh,  remarkable.) 

I'imelii'liiK  iififjiir,  ItiriiAansON,  Fuiinii   Bor.  Amer.,   in,  .Ti,  18^(1,   liiiHed  on   Pinielmle  lirrre,  liK 

SvBrii,  Mi'Ui.  Mas.,  v,  1K19,  l.")."i;  locality  not  known. 
I'imrlmlmkiiiuiscafus,  CrviF.u  *  Vai.en<'IF.nnf.s,  xv.  111,  1840,  iiftcr  !,<■  Sueur. 
.V^iiriw  ?pmi ;;iii(i/i(»,  (BAinu),  CoeK,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hil'     '8i>!t,  2.'J7,  Pennsylvania.     (Typo, 

No.  l.-,71.) 
.Vohinw iiui:;Hi.«,  .Jordan,  /.  c,  100, 1877  ;  Jorhan  &  Giiiieut,  .Syuopsls,  100,  188.1. 


mm 
ii 


H' 


ft 


I   I, 


i' 


•  -4 


l\i 


a 


M;r 


:i 


. 


► 

> 

• 

i  ■  ■   , 

[?•  \ 

i! 

! 

.H 

^ 


w 


148 


Bulittin  47,  United  States  National  Afmeum, 


H     i 


li; 


i^'i 


li'i  \    ■;; 


tiV.  M'lllMIKOHKH  UILRKKTI,  {J„r<U\n  A  Kv  rriiuim). 
Hixly  hIoikIui',  Iohh  <!oiii)ir«>HHti<l  tliiiii  in  >S,  iniiynh,  tlio  h»ail  nuriowfi 
and  nut  HO  low  ;  oyuMHniall;  lowrrjuw  inrludtMl;  IturliulHHlioit,  nut  iruch. 
iuH  ni'urly  to  ^ill  opening;  Hpine  vury  Hliort,  tliitt  of  |>ttctoml  uImmii  I  in 
huiul,  itH  iiiniT  margin  with  Hliurp  tovth  ut  biiNu,  itH  oiitur  nuiirly  iMiiirv 
AdipoHu  fin  vury  lov\,  HO|)ariitud  from  tlio  candal  by  a  dttup  notoli  wlmli 
ruacliuH  itd  ItUHu.  Aniil  Hhort  and  liigli;  doiHal  Hpiuu  H(;ar<;uly  longi'i  ilmn 
oyo;  candiil  broad,  Bliglitiy  onuirginiitu.  Dark  yellowiHli  biovxi,  iiii^iol 
canilal  and  moHt  of  its  luwur  lobu  black;  doiHal  black  at  biiHu.  JIimiI  iv 
A.  10.  L.  1  inclii^H.  Roanuko  River  in  Houthurn  Virginia,  locally  itiuiii 
dant.     (Namud  for  CharluH  Ilitnry  Uilburt.) 

ttuliinii  yUherii,  JonuAN  Hi  KvKHMA^N,  I'riK'.  U,  H.  Niit.  MiiH.,  1HM8,  'Mi'i,  Roanoke  River.    iT^iic. 
>'o.  a!»u;ji.) 

iiilO.  NCIIILIIKODEM  KLKIITIIKKIM,  (.li>r<luh). 

Hoad  'Si,.  A.  13.  Iluad  broad,  flat,  dopruHHvd,  tiu^  form  rcNomblinu  that 
of  LvplojtH  olii'itrin ;  bnmttral  process  obscuru ;  ttyu  a.)  in  bead;  Unvii  jaw 
inclndud  ;  barbels  short,  not  reaching  gill  opening ;  adipoHo  fin  frco  from 
candal  j  pectoral  spine  stunt,  of  moderate  length,  lij  to  2  in  aead,  itsoittct 
nnirgin  more  or  less  retrurse-serrate,  its  inner  with  aliont  (>  to  K  relnuHi' 
hooks,  scarcely  weaker  than  iu  S.  viiiiruti.  Color  nearly  plain  bro\\iii»ii, 
the  black  saddle-like  blotches  usnally  not  very  distinct ;  body  everyw  liea- 
covered  with  line  dark  dots.  Dorsal  blackish  at  tip  ;  caudal  dark  at  \mw. 
L.  4  inches.  Mississippi  Valley,  rare,  but  widely  distributed.  Trilmtu 
lies  of  French  Uroad  River  (IJig  Pigeon  River,  Clifton,  Teun.);  ricnrh 
liroad,  at  Hot  Springs,  N.  C;  White  River,  Uosport,  Ind.;  (Jreen  Kivur, 
Greensbnrg,  Ky.  Schriuer  Lake,  Columbia  City,  Ind.;  White  River,  Fay 
ettesville,  Ark.;  Sallisaw  River,  Indian  Territory.  Only  a  few  speciinmiH 
known.     {lAeln^efio^,  free.) 

Koliirim  elriilhfniii,  .loRiiAN,  Aiiii.  N.  Y.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hint.,  1«77,  371,  Big  Pigeon  River;  nut  mI 
aunio  latur  paporx,  iu  whicli  it  iH  cuufouuded  witli  S.  furioms. 

2»1.  S('HILBKUni:S  MIURUN,  (Jonli    ). 

Head  3g^  to  4  ;  depth  4*  to  .5.  A.  13  to  15.  IJody  rather  stout,  not  imicli 
elongate  nor  much  depressed ;  eyes  not  very  small ;  barbels  modt  rate, 
about  reaching  gill  opening,  mouth  moderate,  the  lower  Jaw  included. 
Adipose  fin  with  a  deep  notch,  but  connected  with  the  caudal  iiii.  Di:*- 
tance  from  snout  to  dorsal  about  2g  in  length.  Pectoral  spiiio  2k  in  tiiU 
distance ;  If  to  1^,  in  head.  Dorsal  nearer  anal  than  tip  of  snout.  I'l'c- 
toral  spine  somewhat  curved  and  finely  serrated  without,  with  Ostioiig 
recurved  pectinations  within,  each  nearly  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 
spine.  Humeral  process  short.  Body  much  mottled,  bluuk  and  grayish; 
top  of  head,  tip  of  dorsal,  middle  of  adipose  fin,  and  edge  of  caudal  dofi- 
nitely  blackish,  occiput  dark;  body  with  4  broad  cross  blotches,  1  licfore 
dorsal,  1  behind  it,  1  on  middle  of  adipose  fin,  and  1  small  one  bobiiid  it. 
L.  4  inches.  Mississippi  Valley  and  tributaries  of  Lake  Michigan,  Houth 
to  Louisiana;  common  in  the  Ohio  Valley.    {fieiovfMgj  curtailed.) 

Nolunis  miimm,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1877,  :I7I,  White  River,  Indiana  ;  M.- 
DAM,  {.  c,  100, 1877  ;  Jouuan  &  Uilbrrt,  Synuixis,  Oil,  1883. 


/on/ivt  ami  F.verpnatin. — Fishes  of  North  Awftitii. 


140 


<!(>.'.  M'llll.HKOnKH  rntlOHrH,  (.l.mUn  A  Mi«k). 

y,<i\\\it( Sihilhtoileii  miKrim ;  eyen  rather  largo;  barholH  iiKidonitn,  roiirli- 
lii^  ,.'iii  <i|ifiiiii^' ;  tloiHiil  Npiro  2^  in  lioiul ;  ]i«^ctornl  N|ilno  1^  in  Ii«<a(l,  nnirli 
Itiiiui  I ,  Ntri>ii);i>r,  nioro  cimvimI,  nn<l  nutru  lioavily  arnHMl  tlian  in  any  oMkm- 
Nnttli  Aiiioriciin  ontllHli;  anforior  niaiftin  of  spiiio  with  many  Hniull 
itiitroi-H' ti'i'tii,  tho  tip  (if  N|iin«  without  tt^tth ;  innor  margin  with  7  or  H 
ivciii  'li  hiKikN;  mli|Mmo  lln  high,  with  n  th'op  notch  nearly  to  itH  Imne; 
iniiilal  loll);,  niiirh  roinxloil  in  ontlinn.  Col«»ration  much  variogatcd,  tho 
|i:ilt)'iii  UM  in  S.  nininin.  liiglit  hrown,  with  black  dotH ;  a  diiHky  nrna 
)h>iw<'i'ii  fy<>H ;  .1  black  NiuUlht  acroHS  occiput;  1  Itcfitro  and  1  btdiind 
iliM.-«al,  uikI  I  on  adipoHc  (in;  ii  dimky  bar  at  baHo  of  caudal;  .'<  dark 
rnrvfti  ntroakH  acroHH  caudal  ami  2  crosa  dornal  and  anal.  Head  Hi; 
iliiptli  r>^.  A.  II.  L.  o  inchoB.  KaHtern  North  Carolina,  known  from  thu 
Nciisc,  Tiir,  and  liittlc  rivorH.  Very  clone  to  S.  miitnin,  and  probably  a 
u'coKiiipliital  variety  of  that  HpecicH,  from  which  it  ditVerH  only  in  'ho 
liirt;*'!  r^piiieN.  IIh  hting  ih  more  virulent  than  that  of  any  other  "Mad 
Idiii."    (  fiinoHUH,  furiouH.) 

.V.,(mii«  _hn, .■»!»,  .lonnAH  A  Mr.KK,  Proc  IT,  8.  Nut.  Miin.,  IHHS,  am,  Neuse  River,  N.  C.    (Type, 
.V„(i„ii«  il.iilli.nn,  .ToilDAN  ,%  (llMlFKT,  Syno|MliH  IH(,  lHs;»,  not  tyiMt, 

8i.  RHAMDIA,  lUeeker. 
(Baoiirs  i>k  Rio.) 

f7fi-..iii./i..,    SWAINSON,     Nh*.    Hint.    FIkIiok,  II,    nm,  IKtO,    (i/KiMi/iO'-Znihinifn/Hfi);  lirpomipUvl   in 

lllc.llll-l<»'. 

Ithmnlui,  Iti.r.rKF.R,  Ir)itli.  Anli.  Iml.  SllnrI,  18ft8,  107,  (i/mc/ch). 

rimrloHr,/M.,  r.iil,  A:.n.  I.yc.  Nut.  Hl«».  N.  Y.,  IV.  aOl,  18ft9,  (rilttmi). 

yiilnijliiiii*,  lUNrilKIl,  Cut.,  V,  VM'i,  ]8(i4,  {iiii(lliniiUiilnii). 

niuiiu,l,'ll,i,  i:i.iK.NMANN  .V'  EidF.NMANN,  I'roc  Ciil.  Ac.  8<'i.,  21  (mtIoh,  I,  129,  1H88,  {miirclm). 

Fit^li  water  catfiHliea  with  no  teeth  on  tho  vomer;  the  adipoHo  fin 
iimii' 111  IcHH  elongate;  Buout  rather  broad,  not  produced;  barbels  terete 
or  Hoinewliat  llattcned,  not  having  a  broad  membranous  border.  Head 
lint  )>siit'(MaI1y  widened;  occipital  proceHS  small  or  wanting,  not  reaching 
t(i  tlio  tldiHiil  plate ;  the  fontanelle  variously  developed,  in  typical  species 
NJioit,  nut  continued  backward  beyond  the  eye>  except  in  the  young,  in 
whicli  tlnnt  are  n.sually  2  bony  bridges  across  the  fontanelle,  tho  one 
litiiiiid  till'  eye,  the  other  in  front  of  the  occiput ;  the  depressions  behind 
tlii>8o  briiljfis  persistent,  in  some  old.  specimens  the  entire  fontanelle 
liiToiiifi.s  oliliterated.  In  the  subgenus  EhamdeUa,  tho  fontanelle  is  better 
(lev('l(i|Mil,  pxteiuling  to  base  of  occipital  process.  Species  numerous, 
instiraiiis  from  Mexico  southward  to  Western  Peru  and  the  Rio  de  la 
I'liit.i.  I'liis  genus  has  been  divided  by  Eigenmann  into  two — RhanuUa 
ami  IHidmiliUa'' — distinguished  by  the  development  of  the  fontanelle.    As 

*Tlii»  i;,'niH  llhnmilella  roiitiiliii^  those  gpecieg  hitherto  referred  to  lihamdiii  or  to  Pimrhxhif,  in 
"liiili  fill'  liiMtanolIn  IN  ciiMtinuod  hacliwiird  to  the  occipital  pro<!e(»,  with  a  hriilf;o  across  it 
•"•liiinltlii'cv  "s.  ^IciitriilpliKed  bolowur  behind  tlio  dorsal,  orhit  witli  a  free  margin.  Two  Nortli 
•\iiiiTiiiin  H|ic,icH,  j)c(cMcHiiw  and  ;)(irr;/i,  are  l;nown  to  belong  to  iiAnnidfHii.  It  is  probable  that 
ni""!!!!  till-  i.ilR.rs  lioro  montioiied  belong  to  KhnmdeUa  rather  thf.a  to  Rhtmdia.  lu  Kigea- 
mauu'ii  latest  catalogue,  nearly  all  of  thorn  are  provisionally  placed  in  RhamdeUa. 


i 

.-J.j-j.-^-v.vi-*: 


I   (i 


;  V 


i  1 


i, 


f , 


h  \ 


V-  il 


f 


ir 


m 


i  't 


III 


w 


ri 


150 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


n 


I 


J 

1 

] 

1 

1 

'  1 

\ 

If 

u 

■ 

but  few  of  the  following  spucies  have  been  examined  as  to  this  charncter, 
wo  are  forced  to  refer  all  to  the  single  genus  lihamdia.  {Nhamdia  or  Iltitjri' 
da  Iiio,a  Portugnose  name,  applied  by  Marcgrave  to  lihamdia  aeha ,  ^ui 
written  '^lihamdia"  by  Vabnoiennes,  perhaps  a  misprint.) 

RllAMl>:.\: 

(I.  Ki>iiiiiiie1li>  in  tlio  adult  notcontinnod  bnhind  the  oyo;  maxillary  band  of  tboth  not  wjil   i,.,; 

ut  tlin  edge;  occipital  piocoKH  ]>■ 'xciit. 

I.  SiilcH  with  a  dark  lateral  luiiid;  maxillary  liarholH  roacliin):  littlo  beyond  front  .if  nili 

poHo  tiiiH;  pectoral  spino  Rbort.  waiinkim  v;.\. 

an.  Ppfl.-icH  witli  llio  fnntanollo  nuu  .'scribed,  most  of  tliem  probably  liolonKinK  to  liliiinnhWn. 

r.  A  Mill  riiys  11  or  12. 

<l.  AdipoHO  fin  moderately  long,  3>4  to  3%  in  len^'tli. 

e.  Maxillary  barbels  very  lonR,  reacliiMK  tip  of  ventrals. 

nAnoNis-Mvi.i.Eiii,  234. 
ee.  Maxillary  barbclfl  roncbinK  end  of  donal. 

/.  Deptb  f>»4  in  length.  motaoI'ENsis,  2:l,i. 

ff.  Depth  6J i'l  in  longtii.  imAciiTPTKnA,  2;if). 

(!(/.  Adipose  fni  short,  4  in  length;  barbelg  short,  not  reaching  tip  of  pectorals. 

SALVINI,  237. 

cc.  Anal  rays  1.3 

(/.  Adipose  fin  Nliort,  about  4  in  length;  barbelti  reaching  end  of  dorsal. 

1IYP8ELIIIU  S,  2,')8. 

(i!l.  Adipose  (in  moderate,  15  to  .1),(J  in  length. 

h.  Occipital  i)roct8B  rather  short.  IiATIcavda,  2'i!i 

/(/(.  Occipital  process  rather  long.  GonjiAM,  2Jn. 

f/f  (/.  Adipose  fin  lorn;,  more  than  J^  of  length. 

I.  Itnrbels  very  long,  the  longest  reaching  iniddio  of  adipose  fin. 

OUATEMAI.ENSIS,  241. 

II.  Tarbels  moderate,  the  longest  reaching  front  of  adipose  fin. 

NICARAQT^RSSIS.  242. 

iU.  Barbels  shortish,  tlio  longest  reaching  end  of  dorsal.       microptkua,  24;i. 
tec.  Anal  rays  14  or  15. 

./.  AdipoBo  flu  long,  more  than  '/,  of  length.  manaovensis,  244 

i).  Adipose  fin  medium,  ;J3fi  in  length.  poltcai'ms,  24,V 

RiiAMDEi.'A,  (diminutive  of  llhamilia): 
ana,  Fontanelle  continued  backward  to  the  occipital  process,  with  a  bridge  across  it  Ijehiiul 
tlie  eye. 
it.  Up|xfr  jaw  scarcely  longer  than  lower;  tail  deep;  pectoral  spine  about  ]/^  the  hciiil. 

PETENEXSIS,  24fi. 

kk.  I'pper  jaw  longer  than  lower;  pectoral  spine  2  to  2J  in  head;  dorsal  Si)ino  very  weak, 
about  'ili  in  lutad;  caudal  fin  about  S  in  length.  pariiyi,  247. 

Subgenus  RHAMDIA. 

3»3.  RHANDIA  WAONERI,  (Gilnther). 

(BAHniiDO.) 

Head  4jt;  depth  5  i  to  7.  P.  I,  6;  A.  9  to  11.  Head  flat  above,  with 
vertical  sides;  occipital  process  narrow,  reaching  about  halfway  to  doroal 
apine;  maxillary  barbel  variable,  never  reaching  to  end  of  adipoho  (in. 
sometimes  little  beyond  base  of  dorsal ;  gill  rakers  3-f  7;  caudal  deeply 
divided;  its  lower  lobe  broad  and  rounded,  the  upper  pointed.  Color 
brown,  with  many  dark  dots;  a  dark  lateral  band,  darkest  forward ;  Imso 
of  dorsal  pale.  Rivers  of  Central  America,  on  both  sides  of  the  moun- 
tains, very  abundant.  (Eigenmann.)  (Named  for  Prof.  Moritz  Waj^ner. 
an  authority  in  zoogeography.) 


Jordan  and  FAh'rmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         151 


;v„i./.  // •  iiMi/iiei'i,  OrNTiiKB,  KiKhcH  Cunt.   Am.,  474,  1H09,  Atlantic  and   Pacific    rivers  cf 

Paiiunia. 
[{\t.u'i'    '■■■iii*i''>i<li,  (hit,  Proc.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1«7(1,  :VM,  Panama. 
Itl,„„rl.'  ii.fjnen,  Eiokn.mann,  8.  A.  NwDiitoguiitlii,  133,  IHltO. 

Si^bgenus  RHAMDELLA,  KigtMimiinii  Si  Gigonnmnn. 

HcMdes  tho  species  ascertaiued  by  Dr.  Eir;eninanii  to  belong  to  Rhamdia, 
the  I'oliowiii);  additional  speoies  have  boon  do.scribod  from  within  oit 
liniit'^,  Ixit  in  none  of  tbeso  has  the  character  of  tlio  foutanullo  been  ^ivon, 
so  tliat  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  '  hey  belonjj  properly  to  Jihamdia 
or  U>  llhamdclla;  most  likely  the  majority  of  them  will  bo  found  to  huve 
tlioir  jilaces  in  the  latter  group: 

2»4.  RHAMDIA  BA1I0NIS-MULLERI,  (Troschol). 

ITond  T)  in  total  length.  D.  i,  6 ;  A.  12 ;  P.  I,  9.  Head  flat,  forehead 
broadly  rounded;  upper  jaw  the  longer;  maxiilary  barbels  reaching  tip 
of  ventrals;  outer  mandibulary  barbels  to  beyond  base  of  pectorals, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  inner.  Eye  high,  before  middle  of  head;  snout 
nearly  twice  length  of  eye;  interorbital  space  1^  times  eye.  Head  covered 
witV  soft,  eniooth  skin,  occipital  process  narrow,  pointed,  covered  with 
skin;  Imnieral  process  reaching  middle  of  pectoral  spine.  Body  taper- 
ing backward  from  head,  much  compressed  behind.  Pectorals  reaching 
to  opposite  third  dorsal  ray,  the  spine  serrate  within;  ventrals  shorter 
than  pectorals,  falling  far  short  of  anal,  reaching  halfway  to  base  of 
third  anal  ray.  Adipose  fin  3i  times  in  the  whole  length.  Caudal  deeply 
(livide<l,  tho  lobes  rounded,  the  lower  larger.  Brown,  paler  below,  the 
lateral  line  a  narrow  black  streak.  "Pacific  Ocean"  in  Mexico.  (Tros- 
chel.)  (Named  for  J.  W.  von  Muller,  tho  title  "  Baron"  distinguishing  him 
from  tho  naturalist  Johannes  Miiller.) 

PimelodmlKimms-miilleri,  TuoscilEi.,  in  Miiller's  neitrago  /iir  Geschiclito,  Stittistil:  Hn<l  Zoiilogio 
Ton  Slexico,  in,  C3G,  I8ii5 ;  no  definite  locality, 

235.  RHAMDIA  MOTAOUENSIS,  (Giinthcr). 

Head  5A;  depth  6}.  D.  1,6;  A.  12.  Occipital  process  short;  adipose 
fin  3i  iu  length;  maxillary  barbels  to  end  of  dorsal;  dorsal  spine  very 
feeble;  pectoral  spine  striated;  its  inner  margin  strongly  serrated.  Cau- 
dal peduncle  as  high  as  long;  caudal  forked;  the  lower  lobe  rounded; 
the  upper  pointed  and  longer.  Browni8h,dor8al  with  a  white  band.  Rio 
Motagua,  Guatemala.     (Giinther.) 

I'imelddus  motagueimt,  GVntiier,  Cat.,  v,  127, 1804,  Rio  Motagua,  Guatemala. 

236.  RHAMDIA  BRACHTPTERA,  (Oopo). 

Head  .51;  depth  5J^.  D.  1,6;  A.  11;  P.  1,9.  Occipital  process  short; 
maxillary  barbels  reaching  beyond  dorsal;  lower  jaw  a  little  shorter; 
dorsal  longer  than  high,  its  spine  very  weak;  pectoral  spine  striate,  flexi- 
ble at  top,  strongly  serrate  on  inner  margin;  adipose  fin  3t  in  body;  caudal 
deeply  emargiuate;  its  lobes  largely  rounded.    Blackish,  a  pale  shade  on 


is:  i  . 


I    j      ! 


( 


X       ' 


1 


r 


f     ! 


.' 


i\ 


>  i. 


ih 


, 


I 


I!      II 


i 

1 

1 

1 

:•        |. 

> 

I 

1,                             i:  ■ 

i      ■     '^iii 

1 

1  , 

i  ■ 

(■■) 

f'<':.,' 


162 


Bulletin  ^7,  Unittd  States  National  Museum. 


dorsal.    Oriza'ia,  Mexico ;  allied  to  R.  ifiotaguensw,  but  with  smaller  •  ye, 
deeper  l)ody,  and  slight  ditterence  in  flu  rays.    (Cope.)    (Bftaxbct  slioit, 
nrefiuv,  flu.) 
PimeloJus  hraclnjpleruii,  CoPE,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  18C6,  404,  Orizaba,  Mexico. 

237.  RHANDIA  SALTIM,  (Gllnther). 

Head  5;  depth  6.  A.  11.  Occipital  process  short;  adipose  fin  4  in  lenirth; 
maxillary  barbels  short,  not  reaching  tip  of  pectoral;  dorsal  spino  miv 
feeble;  pectoral  spine  very  short,  not  k  head;  oandal  lobes  suberpial. 
Coloration  plain  brown.  Rio  San  Qeronimo,  C4uatemala.  (Giintlicr.) 
(Named  for  Oscar  Sal^in,  who  collected  largely  in  Central  America.) 
Pimelodu*  Mhini,  GOntiier,  Cat.,  v,  130, 18C4,  Rio  San  Oeronimo,  Guatemala. 

238.  RHAMDIA  HTPSELURUS,  (Giintlier). 
Head  5;  depth  6.    D.I,  6;  A.  13.    Occipital  process  triangular;  adipo.se 
fin  4  in  length ;  maxillary  barbels  reaching  to  the  end  of  dorsal.    Caudal 
peduncle  deeper  than  long;  caudal  lobes  both  rounded.    Uniform  blackiHli. 
Mexico.    (Giinther.)    (i)i/)M6f,  high;  oiipn,  tail.) 
Pimelodut  hypselums,  GUntiier,  Cat.,  v,  126,  1864,  Mexico. 

239.  RHAMDIA  LATICAUDA,  (Hcckel). 

D.  I,  6;  A.  13.  Occipital  process  short;  adipose  fin  3^  in  lcn<;tli, 
maxillary  barbelu  reaching  ventral;  tail  about  as  deep  as  body;  pectonil 
spine  i  as  long  as  the  rays;  caudal  subtruncate.  Mexico.  (Heckel.) 
{latuSf  broad ;  cauda,  tail.) 

Pimelodiis  hilicaudm,  Hkckei,,  in  Kner,  Sitz.  Wien,  Ac,  xxvi,  420,  1857,  Mexico. 
Pimelodm  laticaudus,  GOntiier,  Cat.,  v,  127,  18C4. 

240.  RHAMDIA  60DMANI,  (Giinther). 

Head  4 ;  depth  6.  D.  I,  6 ;  A.  13.  Occipital  process  triangular,  mndi 
longer  than  broad.  Adipose  fin  3  in  length.  Lower  jaw  little  shorter 
than  upper.  Pectoral  spine  not  more  than  i  head,  serrated.  Caudal 
lobes  equal.  Color  brown;  dorsal  with  the  usual  band.  Valley  of  Rio 
Usumacinta,  Guatemala.  (Named  for  Mr.  F.  Godman,  associate  of 
Salvin.) 
Pivtelodm  godmani,  GVnther,  Oat.,  v,  124,  1864,  Rio  Usumacinta,  Guatemala. 

241.  RHAMDIA  GUATEMALENSIS,  (Gunthcr). 

Hepd  4;  depth  6.  A.  13.  Adipose  fin  long,  2i  in  length;  maxillarr 
barbels  about  reaching  middle  of  adipose  fin.  Dorsal  spine  very  fei'l)le: 
pectoral  short,  i  as  long  as  head ;  lower  caudal  lobe  long.  Blackish :  <lor- 
sal  with  very  light  band.    Huamuchal,  Guatemala.     (Giinther.) 

Pimehdm  giuUemalemis,  GUnther,  Cat.,  v,  122,  1864,  Rio  Huamuchal,  Guatemala. 

242.  RHAMDIA  NICARAfVENSIS,  (GUnther). 
Head  i^;  depth  7.    D.  I,  6  ;  A.  13.    Adipose  fin  2i  in  length ;  maxillary 
barbels  reaching  its  front ;  pectoral  spine  ^  head.    Blackish;  dorsal  with 
a  faint  pale  band.    Lake  Nicaragua.    (Giinther.) 
Pimeiodm  nicaraguemis,  GUnther,  Cat.,  v,  125, 1864,  Lake  Nicaragua,  Nicaragua. 


I 


lor  Jan  i\;id  F.ver  man  n.—  - Fishes  of  North  America.         153 

848.  BHAMDIA  MICROPTKUA,  (Giinthcr). 

ni;Hl4i;  depth  7i;  D.  1,6;  A.  13.  Occipital  process  alender,  not  reach- 
\\\g  liMse  of  dorsal ;  adipose  flu  2\  in  I  ngtli ;  maxillary  barbels  reaching 
t>iMl  'i' (loi'Hal.  Pectoral  spine  a  little  more  than  \  head.  Ventral  very 
hIiih  ! .  shorter  than  pectoral.  Anal  small ;  caudal  short,  the  lower  lobe  7 
in  l>  (ly.  Blackish;  dorsal  with  a  faint  baud.  R'o  San  Geronimo. 
((Jiiiiiiier.)  OuK(>lic,  small ;  Trrtpov.,  fin.) 
I':„„i  n,<mliriip(friiii,  GUntiier, Cat.,  V,  124, 1864,  Rio  San  Geronimo,  Guatemala. 

244.  RHAXDIA  HANAOVENSIH,  (Ollnttier). 

F[<  11(1  5;  depth  6.  D.  I,  6;  A.  14  or  15.  Occipital  process  slender,  not 
rfiii'Iiinir  itasiil  bone  of  dorsal;  adipose  fin  more  than  ^  leujy^th;  maxillary 
liailii'is  short,  reaching  nearly  to  base  of  dorsal  spiiio;  dorsal  spine  short. 
Color  uniform  brown ;  dorsal  with  a  pale  cross-band.  Lake  Managua, 
Nicaiagua.  (Giinther.) 
Pimeh'^hm  munatjuensU,  Gl'NTiiEit,  Fishes  Cent,  Am.,  474, 18C9,  Lake  Managua,  Nicaragua. 

24r>.  :...ASIDIA  POLYCAULUS,  (GUntlior). 

HoadS;  depth  6.  D.  I,  Y;  A.  15.  Occipital  process  short ;  adipose  fin 
loiiR,  '-^h  in  length ;  maxillary  barbels  to  tip  of  pectoral;  dorsal  spine  very 
short :  caudal  lobes  equal.  Uniform  blackish.  Rio  San  Geronimo.  (Giin- 
tlier.)  (ToAi'f,  many  ;  xafvlof,  stem;  the  number  of  dorsal  and  anal  rays 
being  greater  than  usual.) 
PlnieMim poliicanlns,  GCnth  ill,  Cat.,  V,  131, 1864,  Rio  San  Geronimo. 

246.  RHAMDIA  PETENENSIS,  (GUnther). 

Head  4^;  depth  6.  D.I, 6;  A.  11.  Adipose  fin  low  but  long,  more  than 
t  length,  the  maxillary  baibels  reaching  to  its  front.  Tail  deep ;  its  depth 
more  tliau  i  the  head.  Lower  jaw  scarcely  shorter.  Dorsal  spine  very 
feeble ;  pectoral  spine  not  quite  i  head.  Ventral  fin  short,  brownish,  with 
a  (lark  lateral  band;  dorsal  with  the  usual  band.  Lake  Peten,  Yucatan. 
(Giiutber.) 
Pmeliilim petenensu,  GCNTHEn,  Cat.,  v,  120, 1864,  Lake  Peten,  Yucatan. 

247.  RHAMDIA  PARRTI,  (Eigeninann). 

Head  41! ;  depth  4i  to  5.  D.  1, 6 ;  A.  12  to  14.  Upper  jaw  longer  than 
lower.  Occipital  process  moderate.  Dorsal  spine  very  low  and  weak ;  2i 
to  21  in  head ;  pectoral  spine  2  to  2J  in  head ;  caudal  4^  to  5J.  Occipital 
process  very  narrow  and  short.  Maxillary  barbels  short,  extending  little 
lieyoiid  dorsal  fin ;  caudal  lobe  short  and  broad.  Adipose  fin  3  to  3^ 
in  length.  Brownish,  a  dark  lateral  band.  Rio  Zanalenco,  Chiapas. 
(Eigoiimann.)  (Named  for  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  a  well-known  botanist.) 
RhamihlUi parryi,  Eioenmann,  Proc.Cal,  Ac.Sci.,1888,130,  Rio  Zanalenco,  Chiapas. 

82.  PIMELODELLA,  Eigenmann  &  Eigemannn. 

Vtfti(i:irhnm<lia,  Steinpachner,  SiiHswasserf.  Sndiistl.  Bras.,  in,  1876,  46,  (Inlerislriga) ;  not  of 

lili'uker,  which  is  Pimelodm. 
Pimflodella,  EiOKNMANN  &  Ein^  NMANN,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,  1888,  131,  (cri$tattu). 


■ 


Hi 


\  , 


■■    i  -    ;, 


;,  ! 


i  \ 


,   I 


I    ! 


mr^ 


154 


Jiullelin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


(i 


i..;. 


\V. 


Occipital  process  narrow,  reaching  tbo  bony  plate  at  base  of  dorsal 
spine.  Foutanello  continued  to  the  base  of  the  occipital  process,  witli  a 
bridge  across  it  above  the  posterior  margin  of  tlie  eye.  Dorsal  and  pec- 
toral spines  pungent ;  humeral  process  spine-like.  Dorsal  rays  I,  6.  ThJN 
genus  is  an  ally  of  I'imelodua  and  Jihamdia.  The  numerous  specieH  arc 
confined  chietiy  to  the  Amazon  region.  (Diminutive  of  Pimelodua;  ni/ji'/i/i, 
fat.) 

n.  AdipoHn  fln  IcM  than  ^/J  tho  Im.gth.     D.  I,  0.     Pectoral  flns  not  roacliinf;  vontral,  nor  Trn- 

trill  to  niiiil.     Pcotonil  Riiiiio  modoruto,  with  8  to  IT)  recurved  IiooI<h. 

h.  SidoN  witli  adiirk  lateral  liaiid  which  contiDiiua  forward  on  the  head.     Tip  oT  pirtnrnl 

Rpino  ^  diunii<ter  oTtho  8piue;  Rpinu  very  hroad.  cilAiiiiKsi,  248. 

hh.  Sides  without  dark  lateral  baud,  the  rulur  plain.     Itlaxillary  barbola  reaching  frunt 

of  anal.  mouehta, '^-19. 

248.  PIMELUDKIiLA  (HAOREKI,  (Stoindaclmer). 

Head  4|;  depth  5^.  D.  I,  6;  A.  11  or  12.  Body  elongate,  slender.  Kj-o 
3|  in  head.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching  front  of  adipose  fin.  Doinal 
spine  straight,  scarcely  roughened  in  front,  except  near  the  tip,  U  in 
head.  Adipose  fin  3^  in  length  ;  caudal  deeply  forked,  upper  lobe  much 
the  longer.  Pectoral  spine  Hat,  Ik  in  head.  Color  brown,  with  a  wtill- 
defined  band  from  tip  of  snout  to  middle  of  caudal;  dorsal  fin  with  n 
dark  bar  on  the  membrane  upon  each  pair  of  rays.  Rio  Chagres.  (Ei<{cu- 
mann.) 

Pimeloihim-hatjresi,  Steindaciiner,  Ichth.  noitr.,  iv,  34, 187C,  Rio  Chagres,  at  Obispo. 
I'imelDileWi  chaijreni,  Eioenhann,  I.  c,  130,  1888. 

249.  PIMELODELLA  MODESTA,  (Otlnthor). 

Adipose  fin  long ;  nearly  3  in  length.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching  front 
of  anal  fin;  eye  4  in  head.  Dorsal  spine  slender,  little  more  than  \  the 
head,  somewhat  shorter  than  pectoral  spine;  caudal  forked,  the  upper 
lobe  the  longer.  (Giinther.)  (Esmeraldas,  Ecuador;  also  recorded,  per- 
haps doubtfully,  from  Rio  Chagres.)     (modentuf,  modest.) 

PimeloiliiiivwdeiitM,  GOntiier,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Sor.  Lond.,  18G0,  230,  Esmeraldas,  Ecuador.    OI'k- 
TiiER,  Cat.,  V,  117, 18C4. 


w 

■;              1    (1 

Mf 


!  s 


If. 


83.  PIMEI.ODUS,  LacdpMe. 

(CONGROS  BaRBOSOS.) 

Pimehdui,  LAOfepfiDE,   Ilist.   Nat.  Poim.,  v,  94,   1803,    {i]ua<lnmaculatug,   etc.;  inclndcn  \iiiiouB 

genera). 
PimelodHf,  CnviER,  Regno  Animal,  Ed.  i,  203, 1817,  {qnadrimaailatiis,  etc.;  species  with  one  liiviiil 

of  teeth  above). 
Pivielodus,  SwAlNSON,  Class'n  Fishes,  etc.,  11,  305,  1839,  {qnadrimaculaftu). 
Pimelodtis,  GiLi,  LCtken,  etc.,  who  take  maadatus  as  type. 
Pmidariodes,  Bleeker,  Noderl.  Tijdschr.  Dierkunde,  1803,  99,  (clarias). 
PieitdorhamdM,  Blf.eker,  I,  c.,101,  1863,  (mactdatus=clariaa). 

Teeth  on  the  vomer  in  small  patches  or  none;  no  teeth  on  paHtines; 
pterygoid  teeth  sometimes  present.  Fontanelle  not  extending  backward 
beyond  the  eyes.  Humeral  process  broad,  not  spine-like.  Crown  of 
hepd  granuloae,  or  covered  with  thin  skin.    Dorsal  and  pectoral  spines 


lor  (fail  and  F.i>frmanu. — Fishei  of  North  America. 


155 


Btoii,  adijioHe  tin  loup,  longer  thfin  high;  dorsal  rays  I,  6.  Species 
chit  II  \  lini/ilian,  about  10  recognized  in  the  genuH  as  now  reHtricted. 
(r///i'//i;,  fat.) 

260.  PISIELOIH  S  MAftlliATIIS,  LocCpisao. 
(CoNOno  nARIiiisn.) 

II.  iid  3Ho4i;  doptli  3;|to5.  D.I,  6;  A.  11.  Head  granulate'',  entirely 
niil<i'<l  iiliovc.  Vomerine  teeth  none  or  in  very  minute  patches,  teeth  on 
tlic  jiti'iygoidH.  Eye  T)  in  head;  intcrorbital  space  .SJ.  Maxillary  barhels 
cxltiHJing  beyond  tip  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  spine  with  its  dermal  tip  as  long 
as  Ih'.kI,  Hot  quite  reaching  the  short  adipose  fin,  which  is  3^  to  5^  times 
in  lidily.  Anal  emarginu  o,  some  rays  extending  beyond  tips  of  last  rays. 
Xo  lirown  bars  on  caudal ;  a  dark  cross  spot  at  base  of  first  dorsal  spine. 
Rio  Maiiioni  (Panama)  and  southeastward  to  Rio  de  la  Plata;  extremely 
variiiiiio,  generally  abundant  in  lira/il.  (Steindachner;  Eigenmann.) 
(miicttl(tfiin,  spotted.) 

..■riiiiltirKi.-;  I/iNN.Ki's,  X,  30f),  1758,  in  part,  not  tlio  typo. 
Piiihln.litH  cUiriiiii,  .'TEiNDAciiNEii,  FIusBllsclic  SiiilaniiT.,  II,  10,  1870,  and  nf  vnrioiiB  antlinrR. 
rii"</..,/M.«)»ii™/((/i'«,  LAcfci'fSnE,  Hist.  Nat.  roiss.,  v,  04.  107,  l'!03,  Rio  de  la  Plata;  <!('ntiikr, 

Cut.,  V,  ll."!,  ISM,  and  many  autliors. 
PiriiMiiidiiahloiliii,  Oi'NTiiKU,  Cat.,  v,  111,  18fil,  Cayenne,  Surinam. 
Piml'limriiiiihiK,  Si'ix,  in  Agassiz,  I'iBC.  Bra/il.,  10,  1820,  Brazil. 

PiHii/h.Ihh  hloehii,  Cl'VlER  it  VALENCIENNES,  XV,  188,  1840,  aftiT  Hldcll. 

Mii<liix iixfila,  GnoNow,  Cat.  Fishes,  ISt'i,  1S.54,  no  locality  pivcii. 

l'iiii,ln,liis  waniiiieiiitt.  Bi.eekek,  SilurcB  do  Surinanic,  70,  pi.  II,  ISlii,  Surinam. 

I\eiiihmfiih's  jniHtlierhtii*,  LOtken,  Moddol.  Nat.  Hint.  Foroin.,  1S74,  Nos.  1,  2,  pp.  104,  lOS,  Vene- 
zuela. 

r<eii'liirhitiiiitin]>is('nlri.r,  CoPE,  Proc.  Am.  Pliil.  Snc.  Pliila.,  xi,  .IfiO,  1870,  Pebas. 

I'iriiitiiii'iiKi  iiiiirrdspihi,  GCntmeii,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  lli.«t.,  .Inly,  1880,  10,  pi.  ii,  Rio  de  la 
Plata. 

Vimil'-lim  fhriits,  EiOENMANiJ,  S.  A.  N  miatoKnatlii,  171,  180<i. 

Family  XXXV.  LORICARIID/E. 

Catlishes  with  sideu  and  back  covered  with  bony  plates  and  with  the 
caudal  vertobne  compressed;  the  neural  and  htemal  spines  expanded, 
f(>.iniiig  a  continuous  ridge  above  and  below.  Mouth  wholly  inferior, 
provided  with  broad,  disk-like  lips.  Maxillaries  thin,  with  a  terminal 
barbel,  which  is  partly  xinited  with  the  disk  at  the  mouth.  No  barltels 
at  the  chin  or  nostrils.  Teeth,  if  present,  hooked  and  usually  two-lobed 
at  the  tip;  the  functional  ones  in  one  series;  premaxillaries  separate 
from  each  other,  box-shaped,  filled  with  numerous  relay  teeth;  dentaries 
sopaiiite  from  each  other  and  formed  like  the  premaxillaries ;  no  teeth  on 
palate;  no  frontal  or  occipital  fontanelle.  Dorsal  fin  present,  situated 
on  the  abdominal  j)art  of  the  vertebral  column,  not  connected  with  the 
occipital  process.  Adipose  fin,  if  present,  composed  of  a  spine  with  a 
tliiu  membrane.  Anal  short.  Gill  membrane  joined  to  the  isthmus ;  the 
gill  openings  restricted  to  the  sides.  Intestinal  canal  long  and  coiled 
upon  itseif.  Nostrils  close  together,  a  flap  between  them  ;  placed  a  lit- 
tle above  and  in  front  of  the  eyes ;  iris  with  a  flap  encroaching  on  and 
sometimes  dividing  the  pupil.    Air  bladder  cavity  narrow  at  the  base; 


I 
k 

I 


K 


I 


f..,   i 


p 

^: 

t 

t      s 

t 

p 

'8 

' 

t 

M^ 

1 

i 

J 
'im 

u 

Ef'ti  ' 

! 

f 

f '   ' 


nh  - 


.     ! 


KW 


I  f 


=  !, 


I  "I 


I  -11  ,■=' 

W    i 


1 11 

) 

1    ■■        '■     '"1 

!  '    1  i 

i 

1  , 

Ui 


.S«! 


'^)-|i 
■■^W- 


Hi 


\m 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  AT  use  urn. 


expanded  beueath  the  temporal  plate,  naually  comuninicatin^  'witli  the 
outside  air  at  a  notch  in  tlie  posterior  margin  of  a  temporal  plato  or 
sometimes  by  many  holes  in  the  temporal  plate;  strong  movalOe  hones  or 
rihs  extending  from  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  coalesced  vertebra!  out- 
ward; these  compressed  and  sometimes  forked  at  base;  those  strnctnics 
form  a  more  or  less  complicated  arrangement  which  gives  fixity  to  I  lie 
dorsal  spine,  but  prevents  a  lateral  motion  of  the  head.  A  large  familv 
of  small  and  singularly  armed  catfishes,  chietly  confined  to  tlie  river .  dC 
South  America;  21  genera  and  247  species  are  deHtribed  by  Dr.  Eigcu- 
mann,  who  is  the  most  recent  authority  on  this  group.  (Sii.ukid.k  Ilvros- 
TOMATiNA  in  part,  Gilnther,  Cat.,  V,  221-2H0). 

Loricauiinm: 
o.  Tail  long,  tapering  posteriorly,  witli  a  HinKlo  Horios  of  plntofi  on  tlio  hIiIoh.    Porsal  fin  usu- 
ally in8ort(!<l  lifhind  llio  origin  of  tlio  vcntrals;  no  aitlituNn  flu.     IntoNtinal  catinl  ii-ii- 
ally  not  lonKor  than  lio<ly.     I'lipnr  caixlnl  loliu  Ho'.notinii'H  prodiirod. 
h.  Dornal  fin  iuHurtod  above  or  RliKlitly  bcliinil  anal;  2  to  r>  platox  l>i>t  woon  it  anil  orclpital 
procuBN.    Kyoa  snperior.      Tail  with  strong  lateral  kjuls.     8iioiit  not  cxpandiil  ;ii 
tip  nor  margined  with  spines.  liUitiCAUi a,  HI. 

IIypostomin,*!  ; 
nil.  Tail  g'lort,  compressed  or  rounded.     Lips  entire.     Adipose  fln  nmially  present;  ventral  sur- 
face naked,  or  covered  with  niiniite  granular  plates.     Intestine  gn-atly   (Hini^iile, 
many  times  as  long  as  tliii  body;  lower  caudal  lubo  sometimes  pro<luced. 
c.  Temjioral  plate  not  perforate. 

({.  Margin  of  the  snout  granular,  with  somotimes  a  naked  spot  at  tip,     Sctit<"<  on 
lower  surface  of  tail  exposed.     Dorsal  rays  1,  7;  or  I,  8.     Teeth   liri'-  iiuil 
numerous. 
<•.  Interopercio  with  erectile  spines  liorne  on  a  movable  plate.     Dorsal  and  .inal 
<listinct.  IlEMiANnsTiti  s,  H.V 

fc.  Margin  of  the  snout  naked,  without  bristles,  granules,  or  tentacles.    Interopercio  with 
erectile  epines.  C'ii.ktostomis,  si;. 

ecc.  Margin  of  the  snout  with  te.itaclos,  or,  in  the  female,  sometimes  naked.     Ventnil  sur- 
face naked.    Interopercio  with  a  bunch  of  spines  inserted  ou  a  movable  plate 

Ancistiu's,  87. 

84.  LORICARIA,  Linnteus. 

loricano.^LlNN^EUS,  Syst.  Nat., Ed.  x,  17.58, 307,  (rntnphr—'i). 

Sturuoma,  Swainson,  Nat.  Hist.  Fishes,  ir,  304, 1839,  {roslrala). 

Hemioilon,Kfir.R,  Panzerwelse,  89, 1853,  (deprcitiinii). 

LoricariichOuja,  Ulerker,  Ncdorl.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.,  80, 18(i3,  {dura  —  cntaphracta). 

Pieudolorkarw,  Bleekeb,  I.  c,  80,  (Ueviuscula). 

Parahemiodon,  Bleeker,  I.  c,  80,  (typus). 

Hemioloricaria,  Bleeker,  I.  c,  81,  (caracnuenfis). 

Pseudohemiodoti,  Bleeker,  I.  <:,  81,  (platycephalus). 

Rineloricaria,  Bi.eeker,  /.  c,  81,  {lima). 

Oarj/Zoricnna,  Bleeker,  J.  c,  81,  (6nrfca<<j). 

This  genus,  sufficiently  characterized  in  the  analytical  key  above,  ron- 
tains  a  very  large  number  of  species,  abounding  in  the  rivers  in  the  cist- 
ern part  of  South  America.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  elongate  form 
and  for  the  coat  of  mail  which  covers  the  body.  A  few  of  these  extend 
iiorthwardto  the  waters  about  Panama.  There  is  considerable  variation 
iu  form  among  these  fishea,  but  the  different  groups  run  into  each  other 
and  are  best  regarded  as  subgenera,    (lorica,  a  cuirass,  or  coat  of  mail.) 


Jordan  and  Kvennann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        157 


„  >'     It  I'liiKun*!  ■■'^■'''"^1  ItH  lower  Rurfocu  gntnulttr. 
Ill  ,;m|,.i\,  (r)iu<,  liiilf;  6^''<'«i  tootli): 
/ .  .MuiKiii  <'f  Ix'*^''  '■>  '"'tl)  Htixi'H  granular.     Troth  miiiuto  or  wantiOK.     Iiutunil  koolR 
bt'CuiiiiiiK  parallut,  uut  rouliwL'iug.     No  kuclH  uii  lif^ail  or  griitfH  bcfuro  ilurMil, 
.    'IV'i'tli  iiiiiiuto,  nuincroufi  in  both  Jaws.     Lowur  Biirfaco  of  huud  partly  naki'<l;  ii|i- 
lier  and  lower  caudal  raj-H  Krcatly  jiroducod.     tk-uluH  33.  i-anahkhhih,  '.'.M. 

SinJsoMA,(i'(HnV), sturgeon;  ffw/ia,  body): 
hh.  Jbii'K'in  of  lioftd  In  nialcH  with  niimnrous  brlHtk's.     Tooth  well  dovcloped  in  both  Jawi; 
lutiTul  kei'ls  loalt'Hcing. 
,\.  ItiOly  with  6  BorloB  of  plates.    Outer  caudal  rayo  produced.    Scaleti  34. 

11U8TIIATA,  Ih't. 

mi.  .^I'liit  lunli'  or  ripumlcd,  not  produced. 
l;i  M  1  iiiii'AniA,  CpiVii,  raHp;  Lnricariu): 

Miir);iii  of  lilt'  ht'ad  in  niali'S  with  nnmerous  briBtloR.    Teeth  well  developed.     l°p[M]rcau- 

ihil  riiy  gri'atly  produ'-cd.    LipB  not  greatly  expanded  ond  without  long  cirri. 
/.  Orbit  notched;  licad  naked  below. 

I/.  Anal  plato  rothor  largo,  with  3  nmaller  plates  before  it;  lower  lip2-lol*od; 

n\i)'lial  plutcH  each  with  2  Htrong  koelH;  mucous  iiuruH  of  anterior  part  of 

body  black;  all  the  fiiiH  hpottod.  mma,253. 

ij'j.  Anal  region  with  suuill  sculeii  like  those  ou  belly;   uuchal  ridgci  vory  low; 

till  rays  spotted.  iiitANHF0RUl,2ni, 

<>'.  Margin  of  the  head  in  both  sexes  granular  or  hispid. 

h.  I'liilcs  between  vontrals  large;  nioru  or  lesH  connected  to  form  a  buckler. 

P.vuAHKsiioiioN, (jTopoi,  Doar;  Jlitiiimhn): 
i.  Head  longer  than  broad.     Belly  with  3  or  more  lougitudiinil  series  of  plates. 
J.  Uppermost  caudal  ray  npinous;  lower  lobe  eniarginate  with  short  cirri. 
Each  jaw  with  8  or  lU  teeth;  no  keel  on  caudal  or  uuchal  plate.s. 

URACANTIIA,205. 

l.oKII'AltlA: 

hh.  Plates  between  vontrals,  if  present,  small;  no  largo  anal  plate. 

k.  Belly  jiartly  naked,  the  middle  lino  and  sides  urmod;  lower  lip  with  numerous 
cirri  am!  margiiitil  fringes;  teeth  'ew,  small;  an  occipital  keel;  upper 
surface  with  liglit  and  dark  lines  ;  all  fins,  except  anal,  spotted  with  violet. 

VAHIEUATA,256. 

Subgenus  HEMIODON,  Kner. 
851    LORICARIA  PANAMENSIS,  Eigcnniaun  &  Eigcnmann. 

Head  4  J.  D.  8;  A.  6;  V.  1, 5.  Scales  33.  Lower  surface  of  head  partly 
iiak(>(l ;  110  keels  on  the  head  or  nape ;  a  large  naked  area  about  the  mouth. 
()il)it  without  notch,  4  in  snout ;  anterior  profile  concave.  Belly  with  5 
seiies  of  plates.  Upper  caudal  filament  about  as  long  as  body ;  first  dor- 
sal liiv  very  high.  Brownish,  a  blackish  area  iu  front  of  eye;  dorsal 
HoMiuwiiat  spotted;  a  stripe  on  each  lobe  of  caudal.  Panama.  (Eigeu- 
muiiii). 
lorUitrU  jiimametisui,  Eiugn>iann,S.  A.  I.eriiatoguathi,305, 1890,  Panama. 

Subgenus  STURISOMA,  Swainson. 

262.  LORICARIA  ROSTRATA,  Spix. 

Head  4|.  D.  8 ;  A.  6.  Scales  34.  Body  little  depressed  anteriorly ; 
head  without  keels  or  ridges ;  its  surfaces  and  plates  evenly  hispid  ;  nuchal 
plates  weakly  bicarinate.  Orbit  without  notch,  ii  in  snout.  7i  in  head. 
Anterior  profile  very  concave;  the  snout  long  and  narrow;  upper  lip 
granular;  lower  lip  entire  and  rounded,  elongate;  papillose;  free  part  of 


i| 


;;•)• 


n- 


I ', 


i 


\i 


'■  ! 


\  ' 


t  !' 


t 


If 


£.  .      .  (       t  _ 


I    -i 


<  I. 

i  ■ 


!i 


;il:lfe! 
I  Hi:' 


158  Jiullt'tin  .ij^  Unileil  States  National  MuseitPn. 


\\ 


\    '«' 


I  ■  '     \ 


\  n   I 


m 

■  i 


I 


•    I     ;■?' 


i 


«•  ^:''  i 


J 


'Ma 


-I 


m 


barbel  Hliortor  than  eye.  Dolly  with  5  auriuH  uf  platuH  ;  lutural  ki  iIh 
iiiuduruto,  cuaI«H<;iii^  into  uue  nt  thu  twontioth  hcuIo;  bruaut  aud  lown 
Hiirfucu  with  i.aiiy  irregular  plateH.  Firut  doi-Hal  ray  luiigur  than  hmil; 
uiitur  caudal  rayH  I)  in  length.  IhowniHh;  liiiH  uiootly  Hputted.  (Ei^^cn. 
niann.)  Rivers  of  eastern  Suuth  America  fruni  Panama  to  the  I'ara^Miity, 
widely  dlHtribiitod  uud  abundant,  (roatrutus,  long-noHed.) 
/,»riV<iria  niKlnitd,  Sl'ix,  rim-.  Hru/il,  Ti,  1K29.  Rio  Branco;  GCntiiku,  Cat.,  v,  'A^d,  18(11;  Im.,es 

MANN,  S.  A.  N'l'llllltii^'tllltlli,    illili,  1H!M). 

l.orirnriu  itnitii,  CuviKli  A  VAi,KNt'iKNNKs,  xv,  472,  pi.  452,  l8'IO,  Barra  do  Rio  Negro. 
hirUiiriitliiiil'iilii,  Knkii,  I'liiizcrwolsi-,  87,  Ih.lU,  Rio  Cujaba. 
lAiricaria  biirhiidi,  (jit'NTiiKit,  Cot.,  v,  267,  l8tH. 

Subgenus  RINELORICARIA,  Hlorkor. 
2.'>a.  LOKK'AltlA  lilllA,  Kn»r. 

Head  lii.  D.  8;  A.  <).  Scales  27.  Hody  depressed  and  elongate,  tlie 
depth  5  the  width.  Head  long,  tapering;  the  cheeks  in  the  male  thickly 
covered  with  lino  bribt'cs;  slightly  rough  in  the  female.  Superciliary 
margins  raised  ;  nape  with  2  ridges,  which  widen  backward.  Orbit  with 
a  largo  notch  behind;  sinterior  profile  convex.  Teeth  few  ;  lips  well  dc 
veloped,  the  surface  covered  with  short  cirri;  barbels  about  as  Ion;;  an 
eye.  •  Head  nuked  below  ;  belly  with  3  to  5  series  of  scuies ;  lateral  keels 
coalescing  at  the  sixteenth  scute.  Upper  caudal  ray  2^  in  length  ;  ventral 
short.  Marbled  above,  with  about  4  faint  forked  cross-bars.  Vortical  IIdh 
more  or  less  spotted.  Coastwise  streams  of  Brazil,  from  the  Paraliylia 
northward  to  Panama,  widely  distributed  and  abundant  in  rocky  brookH. 
(Eigenmanu.)     {lima,  a  file.) 

Loriiiirin  lima,  Kner,  I'uii/.erwolsp,  8!),  I85:i,  Brazil;     GOntueu,  Oat.,  v,  260,  18(il;  Eiuenmann. 

S.  A.  NoiiitttoKiiutlii,  308,  180O. 
Lorivaria  ilriyiliUa,  IIknsel,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  1868,  368,  Santa  Cruz. 

254.  LORICABIA  BRANSFOBDI,  Gill. 

Allied  to  L.  lima.  Scales  28.  Eye  small,  i  interorbital  width,  which  is 
fiat,  bounded  by  slight  crests ;  orbit  with  a  slight  notch  (snout  and  jawH 
lost  in  typical  example);  lower  part  of  head  naked;  opercle  and  marginal 
scutes  of  bead  with  a  broad  dense  band  of  erectile  bristles.  Scutes  of  neck 
with  2  obsolete  carina).  Scutes  of  thorax  polygonal,  those  of  belly  scale- 
like;  lateral  ridges  coalescing  on  eighteenth  shield.  Caudal  fin  slightly 
emarginate,  the  upper  spine  swollen  at  its  basal  half,  the  lower  lube 
truncated.  Yellowish  brown,  the  fin  rays  spotted.  Isthmus  of  Panama. 
(Gill.)    (Named  for  Dr.  J.  F.  Bransford,  its  discoverer.) 

Luricitria  brmisfiiriU,  GiLi.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  1876,  338,  Empire   Station,  Isthmus 
Railway. 

Subgenus  PARAHEMIODON,  DIceker. 

256.  LORICABIA  UBACANTHA,  Knor  &  Steindachner. 

D.  8;  A.  6.  Uppermost  caudal  ray  spinous ;  vertical  diameter  of  eye  2 
in  interorbital  width ;  belly  with  about  6  series  of  plates.  No  keels  ou 
occipital  or  nuchal  plates ;  lower  lip  emarginate,  fringed  with  short  cirri; 
each  jaw  with  8  to  10  teeth.  None  of  the  caudal  rays  produced ;  barbels 
very  short.     Rio  Chagres.     (Eigenmann.)    (ov/ja,  tail;  uKavi?a,  spine.) 

Lorkaria  uracantlia,  Knkr  &  Steindaciineb,  Abh.  Bayr.  Ac.  Wiss.,  66, 1865,  Rio  Chag  res. 


f,>r,hin  am/  F.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  Amtrica. 


IfiO 


Subgenus  LORICARIA. 
2ri«.  LORICAKIA  VAKIKUATA,  Stiliiilactiiur. 

lltMil  .').  I'.  I,  7;  r.  I,  r»;  v.  I,  5;  A.  I,  5.  Lat.  line,  30.  Doily  ttud 
licii'l  itioiinly  (IcpreHsed,  thts  li«a(l  triangular,  Munt  forward;  t««tb  very 
u-  \ ,  1'  >ii  oacli  HJdo  al)ovo,  5  or  ti  Itelow;  nnduraide  of  head  naked.  Eye  U 
in  li<';iil.  '>  i»  MMuiit;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  produced  in  a  long  tllanient. 
r|i|i>'i  jiartH  with  many  browniuh  HtroakH ;  iius  all,  except  the  anal, 
H|i(ilt('l  with  violet,  liio  Mamoni,  Panama.  (Steiudachuer.)  (i-arte- 
ijalHs,  ■,  ;irit'Katc(l.) 
/,„n..ii../  ..(n-i/ii/ii,  8tkisi>achn«ii,  FIngHnmlio  Stlilamor.,  I.  15, 1879,  Rio  Mamoni. 

85.  HEMIANCISTRUS,  Bleeker. 

Unimiii'i'iiin,  Ili.KRKKR,  TiJilHclir.  Diork.,  I,  7K,  1803,  (nim/iuiin). 
/Vmi/'"  ■'"''"'■"«,  Hi.EKKER,  /.  i\,  79,  18(i:i,  (Hcrraliii). 

Lips  <'iitiro;  tail  Hhort,  compresHed.  Adipoao  fin  entire ;  remote  from 
tliu  (1iiin:i1  fiu.  Body  covered  with  bony  platea ;  teeth  small;  anout  with 
tilt' iiiiuirin  jjranular ;  temporal  plate  not  perforate;  iuteropercle  erectile 
iind  lu'iu  inn  Hpincs.  The  numerous  Hpecies  are  not  well  known  and  do 
uotNt'ciii  to  be  abundant;  they  are  chiefly  Hrazilian.  (;;/it-,  half ;  liyxtCTr/jof, 
AnvMrtii,  a  related  genua.) 

II.  IiitiToiHTclu  witli  iiliout  '10  t-rectllo  gpincR;  tlio  luriKi'>*t  K^  liciiil.  (iCAc'llAniiTK,  2.'>7. 

.Ill,  Iiili'ro|if  rclu  with  vury  fuw  Bliort,  Butifurui  HpiiiuH,  tlic  loiigost  shurtur  timn  t-yu,  not  mure 

tliaii  ,'„  liuiiil.  ASPtUOLKPIK,  2.'>8. 

2.-.7.  HEMIANCISTRUS  OUAC'HAROTK,  (Cuvior  &  ValoncieuiioH). 

D.  I,  7;  A.  I,  .');  P.  I,  6;  V.  I,  5.  Interoperclo  with  about  20  com- 
liressetl,  erectile  spinea,  the  longest  i  head  ;  head  depressed ;  snout  semi- 
oval;  b' ties  of  head  rough,  without  keels;  eye  5  in  head;  teeth  very 
tine,  doiildy  curved.  Pectoral  spine  reaching  first  fourth  of  ventral ; 
dorsal  Hpiiie  slender  and  rough.  Caudal  4  in  total  length,  forked,  with 
poiuted  lubes.  Belly  smooth  to  the  anal.  Brownish.  L.  5  inches.  Porto 
Rico.    (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.)    {guacharote^  the  Spanish  name.) 

UijfiifiommijwwiHtroU',  C't;viKii  &  Yalcnciennes,  XV,  508,  1840,  Porto  Rico. 
Oiittottmmu  (jiiiichitrole,   GOntiikr,  Cat.,  V,  245,  1804. 

'ir>H.  HEMIANCISTRUS  ASPIDOLEPIS,  (Oiinther). 

Head3^.  D.  1,7;  A.5;  P.  1, 6.  Lat.  line,  25.  Head  depressed,  a  little 
lunger  than  broad;  snout  very  broad,  rounded  in  front;  iuterorbital 
Hpace  nearly  flat,  3  times  diameter  of  the  small  eye ;  iuteropercle  with 
very  few,  short,  setiform  spines,  the  longest  i  eye.  Thorax  and  belly 
granulated,  with  naked  patches.  Seven  scales  between  dorsals.  Pectoral 
spiue  strong,  longer  than  head,  with  setiform  spinules  ;  12  scutes  between 
anal  and  caudal.  Scutes  of  body  with  prominent  keel,  each  keel  with 
itoTsiiort,  setiform  spines.  Each  scale  variegated  with  dirty  yellow 
and  dark  brown.    V-^ragua.     (Gunther.)     (a<r7rtf,  shield;  AcTr/f,  scale.) 

^'hubxtomw  impUiolepui,  GOntker,  FishuB  Central  Amer.,  478,  18(i9,  Veragua. 


T 


100 


liulUttn  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


h.  ) 


. 


;     I' 


•ij 


f  I'^l 


1 1 


i  % 


'  \'\ 


; 

-if 

iE 

!                  ^  '1 

1 

1 

1?! 

»1 

I 

1 

1 

M                  ! 

'-\-:\\ 

1 

\     ^'! 

1 

ill^^ 

,3f 


86.  CHiETOSTOMUS.  Kiier. 

ChuV*lnm*»,  Knkii,  ll.vpiMtoiiiitInn,  272,  lHr>3,  (Uiliorhijnvhm) . 

Tliin  guiniH,  as  iindorHtootl  Ity  Dr.  Kiy^oumitiin,  innlmloH  all  thr  I'drni^ 
ttUiud  to  IlypoatomHH  and  lli'mhnichlnm  in  wliitih  thoHiioiit  in  iiaktxl.  Tim 
iuiinerr>uHBpooiu8ar«;cliit)(ly  condiiud  toiiioiintain  brookH  in  Hutith  Ann-rica, 
{xiiini,  liriHtlt);  (iTi'ifid,  uiuutb.) 

<i.  I'octiirul  Hpiiio  loiiKiT  tlinii  lii'itil;  cyu  H}^  In  lioiuJ,  II  iu  iU')ut;  lutoi'U)Hin'UlHr  nplti's  ii||„ri 
uud  Htuiit,  I  ur  'i  uii  vach  nIiIc,  ruiiii  hi,  'i',x 

2AU.  ClI.KTOKTONrS  KIMt'llKKI,  Stoiiuliuliiior. 
(ColcilU.) 

Head  3,^ ;  depth  r.f.  I).  I,  H;  A.  I,  5;  V.  I,  5;  V.  I,  (5.  Intt-n.i.ercle 
with  1  or  2  Hhort  hut  very  Htiong curved  teeth  «»n  ouch  side.  Mouth  lnuud, 
Eye  Hi  iu  head,  about  '.i  in  Hnou*"  Pcctutut  spine  very  Htrong,  loiij^tr 
than  head  by  1  or  2  diaineterHofthe  eye;  ventral  npine  lA  to  2diaiii<'t(iH(ii 
eye  Hhortor  than  head;  lougeHt  ray  of  caudal  alightly  lougtM-  than  liciul. 
Scales  23  or  24.  Yellowitih,  with  very  many  yellow  dots  ;  (iiiH  with  nomc 
faint  dark  spots.  Uio  Mamoni,  near  Panama.  (Steiudachner.)  (Nanail 
for  W.  Fischer,  who  collected  the  type.) 
ChutontomuH jMitri,  ISrEiNUACHNr.B,  FliiwlUcho  jjlldiiiiiur.,  i,  14,  187U,  Rio  Mamoni. 

87.  ANCISTRUS,  Kuer. 

AneMrin,  Knkh,  IlyiKwtuuiidvD,  272,  18MI,  (rirrhimiii). 

,  This  genus  includes  numerous  species  of  cattishes,  allied  to  IfifpoHlomii*, 
with  the  snout  provided  with  tentacles.  These  tentacles  are  nsiially 
present  iu  both  sexes,  even  in  the  very  young.     (ayKiaroo^,  a  tishhook.) 

300.  ANCI8TBUS  C'HAURESI,  BiKoumaun  Ac  KigoDmiinii. 

Eye  r»  to  7i  in  head.  D.  I,  7;  A.  4  or  5.  Scales  24.  Margin  itf  tlie 
snout  naked,  provided  with  tentacles.  Females  with  a  narrow  iiaivid 
margin  and  a  series  of  simple  tentacles ;  male  with  a  much  wider  iiuiicd 
area  and  simple  marginal  tentacles ;  thorax  and  belly  naked ;  sciitt's  uf 
the  bo<ly  not  keeled ;  region  between  eyes  and  gill  openings  partly  nuked. 
Oiiercle  erectile ;  head  broad,  depressed,  with  keels.  Lower  cauditl  lolie 
scarcely  longer  than  upi>er;  margin  of  tie  caudal  obliiiuely  truncate. 
Prcopercular  spines  11  to  15.  Breast  with  a  ^..lall  granular  patch  of  Hpines. 
Rio  (.'hagres.    (Eigenmann.) 

Aneiitnui  chagreiii,  Eiuenmann,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,  1889,47,  Rio  Chagres,  Panama. 

Order  N.  PLECTOSPONDYLI. 
(The  Carp-like  Fishes.) 

Soft-rayed  or  physostomous  fishes  Avith  the  parietals  broad,  dintinct; 
pterotic  normal ;  symplectio  present ;  opercular  bones  all  present :  me-so- 
ooracoid  present;  no  interclayicles ;  the  4  anterior  vertebrsD  much  nioditied 
and  joined  together,  provided  with  the  Weberian  apparatus  or  o.ssicula 


JorMm  and  F.vermatin. — Fishes  of  North  Amerka. 


101 


■iiiditii'^.  HriiiH'liioMt«g»lH  fow,  iiHiiully  \\  or  4  ;  hIi<mi1«1(m-  ;;inllo  uttii(;lio<l  to 
ilif  kIviiII.  TliisKrouproiiMiNtB  ontiroly  (»t'  fn-Hli-wjitm-  liNlioH,uii(l  iiicIiitleH 
iliiMii  M;iiiiili<'s,  to  wliich  holong  tlio  iiwtjority  of  all  tlio  fi'vHli-\vatt«rllHluw 
,,i  till  uoiltl.  i  !>•*  cHHvntiiil  charactvi'  of  the  order  lioH  in  thoinodilicutioii 
of  tlui  anterior  vortohriit,  as  in  tliu  Nkmatoonatiii,  but  without  tliu 
rli:kiii"i<  I'  of  tli*<  nulimuntury  Huhopurclu  uud  uiuxillary  autl  tlio  HoaluleHH 
>kiii  ^v  liii'li  *'>^t''>K"''*'' ^'"' ^'^^''''''*''^-  'l'l>r"()  Htronf{ly  iuarku<l  HuhorilorH 
;iit'  III!  Iiiilt'd  ill  it — vacli  of  which  huH  botui  HouietinioH  ruKardud  uh  u  diu- 
tiiict  null  r.  Thuru  iH  no  room  tor  doubt  t!iat  tho  Evkntuunatiii  and 
||Kri:i:>"<NATiii,aH  wtdl  aH  tlio  (ivMNUNOTi,  sprang  from  tho  Hanio  utock 
jiM  till'  <':iiti^lii''<i  aH  it  iH  not  likuly  tliat  tlie  singular  modilioation  of  tlio 
\L<rtt'lini ,  piiidiicinK  tho  Weberian  apparatus  has  aoparatoly  dovehiped 
ill  tlit<  iliU'eiont  jjroups.     (7r?.f«rof,  woven  toKothor ;  ffn-iirdu^of,  vertebra.) 

Analysis  ok  Suhoudkiis  of  Plkctospondyu. 

I.  I,ii»''i  iilmryn^'i'iili  raU'irorin,  piirnllt'l  with  tho  f^lll  nrchits;  Jitwri  tooth Iosh;  liraiii  ciim<  pro- 
. III.  I'll  iM'tui-jii  urhltH;  hnnlH  cranii  simplo;  ouly  2  iiupeM»i-  phurynguul  hoiit's. 

Kvr.NTnilNATIII. 

.1.1.  Liiwii  iplinryiiKUftl"  ""t  fiilclforni;  ^  hannl  hrniichihyalii;  tenth   in  Jhwh  oflon  pri'Mriit; 
liiaiii  I  iiw  nut  prodiicud  liotwctMi  orhitH;  I)H81h  crnnii  doulilo,  KuiiictiiriuH  witli  mtisculur 
raii.'il:  I  til  I  fiipirliir  pliiiryiiKi'lil  hoiioH. 
h.  AiiiH  Hiiliiui'iliiiii;  liiiily  not  u(<l-8lmpo(l;  dorRal  fln  presont;  ventraU  ulidoiniiml. 

IlKTKIIDliNATIII. 

Ml,  Anus  at  thrtiul;  liody  ulongiitu,  raoro  or  Iom  cul-Hhaped;  duranl  obHolute;  vontialH  wiuit- 
iiig.  Gymnonoti. 

Suborder  EVENTOGNATHI, 

(The  Carps.) 

i'loctospondyhius  flHhos  with  the  lower  pharyngeals  falciform,  parallel 
will)  tiitt  ;;i  11  arches;  2  upper  pharyngeal  bones;  brain  case  produced  be- 
iwccii  iiiliits;  Jaws  without  teeth;  dorsal  fin  present;  no  adipose  fin;  ven- 
triil.s  iilidiiiiiinal.  Uill  openings  restricted,  the  gill  membranes  attached 
to  the  iKtliiiiuH.  Streams  and  lakes  of  northern  regions,  tho  species  ex- 
ivs.sivel,v  imiiierous.     (eii,  well;  ^irof,  within;  ymWof,  jaw.) 


I    ! 


5* 


,1     i 


Analysis  of  Families  of  EvKNXooNATni. 

.1.  I'liniyiip'ul  toctli  numerous,  pectinate;  maxillarieM  forming  part  of  tho  margin  of  the  up- 
IK'rJaw;  liasiil  hraiichihyaJH '2.  OATosTOjiin.*:,  xxxvi. 

.1.:.  I'liiirviiKial  ti'ctb  few;  margin  of  upper  Jaw  formed  by  premuxillarinti  alone;  biiHttI 
bruiicliihyttl8  3.  Cypbini'j.*:,  xxxvii. 

Family  XXXVI.  CATOSTOMIUiE. 

(The  Suckers.) 

Body  olilong  or  elongate,  usually  more  or  less  compressed.  Head  more 
or  less  conical.  Opercles  normally  developed.  Nostrils  double;  no  bar- 
liels;  mouth  large  or  small,  usually  protractile  and  with  fleshy  lips. 
Margin  ot°  u))per  .jaw  formed  in  the  middle  by  the  small  premaxillaries, 
aud  (in  tile  side  by  the  maxillaries ;  jaws  toothless.  Lower  pharyngeal 
bones  falciform,  armed  with  a  single  row  of  numerous  comb-like  teeth. 

F.N.  A. 12 


t. 


p!i  ^'i 


T 


V  -•■  ?r^rii4f9:-y 


162 


JiultetiH  ^7,  United  States  National  Afitsenm. 


■i 


II 


DrnncIilofltflpfnlH  3 ;  ((III  nxtmbrnnei  mor«  or  1am  nnitfld  to  tho  iNilnnMn, 
rKStrictiii^  tlin  \*\\\  opuniiiKH  to  thuahlim;  ^jIIh  I,  u  nlit  buhiiMl  tlio  tnurth: 
|m«n(lo))raii<!liiii«  piumtnt.  8oaIvH  uyoluid,  iar({n  ur  hiiiuII.  Lutoral  liii« 
iluciirvud,  HoinuliiiivN  wanting.  Ilnud  iinktnl ;  IIiih  not  nculy.  Doi^uliiu 
coiiiparntivuly  lon^  (of  10  to  fiO  ruyit),  without  trtio  Hpiiiu  ;  uiial  lln  Nhort; 
oiiiidal  tin  nioru  or  Iumh  forkiMl ;  vuntrulH  abdominal,  with  about  li) 
riiyH;  pectoral  tlnH  plucod  low,  without  Hpinu;  no  adipoHu  tin ;  bcilyuut 
Hurrutvd.  Aliniuntary  canal  \miy^.  Stoniuch  Hinipir ;  no  pyloric  cuca 
Air  bladder  large,  divided  into  2  or  3  partH  by  tranttvurHc  conHtiirtiuiin, 
not  Hurrounded  by  a  bony  capHuIe.  Ueneru  14;  HpecieH  about  (lU;  in. 
habiting  the  frcHli  waterH  of  North  America;  'i  HpecieH  in  Eastern  AMJa: 
aHconding  Htreanm  in  largo  numberH  in  the  npring.  They  are  not  niiiili 
valued  an  food  HhIich,  tho  lleHh  being  lliivorleHH  and  full  of  huiuII  boiiea. 
(Cypkiniim;,  group  Catostomina,  Oiinther,Cat.,  vil,  12-24.) 

n.  Donal  flu  c'lungatt',  ili  dev(<lu|ivil  ruyit  2fi  tu  SU  In  uuinbur ;  uir  blatUlvr  la  2  |iurtii. 
Ictioiiina:  : 
b.  Kontitiixllo  iifPHent ;  liody  ovato  ;  icaloi  targe, 
c.  Uiirmil  rayN  'i,\  to  'X\. 

d.  Moiitli  liii'KO,  inuriior  l<'Hnti<riiiliiiil,  priitriki'tllu  forwunl  ;  li|>H  tliiii  ;  iiIihivukiiiI 
lioiK'N  mill  ti-rtli  iiioiliTUti' ;  liu'K"  M|M'rii'H,  iliii'k  111  ciiliir.  Ictiimii  k,  »n, 

d<l.  Muiitli  Kiiiiklli-r,  liil'urlur,  iiiiitriu'tllo  ilnwiiwitiil.     I'liiiryiiKi'ikl  Ihuh's  nurruit, 
with  till'  tuvtii  thill  uiiJ  wi'iik;  Hiiiiillur  ii|iu<'it<H  ui  iiuIk  ciilonttliiii. 
(!yri.BPTiN.v;  ;  «'Aiciiiiiit>,  >'i 

bb.  Fuuliiiicllu  olilitorntuil  by  tli«  iiiiluii  of  tln'  |ukrii'tul  ImticH  ;  boily  I'loiiKittc 
<',  Muiitli  Hiimll,  iufvriur,  with  thicit,  iiupilluKu  li|M  ;  soaluH  rulhur  miiull. 

Oatostomin.k:  Cyclkitc*,  '*>. 

(Ill,  Durgul  till  Hhiirt,  with  10  to  18  iluvulopud  royH. 
/.  Air  hladili<r  In  2  |iartH. 

I/.  Laturiil  liiiii  roiii|ilrt(i  mid  cootliiiiiiilR  ;  firaluB  Hliiall,  Tiri  to  lin  in  the  littiTiil  liin'. 
h.  Funtniii'llo  iiourly  or  quito  olilit<Tiit(Ml  in  tlm  luliilt  by  tho  iiniuii  <>f  tln'  ixirh I>| 
buueK ;  JaWH  with  hard  Hhuiitlm  ;  |io8turiur  divlBiuii  of  uir  blmldcr  i>li miiT. 

PAKToiiiriK, 'i| 

A/i.  Fontitn(i!ie  liroiid  and  evidunt  ut  all  Btn^oB  of  Kruwili;  iHwtt'rior  dirinluu  ofui 
blikdiii'r  broad. 

i.  Niichiil  rti^ioii  without  lium|>,  tho  intornonrnl  Hpiui's  noruiully  ili'vi>li>|x>]. 

j.  Miiutli  Infurior,  iiniall,  with  tliiulc  |ia|illlo«<)  lip*.  C'ATiiHTi'MrK, '.i:' 

jj.  Moutli  vi'ry   lurgo,  terminal,  oblit|uii ;  lipH  thin  uud  nrurly  miiwIIi 

idiaryngeula  wualc,  with  niiniurounHninll  ti'uth.    ('HAN>ll^1E><, '« 

a.  Nuehiil  region  with  high  aharii-odgod  huinii,  forniud  liy  tho  ({natlym 

lai'K<'d  and  expanded  interiieunil  BpiiicH.  Xyrai'iiikn,  !H 

gg.  Lateral  line  int  "luptud  or  wanting  ;  acak-s  lurgo  (40  to  00  in  lungitudiiiiil  hitI'M 

k.  Lateral  linn  I'ii' irely  wanting.  £itiM\/.<»i, 'X> 

kk.  Lateral  Ui;.)  noru  or  loBH  doveloiied,  08|)ecially  in  the  adult.     Minytiiema, '"'. 

ff.  Air  bladder  in  3  jmit  '.a  ;  fontauolle  present ;  Bcalea  largo  ;  lateral  line  uouiplctu. 

/,  Month  normal,  the  lower  lip  entire  or  merely  lohod,  the  up|ier  protructili'. 

tu.  Piiuryngoal  bones  moderate,  the  teeth  compressed,  gradually  lari^er  (lu»u 

wanl;  mouth  moderate  or  small,  tho  lips  usually  jilicate.    Moxosthma,  'SI- 

mm.  Pharyngeal  bones  very  strong,  with  the  lower  teetli  much  eiilaiK'<"l,  >'"'>' 

cylindrical  and  truncate,  the  teeth  of  the  upiior  part  of  the  Ihujc  mall 

and  compreBsod  ;  mouth  large,  somowhat  obliiiue,  with  very  tlili  k  ll|i«.. 

PlACOPIIAIlVNX,  Jt". 

U.  Mouth   singular,  the  up])ur  lip  not  protractile,  greatly  enlarged,  tho  lower  Ii|' 
developed  as  2  separate  lobes ;  pbaryngeai  bones  and  teeth  ordinary. 

Laoociiila,  1)9 


Jordan  <///</  liver ttuuui. — Fiifus  of  Xorth  AmirUa. 


103 


88.  ICT  OBUS,  Kalliii<H<|iio. 
(IUtI'I-'ai.o  Fihiikh.) 

{.Wl<t,  hAHNKmd'K,  Irlllll.  oh.,  ftft,  1H.!0,  (».H»..i/««), 
,i/,„»/*i//i"<,  (.'!•>  iru  mill  VAi.iiNciRNsr.n,  XVII,  177,  Mil,  IriiiirutrlliO. 
/,»Wi<*/*"-,  .\..\HM/„  AiiiiT.  .r..iir.  Mil.  AitK,  I'J'J,  iNfi.'.,  {H,H'>). 
;.«Af<*>",  A..»-««i/,  (lurivrlnl  i)rllii«i;rii|iliy). 

Iliiih  loliiiNt;  lu'atl  very  liir^o  luul  Htroii^'  Kyo  iiiodnratn,  Hiit«M-ior. 
FiiiitaiM'lli'  li'i){*<,  woll  <)|MMi.  O|ioi'ciilar  u]>|iariitiis  Itir^ttly  iloVdloptMl  ;  tlm 
Hiilio|i)Mi'iiliiiii  liroiMl ;  tlii^  o|M-r(Miliiiii  atroiiKly  t'ltrrowod.  Mouth  liirj^o 
for  It  Hinkir,  toriiiinal,  |irotrii<.-tilu  tbrwanl,  or  tlownward  and  roiNvanl. 
Mutiilil'l'  ■•tioiiK,  oMiqiiu.  Li|)H  littl«Ml«n'ulop»«l  ;  tli-;  iip|MM  iiairow  uud 
KiiiiMitli ;  ilx'  lowur  ratlu^r  fiiil  on  tlitt  nIiIuh,  Itiit  retinue*!  to  a  narrow  rim 
III  ftuiit.  .liiwH  without  uartilaf^iii'iUHHlieath.  MucituroimHyHtuin  of  head 
will  (1(vi'Ii>iiimI,  iHtliiniiH  narr«)w.  Pluiiyn^ual  Itonua  rathur  wttuk  ;  tlio 
tft'tli  iiiiiiii'ioiiN,  inodorato  or  Hinall ;  tlio  h>\vur  onuM  ^ladnally  larger  than 
till'  iipiii'i'  onoM.  (^111  rakvi'H  long  ami  HltMider  above,  bucoming  Hhortur 
iliivviiwiml.  ScaloH  largu,  thick,  nearly  C4ual  over  the  botly  ;  lateral  line 
well  (lovi'loped,  Hli^j^htly  decurved  anteriorly.  Dorual  tin  elongate,  itH 
ra.VN  L'.'i  til  :<();  anterior  rayH  Homewhat  elevated,  their  length  aitout  i  that 
(if  the  liHNu  of  the  llii ;  ouudttl  not  much  forked;  anal  tin  not  much  ele- 
\utfil,  ilH  liiyN  about !);  pectoralH  and  ventraU  moderate,  the  latter  with 
aliiiiit  10  lavH.  Sexual  ditlereuceH  ulight.  Coloration  dark,  uot  uilvery. 
Ail  liludtli  r  with  2  chambeiH.  FinheH  of  very  large  Hi/.e,  inhabiting  deep 
liverH,  cliiolly  in  the  MiuHittHippi  baain.     (fV'^if;,  iinb;  /3(iO{-,  bull.) 

ScLliliutiNATIirH,  (fficATipiit,  liiiril;  yi'dtfo?,  Juw): 
'I.  Miiutli  liirK'i',  tiii'iiiiiiikl,  prutrurtilu  I'uiwunl;  li|>ii  vury  tlilii;  luwur  |iliuryiiK<'i>lN  uiiil  tiM-lli 
WI'llU.  •  I'YI'ltlNKM.A,  Uiil. 

I'TIOIMh; 

»u.  Muiitli  Kiiiiilli'i-,  moro  or  lo88  liifurior,  |iiiitrai'tilo  duwiiwiinl,  ami  with  thii-ki'i'  1I|ih;  Iuwi'I' 
l>li.ir.VMKiiiil  biiiiL'R  HtrouKi'i';  tliu  teeth  ('uiii|iurutlvely  couriiii  uiul  liirgu,  iiicrruHiii)!  in 

Ki/.n  ilnWIlWIII'll. 

h.  Biiik  Hiaicrly  cli'ViUi'il,  thi'  ili'|i0i  :J  ti>M'  (  in  li>iiKtli. 

c.  Moiitli  riitlirr  litr);i<  unit  ulili(iui>,  lipiiruuchin^  tliiit  of  /.  tiiiiriuella,  Miuro  olilii|iii! 
thiiii  III  tho  next.  VKITH,  202. 

r<:  IMonth  Diiiiill,  iiiforiiir.  Mr.ttinioNALig,  2(j:i. 

bh.  lliii  k  I'luviituil  uiid  cuiii|ii').'H8cil,  tho  dupth  2}^  to  2'^  In  li'iiKtIi;  luoiitli  Hiimll,  inl'fiior. 

Ul'UAI.I'H,  2)i4. 

Subgenus  SCLEROGNATHUS,  (Mivior.t  Vulcm  iuniuM. 

'ittL^'ICTIOKlIS  CYI'KINKLIiA,  (t'livior  A  Viilonoiuimos). 

(Bed  Mouth  Buffalo  Kinii;  Common  Uuffai.o  Fish.) 

llcud  very  large  and  thick,  3^  in  length;  depth  2i  to  3^  in  length. 
Developed  rays  of  the  doraal  27  to  29;  anal  rays  9;  ventrals  10.  Scalea 
7-37  to  41-0.  Body  robust,  moderately  compreased,  the  outline  aome  what 
elliptical,  but  the  back  rather  more  curved  than  tbo  belly.  Opercular 
apparatus  very  strong,  tho  operculum  itself  forming  nearly  i  the  length 
of  the  head.  Coloration  dull  brownish  olive,  not  silvery;  fina  duaky. 
Size  very  large ;  reaches  a  length  of  nearly  3  feet  and  a  weight  of  20  to 
30  pouiultj.  Missiaaippi  Valley ;  generally  abuDdaut  in  the  larger  streams. 
(Diminutive  of  cyprinua,  carp.) 


p^ 


164 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'  tl 

■ 

lii   ) 


% 


ff 


;j- 


i: 


.'1 


,"i 
'is 


'0 


1 

\ 

>  ■,? 

mh 

\  ! 

J.  4 
• 

Brlerogitnlhiu ciipriiieUu,  ClTViRlt  &  Valbncienner,  xvii,  477,  1844,  Lake  Pontchartrain. 
Jvhihyiihm  buhahii,  AoASHi/.,  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  Arte,  1854,  19G,  not  of  Kiifini'Hiiiic. 
lo'ithyobim ci/anelliis,  Ncr.soN,  Hull.  III.  MiiH.  Nat.  IliHt.,  I,  4t),  187C,  Illinois  River. 
IilMijiibui  Imhalun,  Jordan,  Dull.  V.  S.  Nut.  Mii8.,  xil,  214,  1878. 
Scleruj/iMllius  cDprineUa,   UOntiikii,  Cat.,  vil,  24,  18*18;  JoiiUAN  &  Gilbebt,  Syuojiniii,  88;^,  ]b>ii. 

Subgenu::  ICTIOBUS. 

2«2.  ICTIOBUS  tRUS,  (Agassiz). 

(Mongrel  Buffalo.) 

Scales  8-41-7.  D.  30;  A.  10.  Body  much  lees  elevated  and  less  com- 
preHsed  tban  iu  I.  bubalus,  the  back  iiot  at  all  cariiiated ;  axiHoi'lMMly 
above  ventials  about  at  the  lateral  line,  and  but  very  little  faitlici  (roni 
the  dorsal  outliuo  than  from  the  ventral ;  depth  3  to  'Si  in  length.  Ilciid 
very  stout,  strongly  transversely  convex,  thicker,  larger,  and  less  iiointtd 
than  iu  /.  huhalus,  about  4  in  length.  Eye  about  equal  to  snout,  5i  in  licud, 
much  smaller  than  in  I.  huhalus.  Mouth  large,  considerably  uliiicjne, 
opening  well  forward,  approaching  that  of/.  cypr'meUa,  Mandible  lon^r,., 
than  eye.  Premaxillary  somewhat  bi<low  suborbital.  Dorsal  lin  lower 
and  less  rapidly  depressed  than  in  the  next,  the  longest  ray  scarcely  \{\w 
length  of  the  base  of  the  fin.  Anal  fin  rounded ;  its  rays  not  i  iijiidly 
shortenod  ;  the  middle  ones  not  much  shorter  than  the  longest.  Colors 
very  dark;  fino  all  black.  Mississippi  Valley;  in  the  larger  strcanib, 
less  common  than  the  others ;  certainly  distinct  from  /.  huhahoi,  but  wccaii 
not  always  separate  it  from  /.  cyimnella,  and  perhaps  it  is  not  really  dif- 
ferent.   {uru8,  a  wild  bull.) 

Carpiodei  tirtm,  AdABsiz,  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  ISM,  3f).'>,  Tennessee  River,  Huntsville,  Ala. 
BubaUchllii/s  vrm,  uigcr,  Ohio  River,  and  boiinsus,  Osage  River,  AoAssiy,,  Amur.  Jour.  Svi.  Ar(», 

18r)5,  193,  195. 
Bubalich.lhtjs  unis,  Johdan,  I.  c,  209;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  883,  ?''S3. 

2«3.  ICTIOBUS  MEKIDIOMALIS,  (GUntUer). 

Scales  7-C8-7.  D.  29;  A.  10.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  slightly  cornij,Mted. 
Depth  3J  to  3i  in  length.  Head4to4i,  not  much  longer  than  high.  Eye 
rathei  small,  ^  of  the  length  of  the  head  and  §  that  of  the  snout.  Sul)ur- 
bitals  narrow.  Anterior  dorsal  rays  not  much  produced,  shorter  tliiiu  tin- 
head;  caudal  forked;  origin  of  ventral  vertically  below  the  fourth  dorsal 
ray;  pectoral  not  extendingtoventrals.  Coloration  uniform.  RioUsu'ua- 
cinta,  Guatemala.     (Giinther.)    (meridionalis,  southern.) 

Sclerogiiathus  meridhnalu,  GUnther,  Cat.,  vii,  23, 1868,  Rio  Usumacinta,  Guatemala. 

/ 
2«4.  ICTIOBUS  BUBALUS,  (Rafinesque). 

(Small-mouthed  Bcfi^alo;  Bazob-backed  Buffalo;  Sucker-moutiied  Buffaui.) 

Scales  8-39-6.  D.  29;  A.  10;  V.  10.  Body  considerably  elevated  and 
compressed  above;  the  dorsal  region  subcarinate;  belly  thicker;  depth 
2i  to  2f  in  length ;  axis  of  body  above  the  ventrals,  below  the  latoial  line, 
and  nearly  twice  as  far  from  the  back  as  from  the  belly.  Head  moderate, 
triangular  iu  outline  when  viewed  from  the  side,  4  in  length.    Eye  equal 


u 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica.         105 


to  stionl.  I  to  5  in  length  of  head,  much  larger  than  in  /.  ur\i».  Month 
Miiito  .small,  not.ahly  smaller  aud  more  inferior  than  in  /.  urus;  nian- 
(lililc  iii'Diit  i'qiial  to  eye.  Dorsal  fin  elevated  in  front  and  rapidly 
ik'iliiHii,  the  highest  ray  rerching  much  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fin, 
tboscvt'iith  ray  about  \  the  length  of  tlie  third  or  longest.  Anal  rays 
ra|ii(11>  shortened  behind,  the  middle  raya  much  shorter  than  the  first 
I, ,111;  OIK'S.  Cuioration  paler;  the  lower  fins  slightly  dusky.  Mississippi 
Valltv  anil  southward;  generally  abundant.     {(inijIuXot;,  but)al<>.) 

l„iW„.;..H  /.'  '..i/h-i,  Uakinesqui,,  Jour.  Phys.,  1818,  421,  Ohio  River. 

r.ii,„i,„„ii^  /.../,,i/».«,  KiKTI.AN-u,  Roit.  Zoiil.  Ohio,  108,  1838. 

l:i,l.,ili,liihii-  hnlidliis,  AdAKSiz,  Am,  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  195,  Ohio  River. 

/!ii;,.i/i.A(/i.'i> '"''■"'"»,  JoKDAN,  /.  c,  206,  1878. 

sl,P"jififli"^  I'lM,  (iVnTir.R,  Cat.,  vii,  22,  18C8. 

i;«Uirlilliih  "III'",  Nef-son,  in  Jordan,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  .Sci.  Philii.,  1877,  7;i,  Cairo,  III.;  Jorpa.v 

,vfliii:i:i:T,  SyiiopsJH,  8S;5,  188,1. 
l>\i,iriiioiI.xtiiiiiiix,  Mobile  River,  uiid  ('.  vitultiii,  Wabash  River,  Aoassi/,  Am,  Jour.  Sci.  ArlH' 

l.sM, :;;,.-.,  .•);.(•■ 
HiiMiMii.'i  l'iil"ilin,ii>.  .loiinA*,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix,  50,  3877,  Ohio  River. 

89.  CARPIODES,  Rafinesqne. 
(Carp  Suckkrs.) 

(',i,im,l,s,  IIafinesque,  Iclitli.  Oh.,  5fi,  1820,  {cypriims). 

Head  coinpuratively  short  and  deep;  its  length  3^  to  5  times  in  that  of 
ilicliody:  its  upper  surface  al'.'^ays  rounded.  Kye  moderate,  median  or 
anterior.  Suborbital  bones  well  developed.  Fontauollo  always  well  de- 
veloped. Mouth  small, horizontal  and  inferior;  the  mandible  less  than 
( jpiiiftli  of  head;  lips  thin,  the  upper  protractile,  narrow,  the  lower  quite 
imiTow,  f)  shaped  behind;  both  lips  feebly  plicate  or  nearly  smooth. 
laws  wiiliout  cartilaginous  sheath.  Muciferous  system  moderately  de- 
veloped. Opercular  apparatus  well  developed;  the  subopercle  broad. 
Isthiiuis  moderate.  Pharyngeal  bones  remarkably  thin,  laterally  com- 
jiressed,  with  a  shallow  furrow  along  the  anterior  margin  on  the  inside, 
and  anotlittr  more  central  one  on  the  outline  of  the  enlarged  surfaces; 
teeth  very  small,  compressed,  nearly  equally  thin  along  the  whole  inner 
cdfjeof  tlin  bono,  forming  a  fine,  comb-like  crest  of  minute  serratures; 
tlieir  cutting  edge  rises  above  the  inner  margin  into  a  prominent  point. 
liill  rakers  slender  and  stiff  above,  becoming  reduced  downward.  Body 
olilonj;;  the  dorsal  outline  more  or  less  arched ;  the  ventral  outline  nearly 
straight :  the  depth  from  k  to  i  the  length;  sides  compressed,  the  back 
notahly  so.  Caudal  peduncle  short  and  deep.  Scales  large,  about  equal 
liver  the  body;  lateral  line  well  developed,  nearly  straight,  with  34  to 
II  scales;  12  to  15  scales  in  a  cross-row  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.  Dorsal 
tin  beffinuing  near  middle  of  body,  somewhat  in  advance  of  ventrals,  fal- 
cate; its  anterior  rays  elevated,  often  filamentous,  their  height  ranging 
tVom  i  to  H  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  fin ;  the  number  of  developed 
lays  raiii,Mng  from  23  to  30;  caudal  fin  well  forked,  the  lobes  equal;  anal 
lin  comparatively  long  and  low,  emarginate  (in  males),  its  numuer  of  de- 
veloped rays  usually  8;  ventrals  8.horti8h,  with  usually  10  rays;  pectorals 


*  !■ 


it 


(    ! 


•II 


\    f 


I 


ii.. 


! 
ft 


;  It 


t    : 


1    ' 


t      I 


rr 


f 


■t' 


ii 

I 

III     : 


i 


u 

■'i  ft; 


...ii-hirjA^'^-'j-ii'itM.'-t.  .'»'ii--t-r;:n, 


ft 


ii 

1 

h- 

,<  ■ 

^ 

|j 

it: 


I' 


■ 

166 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


abort.  Sexual  peculiarities  little  marked;  in  some  species,  the  iiihIi-h  in 
spring  have  the  snont  minutely  tuberculate.  Coloration  always  iilain; 
pale  olivaceous  above,  white  below,  but  hardly  silvery,  the  fins  pliiiii. 
Air  bladder  with  two  chambers.  Size  medium  or  rather  large.  Thitt 
genus  is  very  close  to  Ictiohus  and  its  species  are  oven  more  difliciiltto 
determine.  Compared  with  letiohim,  the  CarpmleH  are  smaller  in  size 
and  paler  in  color,  with  weaker  dentition,  but  no  technical  charactor  of 
importance  separates  the  2  groups.     {Carpio,  elrJof,  carp-like.) 

(1.  Body  Hiibfiisiform,  tlin  dopt'i  about  .T  in  longtti ;  lipH  thin,  silviTy  white  in  life,  the  li!ilv(. 
of  tlio  lower  lip  nifetiiie  nt  ii  wide  nuf^Io.  cakiio,  2i'A 

aa.  Body  ovate;  oblong,  tlin  l>ncl<  olovated,  tlio  depth  about  2}/^  in  length. 
b.  Opcrcio  Btrongly  Ktrintc. 

c.  LipR  thin,  nilvor-whito  in  liTo,  tho  halvoR  of  tho  lower  lip  nioeting  in  ii  wiilc  ancle, 
R8  in  (\  rarpid. 
d.  Ilciid  hirgo,  with  blunt  snout,  tho  nostril  near  itH  tip;  nyo  largo,  3'.;  Id 4  in 
head.  difioumis,  a;ii. 

(ill.  Head  Muall  and  pointed,  the  snout  projecting  ;  eye  small,  5  to  .'i',^  in  lioail. 

THOMrsOM,  21'.:. 

cc.  Lips  full,  thirk,  reddish  in  life,  tho  halves  of  lower  lip  meeting  in  an  acntc  aiiclr. 

first  ray  of  dorsal  usually  very  long.  VKi.iKru,  2i;8, 

66.  Operclo  nearly  smooth  ;  otherwise  osaentlally  as  in  C  velifer.  ovpiicnts,  2(1Ii 

2«r>.  t'ARPIODES  CARPIO,  (Ilafincs<iuo). 
(Catip  Sucker.) 
Head  comparatively  short,  its  length  4  to  5  times  in  lenpth  oi  ..ly. 
Body  more  fusiform  than  in  the  others,  compressed,  but  not  much  arched, 
the  depth  2|  to  3  times  in  length.  Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  short,  notalily 
thickened  and  osseous  at  base,  especially  in  the  adult ;  the  first  ray  nearer 
tho  end  of  tho  muzzle  than  tho  base  of  tho  caudal  fin,  the  longest  ray  a 
little  more  than  A  the  base  of  the  fin ;  caudal  moderately  forked.  Eye 
medium,  anterior,  ii  in  head.  Muzzle  short  but  projecting  beyond  mouth, 
D.  30.  Lat.  line  36.  Size  largest  of  the  genus,  Ohio  Valley;  southwi'Ht  to 
central  Texas,  generally  abundant,  apparently  a  valid  species  but  varia- 
ble., and  its  synonymy  uncertain.  Perhaps  more  than  one  species  it*  livrr 
included,    (carpio,  carp.) 

fCalostomtu  carpio*  Kaftnesque,  Irhth.  Oh.,  56,  1820,  Falls  of  Ohio  River. 
Carpwilen  ntimmi/er.  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Sic.  Phila.,  1H7(),  484,  Wabash  River. 
OirphilfH  cnrph,  Jordan  &  Giliieut;  Synopsis,  118,  188.T;  Jordan  &  Oimiert,  Proc.  II.  .S.  Nat. 

Mus.,  188C,  20;  Toxo-s  specimens. 
fCarpiodet  hison,\  AoAs.siz,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  356,  Osage  River. 

2«6.  CARPIODES  DIFFORMIS,  Cope. 
Snout  very  blunt,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  front  of  the  pupil.    Nostrils 
very  near  tip  of  snout,  above  or  below  upper  lip;  lip^  thin,  silvery  colored 

*The  following  is  Rafincsqun's  description:  "Diameter  Ji  of  the  length;  olivaceous  bIioto, 
palo  beneath,  chin  white;  al)domen  bluish;  lateral  lino  straight;  dorsal  tin  somewhat  laloati'il 
with  36  rays;  anal  trapezoidal  with  10  rays;  head  sloping,  rounded.  Seen  at  the  Falls  uftlii' 
Ohio,  commonly  called  Carj).  Length  rroni  1  to  2  feet.  Kyes  very  small  and  black;  fins  oliva- 
ceous brown,  tho  pectorals  olivaceous,  trajiezoidal,  short,  and  with  16  rays;  tail  with  24.  Porail 
beginning  before  tho  abdominal  and  reaching  the  end  of  tho  anal  flu.  Not  so  good  to  cut  ks  the 
Buffalo  fish." 

fThe  following  is  Agassiz'g  description:  "Moto  elongated  than  C.laurut.  Tlio  head  issniallor; 
the  operclc  also  smaller  and  tho  sulicperclc  triangular.  The  dorsal  has  its  anterior  rays  longer, 
henco  its  hinder  border  is  more  deeply  emarginate.-  Anal  more  lunate.  Horizontal  diameter  of 
scales  greater." 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        107 


f    I 


•■.r>. 


in  life,  tim  lower  ^-shaped.  Head  4i  in  length ;  depth  2i  to  2}.  Eye 
(iiiilo  l;iij;t',  Hi  to  4  in  head.  First  ray  of  dorsal  nearer  nnizzle  than  base 
of  raiiiial,  the  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  usually  very  high.  Scales  6-35—1. 
1).  21 ;  A.  ^\  V.9.  Ohio  Valley  and  westward,  generally  common,  (rfi/"- 
formis,  (leformod.) 
r,iriiin,i,,  ,;i/"rmw,  OopB,  Troc.  Am.  Phil.  Sor.  PIiHb.,  1870,  •IHO,  Wabash  River;  Jordan,  I.  <■., 

I!ir>;  .Ii'HiiAN  A  Oii.iiKRT,  SyiiopHls,  120,  188,'l. 
r,iP))i>.'/c'icii/«.iHJi«!ri«H(i,  t'oPE,  I.  ('.,  481,  1«70,  Kiskiminitas  River,  Pennsylvania. 

2«7yCABPIODES  TIIOMPSONI,  Agassiz. 
(Lakb  Carp.) 
Body  stont,  short,  the- hack  much  arched,  the  depth  2i  in  length.    Head 
small,  1  to  4J  in  length,  the  snout  pointed;  lips  thin,  white,  meeting  at  a 
wide  aiifile.    Dorsal  rays  considerably  elevated,  S  as  long  as  base  of  fin. 
Eye  Hiuall,  5  to  .5J  in  head.     Tip  of  lower  Jaw  much  in  advance  of  nostrils ; 
maxillary  reaching  line  of  orbit.     Origin  of  dorsal   about  midway  of 
body.    Scales  rather  closely    ibricated,  8-39  to  41-6.   D.  27;  A.  7;  V.  10. 
(Jreat  Lake  region ;  abundant ;  our  specimens  from  Lake  Erie  at  Toledo, 
Ohio.    (Named  for  Rev.  Zadock  Thompson,  who  found  the  species  in  Lake 
Clianiplaiu.) 
air/i/i: /fW/i'M/i/w)iii,  A0AB8IZ,  Am.  Jour.  Scl.  Arts,  1855,  191,  Lake  Champlain,  Jordan,  /.  r., 

1!IS;  .Idi'dan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  119,  188."}. 
fr.iij.im/.s  seUne*  CopE,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Sec.  1870,  481,  suppogod  to  Im  from  Root  P'ver, 
Michiga''.. 

2«8.  CAUPIODES  TELIFER,  (Raflncsquo). 

(Quillpack;  Spearfisii;  Sailfish;  Skimrack.) 
Muzzle  conic,  projecting,  obtusely  pointed  ;  tip  of  the  mandible  reach- 
in;;  to  opposite  nostrils;  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  front  of  orbit. 
Lips  full,  thick,  flesh-colored  in  life,  the  lower  lip  /^-shaped,  the  halves 
mpoMiig  in  an  acute  angle.  Anterior  suborbital  as  deep  as  long.  Head 
3J  to  4  ill  length.  Eye  moderate  or  small,  4  to  5  in  head.  Body  much 
arched  above,  the  depth  21  to  3  in  length.  First  ray  of  dorsal  usually 
nearer  muzzle  than  base  of  caudal;  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  always  elevated 
or  tilainoutoiis,  sometimes  as  long  as  base  of  fin.  Caudal  deeply  forked; 
its  lobes  slender,  the  upper  the  longer.  Scales  7-35-5.  D.  26  or 27.  Miss- 
issippi Valley  and  southwestward  to  Rio  Grande  and  upper  Missouri,  gen- 
erally abundant  and  very  variable.  Much  of  the  following  synonymy  is 
doubtful,  some  of  the  names  perhaps  belonging  to  C.  carpio  or  C,  difformis. 
(ri'Utm,  fiiiil ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

fnh'stoiiuiii  vclifer,  Uafinekque,  Ichth.  Oh.,  BC,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

(•.ir)iii.ilfsrcU/er,  CoPE,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  1870,  482;  Jordan,  I.  c,  196, 1878. 

Ciiriiioilee  ciiprinm  and  tumidns,  Jordan  <fe  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  119, 1883. 

hliniiis ivJifer,  Jordan,  Man.  Vort.,  Ed.  5,  45, 1890. 

hii'hm  rrllfer,  Jordan  &  GILBERT,  Proc.  U.  3.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886, 18,  iloscription  of  var.  tiimUlHii,  from 

Tcxiis  spocimeno. 
C,irim,l,si:.,ni,i,iii,  Baird  & GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1854,  28,  Rio  Grande  at  Fort 

^rown,  Texas.    (Type,  No.  178. ) 
Oirjii.i,/,.,  ilanialis,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 170,  Milk  River,  Montana. 
Oir-ii,„i,.f  ijrnyi,  CoPE,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  482,  Western  States. 

*£}u  3g  in  lioad;  color  silvery  white.    D.  26.    Tliis  may  bo  identical  with  C.  difformin 


'    t 


h 


'  f( 


}:  l^ 


t  i 


\      ( 


i 


{•f 


t 


'*.i»-.^u:ii;- 


^•.^_i*'  .JAi''K]:K'M*A,'iiil~i*-'-,!-^i- 


^r 


'II 


168 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


2«e.  CARPIODES  CTPRINU8,  (Lo  Sueur). 
(Eahtcrn  Carp  Suckbu.) 

Very  similar  to  C,  velifer,  the  mouth  similar  but  the  opercle  nearly 
aniooth  with  scarcely  any  wrinkles  or  furrows.  Bo'ly  rather  elon^iute. 
Eye  quite  small;  dorsal  fin  high,  color  silvery,  dorsal  disky;  paired  liiia 
edged  with  white.  Streams  about  Chesapeake  Bay,  common  in  the  CIksm- 
peake  and  Potomac,  rare  in  the  Delaware,     (cuprinus,  cavp.) 

CkUoHhimm  qipriuut,  Le  Subvr,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  I,  1817.  91,  Elk  River  and  other 

tributaries  of  Chesapeake  Bay;  GOntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  10,  IKiiH. 
Carpiudei  vacca,  A0A88IZ,  Am.  Jour.  Soi.  Arti,  1854,  25G,  Susquehanna  River. 


V 


m 


:  I 


I 


"!' 


/      ?'• 


,,       I 


\  M 


g  fm 


90.  CYCLEPTUS,  Eafluosque. 
(Black  Horse.) 

Oycleplm,  Rafinesqi'e,  Jour.  Phys.  Chyinie.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  1819,  421,  (nigreiceiu), 
UhylUlosloirms,  IIeokrl,  Ilustsoggori?  Ru'sou  Syrion,  1023,  1842,  {ehmodliis). 

Head  very  small,  short  and  slender,  6  to  7  times  in  body;  its  upper 
surface  rounded.  Eye  small,  behind  middle  of  head,  not  very  hij;li  up. 
Suborbital  I'ones  small  and  narrow.  Fontanelle  entirely  obliterated  l>y 
the  union  of  the  parietal  bones.  Mouth  small,  entirely  inferior,  overlapjjpd 
by  the  projecting  snout ;  upper  lip  thick,  pendent,  covered  with  son  cral 
rows  of  tubercles  ;  lower  lip  moderate,  formed  somewhat  as  in  CatoKtonnis, 
but  less  full,  incised  behind.  Jaws  with  rudimentary  cartilaginous  sh<>uth, 
Mnciferous  system  not  greatly  developed.  Operculum  smooth  and  narrow. 
Isthmus  moderate,  ({ill  rakers  moderate,  soft.  Pharyngeal  bones  stroiif,' ; 
the  teeth  stout,  inr  leasing  in  size  downward,  rather  wide  apart,  iiody 
elongate,  modern  tely  compressed,  not  much  elevated ;  the  caudal  pediiucle 
long;  scales  moderate,  about  equal  over  the  body,  with  wide,  exjiosed 
surfaces,  the  number  in  the  lateral  line  from  55  to  60.  Lateral  linn  well 
developed,  nearly  straight.  Fins  rather  large;  dorsal  fin  beginnin<r  in 
front  of  ventrals  and  ending  just  before  anal,  of  about  30  rays,  struiifjly 
falcate  in  front,  the  first  and  second  developed  rays  in  length  more  than 
i  length  of  base  of  fin,  the  rays  rapidly  shortened  to  about  the  ei^^lith, 
the  remaining  rays  being  all  short;  caudal  fin  large,  widely  forked,  the 
lobes  about  equal.  Anal  fin  quite  small,  low,  of  7  or  8  developed  rays, 
scaly  at  base.  Ventrals  moderate,  with  10  rays.  Pectorals  elongate, 
somewhat  falcate.  Sexual  peculiarities  marked;  the  males  in  spring 
with  black  pigment ;  the  head  thru  covered  with  small  tubercles.  Air 
bladder  with  2  chambers,  the  anterior  short,  the  posterior  elongatt. 
One  species  known.  (kvka.oc,  Tonvd;  XfTTTof,  slender ;  "the  name  means 
small  round  mouth." — Rafinesquc.) 

270.  CYCLEPTUS  EL0N0ATU8,  (Le  Sueur). 
(Black  Horse  ;  Goubd-beed  Sucker  ;  HissorRi  Sucker  ;  Suckerel.) 

Depth  4  to  5  in  length ;  head  6  to  8i ;  eye  small,  6  to  7  in  head.  Dorsal 
rays  30 ;  anal  7  or  8 ;  scales  9-56-7.  Longest  dorsal  rays  a  little  longer 
than  head;  pectorals  rather  longer  than  head.    Coloration  very  dark, 


for  Jan  and  FA'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


IfiO 


tlu- niii1< -<  in  Npriiig  almost  black.     Size  largo.     Length  2}  feot.     Missis- 
hiiipi  Vill'v;  rather  coinmou  iu  large  streams.     A  singular  and  intorest- 
\\\g  lisli-     [iloiiyatus,  elongate). 
r,iM'"""'""y'"".  LESi'Ktn,  .(our.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Philii.,  i,  1817,  10.1,  Ohio  River. 

iy-;.i..:/.-irt"^  .'■"ly"'"',  OCntiieii,  <"iit.,  vn,  2:j,  186S. 

CvJ.j''"- ""':/"'"".  •I"iii>AN  it  GiMiKiir,  SynoiwiH,  \i\,  1883. 

C(/r;. (''■■«  "';/""•""'.  ItAKiNKsijrE,  JotiF.  PliyH.,  18l!i,  4:il,  Ohio  River. 

.ImW"/""  hi'i'f,  lUi'iNKsgiK,  /.(.•.,  421,  (doBciiptiou  iiisulIicJoDt;  ut  sucoutl  iiauil),Ohio  River. 

91.  PANTOSTEUS,  Copo. 
(Mountain  Suckers.) 

;>,i,i/.«(."«,  CoPK,  liiput.  Whoelor's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mor.,  v,  07.3,  1870,  {platyrhyHchtis^. 

Head  lather  small,  4  to  5  times  iu  length  of  hody,  flattish  and  rather 
liioad  iiiiDve,  anteriorly  somewhat  pointed.  Eye  rather  small,  usually 
lit'liinil  I  lio  niiddle  of  the  head.  Suborbital  bones  narrow.  Bones  of  head 
rather  thick,  the  2  parietal  bones  in  the  adult  more  or  less  united, 
partly  or  wholly  obliterating  the  fontanelle,  which,  however,  is  evident 
in  tlio  young.  Mouth  rather  large,  entirely  inferior;  each  jaw  with  a 
nidii'  or  less  developed  cartilaginous  sheath.  Upper  lip  broad,  papillose, 
with  a  rat  her  broad  free  margin  and  2  or  more  series  of  tubercles.  Lower 
hp  larfTiiy  developed,  with  a  broad  free  margin  deeply  Incised  behind. 
I'haryni;i>al  1>ones  and  teeth  essentially  as  iu  Catoatomus.  Isthmus  broad. 
ilody  clonjiate,  subterete,  little  compressed.  Scales  quite  small,  80  to  105 
ill  the  course  of  the  lateral  line,  and  30  to  35  in  a  cross  series  between 
dorsal  and  ventrals,  usually  more  or  leas  reduced  iu  size  and  crowded  for- 
ward, as  in  CatoHtomux.  Lateral  line  well  developed,  straightish.  Fins 
generally  rather  small.  First  ray  of  dorsal  usually  about  midway  of 
l)()(ly,  Its  rays  few.  9  to  12  in  number.  Ventrals  inserted  under  posterior 
part  of  dorsal,  the  rays  10  or  9;  anal  short  and  high,  with  7  developed 
rays.  Caudal  rathoi-  shallow  emarginate.  Pectorals  well  developed. 
Air  hla<ldcr  with  2  chambers,  the  posterior  chamber  very  slender.  Size 
rather  small.  Rocky  Mountain  region,  mostly  in  rocky  brooks  in  the 
arid  district.  The  genus  is  close  to  Catoatomus  and  may  bo  inseparable 
from  it,  as  in  3  species  of  Pantosteus  the  fontanelle  never  (juite  disappears, 
rotainin^^  through  life  the  characters  of  the  young  of  other  species  of 
Pantoxtcn^.  This  iudicatcs  the  probability  that  Pantoatciix  is  a  modiiied 
descendant  of  species  of  C«<o«<o>wm».     {nuv<:,  all;  ofrrtor,  bono.) 

a.  Funtiiiiitlo  ontiroly  oblitorated  in  tlio  adult. 

h.  S-ali's  (pf  back  vory  miicti  otiIiir>;cd,  tliorn  being  less  than  20  between  dorsal  fin  and 
iia|>i',  along  the  median  line;  about  75  Bcales  in  lateral  lino.  Head  very  broad,  and 
llaltish  above.    Gila  basin.  arizon*,  271. 

iili.  SiKle."  of  back  not  notably  enlarged,  there  being  30  to  50  before  dorsal. 

i:  S('ttles  moderate,  80  to  00  ;  mouth  and  lips  moderate;  dorsal  rays  ntnially  9. 
rf.  Head  short  and  small,  nearly  5  in  length  ;  body  slender.     Utah  b  isin. 

jF.NEnostJs,  272. 
(M.  Ilead  rather  large,  about  42  in  length;  body  stout.     Bio  Grande. 

I'l.EnEniR,  273. 
rr.  Scales  very  small,  90  to  100  in  lateral  line,  usually  about  95;  mouth  large,  with  very 
full  lips;  head  short;  tail  slender;  dorsal  rays  9  to  12. 
r.  Oaudi-xl  moderate,  shallow-forked,  its  lobes  shorter  than  head;  flns  low.    Colo- 
rado basin.  deli-iiinus,  274. 


■■'-I 


1 


\ 


i       I 

Mi 


,    I 


r 


;i?   \l 


j 
t 


i 


r    fl 


1! 

11 


t  ■', 


i 


'l^^^^^ll^Jh-^■j^L.yJ..  . 


■I  .     i, 


Hf 


mi  1 


;     ■    ■ 
■     1     i ' 

m- 

,  ,..,..<), 

170 


J3uUetin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


re.  Caiiilnl  loii);,  deeply  forked,  its  \»\wi  pulnted,  loiigur  tliiin  hcnd.     Ileml  ^||o^t 

Tiiii  leiiKtIi.    Coithiiila  basin.  uii/manif.nsi., 'j;,',, 

(Id.  Fontamtllo  rtiinuinlnK  i>artly  o|)on  in  tho  adult;  ncalcH  mnall,  crowded  auturiorly;  iIorMHl 

Nliiirt  (tranNitiiin  spcclpfi,  iippmaeliing  C<i('<fi{»mii/i). 

/.  HealeH  in  latenil  lino  IK)  to  IIMI ;  heail  aliort,  4>^  to  T)  in  lungtli.     Up|)or    Misiiniiri  imd 

Columbia  baHinn.  jordani,  27A. 

Sf.  SealeH  in  lateral  lino  about  70;  lowor  lip  morn  inciNed. 

(/.  8i-aleii  iKiforo  dornal  42,  tlio  scalex  of  tlie  liody   iKMOg  much  crowded  InrHiinl. 
Nevada  baniu.  An.v.nri  s,  t'Cl. 

gg.  HcaloH  bcforu  donial  2.'(,  tho  scalcR  of  body  littlo  crowded  forward.     Uila  bu^in. 

ci.AllKi,  278. 
871.  FANT08TEU8  ARIZONJE,  Gilbert,  new  Rpeelex. 

Head  4? ;  depth  4f .  D.  12 ;  A.  7.  Scales  8-75-11  to  17 ;  nnnsually  large 
sca]eH  bef«>ro  dorsal.  Body  rather  robust,  the  caudal  peduuclo  stuiitiHb, 
compressed.  Head  shortish,  unusually  broad  and  flat,  tho  interurliital 
very  wide,  flattened  or  even  slightly  concave,  the  orbital  rim  being  Hoine- 
w hat  raised;  eye  moderate,  posterior,  the  snout  very  long,  considcrably 
longor  than  rest  of  head ;  eye  3  in  snout,  1|  in  postorbital  part  of  licad, 
5^  in  head;  mouth  very  wide,  with  wide  papillose  lips  and  well-ci')VGlo|ie(l 
cartilaginous  sheath  to  the  jaws;  fontanello  obliterated,  tho  bone  ahove 
it  very  thin ;  isthmus  broad.  Fins  all  comparatively  large,  the  pectoral 
liV  in  head ;  caudal  well  forked,  IVtr  iu  head,  with  numerous  basal  riuli- 
mentary  rays;  edge  of  dorsal  straight.  Scales  peculiar,  those  on  hack 
very  large,  those  along  lateral  line  moderate,  those  on  belly  very  Hinall, 
becoming  minute  below ;  scales  posteriorly  along  lateral  line  much  larger 
than  anteriorly.  Dark  brown  above,  pale  below.  L.  9  inches.  GilabaHin. 
PaHtoaem  araomv,  Gii.nRRT,  MS.,  Salt  River,  Tempe,  Arizona. 

272.  PANTOSTEUS  OENEROSUS,  (Girard). 
(Mountain  Suckkb.) 
Body  moderately  elongate,  the  depth  5  to  bl  in  length.  Head  short 
and  small,  4ji  to  5  in  length.  Dorsal  rays  9  (rarely  10);  ventral  rays  10 
(rarely  9) ;  scales  15-81-14.  .Lower  lip  full,  with  4  or  5  rows  of  tuber- 
cles ;  upper  with  2.  Isthmus  very  broad.  Heiad  with  conspicuous  mucous 
tubes.  Lower  fins  large.  Light  brown  above,  with  dusky  spots  aud 
clouds ;  males  with  the  chin  and  fins  red,  and  a  crimson  lateral  band.  L.  8 
inches.  Great  Basin  of  Utah  ;  very  abundant  in  streams  about  Great  Salt 
Lake  and  southwest  through  the  Sevier  basin  and  the  desert.  (GentronvH, 
generous.) 

Cn/o«<omiM(;eiiero»tu>, GiRAUD,  Pioc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  IS.Ifi,  174,  Cottonwood  Creek,  Utah. 

(Type,  No.  250.) 
Minomiis  jarrovii.  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phll.Soc.  Phila.,  1874, 129-130,  Provo  River,  Utah.     (TyF. 

No.  18008.) 
PantniiteHS  generomiii,  Jordan  &  Gilhert;  Synopsis,  12.1,  188.3. 
Mhomiii pUilyrhyHchm,  Covti,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1874,  134,  Utah  Lake  at  Provo. 

(Ty|)e,No.l57C3.) 
I'anloKleiu  phUyrhynchM,  .loRWAN  &  GltBERT,  Synopsis,  124,  1883. 

273.  PANTOSTEUS  PLEBEIVS,  (Baird  &  Girard). 
Head  comparatively  large,  4^  to  4|  in  length ;  depth  4f ;  eye  5  in  head. 
Ventrals  reaching  nearly  to  vent.    Scales  moderate,  scarcely  crowded 
anteriorly,  80  in  the  lateral  line,  25  to  30  in  a  cross  series.     Body  rather 

-1 

% 

I 


foniiiu  and  Eiermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         171 


stout.  HiilifiiBiform.  Dorsal  inserted  midway  l>etwe<!n  snout  and  upper 
caiiilitl  ijivh;  vandal  short,  eiiiar^inato.  Color  dark  brown,  faintly 
mot  I  It  <1.  Hides  with  orange  in  the  males.  L.  1  foot.  Kasin  of  the  Kio 
(iritnde, Colorado  toChihiialiua  ;  very  common,     (plvheiun,  commonplace.) 

r.i/...«("i/in  ji/./viii/i,  lUini)  \  (iiKARii,   Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.   IMiilii.,  1K')4,  28,  Rio  Mimbres,  a 
tributary  of  Lake  Guzman,  Chihuahua.     (T>|i(>,  Nn.  V'<H.) 

(■,il,.,l..,„ni  lihliriim,    (iCNTllEn,    ('lit.,    VII,    l.'i,  IHCi.S;   r,iiilinl,ii^  pUhfiiiH,  .loRIIAN,    /.   r.,   IHI,    1S7H; 
.lollHAN    V   (iir.llKKT,  S.VII(>Ilf  1h,  122,  1H8;!. 

Pmihiilni'  I'lirnrii,  Ca)VK  &  Yaurow,  l)Ut  not  Miiiotivu  jdrroi'ii,  C'oi'F.. 

274.  PANTOSTEUS  DELPHINU8,  (Copo). 
(nLUF.iiEADKit  Sucker.) 
Head  rather  "''.'^;t,  4,!|to  4f  in  length;  npper  lip  broad  and  pendant; 
lower  lip  very  broad,  more  deeply  incised  thun  in  P.  jordani,  the  lobes 
poiiitt'd:  tail  very  slender,  the  camlal  long;  mouth  large,  with  very  fnll 
lips:  licpth  about 5  in  length  ;  scales  16-96  to  105-14.  D.  10.  Colordnsky 
liluiHli  above,  males  with  sides  moreor  less  rosy,  the  snout  and  tins  tuber- 
cnlate.  A  curved  yellowish  streak  extending  from  bolly  behind,  and 
abov(<  pectoral  axil.  L.  12  inches.  Mountain  streams  tributary  to  the 
Colorado  River  in  Western  Colorado  and  Wyoming ;  very  abundant. 
(di'lpliiniix,  dolphin.) 

V:i';mii!i  ililiiliiiiuH,  Cope,  Ilaydou's  Gool.  Snr.  Wyoming  for  1870,  4;W,  l)t72,  probably  Hen/y 

Fork  of  Green  River,  Wyoming. 
.ViiiMi.iim  Ifiinhii',  Coi'K,  /.  c,  4;iG;  locality  not  certain,  but  probably  Henry  Fork  of  Green 

River,  Wyoming. 
p,iiihi'l<'ii  rill  SITUS,  (Jiii'E,  Whoelor  Survey,  ZoJil.,  07.%  187ti,  wrongly  asiTiboil   to  Arkansas 

River  at  Pueblo;  .Fordan  &  Oilbeiit,  Synopsis*,  124,  188;i.     (Typo,  No.  I(i758.) 
;'.iii/...(.ii«.?./;i/iiiiHS  .loRiiAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  1889,  19. 

27ri.  P.4XT0STEUS  OUZMANIENSIS,  (Giranl). 
Head  '>;  depth  5.  D.  9;  A.  8.  Scales  14-90-14.  Body  stout,  little 
conipro.ssed.  Head  nearly  as  broad  as  eye;  eye  sr  U,  about  i  snout; 
moiitii  small ;  lips  with  considerable  free  margin.  Dorsal  inserted  mid- 
way Ixitwcon  snout  and  caudal ;  caudal  deeply  notched ;  .anterior  rays  of 
•loisal  longest.  (Garman,  description  of  C.  nihuUfernH.)  Streams  of 
Coaliuila  and  Chihuahua,  tributary  to  the  Rio  (irande.  Possibly  iden- 
tical with  r.  pleheiuH,  but  the  small  scales  and  short  head  approach 
nearer  /'.  dclphinus,  which  is  in  a  diftereut  river  system. 

/iilosioiiiii.'i  (/i(.:iiii(iii>iisi«,*  GiuARB,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  S<'i.   Pliila.,  IS-W,  173;  Rio   Janos,  a  tribu- 
tary of  Lake  Guzman,  Chihuahua.    (Type,  No.  2<'i0.) 
r.i/.i»/,„„iisHWiii/(/ini«,  Garman,  Bull.  Mui).  Conip.  Zoiil..  viii,  89,  1881,  Rio  Nazas,  Coahuila. 
Oi/iin/iiiHii.s  uihnli/er,  Jordan  &■  Giliiert,  Synoiwis,  883,  1883. 

27i».  PANTOSTEUS  .TORDAXI,  Evormann. 

Iliad  li  to  5^;  depth  4^  to  5.     Eye  4^  to  5  in  head.     D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  7. 

ScalcH  Ifi-OO  to  100-14,  48  before  dorsal.     Body  rather  stout;  subterete; 

iicad  Kliort,  conic;  interorbital space  broad,  little  convex ;  snout  long,  2 in 

head;  mouth  large;  lower  lip  broad,  little  incised, covered  with  moderate 

♦Till'  typo  iif  t^itoslomm  gnzmiiuiengis  is  a  I'diilngleiin.  It  liivs  100  sculfs  in  tlio  lnti>ral  lino,  48 
soalis  li.'lore  dorsal,  the  fins  bigb.  Don^al  rays  11;  bend  6  in  Icnprtb,  pycs  Hmn!!;  an  orange  Jat- 
>'rul  liaiid.    It  is  probably  identical  with  C.  nebuli/er,  from  the  same  fauual  area. 


^  ^-  4vfBi  '1;' 


i 


ii' 


I 


|1 

U  : 


s^  I 


I-' 


tl 


h 


=  !• 


>' 


i'   ' 


f  Hi 

«  -pi' 


I   M 


!   t 


I 


tj 


I 


T 


w- 


172 


Bulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\\ 


I' 


tuberclon;  upper  lip  broad,  oxtoiKliii);  well  down  on  sides  of  nioiitli,  itn 
tiibercloH  in  {( or  4  rows;  lower  lip  tbiii;  more  deeply  iiiciHed  tiiaii  m  /'. 
gcnvroHHH,  the  lobes  rounded;  the  cartiliiginouH  Hheath  well  dcveloinil; 
caudal  peduncle  stout;  scales  small,  much  crowded  forward;  dorsal  sukiIi, 
its  liei);ht  l\  in  head,  a  little  more  than  base  of  fin  ;  pectorals  long,  an  Imi^' 
as  head,  reaching  halfway  to  vontruls  ;  ventrals  short,  not  to  vent ;  ion- 
tanelle  a  very  narrow  slit,  or  quite  obliterated  in  old  individual.s.  :iir 
bladder  small,  the  posterior  part  very  long  and  slender.  Dark  grecnisli, 
finely  speckled,  males  with  an  orange  lateral  band ;  peritoneum  very  Muck 
L.  about  a  foot.  Clear  streams  of  upper  Missouri  and  Columbia  iivir 
basins,  IMack  Hills,  and  northwestward.  (Named  for  David  Man 
Jordan.) 


Mi      , 


\  <! 


if  I 


(  " 


I 

f  s 


m 


m 


.  M 


VanUtRleuii  jnrdmii,  KvRnMANN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Finli  Com.,  1S02  (Jan.  27,  1893^,  51,  with  pint,, 
Whitewood  Creek  and  other  streams  of  the  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota;  Red 
Rock  River,  Red  Rock,  Montana,  and  numerous  other  localities.   (Typo,  Nu.'l.:'ji):i.i 

CitloKloiimK  iluHjiMm,  Kvermann,  Hull.  U.  S.  Fbh  (,'oiii.,  18111  (18'Ji),  41,  plute  18,  llj?.  1. 

I'ltiitimteuH  rirencmn,  JouDAN,  Bull.  4,  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1878,  780. 

PiihIdhU'iih  cnlniiihianiiii*,  EiOENMANN  &  ElioR.SMANN,  Amoriam  NattiraliRt,  Fehnmry  4,  l(<'.i:i,  l,',l, 
Boise  River,  Caldwell,  Idaho,    (Tyiiua  in  ludiana  University  and  British  Mim: .) 

CaloMomm<iucobuln»,  JouUAN  ib  CilLUKKT,  Syuupsis,  125,  1883  ;  uot  of  Cope. 

877.  PANTOSTEUS  AR.EOPUS,  (Jordan). 

Fins  moderate;  dorsal  higher  than  long,  with  10,  rarely  11,  rays;  ven- 
tral rays  10.  Scales  small,  crowded  forward,  10  or  9-70-8.  llody  don- 
gate,  fusiform,  subtorete,  the  greatest  depth  4i  to  4  J  in  length.  I  lend 
small,  conical,  i^  in  length.  Mouth  quite  large,  with  full,  thick  lips, 
the  upper  very  wide  and  pendant,  with  about  (5  rows  of  very  stKin;; 
papillte ;  lower  lip  two-lobed,  similarly  papillose.  Interorbital  .'<|)ace 
wide,  convex;  eye  elevated,  posterior,  quite  small.  Color  dark;  wcales 
with  dark  punctnlations.  Kern  River,  California;  Carson  liivcr  and 
Reese  River,  Nevada,     (dpatof,  slender ;  wrr//,  aperture.) 

CtUotlomm  arieojtiiii,  J()HD\s, 'BuW.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  1878,  173,  Kern  River,  California. 
(Typo,  No.  31228.) 

Catoalimina  arwopm,  JoiinAN  &  IlENsnAW,  Ropt.  Chief  Engin.,  App.  nn.,  1878, 188;  Jordan  k  (Gil- 
bert, Synopsis,  127,  1883;  Gilbert,  Death  Valluy  Expedition,  228,  18!)3. 

278.   PANTOSTEUS  CLARKI,  (Baird  &  Girard). 

Closely  related  to  P.  arwopus,  with  rescricted  fontanelle  and  cartiln};!- 
nous  sheath  to  jaws,  but  with  the  sca'.es  less  crowded  anteriorly,  tliiro 
being  but  23  before  dorsal.  D.  11.  Scales  70;  fins  all  small.  Kio  Uila 
and  tributaries  in  Arizona.  (Named  for  .John  H.  Clark,  who  iir.st  col- 
lected it.) 

<kUotUymm  clarki,  Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1854,  27,  Rio  Santa  Cruz, 
Gila  Bas'n,  Arizona;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  130,  1-<S3.    (Type,  No.  ICifi.) 

♦Head  4§  to  4?.     D.  11  or  12  ;  A.  8.     Scalr'S  16  to  10-80  to  1(M)-15.     Eye  1^  to  2  in  Rii.ni.  1!  to 
IJ  in  interorbital,  31  to  4  in  head.     All  tlio  fins  pointod,  tho  caiida)   lobes  considoraMv  liiii;.'i'r 

than  the  head.    Light  brown  with  indistinct  clondx  of  darker.     Three  s|H>oitncns,  !)2  to  1< 'n- 

in  length.  Boise  River,  Idaho,  a  tributary  of  the  Columbia.  Related  to/',  gcnernsus,  tin'  <',vu 
lai -3r,  the  caudal  longer.  (Eigenmann.)  (Named  for  the  Columbia  River.)  An  e.xaiuiiiiitiou 
of  numerous  specimena  from  the  Columbia  basin  shows  this  to  be  the  young  of  P.jordani. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Nortli  America.        173 


92.  CATOSTOMUS.  L«  Su«ur. 

(FiNK-HCALKD  SUCKKH8.) 

(■,i(„./m,  Ml',  \,y.  SfKVR,  Jciiir.  Ac.  Niit.  S<'l.  Pliila.,  i,  ISl",  H!J,  (cri^n/iimiiii). 

U,il„,(l'lt"i'i,  lUriNlusglK,  Jdiir.  Ac.  Niit.Scl.  I'lilIii.,lStN,4'.il,  (mi(.)v.;i/('nim  =  Hi</rienn»). 

fiiTOH^'H"".  ItA»'iNf''*'i''Ki  It'll.  (»i.,. V.I,  \><'1<),  {iiii'(j<tKi(>iiiiiii,  Imscd  (III  iin  liii'orrtrt  (Irawiog). 

Ii,;iirliilii',  Il.M'INSSyrr,  Ii'll.  Ull.,  t'ld,  18'JO,  {liimliiiiii'main  --  cn)itiiuriuiiii). 

Iliil'ii:>i:"i,  Aii.vsHiz,  Am.  Jour.  Si'i.  Art»,  iH55,  '20,'j,  (nigricani). 

l/i.i""""-.  <!inAiiii,  Proc.  Ac.  Nnt.Scl.  Plilla.,  1850, 1711, (mm'i/iiiii). 

|,,„„i-,  lau.MU),  /.c.,173,  IwriC,  (/<r(i/m(iiiii«). 

Hi'iul  iiioi'o  or  leNS  elongate ;  eye  rather  sinall,  high  up :  Huhorbital  bonea 
iiiuiow.  foiitiuiollo  always  present,  widely  open.  Mouth  rather  large, 
ulwiivH  inferior,  upper  lip  thick,  protractile,  papillose;  lower  lip  greatly 
(Icvcloi'til,  with  a  broad  free  margin,  usually  deeply  incised  behind,  so 
tliiit  ii  i'oiiiiH  2  lobes  which  are  often  more  or  less  separated.  Mandible 
linii/iiiital,  short,  not  ^  the  length  of  the  head  and  not  reaching  to  oppo- 
site till-  i\vo.  Opercles  moderate.  Pharyngeal  bones  moderate ;  the  teeth 
shortish,  vertically  compressed,  rapidly  diminishing  in  size  upward. 
Hmlv  cliiiigate,  more  or  less  fusiform,  subterete.  Scales  comparatively 
(tmail,  tvpioally  much  smaller  and  crowded  anteriorly,  the  number  in  the 
liitcnil  liiif  from  50  to  115,  the  number  in  a  transverse  series  between 
(huNiii  mill  ventials  from  15  to  40.  Lateral  line  well  developed,  straightish. 
Doisal  with  its  first  ray  nearly  midway  of  the  body,  with  from  9  to  14 
,lcv('i(i|ii'il  rays.  Anal  fin  short  and  high,  with  7  developed  rays;  veutrals 
iimt'ttiMl  under  the  middle  or  posterior  part  of  the  dorsal,  with  9  or  10 
rays;  cainlal  fin  forked,  the  lobes  nearly  equal.  Sexual  peculiarities  not 
miieh  mil  iked  ;  the  fins  higher  in  the  male  and  the  anal  somewhat  swollen 
ami  tiiliorculate  in  the  spring.  Breeding  males  in  most  species  with  a 
rosy  or  orange  lateral  band.  Air  bladder  with  2  chambers,  the  poste- 
rior chamber  large.  Vertebrae  45  to  47.  Species  very  numerous,  all 
licioni,nni;  to  the  United  States,  except  the  Siberian  C.  rostratus  Tilesins. 
Many  of  tiie  western  species  are  imperfectly  known,  and  the  following 
key  is  far  from  complete,     (/cdrw,  inferior;  aTo/ia,  mouth.) 

I.  II>':i<l  ii':in:<vi'rscly  cuuvcx  iibovu,  thu  orbitiil  rim  not  eluvatod;  scales  iu  lateral  liuo  GO  or 


('ATi'>i'iM  rs  ■. 

h.  Si  aliH  via-y  Binall,  much  roduced  and  crowded  anteriorly,  the  number  in  the  lateral 
lino  80  toll,"), 
c.  rppi^r  lip  very  broad,  with  sovoriil  (5  or  0)  rows  of  papillnc. 

i(.  Dorsal  fin  of  11  to  13  rays,  very  high,  especially  in  the  male,  the  free  edge  of 
dorsal  deeply  incised;  caudal  very  strong;  the  rudimentary  rays  at  its  base 
largely  developed  in  the  adult,  the  caudal  peduncle  slender;  tlie-so  charac- 
ters all  most  strongly  marked  iu  adult  males;  lips  very  full. 

LATIPINNIS,  279. 

(III.  Dorsal  fln  of  10  to  12  raj-s,  moderately  developed;  caudal  fin  moderate,  its 

rudimentary  rays  few,  the  peduncle  rather  stout;  lips  full;  lower  lip  split 

to  base.  orisevs,  280. 

cc.  Upper  lip     .ick  but  narrow,  with  3  rowo  of  papilln;.    D.  0  or  10.    pocatei.lo,  281. 

ctv.  Upper  lip  comparatively  thin  and  narrow  with  2  to  4  rows  of  papillae;  dorsal  rays 

10  or  11. 

e.  Scales  in  lateral  line  95  to  115;  body  slender,  the  head  long-conical;  mouth 

narrow,  lower  lip  wplit  to  hose,  but  the  lubes  short.  catostomus,  282. 

ee.  Scales  in  lateral  lino  83  to  87;  body  and  head  stouter.  taiioensis,  283. 

cee.  Scales  in  lateral  line  80;  lowoi  jaw  strong.  hex,  284. 


I. 

i 
,1' 


*  i 


( , 


1     .     '      r 


n   '. 


^'S'^i^t^j'X:^;  '2:'Jj':^l  v~\ 


T 


W     ;•?; 


:l! 


:f    ■"■' 


''*  I 


,.v  i 


174 


liulUtin  47,  United  States  National  Miaeum. 


UKOAcrrLCH,  (()««a,  iHii;  iaxTvAot,  too,  i.  ..,  viMitnil  riijfd); 

\th.  t!<<'»l<iH  Kiiiiill,  but  liirKur  timii  111  tkit  iirttcuiliiiK  i;i'uii|>i  tlx'  iiumbur  in  tlii)  lati'iul  Inn 
Wi  to  7r., 
/.  tk'iili'N  ill  lutcrnl  lliiu  70  tu  V^\  lo\vi>r  lip  bi'uu<l. 
(/.  Diirxiil  (III  iiiDilrriilc,  of  II  to  i:i  ra.VN. 

h.  Diii'N'il  till  nliot'l,  hiKliur  tiiiiit  Ioiik;  Iii'UiI  riitliur  bliintUli,  KY^  In  l«ii|.'tli. 

LAUIATI'i<,  'JM 

Mi.  UorMul  till  Ii>iiK<'r  tliitii  IiIkIi. 

I.  Svuli'H  bi't'oru  ilurxal  about  4n;  licinl  coiilfiil,  miiull,  4' |^  in  IciikiIi. 

OCt'lllKNTAI.IH,  iVi, 

II.  8('(il(>H  Iwforu  (lurMkl  :tl;  liuud  larK<'r,  4'/,  in  IciiKtli. 

IlKBNAItniM,  'JtiT. 

ijij.  Doi'Hili  llii  long,  of  uliout  15  riiyx,  liuiul  liirgi',  tin*  lii>N  vory  full. 

MAL'UUCIIKII.I  S,  'JSK. 

Jf.  Si'itli'H  in  liiluntl  liiii'  fiH  to  70;  lipK  willi  iilxint  4  rowH  iit'inipillif. 

J.  "NoHii"  llttlii  (luvclopcd,  not  jiidjiTtirit;  iniicli  beyond  tiiu  inudoriitc   iiiuiiili; 
niiiiiilible  uviirly  liori/.oiitiii. 
k.  Dui'nikl  iiioclcrutu,  Hciircuiy  liiglicr  tliitn  Ioiik,  its  Imwi  \\!^  to  IJ   in  Ik'uiI; 
tlii<  ruyH  U  tu  13, 
/,  Muudlblu  :t),j  to  a?,^  In  bond;  iippor  lip  narrow,  witb  iimially  but  :i  t"  ,'i 
ruwrt  of  papilbr,  tlic  nniiilxir  grealt-r  in  woHti'rn  HjitrlnitsiiH  (viir. 
oHcWit);  HCttloB  10-04  tu  OH-0,  crowdod  iintorlorly. 

C0MMKU80MI,  ■JKII, 

//.  Maudibit'  11  to  :i';'|  in  bi'ad;  uppor  lip  broader,  wItb  4  to  0  luws  di 
liapilbi';  Bralcrt  !)-till  to  71-0,  crowded  anturiuriy.  aiii>kn>,  ',;itii. 

**.  Doi-sal  Hliort,  diKtiintly  biK'bor  tlian  long,  ItH  baau  IJ.,  In  head,  ItH  ray,- 11  i»r 
12;  iipjier  lip  witli  4  to  (i  rowriuf  papillic. 

III.  Svali'HHiiiallaudcrowdiMl  anteriorly,  .VJ  in  latoral  linu;  foiituiieile  luryc 

mi. A,  'J'li. 
mm.  Scaleii  larger,  littlo  erowdcd  antorlorly,  about  GO  In  thu  btteriil  lini', 
each  with  a  dark  upot  ut  bane;  foutunello  giuall. 

INSIIJNIS,  2!»i 

jj,  "  NoBu  "  Inrgoly  devoloped,  sU'iidor  and  projvetiug  at  an  anglu  boyinul  the 

proHle,  its  length  '2'/)  In  head;  luuiith  nmall,  inforior,  thu  lips  BiiKiotliiiili; 

U.  11  or  12;  Hcales  04.     (Approiichus  C/msiiiu/iu)  ieul'Mii  s,  :i'j:). 

Uyi'KNTKMIIH,  (iiiro,  bolow;  -aivnt,  llvo;  labium,  lip,  "lower  llii  flvo-lobed"); 

(1(1.  Iload  broad,  dopressod,  and  troiisverwly  coiicavo  between  orbitH;  scales  nearly  eiiniil  over 

the  body,  not  crowded  anteriorly  48  tu  TiG  iu  thu  latural  linu;  lips  vary  thick;  lower 

fliiH  largo. 

«.  Head  large,  4  to  43^  in  length;  iutororbital  space  concave.  niouicann,  liW. 

tin.  Uuad  very  small,  0  iu  leugth;  iuterorbitul  space  Uattish.  uuoTiiuicii>,'.iU5. 


^  {1 

1 

m  ■:^:[; 


I   !r 


I' 


Subgenus  CATOSTOMUS. 

£7tf.  CATOSTOMUS  LATIPINMS,  Baird  &  Oirard. 

(Flannel-mouthed  Suckeii.) 

Depth  5i  in  the  length.  Head  moderate,  4|  in  length,  rather  sleiider, 
with  proiniueut  snout  and  rather  contracted,  inferior  niuuth ;  outline  of 
the  mouth  triangular,  the  apex  forward ;  lips  very  thick,  greatly  de- 
veloped ;  lower  lip  incised  to  the  base ;  its  posterior  margin  extending 
backward  to  opposite  the  eye;  tubercles  on  lower  lip  smaller  beiiiud; 
jaws  with  a  slight  cartilaginous  pellicle.  Eye  small,  high  up;  tiieheiul 
flattish  above.  Scales  long  and  low;  posteriorly  rounded,  their  hori/outai 
diameter  greater  than  the  vertical,  17-98  to  105-17.  Body  slender  and 
elongate;    the    caudal    peduncle    long  and    slender.    Fins    exceuHively 


Jordan  and  Evennann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        175 

ilvvi-l<)|>i'il<  uHpeciully  inthuuhl  iiialvH;  tho  fr»o  border  of  the  tlurHultluepIy 
iiiciM'd.  lIuJKlit  of  oac\\  of  tho  3  vortical  tiiiH  in  tho  iiialoH  groator  thau 
titt)  It'ti^'tii  of  tlio  hoiul.  Dorsal  iiHiinlly  11,  Hoiiiotiiiies  12  or  13,  iuHvrtod 
nt'iun  Kiioiit  than  biwe  of  uaiulal.  Caudal  very  strong,  the  rudimentary 
iuv!4  at  itH  huso  unusually  developed;  least  depth  of  tail  less  than  i^  the 
licail  in  iiiiih's,  stouter  in  females.  Dark  olive,  abruptly  paler  below; 
HJili's  anil  tins  largely  orange  in  both  sexes,  the  anal  and  lower  lobe  of 
uiiiiiliil  iiiborculate  in  males.  Herbivorous.  L.  2  feet.  Rio  Colorado  and 
Kio  (;il:iiiMd  their  tributaries,  very  abundant,  ascending  the  rivers  in 
ttpriii},''     Variable.     (/ufuM,  broad  ;  7>tH»a,  fin.) 

r,ii..^i,',iiii-  l.iiiiiitiiiis,  lUiitDitUiiiAKD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,18S:i,  3X8,  Rio  San  Pedro,  Gila 
Basin;  (.('ntiikb,  Oat.,  vii,  U,  18<i8;  Joudan,  I.  c,  178, 1878;  Jobkan  Ac  Uiliikht,  Syimimin, 
lis  l!"*:i.    (Typ<',Nn.2(>i'78.) 

CiiMnmiii  ih^oUliit,  Cope.  llayUou'H  Oeol.  Surv.  Wyo.,  4:J6,  1870,  (youug),  Green  River, 
Wyoming.  / 

«S0.^CATOHTONUH  aRlSKVS,  (airar<l). 

Hotly  long  and  slender,  subterete,  compresoed  behind,  the  form  esaen- 
tiaily  tiiatof  C.  vuto»tomu8,  the  depth  contaiueil  5^  times  in  the  length. 
Head  lar^^e,  4  in  length  of  body  ;  the  interorbital  space  broad  and  flat,  2i 
in  longtli  (it'head.  Scales  16-(K)  to  110-11.  Eye  small,  high  up,  and  rather 
IKiHtcrior.  Mouth  largo,  about  as  in  C.  latipinntH,  the  ui^per  lip  pendant, 
very  iarfjo,  with  5  to  8  series  of  tubercles;  lower  lip  incised  to  base, 
lubes  loii^;  sheath  pretty  well  developed.  Dorsal  fin  not  elongated,  nor 
t'specially  elevated,  its  rays  10  to  12,  usually  11,  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal 
rather  nearer  base  v''  caudal  than  snout,  much  nearer  in  type  of  C. 
nirupiuiiix.  Caudal  fin  long  and  strongly  forked ;  anal  fin  long  and 
high,  reaching  base  of  caudal;  ventrals  not  reaching  vent.  Caudal 
Iiediiiicio  Htout  and  deep,  its  least  depth  more  than  i  length  of  head;  its 
length  about  I  that  of  head.  Scales  quite  small,  about  as  in  C.  catoatomuti, 
the  uxponed  portion  not  notably  lengthened.  Coloration  dusky  brown, 
HunietinieH  v.  ith  a  dusky  lateral  band,  sometimes  irregularly  mottled  or 
burred.  Snout  quite  dark.  Size  large.  Platte  River  and  upper  Missouri 
regiunH,  very  similar  to  C.  catoatomita,  and  perhaps  not  separated  from  it, 
apparently  differing  chiefly  in  the  larger  mouth  and  broader  upper  lip. 
SpeciineuH  from  Gardiner  River  (Yellowstone  Park)  have  larger  scales,  88 
to 'JO,  representing  a  possible  var,  lactariua.    {griacm,  gray.) 

Acomm  jrimwi,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1850,  174,  Swreetwater  Fork  of  Platte 

River;  (K'ntiikr,  Cat.,  vii,  14,  1868.     (Tyi)c,No.202')7.) 
f  (Mioti.mim  hilariui,  GiRAKD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut  Sci.  Pliila.,  180G,  174,  Milk  River,  Montana;  may 

lie  C.  niloxliimut. 
t'aloilumm  nlropiimiii,*  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  xii,  178, 1878,  Milk  River,  Montana; 

may  possibly  be  a  distinct  species,  distinguishod  by  the  fullur  lips  and  more  backward  dorsal; 

it  is  i)robably  an  aduU  grisetts,    (Type,  No.  21197.) 

aSl.'^CATOSTOMUS  POCATELLO,  Gilbert  *  Evermann. 

Head  4;  depth  5  to  5^;  eye  ii  to  5  (about  4  in  young);  snout  2i  to  2} 
(2i  in  young);  interorbital  width  2}.    D.  10  (rarely  9);    A.   7.     Scales 

*Tlio  typo  (if  C.  retropinnis  lias  very  much  larger  lips  than  in  any  other  specimens  we  Lave 
(xtmiDod,  Hiid  the  scales  are  smaller.    It  may  be  a  good  species. 


i,      I 

k 


1 

i 


I 

>  i 


1     ' 


■   ( 


t  ,    .■; 


■    f 


1» 


f  -1 


I  .1 


I  ' 


It 


h 


A 


n 


17G 


Jiulletin  4J^  UtiiUii  States  National  Afuseum. 


m 


ill 


:;j  I 


J; 


>      5 

1 
* 

;  1 

i  ^ 

1  iii^i 

i 
t 

ulxMit  W\  (SM)  to  lOK  ill  HuxuiiiplimooiiiiUMl),  vory  iiiiiuli  rudiicoil  in  NJ/tt  uii,| 
cr(>\v<lr«l  iiiitoriorly,  nliotit   M  Itufuru  thu  (IoihiiI.     Luturul  linu  iiii|ii-rrei't, 

ot'ttMl   lltl<luVt)lo|MMl  for  IkH  lllllllil  UH   ^    I  tH  lull){til. 

lto«ly  iiiodniitoly  hIuiiiIoi';  lit-ud  lu'iivy  ;  Niioiit  not  vury  pointol;  i'\c 
ratliur  larf^i*,  IiIkI'  np,  niiddlu  of  jnipil  u  littlo  nuuior  poHtvrior  iiIki;  of 
oput'«'l««  tlmii  tipofNiioiit.  Uppor  lip  tliick  and  narrow,  lint  not  pi  iiilinii, 
3  rowH  of  papiliii' ;  lowur  lip  inclNod  to  ItaMf,  tlio  t>vo  lobuM  Hlm.t  ami 
roiindud,  with  altoiit  (i  roWH  of  Htron^  papillii'.  CartilaginouH  hIk  ;ii||„| 
jawM  not  much  d(!V(>h)p(;d.  ()ri)j;in  of  doiHul  about  niidway  hutwven  tipul' 
Hiioiit  an«l  haH*M»f  niiddio  caudal  layH  ;  frruatttrtt  liuight  of  doimil  liu  I) 
in  IkumI,  itH  fru«MMl)i;oHti'aiKl>t.  Anal  lln  pointoil.itN  ht^i^ht  unuaily  ;;i inter 
than  that  of  doiHal,  roauhiug  haHu  of  caudal,  H  in  head;  puctorain  alumt 
»i|ual  to  anal  in  luiif^th;  vuntialH  tthortcr,  1{  in  head.  Leant  tlipiliuf 
caudal  peduncle  2{  to  :t  in  head.  Peritoneum  pale,  with  dark  piiiiiliila- 
tioiiH.  Air  blodder  laifje.  Tlii.s  species  in  related  to  C.  yrimiis  ((iiranli, 
from  which  it  may  bediHtinguiHhed  by  itH  heavier  head,  larger  eye,  ratlur 
narr<»wer  mouth,  Hhorter  l(»beH  of  lower  lip,  and  tiie  Ichh  developiiunt  hI 
the  cartilaginous  sheaths  of  the  Jaws.  L.  H  inches.  Snaku  Kivei  liaoin; 
the  types  from  near  Pocatello,  Idaho. 

{•iitimtomim  jiiiniliMo,  (ilLBRIIT  X  KvK.llMANN,  IJilll.  V.  8.  VMi  Colli.,  18U-J,  iri'.t,  with  plal.,  Roi^i 
Fork  of  Snake  River,  near  Pocatello,  Idaho.    (Ty|i<',  Nu  i'l'Mb.) 

882.  CATOSTO-nrS  CATOSTO.nilH,  (Forstor). 
(LoMi-.NOMKii  SiTKiiii;  NoKTiiKHN  SrcKKii;  Ukii  .Sickkh.) 

Body  elongate,  subtereto,  the  depth  li  to  4J  in  length.  nd  i|iiite 

long  aud  slender,  ii  to  4|  in  length,  depressed  and  tlattenei]  >,  lnoail 

at  base,  but  tapering  into  u  long  snout,  which  considerably  ovorhaii;;^  tlie 
largo  mouth.  Lips  thick,  coarsely  tuborculate,  the  upper  lip  niirmw, 
with  2  or  3,  rarely  4,  rowsof  tubei;cles;  lower  lip  deeply  incised,  tlir  lobes 
shorter  than  in  C.  ffrheHu,  and  the  mouth  narrower.  Lower  Jaw  with  a 
slight  cartilaginous  sheath.  Eye  rather  small,  behind  the  middle  of  tlir 
)")ad.  Scales  very  small,  much  crowded  forward,  95  to  Hi  in  the  lateral 
lino,  and  about  29  (26  to  31)  in  a  crossrow  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.  Dorail 
rays  10  to  11.  Males  in  spring  with  the  head  and  anal  fin  profusely  tuher- 
culate,  the  tubercles  on  the  head  small ;  the  sides  at  that  season  with  a 
broad  rosy  baud.  Size  large.  L.  2H'oet.  Great  Lakes,  upper  Missuiiii 
River,  upper  Columbia,  and  northwestward  to  Alaska;  very  abuiiilaut 
northward,  but  not  coming  south  of  lat.  40°.  The  most  widely  distributed 
species,     (/carw,  below;  aro/ua,  mouth.) 

Cyprinns  catostomiif,  FoRSTER,  Fliil.  Trans.,  1773,  IS.*),  Streams  about  Hudson  Bay. 
Calontomniilongiroslrum,  and  hudtomiiK,  after  ToretoTtliK  Svr.vn,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiilii ,  1S17, 

102,  107,  Vermont. 
Oatoitoimu  fitnteriiinut,  Kiciiardhon,  Franklin's  .Tourniil,  1823,  720,  Lake  Huron;  Great  Slave 

Lake. 
CatoMomm  atirura,  AoASSiz,  Lake  SuiM)rior,  3G0, 1K5U,  Lake  Superior. 
auosiomtu  hudsoHiui,  GOntiiku,  Cat.,  vii,  13,18(58;  Jorhan,  I.  <•.,  170,1878. 
Cbto<<oniiM  longiroitrU,  Jordan  &  Oiliif.ut,  Synopsis,  120, 188;). 


Jordan  tin  J  /'nermann. — Fis/trs  of  North  America.        177 


Hi/,,./.     '    I,  iii,im,i/;"«,'  M*TiirH,  Twrlfth  H<>|it,  N.  V.  KIbIi  Cum,,  Miir«r>  A'llruiiilttck  Itogtou, 
1^-1     ' .  Big  Moot*  Lake,  northarn  N«w  York.    (Ty|>o,  No.  :i3ul7.) 

ItHS.  t'ATOSTUHCH  TAIIOENHIH,  Ulll  .t  Jnrdnn. 
(TAiinr.  Ni'CRKK.) 
Hittliir  Mtoiit<>r  thnn  C.  ealo»tomH»,  the  dopth  4^  to  5  in  loiiKtIi.  Hna<l 
vorv  liHu'i'  niiil  lon){  iicniiiinatv,  the  iiuixzlo  iiuarly  i  Hn  l«)iiKtt>,  ovorhuiiK- 
iii^  till-  MtluT  liir^o  mouth.  LipH  moderate,  the  nppor  puiiduiit,  wUli 
ikliiiut  i!  KiNVN  of  Hmall  pupillii>;  tlio  low»r  rather  full,  Himilurly  pnpilloae. 
Kvn  nciiily  III  'dian,  rnthor  (•mull,  H}  in  hoad.  HoaleH  Huiall  uiid  crowded 
furwitnl,  cloHoiy  imhrioiitod,  H'>  to  00  in  the  oourHO  of  the  lateral  lino, 
1111(1  alxiiit  'JH  ill  a  croHH  HorioH  from  doi-Mal  to  ventralH.  Dorsal  short,  but 
ioii);i>r  tli.in  liiKh,  its  rays  10.  Coloration  very  dark  ;  Huh  dusky;  scales 
evvrywiicro  tinvly  punctate.  lirvediiiK  males  profusely  tiiborcnlate.  Hixe 
'vco.  I'lil^u  Talioo,  very  abundant.  We  have  specimens  also  from  Hum- 
boldt UiviT,  at  Wiunemucca,  Nevada. 

iWn<f„,MiM  i.ih.'iiii'iM,  JoHDAN,  (.  r.,17.'l,  187H,  Lake  Tahoe,  Calirornia  (Ty|M-,  No.  51220) ;  Joroan 
i  IIcNiiiiAW,  lte|>t.Clil«f  Eugiii.,a|i|).  nn,  187H,  IMS  ;  Johuan  4c  Uilueht,  8>uo|>ilit,  127, 1S83. 

844.  CATOSTOMl'S  RKX,  R.  S.  Eigonmanii. 

Hond  t :  depth  4.  D.  11 ;  A.  6.  Scales  13-80-8,  35  before  dorsal. 
lieiid  l>iii,'t<l,  tlattif'h,  the  cheeks  very  long.  Mouth  small;  lower  jaw 
tttroii^;,  tliu  proinaxillaries  forming  a  hump  on  the  snout;  2  rows  of 
impillii'  1)11  upper  lip;  eye  8  in  head,  little  behind  the  middle;  snout  2i 
iu  head.  iScalcs  peculiar,  covered  with  skin  n  t  base.  Vontrals  not  reach- 
ing' iialfway  to  vent.  Dorsal  as  high  as  l^ag,  its  last  rays  almost  as 
ion;,' at)  tin'  liiHt ;  pectorals  reaching  halfway  to  veutrals.  Caudal  peduncle 
luuK,  ter(>tt>.  Lateral  line  interrupted  behind.  Teeth  moderate.  Black- 
ish a))()V(t,  palor  below  ;  scales  of  belly  dark-dotted ;  Ans  dark.  Length  of 
type  32  inches.  Lost  River,  Tu!e  Lake,  Oregon.  (Uigenmauu.)  (rex, 
kinn.) 

Ottniiomm  r.r,  Ro8A  SMITH  EtOENMANN,  American  Naturalist,  July,  1801,  CC7,  Loat  River, 
Oregon. 

SubgenuB  DECACTYLUS,  Raflnesque. 

286.  CATOSTOMl'8  LABIATVS,  Ayrci. 
Head  H  in  length,  rather  bluntish  ;  mouth  moderate,  the  labial  papillie 
iarf,'uly  developed;  the  upper  lip  full,  with  about  5  rows  of  large  but 
ratlier  Hparuu  papillie.  Scales  12-74-10.  Dorsal  tin  short,  higher  than 
luug,  of  altuut  11  rays.  Color  dark  above ;  sides  clouded  with  black  and 
yellow.  Klamath  Lake,  Oregon;  only  one  specimen  yet  known,  (la- 
H(i(m«i,  large-lipped.) 

(Attuitonnu  hiin.iiiis,  Atees,  Proc.  Cat.  Ac.  Sci.,  1856, 32,  Klamath  Lake,  Oregon  ;  Jobdan,  /.  c, 
173;  JoiiDAN  &  GiLDERT,  Synopsig,  128,1883. 

♦Thua  (leeeril)eil  liy  Mr.  Mather:  "  Brown;  male  with  a  red  lateral  band  In  the  breiMlinn  8ea8on; 
hcail  slender,  lliittcned  alwva,  the  snout  shorter  than  In  C.  calnttomim;  Iljw  thick,  the  lower  with 
3  or  4  rowB  (if  tulicrcleg ;  oye  large,  4  In  head,  \%  in  snout.  Scalt-i  BmalU-r  anteriorly,  but  littlo 
crowdocl;  iliirsul  liiglu'r  than  long;  {wctoralt*  reaching  front  of  doraal;  head  4;  depth 6.  D.  I,  10. 
A.  7.  V.  9.  Si  alLH  14-99-11;  L.  (spawning  Biieclmcn8)4'4  niches.  Big  Moose  Lake,  Adirondack 
region.  Appiiitiitly  a  dwarfed  brook  variety  of  V.  ctUottomM,  but  inliabiting  the  same  region 
•ml  Bpawniiig  iit  a  much  snialler  aite." 


V.  N.  A. 


-13 


.1 '•','■ 


I?     '      f 


B  '^      ! 


f  II 


1   , 


mi 


\f. 


1 


r; 


i  -  Ml 


1  1 '. 


h 


li 


,        llj 


'      .1   . 


t     I 


i 

I 

il 


178 


Bulletin  47,  United  Sta^:»  National  Museum. 


)  ( 


m 


«  t| 


II 


!l 


]r 


HI 


28«.  CAT08TU3IU8  OCCIDENTALIM,  AyroH. 
(Saokamknto  Suckp.r.) 

Body  rather  slender,  little  elevated.  Month  compuiutivoly  -,i,.,ii, 
smaller  than  in  C.  commeraonii  *he  upper  lip  with  5  or  6  rows  of  NinaliiHL 
papillu) ;  lips  rather  thin.  Head  quite  small,  rounded  above,  4^  iu  Icn^rth, 
the  profile  steeper  than  iu  C.  commeraonii;  the  snout  more  ]>ointi'(l,  the 
two  sides  of  the  head  more  convergent  forward.  Eye  small.  Doisultiu 
longer  than  high,  its  rays  12  to  14;  caudal  well  forkecl,  the  upper  lobe  tliv 
longer.  Scale  13-75-10,  40  before  dorsal.  Dark  above,  gradually  pu'er 
below.  Streams  of  California ;  abundant  in  the  Sacramento  aud  Sau 
Joaquin  rivers,    {occidentalia,  western.) 

Cafottomwi oeoidenlulu,  Ayhes,  Froc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,1854, 18,  San  Francisco  ;  Aoarsiz,  Aiii.Jnur 
gci.  Arts,  1855, 200,  San  Francisco  ;  Jobdan,  i.  c,  172,1878;  GCntiikb,  Cat.,  vii,  17, box, 
JoBDAM  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  128, 1883. 

287.  CA108T0MUS  BERNABDINI,  Glrard. 

Closely  allied  to  C  occidentalia,  but  with  the  head  less  conic  and  the 
lower  fins  larger.  Scales  much  crowded  forward,  31  before  dorsal,  75'm 
lateral  line ;  fontanelle  large ;  lips  broad,  without  nheath,  formed  as  iu 
C.  occidentalia,  the  lower  deeply  incised  ;  fins  high,  the  dorsal  longer  than 
high,  with  12  rays  ;  caudal  lobes  equal ;  head  4^^  in  length.  San  liernar- 
dino  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Rio  Yaqui,  on  the  boundary  of  Arizuuu  aud 
Sonora. 

Catostotnus  bernardini,  Girard,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  176,  San  Bernardino  Creek; 
Jordan  &  Gilbkbt,  Synopsis,  128, 1883;  Jordan,  Cat,  18, 1886.    (Typo,  Mo.  174.) 

888.  CATOSTOMUS  MACB0CHEILU8,  Girard. 
(Columbia  Kiver  Sucker.) 

Head  4  in  length,  depth  5.  Scales  12-72  to  75-10, 40  before  dorsal.  Bodv 
heavy  forward ;  snout  blunt,  i.iuch  overlapping  the  horizontal  mouth; 
mouth  quite  large,  with  very  large  lips,  the  upper  full  and  pendant,  with 
6  to  8  rows  of  moderate  papilla>.  Head  large,  4i  in  length,  rather  narrow, 
quadrangular,  the  snout  projecting.  Eye  large,  6  in  head.  Dorsal  fin 
much  longer  than  high,  its  rays  abpnt  13;  pectorals  long  and  narrow; 
caudal  well  forked.  Coloration  rather  dark;  a  dusky  lateral  stripe ;  below 
abruptly  pale.  Columbia  River  r  i  far  as  Flathead  Lake,  Montana ;  uot 
rare,,    (/ua/c^wf,  large ;  ;j;etAof,  lip.) 

Oaiotiomw  macrocAeiliw,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1866, 176,  Astoria,  Oregon  :  ,IoBt>AN, 
I.  c,  171,1878;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  128,1883;  Evebuann,  Bull.  U.S.  Fish  Com., 
1891,  (1892),  40,  plato  18,  flg.  2.     (Type.  No.  240.) 

SSO.'^ATOSTOMUS  COMMEBSOMII,  (Lacepfede). 
(Common  Sucker;  White  Sucker;  Brook  Sucker;  Fine-scaled  Sucker.) 

Body  moderately  stout,  varying  with  age,  snbterete,  heavy  at  the 
shoulders,  the  depth  4  to  41  iu  length.  Head  rather  large  and  stout, 
conical,  flattish  above,  its  length  4  to  4^  ^n  body  (3^  to  4i  in  young).  Snout 
moderately  prominent,  scarcely  overpassing  the  mouth.  Mouth  rather 
large ;  the  lips  strongly  papillose,  the  upper  moderate,  with  2  oi  3  luws 


p-.---- 


lor  Jan  and  F.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  Anierica.         179 


of  iiiiiiilli'' J  1  to  6  in  specimens  from  eastern  Colorado,  (var.  Hucklii), 
Hciih'^  r  row  lied  anteriorly,  much  larger  on  the  sides  than  below  ;  scales 
l(Mil  I  .  70-i>.  Coloration  olivaceous  ;  males  in  sprin<?  with  a  faint  rosy 
litL'i;iI  land  ;  youpg  brownish,  more  or  less  mottled,  often  with  conduent 
liliicki-!i  lateral  blotches  or  a  lateral  band.  Lateral  line  imperfect  in  the 
veiv  \i>inig.  D.  usually  12.  L.  18  inches.  Streams  and  ponds  froiti 
Out'lx'  !iu*'-  the  Great  Lakes  to  Montana,  Colorado,  and  southward  to 
Missoiii:  and  Georgia;  the  commonest  of  the  suckers,  excessively  abund- 
ant troui  Massachusetts  west  to  Kansas.  Variable;  western  specimens 
(xiuU'i  t  liiivi' hroader  lii>s  and  approach  ('.  Ardeim.  (To  Philebert  Com- 
iiurson.  an  able  early  French  natnralit^  and  traveler,  whose  collections 
were  (slmlied  by  Laci^pode.) 

0,j)nii"«     '"""'"onii,*  LACfipSuE,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poiss.,  v,  502,  180'i,  locality  unknown. 

Oiimni"!' '■■■',  MiTciiiM-,  TiauB.  Lit.  and  I'hil.  Sor.  N.  Y.  1815,  458,  New  York. 

r.ilnfttimn^  !■  "'f,  (K'NTIIEn,  Cut.,  VII,  15, 1808  ;  Joiidan,  /.  c,  ItiO,  1878. 

i\ii,iftiiiiiin<.n.Mi»h,  Delaware  River,  ond  bustoiieHtin,  Boston,  Le  Suedk,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila  ,  I,  1H17,  95,  100,  etc. 
CiMoiiiii^ '""inierHOHii,  JonDAN  &  Gii.BF.nT,  Synopsis,  129, 188;J. 
(',iMi>i)ii'«/''  '•""»"'',  Kafinesque,  loh.  Oh.,  59,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
t'.ii.iilomiii  r'tinihilim,  lliciiAltDSON,  Fiiuiia  Bor.  Am  :  Fislics,  303,  ISIiil,  Albany  River,  (SculeBTO 

to  77). 
i\,l„sliniiit^  ili'irilif,  KiRTLAND,  Kept.  Zoiil.  Oliio,  KiS,  1838,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  etc. 

('aMiimiifi'illiiliifi,  De  Kay,  New  York  Fimiiii:  Fislies,  200,  18 12,  New  York. 
(W„<(.)wi(«sii./,7ii,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ai'.  Niit.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1850,  175,  Milk  River,  Montana. 
Otl(.(lomHii  cliliiropterou,  Adhott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1800,473,  Kansas. 
OiMimiisdlliroUif,  CopE  &  YAUROw,\Vhoeler  Survey,  Zool.,v,  ()77, 187G,  Twin  Lakes,  Colorado. 

(Tyii.',  Nns.  15777  anil  12915.) 
iloiuilniim  in^iijimlum,  CoPE,  /.  c.,679,  1870,  Arkansas  River,  Pueblo,  Colorado. 
ratutliimit'  uliimiiiii,f  Matiier,  Twelfth  Report  N.  Y.  Fi.sh,  Coin.,  Survey  of  AiliroiiilackK,  18»4, 

30,  iiilwitrf  form  from  Blue  Mountain  Lakes,  New  York.     (Tyi>o,  No.  33918.) 

200.  CATOST0MU8  AUDENS,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
(Mi'LLET  OF  Utah  Lake.) 
Head  Si;  depth  ih    D.  12  or  13,    A.  7.     Scales  12-70  to  72-12.    Body 
rather  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  back  broad.     Head  broad,  conical. 
Mouth  entirely  inferior,  the  mandible  nearly  horizontal;  upper  lip  very 

•The  C!)i)yiim.i  commersonii  of  Lacepide  is  it  Bucker  and  prol)ably  this  Bjiecies  rather  than  C. 
c'iMomm.  The  description  is,  h)wever,  very  imperfect  and  tlio  typcKiid  to  have  been  observed 
by  Caiiiinorson  iu  the  East  Indies;  u  statement  apimroutly  derived  from  a  confusion  of  niaiiu- 
»iTi|it9 Rucl  tiperimens  of  Commerson  with  those  of  Bosc,  who  collected  at  Charl'jston.  Lace|)ede 
was  indebted  to  Bosc  for  the  next  species  ho  mentions,  Q/priuiis  mcelta.  Lac<^pi!de'8  description 
Is  as  follows:  "Onzo  rayona  ii  la  dorsale;  sept  A  la  nageoire  do  I'anus;  neuf  a  chaque  vontrale; 
huit  a  iiPiif  H'diaque  pectorale;  la  nageoiro  du  dos  et  celle  do  Tanus  qiuidrilateres;  Paiuilo 
eiroite;  I'lui^ht  do  I'tixtreuiitu  de  cotto  derniero  uagcoiro  tresalgii;  laca\idahteu  ci'oirisunt;  la 
lijine  iateraiu  droito;  la  inachoire  supe'rieure,  un  peu  plus  avancee  que  cello  d'cn  bus;  Im  OcailleB 
arnindicB  et  trus  petites.  Le  Commersouulen  dont  nous  publious  Ics  premiers  la  description, 
etqiio  lo  e-iviiut  Commerson  a  observe,  preEunto  un  double  oriflce  pour  chaque  narine;  sa  tcto 
wt  Jpnoueo  ill' pi'titesecailles;  scs  ventralea  et  scs  pectorales  sout  arrondics  tl  lour  extremite;  la 
dorsale  e'eline  vers  lo  milieu  de  la  longueur  totale  du  poissou." 

fThe email  ".Tune  sucker"  of  the  Adirondacks  thus  described  by  Mather  :  "Olivaceous,  white 
Mow;  males  without  rod  in  the  breeding  season;  body  slender;  head  not  small,  flattened 
above;  Biiout  little  prominent;  upper  lip  with  2  rows  of  papilla};  eye  4  in  head,  2  in  snout; 
dorealaslongas  high;  pectorals  .learly  reaching  front  of  dorsal;  head  4.  D.  I,  11  ;  A.  6  ;  V.  9. 
Stales  9-6  7-8;  length  of  cdult4J/^  inches.  Blue  Mountain  Lakes,  Adirondack  region.  This 
Biuall  flsli  I  was  at  first  disposed  to  consider  as  a  dwarfed  mountain  form  of  C.  teres,  but  the  fact 
lliat  the  latter  tish  is  found  in  waters  inhabi  ed  by  this  species,  and  while  it  grows  to  a  length 
iif  Vi  or  indre  inches  there,  this  little  sucker  barely  reaches  5.  Added  to  this  the  fact  that 
till'  larger  species  had  flnislied  spawning  in  the  inlets  in  May,  while  this  fish  was  found  in 
maxi  in  tlin  swift  mountain  streamn  which  tumble  rapidly  over  rocks  iu  the  latter  part  of 
•une,  depositing  their  eggs,  thereby  showing  that  they  are  adult  fish." 


I 


M 


■'•^ 


r; 


■■  t 


Mi 


r 


t 
I 

{  I 

ii 

'ill 

H 


it- , 


i     I 


f 


wmm. 


180 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


J 


I! 


.  1 

V 


i 


41 


Ifi' 


h 


tj  ■■  :'!;!■ 


I'i 


I  J 


:;'in 


.^i^' 

1!«! 


■If 

if 


:,:llf.' 


hi;: 


:ii!.i; 


":S'F 


widu,  full,  pendaut,  with  4  to  8  ruwH  of  coarse,  iiru^ular  papilla',  lower 
lip  very  broad,  coarHely  papillose,  cut  to  the  base  by  a  sharp  iiiri^iun. 
Eye  autall,  7  iu  bead,  3^  in  interorbital  width  ;  snout  2i  in  head.  I)ur.sal 
fin  long  and  low,  its  anterior  rays  \  longer  than  the  last  rays;  pctorals 
and  vent rals  short;  caudal  short;  anal  long.  Pharyngeal  bones  utliei 
weak,  with  smallish  teeth.  Ulackish  above;  males  with  the  sides  lusy; 
fins  dark.  L.  18  inches.  Close  to  C.  commemonii,  diirering  chielly  in  tin 
rather  larger  mouth  and  lips.  Lakes  and^ccams  of  great  basin  oT  I'tali, 
swarming  in  myriads  in  Utah  Laj^/?.-"  Also  abundant  in  upper  waters  of 
Snake  Kiver  in  Idaho.  Iu„7^,'?ait  Lake,  iu  the  Yellowstone  PaiL,  it  i» 
infested  by  a  verv  Ijy^ar'parasitic  worm  (Ligula  catoHtoiiii,  Linton),  liirj;ei 
than  its  own  j'/scvuia.  (ardcuH,  burning,  from  the  red shadoaja^<rtT>'  male. 
C'((/<«*yn>*>.-  .M .lin«,  Jordan  &  Oiliikht,  Vtw.  U.  S.  Nut.  Miis.,  18i;(),  4(<l^flMK>  Lake,  Pro vo;  .Im,- 
^lAN  &  GiLiiEUT,  SyuopsiM,  12«;  Joiidan,  Hull.  r.  S^|M^'v,uui.,  18.S'.),  C5,  77,  itc;  Linton, 


Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  1889,  CO. 


(Tyi'o,  N; 


Head  4i;  d^pTlC  4^'.  D.  11  or  12.  Scales  11-58  to  60-10.  Close  tu(. 
ardenn^  ?nvy  tbe  nape  lower,  the  tail  shorter.  Dorsal  shorter  and  lii^'bei, 
/tA  longest  ray  nearly  twice  the  last,  and  longer  than  base  of  liii ;  fm 
margin  incised.  Snout  2i  in  bead;  eye  small ;  lips  large,  the  upper  with 
4  rows  of  papilhe,  the  lower  split  nearly  to  base.  li.  14  iuche.s.  Dark 
brown,  scales  darker  at  base.    Rio  Uila. 

CatostomtiH  gUa,  Kiuscii,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1888,  55.%  Rio  Gila,  Fort  Thomas,  Arizona. 

292.  CA'iOSTOMUS  INSIONIS,  Bair.l  &  Girard. 

Body  rather  elongate,  subterete,  heavy  at  the  shoulders,  taperinj^  iiack 
ward,  the  depth  about  5  iu  length.  Head  moderate,  about  4i  in  U'liglh. 
Fontauelle  rather  small ;  mouth  comparatively  small;  lips  moderate,  tlw 
upper  narrow,  with  several  rows  of  large  tubercles;  no  sheaths  on  Jawn. 
Scales  subequal,  about  56  iu  the  lateral  line,  19  in  a  cross  series,  27  befoie 
dorsal;  scales  on  back  largo,  those  on  belly  small.  A  series  of  dusky  spots 
along  each  row  of  scales;  the  spots  often  obscure.  D.  11.  Very  close  to 
C.  commersonii,  the  scales  less  crowded,  the  upper  lip  broader,  the  color 
somewhat  different.     Gila  basin  ;  not  rare.     (JHsjVjiJits,  notable.) 

Caloslomtis  iiidiV/'''*.  Baird  &  Gikakd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sui.  Phila.,  1854,  28,  Rio  San  Pedro. 
Arizona ;  Cope  &  Yabrow,  Wheeler  Survey,  ZoiJl.,  v,  C7C,  187U;  Jobuan,  /.  c,  l(i.),ls7!<; 
JOBBAN  &  GiLBEBT,  Syuoiisis,  130, 1883.     (TyiHJ,  No.  IC'J.) 

293.  CATOSTOMUS  FEt'UNDUS,  Copo  &  Yarrow. 
(Webuo  Suckeb.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  H.  D.  11  or  12 ;  A.  7 ;  V.  9.  Scales  8-64-8.  Hodv  mod 
erately  stout,  little  compressed,  the  tail  slender.  Head  subcoiiic,  tlie 
profile  decurved  from  the  nape  to  the  base  of  the  premaxillary  .spiiieo, 
which  abruptly  i)rotrude,  forming  a  distinct  "nose,"  as  in  Cha-<miiiU'' 
liorus;  premaxillarieB  in  front  scarcely  below  the  preorbital.  Mandiblf 
large,  oblique,  placed  at  an  angle  of  30°  when  the  mouth  is  closed,  its. 
length  2f  in  head.    Upper  lip  full,  pendant,  smoothish,  with  about  1  rows 


ofpapi!' 

■(  ■ 

about  t' 

11 

xIuirtiT  ■ 

tl 

thi'liiM. 

it 

the  l(>\v( 

r 

helow 

[.. 

Tliin  s[ir 

■|e 

it.s  HUjii" 

)S« 

Lake  tin 

i . 

r,iiiitji<ui>i' 

itt] 

It  CiMiii;! 

Hull.  1 

,  f; 

((I. ill  Sf'  KFII 

1).  1(1  or  1 
Depli  lUo 
Head  llattei 
JKiiie  tliiek. 
Upper  lip  vc 
lia.s  upward  < 
oped,  strong! 
('iiIokIdiiikh  ])i 
Pectoral   (ins 
luster;  belly 
larly  arrange 
dull  red,  wit 
Nidc8  spotted 
and  Kansas, 
streams,  whi( 
waters;    less 
(nigricans,  bit 

'■■ci/ris/riiiiiK  iil'iricir 
Cut.,  VII,  17, 
%/"W;/V")i  iii'jricai 
Cilnfilmiim  iiinciilm 
Ihifitiii'liiiiii  iiiacrn 
'''il'itlmiii.*  ynothop 

^'■itliSidmllll  »/;/)(0<l(i 

Rome,  Ga.; 

Oihilmidm  >iirijiifito 
hero  if.'invwl 


Head  :") ;  de 
dorsal.  Allie 
is  lesB  depresG 


J'rJan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America,        181 

of  papi!' '  :  lower  lip  moderate,  divided  by  a  broad  notch,  each  lobe  with 
about  I'  I'lws  of  papilla).  Eye  a  little  behind  middle  of  head.  Dorsal 
slioitci  .ml  higher  than  in  C.  artlena.  First  ray  of  dorsal  twice  height  of 
the  liisi .  its  length  greater  than  that  of  the  base  of  the  fin;  caudal  forked, 
the  lower  lobo  longest;  pectorals  long;  anal  high.  Dusky  above,  pale 
lielow.  L.  a  foot.  Utah  lake,  rather  scarce,  and  )  ot  yet  seen  elsewhere. 
■fl,i^  sp.  ( ios  resembles  Chasiimtea  liorus,  (fecutuhia,  fertile,  in  allusion  to 
its  Hiiiip'is«Ml  abundance,  but  the  "fecund"  species  which  has  made  Utah 
Lako  till-  "jjtreatest  sucker  pond  in  the  world"  is  really  C.  urdena.) 
(•,./..»/'«"'-  'riiuiliis,  f'ni'F.  A  YAnnow,  Zoiil.  Wlieclor  Survey,  v,  078,  187(',  Utah  Lake  ;  .ToiinAN 

,t  Ciiiri;!,  Proi'.  T.S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1880, 46.3;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopgis,  1'2B,188;{  ;  Jordan, 

liiill.  1    .".  FiHh  Com.,  1889,  31.    (Typo,  No.  16930.) 

Subgenus  HYPENTELIUM,  Hafincsqup. 

aOI-'^CATOSTOMlTS  NIflRICANS,  Le  Sueur. 

(Hid  Sikfr;  Stonr  Roller;  Toter;  Ckawl-a -bottom;  Hammer  Head;  Stonb  LrooRR; 

llod  Molly.) 

1).  10  (If  U ;  V.  9.  Lat.  line  48  to  5.5,  12  to  15  scales  in  a  cross  series. 
Depli  li  to  5  in  length;  head  4  to  4J.  Eye  rather  small,  4i  to  5  in  head. 
Ilfiad  llattcMUMl  above,  transversely  concave  between  orbits,  the  frontal 
1)0110  tliiik,  broad,  and  short,  the  physiognomy  being  therefore  peculiar. 
Uiipci  lip  very  thick,  strongly  papillose,  with  a  broad  free  margin,  which 
lias  u]>\viiid  of  8  to  10  scries  of  papilhe  upon  it;  lower  lip  greatly  devel- 
oped, Rtionj^ly  papillose,  considerably  incised  behind,  but  less  so  than  in 
('(tloxti)iniix  proper.  Fontanello  shorter  and  smaller  than  in  C.  commemonii. 
IVctoviil  fins  unusually  larger.  Color  olivaceous;  sides  with  brassy 
luster;  btdly  white:  back  brown,  with  several  dark  cross  blotches,  irregu- 
larly arranged,  these  becoming  obsolete  in  old  individuals;  lower  fins 
dull  red,  with  some  dusky  shading;  young  considerably  variegated,  the 
sides  spotted.  Size  large;  length  about  2  feet.  New  York  to  Minnesota 
and  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  the  Carolinas;  abundant  in  swift  or  rocky 
streams,  which  it  ascends  to  spawn;  never  found  in  muddy  or  warm 
waters;  less  tenacious  of  life  than  the  other  species  of  Catoeiomus. 
{mgrican:<,  blackish.) 

r,ii„si„mm  iii:jr!emii>,  Le  Soeur,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  1817,  102,  Lake  Erie;  GCntiier, 
Cat.,  VII,  17, 1808;  Jordan,  1.  c.,  162, 1878 ;  Jordan  &  Gilbert.  Synopsis,  130, 1882. 

Ilijhmiir.iin  ui'jricatis,  AoASSiz,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  205. 

r.tinilmiim  mnciilofim,  Le  Si'EVR,  I.  c,  103,1817,  Pipe  Creek,  Maryland. 

Iliiiv'uli'liiim  mncrojtteritm,  Rapinesqi'e,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  I,  1817,  420,  Ohio  River. 

I'^ihslnmim  j-nvlhopus,  Rafinesque,  Icli.  Oil.,  57, 1820,  Ohio  River. 

i'.i/o,«f"iu>i«ji/.:ii,(('j)i»,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  xvii,  450, 1844,  Wabash  River. 

CiMniiiHs  iPi./n'eiDW  f/()icn»irs,  .Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1877,  345,  Etowah  River, 
Rome,  Ga.;  a  brightly  colored  variety  from  the  Alabama  basin. 

Oilnilniiiiiit  viciitinlomuH,  ItAFiNEsquE,  Icli.  Oh.,  59,  1820;  based  on  an  incorrect  drawing;  bi-loiigs 
lioro  if  anywhere. 

29.1.  CATOSTOMITS  RHOTHffiCUS,  Tholmrn. 

Head  ">;  depth  5.  D.  11 ;  A.  8  or  9.  Scales  7-48-5,  19  rows  in  front  of 
dorsal.  Allied  to  Catostomua  tiigricana  but  with  much  smaller  head,  which 
la  less  depressed  between  eyes.    Head  very  small,  flattened  above  but  not 


i  I 


HI 

n 


h  1 


i^ 


i.l 


11 


f^ 


it: 


I       'i 


f 

;■      :' 

i 

■t 

i 

- 

II 

'  ^ 

1 

11 

( 1 


!  t-..' 


i  ^i■' 


P;3 


■i; 


182 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


concave  between  the  orbits;  somewhat  pointed  in  front,  the  snout  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  mouth.  Width  of  head  equal  to  its  depth.  Moiitli 
large,  its  width  2\  in  head,  its  opening  nearly  a  straight  line.  Each  jaw 
with  a  strong  cartilaginous  sheath.  Upper  lip  thin,  with  about  2i)  Iiuch 
of  minute  papilla^  Lower  lip  broad,  each  lobe  with  8  or  9  broken  ](licji'. 
each  with  minute  papilla;  on  edges.  Lobes  of  lower  lip  separated  liya 
notch  from  which  a  strong  frenum  reaches  to  the  chin.  Fontanolle  sliort, 
its  length  about  \  eye.  Eye  4  in  head.  Pectorals  large,  1^  length  of  head 
and  reaching  to  the  sixteenth  line  of  scales.  Dorsal  inserted  slightly  in 
front  of  middle  of  body.  Anal  reaching  beyond  base  of  caudal.  Ciiudal 
forked.  Air  bladder  very  small,  with  2  chambers.  Color  dark  olivac  tdiis 
above ;  a  darker  narrow  lateral  baud  from  snout  below  eye  straight  to  baso 
of  caudal ;  the  upper  edge  of  the  band  obscure,  the  belly  below  the  liand 
abruptly  silvery  ;  5  or  6  obscure  dark  cross  bars  on  back  and  side,  most 
distinct  on  the  dark  longitudinal  stripe ;  base  of  caudal  with  a  light  liaiid, 
edged  behind  with  brown.  Six  specimens,  3^  to  5  inches  in  length,  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Gilbert,  at  some  point  in  eastern  Tennes.seo  or 
southwestern  Virginia,  thought  to  be  from  French  Broad  River  at  Wolf 
Creek,  Tennessee.  It  closely  resembles  Moxo»toma  cervinum,  but  the  mouth 
is  different.     (/w)9of,  torrent ;  oi«t<j,  to  inhabit.) 

('iitoHliimiiH  rhothwriis,  TiiORUUN,  Pror.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1894;  supposed  to  be  from  French 
Broad  River.     (Tyiie,  No.  14840.) 

93.  CHASMISTES,  Jordan. 

ClinimiMeii,  Joni)AN,  Bull.  Ilayden's  Geol.  Siirv.  Torr.,  iv,  No.  2,  417,  1878,  {tiorus). 
Lip(imyr.<m,  Corn,  American  Nuturulist,  .Tanuary,  1881,  r>9,  (brevirostrU). 

Head  largo,  broad  and  flattish  above,  the  sides  vertical.  Eyes  small, 
high  up,  rather  posterior.  Mouth  extremely  large,  terminal,  the  lower 
jaw  in  the  closed  month  being  very  oblique,  placed  at  an  angle  of  about 
45°;  lower  jaw  very  long  and  strong,  its  length  more  than  i  length  of 
head,  its  tip,  when  the  mouth  is  closed,  about  on  a  level  with  the  eye; 
upper  jaw  very  protractile;  upper  lip  thin  and  nearly  smooth.  Snout 
usually  elevated  above  tlie  rest  of  head,  the  premaxillary  spines  gen- 
erally foi-ming  a  conspicuoiis  rose.  Lower  lip  moderate,  consistiiijj;  of  a 
broad  flap  on  each  side  of  tho  mandible,  in  front  reduced  to  a  narrow  rim, 
the  surface  of  the  lip  nearly  smooth,  without  papillie;  nostrils  large. 
Suborbital  bones  narrow,  but  rather  broader  than  in  Catostomus;  pre- 
orbital  large;  mucous  channels  moderately  developed;  fontanello  well 
developed.  Pharyngeal  bones  weaker  than  usual  in  Catostomus,  the  leeth 
generally  smaller.  Fins  moderate ;  pectorals  rather  long ;  dorsal  i  iiys  11 
or  12;  anal  7;  anal  flu  high,  reaching  caudal ;  caudal  flu  rather  long,  its 
lobes  equal.  Scales  moderate,  large  on  caudal  peduncle,  smallt-r  and 
crowded  anteriorly,  60  to  80  in  lateral  line.  Sexual  peculiarities  not 
marked.  Coloration  as  in  Catostomus.  Air  bladder  in  2  parts.  Size 
rather  large.  Species  confined  to  the  Great  Basin.  (;^;«<T/udw,  to  yawn; 
one  who  yawns.) 

a.  Scale-!  moderate,  60  to  65  in  tlio  lateral  lino. 

6.  Scales  9-C3-8;  dorsal  rays  usually  11;  nose  prominent.  hori's,  29C 

bb.  Scalei  13-66-11;  dorsal  raya  12.  cujoa,  2. 


fordan  ami  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         183 


„„.  s.   V*  oiimll,  7"  to  80  in  Uio  liiterfti  line. 

,',  ;-tHiiit  Hliurt,  tlio  itrotnikxillary  H|iinBH  not  forming  ailiHtlnct  |iro|nrtinR  nofl<>;  ilnraal  rayx 

U;  Scales  12-74-11.  DRKVinosTRls,  2ilH. 

I',    Snout  loiiK,  tho  prunmxillnry  spineo  forniiuK  a  difitinrt  |ii'oj(>ctiiig  no8u,  as  in  C  {iV>n(«. 

Scales  12-80-9.  LVXATl'8,  29.t. 

206.  CHAHMISTEM  LIORUH,  Jordan. 
(June  Sucker  or  Utah  TiAKe.) 

Heiiti  lar^^e,  3}  in  length  ;  depth  about  5.  Scales  9-6.^-8.  Interorbital 
Hna('<^  Imiiul,  2\  in  head;  eye  6  to  7  in  head;  width  of  tho  open  mouth 
'S\  in  lii'iid.  D.  11,  the  fin  elevated  in  front,  its  longest  ray  twice  the 
lu'i<;lil  •>>'  the  last  and  about  equal  to  the  base  of  the  tin.  A.  7.  Caudal 
dceiily  forked,  the  lower  lobe  long;  lower  fins  sinall.  Color  dusky 
hI)uvo,  pale  below  ;  the  scales  of  the  back  and  sides  profusely  covered 
with  (laik  punctulatious.  L.  18  inches.  Utah  Lake;  very  abundant. 
(/f(>,  Hinooth;  (Vof,  margin,  referring  to  the  lips.) 

r/,ii«Mi«'' < /luMm,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miia.,  xii,  219,  1878;  Utah  Lake  at  Provo,  Utah; 
JuKiiAN'  k  (JiLBERT,  Synoi)8ie,  132,1883.     (Typo,  No.  27301.) 

297.  C'HASMISTES  CVJV8,  Cope. 

(COUIA.) 

Head  l»road  and  flat ;  upper  lip  very  thin ;  lower  lip  represented  by  folds 
on  each  side,  which  do  not  connect  around  the  symphysis;  eye  %\  in  head ; 
iiiterovl)ital  space  4i.  D.  12;  A.  8.  Scales  13-C5-11.  Color  pale  olive. 
I'yraiiud  Lake,  Nevada,  in  deep  water.  (Cope.)  (couta,  the  Indian  name.) 
vUmMii  i-iijm.  Cope,*  Proc.  Ac,  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1883, 149,  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 

298.  CHASMISTES  BRETIROSTRIS,  Cope. 

Scales  12-74-11.  D.  11 ;  A.  9.  Shorter  than  C.  luxatus,  especially  the 
ma7,/lo,  and  the  latter  is  without  the  hump  produced  by  the  protuberant 
premaxillary  spines.  Parietal  fontanelle  small.  Lower  lip  fold  present 
only  on  tlie  sides  of  the  mandible.  Body  nearly  cyliudric.  Color  dusky 
above,  silvery  below;  fins  colorless.  (Cope.)  L.  16  inches.  Klamath 
Lake,  Oregon.     (6reri«,  short ;  ro«<rMm,  snout.) 

CiMsmisle*  lirmrostrui,  CoPE,  American  Naturalist,  1879,  785,  Klamath  Lake,  Oregon  ;  Jorpan 
AGuiiKiiT,  Synopsis,  132,1883. 

290.  CHA8MISTES  LrXATUS,  Cope. 

Scales  12-80-9.  D.  11 ;  A.  9.  Form  elongate.  Head  long,  flat  above 
with  a  large  fontanelle.  Mouth  terminal,  the  spines  of  the  premaxillary 
pi'ojectin<i;  so  as  to  form  a  hump  on  the  top  of  the  snout.  Lower  lip  a 
very  tliin  dermal  fold,  extending  entirely  around  the  chin.  Color  clouded 
above,  with  black  punctulatious,  below  paler,  with  red  shades  in  some 
specimens;  fins  uncolored.  (Cope.)  L.  3f?et.  Klamath  Lake  and  River, 
Oregon,    {luxatus,  put  out  of  joint,  referri»ig  to  the  nose.) 

ilimiisiea  h(.rnim,  CoPE,  American  Naturalist,  1879,  784,  Klamath  Lake,  Oregon  ;  Jordan  & 
GiLiiEur,  Synopsis,  132,1883. 

'This  jiaiior  "On  tho  Fishns  of  the  Recent  and  Pliocene  Lakes  of  the  Western  Part  of  tho 
fireat  ftwin  mid  of  tho  Idaho  Plioceuo  Lake  "  contains  an  important  discussion  of  tho  fish  fauna 
01  Nt'vadik,  Oritgon,  and  Idaho,  with  description  of  numerous  fossil  forms  not  long  extinct  and 
closely  alliuU  to  recent  CyprmUlx  and  Oato$tomitUe. 


it 


^' 


t      5 


*    '  i 


•if: 


;  i 


;  4 


'    (I 


1   ! 


I   ' 


f 


I   j 


H' 


1 1, 


.11 


M' 


:   I. 


184 


Bulletin  47 y  United  States  National  Museum. 


1 


\ 


i:  \ 


i 


94.  XYRAUCHEN,  Eigeuinann  &.  KirHcli. 
(Razor-uack  Sucker.) 

Xijrmiehen,  Eiobnmann  &  Kmscii,  Proc. U.S. Nut. Mug.,  1888, 556, (0^1/10). 

Characters  of  the  genns  Catostomua  in  all  ruHpccts  except  that  IhIijikI 
the  occiput  is  a  sbftrp-edgcd  hump  produced  by  the  siugulariy  dov(;l(i|)e(l 
intorneural  bones.  The  nutorior  portion  of  the  hump  iH  supportcil  )iya 
large  internoural  formed  by  a  thick  central  pillar  with  anterior  and  \im. 
terior  wings,  the  former  coming  to  a  point  on  the  medial  projecting'  ])latn 
of  the  Bupraocoipital,  forming  a  large  opening  beneath  it;  the  lattor  win^r 
is  somewhat  smaller  and  articulates  with  the  second  interneural.  TIiIh 
interneural  is  a  thin,  flat,  subrectangular  plate ;  the  next  is  an  irre^Milar, 
flat  plate  about  i  as  large  as  the  second,  while  the  next  3  are  Kiniiii, 
flat  plates  above  and  bent  forward.  Other  bones  of  the  anterior  ])ait  of 
the  skeleton  are  somewhat  modified  in  form,  but  the  essential  chniactur 
of  the  genus  is  in  the  great  development  of  the  bones  at  the  nape,  show- 
ing externally  as  a  sharp-edged  hump.  Two  species  known ;  largo  Hiiciters 
of  the  Colorado  basin,     (fv/oof,  razor  •  ni^z/v,  nape.) 

«.  Scales  about  13-73-13  ;  dorHal  rays  13  or  14.  Body  doop,  tlio  back  bigh,  tbc  liiuiip  cnm- 
nieiiciug  at  tbo  napo  with  no  scales  befuro  it  or  011  its  edge.  cvi'iio,3(i(i. 

aa.  Scales  lG-81-13 ;  dorsal  rays  12  ;  body  more  sloiidor,  tlio  hiimi)  miicli  lower ;  sralcn  [H'm  nt 
Iwfore  it  and  on  its  edge.  vnvompaii(jiii:,30I. 

800.  XYRAUCHEN  CYPHO,  (Lockiugton). 
(Razou-back  Sucker  ;  Hum. -backed  Sucker.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  13  or  14 ;  A.  7.  Scales  13  to  15-72  to  77-13.  Hody 
stout,  compressed,  the  head  low,  the  profile  ascending  to  the  prominent 
hump,  which  is  largest  in  adult  specimens  and  usually  begins  at  thn  nape 
with  no  scales  before  it,  its  anterior  edge  straight,  sharp,  and  scalolcss; 
mouth  wide,  inferior ;  upper  lip  with  2  rows  of  papilhe ;  lower  lip  dioply 
divided,  with  8  rows.  Dorsal  long  and  low,  with  concave  edge;  ciuulal 
broad  and  strong,  with  numerous  rudimentary  rays;  pectorals  moderate. 
Scales  loosely  imbricated.  Pharyngeal  teeth  small,  uumerouH ;  peritoneum 
black.  Coloration  plain  olivaceous.  Basin  of  the  Colorado  and  (jila 
rivers ;  very  abundant  where  the  water  is  not  too  cold ;  reaching  a  weiglit 
of  8  to  10  pounds,     (cypho,  hunchback.) 

CaiotUnnm  cypho,  Lockinoton,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  1880,237,  Colorado  River  at  mouth 

of  Gila,  Arizona. 
Oitostomns  ci/pho,  Jordan  &  Gilbrrt,  Synop.sis,  129,1883. 
Xyrauchen  cypho,  Kirscii,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1888, 556;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.,  l>-^n, 20. 

301.  XYBAUCHEN  UNCOMPAHORE,  Jordan  &  Evcrmaun. 

Head  4;  depth  4J^.  D.  12;  A.  7.  Scales  16-81-13.  Body  more  elongate 
than  in  X  ci/pho  of  the  same  size,  the  form  resembling  that  of  a  Gihi; 
head  flatter,  narrower,  and  less  depressed  than  in  X.  cypho,  the  small  lip° 
rather  larger  and  more  coarsely  tuberculate.  Nuchal  hump  much  lower 
than  in  X  cypho,  but  forming  a  sharp  keel  which  does  not  extend  fur- 
ward  to  the  uape,  there  being  13  scales  before  it,  its  surface  also  Bcaly. 


Jordan  ami  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        185 


Snout  J  ill  hflad ;  liroast  naked;  caudal  peduncle  much  slenderer  tlian 
ill  V.  (i//i/">,  dorual  fin  lower;  caudal  large.  Coloration  plain  olivaceouH. 
Known  I'h'iii  a  siugle  s|>ecimcn,  7  iucheH  long,  taken  in  Unconipaligre 
Kivfi  '  olorado  basin) ;  possibly  b  variation  of  A'.  Cjfpho,  but  quite  unlike 
all  kn(i\Mi  oxaniples  of  the  latter. 

\,ii,iii,l,.,i  inin.iuiiiilKjr,,  JoHKJiS  fc  EvKiiMANN,  null.  tT.  8.  Flsli  Com.,  188!),  2fl,   |mhliHlio<l  1891, 
Uiit   I'lpahgre  River,  Delta,  Colorado. 

95.  ERIMYZON,  Jordan. 

(CiiUH  Suckers.) 

yiitmlm,!  I,  AiiASKlZ,  Am.  Jour.  Sol.  ArtH,  18.''4,  200,  (ohhingm),  not  ttf  RiiflnPRqiin. 
Krimii-"'!.  .'"iiii.xN,  Hull.  niiftaloSoc.  Nut.  Hint.,  1870,  05,  (ohUmtiut). 

Body  nliloiig,  compressed.  Head  moderate.  Mouth  moderate,  some- 
what inferior;  the  upper  lip  well  developed,  freely  protractile ;  the  lower 
iiiodoiiito,  infolded,  /V-^I^tP^'^  1*1  outline,  plicate,  with  12  to  20  folds  on 
each  Hiilc.  Lower  jaw  without  cartilaginous  sheath,  rather  stronger  than 
iisuiil,  iuhI  oblique  when  the  mouth  is  closed.  Eye  moderate.  Suborbital 
lioncfl  will  developed,  not  much  narrower  than  the  fleshy  portion  of  the 
cheek  lulow  them ;  opercular  bones  moderately  developed,  not  rugose. 
Fontancllo  rather  large.  Gill  rakers  rather  long.  Pharyngeal  bones 
weak ;  the  teoth  quite  small,  slender,  and  weak,  rapidly  diminishing  in 
!t'ii(,'tli  upward,  each  tooth  narrowly  compressed,  with  a  cusp  on  the 
inner  nnirgiu  of  the  cutting  surface.  Scales  rather  large,  more  or  less 
crowded  forward.  Lateral  line  entirely  wanting  at  all  ages.  Dorsal  tin 
rather  short  and  high,  rays  usually  11  or  12.  Pectoral  fins  moderate. 
AnaMin  liighaud  short,  more  or  less  emarginateor  bilobed  In  adult  males. 
Cnndiil  lin  moderately  forked  or  merely  lunate,  its  2  lobes  about  equal. 
Air  hladder  with  2  chambers.  One  species ;  widely  distributed.  (//»-,  an 
intensive  particle;  nvt^nu,  to  suck.) 

802.  ERIMYZON  SVCKTTA,  (LacSpdde). 
(Cheek  Fish;  Cnun  SucKEH.) 

I^ody  oblong,  compressed,  becoming  gibbous  with  age,  the  antedorsal 
region  nioreorless  elevated  in  theadults,  the  depthaboutSin  length,  rang- 
ing from  2\  in  adults  to  4  in  young.  Head  stout,  short,  about  4^  in  length, 
the  intiTorbital  space  widn.  Eye  rather  large,  4i  head.  Scales  usually 
closely  imbricated  and  1  lOr'  or  less  crowded  forward,  but  often  showing 
variou.s  irregularities  in  arrangement,  the  usual  number  36-15.  D.  usu- 
ally 12;  A.  7  ;  V.  9.  Coloration  varying  with  ago ;  usually  showing  pale 
8treak,s  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  young  with  a  broad  black  lateral  band, 
hordcred  above  by  paler ;  in  some  specimens  from  clear  water  this  band 
in  of  a. jet  black  color  and  very  distinct;  in  others  it  is  duller;  later  this 
baud  becomes  broken  into  a  series  of  blotches,  which  often  assume  the 
form  of  broad  transverse  bars ;  in  adult  specimens  these  bars  disappear, 
and  the  color  is  nearly  uniform  brown,  dusky  above,  paler  below,  every- 
where with  a  coppery  or  brassy,  never  silvery,  luster;  the  fins  dusky  or 
smoky  brown,  often  reddish  tinged.  Sexual  difference  strong ;  males 
in  spring  usually  with  3  large  tubercles  on  eaoh  side  of  the  snout,  and 


■■'^i 


'  f 
\  ] 


f 

, 

i 

^  M^il 

! ,  I'iiil 

f 

1 

i 


I ' 


t ' 


t 


i    t 


TH--T      TR  ' 


180 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\^ 


If  I 


1  i  .> 


\  t! 


\ 


■;«il.!:i 


with  the  anal  fin  more  or  less  Bwolleii  and  emarginate.  Length  alioiit  10 
inches,  (treat  Lakes,  Mississippi  Valley,  and  eastward  in  lakesjiiiil  low- 
land streams  ;  very  abundant ;  the  typical  form,  aucetta,  occurring  coast- 
wise from  Virginia  to  Texas.    (French  eiicet,  sucker.) 

Ouprimi  nuvilii,  LA(-(;i'£nR,  Uiet.  Nat.  Puim.,  v,  600,  18a't,  South  Carolina. 
MoioftonrnkitiHirliii,  QiHAHD,  Pruc.  Ac. Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18S6, 171,  Dry  Creek,  Victoria,  Texai. 

(Tyixs  N...  101.) 
Mi>rii»imnt%  emHi>hHU,  Qirakd,  {.  r.,  172,  IHflfl,  Live  Oak  Creek  and  Devil  River,  Texas. 
Mnronlnma  lenne,  AoAHflls!,  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  ArtH,  IHAfi,  20.3,  Mobile,  Alabama. 
Enmir-'myiiadei,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nut.  Muh.,  xii,  148,  1H7H,  St.  Johna  River,  Florida. 
KrimyMnn  ymulei,  JoiittAN  &  GlLUERT,  Hyiiopiifi,  134,  IHMII. 

Representod  northward  by 

803a.  KRINTZON  8UCETTA  OBLONOITS,  (Mitchill). 

Body  more  elongate  and  less  compressed  than  in  typical  surdin,  the 
greatest  depth  being  contained  about  3i  times  in  the  length.  Nupc  mure 
gibbous  than  in  E  sucetta.  Head  quite  small  and  short,  the  eye  siuiiller, 
about  4|  in  head,  being  almost  exactly  midway  in  its  length,  which  is  4} 
in  that  of  the  body.  Scales  smaller  and  less  uniform  in  their  imbrication 
than  in  E.  aucetta,  the  nsual  number  43-15.  Color  dark  olivaceous  uliove; 
the  adult  nearly  plain,  the  young  Arith  a  distinct  black  lateral  band 
which  breaks  up  into  bars  with  tti^e.  Great  Lake  region  to  Maine  and  tiie 
Dakotas,  south  to  Virginia  and  Indian  Territory,  everywhere  abundant  in 
northern  upland  streams,  gradually  passing  southward  into  the  typical 
aucetta.    (oblongus,  oblong.) 

Cypriuui  Mongu»,  Mitciiill,  Tranfi.  Lit.  and  Phil.  8or.  N.  Y.,  1816, 1,  451),  New  York. 

Afoxonloma  ohhnigum,  GOntiier,  Cat.,vii,  21,  18IS8. 

CaloUoiituii  gibbonu,  Connecticut  River,  Northampton;  luherculalun,  Cermantown,  Pa.; 

and  rittaiut,  Wissahickon  River,  Pennsylvania,  Lf.  Sueur,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  8oi.  I'liila., 

I,  1817,  02,  93,  i04. 
Oitoilomm  fausiolarw,  Rafinesque,  Iclith.  01..,  58,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Laheo  elegann,  New  York;  e/iopiw,  New  Y  ''T'.;  and  elougattu,  Mohawk  River,  De  Kav,  N.  Y, 

Fauna:  FidhcB,  1842, 192,  195,  394. 
Moxottoma  elaeiformU,  GiRARi),  Proc.       .  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185C,  171,  Coal  Creek,  Canadian 

River,  Indian  Territory.    (T>|>  ■.,  No.  105.) 
Erimyzon  suceUa,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  134,1883. 

96.  MINYTREMA,  Jord  vn. 
(Spotted  Suckebs.) 

Minytrema,  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.,  Ed.  2,318,  1878,  {melanopt). 

Head  moderate,  rather  broad  above ;  mouth  moderate,  inferior,  liori- 
zontal ;  the  upper  lip  well  developed,  freely  protractile ;  the  lower  rather 
small,  infolded,  /^-shaped  in  outline,  plicate.  Lower  jaw  without  carti- 
laginous sheath.  Eye  moderate,  rather  high,  placed  about  midway  uf  the 
head.  Suborbital  bone"  well  developed.  Opercular  bones  well  developed, 
not  much  rugose.  Fontanelle  rather  large.  Gill  rakers  rather  long. 
Isthmus  moderate.  Pharyngeal  bones  essentially  as  w  Moxoatoma.  liody 
rather  elongate,  subterete,  becoming  deep  and  rather  compressed  with 
age.  Scales  rather  large,  nearly  equal  over  the  body.  Lateral  line  in- 
terrupted in  the  adult,  bat  with  perfect  tubes,  imperfect  in  partly  grown 
Bpeoimeus,  entirely  obsolete  in  the  young.    Scales  in  a  longitur'ijial  ucriea, 


II  to   1: 

and  lii;,'li 
caiul.'il 
ginuti' 
Air  l)la(l( 
with  mail 
and  M' 
air  lilaiiii 
fpctioiis  (I 

(1.  liiii'. 


Body  < 
dcept  r,  <!( 

tllO  Jl'illlg 

Npocialiy  d 
head.     Sc; 
47)  loiiLjitii 
crowded    i\ 
diiHky  ;ilMn 
Hcaic  aloii;^ 
its  basi',  till 
of  scales ; 
Itnt  yoiMi},' 
with  a  cop] 
old  males  w 
change  witl 
length  aliou 
River)  and  1 
appoarauco. 

CiilnnliimiiD  iiirhm 

Miiiijlreiiiu  iiii'hm 

ilixiMomn  vicluri 

Pliiclioiliiiiiiis  hdji 

Pierre,  Ne 


Mcirntloma,  RafI 
Tfretiilm,  Raki.m 
Pljichotluiuiis,  Ao, 

Body  nioro 
less  coniprosj 
of  the  body, 
the  head.    Si 
Mouth  varyii 


j  or  Jan  and  FA'^ennann. — Fishes  of  North  Attierica.         1H( 


It  to  I'  )>i  iiuuilier,  12  to  14  in  a  transverse  series.  Dorsal  An  ratlittr  sliurt 
aud  )i>  ;lw  \^''tb  about  12  rays  beginning  rather  nearer  snout  than  base  of 
caudal  I'Lctoral  iius  moderate.  Anal  high  and  short,  more  or  less  emar- 
iriiiuti'  III  males.  Caudal  fin  moderately  forked,  the  lobes  about  equal. 
Air  Id.iiiiler  with  2  chanibers.  Males  in  spiing  with  the  head  covered 
witli  many  small  tubercles.  This  genus  is  intermediate  between  Kriimjzon 
and  M'.'oxUmm^  differing  from  the  latter  mainly  in  the  structure  of  its 
air  Mailder.  (/itvi'i,  reduced ;  t/)//^«,  aperture;  in  allusion  to  the  imper- 
fectidiiH  of  the  lateral  line.) 

n   liiul.  Mii'iikH  along  roWH  of  Bdili'Bi'vldoiit;  sciilofl  7-40-0.  mrlanoi-r,  ;UKi. 

y 

»(>8.  MINYTRKMA  MKLANOPK,  (Rannoiqup). 
(WiNTEn  Sucker  ;  SroiTEi)  Suckeu.) 

Dody  (ihlong,  little  compressed,  the  young  nearly  terete,  the  adults 
deo{M'i';  ilopth  about  4  in  length,  varying  from  about  3  in  adults  to  4^  in 
tlio  young.  Head  not  very  large,  4^  in  length  of  body  (4^  to  4i),  not 
Hpccialiy  dopressed.  Mucous  pores  rather  strong.  Eye  small,  5  to  6  in 
head.  Scales  large,  firm,  regularly  and  smoothly  imbricated,  in  4(5  (44  to 
47)  loii<;itndinal  series,  and  13  (12  to  14)  transverse  series,  the  scales  not 
crowded  forward.  Fin  rays  usually,  D.  12;  A.  7;  V.  9.  Coloration 
diiNky  iiliovo,  with  usually  a  black  blotch  behind  the  dorsal  fin;  each 
Ncale  iiloii;^  the  sides  with  a  small,  more  or  less  distinct  blackish  spot  at 
its  baNi>,  thoMO  spots  forming  interrupted  longitudinal  lines  along  the  rows 
of  Ncalcs;  those  lines  are  usually  very  distinct,  especially  in  the  adult, 
Imt  yoniif;  specimens  often  show  them  faintly;  sides  and  belly  silvery, 
with  a  coppery  luster.  Sexual  peculiarities  moderately  marked;  very 
old  males  with  the  head  covered  with  small  tubercles  in  spring;  no  great 
cliango  with  age,  either  in  form  or  coloration.  Size  large;  maximum 
length  altout  18  inches.  Great  Lake  region  to  North  Carolina  (Cape  Fear 
River)  and  west  to  Texas;  rather  common  westward,  {fit^ac,  black;  i»}>, 
appoarauco.) 

Ciitoilumiix  iiifhniopf,  Bafinesqie,  Ichtli.  Oh.,  67,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

OiMoiiMn/iisciVifiu  Le  SuEi'R,  in  Ctivier  A  Viilonciennns,  xvii,  449, 1844,  Mississippi  River. 
Cttoni'inim/'iHriatiis,  GCnther,  Cat.,  vii,  19,1868;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu».  xii,  138,1878. 
Mimjlmiiit  iiiihninpn,  JORDAN  A  GiLiiERT,  Synopsis,  13G,  1883. 

MiiTn.iifiin,i  riloriir,  OiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philtt.,  1856, 171,  Dry  Creek,  Victoria,  Texas. 
Ptiichnilniiiiis  luii/ileni,  GiRARD,  I.e.,  185G,  172,  YcUowBtone  River;  Missouri  River  at  Fort 
Pierre,  Nebraska.     (Type,  No.  20263.) 

97.   MOXOSTOMA,  Rafinesqne. 
(Red  Horse.) 

Mnrntloma,  Hafinesque,  Ichth.  Oh.,  54, 1820,  (nHiMiriM). 

T'tetiilm,  Rafinf,sque,  /.  c,  57,  1820,  {anreoUti). 

Piijchoiiuiuiis,  AaAssiz,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  1856,  203,  (aureohit). 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  sometimes  nearly  terete,  usually  more  or 
less  compressed.  Head  variously  long  or  short,  its  length  3i  to  5i  in  that 
of  the  body.  Eye  usually  rather  large,  from  3  to  6  times  in  the  length  of 
the  Lead.  Suborbital  bones  very  narrow.  Fontanelle  always  well  open. 
Mouth  varying  much  in  size,  always  inferior  in  position,  the  mandible 


t    t 


1.    . 


\ 


188 


I  If 


fl 

1 

.  i    ■ 

I 


fl 


I     ^ 


I  i 


.    \>l 

AM|||aiiMM; 

'  1    '  Sr 

■  ,  n 

flf^ffi^ 

i 

3 

] 

..?: 

1 

J     i 

'__,;,:            ,.       , 

M  t 

Mil  i 

M. 


Bulletin  47,  Ihiited  States  National  .\fi4seum. 


bfllng  horizontal  or  nonrly  ho,  LipH  iiHiially  well  dovelopod,  tlio  foiniof 
tlio  low«tr  varying,  iiHiiiilly  with  11  Hlij^ht  ni«Hlinn  tlHHnro,  hut  nuvur  <!<  iply 
inciand ;  tho  lipH  with  triiUHVurHo  plica*,  tho  fohlH  rurttly  ho  hrokon  iiji  no 
to  form  papillti'.  .Tiiwh  without  cartiluginouH  Hhoiith.  MnritHroiin  Nvstmi 
oonHidoruhly  duvolopod.  Oporciilar  hon«>M  nio«l<>ratuly  dovolopi^l,  miirlv 
HHiooth.  iHthniUH  broad,  (iill  rakerH  w<«ak,  nu>d<!ratt>ly  \o\\)i.  riiMiyn- 
u;nal  hont>H  ratlutr  weak,  niurh  an  in  F.rlinfizon  and  CatoHlomiiH,  i\w  iii-iii 
rather  coarMcr,  Htronj;ly  coniproHHcd,  the  lo  ;vr  5  or  «>  Mtron{;fr  than  ilit< 
othorH,  which  rapidly  diminiHli  in  ni/o  upward,  each  with  a  itroninitnt 
internal  cuap.  HcalcH  largo,  more  or  lenn  qnadratu  in  foini,  nearly  i'<|iijil 
in  hIko  over  the  body,  and  not  Hpocially  crowded  anywhere,  ii.siiaily 
ibout  44  in  the  lateral  lino  and  about  12  ncrieH  between  dornal  ami  voii- 
trals.  Latural  lino  well  devoloped,  straight  or  anteriorly  curved.  Kins 
■well  developed,  the  dorHal  inHortod  about  midway  ot  body,  itH  HinI  layn 
uaually  rather  nearer  Huout  than  caudal,  tho  number  ot  devolo])i'il  rays 
URually  about  13,  but  varying  from  11  to  17.  Anal  tin  Hhort  and  lii;;li, 
usually  omarginate  in  the  male,  with  7  developed  rays.  Caiuliil  I'm 
deeply  forked.  Air  bladder  with  3  chambers.  Skeleton  oHsentiaily  ms  iti 
Catostomufi,  tho  vertebrie  (in  ^f.  aniimntm)  27  -f  14  .=  41.  Sexual  jicniliar- 
ities  little  marked,  tho  males  in  the  spawning  season  with  tho  lown  lins 
■eddened,  and  tho  anal  rays  swollen  and  somewhat  tuberculato.  Spenips 
/ery  numerous  in  tho  United  States  oast  of  the  Kocky  MountaiiiH.  Tin  y 
spawn  in  spring,  running  up  from  tho  rivers  into  the  smaller  streams  for 
that  purpose.  They  are  dithcult  to  distinguish  and  have  been  iiti<1nly 
multiplied  by  authors.  They  are  less  tenacious  of  life  than  the  njkhjch 
of  Catoatomuft,  (/iviiaL),  to  suck;  nro/ia,  mouth;  hence,  more  j)r()|tt'rly 
^f!IZontoma.) 

n.  Lips  full,  tho  foMx  Iirokoii  up  into  ovidont  papillii>;  inoutli  wry  finmll,  tlinHtioiit  iinijnl' 
ing.     1).  12  to  14.  PAPll.i.dsi  M,  ;i(il. 

iMi.  Ijipfl  plicnto,  tlio  fuIilB  not  furniing  diBtlnct  papillir. 

fl.  DorKiil  fln  largo,  of  IH  to  18  rayH;    owit  lip  V-^lmpoil,  Nomowliat  papilloR'. 

c.  Mouth  ino<lorat«  ;  lowor  fln  piili .  AMsriii  m,  .lo:.. 

cc.  Mouth  (|uito  gmiiU  ;  lowor  fln  ruddiNli.  roi.i.Ai'siM,  :w< 

hh.  Dorsal  fln  Hmaller,  of  10  to  It  rays. 

(/.  Lower  lip  narrow,  infolded,  V^shnp'"'!  wlion   soon  from  liclow,  witli  ii  •lintirii'l 
modian  croa8o  in  which  tho  halvcN  nirct,  forminK  an  aoutu  angle. 
c.  nody  stout,  with  broad,  bluntish  liead,  wliich  iH  flatteueil  aliove;  dorsal  lav^'I'i. 

inn  .1,  :iii7. 
ee.  Body  elongato,  Buhcylindrical,  littlo  comprcsBed ;  miout  trunrato. 

PIKIFXSE,  .Ifl*. 

«■(•<■.  Hody  eomproBBod,  tho  hack   elevated;  muz/.lo  projecting  hoyond  I  lie  viry 
Bmall  mouth,  couEciOM  s,  :'M. 

ihl.  Lowor  lip  thin,  forming  a  narrow,  ereacont-Bhapod  border  around  tho  iniimlilili'. 
/.  Head  Bmall,  6  in  length;  snout  prominent;  dorBnl  rayH  12  to  14.  ai.ium,  itl" 
JT.  Head  stout,  4  in  length;  snout  not  projecting;  dorsal  rays  14  or  15. 

TIIAI.ASSINIM,;!!!. 

ddd.  Lower  lip  full,  truncate  behind,  not  evidently  V-''hnp<'d  or  (J-shaped. 

g.  Dorsal  fin  moderate,  its  rays  12  to  14,  usually  1.3  in  number;  body  niin"  or  loss 
compressed. 
k.  Caudal  fln  normal,  tho  2  lobes  similarly  colored. 

t.  Caudal  fln  with  the  upper  lobe  not  conspicuously  longer  timii  the 
lower. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — I'iihis  of  North  Anurica. 


18» 


J,  Uutttl  ruthiT  InrK*',  rIoiiI,  lirimil  nliovx,  4  to  niiirly  U  in  lnHly;  itiiuut 
httlu  |>riiJ<H  lliiK  ItuyiiMil  tliii  iiioiitli. 
k.  Uunwl  tin  low  uinl  miiikll,  IIn  llmt  my  wlu'ii  iIi'Iuchhi'iI  ri'iu-liliiK 
liililillo  of  liiHt,  tlut  iiiliiilior  of  ru>'«  I'J;  iiioiitli  Hiiiiill. 

roNciENTrM,  ;irj, 

kk,  Dorwkl  tin  rnlliiT  IiIkIi  hiiiI  pniiiliMl,  IIn  ttnt  my  iilHuit  rouili- 
liiK  tl|)  of  liMl,  IIn  myit  but  II  ;  inoiitli  rntlicr  Miintll. 

AlIHTItlNUM,:!!:). 

kkk,  DorHiil  Dii  lnrK«r  iiiiil  Ioiikit,  it«  myH  iiKimlly  111. 

<.  Dui'Mtl  till  Willi  ilH  fri'i'  iiiitrKiii  iii'ai'ly  HtrnlKlit;  luW4>r  tin- 
ulwiiyn  ri'il  III  lil'i-. 
III.    Iloily  (ililoiiK  or  m(lii>r  t<loli)rnl«,  tlio  linck  lltllx  clr- 
Vllti'il.  AUHKoM  >i,  :U4. 

mm.   Iloily  tituiit,  tliii  linck  iiiuvli  I'luviiti'il. 

HilllimTHM,  .'IKi. 

n.  Duraiii  tin  with  ItH  Um-  imirKin  iilwayH  inori'  or  Ichn  Iii- 
cIhoiI  or  (•(iiiciivr;  lower  IImh  |ii»I». 
M.   Iloud  iiioiltirulc,  ■lj{  ill  lioily;   Ixick  not  xIuvuIimI. 

MACIIOMSPIDOTI'M,  3lli. 
nil,   IIouil  very  Hliort  iiiul  liliiiit,  A  lu  l>u<ly;  Imrk  «leviili>il, 

CKANHILAIIIIK,  :)17. 

./.  IIi'Uil  Nliort,  low  und  Hniiill,  I'onic,  ft  to  Ti'.j  in  limly;  iiioiith  vury 

Hiiiiill,  till'  Hiioiit  iiiiicli   proJii'thiK  bcyoinl  it;   ciiiultil   IoIiuh 

ii|iliiin'iitl,v  <'i|iiiil.  i.ENi'Kitiii,  :itM. 

a.  ('uiiiliil  Mil  with  the  ii|i|M'r  hiliu   mom  or   leNH  iiriMluceil  iiinl  fiilcatc; 

Hlioiit  iiiiii'h  |iliijoi'tiiiK  liuyoliil  the  Kliiiill  iiiiiiilh;  lieiiil  Hniiill  iiiiij 

conic,  uhoiitri'.^  in  len);th;  ilorwil  tin  with  thu  True  hur(lurlnci«<Kl, 

the  HrNt  myH  |iroiliicod. 

«.  Lower  tUiH  ruil  in  lITu;  eye  xiiiull,  5  in  lieiiil.  iiiikvioki'N,  :i1U. 

nil.   Lower  IImh  pule;  eye  lurKer.  com  s,  Wis). 

hh.  C'ltiidiil  with  thii  lower  lohu  dlHtinctly  longer  than  thu  iip|H-r,  and  Jut  black, 

thu  2   lower  myH  abruptly   |ialu;   npiHT   lolm  rod;   liody  ulongute; 

mouth  niodurute.  imkciluucm,  :i21. 

iiy.  Doi'hiil  lin  Kiiiiill,  iU  rayH  111  to  1'i  in  niimlier;  body  eluiiKate,  subttirtito,  ur 

Nlightly  coiiiproNKed;  head  Hhortish;  mouth  iiioderute. 

}i.  8culuH  ()-r>IMi,  1H  befoi'ii  dorMiil;  dorHiil  with  itH  freu  edgn  couoavo;  color 

nearly  plain  brownlHli,  tipH  of  dorsal  and  caudal  tioDiuwhat  dusky. 

iilirisoAUTBH,  :i22. 

pp.  ScaloH  li-4;l-r),  Vt  before  dorsal ;  series  of  pale  streaks  alont;  rows  of  scales; 

tips  of  dorsal  and  caudal  inky  black.  ceiivinijh,  323. 


u 


H04.  MOXOKT<)NA  PAPILLOSIN,  (Cope). 

(WllITK  MfLI.KT.) 

Ituilv  (HMiiparatively  stout,  thu  (IuihuI  ru^iou  aomewhat  elevated  uutl 
luiiiuleil,  the  depth  4  tu  Ai  in  length,  the  head  abuut  the  aauie.  Eye  rather 
large,  lii>rli  up  and  well  back,  the  preorbital  space  being  longer  than  iu 
iiiiMt  H|iecie8 ;  top  of  head  Hat.  Dorsal  rays  12  to  14.  Scales  rather  large, 
(M2-5.  Li])s  moderate,  deeply  incised,  the  folds  more  broken  up  than  in 
utlier  Hpecies.  Caudal  lobes  equal.  Color  silvery ;  back  with  smoky 
slmiliii^r;  lower  fins  more  or  less  reddish.  Size  moderate,  length  1  to 
2  feet.  Coastwise  streams  from  the  Dismal  Swamp  in  Virginia  to  the 
Ocmuljjce  River,  Georgia;  common.     (Papillosus,  bearing  papillte.) 

llijeliottdiiiiifjtapiUnms,  CoPK,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.   Phila.,  1870,  470,  Catawba  and  Yadkin 

rivers,  North  Carolina. 
Jfo/iW«iiii  iiitpillimim,  JouuAN,  Uull.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  134, 1878;  JottDAN  &  GiUEBT,  Syuopsis, 

U",  1N8:!. 


'■ 


!  n 


.•'; : 


'tr 


-:' 


r ' 


iS 


(.: 


-^ 


.  i 


190 


!'  *' 

t                                                                                    ! 
1                                                                                    ' 

i                                                 .     ' 

ill 


Hullctin  ./7,  Uniti'J  Staffs  Natiiitntl  .\riiintm. 

HOS.  HIOXOATOXA  ANINIIUUM,  (R<knm>»|ii»). 

(WlllTR>Ni>«Kn  HlMKRII.) 

Dody  Htutit,  <lo«>p,  compr«HHod,  tho  hack  olovntiul,  tb»  depth  3  to  4  in 
loiiKth.  Iltmd  Hliurt,  hoavy,  lluttiHli  and  broud  above,  \\\  to  \\  in  ItMi^th; 
ditptii  of  cheuliH  i  length  of  liuud.  Eye  rather  lurge,  inidwny  in  li«-u<l,  1  to 
5  in  it(t  length.  Mu/kIu  rather  prominent,  bliintinh,  ovorhangiiii;  the 
rather  large  mouth;  upper  lip  thin,  lower  strongly  V-Hha]>ed;  tliii  vt-ry 
large.  Dorual  long  and  high,  its  height  \  the  length  of  head,  itu  freo  Ixinjii 
Htraight,  the  lirHt  ray  about  aH  long  ao  Hn.  I'ectoralH  nearly  roiahiii); 
ventrals;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  narrow,  longer  than  lower.  D.  15  to  18. 
Color  very  pale  and  Hilvery;  Huioky  above;  lower  ihiH  white  or  pal«  n-d, 
Si/e  large,  Ohio  Uiver  and  Ureat  Lake  region;  not  very  eonunou,  Ixit 
widely  diHtributed.     ((ivteror,  unequal;  oi'/xi  tail.) 

Ci\h>tt»mnt  ixnitnrm,  lUriNi:8gi<E,  Ii')it)i.  Oil.,  M,  |H'J(),  Ohio  River. 

« WoD/oniiM  cniTit'ii,  CiiviKii  it  Vai.enciennks,  xvii,  li'iV,  IH-O,  Lake  Ontario,  iiutuf  |{ullri<'N<|iii' 

( Vi/ii/i/omMJl  i:>ii'j(i<),  (JCntiiKH,  Cut.,  Vll,  'JO,  IHOH. 

Mi>jriiilimiiHHrpii>,  JuiiDAN  A  *ilLli£liT,  Sy iioijhIn,  1:I9,  IHKl. 

I'ljivhimttmiii  leliUim,  Cdl'i;,    I'roc.    Am.    I'hil.   Scjc.    I'lillu.,   l87(l,    471,  YoughioKheiiy    kivcr, 

Pennsylvania. 
Miixiitioma  rtliiliim,  ,Ioui>an  ,1  (iii.iir.itT,  .>>,vrio|iHiH,  IHH,  \HK\. 

Miiiimldiiiii  viilencieuiiesi,  .loiiliAN,  I'i'uc.  I'.  S.  Nut.  Miih.,  IhH.'i,  7<'i,  Hubvtltutu  totvarpiu,  |iri'i»  i  ii|>l>'(t. 
Jlf()xua/»m(i  anwunim,  JdliUAN,  Muu.  Vurt,  Kd.  A,  47,18UU. 

H06.  MOXOSTOMA  t'OLLAPHlJM,  (Oopd). 

Head 4;  depth  3jt.  I).  15.  Scales  0-42-5.  Hody  rather atout,  com pivswd, 
the  back  elevated.  Head  Hhort,Hniall,  conic,  broad  and  tlat  above.  Month 
(imall,the  lips  plicate,  the  lower  lip  /^-Hhapod.  Mu/^Ie  truncatf,  ovci 
hanging  the  mouth.  Eye  in  middle  of  Hide  of  head,  4  in  its  len^'th  (in 
apeoiuieu  of  8  inches),  i  in  snout,  1^  in  interorbital.  Depth  of  clieek, 
i  length  of  head  back  to  preopercle.  Dorsal  long,  its  free  edge  stiiii^'ht, 
its  first  ray  as  long  as  its  base,  §  length  of  head.  Caudal  lobes  huI>(m|uu1. 
Silvery,  dusky  above,  without  dark  spots  on  bases  of  scales  ;  doiMil  and 
caudal  membranes  blackish;  other  tins  plain,  said  to  be  orange  in  life. 
(H.  M.  Smith.)  Lowland  streams  of  North  Carolina  (Neuse,  Catuwlm, 
Yadkin,  and  Roanoke);  said  to  be  very  abundant.  Apparently  vlm.v  eluse 
to  M.  aniaurum,  but  with  the  mouth  smaller ;  perhaps  not  distinct,  (cul- 
lapHua,  flattened  sidewise.) 

Plychoilomus  collitpnu,  CoPK,  I'roc.  Am.  Pliil.  Sue,  187U,  471,  Neuse,  Yadlcin,  and  Catawba 

rivers.  North  Carolina. 
Moxostoma  coHai)imiH,  Smith,  Bull.  U.  8.  Fiali  Com.,  18'Jl,  198. 

807.  aOXOSTOMA  BUCCO,  (Coi>e). 

Head  short  and  very  wide  through  the  opercles  ;  front  and  vertex  flat. 
Body  stout,  the  back  somewhat  elevated ;  depth  4  in  length.  Muz/io  Bub- 
truucate,  slightly  projecting.  Lips  thin,  the  lower  with  lateral  lobed 
inclosing  a  /^-shaped  interval.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head,  width  of  head  liehiud 
orbits  If  in  its  length.     Scales  6-40-5.    D.  12;  A.  7;  V.  9.    Olivaceous, 


/,»,/an  <///</  F.vennatiu. — Fishes  of  North  Aitierica. 


101 


Dilvtiv  lu'low  ;  (lorsttl  tin  duMky.  (Cop«.)  MiHHiMiri  Rivor  at  St.  JuHopli. 
I'viMi  iilioiit  1  iii«'heH  lung;  a  (loiibtfiil  apeoioti  anid  to  be  nlliutl  to  Alonm- 
l.iwii  i"//i//'>"'m,  Init  tlio  (lurHnl  liaH  fewer  rnyH.  It  Ih  poHHihlu  tliut  tliiH  ih 
viiliii  Hiifcit'H  botweeu  uniHurum  and  pidietme,  but  no  spuoieH  with  tlio 
AHliiiiH-il  li|iH  o( (ttiituriim  have  been  funnd  in  tlio  MiHSuuri  Kiv«r  by  otber 
,„ll(«  tois.  It  will  not  unlikoly  prove  to  bo  u  yoiuiR  red  liorHoor  poHHibly 
l\i,>  \i<m))io( Miniilrvmnmelanopa.  (ftuoco,  thick obeekH, from  thointuroper* 
nilar  width  of  tho  head.) 

l<t,j,l„„i,miit  him,,  (iopii,  lliijrdoirH  (JpoI.  Burv.  WjromliiK,  1872,  AM,  St.  Joaeph,  Miaaourl. 

.W../...(.-'Mi  (.Hf..-,  Ji.KKAN  A  OiMiEBT,  «ynui«l»,  138,  18«3. 

aOH.  MOXOMTOMA  PIIIIENNR,  (Cupe). 

Ili'ii'l  ratlior  IonK>  4^  in  length,  flattiah  above.  Body  elongate,  more 
iiciiilv  cyliiidrioal,  little  oompreasod.  Mii/.zle  truncate.  OlivaceouH, 
Noiiii'tiiiK'N  with  ruw8  of  faint  spots  along  the  seriea  of  Boales;  doraal  and 
cuiidiil  IliiH  black-edged.  Size  quite  small.  Kesembles  M.  cervinum  but 
tilt' month  oL'tirelyditl'erent.  Groat  Pedee  Basin.  (Cupe.)  (Name  from 
I'tMleo.) 

Ii,,.l„„i,<i>im  piiliaifi*,  OoPB,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phlla.,  187",  471,  Yadkin  River,   North 

Carolina. 
M.ij:,>iniii,i  iwlifiw,  Jordan,  Dull.  U.H.Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  13.1, 187H;  Juhdan  AQilubut,  Synuiwli, 

i:i(t,  1HH3. 

809.  X0X08T0XA  C0BEU0NV8,  (Cope). 
(Blvb  Mullet.) 

Mu/./lo  conic,  much  projecting  beyond  the  very  small  month ;  body 
much  coiii[)re88ed,  broadly  fusiform,  the  back  elevated  and  arched.  I)or- 
Hiil  tiivH  II.  Color  silvery,  with  plumbeous  shades  above ;  lower  Una  white. 
Si/.uHiiiall.  Catawbaand  Yadkin  rivers.  North  Corolina.  (Cope.)  (cor- 
eijoiiiis,  thu  white  fish,  from  the  form.) 

l'i!tr)„,Hi,,i,iii!ii;)reiionH;  OopR, Proc.  Am.  Phil. Soc.  Phils.,  1870, 472,Catawba  and  Yadjcin  rivera. 
M'j/oni(ini.i  mreijoHiu,  JuBUAM,  Bull.  U.S.  Nat.  MnR.,xii,  134, 1878;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Hynopsio, 
13»,  1883. 

810.  H0X08T0HA  ALBUM,  (Cope). 

Hfiad  small,  5  in  length.  Muzzle  prominent,  but  less  so  than  in  Jlf. 
conijoniiH.  Mouth  moderate.  Back  a  little  elevated.  Depth  about  3jt  in 
Iciigtii.  Dorsal  rays  12  to  14,  its  free  border  often  incised.  Scales  6-45-5. 
C'uloratiou  very  pale ;  lower  tins  white.  Size  large ;  reaches  a  weight  of 
1  puiuidH  or  more.  Catawba  and  other  rivers  of  North  Carolina,  {alhm, 
white.) 

n,jchn^ninn»  aftiM,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870, 472,  Catawba  River,  North  Caro- 
lina. 
MuxoMnma  (iHiiim,  JORDAN,  Bull.U.  S.  Nat.  MuB.,  xu,  130, 1878  ;  Jordan  A.  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  139, 

1883. 

811.  M0X08T0HA  THALASSINUM,  (Copo). 

Head  Htout,  as  in  M.  anisurum,  rather  long,  4  in  length,  flattish  above, 
muzzlo  truncate,  not  very  prominent.    Mouth  moderate.     Back  elevated. 


A 


J 
!     t 
t 


li  Jl 

:    i. 


;  , 


hi 


: 


!        ) 


,    I 


hi 


1.  I. 


Ih 


■II 


t 
i 

I 


f 
It 


■I. 
'ii 

I  I! 


i 

I 


i] 


r,    ' 

1     1 

■  ' 

r    ' 

'4;l 

P  1 

.K^i'-C'J  ■..■S4j?!r-K^i 


ft 


M 


^t 


>■  I 


\m' 


^'■:. 


;  I  i 


m\ 


...  ;<  : 
.;■■■!?   ' 


11 ; 


ti  (■ 


: 

I 

i 

.rii  : 

[1^, 

,at:   .  ■,    .,; 

I      .J  I 


:»^i' 


1«2 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


DoFMal  fin  long,  of  14  or  15  niyu.     (h-een  above,  white  below  ;  lowci  ling 
wliito.     Yadltiu  River.    (Cope.)    (</((({<(«8tni(«,  Hea  green.) 

Itijihiiflitmm  llmiiuisimu,  CoPK,  Proc.  Aim.    IMiil,   .Sor.  I'liilii.,  1H70,  47'J,  Yadkin  River,  North 

Carolina. 
Miitiistomu  lliidwvtiimn,  Joui>AN,  Dull.  I'.  8.  Nut.  Miia.,  xil,  l.'il,  1H78;  Jordan  k  (iilukkt,  S;, nn|«],, 

l;i'J,l883. 

•AVi.  MOXOSTOMA  C'UN'UKSTl.ll,  (Uulrd  &  Glrard). 

(Te.\a8  Ui;i>  IIuitsR.) 

Head  4*  to  4J;  deptli  4.  D.  12.  Scales  6-45-5.  General  form  of.)/, 
aureolum,  rather  robust,  moderately  compressed,  the  back  somewliat  ele- 
vated. Head  comparatively  short,  rather  broad  above  and  pointed  alitor- 
iorly;  the  snout  a  little  projecting,  mouth  i,ither  small,  the  lower  lip  lull, 
formed  as  in  AI.  aureoUim;  eye  small,  about  5  in  head;  doi^al  tin  uiiunii 
ally  low  and  small,  little  elevated  in  front,  its  iirst  ray,  when  dcpiesHed, 
reaching  about  to  middle  of  last  ray;  caudal  not  deeply  forked,  tin;  lulira 
equal;  lower  fins  moderate.  Smoky  yellowish  brown  above,  yellowish 
silvery  below  ;  lower  ilns  whitish  ;  none  of  the  fins  red  in  life;  tlit^  iin'iii- 
brancs  of  the  dorsal  always  dusky.  Teeth  as  in  M.  aureolum.  Streams  of 
Texas  (our  specimens  from  Lampasas  River),  said  to  have  been  taken  iu 
Ash  Creek,  Arizona,  but  this  is  doubtful.  The  types  of  coagestum  and  alhi- 
dum  belong  to  this  species,  which  is  close  to  macrole^ndotum.  {cuiujenlini, 
b  wollen.) 

CiUiistomu;.  congeslw,  Uaikd  &  QiRARn,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilft.,  ISM,  27,  Rio  Salado,  Texas. 

I'lyclwHtomuH  albidHH,*  Oirakd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  1850,  172,  Rio  San  Juan,  Mon- 
terey, New  Leon.     (Type,  No.  170.) 

M<>r<>al<im<ialbUliim,  JoaoAH  AGlLliEHT,  SyuojiKis,  141,188.'?;  .Ioudan,  Proc.  U.S.  Niii.  Mun.,  188il,lj< 

ValoslomnK  tcxatius,  Aduott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  180U,  473,  Colorado  and  New  rivers, 
Texas. 

313.  M0X08T0.VA  AUSTKINUM,  Bean. 

Head  4J;  depth  4.  D.  11;  A.  6.  Scales  6-44-6.  Body  rather  stout: 
lips  plicate,  truncate  behind.  i?^ontant.ilo  very  small.  Eye  small,  nearly  Giii 
head.  Dorsal  rather  high,  its  margin  concave,  it.*)  first  ray  when  depressed 
nearly  reaching  end  of  last  "ay.  Air  bladder  in  3  parts.  Light  brown 
above,  yellowish  below,  some  scales  brownish  at  base;  paired  fins  with 
dark  blotches  in  the  adult,  these  markings  wanting  in  the  young  which  is 
nearly  plain  silvery.  Basin  of  Rio  de  Santiago,  Michoacan,  Mexico  (west 
of  Sierra  Madre).  Our  specimen  from  Rio  Lerma,  at  Salamanca,  {attn- 
{Mnus,  southern.) 

HTyxontoma  aiistiina.  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  302,  Piedad  in  Morelia,  (Michoacan), 

Mexico.     (Typo,  Nos.  23120  uiid  23121.) 
Minytreina  auatrmum,  Johdan  &  Giluekt,  Synopsis,  13G,  1883. 

314.'^M0XOSTO.nA  AUREOLUM,  (Lo  Suoiir). 
(Common  Red  IIorsk;   Mullet;  White  Svuker  ;  Laroe-scaled  Sucker.) 

Head  comparatively  eloagate,  bluntish,  rather  broad  and  liatteiuMl 
above,  4  to  5  in  length,  its  size  somewhat  variable.     Body  stoutiBli,  vary- 


♦Tlie  typo  specimen  of  riyclioslumu.-  albidus  lias  44  scales  iu  tlio  lateral  line,  iustiail  nf  .W, 
•s  represented  in  Girard's  figure. 


/or dan  (ind  Everfnann  — Fishes  of  North  America. 


103 


iiiir  to  m-'ltiatoly  elongate.  Lips  rather  full,  the  blnntish  lunzzle  pro- 
jecting i'l/voud  the  large  mouth;  greatest  depth  of  cheeks  more  than  i 
tlisiiUico  tVom  snout  \\j  preopercle.  Eye  rather  large.  Dorsal  fin  medium, 
its  (Icvt'ioi't'd  rays  12  to  14,  usually  13  in  number,  its  free  edge  nearly 
striiiijl''-  i"*  lo"S*^st  ray  shorter  than  head.  Scales  large,  about  45  in  the 
lateral  1  "•'•  Olivaceous;  sides  silvery;  lower  fins  in  the  adult  red  or 
oiiiii"!''  l.ako  Ontario  and  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Missouri  River,  Hoiith 
to  Arkansas  and  Georgia;  everywhere  abundant  west  of  the  Allegheny 
iiiouiitaiii^-  This  perhaps  may  vary  into  M.  macrolepidotum,  of  which  it 
has  liet'i  considered  a  variety,  but  for  the  present  at  least  we  think  it 
best  to  lo^Mi'd  it  as  distinct,     (aureolua,  gilded.) 

C«toi(imin  (."t'"''i«,  ■  Li:  Sueur,  Jour.  Ar.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  95. 1817,  Lake  Erie,  near  BufTalo. 
riiMoi""s<'.v''i'"»niii,  Uafinesque,  Am.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,354,  Ohio  River. 
(Wo</"m"<''"7"«»'"',  OCntiieb,  Cat,  VII,  18,  1808. 

Cih'stomii^  !'"■  i'",t  D*'  Kay,  N.  T.  Fauna:  Fishes,  198, 1842,  Oneida  Lake. 
Rn/i/iu  me':"!'!-!!-,  Rafinesque,  Ich.  Oh.,  51,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Pliichoil'  iiiKH  diii,'<em'A,X  enjthmrus,  oveida,  etc.,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila,  1870. 
}iijxntiomii  riiri/njw,  JORDAN,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1876, 348,  Oostanaula  River,  Rome, 
Georgia,  is  probably  a  monstrosity  of  this  species. 


815.  MOXOSTOMA  ROBUSTUM,  (Cope). 

Body  Btont,  the  back  elevated.  Head  short  and  deep;  the  snout  not 
prominent,  truncate  in  profile.  Eye  4  to  5  in  head.  Dorsal  short,  its 
upper  margin  straight.  D.  12.  Head  4  to  4^  in  length.  Color  smoky  or 
clouded  aliove,with  golden  reflectiows,  yellowish  below;  dorsal, anal, and 
Miidal  dark  crimson.  Size  large,  weight  6  pounds  or  more.  Yadkin  River, 
North  Carolina.  (Cope).  A  doubtful  species,  apparently  resembling  ^1/. 
mirfo/MHi,aud  perhaps  identical  with  it.     (robustus,  robust.) 

/yMn/iwiMs  )(,,'-n«(i(«,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  I'hil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  473,  Yadkin  River,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

816.   iWOXOSTOMA  ItlACROLEPIDOTUM.  (Le  Sueur). 

Head  moderate,  rather  stout,  its  length  4?  in  body,  eye  If  in  snout ; 
dorsal  fin  with  its  free  edge  concave.  Scales  usually  with  dusky  shade  at 
base;  low  or  fins  pale.    Streams  about  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays. 


» C.  miK  (./hs.— "  Anal  ftn  lonp,  pointed  and  passing  considerably  beyond  the  base  of  the  caudal 
iiu,  wliiili  is  I'orkcil,  with  pointed  loT)e8,  tlie  inferior  of  which  is  the  largest ;  abdomiuul  tin 
tniiii'atiMl.  Biiily  fiubcylindrie,  elevated  at  the  nape;  head  quadrangular,  gilibous  alwvo  the 
Hv.  alnidst  a"  high  as  long;  the  rays  of  the  anal  fin  are  very  strong  and  large;  scales 
riiuiiilmiiial,  Kinal ;  body  of  a  beautiful  orange  color,  which  is  deepest  on  the  back,  the  basciiof 
tliiiwales  (lark  red;  the  sides  are  heightened  with  golden  reflections;  pectoral,  ventral  and 
iiiialfins(.t' a  fine  red  orange,  caudal  fin  of  a  deep  carmino  color — the  dorsal  fin  is  paler  than 
Ibori'ft;  tlu'  lateral  line  is  nearly  straight,  and  commences  in  a  lino  with  the  eye.  Length  of 
iiiUvi'lnal  dcsi'ribed  Ki  inches,  its  depth  3  inches  and  its  thickness  2}^  inches.  P.  18.  1).  14. 
V.9.    .\.  8.    ('.  18.     This  beautiful  species  I  discovered  near  Bufialoon  Lake  Erie." — Le  Sueur. 

TliTfl  is  no  reason  lor  supposing  this  to  ho  anything  other  than  the  common  Ked  Horse. 
The  naiiKt  M' ixnulnuic  aureiihtm  has  been  applied  by  up  to  short-headed  specimens  of  Red  Horse, 
but  wp  liave  iii'vcr  felt  sure  that  these  were  specifically  distinct  from  the  ordinary  sort.  Some 
'PKinii'113  tints  named  probably  belong  to  Moxostomabrevicepii. 

+  .l/o.ros//)i)m  oneida  (De  Kay),  a  species  with  the  back  much  arched,  the  head  small,  nearly  6 
in  total  U'litrtli  with  caudal;  '•ye  small,  6  in  head;  mouth  inferior.  Bluish  above,  paler  below. 
D.  13.    Oneiila  Lake  (De  Kay).     This  is  probably  identical  with  M.  aureoUtm. 

IC.  ilii(iiimiei,Xic  Sueur  has  been  usually  identified  with  this  species.  It  seems,  however, 
more  likely  to  linvo  been  what  h""  usually  been  called  Placopharyfix  carinatu*. 


f   M 


i   ■ 


.  ;. .  ; 


W  '■'■  '• 


I  r 


1'.  N.  A.- 


-14 


i  ',; 


^ti 


194 


Bulletin  4J.  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


\   •'{ 


if  * 


f: 


4 

4 


. 


i     '.:;!! 


§    '<!■ 


I' 


r 


I  I! 


!•! 


•if  I 


<  <    I 


=('    ' 


and  southward  to  North  Carolina.  It  seems  in  some  respects  interme- 
diate between  M.  aureolum  and  M.  craaailabre,  but  we  can  not  at  present 
identify  it  with  either.     {naKpo2.eniAoTui ,  large-scaled.) 

Calnubnnm  macrolepuMiu,*  Lb  Siiftir,  Jour.  Ac.NHt.  Scl.  Phila.,  1, 94, 1817,  Delaware  River. 
Ptijchonlomm  lachrymali»,\  Cope,  Proc.Am.Phil.  Soc.Phlia.,  1870,474,  Neuse  River,  at  Ncwbern 
N.C. 

?^7.  MOXOSTOMA  CRA88ILABRR,  (Cupo). 

Body  robust,  the  back  elevated  and  compressed.  Head  short,  broad, 
flattish  above,  mouth  moderate,  the  lips  full;  lower, truncate  lichind; 
snout  short,  little  projecting.  Scales  large,  .5-44-5.  Dorsal  rayw  usually 
13.  Head  5;  depth  3J^;  dorsal  fin  elevated  in  front,  its  edge  much  incised; 
its  first  soft  ray  longer  than  the  base  of  the  fin  and  about  as  long  as  bead, 
Caudal  lobes  equal.  Color  silvery,  with  smoky  shading  above,  some  of 
the  scales  blackish  at  their  bases ;  anal  and  caudal  with  some  red  ;  top  of 
head,  humeral  bar,  and  a  broad  shade  across  dorsal  fin,  dusky.  .Streams 
of  eastern  North  Carolina,  our  specimens  from  Little  River  at  (ioldsboro, 
a  tributary  of  the  Neuse.     (crassws,  thick  ;  lahrum,\v^,) 

/¥yc/(0«/omi(«craMi7(i/>ri(i,  OopE,  Proc.Am.Phil.  .Soc.  Phila.,  1870, 477,  Neuse  River,  Raleigh. 
Moxontoma  criiMilahre,  .Tordan  &  Gii.nERT,  Synopsis,  140,  1883. 
Moxotloma  cnusUabre,  Jordan,  Bull,  U.  S.  FiHh  Com.  for  1888, 128. 

818.   MOXOSTONA  LESUEURI,  (Richardson). 

(  PiCCONOU.) 

A  species  from  the  far  north,  allied  to  M.  hreviceps,  -with  short  lipiid 
and  small  mouth.  As  it  is  unknown  to  us,  we  copy  from  Richardson  the 
following  "  description  of  recent  specimens  at  Cumberland  House,  April, 
1820: 

"Color:  Itack,  sides,  and  gill  covers  wood  brown,  reflecting;  when 
opposed  to  the  light  many  brilliant  tints,  in  which  emerald  greeu  ami 
gold  yellow  predominate;  bases  of  the  scales  bluish  gray,  producing  an 
appearance  of  reticulation;  belly  reddish  white.  The  dorsal  has  tlie  hue 
of  the  back  with  a  reddish  margin,  the  other  fins  are  almost  entirely  red. 

"  Scales  large,  quadrangular  with  parallel  sides  and  irregularly  curved 
ends;  their  length  and  breadth  nearly  equal.  Except  in  the  i)ectoriil 
region,  where  they  are  small,  their  size  when  in  situ  appears  nearly  the 

•  C  VMcroIepidolus.  "Dorsal  fin  short,  greatly  hollowed,  upper  lohe  elevated  ninl  iminliil. 
lowor  lohe  rounded.  Body  a  little  compressed  and  fusiform,  elevated  on  its  anli'iinr  i«irl, 
rounded  near  the  nape;  head  somewhat  declivous  and  longer  than  deep  ;  anal  fln  stnii^'lit,  I<>iil', 
and  passing  the  base  of  the  caudal ;  pectoral  and  abdominal  flns small;  caudal  fin  forked,  with 
pointed  lobes,  and  of  a  gray  color;  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral  fins  tinted  with  blue  and  ycllnw; 
scales  large  and  disposed  in  a  lozenge  form ;  color  of  the  back  dark  blue,  base  of  tlie  soslc* 
brown  ;  sides  wliitish,  with  yellow  reflections  ;  opercula  yellowish  ;  head  reddish  tirciwii ;  tlie 
lateral  line  rises  at  the  nape  of  the  neck,  descends  along  the  gill  cover,  and  theiico  to  the  tail 
in  a  line  with  the  center  of  the  eye.    Found  in  the  river  Delaware,    P.  18.  D.16.  V.9.  A. 9. 

C.  18  i  rays."— ie  Suetir. 

t  M.  lachrymale  is  said  to  resemble  the  common  Red  Horse.    The  cranium,  vitli  oliliqif 

Buperopercnlar  region  and  elevated  vertex,  with  a  ridge  on  each  side  as  in  M.  nuur'ilepiiiol 

Premaxillary  spines  forming  a  distinct  projecting  nose ;  mouth  inferior,  but  Iar(;e,  tin'  lil«<  ''"V* 
and  thick.     Eyo  small,  2  in  intororbital  space.     Back  gently  arched;     Depth  :i%  in  lengtj. 

D.  12  or  13.   Olivaceous,  scales  pale  or  smoky  at  base;  lower  flns  white.    Neuse  River,    (Cope.)  K 
is  probably  identical  with  SI.  macrolepidolum. 


Jordan  and  Everfnann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


195 


saiin'  iiv<  1  till!  whole  body  ;  the  vertical  height  of  their  uncovered  portion 
^)ii.ti(l( M.ilily  exceeds  its  length.  A  linear  inch  nicaHiired  longitudinully 
on  tlio  fi<l''S  iiiolndes  3  scales,  hut  vertically  only  2.  There  are  47  scales 
on  tlio  Ittt-ral  line,  and  about  10  in  a  vertical  lino  under  the  dorsal.  A 
HCiiki  (liiiiclied  from  near  the  lateral  lino  above  the  ventals  measures  8i 
linen  in  length,  and  1\  in  width.  The  lateral  line  turns  up  decidedly  at 
tliiian;il  as  in  ('.  hndnoniiis  (Catostomits  cntontomitu). 

"Foiin  nioie  compressed  than  in  the  preceding  species,  (/o>-«<tTJ«H«»). 
I'lofiln  (.1  long,  having  the  greatest  height  (which  is  about  i  of  the  total 
len^tli,  inchiding  the  caudal)  at  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal.  The  head 
isHinallt'i  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species,  forming  scarcely  ^  of 
tilt'  totiii  length.  The  very  small  mouth  is  farther  back  than  in  C /(M<i- 
,„)iii(,s,  1)t  in^'.  when  the  jaws  are  retracted,  an  inch  behind  the  tip  of  the 
latlit'i'  na!  row  snout,  and  just  even  with  it  when  they  are  protruded.  The 
liiis,  insteail  of  being  papillated,  are  furrowed  vertically  in  a  very  regular 
ami  lieiintiCnl  manner.  The  palate  and  gullet  resemble  the  same  parts  in 
C.hiiiJ^oiiiK^,  but  are  smaller,  the  comminuting  apparatus  being  morodeli- 
cato,  and  tlie  <i'8ophagu8  remarkably  contracted  at  its  origin. 

•Fins.  Hi.  3-3.     P.  IG.     D.  14.     V.  9  or  10.     A.  9.     C.  18  ^ 

'Tlio  ilDFisal  fin  is  larger  than  in  the  foregoing  2  species,  and  is  nearly 
ill  till'  middle  of  the  fish.  The  pectorals  measure  rather  less  than  j^  of  the 
ilistancc  between  the  gill  openings  and  caudal  fin.  The  ventrals  are 
under  tlie  middle  of  the  dorsal.  The  tip  of  the  anal,  when  turned  back, 
rather  overlaps  the  base  of  the  caudal;  its  last  ray  is  very  small,  and  its 
liiHt  one  short  and  applied  to  the  base  of  the  second.  The  caudal  is  more 
luikfd  than  in  the  preceding  species.  The  rays  of  all  the  fins  are  thick, 
[larticulaily  those  of  the  anal. 

"Intestines:  Lining  of  the  abdomen  white.  There  is  no  distinction 
lift  ween  thi'  stomach  and  rest  of  the  gut.  The  alimentary  canal  makes  4 
i!ouvolution!s  between  the  gullet  and  anus,  and  bears  a  proportion  to  the 
total  length  of  the  fish,  excluding  the  caudal,  of  41  to  16.  The  lining  of 
the  intestines  has  the  same  minute  longitudinal  rugai  as  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding 2  species.  The  air  bladder  is  divided  into  3  ijortions,  the  central 
one  being  the  largest,  and  communicating  with  the  oesophagus.  The 
upper  one  alone  has  a  thick  shining  capsule. 

''This  handsome  species  was  observed  by  us  only  in  Pine  Island  Lake, 
lat.  54°,  Ii'ng.  110° ;  but  it  is  not  iinknown  in  other  parts  of  the  fur 
countries,  though  ninch  more  rare  than  the  2  preceding  species." 

Elsewheio  (p.  303).  Richardson  gives  measurements  of  a  specimen 
from  Albany  Ki  ver.  Fi  m  these  we  take  the  following,  reducing  the  dimen- 
sions to  proportions  of  the  length  :  Total  length  19^  inches.  Head  5^  in 
length;  eye  li- in  head;  <  ludal  lobes  IJ  times  Ifength  of  head;  caudal  fork 
IJ  in  head.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  length  of  head.  (Named  for 
I'barles  A.  Le  Sueur,  artist  and  naturalist,  the  first  to  study  the  fishes  of 
thetJreat  Lakes  and  author  of  the  first  review  of  the  Catostomida'.) 

Oi/n»(()mi«;f,»ri,iini,  RiCHAnDSON,  Franklin's  Journal,  1823,  772,  Pine    Island  Lake,   British 

America. 
C)prJHiij(Co/(isroiiii(.«)  i!)ie»rii,  ItiuilARDSON,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.,  in,  1830,  119,  303. 


.Ik:.. 


L?'S' 


;    I 


i     i- 


I  ;i 


.' .  i 


( 

r\ 

i 

i    ;' 

!     ■        ■ 

*■ 

'H 


1 


Jil 


:l 


li 


'SI 
Mi 


'M  1 


1 
1 

{■■■ 

i 

4 

II 

I 


"M 


lUG  Bulletin  ^j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


i(l».  SIUXOSTUMA  BHEVIC'KPS,  (('oi»). 

Furm  o(aCore{fonu8,  with  deep  compressed  body,  Hiiinll  liuud  and  Nlmrp'. 
ly  conic  Biioiit,  which  overhangs  the  very  small  month.  Caudal  lin  with 
the  upper  lobe  falcate,  much  lunger  than  the  lower,  at  leant  in  the  ndult, 
the  lobes  similarly  colored.  Dorsal  fin  short  and  higli,  falcate,  I  lie  an- 
terior rays  1^  to  IJ  times  base  of  fin,  the  free  border  much  Cftiuave. 
Depth  3}  in  length.  Head  5  to  5i^  in  length.  Eye  small,  5  in  licid.  1), 
12  or  13;  anal  long  falcate,  reaching  beyond  front  of  caudal.  Scaler 
6-45-5.  Lower  fins  bright  red.  Ohio  Valley  and  Great  Lake  nijion, 
abundant  in  Lake  Erie;  our  specimens  from  Toledo,  Haudusky,  and  ('in 
cinnati.  This  nuiy  prove  identical  with  M.  linueHri,  but  the  species  (d'  tin 
far  north  has  never  been  critically  examined,     (hrvviit, short ;  -apx,  luad. 

Itijclwthmm  hrefkepit,  Coi-K,  Proc.  Am.  Pldl.  Soi;.  I'hila.,  I»s70,  47H,  Youghio^heny  River, 

Pennsylvania. 
Mojcuttovia  Hnimnim,  Jokdan  Ik,  Giliieiit,  SyiioiMie,  141, 1883,  uot  of  ]lajhifm|iiu. 
Moxoatoma  craiiUabre,  Jordan,  Miin.  Vert.,  Ed.  v.,  48,  18!K),  not  of  Coiiu. 
Coloilomita  aiireolus,  De  Kay,  iiud  probably  of  Coi'K  ulso,  not  of  Lo  Suour. 

320.   MOXOSTOMA  t'ONlS,  (Oopo). 

Body  fiiittish,  the  dorsal  outline  elevated,  the  form  like  tlial  of  .1/, 
coreyonus.  Head  small  and  conic;  mouth  exceedingly  sniall,  the  >>iM\a 
far  overpassing  it,  the  mu/zle  being  much  longer  than  in  .1/.  (iiinvhiin. 
Dorsal  rays  11,  the  fin  high,  its  free  border  concave.  Caudal  deeply 
forked,  the  npper  lobe  the  longer.  Eye  large.  Coloration  smoky  aliovc 
some  scales  dusky  at  their  bases ;  sides  pale ;  lower  fins  white.  Nensf 
and  Yadkin  rivers,  North  Carolina.  Perhaps  in8ei)arable  from  M.  hna- 
cepa.     {conun,  cone,  from  the  form  of  the  suout.) 

linchiisliimim ciiimii,  Cove,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  See.  Phila.,  1870, 478,  Yadkin  River,  North, Carolina 
Mii-roslomii  cdiiiin,  JouuAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xn,  120, 1878  ;  Jokdan  &  Oiiiikut,  Synii|iKis,  141, 

i88;j. 

S21.  M0X08T0MA  PtECILUKVM,  (Jordan). 
Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  somewhat  elevated  fi/iwanl, 
Depth  4J^  in  length;  head  4^.  Mouth  medium,  the  lips  full.  DoMal 
rays  13.  Scales  largo,  5-44-4.  Coloration  usual,  except  that  caudal  tin  is 
red,  the  lower  lobe  jet  black,  the  lower  margin  abruptly  white  ;  otiiei  liiis 
all  red,  with  blackish  shadings.  Size  small.  Souihern  MissL-isiiipi  to 
Eastern  Texas  (Pearl,  Tangipahoa,  and  Sabine  rivers) ;  not  rare  in  saudy 
streams  of  the  pine  woods.     (7rot/c/Aof,  variegated  ;  oiyni  tail.) 

Mijxonloma  peKUnni,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,x,  CC,  1877,  Tangipahoa  River,  Louisiana. 

(Type,  No.  2109ti.) 
Moxoslomii  piKvilurum,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  12i),  1878;  Jokdan  &  tiiLiiKiir.S.vmiiisii', 

141,  1883. 

822.  MOXOSTOMA  RUPISCARTES,  Jordan  &  Jenkins. 

(JUMP-KOCKS.) 

Body  long  s>nd  low,  subterete ;  head  very  short,  broad,  flat  above ;  suoiit 
bluntish,  projecting  beyond  mouth,  2J-  in  head;  eye  moderate, 4i  in  bead. 
Lips  full,  the  folds  somewhat  broken  into  papilla;.  Scales  smaller  ilmn 
in  related  species,  6-50-6, 18  before  dorsal.  Dorsal  low  and  small,  its  fiw 
edge  concave,  its  first  ray  H  iu  head.     Caudal  short,  lunate,  its  lote 


•; , ..  luiij;  one  and  i 
"'^•'f  surfaces  had  boer 


1    i 


:  1  I 


fjn/an  atui  Ri^ermann. — Fishes  of  North  Awerica.         107 


l,liiiiii-li  i"'l  eM"»^'>  pectorals  long,  vontrals  abort.  Dark  olive  browu, 
.riailiiiillv  jtaler  below,  young  witb  pale  streakH  along  the  rows  of  scales ; 
^faiiii  iImiIv  spot  above  pectoral;  tips  of  dorsal  and  caudal  more  or  loss 
iliisky.  11"  ad  Ij! ;  depth  5i  to  6.  D.  11;  A.  8.  L.  12  inches.  Kivers  of 
Ciirolii''  '"'1  (Jeorgia  from  the  Catawba  to  the  Chattahoochee;  abundant 
•ilioiit  MH tks  and  rapids,  representing  the  next  species  from  the  Catawba 
sdiiiliwanl.  (nipiscarti'H,  rupin,  rock;  (T/iri^r>/c,  jumper,  a  word  used  by 
SwiiiiiM'ii  i'or  a  blenny  which  jumps  on  rocks  like  a  lizard.) 

„  ,,„, , ,.,,;.MiW(«,  .FoniiAN  A. Jenkins,  Pror.  V.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  18HH,  353,  Catawba  River,  at 

Mornaiiton,  N.  C;  Buck's  Creek,  at  Pleasant  Garden,  N.  C;  Pacollet  River,  at 
Clifton.  S.  C;  Tiger  River,  near  Spartanburg,  S.  C;  Saluda  River;  Chatta- 
hoochee River;  Ocmulgee  River.     (Typo,  No.  39927.) 

828.  MOXOSTOJIA  (KHVINITSI,  (Cope). 

(JuMPINd  Ml'LLET.) 

Hoad  v(  ly  short,  roundish  above,  rather  pointed  forward,  about  5  in 
IciiL'tli.  Cliet'ks  snbvortical,  their  depth  less  than  4  the  distance  from 
siKiiit  to  i>i('oporcle.  Month  rather  large,  with  thick  lips,  which  are 
stiiiuu'ly  jilicato,  the  folds  somewhat  broken  np.  Eye  small.  Fins  very 
small;  tlic  dorsal  rays  10  to  12;  free  edge  of  dorsal  straight,  its  longest 
lav  less  tii.in  head.  Scales  rather  largo,  C-43-5,  13  before  dorsal.  Color 
.riernisli  liiown ;  a  pale  blotch  on  each  scale,  these  forming  continuous 
>tit'iiks  along  the  rows  of  scales,  back  with  more  or  less  distinct  brownish 
iKjss  liliit(iu'.s ;  fins  brownish,  not  much  red,  the  dorsal  and  caudal  inky 
Mark  at  tip.  Size  smallest  in  the  genus,  length  8  to  10  inches.  Rivers 
(if  the  Soiitli  Atlantic  States  from  the  James  to  the  Neuse,  abundant  in 
iiiliids  ami  pools  among  rocks,     (cervinm,  fawn  color.) 

l.r.iiilm  leniiii's,  Coi'E,  .lour.  Ac,  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1868,  236,  headwaters  of  Roanoke  and 

James  rivers,  Virginia.     (Typo,  No,  14994.) 
I1ii,-h>slniuii!i  lerriimn.  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  478. 
lf.,/,.>/..miif.rii»»iH,  JouDAN,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mua.,  xii,129,  1878;  Jordan  &  Qii.BEnT,  SynopsiH, 

142,  IW^i,  ulirro  8i)ecimcn8  of  3f.  rupincarien  ara  included  with  it. 

98.  PLACOPHARYNX,  Cope. 

lli'Ojihm-im.r,  CciVF.,  Proc.  Am.  Phil  Soc.  Phila.,1870, 467,  (fai-iiin/iM). 

Suckers  like  Morostoma  in  all  respects,  except  that  the  pharyngeal 
liniies  are  much  more  developed  and  the  teeth  reduced  in  number,  those 
(111  the  lower  half  of  tho  bone  very  large,  6  to  10  in  number,  nearly  cylin- 
iliic  in  foini,  being  but  little  compressed  and  with  a  broad,  rounded,  or 
iliittciied  ^'linding  surface.*  Mouth  larger  and  more  oblique  than  usual 
ill  Moxoatomii,  the  lips  thicker.  Size  large.  (7r/\«f,  a  broad  surface; 
O'lii;;,  pharynx.) 


Till' fiiitiH  Mini  position  of  these  enlargod  teeth  vary  considorahly  ;  in  a  specimen  heforo  us 
III'  first  toiitli  is  the  highest  and  most  compressed,  its  summit  heinj;  rounded  and  then  ahniptly 
ifiiiioiti! ;  tlicwiond  tooth  is  notnhly  shorter  and  thicker,  much  larger,  anil  rounded  on  top,  the 
l"«lviif  till'  tnntli  serving  as  a  peduncle  for  the  swollen  grinding  surface  ;  the  tliinl  tooth  isBlill 
sli'.it.r  mill  siiniliir  in  form  ;  the  fourth  tooth  is  similar  to  the  first,  being  much  higher  than  tho 
* 'mill  .'iiiii  thiril,  anil  flat  on  top  ;  tho  others  seem  to  ho  irregularly  alternated  or  arranged  in 
luiiv,  11  Ioiil;  oiii'  and  a  short  one,  the  long  teeth  in  all  caBos  being  the  motit  truncated,  as  if 
iliiir  surfaces  liad  been  moit  worn  off. 


S 


' 


1: 

i    ;    11 


Mr 


n-    t 


i'''    !-i. 


iirl  ; 


■  l 


1    '        ! 


I!   ■     ' 


I.   " 


.  I, 


li 


I 


"  \'(1 ! 


i:   ^ 


198 


Bulletin  47,  Untied  States  National  Museum. 


824/pLACOPHARTNX  DUQUESXII,  (Le  Suoiir). 

Head  4;  depth  'ii,.  Scales  &-4r)-6.  Dorsal  rays  12  or  13;  vpiitnil  9, 
Body  oblong,  inodorately  compressed,  heavy  at  the  shoulders.  Head 
large,  broad,  and  flattish  above,  its  npper  surface  somewhat  uneven.  Eye 
small,  behind  the  middle  of  the  head.  Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  olilique 
whon  tlio  mouth  is  closed,  the  mouth,  therefore,  protractile  forward  as  well 
as  downward.  Lips  very  thick,  coarsely  plicate,  the  lower  lip  full  and 
heavy,  truncate  behind.  Free  edge  of  dorsal  concave,  the  longest  ray 
longer  than  base  of  fin,  Ij^  in  head;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  narrower  than 
lower  and  somewhat  longer.  Color  dark  olive  green,  the  sides  hraNHv, 
not  silvery;  lower  fins  and  caudal  orange  red.  L.  30  inches.  Michigan 
(Detroit)  to  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  Arkansas;  abundant  in  the  larger 
streams,  especially  in  the  French  IJroad  and  in  the  Ozark  region.  (Named 
for  Fort  Ducniesne,  now  Pittsburg.) 

Catoslomm  dnqncmii,*  Le  SuKun,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  S<'i.  Pliilu.,  i,  1817,  10.5,  Ohio  River  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pennsylvania. 
I1iicoj>liiiryit.r,  carinatnn,  Ooi'E,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.,  1870,  467,  'Wabash  River. 
PlwoplKinjiiJC  cdritMliif,  JOKDAN',  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  xil,  108,  1878. 
Ptavophiiriinx  mriiKiUtu,  Jordan  Sc  Giliikrt,  Syuopsiti,  142,  1883. 

99.  LAGOCHILA.t  Jordan  &  Brayton. 
(RAnniT-MouTir  Sucker.) 

lAiijorhilit,  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  1877,  280,  {Incera);  nnnio  similar  t.i 

Lnjncheiliis,  a  gciiiis  of  inolhtskB. 
Qiiiiiwihiliid,  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.,  E(i.  2,  1878,  401,  {Utcern);  suUslitutc  fur 

Lng<ichilii,  rofiarded  as  preoccupied. 

Suckers  like  Moxonioma  in  every  respect  excepting  the  structuie  of  the 
mouth.  Head  shortish,  conical,  with  lengthened  snout;  the  oimrcnlar 
region  short,  so  that  the  eye  is  well  backward.  Suborbital  bones  nar- 
row. Fontanolle  large,  widely  open.  Mouth  large,  singular  in  structure, 
inferior,  the  upper  lip  not  protractile,  greatly  prolonged,  closely  jjlicatc: 
lower  lip  much  reduced,  divided  into  2  distinct  elongate  lobes,  whieL 
ar(i  weakly  papillose ;  the  split  betw^n  these  lobes  extends  backward  to 
the  edge  of  the  dentary  bones,  which  are  provided  with  a  rather  Iiard. 
horny  plate;  the  lower  lip  is  entirely  separated  from  the  upper  at  the 
angles  by  a  deep  fissure ;  the  skin  of  the  cheeks  forms  a  sort  of  cloak  over 
this  fissure,  the  crease  separating  this  skin  from  the  mouth  extending  up 

*0.  Diiijiiesnii. — "Head  largo  and  long;  mouth  wide;  scales  larfre,  suhtrilobate  ;  doi^al  fiiii|Uii.l- 
raiig:ular  ;  tlio  anal  fin  extends  as  fjir  as  the  liuse  of  tlu!  caudal  fin,  wliich  is  greatly  forli^  il ;  latiml 
line  arched  at  the  center  of  the  body.  Body  loner,  a  little  coniprcHsed;  snout  strong;  tin'  umi'tli 
irt  furnished  with  thick,  plicated,  and  very  large  lips;  pectoral  fins  pretty  large;  tin- fcajcsiir. 
strong,  greatly  radiated,  and  as  wide  again  as  long— they  are  of  nearly  an  equal  size  on  tln^  wli"!' 
body ;  the  lateral  line  fornisa  long  curvature  toward  the  back  ;  lobes  of  the  caudal  fin  ipniiitcd,  lli ' 
npi)er  lobo  somewhat  the  largest;  length  from  the  snout  to  the  extremity  of  the  caiuliil  fi"'^ 
inches  ;  depth  3V>  inches;  thickness  2  inches;  the  head  measures  about  i  part  of  the  wlmle  Mi' 
P.  17.  D.  14.  V.  10.  A.  9.  C.  18J  rays.  This  new  species  is  so  strongly  marked  lliat  it  will 
be  easily  distinguished  from  the  foregoing.  It  inhabits  the  Ohio,  and  was  discovered  at  I'ittslmrj:. 
the  ancient  Fort  Dui|ue.sne,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Say." — Le  Sueur. 

The  name  dwiiifjmii  has  i)oen  usually  applied  to  the  common  red  horse,  but  tin.'  description 
applies  much  better  to  the  species  0/  Ptacopharyiix. 

t  By  the  rules  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  QitnimUabia  would  be  i)refeni'il  to  hf- 
child,  on  account  of  the  similarity  of  the  latter  to  LagocheiUu.  As  the  two  words  aii!  spelleJ 
differently,  we  regard  tbein  as  distinct. 


Si 


i  I  • 


for  Jan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


199 


on  tilt'  -"itlos  of  the  muzzle ;  the  crease  between  the  lips  extends  down  on 
the  iiiKlt'i  Hide  of  the  head.  System  of  niuciferoua  tubes  well  developed. 
i'liitivii;.'i>al  bones  about  as  in  Moxoatoma,  rather  weak,  with  numerous 
Biiiall  III  til.  Body  elongate,  not  much  compressed,  not  elevated.  Fins 
modem 1 1',  formed  as  in  Moxostoma.  Scales  largo,  as  hi  Moxoatoma,  the 
lateriil  luif  well  developed  and  nearly  straight,  with  about  45  scales  in 
its  com  St*.  Air  bladder  in  3  parts.  Sexual  peculiarities  littlo  marked. 
(/.u-,u\u'/Mr,  hare-lipped.) 

3S5.  LAnOCHILA  LACERA,  .Jordan  &  Brayton. 

{nARK-i.ii'Sit'KF.n;  CUT-Lipsj  Sput-moutii  SiTKF.ii;  May  Sucker;  IlAnDiT-MouTii  Sccker; 

Pea-lip  Suckkr.) 

Hoatl  Hliort,  conical,  with  lengthened  snout,  the  region  between  the 
evcH  tiat toned  and  with  prominent  mucous  ridges.  Cheeks  and  lower 
part  ol  liead  rather  swollen.  Opercle  much  reduced,  its  greatest  length 
scarcely  ^neater  than  the  diameter  of  tho  eye.  Head  about  4J  in  length. 
Eye  4^  in  length  of  head,  about  2  in  length  of  the  snout,  its  situation 
thus  (luite  posterior.  Length  of  the  top  of  the  head  2J  in  the  distance 
from  the  snont  to  the  base  of  tho  dorsal.  Body  rather  slender,  the  form 
much  as  in  Moxostoma  cervinum,  the  depth  4f  in  the  length.  Dorsal  flu 
rather  low,  its  rays  12.  A.  7;V.  9.  Scales  5-4.5-5.  Color  olive  or  bluish, 
brown  alio ve ;  sides  and  belly  silvery;  lower  tins  faintly  orange.  Clear 
fltreaniB  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  abundant  only  in  the  Ozark  Mountains, 
thus  far  known  from  the  Scioto,  Wabash,  Clinch,  Cumberland  and  Chick* 
amauga  rivers,  and  the  White  Kiver  of  Arkansas,     (lacer;  torn.) 

LiijitiiiiUi  hicmi,  Joni>AN  &  BnAYTON,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  Fhila.,  1877,  280,  Chickamauga 

River,  Ringgold,  Georgia.     (Type,  No.  .31129.    Coll.  Jordan  &  IJruyton.) 
Qii<u»i7«)/i<i  tiiceni,  JouDAN,  Man.  Vort.,  Ed.  2,  406, 1878;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  144, 1883. 

Supplemental  Note  on  Catostomid.e. 

Chasmisfci^  hreviroatris,  Cope,  should  apparently  be  transferred  to  the 
genus  Ctiloxtomus,  standing  next  to  Catostomus  fecundus,  Cope*  and  Yar- 
row. The  two  seem  to  constitute  a  distinct  section,  or  subgenus  {Lip- 
omy:on,  Cope),  intermediate  between  Catoatomua  and  Chasnmtes. 

Family  XXXVII.  CYPRINID^. 
(The  Carps.) 

Cyprinoid  fishes  with' tho  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  pre- 
maxillaries  alone  and  the  lower  pharyngeal  bones  well  developed,  falci- 
form, nearly  parallel  with  the  giil  arches,  each  provided  with  1  to  3  series 
of  toeth  in  tsmall  number,  4  to  7  in  the  main  row,  and  a  less  number  in  the 
others,  if  more  are  present.  Head  naked;  body  scaly  (except  in  Meda&nA 
I'kgoptiriis,  of  North  America,  Phoxindhia  and  Aulopyge,  of  Europe,,  and 
a  few  others).  Barbels  2  or  4;  absent  in  most  of  our  genera,  and  not  large 
iu  any.  Helly  usually  rounded,  rarely  compressed,  never  serrated.  Gill 
openings  moderate,  the  membranes  broadly  joined  to  the  isthmus.  Bran- 
chiostegals  always  3.    Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.    Pseudobranchiae 


i       -I 


;:  i  i: 


i 


h  :V'.^:-^'.'j.  . 


;  ■      I  i 


\ 


f-    fr 

'  t  ,      i'  ■ 


?;• 


1  : 

1 


i 


200 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


u 


I      ) 


)   i 


i 


(4  ■'''! 


.  I  iP 


:j  ^i\ 


'■.'si  '■      ! 


■  1  ' 


I    i 


"li 


usually  present.  No  adipose  fin.  Dorsal  fin  short  in  all  the  AmrM  icun 
species,  elongate  in  many  Old  World  forms.  Ventral  lins  abdoniiuul.  Air 
bladder  usually  large,  commonly  divided  into  an  anterior  and  a  poNtcriur 
lobe,  not  inclosed  in  a  bony  capsule,  rarely  wanting.  Stomucli  with- 
out appendages,  appearing  as  a  simple  enlargement  of  the  iutoHtiucN. 
Fishes  mostly  of  moderate  or  small  size,  inhabiting  the  frenh  waters  uf 
the  Old  World  and  of  North  America.  Genera  about  200;  species  luaily 
1,000;  excessively  abundant  where  found,  both  in  individuals  and  N|)(ci«8, 
and,  from  their  great  uniformity  in  size,  form,  and  coloration,  conMtiliiting 
ono  of  the  most  difficult  groups  in  natural  history  in  which  to  distiii<;uiHli 
genera  and  species.  Our  genera  are  mostly  very  closely  related,  nml  arc 
separated  by  characters  which,  although  reasonably  constant,  arc  often 
of  slight  structural  importance.  The  spring,  or  breeding  dress,  of  tho  nmiu 
fishes  is  often  peculiar.  The  top  of  the  head,  and  often  the  fins  or  varioiiH 
portions  of  the  hody,  are  covered  with  small  tubercles,  outgrowtlis  I'loni 
the  epidermis.  The  fins  and  lower  parts  of  the  body  in  the  spring'  iiialoH 
are  often  charged  with  bright  pigment,  the  prevailing  color  of  which  is 
red,  although  in  some  genera  it  is  satin-white,  yellowish,  or  black. 

It  is  not  easy  to  arrange  the  genera  of  Cyjyrinid'o;  in  accordance  with 
possible  lines  of  descent.  The  herbivorous  species  with  straight  teeth  in 
one  series  (as  Orthodon),  are  doubtless  nearest  the  primitive  type,  wlijcii 
has  degenerated  into  weak  forms  like  Uyhoynathus.  In  like  niaiiiiei 
Notropis  seems  to  have  degenerated  from  Leuciaciia,  and  perhaps  Hijhoimh 
from  Gohio.  Such  forms  as  Mylovheihta  and  Ptychochcilua  doubtless 
approach  the  original  line  of  descent.  The  Old  World  Cyprinidiv  are  at  once 
more  primitive  and  more  highly  organized  than  American  forniH.  Tlic 
Pacific  Coast  species  approach  the  European  types.  (Cyprinjd-i;,  part, 
Gunther,  Cat.,  vii,  25-339.) 

Note.— Young  Cyprinidw  are  usually  more  slender  than  adults  of  tlie 
same  species,  and  the  eye  is  always  much  larger;  they  also  freinieiitly 
show  a  black  lateral  stripe  and  caudal  spot,  which  the  adults  may  not 
possess.  In  the  following  descriptions  the  rudimentary  rays  of  dorsal 
and  anal  are  not  counted.  The  fins  and  scales,  are  often,  especially  in 
specimens  living  in  small  brooks,  covered  with  round  black  specks,  ininia- 
ture  trematodes.    These  should  not  be  mistaken  for  truo'color  maikings, 

No  progress  can  be  made  in  the  study  o^  these  fishes  without  careful 
attention  to  the  teeth,  as  the  genera  are  largely  based  on  dental  charac- 
ters. The  pharyngeal  bones  in  the  smaller  species  can  be  removed  by 
inserting  a  pin  (or,  better,  a  small  hook)  through  the  gill  openinjir,  under 
the  shoulder  girdle.  The  teeth  should  be  carefully  cleaned  with  a  tooth- 
brush, or,  better,  a  jet  of  water,  and  when  dry  may  be  examined  by  any 
small  lens.  In  most  cases  a  principal  row  of  4  or  5  larger  teeth  will  he 
found,  in  front  of  which  is  a  set  of  1  or  2  smaller  ones.  The  two  sides  are 
usually,  but  not  always,  symmetrical.  Thus,  "teeth  2,  4-5,  1,"  indicates 
two  rows  of  teeth  on  each  side,  on  the  one  side  4  in  the  principal  row  and 
2  in  the  lesser;  on  the  other  side  5  in  the  main  row  and  1  in  the  other. 
"Teeth  4-4"  indicates  a  single  row  of  4  on  each  pharyngeal  bone,  and  so 
on. 

In  the  Leuciscine  genera,  these  teeth,  or  the  principal  ones,  are  "rap- 
tatorial,"  that  is,  hooked  inward  at  the  tips.  A  grinding  or  masticatory 
surface  is  an  excavated  space  or  groove,  usually  at  the  base  of  tlio  book. 
Sometimes  the  grinding  surface  is  very  narrow  and  confined  to  one  or  two 


'''"itiimaiinihis,  ( 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        201 

t,,,.tli  Sotnotimos  a  hcvoleil  or  ilattonod  ed^ro  lookH  so  mnoh  like  a  grind- 
in. ^  «i:i  I.I'  <>  a.s  to  iiiiHioad  a  Hiipertioial  observer.  In  some  casus  tbe  edge 
(ifllif  idotli  in  crenate  or  sorrato. 

|j,.!*i<lis  the  native  species  here  mentioned,  representatives  of  several 
(itlit  !■  miH-ni  luive  boon  introduced  from  Europe,  and  two  of  these  have 
lmconu>  i-iiiiuiion  inhabitants  of  many  streams,  east  and  west.  These  are 
Ciiliriiii"-  >  LiiiM!''"**!  imd  Cartmshta,  Nilsson.  The  first  is  distinguished  by 
the  v(i\  \oi\ti  (lorsal,  which,  like  the  anal,  is  preceded  by  a  strong  spine 
Hi>rr:iti'<l  lioliintl.  About  the  mouth  are  4  long  barbels,  and  the  teeth  are 
iiKtliu.  I.  •>  •'.  !•  ^'li's  genus  is  represented  by  the  carp  (Cuprinns  carpio, 
L.).  rill' cup  is  normally  covered  with  large  scales.  In  domestication, 
liowcvci,  viiriations  have  arisen,  prominent  ones  being  the  "Leather 
Carp, "  naked,  and  the  "  Mirror  Carp,"  with  a  few  series  of  very  large 

HCIllo^- 

t'ani''^iiin,  NilsHon,  differs  from  Cyprinus  chiefly  in  the  absence  of  barbels 
and  in  liavin<;  the  teeth  compressed,  4-4.  The  goldfish  (CuriiHDiiiH  aiiratiiHf 
LiiiiiMiiN).  iH  originally  olivaceous,  but  only  the  orange-red  variety  is 
valued  lor  a<iuaria.     Both  Caramua  and  CypnnuH  are  native  in  China. 


*rminiii>i:r.    1)nrf)Hl  flii  oinnpcate;  ilornal  and  anal  flns  each  preceded  by  a  aorratud  gpiue;  teeth 
mnlai.    Spc'iic'fl  iiitruductMl  t'l'Dni  Europe  and  Asia. 

1.   ISlirliiN  I;   tenth  1,  1,  ;t-;i,  1,  1.  C'Yl'niNUS. 

,M.  Itiirl"  Is  nono  ;  teeth  4-4.  Gabassius. 

CvrniNus  (Artodi)  Llnnaeug.    Tim  Carps. 

f'i/iimiii«,  (Artpdi),  LlNN.T.fS,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  17.'>8,  320,  [carpio). 

Hoilv  rdliiiBt,  ooiiipressed,  resninhlinf;  that  of  the  linfTalo-tifih.  Month  moderate,  anterior, 
witli  i  I"!'!.'  Iiivrlii'lii.  SuDUt  blunt,  rounded.  Teeth  molar,  broad  and  truncate,  1, 1,  .3-3, 1, 1. 
Seal's  liir:;.'.  Liiteral  lino  continiioiiH.  Dorsal  fln  very  lone,  with  a  stunt  npino,  serrated 
lii'liiihl;  iiiial  fin  short,  uKso  with  ii  spine.  Largo  lislios  of  the  fresh  watern  of  Asia ;  intro- 
(liici'ii  ii>t'>  I'liinipeand  America  as  food-tishos.  It  has  been  generally  introduced  into  private 
l»iii(ls  ill  iieiirly  all  parts  of  the  United  States;  from  there  it  has  escaped  into  the  streams 
ami  lakiM,  :iiid  is  now  an  abundant  fish  in  most  of  our  larger,  warmer  rivers  and  in  the 
|inuil>  iiiiil  l>;iyouB  of  the  9[ississippi  A'alley.  Un  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Erie  it  bus  boconia 
wi'll  ostiililislicd  and  is  uf  cunsiderablo  cummurcial  importance,  (xvirprfos,  the  ancient 
name  i,f  tlie  carp.) 

(JypEiNUS  Cabpio,  Linnicus.    Carp. 

Dorsal  TIT,  20:  A.  Ill,  5;  sralos  5-38-5;  teeth  1,  1,  3-3, 1, 1.  no<ly  stout,  more  or  less  com- 
pri'sscil,  liciivy  anteriorly.  L.  18  inches  or  more.  Fresh  waters  of  Central  Asia;  introduced 
iisaloi'il-tisli  into  Europe  and  America.  In  domestication  it  has  run  into  many  varieties, 
(liiitiii);iii>hod  by  ditlorences  in  form,  squamatiou,  and  development  of  flns.    (Curj)io,  carp.) 

Cjpriiiiu  ciirpi",  LiNN.KUS,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  320 ;  GCnther,  Cat.,  vil,  25. 

Cararsius,  Nilsson.    The  Crucian  Carps. 

c.nmm,  Nii.ssoN,  Prodromus,  Ichthy.  Scand.,  1832,  (cnrafwi'iis). 

Iloily  olilciiit;,  compressed,  and  elevated.  Mouth  terminal,  without  barbels.  Teeth  4-4, 
nioliir, liut  ciinipressod.  Scaleslarge.  Lateral  lino  contiunous.  Dorsal  fins  very  long,  with 
till'  tliinl  niv  developed  into  a  stout  spine,  which  is  serrated  behind;  anal  short  with  a  simi- 
liii>|iiiii'.  Ventnils  well  forward.  Large  species  of  the  fresh  waters  of  EuroiKs  and  Asia; 
(ifti'ii  ilonicsticated.  {CammuK,  a  Latinizution  of  the  vernacular  names  Harass  or  Karausche, 
applied  to  the  European  Crucian  carp,  C.  caroMttn.) 

Carassius  AURATt'S  (Llnnueus).    Goldfish. 

D.  II,  IS;  A.  II,  7;  Lat.  1,  2C;  teeth,  4-4.  Body  stout,  covered  with  largo  scales.  Domil 
ami  anal  liiis  with  the  spines  strong,  coarsely  serrated.  Coloration  olivaceous,  nsually 
oranjic,  ur  variegated  in  donieHticati(m.  Length,  12  inches.  China  and  .lapan;  introduced 
oviTYwlii  re  ,is  an  a<)uarium  fish,  and  now  naturalized  in  many  of  our  eastern  streams.  Thn 
variations  are  innumei-able.     {luiralnn,  gilded.) 

Q/jiriiiii*  iiiiiii^iis,  LiNN/T.rs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  323. 
''<iio«m«aMn(/i(.s,  GuNTUEB,  Oat.,  vii,  ,i2. 

•WierEumiiiaii  species,  as  the  Tench  (Tinea  Imra  (Linmcns))  and  the  Ide  (him  iijiifi  (Linmeus)), 
luvu  livcii  iutruducod  into  America,  but  none  of  these  are  yet  well  established  anywhere. 


I 


i 


%' 


i  "i:::i. 


I 


I  \ 


t 


nl 


1 


v. 


I  -(I 


I    • 


f  !■ 


M 


!  j; 


Mi 


^  i 


TT 


J!  a*" 


III 


'!> 


I      -I 


*  •: 


I  I 


202 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


A.  Donal  fln  ihort,  without  (loTt<l(i|io(l  Hpluu  ;  no  iiiiiil  ipliie. 
Oampohtomint.  : 
a.  Air  bladder  lurroumliMl  by  many  eoriToliitloiiii  of  tlio  very  tung  ullmnntary  r«Ml ;  lir>rbW- 
oruui. 
h,  Toeth  4-4,  or  1,4-4,0,  with  iihllqnc  KrindiiiR  mirfaco  and  idight  Imok  ;  perli"ii«iini 
Mack.  Camfortd.ma,  Iiki. 

aa.  Air  bliul<l«r  nbov<!  the  aliiiiciitnry  catiitl,  an  nniinl  In  fliliei, 

ClIONHBOHTOMIN.V..* 

c.  IntoNtiiiiil  canal  olonRato,  UM\iaIly  mor(<  than  twire  tli<>  length  of  the  Itody ;  teeth  l-rowi^, 
with  KrindlnK  Hurfuco  well  duvelopod;  piTitoiiniini  iiiiially  block-  hcrblvinnis. 
<{.  Teeth  n-0,  Mtrongly  ronipre8ged,  knlfe-HliajHMl  ;  pRendubmnchiiu  none;  r  idliii'jilitry 
caudal  niyit  greatly  devolo|H<d ;  HcaIeK  very  Hiiiall.  -  Ortiioimjn,  bi], 

till.  Teeth  6-r>  ur4-ri ;  dunial  fln  Innerted  iHiHterlorly  ;  icalnR  Hmall. 

e.  PHeudobranchiie  none  ;  lower  Jaw  thin,  with  hard,  Hharp  edge  ;  upper  Jnu  pro- 
traetlle,  with  lloHhy  covering;  body  elongate,  Hubturute.    ~  Uxvoenkih,  In:;. 
««.  Pfiendubranchiie  preoent. 

/.  Jaws  ouch  with  a  conHplououi,  broad,  Btralght-edged,  horny  pliitt  ;  tci'th 
4-5,  Btoiit,  bhintUli,  hooked,  und  short.  i  Acrocheii  is,  1(i;i. 

f/.  Jaws  without  horny  plate. 

g.  Lateral  llin-  conipletu  ;  rudimentary  caudal  rays  nunierouN  ;  anul  l>a.<i< 
elongate.  Lavima,  Ii)4. 

gg.  Lateral  line  incomplete  ;  luiul  boHlx  Hhort ;  Hcales  minute. 

ClIUOSIiBII  K,  111- 

ddd.  Teeth  4-4;  dormtl  tin  nearly  median  ;  Jaw*  without  horny  plate. 

h,  FirHt  (rudimentary)  ray  of  dorxiil  Hieudor,  flnnly  attached  to  the  first  >l<  \  iliiinii 
ray,  as  usual  among  tishcH. 
i.  Scales  very  small,  &5  to  72  in  the  lateral  line,  which  is  complete. 

Ai.oanskv,  \m. 
a.  Scales  larger,  36  to  46  in  the  lateral  line.  IIvnonNATiii  s,  In; 

hh.  First  (rudimentary)  rnv    ''  dorsal  somewhat  enlarged  and  blunt,  coiiini  tcil  l<> 
membrane  with  ii,      ist  doveloi)ed  ray. 

PiMF.rHAi.rs,  108. 
ee.  Intestinal  canal  short,  less  than  twice  the  b^ngth  of  the  Inxly ;  poritoneum  M^uall.v 
pale  ;  teeth  1  or  2-rowed  ;  carnivorous  or  partly  ko. 
Mtlopiiakouontin.t:  : 
j.  Toeth  S(.-arcely  liooked,  some  or  all  of  them  molar,  bhint,  or  stump-shaiH'd,  iiiik  li 
•inlarged  and  obtusely  truncate  ;  large,  course  Ashes. 
Ic.  Teeth  2,  4-5  or  5-5,  2. 

/.  Upper  jaw  not  protractile;  no  barbels. 
11.  UpiKsr  jaw  protractile  ;  maxillary  with  a  barbel. 
H.  Teeth  U-3;  <ipper  Jaw  protruc-tile. 
jj.  Teeth  hooked,  slender,  none  of  them  molar,  the  grinding  surface,  if  present,  iiiir- 
row  or  rudimentary. 

LEUCIRCINiK  : 

VI.  Lower  jaw  normally  formed,  the  dentary  bones  curved,  free  from  eiioli  (itluT, 
except  at  the  symphysis, 
n.  Teeth  in  the  main  row,  5-5  or  4-5. 

o.  Al)domen  behind  ventral  flns  transversely  rounded,  the  Bcah':<  jiasiiiri^' 
over  it ;  tlie  edge  not  forming  a  scaleless  ridge  ;  anal  luiso  (.'i-nor- 
ally,  but  not  always,  short, 
p.  Maxillary  with  a  barbtd  ;  premaxtllaries  protractile. 

q.  Barbel  minute,  not  (juite  terminal ;  teeth  without  frrinJin): 
surface  ;  caudul  fln  symmetrical,  its  rudiuieiitaiy  l>ii-<iil 
rays  not  greatly  developed.  Semotim's,  11-- 

*Thi8  subfamily,  as  hero  recognised,  is  extremely  heterogeneous.  Some  of  the  American 
genera  of  herbivorous  minnows  and  chubs,  jis  (hlhodou,  AcrocheUiiii,  and  perhaps  Orygimiim  auJ 
Laviititt,  are  allied  to  the  European  Ch<m<lroMoma.  The  others  may  lie  desceudud  from  Li.'uciscine 
types,  or  they  may  have  degenerated  from  other  herbivorous  forms. 


Mvr.opiiABi>r)ON,  loii. 
Mvi.')ciiKii.rs,  no. 

STVI'iUmiN,  111, 


Jordan  and  Kvtrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        203 


i/>;,  Idirhol  tiTiiiiiiiil ;  tuoth  with  griinllii);  Hnrfiim  ;  riimlal  tin 
illiH.viiiiiiftrirnl  ;  tlii<  ii|>|ii'r  l<ilii>  iinii  li  the  liiiiKfir  ill  tho 
luliilt,  tbu  tuwal  caudal  royit  Kroutiy  ilfTi>lii|M-il. 

PCHIONIL'IITIIYII,  113. 

pp.  Maxillary  withmit  Imrbol. 

r.  Ti'i'tli  'J-Kiwi'tl;  iiNiially  2  tooth  in  thn  lomor  row. 

«.  Tectli  HiilH-(ini('ul,  warciily  liooki'il,  hIiui'ii-i'iIki'iI,  wiiln  apnrt, 
tlin  loiiK  liiiili  or  tlio  |iliaryiii;<'»i  Ikiiik  t'loimiiti' ;  IxHly 
KldiiKiito  ;  mouth  iiirgo  ;  luturul  lili»  riiiii|ili't<>. 

Ptyciiiiciikim'n,  114. 

M.  Tonth  ronipreHNiMl,  cloHo-Hot,  HtrniiKly  hooked  ;  tlm  pliuryn- 

gi'iil  l)uiii>  (il°  the  iiHiiikl  forni. 

!•  Cuudnl  pi'diiiiclo  nli'iidi'r  mid  oloiiKftto,  tho  rauihil  flu 

widely  fiirki'd,  itri  luiNtl  riidiiiK^ntii  iiiuili  devid- 

opi'ii  ;  hoiili'M  very  hiiiuII  ;   hea<l  deprcNHed  in  thn 

adult.  <iil.A,  US. 

(/.  Caudal  ptidiiiii'le  Htout  ;    basal   nidinientN  of  oaiiilal 

little  devel(.|«>d.  LEi'risci'H,  110. 

rr.  Teotli  1-rowed,  4-.1  or  5-5. 

u.  Mouth  of  UKxIerate  Hl/.e  ;  teeth  entire. 

t;.   Olll  rakerH  short  aiicl  Hiiiall ;  htidy  not  much  com- 
proMed  ;  anal  flii  short  in  Amerieaii  Hpecieg. 

RlTIMS,  117. 

w.  Qill  rakeri  slonder;  liodymucli  ronipresMod  ;  anal  fln 
rather  loiin.  Luxii.i.M'h,  IIH. 

fill.  Mouth  oxtromvly  Nmall ;  teeth  serrate. 

Opsoi'iKonus,  Hit. 

oo.  Abdomen  heliind  ventral  flns  compressed  to  asharpedKe  over  wliieli 

the  HculeH  do  not  pasK ;  alidoiiion  in  front  of  veiitrals,  rounded; 

anal  liasis  elon({at<( ;  dorsal  poNlerior  ;  ti'otli  5-5,  serrate  or  entire. 

AnitAMiH,  120. 
Nil.  Teeth  in  the  main  row,  4-4,  tho  leRsor  row  often  absent ;  anal  basis  usually 
short. 
If.  Maxillary  without  barbels. 

X.  Upjier  jaw  dintinctl.v  iirotractilo. 

\i.  Seal**  ( oiiiparatively  larRe,  3<>  to  '10  In  lateral  lin«. 

z.  Jaws  each  with  a  hardi'iied  bony  sheath  ;  first  ray  of  dorsal 
Hpino  like,  connected  by  membrane  with  the  first  devel- 
oped ray;  teeth  4-4.  Cecil  loon  at  iius,  121. 
iz.  Jaws  without  bony  sheath, 

<i'.   Lower  jaw  with  the  lip  thin  or  obsolete,  not  devel- 
oped as  a  Meshy  lobe  on  ea(  li  side  at  base ;  scales 
larjfe,  ;J0  to  50. 
v.  Mandible,  interoperde,  and  suboiwrcio  not  cav- 
ernous. 
d.  First  (rudimentary)   ray  of  dorsal  siinplo, 
detaclied  from  the  first  doveloiied  ray,  to 
which  it  is  connected  by  membrane  (pre- 
cisely as  in  l\mei>ha\e»  and  CoclilogtuUlms); 
a  conspicuous    black   siiot  on  front  of 

dorsal  and  on  base  of  caudal. 

Clioi.a,  122. 

re'.  First  simple  ray  of  dorsal  rudimentary  and 

closely  adnato  to  the  first  branched  ray 

(as  usual  in  the  family).    NoTiions,  12!). 

W('.    Mandible,   interopercle,    and    suborbital   with 

eonHi)icuou8,  externally  visible,  cavernous 

rhambers ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  0 ;  scales  large. 

Ebiothba,  124. 


I       '■     ■[ 


{     1- 


M 


i: 


i,  ^ 


^1 


' 


•i     \ 


'■     1  i 
'I' 

4--     \  r 


1- 

\:  " 

;;: 

iiti 

.  , 

JM 

i  ;: 

;K 

{'  ^^  ^' ' 

'H 

;     .jl 

H 

•^1 

=■  1  Wk 

m 


f: 


If 


[    . 


II 


T 

.  1 

1     'H 

;    1  i 

1^^. 

.  ;  <-'  ■■ 

ao4 


Jiullettn  77,  I '  nil  f  if  Staffs  Niitionat  Sf use  urn. 


an'.  Iiiiwcrjiitv  Mlili  the  ll|i  (|i'M'|ii|ii'i|  111  II  iIi'nIiv  Ii.i n 

t'Hi'li   hIiIi' ;    t)')'lli   'l~l  ;    ilnlxiil    iiiilt'ilor  ;   wuIm 

niOii'i'  miiiill,  •10  to  I'.o.  I'liKNAcoiiii  ■,  li'i. 

\l\l.  Hciili'i  vi>ry  niiiiill,  x'\  l<>  (Ml  In  liitiial  IIih'  :  \««\\  ImiK  iml  lnw, 

■iiililcri'ti' ;  niiiiilli  Hiiiiill,  IliK  ii|>|<>  r  iiisv  Utile  iinitin'  tili'; 

tCOlh  -l-'l.  KVAHHI,  I'.'ii, 

»r.  |f|i|H<r  Jitw  mil  |ir<>lrnrtil<> ;  ll|i*  tlcKliy;  lioily  i'IomkhI)',  luvinil 

\lllll  lllliniti' xriili'H;  ti'i'tll  Hlllllll,    I,    I    4,   I.  'llAIIDi    t,  l.'T 

toic.  Mnxllliiry  »ltli  iihiiiuII  Imrlirl  at  i>r  near  itn  rxticniity. 

i/'.   i'ri'tniixilliirli'H  not  |iniliiii  tlli  ••,  tlie  rri'iiiitii  very  liriHul  ;  t' >  ili  ■.', 

'•-1,  'I;  wiili'H  Hiiiull,  iliirxal  iiiwlniinr.  KiiiMriiiin  ~,  Kit, 

thV .    I'ri'Unixllliii'li'H  iM'iitl'uctilo  (riirrly  Jnlni'il   In  tlie  rnrnlicihl  liy  n 

niiiTtiw  t'li'iiiini), 

>■'.  Snili'rt  very  Hiiiiill,  I'.li  to  M(l  In  liiteriil   liiii".  Ititeriil  llii"  <>ri<'ii 

liii'oMi|>l<'li>  :  ilorMal  iiimteilor.  Aiiomi,  I'.'ti, 

tt'.  SeiileH  liirue,  ;i,'i  til  Tiri  ;  (|or<al  inrdian  ;   lllteriil  lln(iroiii|ili|i', 

/'.  Toetli  4-4,  iir  1,  4-1.    I   or  o,  the  le^er  low  with  ucicr 

more  than  1.  IIviio|'>i.,  l;iii, 

/',  Teeth  nHniilly  'J,    I--I,  'J,  the  hwi-er  row  riirely  wiih  Ii.h 

thiiM  'I. 

J/'.    Ilcil.l  convex  llliovo;  teeth  without  urilnilllK  "MiIhi  ■  , 

liiirliel  not  i|nlte  terniiniil.  Cm  run  >,  Ml. 

j/</'.    Ileail  inrreor  leriS  Ihltte 1  iiliove  ;  teeth  with  t'riml- 

lllKRIII't'llce  ;   liarhel  temilliill.        ri.*TY>iii|ii<>,  ]:VJ. 
■xilOUlditlNV. : 
iMiii.  liower  Jiiw  Ningiilarly  fornioil,  Ihn  ileiitary  hdiitm  |iiirnlli>l,  iinlteil  lot  llidr 
whole  length. 
W.  ProiiiiixilliirieH  not  |irotriietih':  miiinlllile  with  a  cnnKiiii'iioiiM  lleHhy  Inluiiii 
•nch  iii<U<  nt  tho  hiwe;  teeth  1,  I    I,  n  ur  1 ;  no  hiirhol;  waleH  nioili-riite. 

EXclcil.ll>sl  M,  l.'C. 

Pi,AiiopTKniN.v. : 

.1.1.  Jhinwt  t\n  Nhurt,  iio«terlor,  with  ii  Htroni;  ttpine,  eonip<iMeil  of'.!,  tho  |ioNterior  receiMd  Ini.i 
a  lonKitililiinil  irroovo  ol'  the  anterior;  inner  honler  of  tlio  ventral  IhiH  ttdhereiil  In  llic 
Uicly;  ttfoth  hdokuci,  without  i;rinilini;  rinrliiee,  in  2  mwH. 
i'.  Body  witli  snmll  uciiled;  toetli  2,  1-4,  2;  no  biirholi).  Lkimdomi  i.\,  l.il. 

I'i',  Hmly  neiiloleHH;  toeth  2,  4-.'i,  2. 

j'.  Maxillary  without  liiirhel.  Mum.  1:1'. 

i)'.  Maxiltury  with  a  harhel.  ri.Aiioi-TKiii  s,  1*'.. 

100.  CAMPOSTOMA,  A^aHniz. 
(Stonk  Rollkkh.) 

Annpontoma,  AoASRiz,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  .\rtH,  Igsri,  218,  (i\.»ii\»n\mi)). 

Hody  moderately  oloiiKuto,  little  conipiessod.  Month  normal,  tl»\jiiw8 
with  thick  lips  and  rndimoiit  of  a  hard  Hhoath.  Premaxillarics  pi()(  mrtilf; 
no  Itarhel.  Teeth  1— I,  or  1,  l-l,  0,  with  o1)li<|iie  jjrinding  snriaco,  aii(l;i 
Hlight  hook  on  1  or  2  tcoth.  Air  bladder  suHpended  in  tho  alxloininal 
cavity,  and  entirely  snrroiinded  by  many  convolntioiiH  of  tho  long  iilimcii- 
tary  canal,  which  is  0  to  9  times  tho  total  length  of  the  body;  ovarifs 
similarly  inclosed  by  tho  alimentary  canal.  Peritoneum  black.  I'siMido- 
branchiie  present.  Scales  moderate.  Lateral  lino  present.  Dorsal  nt'inl.v 
over  ventrals.  Anal  short.  No  spines.  Herbivorous.  Sexual  dillirciices 
very  great,  the  males  being  covered  with  large  tubercles  in  spriiij;.  Tl"" 
singular  arrangement  of  the  intestines  in  relation  to  the  air  blinlilcr  is 
peculiar  to  CampoHtoma  among  all  known  fishes.  Size  moderate.  (miuTii, 
curve;  aro/xa,  mouth) 


/,<r,/tiH  (///«/  I'.ventuinii. — Fishes  of  North  /Imerica, 


2(W 


„,  ),. .,;. ,  III  liiliriil  IliM-  nl'oiit  TA. 

I,    I.I  null)  i>r  li>|i  cif  lii'inl  I  iliHiuiii'o  lit  orlKlii  »f  iliimnl  llii,  iiiniitli  r.itlicr  lurK'',  niitxllliiry 

nut  •iuH<-  niichliiK  llit« <'yH.  mknaii  m,  :iiM. 

I.I .  I,.  iiKili  iif  tup  (if  Ik-iwI  '.j  itlHtuiiri'  tu  origin  nt  ilonutl  tin;  iiiiiiith  Niiinllrr,  iiiiixillitry 

ii'iii'liliiK  vi'iili  III  rriiiii  iiiiti'iiui-  noitlril.  hkiii.i,  'Ml. 

„„,  -.  .1. » III  l.thTiil  liii.'  r.»  t.i  :>:..  anomai.!  h,  :wh. 

>,„!,.,  larKor,  4S  to  47  In  lutcriil  IIim'.  ruiiMuanLUM,  ll'JU. 

HM.  <'AMI>OMTOnA  OKXATI'W,  (ilrnnl. 

Ilfuil  li'l;  «lt']tth  I;  t'.vt'  I.  1).  ><;  A.  X;  latuial  liii«  7li;  'II  Iniforo  tlorHut. 
ItoiU  I  iiIdt  NtiMit;  lit>ail  niotUtiate,  tint  Hiioiit  |it-oj«'Ctiiiti'  and  NoiiitiwUitt 
ai'iiii  .  iiKiiitli  Hiiiall,  till)  iiiiixilliiiy  iiol  loiu'hiii^  to  front  of  uy**.  Coloru- 
tiiiii  III  mult',  liiilliunt,  prticiHoly  uh  iu  C.  anomiilnni,  tliu  h<>m1ch  of  buck 
miiiIIIkI.  i<iko  (',  (imimtdum  in  all  rt^HpttctH  except  th«i  nnirli  Ntuallur  Hcah^H. 
('Iiiliiiiliiia  Kivt'i,  M4^\it'o.  Our  tipecintunH  obtuiiiud  luconlly  by  A,  J. 
Wdoliiiaii.  {oinutnH,  ailornuil.) 
(',iii,;i.«6  ."i"niii'»iiii,<iiiiMii',  rroc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sti.  I'lillii.,  IHriO,  1711,  Chihuahua  River,  Mexico. 

(Tj|ii',  N'.  77.      <''ill.  J.  I'lilt'.)      (il'.STIIK.II,  Cut.,  VII,  !«;»,  1Hi;H  ;   JoltKAN  ilc  (ill.llKIIT,  My  UIIIHlit,  14U, 
lh>.l. 

i\-il.  i'A.nrOSTO.MA  rUICKI,  JoKlim  &  Tholmru,  now  iiiM<dt<H. 

llciiil  ;M  ill  adult  nial«;  dopthi;  i>yo5i;  D.  8;  A.  8;  Hcal«s  l()-75-!»,  32 
lifrdiciliMsai:  ti't'tli  l-t.  Body  stout,  inodoiatwiy  coniprcHm'd;  hwul  lar;;e, 
niiiical,  wilii  lur^o  tuborcluH,  eafli  witli  a  central  Hpinu;  mouth  Minall, 
iiia.viliai y  icacliinjj  vertical  from  anterior  iioHtril,  it  dlHtunco  to  eye,  or  JJ 
III  lit'ail.  Ddisal  fin  o]i])OHito  ventralH,  itH  fii'Ht  ray  A  distaucu  from  unout  to 
KiiMiircaiiila! :  anal  basis  Hliort,  3  in  licad.  Leuf^tb  of  tup  «»f  bead  nearly 
liall'(li>iaiiid  tVom  tip  of  Hiiout  to  orij^in  of  dorsal  (i  in  ornutum).  Scales 
laiiiiT  Hiiiall,  deej),  Humowbat  crowded  anteriorly.  Color  a.s  in  C.  tuioiiia- 
liiw.  liniwiiiMli,  witii  brassy  luster  on  back  and  sides;  scales  above  pro- 
I'lisi'ly  .siMckU'd  with  black,  the  color  arranged  in  longitudinal  baiulH, 
i|iiitt' (•\  iilciit  back  ot'tbe  dorsal;  less  black  below;  a  vertical  black  band 
lii'liinil  ii|icrck';  a  distinct  lilack  spot  at  baso  of  caudal;  a  broad  band  of 
lilack  acmss  dorsal  tin,  and  traces  of  a  similar  band  on  anal;  fins  all 
iiii>lu'ii  with  red  (in  spring  ntales).  Very  close  to  C.  ornatum  of  the  Chi- 
liiiuiiiia  Kiver;  the  head  longer,  the  snout  longer,  and  the  mouth  and  eye 
siiiaili-i.  Springs  in  tlie  Chiricahua  Mountains  in  Southern  Ari/oiia,trib- 
iitiuy  to  till!  Kio  Ya(|ui,  locally  very  abundant.  The  waters  of  these 
spi  iii^jn  all!  lost  on  the  desert,  very  rarely  overllowiug  into  the  river.  The 
[\\m  a  single  specimen,  3i  inches  long,  taken  by  Mr.  W.  \V.  Price,  in 
Kiickci  Canon,  Chiricahua  Mountains,  iu  southern  Arizona.  (Named  for 
William  Wightman  Price.)     (Type,  No.  1552,  L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mas.) 

328.'  CAMl'OSTOJIA  ANOMAIilMI  (Kafliies-iue). 

(.'(KiNK-IlOI.I.ER  ;  STONE-iailiaKR  ;  STEKI.-BACKED  ClIUIl  ;    MaMMY  ;   l)ofOH-IlEM.V.) 

Head  ti ;  depth  4«.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  7-53-8 ;  teeth  4-4,  or  1,4-4,  0.  Body 
Htoiitisli,  iiiodcrately  compressed,  the  antedorsal  region  becoming  swollen 
iiiiilinoiiiincntintheadult.  Snout  moderately  decurved.  Scalesdeep,  rather 
MiKili,  and  crowded  anteriorly;  maxillary  not  reaching  to  opposite  the 
t'tuiit  uf  the  eye.    Color  brownish,  with  a  brassy  luster  above,  the  scales 


} 


I 


m 


i 


^: 


Ml. 


1 1-- ., 


1'. 

■ 

1 

) 

t 

., 

kii 

hi 

i 

w 


4     -^ 


•.'^ 


206 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'■\ 


t     I 


I     :J 


itiifi 


I  -J 


I    'u- 


,^  II 


'i  ^^^^il 


:,)  ( 


more  or  less  mottled  with  dark;  a  dnsky  vertical  bar  behind  the  opcrcle: 
doruul  and  anal  l\u»  each  with  a  dnaky  crossbar  about  half  way  u|i,  the 
rest  of  the  tin  olivaceouH  in  fenialeu,  fiory  red  in  the  males  in  the  H]iring; 
iriu  orange  in  males.  Males  in  the  spring  with  the  head  and  ottcu  the 
whole  body  covered  with  large  rounded  tubercles.  In  no  other  Cjn^iuoitl 
are  these  nu|)tial  appendages  so  extensively  developed.  Extremely  var- 
iable, the  young  very  difl'erent  iu  appearance  from  the  old  males. 
Length  6  to  8  inches.  Central  New  York  to  Tennessee,  Wyomini;,  and 
Texas;  everywhere  abundant  in  deep  or  still  places  in  small  streams,  run- 
ning uj)  small  brooks  to  spawn  in  spring.  Herbivorous.  One  of  the  most 
interesting  and  curious  of  our  fishes,     (anomalus,  extraordinary.) 

Iiiililiiii<mi)iiinliiK,  llAKiNEsgrK,  Iclitli.  Oh.,  !>2,  18i(i,  Licking  River,  Kentucky. 

CiiloMiimiix  iiirhdiiiliis,  JiAKiNKSyiE,  Ic    th.  Oil.,  M,  18'.i<t,  Ohio  River. 

hlriKjIiMinm  fpiuiceiihiilinn,  Cuvikh  &  Valf.nciknnks,  xvii,  48i),  1844,  Wabash  River. 

Leiiiisnin  pnilixiis,  Stoheh,  Proo.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  July,  ISUi,  Alabama. 

Exiiijli'xsHin  dnhiinii,  IviHTl.AND,  Jdiirii.  Dost.  Sue.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1HI6,  272,  Yellow  Creek,  Ohio. 

Clwmlriisloiiin  piilhuii,  AuAssiz,  Anier.  Juiiru.  Sci.  Arts,  1804,  357,  Burlington,  Iowa.  (Coll. 
1)1.  .1.  II.  idtiisi'h.) 

Caiiipimloniii  mi'iiliiiii,  (JiuAUD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  18.50,  170,  Cadereita,  and  near  Mon- 
terey, New  I^eon.     (Type,  No.  70.     Coll.  Liont.  Couch.) 

OwipoMomii  calUpterijx,  Coi'E.  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1804,  284,  Flint  River,  Michigan. 
(Coll.  Prof.  Miuily  .Miles.) 

CauijioKtoma  miriiiijrii»,  Copk,  I,  c,  284,  Bruce,  Michigan.     (Coll.  Miles.) 

Criiipi)slo:iiit  yohiimiimi,  Coi'E,  /.  c.,  284,  Bi'uce  and  Grosse  Isle,  Michigan.     (Col!.  Mllin.) 

Cniiipostomi  hippmif,  Ciii'E,  /.  <:,  284,  Platte  River,  Nebraska.     (Coll.  Dr.  W.  A.  lliiDirimnil.) 

C'li  ■lumldiiia  nnomulitm,  AuAoSiz,  Ainer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1805,  218j  Jouvan  &  Gilbeut,  .'Symipsis, 
lil»,  1883. 

C<ii»;>"si()»iu  ilithimii,  Gt'NTllER,  Cut.,  Vll,  183,  1808. 

OatiipuHlomii  prolLruiii,  Jordan  &  GiLiiEKT,  Synopsis,  100,  1883;  this  namo  applied  to  southern 
spL'tiiuons  iu  which  the  teeth  aio  usually  1,  4-4,  0. 

329.  CAMPOS"  }MA  FORMOSULUJI,  Girard. 

ilead  1;  depth  41.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  46.  Head  short  and  blunt,  with 
broad,  projecting  snout.  Grayish  above,  whitish  below ;  sides  more  or  less 
marniorate ;  a  black  pa;  ch  at  base  of  caudal  tin  and  one  on  the  dors;"  1.  iSan 
Antonio  River  to  the  Rio  Grande,  {/onnosuluiti,  diiuinutivo  of  fonnonun, 
pretty.) 

CmnpoKloma  formomlnm,  Giuari),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  170,  Rio  Sabinal,  near  San 
Antonio,  Texas.  (Type,  No.  70.  Coll.  I>r.  Keunorly.)  Gikard,  U.  S.  &  M<'.\.  liounJ. 
>vurv.,  Zoiil.,  11,  pi.  XXV,  figs.  0-8,  1851) ;  Jordan  &  Giliieht,  Syuopsis,  150,  1883. 

lOi.  ORTHODON,  Girard. 

Gi-thodon,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Not.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 182,  (microlepido(a). 

Body  elongate.  Jaws  normal,  the  upper  protractile,  the  lower  sharp- 
edged,  with  a  knob  at  the  symphysis;  no  barbel.  Teeth  6-6  or  ()-">.  much 
compressed,  lancet-shaped,  erect,  nearly  straight.  Upper  limb  of  the 
pharyngeal  bone  very  broad  and  concave,  separated  by  a  deep  notch  from 
the  dentigei-ous  portion,  the  bone  thin  and  brittle.  Intestinal  canal  elon- 
gate,about  7  times  the  length  of  the  fisli;  peritoneum  black;  scales  small; 
lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  tin  opposite  veutrals.  Basal  rays  of  caudal 
largely  developed.  Anal  basis  short.  Pseudobranchiai  none.  Gill  rakers 
moderate,  clavate,  the  inner  edge  fringed.    Size  large.    This  gciius  is 


--^•■1 


/or\hvi  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


207 


iiliilt'il  '"  ^l*"  Europeau  genus,  Chomlroxtomn,  ditfeiing  chiefly  in  the 
•ilisonci'  <>i'  pseudobranchiiu  anil  of  the  horny  mandibular  plate.  {opOdg, 
,stiai!,'tit:  '"''>' f.  tooth.) 

SiSO.  ORTHODON  MICROLRPIDOTirS  (AyreN). 
(Bi.ArK-fisii.) 
Il.iid  I:  depth  4i     D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  21-10.5-12;  Vert.  24+20.    Teeth 
il-t;  or  ii-.'i,  very  long.     Body  elongate,  not  much  compressed.     Head  mod- 
cratf,  iliittiHh  above,  with  two  bony  ridges  ;  snout  very  broad  ;  eye  small, 
alioiit  IialC  length  of  snout.     Mouth  terminal,  somewhat  oblique,  broad, 
tilt'  iiiiixilliiiy  not  extending  to  the  eye.     Fins  rather  large ;  the  caudal 
Htron".    Lateral  lino  decurved.    Coloration  plain  olivaceous,  paler  below, 
Sizelar;,"'.    Length  12  to  16  inches.    Lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
rivers   and  neighboring  streams;   locally    abundant    in    «iuiet    waters. 
{uiKf)"/.t~ii^"'<'»:>  small-scaled.) 
i.'i/d  miiri.U)<i'htUi,  Aykks,  Proo.  Cnl.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  i,  21, 18r)5,  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 

rivers,  California.     (Coll.  W.  ().  Ajtcs.) 
(/rfV.,(,.M  Ml  '•'',./,„w.,(.,  riinAiti),  Par.  U.  B.  Sur  .,  riBh.,  237,  pi,  iiii,  flg.  1-4,  1858 ;  GUntiieb, 

Cat.,  vii,  'rj\  1808;  Jordan  &  ftiMiEBX,  Synopsig,  152, 1883. 

102.  OXYGENEUM,  Forbes. 

(irijiiniiin)!,  rouiiES,  Bull.  111.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  1855,  130,  {pnU'erulentitm). 

Body  elongate,  8ubt3rate;  head  small,  conical;  mouth  large,  terminal; 
n]>ppr  .jaw  protractile,  with  lleshy  lips;  lower  jaw  thin,  with  sharp,  hard 
(dpe;  no  pseudobranchia^;  scales  rather  small;  lateral  line  complete. 
Aliinent.ny  canal  elongate,  more  than  twice  length  of  body;  teeth  4-5  or 
."1-5,  in  one  row,  not  strongly  hooked;  peritoneum  blf  ak.  Herbivorous 
species  of  Hmall  size,     (o^/'f,  sharp;  yhnK;,  chin.) 

aai.  OXYGENEUM  PULVERULENTUM,  ForheB. 

Head  t,";;  depth  5;  eye  4.  D.  8;  A.  7.  Lateral  line  63;  31  scales  before 
the  dorsal.  Form  of  Moxonloma;  head  small,  conical;  mouth  large, 
tirminal ;  gill  rakers  slender.  Breast  scaly.-  Dorsal  fin  high.  Color 
pale,  the  back  and  sides  dusted  with  dark  specks.  Length  2J  inches. 
Illinois  Kiver.     (Forbes.)     (piilvenilentun,  dusted.) 

0/ij(jnifinii  iitilirrutentiim,  FoRiiF.s,  Dtdl.  111.  Lab.  Nat.  HiHt.,  188.'>,  130,  lUinoiB  Hiver.     (Coll. 
ForbiH.)    Jordan,  Man.  Vertobratos,  Kd.  v,  62,  1890. 

103.  ACROCHEILUS,  Agassiz. 
(Chisel-mouths.) 

Ai'mhfilm,  A(iAS.si7.,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  211,  {ahitaccuK). 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed.  Each  jaw  with  a  large,  straight, 
borny  plate,  sharp  externally  and  very  conspicuous.  Upper  jaw  pro- 
tractile; no  barbel.  Teeth  4-5,  stont,  hooked,  with  broad  masticatory 
surface.  Intestinal  canai  elongate;  peritoneum  black.  Pseudobrauchia) 
present.  Scales  small,  loosely  imbricated.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal 
fiusliKlitly  behind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  moderate.  Caudal  fin  broad,  its 
rudimentary  rays  recurrent  on  the  caudal  peduncle.  Size  rather  large. 
A  single  species,  American.     (uKpot;,  sharp  ;  ,ietAof,  lip.) 


f 


I 


m 


I 


1 


^!- 


!!| 


il 


m 


i 
I 


208 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


^1- 


8»2.  AfBOCHEILUS  ALIJTACKUS,  ARasBiz  *  Pickering. 
(OiiiREi,-MOUT)i ;  SQi'AilE-MorTii  ;  IIahii-moiitii.) 

Head  4i;  depth  1;  oyo  5i  D.  10;  A.  (t;  scalew  20-85-16.  Tcotli  I-5, 
houked,  Homowhat  club-shapod,  with  a  lnoad  grinding  surface.  I'xidv 
elongate,  not  much  compressed ;  caudal  peduncle  very  long  and  ulciuler, 
nearly  terete.  Head  moderate,  bluntisli,  the  profile  loimded,  the  inter- 
orhjtul  space  strongly  convex.  Mouth  horizontal,  suhiuferior,ovi'rl.i|ij)e(i 
by  the  broad,  blunt  snout,  its  breadth  considerable,  but  the  maxillaiy 
not  extending  far  back,  to  opposite  the  front  of  the  eye.  Upper  j;i\v  jno. 
tractile,  covered  with  a  fleshy  lip,  inside  of  which  is  a  small,  stiaijrht, 
cartilaginous  plate,  similar  to  that  on  the  lower  jaw,  but  much  Hiualler 
and  not  evident  externally;  lower  lip  covered  with  a  firm  eartiia^inous 
plate,  shari  'externally,  the  upper  surface  being  formed  by  its  licvcld 
l)j(ge.  The  msverse  width  of  this  phite  is  l)etween  4  and  5  titncjs  its 
(longitudinal)  breadth;  the  plate  extends  in  nearly  a  straight  line  fiom 
one  angle  of  the  mouth  to  the  other;  its  transverse  width  is  contained 
2J  times  in  length  of  head.  Eye  rather  large,  IJ  in  snout,  its  j^sition 
anterior  and  iiot  high  up,  2J  in  interorbitul  space.  Dorsal  long,  nitlur 
Jow,  its  first  ray  just  behind  first  vay  of  ventrals,  midway  between  muoiii 
and  middle  of  base  of  caudal ;  caudal  llii  very  long,  the  lobis  uImuii  ((inal, 
onger  than  head,  widely  forked,  the  accessory  riiys  al  its  Ihihc  vny 
numerous  and  recurrent  on  the  caudal  pediuit'|l>;  about  H  of  these  iiiiiy 
be  distinguished  on  each  side  of  tlu!  tin.  Anal  lln  rather  lillgoi  viiilia^ 
broad,  roaehiug  vent.  Pectorals  moderate,  not  reaching  two-lliii(ls  (il 
the  distance  to  the  ventrals.  Scales  (|ulte  small,  sonuiwhut  elnlii  tjiliii  iii 
the  skin,  very  loosely  imbricated,  the  ex|tUse(l  surfaces  lullgcr  than  liigli 
profusely  punctate;  s([uanuitinli  t|uite  itregular.  The  scales  siiialli'idi 
back  and  belly  than  on  sides,  most  exposed  on  caiid.'i!  peduncle.  Lateral 
lino  much  decurved.  Colotiitioll  vety  dark;  belly  paler,  but  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  body  stuilded  with  minute  dark  points.  Peritonemu  lilad;: 
intestines  much  elongate,  usually  filled  with  ^rgel  able  substance.  l,c'Ui,'tii 
12  inches.  Lower  Columbia  Ulver  and  tributaries,  as  far  up  as  Spokaui 
and  Shoshone  FalU;  locally  abundant.     (uliitaveiiH,  lealludy.) 

Acrocheilnx  ulitlweus,  AuASSiz  iiiiil  I'lfKDlilNd,  Anier.  .Iiinri).  Si'i.  Arfn,  xix,  2H,  iHfi.'i,  Willatiiette 
Falls  and  Walla  Walla  River;  (llNiiirii,  Cat.,  vii,  27C ;  .I()it()AN,  I'ruc.  U.  M.  Niil.  I|ii» 
1878,  8;t;  JoHliAN  A  (.iii.uEiiT,  S}nii|iHis,  150,  188;$. 

104.  LAVINIA,  (Hiaid. 

Lavinia,  UinAiU),  I'rjc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1854,  I;i7,  (exiUcamli). 

Body  elliptical,  elevated,  moderately  compressed,  rapidly  contracted 
to  the  slender  caudal  ]teduncle.  Head  small,  conical.  Mouth  nioderatf, 
terminal,  obliiiue;  the  lower  jaw  included.  Scales  moderate,  not  closel) 
imbricated,  the  exposed  surfaces  souu'what  liexagonal.  I>ati'ial  lim 
decurved,  coiuploto.  Holly  behind  ventrals  entirely  scaled.  Dmsal  fii 
well  behind  ventrals,  its  last  ray  just  in  front  of  beginning  "f  anal. 
which  is  rather  elongate.  Caudal  fin  little  forked,  its  riidimeiita  liasal 
rays  much  increased  in  number  and  very  strong.  Intestinal  ci.niii  <l')" 
gate,  3  times  the  total  length  of  the  fish;  peritoneum  dark.    Teeth  4-5 ui 


J, 


fi'iddn  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


209 


-,-•(  s( "Ml  cly  liooked,  cnltriform,  with  rather  Itroad  luit  shallow  grinding 
Hiirtiiti  ilu'  larj^cst  Htanding  up  well  al)ove  the  surface  of  the  bono.  Gill 
nikri>  lutlit-r  lonj?  and  slender;  pseudobranchiie  large.  Size  large  One 
spicii  s.  Aiiit'ritiui.  (AariHiVj,  a  classical  name,  without  special  applica- 
tion to  tlitvsii  fishes.) 

333.  LAVINIA  KXILICAUDA,  Iliiinl  k  Girar.1. 

(Hitch;  Chi  ok  Chigh.) 


11* 


(I  I  ;  depth  3i ;  eye  4.  D.  10;  A.  12;  scales  13-«;i-«;  tooth  4-.'>  or 
l'i(iil\  «lo»'p,  conipresaod,  tapering  to  the  caudal  i)eduucle,  which  is 
\(.iv  hUndcr.  Upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the  pupil,  the 
iiiMxilhii  \  liilliiig  short  of  the  eye.  Preorbital  short  and  deep;  suborbital 
iiioilt'iMtf.  Eye  rather  large,  anterior.  Scales  rather  large,  42  in  front  of 
(liiisiil.  I'orsal  I'm  rather  small;  pectorals  short;  anal  high  and  long; 
ciiiiiliil  well  forked,  its  rudimentary  rays  strong,  about  ten  in  number. 
Coldr  (laik  above,  sides  somewhat  silvery;  scales  with  dark  specks. 
Lcii'tli  1-  imliC'*.  Streams  of  the  Coast  Kange  about  San  Francisco  and 
Miiiiltivv .  Idcaliy  common  as  far  north  as  Clear  Lake,  (cxiiis,  slender ; 
(■i(i((/(i.  tiiil.) 
;,i,,iiM  .  .,/„.ii'  '  I.  I!Aiiti>  ii!i<l  <iiRARi>,  riMC  Ac.  N'lt.  Sci.  Pliilii.,  18."i4, 1117,  Sacramento  River, 

Californi;i.    (Typo,  Nos.  207  ami  209.    Coll.  neermarin.)     (iiuAiii),  I'uc.  K.  14.  Siirv.,  .\,  211, 

|<  .^,    ,1   III  '  \  \-  (Jli.iiF.UT,  Synopnis,  l')3,  l«S;i. 
(, ,1  ;,,iiii/.;m,,  diuAiii',  Troc.  Ac.  Nat.  Kri.  Tliila.,  1850,  184,  Monterey,  California.     (Type, 

N.  .;|o. '  ruil.  A.  STiiyl'T-) 
(,ii,iVii»  r-M/i /(.,  til's  III r.ii,  Cat.,  VII,  248,  1808. 

105.  CHROSOMUS,  Raliuesciue. 

;.  .    I-   II   :  !m:s(I  r.  r.litli.  nil.,  17,  |8"i),  (piiithvoijuster). 

Iliid.v  iiiiMliDilely  elongate,  lltl|o(!ii)||llh;Hspd.    Jaws  normal;  no  barbel; 


Intli  Ti  .')  (M  in,  liKdjerately  liooketti  tvjfll  well-marked  grinding  surface. 
Aliiiiciitaiy  caiial  elongate,  aliotifc  twice  mm  long  as  body;  peritoneum 
lilmii  Scales  very  Huiall.  fiiiteral  lino  short  or  wanting.  Dorsal  behind 
viiitrals:  anal  liasis  short.  Size  small.  Colors  iu  spring  brilliant,  the 
liiaiMi'iit  liii|,'lit  red.     This  genus  is  of  somewhat  doubtful  relationshij), 


|i  the  snhgenuH  Phorlnns  under  Leuciacun. 


iiiiij  ^|iin\H  liiiiliy  analiigiii:!  «v|| 

I  I  ^  ■,  lii|o|  :   ni.i/^ii,  |)Olly.) 

<i.  I."»iilili(k  liili'illi  liiilld  o«ti'l|i|||lg  |iac(twap)  to  1  asiMif  cainlal. 

I.  I.u«.ii,|ii(  i;  iiiiiuj  iiKliug  iij  li  \mi\i  Btltll-  ervthuogaster,  :i:i4. 

"    I  I".  I  l^jai'k  biini|  |]fiiii(jef,  Ijjilj  tipt  (■tilling  hi  it  lilil  .J!  8pot.  dakhtknkis,  .cs.'.. 

Ill   liiitti  I  Mm  U  lati'iul  liamt  n,^|iit^i|in^  uuwpwitril  uiiil  liiuUwanI,  ciiiling  aliuvo  liasit  of  aii.il. 

Ilii'  ii|>|m'i  Imiiil  furiniug  ttio  lilurk  caiajitj  Hjiiit  urea.'',  :j:;i: 

3!U.  CHItOSOMrS  KltYfllKOO.iHtl-;!!,  DanncBque. 
(Ued-iiei,i,iei)  Pack.) 

Iltiiit  I ;  ili'iiih  1.     D.  7;  A.  8;  scales  16-85-10;  t'^eth  usually  .")-5     Body 

Mini;;,  littjf  compressed,   tapering  each  way  from  tie  middle.     Head 

iii'iik'iate,  ratlier  pointed.     M:>uth  moderate,  terminal,  oblique,  the  Jaws 

iilmiit  i'i|iiiii.     Fins  rather  small;  tlie  dorsal  and  anal  high  and  short; 

K.N.  A 15 


(    i 


i  s 


\l 


1 


1     i  I> 


I  I 


(' '' 


J^n 


210 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'\    il 


'■1 

If  *' 

■!'■ ;    S'  ■! 


I    *^ 

1^ 


'  I 


r 


'i   ' 


oamlal  lung.  Scales  quite  small,  liriiily  attaclied,  bnt  not  mucli  iniliri. 
catud.  Lateral  lino  dovulupetl  lesu  than  half  the  length  of  tlir  IkmIv. 
Color  brownish  olive,  with  a  dusky  dorsal  line  and  often  sonio  IdackiHli 
spots;  two  black  lateral  bands  nearly  parallel,  the  one  from  thr  iippiT 
angle  of  the  opercle  straight  to  the  caudal,  sometimes  broken  iiiti)  Npotu 
behind,  the  lower  broader,  extending  from  snout  through  eyi-,  ciiived 
downward  along  the  belly  and  extending  to  the  caudal,  where  it  ends  in 
a  black  spot;  between  these  bands  a  bright,  silvery  area;  bellv  Ih'Iow 
the  lower  band  abruptly  silvery  ;  .females  obscurely  marked.  Mules  in 
spring  with  the  belly  and  the  interspace  between  the  lateral  baiuls  lnii;lit 
scarlet;  bases  of  the  vertical  fins  also  scarlet;  in  high  coloration  the 
body  is  everywhere  minutely  tuberculato  and  the  lins  are  bright  yellow. 
Length  2  to  3  inches.  Ohio  and  Michigan  to  Iowa  and  Nortiioiu  Ala 
bama;  also  common  at  Frceport,  Ma<ne,  (Kendall  and  Smith.)  Alniiiiiant 
in  small  clear  streams;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  lishes,  c«|)ecially 
attractive  in  aquaria,     (f'/""/'"';,  red;  ydorijii,  belly.) 

lAiJtilm  or  Chrammm  erjilUrogaMer,  R.vkinksqiie,  Ii-litli.  Oh.,  47,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
ChosomiiH  piirrhiHjmter,  JuiiDAN,  Mau.  Vort.,  Etl.  1,  284,  1870,  White  River,  Indiana.    (Coll 

Juriluu.) 
hMilmnrythroijiuhr,  KiltTF,AN'l>,  IJost.  .lourn.  Nut.  IliHt.,  iv,  21$,  1844. 
Lenii»iH»€rijthriuj(>stc)\  <i('NTiiFU,  Put.,  vii,  247,  1808. 
Chrositnmn  eri/lhnKjtinli'r,  Jciiidan  A  Uli.iiKit'J',  SyiioimiK,  153, 1883;  CoPK,  Cypr.  Pciin.,  U'.il,  1808. 

Represented  in  the  Susquehanna  River  by 

334a.  CIIItOSOMrs  KItYTIIiUXiASTKK  KOS  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depths.  D.  8 ;  A.  8.  Lateral  line  77;  teeth  5-5.  Uoilv  Nlen 
dorer  than  the  preceding;  the  lateral  line  less  distinct,  often  eiitinh 
wanting.  Male  with  the  two  black  lateral  bands  uniting  on  the  canilal 
peduncle,  the  lower  broader  and  decurved,  the  upper  luiiiow  and 
straight.    Length  2^  inches.     Sns(iuehanua  River.     (?/wf,  sunrise.) 

C'lirosiimiis  (■()»,  Cope,  Pror.  Ac.  Nat.  Si-i.  IMiila.,  1801,  523,  Meshoppen  Creek,  Susquehanna 
County,  Pennsylvania  ;  C'oi'e,  Cypr.  Peun.,  3'Jl,  18G8 ;  Jordan  A  Gilukut,  ^<yllullii8, 15), 
1883.    (Coll.  Cope.) 

835.  CHBOSOMUS  DAKOTENSIS,  Evormaiin  &  Cox. 

Head  3^ ;  depth  4i;  eye  3^;  snout  4i.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  abciit  80,21 
in  a  cross  series ;  teeth  4-4,  with  slight  grinding  surface.  Body  moder- 
ately stout,  head  heavy,  caudal  peduncle  shorter  than  in  related  Hpeciis. 
Eye  moderate ;  interorbital  width  3  in  head.  Mouth  small  and  oblique: 
maxillary  short,  not  nearly  reaching  vertical  at  front  of  eye,  it:i  length 
IJ  in  eye  ;  lower  jaw  projecting ;  tins  moderate ;  height  of  doisal  11  in 
head,  its  origin  behind  the  base  of  ventrals  a  distance  greater  than 
length  of  snout ;  anal  similar  to  dorsal;  pectorals  short,  li  in  liead; 
ventrals  very  short,  not  reaching  anal.  Color  as  in  C.  irnthrnijmkr. 
except  that  the  back  is  darker  and  Vac  upper  dark  line  is  contiiuionsiinii 
not  at  all  broken  up  into  spots;  the  lower  black  line  is  mom  distinct, 
broader,  and  does  not  end  in  a  black  spot.  Length  2  inches.  Missouri 
River  basin,  in  Nebraska  and  South  Dakota. 

Ctirommms  dukotinnis,  Kveiimann  it  Cox,  Kept.  U.  S.  Fish  Coram.,  xix,  1895,   Crow  Cretk. 
Chamberlain,  South  Dakota.     (Typo,  No.  45680.    Coll.  Everuiann,  Uuttir,  i  Coi.) 


[,>r(ian  and  lu'ermaun. — Fishes  of  A'orth  .Imerica.         1511 


:;»N.  niiiosoMis  <MtKAS,  coih. 

II,  ;m1  I  ;  depth  4J.  D.  8;  A.  «.  Lateral  lino  67;  teeth  iVu.  Suout,  pro- 
oil. imi,  ;iii<l  maxillary  a  littlo  longer  than  in  C.  cri/tliroi/itntcr.  Coloration 
Hiinilai  lo  tliat  of  ChronomiiH  tri/tlinindiiler,  except  for  the  diflerenco  in  pat- 
ti'Mi.  ilic  upper  band  befjiuning  oi)i»OHite  the  vent  and  extending  back- 
wiiiil  lo  middle  of  caudal,  ending  in  a  black  Mpot ;  lower  band  extending 
lidiii  snout  tliniiigh  eyo  downwar<l  and  liackward,  ceasing  at  base  of 
iiiiiii;  Iniik  clear  olive-green,  with  <lark  HpotH  and  crossbarn;  belly, 
iiilfrMjiuco  between  the  lateral  band.s,  and  bases  of  vortical  tins  bright 
( riiii.soii ;  liiiM  otherwise  yellow.  Length  2i  inches.  Jlead  waters  of 
lk(tiiiu)kr  Kivei.  The  most  brilliant  of  the  genus,  locally  abundant  in 
moimt.iin  Mtreanis.  Specimens  of  criilliroi/aiiter  approaching  onus  in 
(•(iliinitiiiii  are  also  found  in  clear  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee  Itiver,  in 
Aliiliaiiiii.     [oriitu,  6f)eiti(:,  a  mountain  nymph.) 

1 7,r ,-Mi"-  ■■"■i\  <'i>i'i:,  Jijurn.  Af.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  1H<18,  2;!3.  Head  of  Roanoke  River, 
IWontfiointTy  County,  Virginia;  (Coll.  Ciipc) ;  Joiiii.^N  &  Gilukkt,  Syuinmis,  lol,  1«k;)  ; 
JniiiiAN,  Hull.  f.  S.  Finii  Coiiiin.,  vm,  IH.SS,  VS\. 

Io6.  ALGANSEA.  Uirard. 

.i;,;.rii«,.i,  HlllAIUl,  Pror.  Ac.  Nut.  Sli.   I'llilll.,  lM")t;,  l^il,  (<llli<'//l(). 

riiis  i^cims  is  verj'  closely  related  to  Ilijhotimithiin,  difforing  chielly  in 
tlii^  siiKill  si/e  (if  the  scales,  there  being  Ho  to  70  in  tho  tiourso  of  tlu) 
latti;ii  line;  preorltital  bones  very  wide,  as  in  Uyboytiatlnm ;  teeth  4-1, 
^carcfjy  iiookcd,  with  rather  broad  grinding  surface;  intestinal  canal 
tl(iii;,'atc ;  |)tiituneum  black.     Mountains  of  Mexico.     (A  coined  name.) 

.1.  S'  alis  vrv  i^iimll,  iilHiiit  "0  in  thi'  lateral  line;  liinly  and  Iii'ad  rol  ust. 

I'.  Itinsil  inscitnl  over  Vi'iitruls;  maxillary  not  rtailiinf;  cyi'.  tinckli.a,  I!37. 

I'll,  liiiival  ii:sc:tiMl  rather  licforo  ventnils;  maxillary  rcacliinj;  front  of  oyu.     iiI(;ks(,  >'t;!H. 
'(.(.  Sciik'S  nHiilcratf,  r).">  to  GO  iu  the  lateral  line;  eyo  Kinall.  ball.ki,  'A'M. 

•Ml.  ALOANSK.i  TI>'('KliliA  (Cnvier  A  ViilcncienncH). 

Head  .'i'i ;  (lt'])tli  3?;  scales  17-70-9;  teeth  1-4.  ]k)dy  stoutish,  tho  head 
heavy.  Mouth  moderate,  obliijue,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  tho  eye; 
jaws  altuut  etjiuil;  eye  rather  small;  tins  small,  tho  caudal  short. 
Dorsal  iiisiTtt'd  just  over  veutrals.  Scales  quite  small,  lirmly  attached 
and  nut  cloHcly  imbricated,  as  in  Myloclicilnn  and  Gila.  Coloration  dark, 
plaiu;  tiiiM  uusimtted.  Length  (>  inches.  Lakes  about  tho  City  of 
Mexico,    ((Uminiitive  oi  tinea,  a  tench.) 

/.iiiiViM  iini-:iht,  ('i'viE)i  &  Vai.enciknnks,  xvm,  ;!2:i,  1844,  City  of  Mexico;  (iC-NTUKU,  Cat., 
Ml,  214,  l.sts.  (Specinien.f,  No.  2753,  U.  S.  N.  M.;  origiual  typo  iu  Museum  of  I'ttris.  Cull. 
Miij.Wpii.  itiHi.) 

Uums  Unallii,  Joiipan  A  Gii.uEiiT,  SynopsiB,  240,  1883. 

338.  ALUANtSKA  DUUESI,  Beau. 

Head  1;  depth  4;  eye  5i  D.  7;  A.  6;  scales  18-69  to  72-13.  Teoth 
4-1,  slightly  liooked,  with  well-developed  grinding  surface.  Gill  rakers 
4+15.  Body  robust.  Lower  Jaw  slightly  included,  with  a  small  knob  at 
the  symphy.sis;  nusxilhiry  reaching  opposite  front  of  eye.  Doisal 
iiiherted  soincwhat  before  ventrals  at  a  point  midway  between  su(  !  and 
haae  of  caudal ;  lower  tins  short;  caudal  large.  Scales  very  small  and 
erowded  anteriorly,  larger  behind;  lateral  line  shari)ly  decurvod  over 
p-'ctoral.    Dubky  brown ;  sides  of  bead  silvery,  a  very  faint  dusky  spot  at 


ir  t 


I 


*'! 


;.       ? 


t  t 

i  1 

:■   ! 

n 

i  i 


{4 


■ 

II                :| 

I 

1 

i^ix.  J 

'iiiiilinil"^ 

'C 


rii  — T     ffi  ; 


■  -n-W  fTf^t^'IffTMl' 


212 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


Mi  ii 


■liiil 

.   J 


^i''\ 


:v,ii 


m:i 


4 ,  > 


base  of  caudal;  upper  fins  dusky,  unniaikcd.  Leiij?tli  JiJ  inclics.  Ccn. 
tral  Mexico,  in  streams  tributary  to  Hio  de  Lor!ii:i  ;  our  Hpeciim  ns  c.,!. 
lected  by  Mr.  Woolnian,  at  Salamanca.  Very  c  -m  to  J.  iiuflhi^  |,|,{ 
proliably  distinct.  (Named  for  Trofessor  Alfredo  'ugis,  who  (ollntid 
the  types.) 

Alijiiuum  (liiijini,  Bkax,  Troc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  18!I2,  28.%  Guanajuato,  Lake  Yuriria.    (Tvi.. 
Nu8.  41818  uud  43764.) 

.180.  AMMNSKA  NAM,.i:i  (Ullntlior). 

Head  4  ;  depth  Ss ;  eye  5.  D.  7;  A.  6.  Lateral  line  M;  teeth  1-1.  lonjr, 
curved,  with  grinding  surface.  Caudal  peduncle  not  (juite  twice  ;is  m\<^ 
as  deep.  No  barbels.  Snout  obtusely  conical,  longer  tluiii  the  ivc. 
Upper  jaw  slightly  overlapping  thti  lower.  Ma.\illary  not  extciiilini;  id 
the  eye.  Dorsal  immediately  behind  ventrals.  Fins  short.  Jiilc,stiii;il 
canal  with  few  convolutions.  Urownish,  green  al)ove,  minuttly  ilotid 
with  black  along  the  sides.  Length  H^uches.  Streamsof  central  -Mixiwi. 
((jliinther.)  (Named  for  M.  Salle,  a  collector  in  Mexico,  who  nlttainwi 
the  types.) 

Gn-'iliiliihiiKiKiUiii,  G('xTHEn,  Cat.,  VII,  484,  18C8,  Cuernavaca,  Mexico. 

Zophi'iiihiin  mist  rah  *  ,Iiini).\N,    I'roo.  U.S.  Nat.  Muh.,  187(1,  ;u><»,  Lake  Tupataro.      Tvpc,  X  i-. 

2:nnO!iii(l  2:ii:il.     Coll.  IMor.  a.  Diigi'S.)    .Ihrdan  tc  Gimikht,  .><yu(>i)Bis,  'JA,  IhKi. 
Hiiihiiiiim  HiiUii'i,  JoiiDAN,  I'roo.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1879,  22C. 
Cliola  lallu'i,  JOBDAN  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  1G4, 188:i. 

107.  HYBOGNATHUS,  Agassiz 

IlyhognnlliuK,  AOASsiZ,  Aiiier.  Joiiru.  Sci.  Arts,  18.5r),  223,  (iiiiclialis), 
Dhmtlii,  UiUARD,  I'nic.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185(1,  177,  (epincnpa). 
Al(joiiia,  GiiiAnn,  I.  c,  18<t,  (amnra). 

Body  elongate,  aomewhat  compressed.  Mouth  horizontal,  ilio  Jaw. 
normal,  sharp-edged;  lower  jaw  with  a  slight,  hard  protuberance  in  Innit: 
no  barbel;  upper  jaw  protractile.  Teeth  4-t,  cnltriform,  witli  ol)lii|iii 
grinding  surface  and  little  if  any  hook.  Alimentary  canal  el()ii;;att',  lit" 
10  times  the  length  of  the  body.  Peritoneum  black.  Scales  larj;c ;  lateral 
lino  continuous.  Dorsal  iii.serted  ))efore.  ventrals.  Anal  bavis  slmit 
Size  moderate.  Sexual  changes  very  slight,  no  red  or  black  pijiimiit div 
tinguishing  the  males  in  spring.  Species  numerous  ;  mostly  soiUliwestiiii, 
and  not  well  known,     (ifio':,  gibbous  ;  yvuUoi;,  jaw.) 

HYiincNATins  : 
11.  Toetli   comparatively  long  and  Miircfly  hookcil  ;  Bilvory  Hpecics,  UHnally  nini-.'  (haii  3' 
iiiclios  in  longtli  when  adult  ;  scales  al>out  :i«. 
b.  Suborbitals  liroad,  the  anterior  not  nioro  tlian  twice  as  Imig  as  deep. 

c.  Mouth  narrow,  its  cleft  not  reaching  nearly  to  oyo  ;  lower  jaw  shorter  ili.in  nii|ier. 

obtuse  at  tip.  Nl ' HAMS,  il". 

cc.  Mouth  wide,  its  clc'ft  about  reaching  eye  ;  jaws  Hubequal,  the  lower  ,1  utishiit  li| 

AH'.Vl:lllS,iiil- 

66.  Suborbitals  narrow,  the  anterior  alioul  3  times  as  long  as  deep  ;  month  lalli'Msiiiiiil. 

IIAVI,  ''ii-- 


■th  \ 


*Algmii>e(i  aiislrnlin,  (Jordan).  Head  4;  depth  4J.f  I).  8;  A.  7.  Scales  lii-."i(i-s.  ToetliU 
Body  rather  elongate,  formed  as  in  Cnnionlnma  uiwdkiIiihi,  H(unewliiit  conipnssi  i|,  llie  l>.iit 
somewhat  olevateil  and  rounded  anteriorly.  Head  rather  large, slightly  di'pressedal' ne.  M"""' 
moderate,  low  ;  the  lower  jaw  slightly  included  ;  the  premaxillary  liidow  the  lev'l  of  tln'c.v^ 
maxillary  just  reaching  the  front  of  tlie  eye.  Lower  jaw  thin-edgod,  with  a  sliglit  synipjij'' J| 
knob.  Kye 'imall,  »)in  bend.  Scales  small.  Lateral  line  complcle,  decurved.  ii.isil  sligli'i.' 
bi-hind  ventrals.  teisky  bluish  above  ;  everywlieri^  wilh  dark  points;  a  black  ■^yt  at  W'-"' 
caudal.  Lengtii  7  iiichee.  Lake  Tupntaro,  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  a  tributary  of  Iti  ■  berma,if*' 
of  the  Sierra  Madre.     I)oubtless  the  adult  cf  Al'iuniieti  lallivi. 


Jfordan  and  Evennann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        213 

jip.viM   .1 '  lini'd  nann') ; 
„,   Ti.  i!i  cumimriitivdly  slmrt,  iliHtiiictl.v  hooked  ;  diiborliitiilH  mcxlnratu  ;  |>liiniboouH  Kpecies, 
iiMi.illv  with  (lurk  liitciiil  luiiid,  tlio  adult  Iohh  tlmii  :J  inchcH  loug. 
,/.  s   lies  ill  liitcnil  lint)  32  tu  4;i. 

,.  Iliily  iiitlicr  Blender,  (lie  (lopth  4  to  4,'.^  in  loiigtii. 

(".  Siiilist  large,  32  to  :M  iii  lateral  line.  serkna,  343. 

ff.  Seales  smaller,  nsiiuUy  37  to  40  in  llio  lateral  lino. 

(/.  SideB  with  a  dark  lateral  liand,  ondint;  in  a  morn  or  loRS  dlotinrt  dark  Hpot 

at  liuso  ol'  caudal. 

/(.  Cleft  of  mouth  about  Ti  in  head  ;  Huout  bluntlHh.  ki'ISCOPA,  314. 

Ml.  Cleft  of  mouth  about  4  in  head,  the  Hiioiit  moroaeiito.       mjiiii.a,3'I'i. 

gg.  Sides  without  diitiiict  dark  lateral  band  or  caudal  spot ;  body  elliptical  ill 

outllno;  eyo  3'.^  in  head,  ratlier  longer  than  snout.  AMARA,34(i. 

.■. .  ll.iily  rather  Ktoiit,  the  depth  3'.j  to  3'1:|  in  length  ;  sealos  about  37  ;  sides  with 

ihisky  liaiid  and  rauilal  spot.  MEI.anoph,  347. 

,/,/,  >-'  nil 's  ill  lateral  line  fiU  to  (>U  ;  body  r.ither  sUinder,  the  deptli  4>;,  in  length. 

FLVMBEA,  348. 

Subgenus  HYBOGNATHUS. 

84o/lIYllOOXATIirS  M'CHAIilK,  Agassij!. 

(Sii.vKUY  Minnow.) 

IToiitli^  (()'>;  depth  4i;  eye  4.  D.8;  A.  7.  Teeth  4-4;  scales  5-38-4. 
Hody  ('liiiii,Mto,  coini)iiratively  slcudcr.  Head  moderate,  rather  short,  the 
jinitilci'vciily  eiirv«!d  ;  HuboibitalH  l)road,  the  anterior  about  twice  as  hmg 
as  ilci'i).  Kye  moderate,  rather  lougor  than  muzzle.  Upper  jaw  heavy ; 
lowei  );i\v  thin.  Scales  large  and  silvery.  Lateral  line  decurved ;  12  to 
II  larj;t  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Intestines  very  long,  7  to  10  times 
Icii^tli  of  licily.  Olivaceous  green  above,  translucent  in  life;  sides  clear 
silvciy,  witli  bright  reflections;  fins  unspotted,  coloration  becoming 
iliisky  ill  siicciiiiens  living  in  dark  waters.  Length  4  to  7  inches.  A 
,'iiicetiil  iiiuiiiow,  abundant  in  clear  streams  from  the  Delaware  and  Neuse 
til  tile  rpiicr  Missouri  and  southward  to  Georgia  and  Texas ;  common  in 
iiineiU' !ii  I  jr<' livers.  Variable;  tangible  varieties  are  :  subspecies  jj/rtci/rt, 
iiiiiaid),  fVoin  tlio  Arkansas  and  Missouri  rivers,  the  eye  smaller,  5  in 
licail;  tlic  snout  depressed  and  blunt,  with  very  small  mouth;  subspecies 
I'l/ia,  ((iinird),  Potomac  liiver,  more  than  G  inches  long  (western  forms 
are Msually  It'Ms),  with  deeper  body  and  larger  eye,  3J|-  in  head;  the  form 
calKil  (i^iinritnis,  from  Delaware  River,  is  not  evidently  dift'erent  from 
<iii(/i((lis,  V  liich  is  the  common  form  of  the  Missouri  Valley,  {nuchalis, 
pertaiiiiuej  to  the  nape.) 

ll)l«)ijmilhmi,:'hi(Vn',  .\oA8Biz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  ISHo,  224,  Quincy,  Illinois,     (Coll.  Dr. 

Wiitsoii.)    CCntheu,  Cut.,  VII,  184,1808  ;  Jokdan  A  (Jii.iiERT,  S.vnop.sis,  ISti,  1883. 
IMifliwWiiis  |lll(,■ill(.^,  GiiiAitn,  Troo,  Ac.  Nat.  Si'i.  Phila.,  185G,   182,  sluices  of  the  Arkansas 

River,  Fort  Makee,  Arkansas.     (Type,  No.  87.     Coll.  Dr.  Suckley.) 
Ili/'imllms  ,,.,,i^<i,  (iiiiAitii,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  182,  Fort  Pierre,  Nebraska. 

(C'"ll.l)r.  Kvuii.^i.) 
Hy-yiwHiM  ir,,(».«,  C.inARP,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,   20',»,    Potomac  River.     (Coll. 

Girard.)    CixniKii,  Cat.,  vii,  18.''.,  1808. 
lh'".uathm  „si„rrwiis,  CoPE,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  See.  Phila.,  1870,  466,  Raritan  River,  New 

Jersey,    (Coll.  C,  C,  Abbott.) 


i    ■ 


III 


;-'•  \ 


i    ii-  r '•' 


i  -  I  m 


I  .  1^ 


i! 


i      I 


!i  1 


214  Bnlh'tin  ^7,  Ihiited  States  National  Afuseum. 


iUI.  ll¥BO<JNATIirS  AlUaUITIK.  (iiriinl. 

Moutli  wi«lor  than  in  //.  nuchalla,  its  cleft  reaching  to  opposito  fiontof 
oyo;  jiivvH  Hiiboqiial,  tlio  lowur  acutish  at  ti]) ;  HiiburbitalH  broiid,  tlie 
anterior  about  twice  as  h)ng  as  deep.  Silvery.  Length  i  inches.  Very 
cloNolo  //.  viirhaHs  into  which  it  may  intergrado.  Upper  Missonri  ngion 
and  lied  Itiver  of  the  Nortli.     {artjijrith,  uiiyfiilnr,  silvery.) 

njlhoguiilhitH  iifinnilii',  (iiuAKii,  Vriir.  Ac.  Nut.  Sri.  Plillii.,  IS.Ifi,  1H2,  Milk  River. 

S4-.>.  IIYIHMJNATIirS  IIAYI,  .Tonliiii. 

Head  4;^  ;  depth  4? ;  eye  3s ;  snont  4i.  D.  8;  A.  «;  scales  .^>-3r»-;i :  toeth 
4-t.  ]<ody  rather  slenderer  than  in  7/.  vucIhiUh,  the  protile  more  iiiiiidiy 
declined.  Head  small  and  low  ;  snout  short,  less  obtuse  than  in  nurliuliH; 
eye  large;  maxillary  5J  in  head,  not  quite  reaching  eye;  suborbital  Iiones 
very  narrow,  the  anterior  3  times  as  long  as  deep.  Scales  and  fiuH  » sseii- 
tially  as  in  If.  nitch(d}H',  color  the  same;  intestine  shorter,  4^  to  7^  timrs 
body.  Length  4  inches.  Lower  MisHis8i]>pi  and  neighboring  rivers, 
known  from  Pearl  Kiver,  from  Memphis,  Tennessee,  and  from  streams  in 
Mississippi.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  JI.  vuchalib.  (Named  for  Dr.  Oliver 
P.  Hay,  discoverer  of  the  species.) 

Unhdijiinllmn  iiriiiiril'iK,  Hav,  null.  V.  S.  Fisli  ('iiiiitii.,  Ii,  1S82,  <'i8,  imt  of  OinARl) ;  .ToiiinN  A  fin- 

llEItT,  S.VIIi>|i.-is,  IMiS,  IMS,"!. 
Uijhiignnlhin  liniii,  .Iuudan,  I'roc.  V.  S.  Xiit.  Mum.,  18S4,  !)4H,  Pearl  River,  Jackson,  Mifsis- 

sippi.     ('''yi'O.  No.  3230(1.     Coll.  Ila.v.) 

Subgenus  DIONDA,  Olranl. 

843.  IITHOONATIirS  SKKKN'A  (Oiranl). 

Head  IS  ;  depth  4 J ;  eye  3)^.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  .5-3^  to  34-3.  Eyo  large, 
a  little  loHH  than  interorbital  width.  Ventral  lin  nearly  reach iii!,' vent, 
Color  dusky,  with  a  black  lateral  band  ;  fins  plain.  Length  21  liiciieH. 
liivers  of  Western  Texas ;  with  the  next,  from  which  it  may  be  known  by 
the  larger  scales,     (serenua,  serene.) 

Dinwln  mom,  GiiiARD,  Tror.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  Pliilii.,  M^hr,,  177,  Sabinal  River,  Texas.  (Tjifc 
No.  43.     Coll.  Kciiiicily.) 

Diiwda  iKiihitin,  CiiuAui),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nnt  Sci.  Pliilii.,  iH.Ml,  nn,  Delaware  Creek,  a  tributary 
of  Pecos  River,  Texas.    (Coll.  Cupt.  Pope.) 

Diotiiht  chiiisilin,  GiKAiiD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1850,  178,  Live  Oak  Creek,  a  tributary 
of  Pecos  River.     (Coll.  Cliiik.) 

lIilhiijnalhitsnigrotiTnUita,  CoPE,  Bull.  I'.  S.  Nat.  HIus.,  xvii,  .37,  ISHl,  ^Va^ace  Creek,  a  tribu- 
tary of  Medina  River,  Texas  ;  .Thrdan  .V  <Iii,iieut,  Synopsis,  150,  1883. 

844.  HYBOJJXATIII'S  KPISCOI'A  (Girar.l). 

Head  4^ ;  depth  4^  to  4^ ;  eye  large,  21  to  3i.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  9-37  to 41-4, 
Slender,  fusiform  in  profile,  and  compressed,  with  the  back  slightly 
arched.  Head  large,  the  snont  docurvod  to  the  small,  terminal  m()"tli,tlie 
maxillary  reaching  about  half  way  to  the  eye.  Dusky  above,  a  lihickisli 
band  along  the  sides,  ending  in  a  dusky  blotch  at  base  of  cautlal;  tins 
yellowish,  niunarked;  scales  with  line  black  dots.  Length  •>  iaulit* 
Rivers  of  Western  Texas  and  NoTthoastern  Mexico  from  Uio  Comal  to  Kio 


(iraiiiii' 

•  a) 

tain,  .it': 

(•i\ 

Njlt'Cii'M 

•<.\s 

liifU'ln  I'i'i 

•■■r 

and  C 

ulUi 

[lii.lnhl  (■  '. 

.,.(.«, 

.\(..    11, 

Ci 

U)i"nil'l  III;/ 

nto> 

River, 

tril 

IhllMjiiiitJi' 

,il.„ 

River, 

in  1 

■!l[l,hu,ji,.,ll., 

■■(/' 

sprinj; 

nea 

ll!lh.„Jl„M:'1 

.  ->•// 

IlljhiiiiKllliiK 

.;,;«, 

tihiiiUiiiiiii'li/er  1 

Head  1] 

;  (1 

liiioked. 

lie 

aiiteiioiiy 

(I( 

l)efoi(i  ddi 

sal, 

III'  raiiil,il 

(ii 

Wvoiiiiii-, 

an 

IllitCOJIII,    1)11 1  ( 

cleft  4  in,  1 

oat 

Mhnii'iiv  nuhihi\ 

Illinois. 

(T^ 

l'/li;/i|  Ullbil'i,  ,1 

mil 

I 


Jordan  and  Ever>nann. — Fishes  of  Nortfi  America. 


215 


(JraJiil"' :  ai'undaut.    (tiricKoKiK:,  biMliopor  pope,  a  remote  alliiHion  to  Cap- 
tain, all'  1  \^iii»l8  (ionoral,  John  Pope,  iu  charge  of  the  party  by  wliich  the 

H|)iH'i»'8  \\  IS  collected.) 

Iimi.in  '!■    V"'  f!'"^"i'.  '''■"<^-  A'-  Nut.  Sci.  Phlla.,  185fi,  177,  headwaters  of  Pecoa  River, 

and  C''iianche  Spring,  tributary  to  Rio  Grande.     (Type,  No. 't."!.     Cull.  Cti|it.  Topi'.) 
f,„„„;„  I,  ,■ <,  (iiiiAiin,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  IHflt;,  177,  Nueces  River,  Texas.    (Tjim', 

\-„.  41.    ('.ill.  CliiiU.) 
?f«..(ii/iii(i:;"'i'«i',  fiinABii,  l*rop.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1850,  178,  San  Felipe  Creek  and  Devil 

Rivci    tributaries  of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  Texas.    (Tyix',  Xd.  li'J.    (.'nil.  Clink.) 
lliil,o,iiiitili  <:  jl'ii-iiiliiiiis  ('i)i'K,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mils.,  xvii,  ;i(),  Is.Hi),  Johnson's  Fork  of  Llano 

River   in  Kimble  County,  Texas;  .Touiian  &Gii.m;iiT,  .»<\ iiopHl-',  ir.li,  lss:t. 
■illiiluHjmiil'ii-  (liii'ii'I'i)  piiiii(i/ir'^,  Oauman,  Bull.  Muh.  Cdiiip.  /niil.,  viii,  8!i,  ISHI,  Parras,  and 

sprint;  near  Saltillo,  Coahuila,  Mexico;  .ruiiiiAN  ic  (Iimikkt,  S.viio|KiiH,  8h|,  isHii. 

UnhinJIKllfi" 


liiuniUiiiiii 


itlliii\  <'iii'K,  TraiiM.  AiiuT.  I'lilld.  Sue,  ln8l,  1(17,  Monterey,  New  Leon. 
.  </ii»<o;.iiii,  .ImiDAN  it  (iii.iiKUT,  SjiiopNiH,  l.'iH,  lH8:i. 
.()((/•  mill  ijiimojiK,  KvEitUANN  it  Krkdam.,  Hull   V.  8.  FiBh  Cimini.,  xii,  IK'.t'i,  99. 


!t4ri.  HYKOOXATIII'S  MHILA  (FnrbcH). 


Head  I';  (lt'ptli4;  eye  3.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  5-37-3;  toeth  4-4,  little 
hooked.  Ilt-ad  narrow;  month  inferior  and  horizontal.  Lateral  line 
aiitt'iiorly  delloxed.  Eye  larjje,  rather  longer  than  muzzle.  II  scales 
be  fort)  doi  sal.  Color  very  dark;  a  dark  lateral  baud  from  ninz/le  to  base 
(ilraiiditl:  Huh  all  ]>Iain.  Length  2^^  inches.  Western  Illinois,  west  to 
Wvoiiiiiii;,  and  southwest  to  the  Ozark  region,  abundant.  Close  to  //, 
ijiixcoiKi,  iiiit  ditfering  in  the  more  pointed  snout  and  larger  mouth,  the 
cldt  4  iii.iioad,  not  5  as  in  II.  ij)\iicoi)a.     (iiuhilua,  dusky.) 

AViimifiix  iiiihilii'i,  FdiiiiFS,  Hull.  III.  Lab.  Nut.  Ilisf.,  il,  50,  1878,  Ror.k  River,  Ogle  County, 

Illinois.    (Typr,  No. '.^841(1.     Coll.  ForbcH.) 
I'Uuliuwhih:,  .ImiKAN  A'  (JiMiKiii,  Synopsis,  ](;7,  1883. 

34«.  HYBOdXATHI'S  A.MAKA  (GirarU). 

Head  1 ;  depth  4 ;  eye  3^^.  Dorsal  8 ;  A.  7 ;  lateral  lino  .35  to  38 ;  teeth  4-4. 
liody  elliptical,  rather  chubby.  Head  short  and  blunt;  front  ctmvex. 
Siiliorliil.'ii  bones  rather  narrow.  Eye  moderate,  about  as  long  as  snout. 
.Scales  moderate,  16  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Silvery  ;  no  dark  lateral  band, 
nor  caudal  spot.  Rio  Grande.  Possibly  the  young  of  If.  iiiichaU^  or  some 
Nimilar  si)ecie8;  perhaps  identical  with  II,  artjvnlom.  {umartis,  bitter,  the 
type  being  found  in  brackish  water.) 

Aljiiiud  (imnrii,  GiuAni),  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liila.,  18,")0,  180,  Lagoon   near  Fort  Brown, 

Texas.    (Type,  No.  14'J.    Coll. Clark.) 
AlfiiMjIitrliiiilis,  GinAuii,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Plilla.,  18.')0,  181,  near  Monterey,  New  Leon; 

GiKUiO,  U.  ,*<.  iV  Mcx.  Houiiil.  Siirv.,  /oiil.,  4.'),  pi.  .\xvii,  i\s».  17-'J0,  18.'i'.l.     (Coll.  Coucli.) 
U!ihi„iiml)iiisiliirialilis,  JoitnAN  &  GiLiiKUT,  Synopsis,  ir)7.  In  Giraril'H  litiurc,  .//"c/d/i'/in  ban  Nniiillcr 

settles  tliiiii  (iiiiani,  about  40  in  lateral  lino,  liu.  tbo  plates  of  tho  Mu.xicau  Itouu^ry  Survey 

Hro  vi'ry  uiitrustwortby. 
Uiil««jiMlhiixiimaivs,  JoiiliAN  &  Gll.DKliT,  Synopsis,  150,  1883. 


'Ouo  of  till-  types  of  It.  argcntiMi,  recently  examined,  gives;  Ileail  'ii/,  doptb  3^.-J;  oyo  S%, 
aiiil  is  luiivier  and  stoutor  tliau  tyiiical  epixiitpu  ;  tliu  doiBivl  is  less  anterior.     Possibly  a  distinct 

f\ii:m. 

•Uiihiujii.ithus  jmnrlij'ei;  OAnMAN,  from  LaRuna  did  IMucrte,  Ooaluiila  is  not  evidently  ditferont. 
Sialis  6-40  ;!.     Head  4;  deptb  4;  tbo  form  stouter  than  in  If.  fjiiscinm. 

'Ilii}:n,jii.iti,ii.i  i-irilis,  Cope,  from  Monterey,  New  Leon,  is  alsr)  not  appreciably  dilTereiit. 
Ut.iiiltilrii.i'  I'aiiit  or  obsolete;  deptb  of  body  equal  to  loii(,'tb  of  bead,  .'>','  in  l.ital  w'itb  caudal; 
').  3-.jiii  liciid;  pectorals  not  reacbiui;  veiitials. 

All  these  last  itirtjeuUiKd,  punelij'er,  rivilif)  may  beloiiK  to  a  distinct  species,  (Ifiibaiiunthns  nnjen- 
l'«), idliid  to  //.  episv(>iM,  but  stouter,  witb  smaller  eye,  and  tbo  lateral  bund  faint  or  obsolete, 
ili(i"8idiM  silvery  us  if  painted  witU  iiuicksllver." 


U 


;  ! 


-jt    i 


i  f 


. 

i 

i 

':    \ 

■  i 

i  '■- 

[| 

■ 

■1- 

H  1 

\k 

;  1 

i 

i 

i 

in 


If   li 


:  I    $ 

11 


! 
Z 


/  : 


1.  'K 


'  il  :•< 


'!i 


? 

t 

j 

' «    .  i 


216 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Mituum. 


»47.  IfYHOflNATIII'H  MKI,A>OI»H  ((iimnl). 

Head  4  to  4i ;  (l«|)tli  ',\\  to  IIJ.  I).  H;  A.  7 ;  scaloH  7-:UJ  to  .'{S-f ;  teofli  1.4. 
Hody  (locpor  than  in  related  HpecioH  ;  Hiioiit  rounded ;  eye  niediiuu.  Ulai  k. 
iuh  above,  sides  smoky,  with  black  dots  ;  a  l.lack  spot  at  base  «»1"  caudiil. 
Len>,'th  2i  inches.  Streams  of  Coaliuila,  Chiluiabna,  and  Nmcvo  l,(.(»n. 
Two  specimens  coliticted  by  Mr.  Woolman  in  Chiliinihua  J{iver  a«rcc  wiih 
//.  ipiHvupa  in  all  respects  except  that  the  depth  is  ll'i  and  the  scah'N  L'or 
43.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the  two  species  are  really  distinct,  (filhii;, 
black ;  I'.nl',  eye.) 

himiilii   iH./.iMoj.i,  (iiRAUD,    rro(!,   Ar.    Nut.   Stl.  I'liilii.,  IbM),  17«,   Buena  Vista,    Coaluijla 

(Tj|p.',  No.  41.     Coll.  Couch.) 
/>i..)(,/.M..i(,/,(,(;inAKi),  Pror.  Ac.Nat.  .Sri.  IMilIii.,1850, 178,Ouajuco, Monterey,  andCadtreila, 

New  Leon.     (Tvpc,  Nc  KKi,  (2(Ci>7).     Coll.     Miillliuum-ii.) 
lll/hiiyHUtliiiH  militmijn;  JoliUAN,  Bull.  U.  8.  Geol.  Snrv.,  iv,  No.  2,  -iOii,  1h78. 

848.  IIYIMMJNATIH'H  I'LI'MliKA*  (Glriinl). 

Head  4J! ;  depth  4jt.  D.  8;  A.  7 ;  lateral  line  53  to  5«.  Body  rather  slen- 
der. Head  moderate,  rounded  in  front.  Lower  jaw  included,  Hi.isal 
inserted  before  voutrals.  Color  uniform,  eomotinum  a  black  sjiut  at  tlie 
base  of  the  caudal.  Tributaries  of  Arkansas  Kiver  in  Indian  Temton. 
(Oirard.)     {j)lHinhiun,  lead-colored.) 

Dhiiila  iihtmhia,   (iiitAiih,   I'roc.    Ai:.    Nut.   Scl.    Plillii.,   IS.'ir,,   17M,    Canadian  River.    (Cull. 

Mollliauricii. 
Diomla tjmilii'ca,  (Jiu.\Ki>,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  Plillii.,  1850,  178,  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas.    iC„\\. 

MolllmuBcu.) 
Dioiiilii  !//i.»'.i,  (liiiAiin,  I'acHic  11.  11.  Surv.,  .\,  'SM>,  \t\.  i.ii,  figH.  O-Kl,  1858,  ao  milen  west  of 

Choctaw  Agency.     (Coll.     MiillhuuKcii.) 
Zophewhim  ji/iimbeiiiM,  Jordan  t^  Gilbkiit,  SyuuI>Hi^4,  165,  1883. 

I08.  PIMEPHALES,  Kaliuesrjue. 
(Fat-iieads.) 

Piinephnle.i,  Hafinksque,  Iclitli.  Oil.,  62,  1820,  diinmchi'), 

llyl'iirhiiurhiiK,  AdASSiz,  Aiiicr.  .luuiii.  Sri.  Art«,  ]8."i."i,  22,  (iintiitiis). 

(jDlinctm,  CorE,  HaydenV  Kept.  Gi'ol.  Surv.  of  Wyoniint;,  l,s72,4;;7,  (pKrieUilin  =  young  of  jiromrltiii). 

Body  rather  robust,  little  compressed.  Hejul  short  and  rounded.  .Mniitli 
small,  inferior ;  upper  jaw  protractile;  nobarbe^.  Teetli  l-l,  with  oliliiiiic 
grinding  surface,  usually  but  one  of  the  tooth  hooked.  Dorsal  over  vtii- 
trals,  its  first  (rudimentary)  ray  separated  from  the  rest  by  meuibianc, 
not  adnate  to  it,  as  usual  in  minnows ;  this  character  is  most  distinct  in 
adult  males,  in  which  the  skin  of  the  first  ray  is  thickened.  Anal  ba.sis 
short.  Intestinal  canal  elongate.  Peritoneum  black.  Pseudobiancliia' 
present.  Scales  rather  small.  Lateral  line  complete  or  variously  incom- 
plete. Size  small.  Breeding  males  with  much  black  pigment  and  witii 
large  warts  on  the  head.     {•^ifiOJn,  fat ;  Ki(p(M/,  head.) 

«.  Liitoral  liuo  nioro  or  loss  incuniploto  ;  body  very  short  and  stout.  pkomki.as,  ;i49. 

aa.  Lateral  linu  coinploto  ;  body  nioderattdy  olongatu.  notati  s,  XM 


'''The  nomiual  spocies  hore  uuitud  na  Hyhoijnuthiu  pliimbea  arc  all  uukuown  to  us.  (ilnril 
figures  all  of  thorn  as  having  smaU  Bcalos,  Homo  53  to  58  in  the  lateral  Hue.  In  general  .iiipi'iir- 
ance  thtso  figures  seem  to  agree,  and  except  for  the  scalen,  they  seem  to  bo  closu  to  tin-  "tlifi 
species  called  Dionda,  It  is  possible  that  their  relations  are  with  Algamta  rather  than  JMundii. 
It  may  also  be  that  the  scales  are  erroneously  figured  by  Oirard. 


f:    I 


Jordan  and  Jivermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        217 

849.   riMKIMIAI.KH  I'ltOMKIiAK,  Uullnfii<iii«. 
(Fat-iicaii;  ni.»rK-iiRAi>  Minnow.) 

H.Mil  I;  ilt'ptli  I:  l>.  I,  7;  A.  7;  hcii1«'s  1~V,\  to  47-«>;  tooth  4-J.  Hody 
very  ^lioit  and  «h>i'n,  HcikI  Hluirt,  «*v<'rywlH'n»  «;onvt>x,  ulinoNt  goliiilar 
III  mill  1 1  iiiali>N.  Month  hiiiuII,  iiitV'iiur,  liori/.uiilal.  HcaloH  <l«><*p,  cloaoly 
jiiilitii  iM'il.  I^utoral  liii<<  rxtioiiicly  vaiialilo,  NoniotiiiK'H  uuarly  coiiiploto 
((■()/(/V»//c<>,8oin«tiiiieHalino8t  wai»tiiiK,(tjpi<'ul^>n)M»<'/rt*).  OlivaccoiiN,  the 
iliiiNiil  \Nilli  a  lar;;t'  black  bar  {kmomh  it,  nearly  half  way  up,  nuwt  tliHtiiict 
iiiitfiiiirly,  aii|M-ai  in;;  as  a  niinplo  dnNky  hIukIo  in  tlio  yoini);.  Malu 
lihli  ilii>ky,  tliii  hoa«l  Jot-hhick,  with  Movoial  larger  tulmicleH  on  tho  Niiout 
iiiH|iiiii,u';  ii  (liiNky  Hhado  along  Hi«luH  of  caudal  pcdunclv.  Length  2^  incheH. 
LkKi'  (  li.iniplain  to  Kentucky,  Dakota,  and  tho  Kiotirando;  aluindant  in 
slii;;^i-li  liiDoks,  oMpocially  in  tho  MisHouri  Basin.  VaricH  greatly  with 
age,  H(\ ,  and  Hoason.     (t^w,  beforo;  /ii?>nr,  black.) 

Pimf)iM(!i  iiroiiirlim,  MwiSKmivr.,  Iililli.  Oh.,  611,   IH*),  pond  near  Lexington,  Kentucky; 

(Coll.  Will.  M.  Clltronl);  (il'NTliKn,  Cut.,  vii,  181,  \»t)S;  Jordan  .^  (Jii.hfkt,  .><yno|i«i>t,  IM, 

l>«:t. 
I',„i.),lntl,^f.i.-d,ii,ia,  (JiRAKi.,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sol.  I'lillii.,  IS.Mi,  ]go,  Yellowstone  River,     ((!oll. 

IIii.mI'  II  ) 
I1,i,.iii,"-  <^„l.iiin,-eihalm,  AiiiioTT,  Vtw.  \r.  Nut.  Mci.  I'hllii.,  1W10,325,  Lake  Whittlesey,  Min- 
nesota.   (Tyi'/,  No.  :i:i7l.     Coll.  AI>bo(t.) 
rm,l,l,oli<  iiiihii,*  Cwr.,  I'loo,  Ar.  Nut.  8ri.  Pliilu.,  18114,  2.S2,  Grosse  Isle,   Detroit  River, 

Michigan.     (Ooll.  Miles.)    GrsTiiKU.  Tut.,  vii,  iNl,  1S(!S. 
;%iiij,/i.i/.  •  .1  ;/.i«ii,:i7,  CiifE,  <'v|)r.  ri^mi.,  .'lOl,    istit'i,  Miami    River,  tributary    near   Rich- 

monil,  Indiana. 
Co/nfi..  I ',i:,  ■,il!s,  I'oi'K,  lIiiyiliMi'rt  Itojiort  for  1«70,  Ctuolog.  .Siirv.  of  WyomliiK,  l^H,  1H71,  Saint 

Josepli.  Missouri.     (Coll.  Iliiydxii.)     .Iouhan  Jii  Gilbkht,  HynopslH,  168,  18811. 

Kcpri'siaitoil  in  ArkauMas  and  Indian  Territory  by  tho  cloaoly  related 
;U1»a.  PI.MKIMIALKS  IMUMIKLAS  .tlA<  I  I.OSIS  ((Jiriird). 

nitlcrs  only  in  having  the  lateral  lino  bettor  developed;  the  pores  want- 
ing on  Icmh  than  half  tho  scales,  (/oloration,  so  far  as  known,  as  in  /'. 
pri>mt'hf<.  Arkansas  River,  locally  abundant,  probably  in  other  streams 
tVoiii  Kiinsas  to  Texas.     {maculoHitu,  spotted.) 

/'iiK.j./iii/i  -  iwiriiliimm,  C.iitAiii),  rroc.  .\('.  Nut.  Sci.  IMilla.,  ISofi,  180,  Sluices  of  Arkansas  River, 
Fort  Makee,  Arkansas;  (Typi',  No.  153,  (272S().  Coll.  Ito.kwitli.)  (iiRAiin,  I'li.-.  U.  H. 
Smv.,  \,  'j:!l,  iSfiH. 

Ilijh'iliini'hii*  niijelliis,  ( 'oi'E,  /.oiil.  Wlicclor  Siirv.,  v,  1171, 1875,  (1870),  Arkansas  River,  Pueblo, 
Colorado.     (Tyiut,  Nos.  157'.K1  uml  l."i7SI.     Coll.  Aikdi.) 

llijlii'ihiiinl.i'smiijerhif,  .ToRPAN  &  fiii.iiERT,  in  part,  SynojwiH,  l.'iO,  1883. 

Ki'lircscuted  in  the  Rio  Grande  basin  by 

84»b.   PI.MKPIIALKS  PKO.MKLAS  CONFERTrS  (Girard). 

Similin  to  the  variety  maenlo>tHK,  but  more  chubby,  and  the  male  appar- 
liitly  (lilVcrontly  colored.  An  adult  male  from  the  Chihuahua  River,  col- 
Iicted  li\  Mr.  Woolman,  is  black,  with  two  broad  white  cross  bands,  tho 
one  aciDss  the  gill  opening,  including  edge  of  operclo  and  shoulder 
K'irdlu ;  the  other  under  front  of  dorsal.     Another   band,  less  distinct, 


»J'iiiif;i//.i/.s  milesi  may  bo  a  tangible  variety;  tho  scales  are  said  to  be  40,  with  only  3  sorieg 
Wtween  tliu  lateral  line  and  the  ventrals,  while  there  are  usually  6  to  7  in  P.  promeku. 


ffl- 


>     f 


11 


■;f 


i  ■ 


t 


^.,L 


n 


i 


1  I: 


tl 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


Mi.     lii 


■  2.2 

■u  .o.    liii 


III 


1.8 


1.25 


U    III  L6 


6" 


yy 


<^ 


^F 


/: 


V 


F 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  W[£ST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


o^ 


J?S%i.<e<J5i;;'  :-J^. 


'P 


218 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


!i 


I   I 
I 


-  '■  ■    ;■  >(■ 


f:  ■!> 


across  liaso  of  cautlul ;  pectoral  tins  white,  except  the  Mack  outer  (^dire 
which  is  followed  hj'  a  narrow,  sharply-defined  streak  of  bright  silvcrv 
other  fins  white,  the  middle  portions  black  ;  head  all  black.  Lateral  lino 
complete.     {conJ'irtuH,  compact.) 

IlylKirhjiiirhiiK  riiii/irliiii,  (iiHAMi,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'hilii.,  1850,  17l»,  (9),  Hurrah  Citek,a 
tributary  of  Pecos  River,  Texas.  (Coll.  MiillhauHi-ii.)  Jobdan  &  (jii.iikrt,  in  imrt, 
SyiiotwiH,  15!),  1883. 

8.10.  PIMKPKALKK  NOTATIIS*  (n.ifincK.iufi). 
(Bi.uNT-N<iSKi>  Minnow.) 

Head  i\;  depth  5;  D.  T,  8;  A.  7;  scales  6-4.5-4  ;  teeth  4-4.  Body  rather 
elongate,  not  elevated,  moderately  compressed.  Head  moderate ;  tiic  muz- 
zle blunt  and  convex  ;  top  of  the  head  depressed.  Cheeks  vertical.  Moiiih 
small,  inferior,  horizontal.  Fins  small;  the  dorsal  moderate,  the  liist  ray 
distinct  and  spiue-lik'j  in  the  male,  slender  in  the  female;  anal  Hinall, 
Cauda  -  fin  short.  Scales  moderate,  deep,  closely  imbricated ;  scales  in 
front  of  dorsal  small  and  crowded,  in  23  rows.  Eye  n^oderate.  Color  oli- 
vaceous, little  silvery  ;  sides  bluish ;  a  black  spot  on  the  dorsal  fin  in  front, 
near  the  base,  'ess  distinct  than  in  CUola  vitjilax;  a  dusky  shade  at  base 
of  caudal ;  fins  often  reddish ;  males  in  spring  with  the  black  on  the  dorsal 
more  extended  and  the  head  wholly  black;  snout  with  about  14  disiHo- 
portionately  large  tubercles.  Length  4  inches,  Quebec  to  Delaware, 
Kentucky,  Ala.bama,  Arkansas,  and  northward  to  the  Dakotas ;  generally 
very  abundant  in  small  streams  west  of  the  AUeghanies.  (notatus,  noted 
or  spotted.) 

MinnihtK  notalus,  Rafinekquk,  Ichth.  Oh.,  47,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

fktlostomm  vielanotit!<,  RAKiNKSQrK,  Idith.  Oh.,  oH,  1S20,  Ohio  River. 

HyhiirhyiwhiiH  jierijiUiim,  OiiiAiti),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  185,  Arkansas  River,  Fort 

Smith.     (Type,  No.  141.    Coll.  Shumanl.) 
Kyhdrlinnchnnlenelhis,  GlRAltD,  /.  <•.,  179,  Choctav<^  Agency.     (<!oIl.  31<illliaii.scn.) 
Hyhorhymhm   piiHicfUh,    Girard,   /.  <•.,   179,    Antelope    Creek,    Canadian    River,     d'oll. 

Kcnuerly.) 
HyluijMui  hiiiimtinitx,  Cope,  Cypr.  I'oiin.,  382, 18GC,  St.  Joseph  River,  Michigan  ;  Michigan 

City,  Indiana. 
Hiihorhynehiis HtiperciUomis,  Cope,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1808,  234  ;  Kanawha  River.   (Brwd- 

iiig  mail's  wit)-  lliu  lips  thickened).     (Type,  No.  20532.     Coll.  Copt,.)    .Ioudan  X  iIji.iiert, 

Synopsis,  lOO,  1883. 
Hyhnrhynvhm  nnlidm,  GdNTiiEB,  Cat.,  vii,  1H2,  18f8;  Jordan  A  Gilbert,  Syuopsis,  1.59,  1883. 
HyhogiKithiis  jicrdjikiiiin, GrNTliER,  Cat.,  vii,  185,  1808. 
Leiii'm'UH  hiimiilnriiit,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  Vli,  259,  1808. 
Cliola  hiimalnra,  .ToBUAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  100,  1883. 

100.  MYLOPHARODON,  Ayres. 

Mylopharniloii,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1855,  33,  {mhuHtuii). 

Body  elongate ;  head  large,  pike-like,  the  upper  jaw  not  protractile: 
no  barbel.     Teeth  2,4-5,2;  2  or  3  of  the  teeth  in  the  main  row  molar, 

*Tho  foUowint?  nominal  species  is  probably  the  young-  of  l'im>'phale»  unlnlus:  Uyhi'i''ii  lunm- 
tiinio.  Cope.  Head  4;  depth  4iS;  pyc^%-  T>.»;  A.  7;  scales  7-44-4;  teeth  4-4,  littlehooUcil.  Iliwl 
moderate,  the  muzzle  litt'e  obtus>\  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  oMiciue,  the  maxillary  rcftchirit' 
orbit;  temporal  region  rounded.  Scales  rather  small,  21  rows  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lat'iiil  liin' 
slightly  decurvcd.  Plumbeous  abi  vc  ;  head  blackish  ;  a  faint  dusky  latc^ral  ban<l,  ciiiiiMgiiin 
dusky  spot  at  riM)t  of  caudal  lin  ;  caudal  fln  dull  red  ;  fins  otherwise  plain.  Length  :i  iuclii's. 
Streams  about  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan.  Saidtubeubuudaut.  (Cope,)  'aifiOi  blood  ;  ovi>a,tMl] 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         219 

tniacate  or  bluutly  rounded  at  tbo  apox,  much  enlarged.  Mouth  terminal, 
lather  laif,'o,  with  thickened  lips.  Scales  rather  small ;  lateral  lino  cou- 
liiiiions.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  hohind  the  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Size 
very  large,  racific  slope.  This  genus  resembles  Mylochciliis,  from  Avhich 
it  ilitJ'.TH  in  the  nonprotractility  of  the  upper  jaw.  Both  reprosijnt  a 
coiiiiiaratively  priniitivo  type  ofC'i/j/WHiV/d,  allied  to  Asiatic  forms.  (Short- 
.iicd  from  Myh>pl>ariiniio(JoH—n'i>h)i:,  grinder ;  ^tipvy^,  pharynx ;  WoiV,  tooth. ) 

tl'.l.  MYLOrilAKOOOV  rONOCEPIIALrS  (nairil  Adiiaril). 

Head:}.};  depth  43 ;  eye  7.  D.8;  A.  8;  scales  17-74-7.  Dody  elongate, 
HiibfiiHiforni,  compressed.  Head  broad  and  depressed,  the  snout  tapering. 
Month  liorizontal,  the  jaws  about  equnl,  the  maxillary  extending  to  eye. 
i',ve  Hinall,  2J  in  snout ;  preorbital  elongate.  Interorbital  space  as  long  as 
iiia\illary,3  in  head.  Scales  rather  small,  loosely  imbricated.  Dorsal  fin 
,1  little  behind  ventrals.  Caudal  tin  li  in  head,  the  lower  lobe  very  long, 
longer  than  ippcr;  caudal  peduncle  very  long,  4i  in  length.  Color  dark, 
iialti  below,  n'>  red.  Length  2  to  3  feet.  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
rivers:  not  very  common;  next  to  the  species  of  .?'<.»/c''oc''t't'M«)  the  largest 
of  on:-  Cijpriuida'.     {km'oc,  cone;  KEij>a7Ji,  head.) 

<;il,(fi,iii'iii')filii,  lUini)  .V:  (iiRAiin,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  1854,  l:!l,  San  Joaquin  River. 

(Coll.  Ilouniiiinii.) 
M.ili.iilKirnih'nrul.iifliis,  Ayuks,  I'icic.  fill.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  18.15,  XI,  San  Francisco.     (C,(>]\.  Ayres.) 
M,,r,l,h,iii'<i'itow>ceiihiiliisH\\ilri>h>itliii>,Gink-UTi,  I'nc.  U.  R.  Surv.,  x,  'Jlf,,  18r)8. 
M,,h,l,h<ir()di>n  conocfj>hahi!t,  Gi^STHT.n,  Cut.,  vii,  .12;  .louDAN  &  Gilhert,  SyiiopsiH,  225, 188,3. 

110.  MYL  OCHEILUS,  Agassiz. 

Mijinrlipitus  AnASSiz,  Amor.  .lourii.  Sci.  A  rts.,  1855, 229,  (/((/<■:  idh). 

Ik)dy  elongate,  not  elevated,  little  co'jipressed.  Head  rather  short, 
conic,  somewhat  pointed.  Mouth  rather  small,  little  oblique,  the  lower 
Jaw  included;  maxillary  with  a  small  barbel  at  its  end;  nipper  jaw  pro- 
tractile. Scales  moderate,  not  closely  imbricnted.  Lateral  line  decurved. 
Dorsal  tin  beginning  nearly  opposite  ventrals.  Caudal  fin  with  the  rudi- 
mentary rays  little  developed.  Anal  basis  short.  Intestinal  canal  about 
ah  long  as  body.  Teeth  2, 5-5, 2,  or  2, 5-4, 2,  those  in  the  main  row  hooked 
in  the  young;  2  or  3  of  these  becoming  molar  with  age,  much  enlarged, 
blunt  and  truncate  above.  (A  third  deciduous  row  sometimes  present, 
according  to  Girard,  in  thio  genus  and  in  MyJophnrodon ;  we  have  seen 
nothing  of  the  kind.)  Size  large.  Pacific  Slope.  (//v2or,  grinder  ;  Yf'^or, 
lip.) 

352.  MYIiOCHEILUS  CAUBINUS  (Riclianlsmi). 

(COMJMIIIA   ClU'll.) 

Head  4?;  depth  4i;  eye  5;  snout  3^.  D.8;  A. P;  scales  12-77-7;  teeth 
l,or  2,5-5, 2  or  1.  Interorbital  space  broad,  convex.  Mouth  horizontal 
or  nearly  ,o,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  front  of  the  eye ;  suborbital 
bones  wide ;  preorbital  elongate.  Teeth  hooked  in  the  young,  some  of 
tliem  bccomiMg  stump-like  with  age.  Color  dark  above;  sides  silvery,  a 
(lark  lateral  band;  below  this  a  pale  stripe,  under  which  is  a  dark  stripe, 
which  extends  about  to  the  vent ;  tins  plain  ;  belly  and  pale  stripe  red  in 


J  ,\ 


i 


I    t 


;:  ; 


'■'''(li^Th  i:U>y-jr.\.-.-i:,  ■ 


mrr 


220 


Bulletin  ^y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'm-v ' 


spring  males.  Length  13  inches.  StrearnH  of  Oregon  and  WashiiiKfui. 
from  Frazer  River,  southward,  ascending  Clark's  Fork  of  the  Columlii,' 
as  far  as  Flathead  Lake,  (Evcrmann),  and  hinakoKiver  to  Hhoshonu  F:ill.s, 
(Gilbert  &.  Everniann);  often  entering  the  sea;  abundant  nortliv.iird; 
frequents  the  spawning  beds  of  the  salmon  wIhuo  it  devours  their  iu^ki^. 
Specimens  from  Nanaiino  sent  us  by  Mr.  Ashdowu  H.  (ireen,  who  Miys 
that  this  is  the  only  Ciiprinoid  found  in  Vancouver  Island,  (catiritu,  the 
northwest  wind,  hence  cauriiniH,  north  western.) 

Vjiiirliivn  (r.iiicisriis)  ,inirutiii',  IllcllAliDSdN,  Fikiiim  Ildrciili  Aiiier.,  iil,;!OI,  ISiid,  Columbia  River 

at  Fort  Vancouver. 
Miildclwihis  fnilerniliii'*-  GinAliD,  Prcic  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  IS'ifi,  iriX,  Baid  fn  lie  finm  Monterey, 

California,  pripbably  erroiicdiiHly.     (Type,  No.  211  (27iih).     Coll.  TrowliriilKc  i 
MijIdrhiilitH  laleiaUn,  AoAssiz  it  I'ickkuino,  Amur. .lourii.  Sci.  Ar(n,  l.s.W.U'.l'J,  Columbia  River  at 

Fort  Vancouver.     (Tyiie,  No.  212.     Coll.  .Suckley.) 
Leitriinomtin  rmini/».<,  (ii'NTiiF.R,  Cat.,  vii,  270,1^08. 
niyhcheihin  nmrhiwi,  .Iokdan  &  tilLUEKT,  SynolisJB,  224,  ISSIl ;  Evkhmann,  Bull.  i;.  S.  Fisli  ('..iiiiii., 

Xl,18ai.43,  1>1.  lU,  flg.  2. 


III.  STYPODON,  Garmau. 

Slypodon,  Gaiimax,  Bull.  Mus.  Comi).  Zoiil.,  vni,  00,1881,  {.liijui/er). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  large,  deciduous  scales.  Lateral 
line  complete,  decurved.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short.  Mouth  small, 
anterior;  premaxillaries  protractile;  fold  of  lower  lip  not  cioHsiiii,^  tlid 
symphysis;  lower  jaw  trenchant,  without  horny  covering;  no  l)iirli<l.s. 
Gill  rakers  short.  Pharyngeals  strong.  Teeth  3-3,  of  the  Muhnlu'iUi^ 
type,  more  or  less  cylindrical,  with  rounded  grinding  surfaces  ;  posterior. 
more  slouder  and  subcou.cal.     (nrriruc,  stump  ;  o(5o/f,  tooth.) 

853.  STYPODOX  SIOMFKB,  0  irumu. 

Head  3|;  depth 3,|.  D.  8 ;  A. 8.  Scales 0-35-2.  "Teeth  3-3,  stout, stump- 
like,  withconvexBummits."  Dorsaland  ventral  outlines  similar ;  eye  larj^o, 
longer  than  snout.  Mouth  obli([ue,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  frinitor 
eye ;  lower  jaw  the  longer.  Pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  hit  tti  to 
anal.  Brown;  silvery  below;  a  broad,  brown  lateral  band,  bonliird 
above  by  a  narrow  silvery  line.  Lago  do  Parras,  an  isolated  lagoon  in 
Coahuila,  Mexico,  ((iarman.)  A  singular  fish  o*"  uncertain  rehitioiis, 
known  only  from  the  original  type,     (niyniaii,  sign  ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

Slyjiodnn  sii/nifer,  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Coiiiii.  Zuiil.,  viii,  90,  1881,  Lago  de  Parras,  Coahuila, 
Mexico  ;  .Iuudan  &  Gimikrt,  Synopsis,  221,J8S:i. 

112.     SEMOTILUS,    Kafiuesque. 
(Fall-fisiies.) 

SemolUm,  RAFtNESOrK,  Ichth.  Ob.,  40,  1820,  (ilornolh^zntrnmacnlatini). 

/yeiierwomiis,  Heckki.,  Kusseggers  Ueisen,  I,  18411,  104:1,  ("cliiynoli'itiiiii"  =ror2)ornlU). 

Cheilonemiis,  JSaird,  iu  Storer's  Hist.  Fislics  Blass.,  285,  18 J5,  (jwUliiUiis  =  foy}>(i,-(ilis). 

Body  robust;  head  large;  mouth  terminal,  wide,  the  upper  jaw  pro- 
tractile ;  a  small  bavbel  on  the  maxillary  just  abova  its  extremity,  imt  at 
its  tip  as  in  most  other  American  minnows.  (In  young  examples  tlic  liar- 
bel  cannot  always  be  found.)     Intestinal  canal  short;  teeth  2,  Ti-l,  -, 


*M!ilocheilusfrnlercnhis,  GiRARl>.  According  to  Gii-ard's  descriptinn  and  figure  tbis  spi'iii'sis 
slcndurcr  tbuu  Jlfi/ZocAd/iiK  (■(iHcimm,  witli  sborter  b(;ail  and  sinallur  scales.  Head  4/,  in  li  iiu'lli; 
scales  in  lateral  liiie  about  85.  D.8;  A.  9.  Monterey,  Calilbruia,  (Girard).  No  recent  e. ill  ytcir 
has  found  any  Mylocheilm  iu  California  and  this  locality  needs  confirmation,  {frateratliis,  a  little 
brother.) 


M  li 


Jordan  and  Evcrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         221 


ho 
tiiii 
Vti 
ill  \ 
U\\ 

I'Ibl 


Ml. 


knl,  without  siiixl'i'l!  Hiirface.  Scales  nimlerato.  Latural  lino  con- 
ntiH.  Doi.sal  iiion;  <»r  1(;8b  poHtoiior  to  vontrals.  Anal  basis  short. 
iclirii"  2L'+20=l'i.  Spocios  oflaiffosizo,  the  largest  of  the  chubs  found 
',iisicin  America,  diflcring  from  Lvnvm'na  in  the  presence  of  a  maxillary 
1m  1.  (aiiiin,  banner,  i.  e.,  dorsal  fin  ;  the  second  part  of  the  word  was 
where  used  by  Kafinesnue  to  mean  "spotted.") 

. -I'Mis  :  (A»ii)to?,  wliitc;  (Tco/jia,  ))iiily): 

I II i^'in  111  (loi'Mil  miihviiy  litwi't'ii  iioNttil  .'iiul  liaso  of  riiiulal,  between  llith  ntid  14th  ver- 
tiliije  ;  Kiiilos  iKit  miiili  riowileil  iinleriorl.v. 
/.  liiiiMil  without  )ili(cl;  H()ot  ;  t-caleu  l;ir;:e,  silwry,  iiliout  4S  in  litteriil  line. 

roiirnitAi.is,  :!.'')4. 
1 1 1 1 1  s  : 

.  iiri;;in  cf  ilnrsal  niidwuy  between  nii>lille  of  oiiiit  ami  liiiHd  of  ciiuiliil,  lietwten  l.'ith  and 
Mtli  verleiilie.     Scales  irowded  aiitci  iorly. 
I.  Iiiiisal  Willi  a  lilarli  h|iot  at  hase  of  Ks  anterior  rajs  ;  walus  Hnialicr,  little  silvery,  45 
to  05  in  lateral  line.  ATiioMAc'iaATlH,  ;J55. 

Subgenus  LEUCOSOMUS,  Ileckel. 

y 

».'>4rSKM<>TIM  S  <'(»Kl>UltALIS  (Mitehill). 
(Fai.i.-fisii  ;  .Sii.vKK  C'liiii;   WiNn-Kisii ;  ConpouAL.) 

Ileail  1;  depth  4;  eye  U.  1).  8;  A.  8;  scales  8-4 .Vi  ;  teeth  2,5-4,2. 
ISodv  (>lilon<;,  robust,  little  compressed.  Head  large,  convex,  the  snout 
hliintly  conic  ;  nioutli  largt*,  terminal,  somewhat  obliiiue,  the  lower  jaw 
iiicliuhd  ;  premaxillary  below  the  level,  of  tlio  eye,  the  maxillary  barely 
reacliiiig  front  of  orbit.  Eye  moderate,  rather  high  up  and  anterior. 
liiirhclshortertlian  pupil,  not  evident  in  young  specim^'>8.  Scales  large, 
JJ  ill  iVoiit  of  dorsal,  not  much  crowded  anteriorly.  Dorsal  fin  slightly 
liehiiiil  iiiiddleof  body,. just  ))ehindveu  trals,  inserted  behind  13th  vertebra. 
FiiiN  moderate.  Coloration  brilliant ;  steel-blue  above  ;  sides  and  belly  sil- 
very: inalesinspring  with  the  belly  and  lower  fins  rosy  or  crimson  ;  no  spots 
iinthcliiis.  Length  18  inches.  Abundant  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
Janus,  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  in  clear,  swift  streams,  rock  pools,  below 
eataract.s,  aiul  in  clear  lakes;  .not  found  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  It  is 
mucii  the  largest  of  the  eastern  Ciipriniihr,  ranking  with  the  western  and 
ijonio  European  forms.  "  The  chub  is  a  soft  lish  and  tastes  like  browu 
paper,  salted."  (Thoroau.)  (cwjjo)'«h'»,  pertaining  to  the  body ;  Mitehill 
calls  tlie  'ish  Corporal  or  Corporaalen.) 

Cj/jimiin  nirjtnraliK*-  MiTciiiM,,  Amer.   Monthly  Mns.,  I,  .Tnly,  1817,  280,  preliminary  notice, 
•  Wallkill  River;  Slirciiii.i,,  /.  c,  ii,  Folirnary,  1818,  :124,  detailed  description. 
Cifjiiiiii's  lii'lliiris,  Kafinesi^ue,  An'er.  Monthly  Mag.,  i,  December,  1817,  120,  Hudson  River 

and  Wood  Creek. 
Iciieis.i's  w<niiieiin,  SronEii,  Fishes  Mass.,  iiO,  1S3!),  Worcester  County,  Mass. 
Uii'ifriis  jiiiUlielliis,StuHEu,  Fishes  Mass.,  'JO,  18^0,  Walpole,  Mass. 
I.fiidsnut  iiiliitii/i,  DeKav,  a'.  Y.  Fauna  :  Fishes,  201),  1842,  Lake  Champlain. 
I.'iwisais  •hnisojilei-Ks,  DkKay,  N.  Y.  Fauna  :  Fishes,  211,  1842,  N.  Y.  Harbor. 
l.fiKmiisrtiiinijulii.i,  OdviEn  &  Yai.enciknnes,  xvii,  318,  1844,  Carolina. 
biiaf:iiajml,-helliis,  Storek,  Synopsis,  412, 184.1,  Massachusetts. 
ii'iu(..«..i„/r»  (:uiiiravtus,jf  Baikd  in  leonog.  Eucycl.,  II,  216,  and  ia  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Na. .  Sei.  Phila., 

Ii<i!l,523,  Susquehanna  River. 


*  Ap  to  the  priority  of  the  namia  of  Mitehill  and  Raflne?(jue,  gee  note  under  Notropia  cormUiu. 
Tliis  s|ii(i(;s  is  evidently  Mitchill's  Cii]iriuiiii  vorpi 'talis,  and  the  transfer  of  the  name  SewUlus 
nirjiuntt::.  tu  the  uext  species  by  Abbott^  Putnam,  and  ( lope,  lias  been  an  unfortunate  and  coufusiug 

ITMI'. 

t  Accenlins  to  Cope,  the  nominal  species,  ra(nraclii!>  and  rhotlievs,  differ  from  the  northern  form, 
l)uh-hilli'<  (or  corjtnralin),  in  the  smaller  scales,  these  baviug  47  in  the  lateral  line,  while  jxWcAeJhM 
ill  .Mii.-^.sii  liiisfttshas.')!).  This  dilVereiue  has  not  been  verified  by  later  writers,  who  place  all 
imilcr  uiii'  head,    (iiinther  counts  40  to  48  in  speoimeus  mostly  from  Maine  and  CanaUa. 


>i^   I- 


,UJiei3n:.,AlaA'YS^">^■:l^'A.,A;■':.i«-j>^y-iLfev■J^.^l.T.^*T>J^■- 


'ijpiat'  *.^.;.=  -.,-*.*/  -^^li 


■> 


!. , ; : 


i 


'^m 


■   !!■  !>, 


i  \\ 


•ii 


, 

■ 

;  (• 

•  ' 

\    '^ 

.  .  , 

( 

¥]  i 

I 

t  1 

V     i 

w  ll 

'-ife 

■,jfe    }k^ 

m 

i 

iim 

m  m 

'11 

i 

!  !< 


:.    I     I  ■ 


11 


:    '^t 


'Mi 

:4  f  ?; 


m 


fM\\ 


■i 


;'S| 


322 


Bulletin  4Y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


LeiiomiiiiiiH  iIwIIkiih,  ('oi'K,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Si'i,  Philii.,  isiil,  ri'2;j,  Brandywine  Creek  anil  Kan- 
cocos  Creek,  tributaries  of  the  Delaware  River. 

SiiiKiliiii  lii/iiliiiie,  (Nii'K,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nnt.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  l^oM, '.i8U,  Conestuga  River,  Pa.;  young, 
Cliiilimiiiiua piililitlliiH,  SioitKIl,  FImIich  Mush.,  2H(!,  18(17, 
l.fiicimimiiH iiiiliMliiH,  (iVN'THr.H,  Out.,  vir,  ii<18,  IHCiH. 
ikmotUui  buUaiit,  JoitiiAN  &  On  iikht,  SyinipeiH,  2'J:2,  iMs;). 


Subgenus  SEMOTILUS. 


.v.. 


855;  KCnOTILIS  ATUO.HA'  i'LATIS  (Mitehill). 

(IIOUNKIi-HAlK  ;   <'llKKK-('liril.) 

Head3J;  depth  4;  oye  about  5.  D.  7;  A.  8:  Hcaloa  ••-"i.'i-Ji,  tliosc  in 
lateral  lino  varying  IVoni  50  to  (iO  or  even  iiiore,  tho  number  greatc.>it  iu 
northern  exaniplew  ;  teeth  2, 5-1,  2.  Body  stout,  tho  dorHal  outline  urclied 
iu  front  of  the  dorsal,  the  body  tapering  backwards  fioni  a  point  coiiHidor- 
ably  in  advance  of  the  dorsal,  so  that  tho  base  of  that  fiii  is  oblii|ii»', 
Head  large  and  heavy,  broad  and  rounded  above;  snout  broad;  iiioutb 
broad,  obli<|ue,  lower  jaw  slightly  included,  tho  upper  lip  just  below 
level  of  pupil;  maxillary  barely  reachiiig  front  of  pupil;  maxillary  bar- 
bel small,  not  evident  in  specimens  of  less  than  2  or  3  inches  in  lenj;tli. 
E}-e  rather  small.  Scales  small,  considerably  crowded,  and  reduced 
anteriorly;  about  30  series  in  front  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Lateral  line  connidoi- 
ably  decurved.  Fins  small  ;  tho  dorsal  well  behind  ventrals,  inst-rtod 
behind  fifteenth  vertebra,  its  last  ray  well  iu  advance  of  base  of  anal. 
Color  dusky  bluish  above ;  sides  with  a  vague,  dusky  band,  black  iu  tho 
young,  disappearing  in  the  adult;  belly  creamy,  rosy-tinted  iu  males 
in  spring  ;  donsal  fin  always  with  a  conspicuous  black  spot  at  tho  base  iu 
front,  which  is  bordered  with  red  in  tho  male;  a  dark  vertebral  line; 
scales  everywhere  edged  with  dark  x^unctulations ;  a  dusky  bar  beliiud 
opercle ;  nuiles  with  snout  coarsely  tuberculate  in  spring.  Young  with  a 
small  black  caudal  spot.  Length  10  inches.  Maine  (Freeport;  Kendall 
Smith)  and  western  Massachusetts  (Housatonic  Kiver,  Jordan),  to 
southern  Missouri,  Wyoming,  and  Canada;  everywhere  abundant; 
chiefly  in  small  brooks,  where  it  is  often  the  largest  and  most  voracious 
inhabitant.     («<<;)',  black ;  macula,  spot.) 

Oiipripun  atromaatlatnn,  MiTCliiLL,  Amor.  Monthly  Map;.,  n,  1818,  324,  Wallkill  River. 

8f»wUh(K<lormliK,  lUiiNEStjUE,  Iclith.  Oh.,  49,  1820,  Kentucky  River. 

SemotiUiinrpiudns,  llAFiNESgiiE,  Iclith.  Oh.,  4i»,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

SeiiwIiliiH  iliplemiiis,  llAt'lNESQllE,  Ichth.  Oh.,  49,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Leiirisniairis,  CuviEii  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  I'oisK.,  xvn,  25.'i,  1844,  New  York  and  Caro- 
lina. 

LcKCiwiis  sloreri,  CuviER  &  Valenoiennes,  XVII,  255,  1844,  New  York. 

LeiifiKriiiijmkheVdides,  AvHEs,  Troc.  liost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  184!),  157,  Connecticut. 

Lennmiittim  pallidiiK,  GiuAnp,  Troc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci,  I'hila.,  1850,  1!K),  (latoral  lino  52),  Antelope 
Creek,  Arkansas.     (Coll.  Kennerly.) 

Leucusimim  incnis«uUis,  GiRAun,  f.  c,  1850,  190,  (lateral  lino  64),  Choctaw  Agency.  (Co". 
Miillhauscn.) 

SemoliliinvKurocephalii.i,  GiRARU,  /.  <?.,  1850,  204,  Fort  Pierre,  Nebraska.     (Coll.  EvaiiH.) 

Bemoliliisfjief^ioniis,  GiKAUi),  /.  c,  1856,  204,  Sweetwater  River,  Nebraska.      (Coll.  Hnwniun.) 

Seiiintiliia  hoiimoiiill,  AiniOTT,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1800,  474,  Kansas.     ((!oll.  HanunMnd.) 

SemolihtH  lOfpnriilh,  .Jordan  &  Gili-ert,  Synoiwis,  221,  1883;  Coi'E,  Cyp.  Peun.,  303,  istlfi;  not 
GiiprinitK  cirjuyraliii,  Mitchill. 

Ltmcomuiiis  corpor(di.i,  GttNTHER,  Cat.,  vii,  209,  1808. 

BemotiUis  atromacididui,  Bicknell  A  Drebslar,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1885,  16. 


i  ■  ^ 


n  '"H  ^ 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        L*23 


Koiutisenteil  south  of  Virginia  and  TenneHsee  by 

,i:..'.  a.    SKM0TIM;S  ATnOMACriiATI'S  THOBKAI'IAM'S  (.I..nliin). 

Hp.kI  I;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  0-46*-') ;  teeth  2, 5-4,  2.  Rather 
8t(iul«  1 .  witli  hirger  scales,  less  crowded  forwards,  45  to  48  in  lateral  lino ; 
the  luiid  slioit  and  thick,  almost  ronnd.  Barhol  well  developed.  Color- 
ation ot'  'V.  atromaculatua,  the  black  dorsal  spot  distinct.  Length  7  inches. 
StreuiiiH  uf  Georgia  and  Alabama  ;  the  extremes  quite  unlike  atromaculaliin ; 
iiitenncdiate  specimens  with  scales  48  to  50  occurring  in  Cape  Fear  Itiver 
and  eloiiwhere.    (Named  for  Henry  David  Thoreau,  t  naturulistand  poet.) 

gemni'l"^  tli'ireaiiianm,  .loiinAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  x,  03,  1877,  Flint  River,  Georgia. 

(Tyi"',  No.  >J296.     Coll.  Hugh  M.  Ncisior.) 

113.     POGONICHTHYS,  Uirard. 

Pogouii'iliiii",  GiRARK,  Proc.  Ac,  Nat.  Sci.  I'lilln.,  1854,  laCi,  {inirtiiiili)biit). 

giimiiidriirii-:,  JoRUAN,  Bull,  lluydoii  Oeol.  Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  788,  IH7«,  (<iri///)ei«(iiM:=; young). 

Itud.v  (dongate ;  head  small,  conical ;  mouth  moderate,  terminal,  normal ; 
maxillary  with  a  well-developed  barbel  at  its  end ;  premaxillaries  protrac- 
tile. TeotL"  2,  4-5, 2,  or  2,  5-5, 2,  hooked,  with  Avell-marked  grinding  sur- 
face. Scales  rather  large  ;  lateral  line  continuous,  decurved.  Dorsal  fin 
begiuiiing rather iuadvanceofventrals;  anal  basisshort.  Caudalfmwith 
its  nidiiiieutary  rays  numerous  and  greatly  developed,  supported  by  strong 
apopliyses  of  the  caudal  vertebrse,  the  upper  lobe  of  the  fin  considerably 
longer  than  the  lower,  this  character  not  evident  in  the  young,  appearing 
l»y  deforces.  Intestinal  canal  short;  skeleton  not  peculiar,  except  in  the 
great  development  of  the  apophyses  of  last  caudal  vertobric.  Chubs  of 
largo  si^o,  replacing  on  the  Pacitic  Slope,  the  eastern  Svmotilun.  (iruyuVf 
beard;  /.v'^i'r, fish.) 

86«.  POOONICHTHYS  NACROLKPIUOTVH  (Ayros). 

(Sl"MT-TAIl.) 

Head  4!  ;  depth  3f ;  eye  large,  4J  in  head.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  10-66-6; 
vertebrn-  26+15 ;  teeth  2, 5-5, 2,  rarely  2,  6-5, 2.  Body  elongate,  somewhat 
coiuprcHsed,  back  a  little  elevated.  Head  short,  slender.  Mouth  mod- 
erate, nearly  horizontal,  maxillary  reaching  orbit;  lower  jaw  included; 
preorbital  longer  than  deep.  Interorbital  space  convex.  Dorsal  fin  mid- 
way of  body,  rather  in  front  of  ventrals.  Scales  rather  large,  moder- 
ately imbricated.  Lateral  lino  decurved.  Fins  rather  large ;  upper  lobe 
of  caudal  half  longer  than  head  in  adult,  the  lobes  subequal  in  young. 
Coloration  uniform ;  sides  bright  silvery,  especially  in  young ;  uo  red. 
Length  12  inches.  Lowland  streams  of  central  California;  very  common 
in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin.    Singularly  distinguished  from  our 


♦Scales 46  to  48  in  the  types  from  Flint  Kiver ;  61  in  gpocimon  from  Augusta,  Georgia  ;  62  in 
one  from  HIack  Warrior  River. 

t  "Tlie  first  to  say  a  good  word  for  the  study  of  Cyprinidn-."  "  I  am  the  wiser  in  respect  to 
&II  knowleilge  and  the  Itettcr  qualifiod  for  all  fortunes  for  knowing  that  there  isa  minnow  in  the 
lirook.  SIcthinks  I  havo  need  oven  of  his  bympathy  and  to  be  his  follow  in  a  degree.  I  would 
know  even  the  number  of   their  flu  rays  and  how  many  scales  compose  the  lateral  line." 

{Thoremi.) 


{     -  . 


i:i 


■■:     b 


1 

l\ 


; 


i     t 


j!  nil 


i 

I 


!     i 


1  f.. 


in 


.  \  I 


m 


r    '.    L 


'S.l      i>- 


il . 


^!i  wir 


p. 


r^'i' 


■;  1 

■:^:| 

■'  1 

: 

;• 

■I  ■  ■■■\ 

I^Mj 

_  .    : 

224 


Jiulletin  -/7,  United  Staffs  National  Museum. 


othov  Cyprinidd'  hy  Ww  groat  dcvclopinont  of  the  iijumr  lol)c  of  tlic  i  nidal 
uihI  itH  rmliiiiuiitary  rays.     {^inKi)(i?.F7rt^iiToi;,  Iarg«-H(;alt!(l.) 

LfiiiiKCim  iiiitnnlepiili)tn»,  AvKKS,  PliiotT  TiiiirH  and  TriiiiMiript,  IS.")!,  Miiy  :iii,  San  Fraiu  i  >co. 
Voijimiihlhijti  iiiiii^iiiliiliiia,  ItAiuii  A  tillt.\iil>,   I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Si.  I'liilik,,  ls,"i|,  Hit),  (.\iilii  i  ,  San 

Joaquin  River,  California  ;  and  Oiiiakh,  I'ac.  U.  It.  8nrv.,  x,  2 LI,  IH.^H. 
Piigouiihlli;i/i  oiijiirfiiiiim,  (iiiiAUD,  I'liic.  Ar.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilu.,  1854,  l.W,  Presidio,  Califurniu. 

LlllCdUdlllliH  WiJIIiciiillls,  (jrNlllEU,  Cut.,  VII,  '^07,  iHtiN. 

LfiKimiiiiiiH  iiiiiiiiiiliihitu,  GCntiiki;,  Cat.,  Vll,  271,  I.SUH. 

Puijoiiiihlhjii  miiridlriiiihitiis,  JiiiinAN,   I'rur.    V.   S.   Nat.    Mufl.,  Is.so,   ;i2('i;   .Iiiiin.vN   A    (iiir.KKT, 

SyriiipHih,  22:1,  1.S8;!. 
Sj/mmetruriia  urgyrfiomtK,  .Iiiimian  A  (ill.aF.liT,  .SyiiopgiH,  222,  IHh;!;  jnunK  Hpninieu.-',  I  inilun  luui;. 

114.  PTYCHOCHEILUS,  Agasbiz. 

Plyihorheihii',  Aijassiz,  Anicr.  .loiirn.  Sci.  ArtH,  is,")"),  2J!»,  {ijrarihK). 

Body  elougato,  littlo  olevated,  tho  caudal  pcdiinclo  not  [com  1  acted, 
Head  long,  sloudov,  pike-like;  month  nearly  horizontal,  widely  clclt,  tlie 
maxillary  extending  to  below  the  eye,  the  upper  lij)  rather  ht^jow  tlie 
level  of  tho  eye :  lower  Jaw  included,  hoth  anteriorly  and  latorall,\  :  \m 
barbel;  lipu  thick.  Scales  Hiiiall,  littlo  imbricated,  mostly  longer  than 
deep.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Gill  rakers  very  short.  Dorsal  I'm  well 
back,  Honiewhat  behind  veutrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Cauda!  'in  .stioiii;, 
its  rudimentary  rays  not  greatly  developed.  Intestinal  canid  Nhoit. 
Teeth  2,  .')-4,  2;  the  straight  limb  of  the  pharyngeal  bone  extreintlv  lung 
and  slender,  its  teeth  wide  apart,  subconical,  scarcely  compr»',s,s((l,  and 
but  slightly  curved  at  tip,  the  hook  being  turned  in  the  direction  ut'  thu 
angle  of  tho  bono;  no  trace  of  grinding  surface.  Fishes  of  very  l:iif;t; 
size,  reaching  a  length  of  more  than  4  feet,  tho  largest  of  the  LtKcimuc 
Cyprinida-.  With  a  general  resemblance  to  Lcuciscm  and  Giht,  tliiw  '^fun* 
difters  strongly  in  the  form  of  the  pharyngeal  bones  and  teeth.  In  tliis 
genus,  as  in  Gila,  the  vertebrte  are  more  numerous  than  u.sual  in  [A'tid-vim, 
45  or  46  instead  of  42  to  45.  (t^tI^,  fold;  x^'^^oi)  Hp;  the  skin  of  the 
mouth  behind  tho  jaws  being  folded.) 

a.  Scales  uf  tlio  lutorul  lino  73  to  8G,  tlios(!  boforo  dursal  abuut  55.  OREooMiNsi.s,  3o7, 

aa.  Scales  iu  tliu  lateral  lino  about  00. 

b.  Head  4  in  longtb;  cloft  uf  nioiitli  3'-,,',  in  licad. 

bb.  Head  3%  in  lungth;  cleft  of  mouth  3^  in  head. 

367^  PTYCHOCHEILUS  ORKOONENSIS  (RicliardBou). 


IIAItf'oKlil,  XlH. 

I.fcil'ii,  359, 


(SquAW-FLSII  ;   ClIAPl'AlI. ;  SACUAMENTO  I'IKE.) 

Head  31;  depth  48  to  5;  eye  small,  74  iu  head,  2^  in  snout;  snoutli.  D.IO; 
A.  8 ;  scales  9-73  to  86-7,  42  to  GO  before  the  dorsal ;  teeth  2,  4-5,  2.  Body 
comparatively  robust,  withstout  caudal  peduncle.  Mouth  large,  the  maxil- 
lary reaching  front  of  pupil.  Eye  small,  in  young  specimens  proiiortiou- 
ately  much  larger.  Lateral  Hue  strongly  decurved,  much  ueaiei  belly 
than  back.  Coloration  muddy  greenish,  with  a  few  silvery  scale,';;  lielly 
silvery  ;  the  fins,  in  spring,  with  red  or  orange;  scales  dusted  wiUi  dark 
dots;  young  with  black  caudal  spot.  Length  2  to  4  feet.  Kivoi,s  from 
Vanoouver  Island  south  to  the  San  Joaquin ;   abundant  in  Culuiubia 


for  dan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        '225 


Ki\.'i,  Frascr  Rivor,  etc. ;  ascending  tho  Coluinhia  atul  trilmtnriuH  as  far 
•IS  Missoula,  Montana,  and  tho  (jircat  SlioHhone  Falls  in  tho  Snako,  (Evor- 
111:11111),  also  ovory where  in  the  Sucrameiito,  San  .loaqiiin,  SalinaH,  and 
oth.  I  Idwluml  rivers  of  California.     Common  ;  used  aa  food. 

CVi  riiiiH  (/.Clin*'  H»)  ..rrj/oiifwis  Ui(iiABi)8(iN,  Fiiunii  Bor.-AnuT.,  m,  KTO,  lH3r,,  Columbia  River. 
i\\U,juuM»,  AniEs,  I'r.pc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Ciil.,  IkM,  1«,  San  Francisco. 
;y„, ;„,.;„.;»» »H.()"r,  Ad.vHsiz,  AiiuT.  Jdiirn.  Si-i.  Arts,  \K<\  2'J?t,  San  Francisco. 
It.^.h.'.h.ilmijiifili",  AfiAssiz,  Amcr.  .lourn.  8cl.  Arts,  18r>r>,  ii'J!),  Willamette  Falls. 

I1,l,li.„lnllin<n-<,jn„nil:i>,    (illlAni),  I'llC.  R.  H.  SurV.,  2!m,  IH.W  ;  JoilhAN  A  (JlMIEIlT,  S.VIIOllHJH,  230, 

l.s<l;  KvKiiMANN,  Hull.  I'  S.  FiHli  CoiiiMi.,  XI,  18!)1,  4ri,  111.  lit,  fij;.  X 
l>t,,,l,;ihf  ihis riiii'ix,  (liiiAiin,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Plilla.,1«5fi,  2(1!),  Monterey,  California.   (Coll. 
Tmwliriilno.)    Lar);i'  spccimoiiB  with  doi'p  liotly  ((I(-i)th  4-{^)  iiiiil  HcaloH  ImriMv  dorwil  ciowilotl, 
I'l  in  mimliir(liiiAKi),  Pac.  B.  B.  Surv.,  x,  300,  1858;  Jordan  &  Oilueut,  Synoiisid,  220, 

IXKt. 
/,,)M«.i.«..rf./<i)i<H»i.'>,  Cl-NTIIEB,  Cat.,  VII,  2.3f),  1808. 
I'lii.h.ch'ili'-  [ii'imU^,  Qiii\M>,  Par.  B.  U.  Surv.,  x,  aO(»,  1858. 
;,,ii.  IV 1'^  ./''"ii'is  GCNTllKn,  Cat.,  vil,  239,  1808;  in  part;  porhapB  mixod  with  /'.  hnrfonU. 

itSK.   l>TVniO<'IIKIIil'S  IIAUFOKIU,  Jordan  &  Gill.ort. 

llrud  I ;  depth  5J.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  17-90  to  95-!);  teeth  2, 5-4, 2.  Form 
(if  /'.  iiri  ijoiicuHin,  lint  more  slender,  the  lateral  lino  similarly  ninch  decnrved, 
liiit  scalrs  smaller.  Caudal  les."  deeply  forkcvl ;  pectoral  longer,  reaching  ;,; 
(listaiue  to  voiitrals.  Maxillary  2J  in  bead,  reaching  just  past  front  of 
eve.  Length  18  inches  or  more.  Low  )r  Sacramento  River,  with  /'.  on- 
tjoticunis,  Iiut  much  less  common  in  the  markets;  possibly  only  the  extreme 
vaiiation  of  that  Hpccies.  (Named  for  W.  G.  W.  Harford,  curator  of  the 
innsciiin  (if  tlio  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  now  of  the  University  of 
California.) 

iVj/i/ci/iiVi's  hurforili,  JouDAN  &  Gii.nERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1881,  72,  Sacramento  River. 
(Tj|«,  Ni>.  27210.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.)  Joukan  &  Giliiebt,  SyuopsiB, 220,  1883. 

a69.  PTYCHOCHKIIillS  LUCIUS,  Girard. 

("White  Salmon"  of  the  Colorado.) 

Head  3  J ;  depth  5} ;  eye  small,  2i  in  snout,  7  in  bead.  D.  9 ;  A.  9;  lateral 
line  83  to  87;  teeth  2, 4-5, 2.  Vertebno  45  or  46.  Body  slender,  elongate, 
with  loiiff,  slemler,  depressed  bead;  the  form  and  general  appearance 
beinf{  that  of/',  onyonensia.  Maxillary  reaching  past  anterior  margin  of 
the  eye,  '2'>  in  head.  Lateral  line  very  strongly  decurved.  Fins  moderate. 
Scales  very  siiiall.  Coloration  plain,  darker  above,  the  young  always 
with  a  black  caudal  spot  and  with  a  faint  pale  lateral  baud  below  a 
darker  one.  Length  5  feet.  Colorado  basin,  very  abundant  in  the  river 
channels  as  far  north  as  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 
(Uncompahgro  River  at  Delta.)  The  largest  of  the  American  Cyprinidw, 
reaching  a  wcij^ht  of  80  pounds,  and  having  considerable  value  as  a  food- 
fish.  Known  locally  as  "5aZmon."    (iwcius,  pike.) 

Ptijchoehvilii.hciiis,  fiinARi.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1850,  209,  Rio  Colorado.   (Coll.  A.  Schott.) 
Mcx.  Hounil.  Surv.,  Ic'jth.,  65, 1869  ;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,   Synopsis,  227, 1883. 
P.  N.  A. '.d 


t   !- 


■•?< 


I 


M' 


t     I 


■I  i : 


P 


'■  1 


! 


iu  Mi 


.■S.{i'ii,l^JaS3ikMu,;- 


1I1       ' 

r 

! 

i 

i 

'                            t 

'1 

;.       r'  i' }, 

liiil  * 

22G 


Hulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


115.  GILA,'  Dainl  iV  (iirard. 

(U\a,  nAIiin  A  (iiiiAKii,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Pliila.,  1H63,  :mH,  (ruhxtOa). 

liody  elongate,  little  coinpreHacd,  the  back  arched,  especially  in  the 
adult ;  the  caudal  peduncle  typically  extreinuly  long,  Hlender,  contracted, 
much  narrower  than  the  haso  of  the  caudal  tin,  which  ia  widely  toikiMl, 
with  its  basal  fulcra  very  much  developed.  Head  in  typical  HjKM'it'i* 
broad,  depressed,  its  piotile  concave.  Mouth  large,  horizontal,  and  omt 
lapped  by  the  broad  snout.  Dorsal  iln  behind  the  middle  of  the  Imdy, 
slightly  behind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Intestinal  cunul  nliort. 
Scales  very  small,  little  imbricated,  sonietinies  scarcely  imbricate  at  all, 
longer  than  deep,  especially  posteriorly.  No  barbel.  Pseudobiancliiic 
present.  Teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  close  set,  compressed  and  hooked,  \vitli<iiit 
grinding  surface.  Vertebno  42  to  46.  Peritoneum  dusky.  Spcu'icN  of 
large  size,  the  typical  form  remarkably  unlike  the  usual  Cyprinoid  lyjie, 
but  varying  through  »  series  of  intermediate  forms  directly  into  I.vxmwm, 
so  that  tlu  genus  has  no  very  satisfactory  technical  character.  {Gilo,  tlii- 
name  of  the  river  where  the  typical  species  was  first  obtained.) 

u.  B«lly  more  or  loss  fully  Hcalrd. 

b.  Caudal  jiciliinclo  vury  Hlonilcr,  itR  least  doptli  l';Y,  in  maxillary  ;  Rculfs  of  hack  ami  livlly 

much  reduced.  Ki.KiiA.ss,  'M. 

bb.  Caudal  |icdunrlu  not  vnry  Rlendor,  its  least  depth  l]^  in  maxillary  ;  scales  (it'ljiick  iinil 

helly  moderately  r<!duced.  uoiifsTA,  llill. 

aa,  llelly  naked  ;  caudal  pudunclu  Blonder  ;  anterior  profile  scarcely  concave. 

BEHIM'HA,  362. 

8«0.  miiA  ELEOANS,  Baird  k  Oirard. 

(BONY-TAII,;  "QlLA  TllODT.") 

Head  5;  depth  5;  eye  5.  D.  9;  A.  10;  scales  23-85-10;  teeth  2,  1-5,2. 
The  extreme  species  of  this  type.  Body  elongate,  somewhat  comiJiessed, 
the  region  before  the  dorsal  elevated,  forming  a  sort  of  hump,  i\w  dui  i:il 
fin  inserted  on  the  downward  slope  of  the  back,  so  that  its  base  is  (jiiite 
oblique.  Caudal  peduncle  extremely  long  and  slender,  as  broad  a-*  doe|), 
and  nearly  terete,  its  length  (from  end  of  anal  to  middle  of  \kiho  of 
caudal)  1}  times  the  length  of  the  head,  its  least  depth  1}  in  maxillary; 
its  extremity  dilated  and  compressed.  Head  short,  broad,  tlio  snuut 
depressed  and  broadly  rounded ;  the  anterior  part  of  the  head  from 
behind  the  eyes  broad  and  depressed ;  the  posterior  part  high  so  tliat  the 
profile  forms  a  concave  arc.  All  these  traits  of  form  more  marked  iu  old 
examples ;  young  specimens  (emorii)  having  the  anterior  profile  Hcaicely 
concave.  Mouth  rather  larger  than  in  G.  ro?;«s<a,  nearly  horizontal,  tlie 
upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  orbit,  the  maxillary  cxteud- 
ing  to  the  front  of  orbit,  the  lower  jaw  on  all  sides  included;  skin 


♦  "The  food  of  Oila  elegans  consists  almost  entirely  of  Gasteropoda  and  caddis  woiiiis,  whifli 
they  crush  with  their  powerful  pharyngeals.  The  young  differ  greatly  from  the  nlil,  tliecra- 
nium  probably  not  becoming  depressed  until  the  second  year.  Thoy  are  very  tenaii.nis  of  life. 
Uhey  have  revived  after  being  several  hours  out  of  the  water  and  having  become  |i<'rfe('tlyilr.v 
and  stiff.  They  take  the  hook  freely."  (W.  L.  Carpenter,  in  Kirsch,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mui., 
1888,  558.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        227 

of  till'  liivvt  r  jaw  hur<l.  Kye  Hiiiall,  anterior,  placed  low.  iHtliiiiiiH  iiar- 
,„w.  (ill!  rakriH  lather  weak.  Fins  all  loiij;  and  falcate,  larger  tliau  in 
(;.  ,„/,»>/.(.  I'lTtonilH  reacliinj;  ventrals;  caudal  tin  deeply  forked,  its 
1(iIm«.  li'iiK  ami  iMiinled,  the  upper  honiewhat  the  longer;  the  rudiniental 
liasjil  litvM  Htroiig,  altout  V2>  in  nunihor  on  each  nide.  Scalen  Hcarcely 
imiiiifiitiil  at  all,  tliowo  on  the  caudal  peduncle  hardly  touching  each 
„ili.  1,1.11  tlie  HidcM  of  the  body  much  hinger  than  «leep ;  their  texture 
tliiii  ami  itieiiibranaceouH;  BcaleH  on  hack  and  helly -nuch  Huialler  than 
on  sides  and  Minaller  than  iu  other  Hpecies,  tlioHo  on  middle  linu  of  hack 
oiisdiiae  or  nearly  ho.  Coloration  hluish  above,  pale  below.  Length  12 
iiirlifs.  Colorado  and  Gila  riverH,  abundant  in  the  channels,  but  not 
aMcmliiiK  HO  far  as  «.  rohnniu,     (viKjanti,  elegant.) 

r.i/.i.'./r,,-,  li.Miiii  .V  CiiiiAiiii,  rnic.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  18M,  .160,  Zufti,  Colorado,  and  Gila 
nvcrs.  (Tvpo,  NoH.  03r)  mid  2(i'J«.').  ('<ill.  JIiiJ.  TliointtH.)  (iiiiAiii>,  I'ac.  It.  It.  Siirv.,  x, 
■l>t\  I'.'pN;  .liPiiliAN  A  TiiLiiKiiT,  SyiinpBif,  227,  ls8:i ;  JuniiAN,  Hull.  U.  S.  Finli  Cmiiin.,  i.\_ 
l!.s'i,  'JT;  Kirwli,  Pnic.  U.  S.  Nut.  5Iu8.,*lSss,^r..%«. 

Uih  nn.,n,i,  IiAiiti>  A-  (iiiiAiii.,  I'lw.  Ar.  Niit.  Sri.  I'liil.,  1«.W,  :\»H,  Gila  River.  (Tyjio,  No.  247. 
('nil.  .Iiiliii  l.i>  Coiiti'.)    .loiii'AN  .t  Gii.riKiiT,  Byuojisis,  229,  IBSa. 

/,fllMv«sW.;/.IH«,  (K'NTIIKIl,  Cut.,  VII,  211,  lSi;8. 

/..iitiViiH  .mi,,-;i,  Gt'.NTUEii,  Cut.,  VII,  212,  18C8. 

»«!.  illLA  ItOHCSTA,  Baird  \.  Girard. 
(Round-tail.) 

Ili'iid  I ;  de)tth  5 ;  eye  5  to  8.  D.  9 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  17-80-10 ;  teeth  2.  ''^, 
L'.  llody  elongate,  the  back  elevated  and  the  head  depressed  as  in  (iila 
thijiniK,  but  the  caudal  peduncle  notably  stouter,  its  least  depth  about 
oui-tiiird  its  length,  'S^  in  length  of  bead  and  IJ  in  maxillary;  young 
with  the  head  less  depressed  and  the  protilo  scarcel.v  concave.  Mouth 
lai<,'t',  the  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  lower  part  of  orbit.  Fins  rather 
lower  than  in  O.  vU(iaiiH,  the  pectorals  in  the  male  reaching'ventralf,  but 
falling  short  in  the  female.  Eye  small,  low,  anterior.  Lateralliue  much 
dtcnr\ ed.  Coloration  plain  ;  males  iu  life  with  lower  fins  and  lower  side 
(tt  head  nnl,  and  a  vertical  red  dash  on  cheeks.  Length  16  inches.  Trib- 
utaries of  the  Itio  Colorado  and  Kio  (ilila,  very  common  up  to  the  foot 
of  the  mountains  in  Colorado  (Uncompahgre'River  at  Delta) ;  the  flesh 
f'till  of  small  bones  and  nearly  worthless  as  food.     (t'obHntu»,  stout.) 

(,;'a  r..i.M«/,i,  ItAiun  .V  GiiiAiin,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  1853,  308,  Zuni  River.     (Tyiic,  No.s. 

'.iTil  aritl  277.    Cull.  Wimdliousu.)    GiKAiin,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  2S5,  IS.'iS;  JoiiDAN  &  GiL- 

i:kui,  SjiiupsiK,  228,  l«8:i;  JoiiHAN,  Bull.  U.  IS.  Fish  Coinm.,  I.\,  1889,  27. 
(hi'tiir.iiili.-,  nA'KD.t  GiKAUi),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nttt.  Scl.  rhila.,  18.5;(,  :jf>',),  Zuni  River.     (Type,  No. 

^1'..    Coll.  Cnpt.  .^iilgreavfs.)    Gikabp,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  .\,  287,  1858;  Joruan  &  Gii.beut, 

Syiioii.^is,  22'J,  188:!. 
(lihi  rjyuh.uni,  Bairi)  &  Girard.  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18,53,  389,  Rio  San  Pedro,  tributary 

to  Rio  Gila.     (Typi-,  Nu.  252.     Coll.  Clark.)    Gihaui>,  U.  S.  &  Mex.  IJouml.  Surv.,  Ithth., 

'11,  Is.'.O;  .lORDAN  .t  Gimikht,  Synopsis,  228,  1883. 
I1iirh,.rl„iins  v(ir.i.r,  GiRARi>,  Proc.  Ac.  Nrtt.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1850,  209,  and  Par.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  301, 

li^''»,  locality  unknown    Tko  typo  of  "  iwu.r,"  examined  by  ua  is  a  true  Clila.    (OoU. 

Kitiizfcld.) 

/.eii,,., «<  -mtnmsis,  GCntuer,  Cat.,  VII,  241,  1808,  Zuni  River;  substitute  for  gracilii',  preoccu- 

|'it''l  in  I.eiiciscus, 


'     ! 


I       I 


r ' 
f 


i  I . 


r^ 


u 


*  i 


-,%_  _'j  t^.  ^ 


iR 


(1 


i  -fi 


;''i- 


..4U>''\ 


■  ■  i 

,   i''i 

1 

1          ! 

<^    ■ 


228 


Bullftin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


U\\ni\£\m;  Aiiiioir,  I'nx'.  Ar.  Niil.  Ikl.  I'lillu.,  IHIIO,  471;  t.v|iii  i'rri>in>(iiii.l.y  iuktIIm'.I  Iu  Kaniai 
River.    (Type,  Nd.  aHwM,  Cdll.  Aliliott.)    Ji>nii,\N  A  (iiLiiKin,  S.viMi|»ii<,  2J.t,  Ikk) 

<«'(7ii  iiiiiiiii,  ('i)i'K,  lliivili'ti'ri  (ii'iil.  Siirv.  Wviiiii.  fur  1x70,  III,  1x7.;;  tributary  of  Green 
River,  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming;  .vhiiiim;,  ikt1iu|i(<,  of  (,'.  t7(</ii(iii;  Jiihuan  \  (iii.iii  li.  mii- 
c>|.m1m,  '.Md,  ihh:). 

l.lllliiK  III  rnllUflllH,  Ui'M'lIKU,  Cut.,   VII,  'J41,    IMIW. 

Leucitvumiruhuml,  UI'ntiibu,  Cut.,  vii,  2l!i,  I»<II8. 

»«2.  UU.X  MK.niMI»A,  <'m|m' ><t  Viuiow. 

lloaan;  (lopthSJI;  eye  t.  D.  10;  A.  10;  HcakM21-!»H-ll>;  t«eth  J,  :.-|,L', 
Uody  iimdeiiitoly  Ueejt,  witli  nIuikIoi'  aiul  tiiperiiiK  «'aiHlul  jicdiiin  Ii  .  tint 
luuNt  (lupth  uf  wliicli  in  abuiit  uiuvtliinl  itH  luii^th.  itack  littlo  i'li'\iiti>(|, 
not  (vrclied  in  front  of  doiHul.  Head  Hniall,  transveiHely  conv«ix,  it:,  pio- 
iilu  cuntinuouH  with  that  of  thu  burk  and  not  concavo.  Moiilli  ralliur 
BDiall,  obli(iuu,  turniiual,  iippor  lip  oppoHitu  thu  iiiiddU;  of  orbit,  tin-  max- 
illary not  roachin^  lino  of  orbit.  Kyo  larj;o,  ratluM-  anterior,  Ixii  not 
very  low.  FinH  moderate.  DorHal  Hlij^htly  behind  ventrals.  liK.wni.sh 
above,  lower  fina  pink.  Length  «!  inchcN.  ]{io  N'irgen,  in  I'tali,  ,('(i|iei. 
Not  Heen  by  uh.  ThiH  Hpecies  fornm  a  trauHition  to  Leiicinvn.s  and  otliti 
uornuilly  formed  Cyprhiidif.     {niminiidiiH,  half  naked. ) 

G'i'a  Kimiiiiiitii,  Coi'K  A  Yaiihow,  /oiil,  WIuh'Iit'h  Kxpl.  W.  Iddtli  IMi-r.,  v,  (iiHi,  l,s7.".,  (Is7()), 
Rio  Virgen.    (T>j)t<,  Nu.  in{)ir>.    Cull.  Yarrow.)    .Ii)iii).\n  \  (iiiiiKirr,  .s^  hoiibIm,  smi,  UA 

ii6.  LEUCISCUS,  Cuvier. 

(Dack.) 

Leucitcim,  (Ki.kin)  Ci'vikii,  lU-Kiie  Aninml,  Kil.  I,  lUl,  1K17,  (''o(»m/i(,  iniilii",  /.ii.w/i.v,  »//„/, „"-,uuJ 

2>ll<IXillllK). 

I'hoxmii",  llAflNEBQl'i!,  Icli.01i.,4.'>,  1820.     (No  tyiio  Btntcd  ;  phoxmim  imdurHtotid.) 

Vobiilii,  ItAKIMKHgl'K,  lch.()li.,4r),  1820.     (No  typi'  iiu'litioiird  ;  ilnhiila  Uiidurstiiiiil.) 

Lcwin'iiK,  ItAKlSKSQiE,  /.  c.  4r>.     (No  tyjxi  liiciitlontMl  ;  leiuiitiiin  uiKliTstuoil.j 

riioxiniiK,  A(iAS8iz,  Mc'iu.Soc.  Sci.  Niit.  NiMil'cliatiO,  IKir),  ;i7,  (yi/nM-iiiHn). 

Leuvhriin,  AisAKSlz,  MOlii.  Soc.  Sii.  Nut.  NcufchatiU,  l«;ir>,  ;J8,  (/.hi/mk*),  (iicit  y,cii(/».ii.,  Ilii/hKi, 

niid  uf  GC.NTiiEii,  wliicli  ie  Jliitiliis  of  IUfinksijik,  tli<!  t.viio  buitig  riiatiin). 
iiijiiiiUiiH,  lloNAPAUTK,  Fuliiiu  Itulk'u,  18;i7,  <i  G,  {IjihermuH). 
LeiiriiiciiK,  BoNATAltTK,  /.  c,  (nr(/('(i/t'M»  =  /ei(cMcii»). 
I'elenlvii,  UoNAi'ABTK,  /.  c,  {muticelliin). 

Cepliitliif,  UoNAl'ARTE,  C'atol.Moto(l.,181C,;i<.),  {cepliiihiK ;  iiu  iliugiiosiH). 
3[icrolejH»,  lloNArAiiTE,  /.  c,  {liimkyi;  no  diugiiuHis). 
llkliitril$iiiiiiis,*  UiiiAKD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut. Sci.  I'hila.,  iHuli,  201,  (butlvaliiit). 
Tiyinim,  GiUAitl),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat. Sci.  l>hilu.,l80U,  2U5,  ijiukhellu). 
Chmiiila,  UiKARl),  I.  (•.,  207,  (ciwyferi). 
Sibiiiiiii,  GiRAitl),  /.  (-.,208,  (irwuikaHda). 
CHiidhIiiiiiiis,  GlltAltD,  /.  ('.,  211,  ielinnjattia), 
llimilteiiiiii,  Coi'K,  Proc.  Amor.  riiilOB. Soc,  1870, 462,  (ritlala). 
I'loliijioiiiH,  Coi'E,  II Av iiEN'e  Geol.  Surv.  Sloiituuu  for  1S7 1, 471!,  1872,  (ili)iiiiiiimn). 
iotklillii/ii,  Jordan  A  Kvermann,  new  subgciiuH  {plilfgclhuiitin). 

Body  oblong,  compressed  orrobnst,  covered  with  moderate  or  small  Mcales. 
Lateral  line  docurved,  complete,  or  variously  imperfect.  Mouth  usiiully 
large  and  terminal,  the  lips  normal,  without  barbel.  Teeth  mostly  -,  "1-4,2, 
(in  American  species  sometimes  1,  5-4,  2,  or  even  by  atrophy,  1,1-1,1), 

♦  Tlic  ventral  carination,  used  in  tlui  Syno|).sis  uh  the  distinctive  chnracter  of  Ki'W/n. (/*«""•", 
has  no  real  o.vistonce  except  in  specimens  shrunken  by  alcohol;  the  narrow  belly  is  numledin 
crosa  section,  fully  ecaled  over,  and  witliout  keel. 


forJiVi  iTThi  F.ri'rmann. — Fishi-s  of  Xorth  .\tu erica. 


229 


iisiiall\  '_',  ."•-•'•i-  in  *''•'  Kun)|M'aii  type  ;  luioktMl,  with  riithur  iiurrow  grind- 
jii"  siiiliK'tioriKiiic.  Aiiitl  IiiihIh  Hliort  or  more  or  lcNHuloii);ute.  DorNiil  fin 
ijii^li  imi,  usually  Im'IiIiiiI  vfiitrulH.  IiiteNtiiinl  caiiul  Hliort.  Siz«<  ^t'liuriilly 
Ijir'e.s.iiiH'  N|i»'('i»'rt  very  HiiiiiU.  A  very  laiKo  Kfoiip,  oiui  of  \\w  liirn«'Ht 
oiirK  III  iri'ii'Mii  in  ichtliyohtj^y,  n!pn'Hoiit«<il  l»y  niiiiu^roiiN  Mpfci««M  in  tli« 
rivers  of  Kiirop«!,AHiii,  and  Nortli  i»:ii«rica.  MoHt  of  our  HjmcicM  huvo  Im'oii 
iiooih  il«  lin<<l.  Ah  tin-  Mpocios  are  cxtroiin^ly  variiililu  it:  form,  tlinnntnlu'r 
of  iioiiiiiial  iHit's  liaM  IxM-n  viMy  j^roiitly  niuK  ipliod.  Munh  lar^tu'  hoiIoh  of 
enili  fiMin  aro  iioccHsary  lM'for«  tlu»  Hpocii'H  oan  bo  pmpcrly  diHcriiiiiiiatud. 
In<iivi<liial  ini'u'iilaritit'H  in  dentition  ar<^  common  in  tliiH  ^unuH. 

Till  t\  pical  Npt'cicH  of  tlj«  fj*'""**!  l^'  i«'i>i(iix  truvhcits,  In  tlio  common  Dace 
(II  Vamlitisf  of  Eiirop*',  and  dill'ciH  greatly  from  any  of  tlio  Ani(«ricaii 
ftiiMis.  rin'  prcHcnco  of  various  inturnuHliato  apncieH,  1iow«v«m-,  makeH 
it  iiiiiMi^Hllilf  fur  UH  to  draw  any  Hatisfactory  lino  lt«dwceu  tlio  Daco 
(/.ii(iiM/i>^  (in  tlio  one  hand, and  Huch  oxtromo  forntu  uh  tho  lung-mouthed 
niiiiiiiiws  (('liiiontomux)  on  tho  other. 

In  tlif  siilijjt'UiiH  LnicisciiH  tho  pharyngeal  tooth  aro  2, 5-5, 2,  rardj'  vary- 
ing't<i  :!,'>-*>, -.and  tho  Ncalob  aro  rather  largo  (about  50  in  lateral  lino), 
olimcly  iiiilnicatcd  and  along  tho  HidcH  distinctly  Hilvoiy.  The  anal  flu  is 
aNo  Idii;:,  of  11  to  12  rays,  and  tho  lateral  lino  complete.  Tho  gonuH 
S,liiiiJiifi,:is  understood  by  us,  is  strictly  synonymous  with  LriuiHciiH,  In 
Houtlit-asieni  Kuropo  and  western  Asia  Xntci«(M»  is  replaced  by  tho  sub- 
(joniiH  Tilislis,  which  has  tho  teeth  2,5-4,2,  tho  scales  much  smaller  (70  to 
HOi,iinil  not  HJlvory,  tho  anal  fin  still  remaining  long, and  the  lateral  line 
coiii|ili'tc.  Tlio  American  species  called  Tigoma  and  Chionda  aro  very  close 
to  TdcKlin,  tVoni  which  they  diftor  only  in  tho  less  closely  imbricated 
scales,  most  of  tlieiii,but  not  all,havit:g  tho  short  anal  flu  generally  cliar- 
.lotfiisticof  Aincrican  Cjipriiiida:  7i7/(»»«can  not  bo  gonorically  separated 
from  Tilf-tra,  though  it  may  bo  a  question  whether  either  should  ln^  united 
Uil.iiiciM'iiK.  C/)n)»i(?<j  di tiers  from  Tiyoma  in  having  tho  long  anal  fin  of 
Lfiici^ciin,  IHrhdrilnoniuH  is  simply  an  extreme  form  o(  Chcondu.  tSihoma  is 
foiiiidcil  on  a  TUjoma  with  very  deep  body  and  tho  scales  less  loosely  indiri- 
catod  t!:aii  usual.  CUnoHiomua  is  a  peculiar  group  of  small,  flno-scaled 
niiiiniiw.s,  with  tho  gapo  of  the  mouth  larger  than  in  any  other  Cifprhiulm 
whatever.  Tho  relationship  of  tho  species  to  those  called  Ilicharthonins  is, 
however,  very  close.  The  typo  of  P/MmwHs  differs  from  LenchcuH  in  its 
iiicomiili  to  lateral  line  and  very  small  scales.  In  the  latter  respect  the 
8uli;,MMiiis  Ifdiiitirmia  forms  a  complete  transition  to  Xc«ci»c«8,  and  some  of 
its  speeirs  (as  murijarita)  have  tho  lateral  lino  scarcely  defective.  Cou- 
sideriiij,'  all  tho  known  species,  Phoxitiua  can  not  be  separated  from 
Ltiivisciis.  It  may  even  bo  necessary  to  merge  liiUiluH  and  its  American  rep- 
resentatives, Liucua  and  Mylolenciin,  in  tho  same  great  group.  (LeiicincuH, 
old  name  of  the  Dace,  from  Aevkoq,  white.) 

I.  Litoiiil  Vmr  ciiiiipleto  in  llio  adult. 
CI.  Mui.ih  iiiucliiate,  turiiiinal,  or  Kut)in(orior,  the  lower  jaw  included,  or  Bcarcely  projerting ; 
t'lth  iKinnally  2,  i-Ft,  2  ;  K-aleu  rather  Biiiali. 
h.  AiimI  liusis  short,  Its  rujd  7  iir  H,  riircly  '•> '  tiiiH  low ;  malcH  not  lirilliantly  ndored. 
SiUdMA,  (a  coined  namo  without  meaniL'^*): 


*IjikiMii;iiiy  oilier  of  Oirard's  Kcneric  names;  drawn  ontensildy  from  "words  taken  from  tho 
niirtii  Aiiarinm  [iidiauH  as  more  (aphonic  than  any  I  might  havo  framed  from  the  Grutjk." 


Ki- 


lt 


J    •! 


\i 


t 

1^  M 


i\ 


,  -  ^  ■  .*.  *-.■  'tid  ■-  JLii  Hi.'-"- 


'1 


c 


,• 


)  ti 


230 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


%V\ 


1     \ 


c,  Cauilul  ])('(lun(!li'  vcr;  <lu(  p  and  compreHBcd,  its  leant  duptli  nearly  equal  to  depth  of 
lioad;  dorsal  inserted  nbovo  ve  itrals;  scales  comparatively  large  and  well  iini.riditol, 
abuiit  fili.  niAHSiCAi  ip.s,  'Mi\. 

Tiau'<A,  (u  coined  nninu): 
(c.  Caudal  ncdiniclu  not  very  stout,  its  least  dipth  not  %  depth  of  head  ;  ^calis  jniall, 
not  closely  inliricated  ;  doi  al  UKually  inserted  l>ehind  ventrals. 
<\.  Scales  of  niediuni  size,  fiO  to  ITt  in  tlio  lateral  line  ;  young  with  the  In  lul  niw 
or  I.H8  conical  ;  adults  with  the  head  flattunud  and  the  hack  clevalid. 
t.  Species  from  the  Sacramento  Basin  ;  srulcs  large,  about  r>2. 

rONFilIlMIS,  Ml. 

ee.  Species  from  the  great  basins  of  Utah,  i^ovada,  Idaho,  and  Oren(.ii;  mal.., 

rather  large,  fill  to  (13. 

/.  Sides  of  body  abrujjtly  silvery  from  aline  just  above  lateral  liiii';  wcnlix 

i:mi(>-7.  Ill'  (.i,,.n,  3iM. 

ff.  Sides  of  body  scarcely  silvery,  the  scales  everywhere  much  ddlliij;  Iii«,| 

8ul)conical;  ej'o  small;  form  (^xtrei 'ely  variable.        i.ink.atis,  :1q;. 

eee.  Specii^s  from  the  basin  of  the  Bio  Grande;  mouth  large;  head  liii;,'c;  l(>?tli 

extremely  variable;  scales  I")  to  07.  nkjuim  ens,  %', 

eeee.  Species  from  the  baoin  of  Rio  Yaqui ;  scales  62  ;  body  robust. 

pi'iii'nii'.rs,  .ViS. 
eeeee.  Species  from  the  Gila  basin;   head  mor'  blunt;  scales  7:(  to  7.'i;  body 
rather  elongate.  intcrmkiiiis, .31)0. 

dil.  Scales  very  small,  80  in  the  lateral  line. 

g.  Head  depressed  above  ;    oack  elevated  with  age  ;    species  oi"   lar^'o  siz'  ; 
from  the  Gila  Biisin.  MiiEii,  ?,!». 

gg.  Head  not  depressed  ;   'he  back  not  elevated  ;  species  o'  nmall  size,  frmii 
the  Great  Basin  of  Utah.  ai.ki  i:.  :1T1. 

bb.  Anal  basis  long,  of  9  to  22  rays,  the  fins  all  high  ;  body  more  or  less  c(pni|)rc's,-(il; 
head  bluntish,  with  large  eye  ;  scales  moderate,  not  closely  imbricated,  Vi  toBMu 
lateral  line. 
CllEONnA,  (a  coined  .lame): 
h.  Anal  rays  9  to  lH,  usually  11. 

i.  Coloration  plain  ;  body  not  ranch  compressed.  cdiH'cni,  K. 

ii.  Coloration  not  plain  ;  sides  witli  a  dark  lateral  band,  or  with  two  dark  liands;  llio 
interspace;  andtlu;  b(Oly  bright  n;d  in  spring  males. 
j.  Boily  very  clecp,  the  depth  3  in  lengtn.  nrMi;ni,iiTi,,Cl. 

jj.  Body  modoi'alely  elongate,  the  depth  4  ^,o  4)^  in  length  ;   cheek  with  a  silvery  ur 
golden  crescent ;    a  pj^'o  streak  from  gill  opening  above  eye. 
A'.  Anal  rays  \i8ually  9  or  10  ;  two  dark  lateral  stripes.  KiiriKdius,  ll'l, 

V.V.  Anal  rays  usually  11  or  12  ;  one  dark  lateral  stripe,  forking  anterloily. 

nvDUiiiMii.ox,  llT.i. 
RiCHARDSONlus,  (named  for  Sir  John  Richardson): 
Ml.  Anal  rays  14    to  2'i,  usually  K! ;  body  much  compressed;  a  dark  lateral  Ktrijit'  ;  orcsdnl 
on  cheek  very  disfin  't.  iiAi.iK.^rrs,  Ha 

Clinostomus,  ((cAiVio,  to  incline  ;  trror.a,  mouth): 
aa.  Mouth  very  wide,  the  lower  jaw  much  i)rojecting  beyond  upper  ;  upper  lip  on  lln!  levi'l  nf 
the  middle  of  the  pupil  ;  maxillary  reaching  to  below  tl  e  i)upil  ;  body  elciriiatu,  com- 
pressed  ;  dorsal  well  back  ;  ma'es  with  red  pigment,  often  brilliantly  coli'iid. 
I.  Scales  moderate,  50  to  55  in  lateral  line.  VANi)i)i.<rn-8,  :i". 

n.  Sci'let!  minute,  (l.'i  to  70  in  lateral  line.  fi.iim;.\ii>,  'i'-- 

II.  Latenil  line  more  or  less  incomplete  ;  small  speoijs,  the  males  usually  brilliantly  columl, 
tii9  sides  and  belly  led  in  spring. 
PlloxiNUS,  (</)o(aos,  minnow;  from  (/>o$o«,  tapering;  the  old  name  of  the  T'^uropean  "niinnuw, 
ieiicwctM  pliojebum) : 
nt.  Scales  minute,  >J0  to  lUO  in  a  hmgitudinal  series  ;  lateral  line  very  short ;  snont  liluiit. 

.NDciii.Ki's,  3";i. 
Hemitremia,  {ritii-,  half;  rp^/txa,  aperture   =  lateral  line): 
mm.  Scales  moderate  or  large,  40  to  60  in  u  longitudinal  series;  lateral  lino  variously  devel- 
oped, sometimes  almost  complete. 


m 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        231 

,1.  Hialci  ill  11  loiiKitudiual  sorloa  52  to  fiO:  lateral  lino  well  doveloimil,  nearly  ompleto. 
0,  Siioiit  shiirt  and  very  blunt ;  month  cmiill,  "'-t  rca^'liing  orbit.  maruabita,380. 
oo.  Snout  siiliCdiiical ,  maxillary  nlM)ut  reaching  front  of  oyo.  orcutti,  381. 

Mil.  Sculi'H  in  a  longitmlinal  sorics  40to  45  ;  lateral  lino  more  or  less  doveloiK-d. 

J).  C'lindiil  with  a  distinct  black  sjiot.  milnehianus,  382. 

jiji.  Caudal  witliont  diittinct  black  spot.  i-lammeus,  383. 

I  .TiciiTnvs,,  (iwTo,  llie  smallest  letter  ;  ix*us.  fl»l' ;  from  the  small  size.) 
iiimw.  Scales  in  a  lougitudiual  series  about  ijJ  ;  no  caudal  spot  |  no  trace  of  laceral  line. 

puLEULiuo:<°T:H,  384. 
Subgenus  SI  BOM  A,  Glrard. 

8«3.  LEUCISCUS  CRASSICAUDA  (Uaird  k  Girird). 

(Sacramento  Ciiub.) 

IIoaiHi;  depth  3;  eye  5.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  9-56-7;  teeth  2;  5-4, 2,  usually 
without  grinding  surface.  Body  short,  deep,  compressed,  the  antedorsal 
lejiioii  arched,  the  caudal  peduncle  nearly  as  deep  as  long,  about  as  deep 
ay  tlie  head.  Head  conic,  the  profile  steep,  the  muzzle  short  and  rather 
pointed.  Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  jaws  nearly  equal ;  upper  lip  on  the 
level  of  lower  part  of  pupil;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  eye; 
istiiiims  very  narrow ;  preoibital  nearly  as  deep  as  long.  Eye  small,  ante- 
rior. Fins  low.  Dorsal  fin  oppos!'"  ventrals,  nearer  caudal  than  snout ; 
caiula,'  tin  short,  little  forked,  scarcely  broader  than  the  very  deep  caudal 
})e(liiiiclo,  the  spines  of  the  caudal  vertebno  very  strong.  Scales  large, 
latlier  closely  imbricated,  their  exposed  surfaces  rather  deeper  than  long; 
2(!  doales  before  dorsal.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Color  brownish:  sides 
white ;  young  spotted  above ;  scales  e  •'ery  where  with  dark  dots ;  fins  plain. 
Lei!;;th  12  inches.  Rivers  of  California ;  generally  abundant  in  the  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin,    (crassus,  fat ;  cauda,  tail.) 

leucixnuKjIhhomi',  Ayres,  Daily  Plact.  Times  and  Transcript,  May  30,1854,  San  Francisco,  not 

of  Sb.rer,  1845. 
l.ariiim  <  (v(>«iV((H-/o,  Baird  &  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1854, 137,  San  Joaquin  River. 
ri./.;»iii  (iKw.i,*  GiiiAiu),  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  207,  Sa-:ramento  River. 
St/wHiK  cnvskatKla,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  iN'at.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  208,  aad  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  296 

1808. 
Leiicisriiscramauuhi,  Gl'NTHER,  Cat.,  VII,  243,  1868. 
S<imliiis  ijihhusus,  JoBHAN  &  GllBEllT,  Sy-iopsis,  239,  1883. 
Sijmliii.:  mtmm,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Sym  pais,  241,  1883. 

Subgenus  TIGOMA,  Girard. 

3«4.  LEUCISCIJS  CONFORMIS  (Bairl  &  Girard). 

Head  3A;  depth  3^;  eye  5.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  9-52-5.  Body  robust,  rather 
elevated.  Head  moderate,  the  mouth  rather  small,  oblique ;  maxillary  not 
(juite,  reaching  eye.  Eye  mod.  rate.  Dorsal  tin  considerably  behind  ven- 
tiiiis.  Scales  large;  lateral  line  decurved.  Purplish  brown  above,  yel- 
lowit^li  below.  Length  4  inches.  Tulare  Valley,  California ;  only  the 
.ypes  known;  apparently  close  to  L.  craasic-^uda,  hut  with  larger  scales; 
perhaps  the  young  of  the  same  species,     (conformia,  uniform.) 

tn,  mm  ,;.,it'oniii)i,  Baikd  &  GiKARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1*54, 137  ;  Peso  Creek,  Tulare 

County,  California.    (Coll.  Heermann.) 
Tiijwiin  iniiformis,  Girard,  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.,  x,  289,  1858. 
SijKiiliimriiiij.minK,  JoRUAN  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  237, 1883. 

■Teoth  with  narrow  grinding  surface;  scales  10-57-7;  head  4  ;  depth  3J^,  in  Girard's  typo, 
wliich  was  10 inches  long.    (Coll.  Dr.  J  S.  Newberry.) 


'   i 


\ 


L  I 


I    i 


llM^ 


.  J- 


r  ! 


iii 


[■If 


|T 


!  1 


!  i 


I  1' 


'■  1 

(  f 


,' 


fn 


..-<-*='.' £-.-r>->l.,t.a 


:J 


r-;k 


I 


i.ll.§l 


M 


i#i 


i  -r         ;- 

t  >■  ■ 

t                      ; 

> 
»  ■ 

i: 

^    ■     J' 

|i' 

io|ti 

IlH'; 

1  ';n  1 

232 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


866.  LKrCISCl'S  BHOLOB*  (Oinird). 

Head  3};  depth  3it;  eye  small,  6.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  13-60-7;  teeth  2, 5-5, 2. 
Body  robust,  heavy  anteriorly,  tapering  backward.  Head  long,  moiith 
large,  the  maxillary  reaching  eye.  Lateral  line  decurved.  DorHiil  lin 
inserted  almost  directly  over  ventrals;  lins  rather  small.  Dusky  .'iliove, 
sides  and  bblow  silvery,  the  color  contrasting  with  that  of  tho  liack. 
Length  12  inches.     Klamath  Lake,  Oregon.     (fri>o/or,  two-colored.) 

Tiijonm  hirnlar,  GiiiAnii,  I'roc  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18.'>f),  206,  Klamltth  Lake,  Oregon;  and 
Pur.  n.  I{.  Surv.,  x,'.i8!t,  l«r)8.     (Typo,  No.  2.14.     Coll.  .T.  S.  NcwlKTry.) 

Chdmila  <;(n(/.K,t  GiBAiti),  /.  c,  1850,  207,  Lost  River,  Oregon.  (Typn,  No.  237  (2700).  Coll. 
J.  S.  NcwlM.rry.) 

Bqitnlins  timileut,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1883,  140 ;  Jobdan  &  GlLBKn,  Synopsis,  241, 
1883. 

iSijuuIius  hiculor,  Jobdan  &  Oilbebt,  Synopsis,  237, 1883. 


866.  LEUCISCrS  LINEATUS  (Girard). 

(Gbeat  Ciiun.    Ciiuii  or  Utah  Lake.) 

Head  3|;  depth  3i;  eye  7.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  10-155  to  63-5;t  teeth  2,5-4,2, 
short  and  stout,  one  of  them  with  grinding  surface.  Body  robust,  elevated 
anteriorly,  the  sides  compressed,  although  the  back  is  very  broad.  Head 
broad,  the  interorbital  space  llattish.  Adnlt  with  tho  profile  concavo,  the 
young  with  profile  straight  or  convex.  Snout  broad,  elevated  at  tip;  pre- 
maxillary  on  level  of  pupil.  Mouth  very  oblique,  tho  mandible  project- 
ing; maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Eye  small,  anterior,  If  in  snout. 
Isthmus  very  narrow.  Scales  large,  subequal,  broadly  exposed,  tirm. 
Lateral  line  decurved.  Dorsal  nearly  median,  inserted  directly  over  ven- 
trals; caudal  evenly  forked,  the  peduncle  long  and  deep.  Pectorals  short, 
extending  three-tifths  the  distance  to  ventrals ;  ventrals  about  to  vent. 
Lower  fins  short.  Color  blackish ;  everywhere  dark ;  the  scales  much  dotted 
and  with  darker  edges,  which  often  form  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales; 
males  without  red.  Length  12  to  15  inches.  One  of  the  largest  and  tnost 
widely  distributed  species,  found  everywhere  in  the  Great  Basin  of  Utah, 
and  also  abundant  in  the  Snake  River  Basin  above  the  Sho^ihouo 
Falls  as  far  as  the  Yellowstone  Park.    Extremely  destructive  to  other 

*Mr.  Barton  A.  Bean,  who  has  kindly  reexamined  tho  typos  of  Tigoma  bicolor,  writes  to  us: 
"The  typos  of  Tigoma  bicoloriuxd  Sihomn  (i/ronVi  differ  greatly  lu  form,  color,  tind  somewhiit  in 
size  of  sniles.  Alniria  ip  more  robust  than  hirolor,  iis  srales  aro  lartjor,  and  its  color  (piito  dis- 
tinct. Tho  Milvcry  color  on  the  sides  of  T.  hirolor,  (extends  from  considoriihly  above  tlic  laliial 
line  to  all  tho  lower  imrts.  Tho  Bcales  of  bknlor  count  13-60-7,  whilo  in  S.  atratia  of  tin-  sumo 
Bize  they  aro  but  ll-r)2-/>3.  In  younger  examples  there  arise  a  larger  number  of  scales,  I  Iw  type 
of  draria  having  11-55." 

iT.ettciiats  ricni'eus,  (GiBABP).  Head  3%;  depth  4}^.  D.  9;  A.  7;  Bcales  13-01-7  in  t.vpe; 
teeth  2,  5-5  2,  with  narrow  grinding  surface.  Body  slender,  subfusiform.  Head  siendiT,  tlie 
snout  long,  conical,  rather  flattened  above,  .laws  equal,  the  maxillary  reaci<ing  to  orliit. 
Dorsal  fin  inserto<l  behind  ventrals;  anal  An  quite  small.  Lateral  line  decurvod.  Uusky  Iduish 
above,  pale  below;  scaleii  ovcry where  with  lino  punctulations.  Iiost  River,  Oregon;  ccitiiinly 
identical  with  L.  bicolor.  Tho  original  typo  has  tiie  head  longer,  the  snout  much  lon^i  r  and 
pointed,  tho  mouth  hirtjor,  the  maxillary  longer  and  loss  oblique,  tho  eye  somewhat  laijriT,  aud 
the  top  of  tho  head  more  Hat  than  in  Lmicuickk  Hnealiig. 

{Scales  12-63-7  is  the  most  usual  number  in  the  Snake  Biver  Basin.  Tho  number  nwm^  to 
vary  from  53  to  63. 


■;;a 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


233 


IisIk  H.  .sixMially  to  young  trout.  Varies  greatly  with  age  and  surronnd- 
iiiTO.  'II'"  I'roHoiit  description  iH  talien  primarily  from  Utah  Lake  spoci- 
imiis,  lyiiical  of  L.  atrariua.  We  have  examined  specimens  from  Utah 
Lakr,  I'tovo  River,  Hear  River,  Jordan  River,  Sevier  River,  Heart  Lake, 
;iii(l  .liicksoii  Lake,  Wyoming,  and  other  streams  tributary  to  Snake  River.* 
(liiiuittis,  streaked,  a  character  usually  not  conspicuous,  and  produced  by 
till'  jialtr  cell  tors  of  the  scales  contrasting  with  the  dotted  edges.) 

Ti'i'mi'i  I""'''",  fiiiiAitn,  Prnc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  20fl ;  locality  unknown,  tyiw  lost. 

(Ci.ll.  DciUwith.) 
7„/,„„.i  -,)..«...  (iiiiAiin,  I'ror.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  lK5f>,  200,  Salt  Lake  Valiey;  aii<l  Pac.  U.  H. 

Siirv,,  X,  '-'!«•,  lsri8;  tlio  name  nbetim  prooccupied  in  Ijeitciiu-ns.     (Typo,  No.  2773.    Coll.  Bow- 

niHii.) 
Sihfin,(  ■iiniri.i.  (iiKAKH,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18j")ti,  208,  Utah  District  near  the  Desert, 

((',,11.  ll.(k\vitli);  aiKl  Pac  U.  U.  .Surv.,  x,  297,  18.58. 
Ti'i'-mii  M/"'ii».(/(i,  Ciii.i.,  Priic.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1861,  42;  anil  Ichtli.  ('apt.  SimjiHon'B  Expl., 

I^"(;,  4(i.'i,  Salt  Lake  Basin  ;  a  very  doop-boUietl  example;  scales  lo-fiO-.'J.    (Type,  No.  2C07. 

(•(,11.  C.  S.  McCarthy.) 
l'i;,t,Y,iii<ili>niiiwi(ii,  CorE,  Ilaydon's  Geol.  Surv.  Mont,  for  1871,  47.3,  1872,  Snak«;  River,  Fort 

Hall,  Idaho,  (Coll.  Ciirrington);  a  very  young  oxainplo  with  inconiplcto  lateral  line  and 

tiTth  2,  1-4,  1;  Fcah'8  O-.W-fi;  JnnnAN  AOimiKKT,  Syiiopsin,  2():l,  188:t. 
;/i//...;i«is ),in7/ii/ii«,  Cin-y.,  IIiiydctn'fi(Ji'(iI.  Siirv.  Mont,  for  1871, 1872,  474,  Warm  Springs,  Utah, 

(('.,11.  Cirriiigfon);  junng  with  teeth  2,  4-4,  2 ;  Hcalos  12-.5;?-ll. 
;////...j)«N  /i»(;mM"|/CH«i«,  CiipE,  Proc.  Anicr.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.,  1874,  134,  Tim-panogos,  Utah; 

yipiin);  with  iticoinplrto  lateral  liiu? ;  wales  ll!-.'j'2-2,  and  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     (Typ<i,  No.  15769. 

(■(,11.  F.  Klctt);  (.'<ii'K  &  Yarrow,  Zoiil.  Whooler  Surv.,  654,  1875. 
.S'i7,.)m.i  .i/.vir/.i.  iiml  variety  W/icc^w.t  Coi'K,  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Surv.,  (>67, 1875,  (1876),  Snake  Creek 

Valley,  Nevada,  near  the  Utah  line,  and  near  the  Sevier  Basin,  belonging  to 

the  drainage  of  Lake  Bonneville.    (Type,  Nos.   12910,  15770,  1,5782.     Coll.  Yarrow; 

V.  (i.  Newberry.) 
S'lualim  rhiimahm,  JoiiDAN  &  Gii.nERT,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  461,  very  old ;  scales  10-55-5, 

Utah  Lake.    (Cull.  .Jordan.) 
SfjiKiliiis  .;ii.,r<».'.,  .(iiRiiAN  Sc  (JirnERT,  /.  c,  460,  1880,   Provo  River;    scales  H-56-6 ;  young. 

(Type,  No.  lidSdC.     (^oll.  Madsen.) 
Miiiiiiliis  l'iritliii'(.'',  .ioiiDAN  ikGii.iiKRT,  Synopsis,  195,1883. 
Miiiiiiliin  iiiiii"iiiii[it')iiiiii,  ,IoKi)AN  A  Gii.UKKT,  Synojisip,  1!(6,  1883. 
Sfiiiiiliiis  n-ii'in  IIS  and  rhxinnleiis,  .Jordan  .fe  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  234,  240, 1883. 
.'v/ii(i/ii((i  /iiiciidis,  .JoiiDAN  &  Oii.nERT,  Syuopsis,  236,  1883. 
iiilii,t],\i!i  ,i\„ms,  .ToitnAN  it  Gii.iiERT,  SyiiopsiB,  237,  1S83. 

,s'./im'ii,s  rt//vWi,,-,  .loiiDAN  it  GiMiEUT,  .Synopsis,  241, 1883 ;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  1889, 33. 
Simtlins  fijiiiimulw',  .JouDAN  &  GiLiiERT,  Synopsis,  241,  1883. 

3«7.  LEUCISCIS  XHJKKS('EXS(Girard). 
(Pescadito;  Cmni  of  the  Rio  Grande.) 

Uoin\  1!, ;  depth  4^ ;  eye  about  6.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  15-67  (60  to  67)-10; 
tw^Mi  1,  1-1, 1,  or  1, 4-5, 2,  usually  without  grinding  surface.  Body  rather 
Nli'iuler,  little  compressed.  Head  rather  long  and  pointed.  Mouth  moder- 
ate, oliliiiiio,  terminal,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  about  reach- 
iiifj;  front  of  eye.  Eye  rather  small.  Scales  moderate.  Lateral  line 
(leciuved.  Fins  large;  dorsal  behind  ventrals,  its  tip  when  depressed 
reaciiino  the  posterior  base  of  the  anal;  pectorals  nearly  reaching  ventrals. 


♦This  Hpeoies  has  been  attrilmted  to  Lake  Tahoo,  apparently  hy  error,  Rulilm  olivacetu  having 

|,i(il,:lily  liceii  inli^taken  for  It. 

t'l  liis  vnrlety  i.s  said  to  differ  from  the  typical  form  in  having  the  head  longer  and  the  scales 

liup'r.     Scales  l'.i-5t)-,5. 


i    1 


. 

^\ 

5 

» 
J 

i 

■ 

^ 

i 

li 


w 

I  ilfl 

■   r 

■  i 

'  :»     . 

i: 

ft 

( 

"  i' ' 

c 

:  !■'  ■ 

■[;■ 

!   VV 


t  \ 


i<  ' 


!t 


'P 


234 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


W    ,:' 


I'l 


Coloratiou  ilusky  abov«;  silvery  below;  males  with  the  axil  nd;  gjdjg 
with  a  vague  di.sky  liaiid;  young  with  a  black  caudal  spot.  Leiii^ali  ttto 
12  inches.  Rio  (iraudo  Basin,  from  San  Luis  Park  to  Mexico,  evui  v\vlier« 
abundant  in  eddies  and  deep  places  in  the  river.  Variable,  the  ilcntition 
especiallv  so.  The  present  description  from  specimens  taken  in  tlio  Rio 
Grande  at  Alamosa,  corresponding  to  L.  pandora ;  further  south  tlir  Hpeciex 
grows  larger  with  the  back  higher,  the  head  more  depressed.  Probal)! v  all 
are  the  same  species.     {nigreacetiH,  h\acliiB\i.)  « 

Gila  pulchella,  Baird  A  GlKAiin,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  ScJ.  I'hila.,  IS.I},  29,  Rio  Mimbres,  Lake  Guz- 
man, Chihuahua;  BcalugTiC;  teoth  2,  5-4,  2;  not  Uncincus  piiklielliu,  Storek.  (Typi',  Sn 
23.3.     Coll.  Clark.) 

Tigoniii  niyremrnii,  Girari),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  2<>7,  Baca  Grande  and  Rio  Janos. 
Chihuahua.     (Typo,  No.  210.     Coll.  Konntrly.) 

Tigoma piilchra,  (tiRARD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  207,  Chihuahua  River:  icctli  1,  4-i, 
1,  without  grinding  Biirraco;  Rcalos  13-G7-7;  color  bright.  (Tyiic,  Noa.  227  ami  Ti»  (278j|. 
Coll.  Potts);  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Ichtli.,  0.5,  1859. 

ClinoHtnmm  2><in<lora,  Cope,  nay<Ion'8  (Jeol.  Surv.  Mont,  for  1871,  476,  1872,  Tributaries  Rio 
Grande,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass;  Bcale»  17-5'.)-10  to  18-C5-1!;  toctli  1,  4-4,  1  In  j,  4-5,  j, 
witli  or  without  grinding  Burfaco,  (Type,  Nos.  157C1,  1S984,  16085,  15087,  and  i«iKiO.  Coll, 
Cope,  Aiken,  Yarrow.) 

aUa  gula,  Vmvv.,  Zoiil.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.,  v,  661,  1875,  (1876),  Rio  de  Acama,  and 
near  Fort  Wingate,  New  Mexico;  largo  Biiocimens  with  the  scales  16-0(111,  aud  tlir 
mouth  largo;  the  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.     (Type,  No.  16979.    Coll.  Ilcnshaw.) 

Cltemula  modestn,  Gakhan,  Bull.  3Ius.  Coinp.  Zoiil.,  viii,  92,  1881,  Rio  Salinas,  Saltillo. 
Coahuila;  scales  14-65-9;  lioad  3*^;  depth  3.%. 

Tigoma  contpema*  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  viii,  92,  1881,  Rio  Nazas,  Coahuila. 

SquaUtm  pandora,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  235,  1883. 

Stjiialimgufa,  .ToRhAN  <fe  GlMiERT,  Synopsis,  236,  1883. 

S(itudiiis2>'tlchera,nd piilclieniin,  Jordan  <fc  Gilbert,  .'Synopsis,  230,  238,  1883. 

SiitMliun  cmmpernii,  Jordan  &  Gilhert,  Synoiisis,  230,  1883. 

Bqualiiw  nigresceun,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  242,  1883;  scales  16-70-10;  teeth  'i,  t,  with  trinJ- 
ing  surface. 

Squalim  viodeslu$,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  242, 1883. 

868.  LEUCISCl'S  PUBPUHKIIS  (Girard). 

Head  3^;  depth  3}.  A.  8;  scales  13-62-8;  teeth  1,  4-?,  f .  Stout  and  com 
pressed;  head  long.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Dorsal  fin  slightly  behind 
ventrals.  Fins  all  small.  Blackish  above,  pale  below.  Sau  Hernardiuo 
Creek  in  southern  Arizona,  a  tributary  of  Rio  Yaqui.  Only  known  from 
Girard's  type.  It  is  not  impossible  that  both  intemiedius  and  nvjrcDcens  inav 
prove  indistinguishable  frova.  purpureua,  and  very  likely  niger  also  nia.v  be 
the  same.  In  view,  however,  of  the  general  difference  in  the  faiinn'  ol 
the  Rio  Grande,  Yaqui,  and  Gila,  we  admit  the  three  species  as  distiuct. 
(purpureua,  purple.) 

Tigoma  purpurea,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  20(),  San  Bernardino  Creeli,  Ari- 
zona.    (Coll.  Konnerly.) 
Squalius  pitrptireuK,  Jordan  &,  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  238,  1883. 


*Tigoma  cotuperm.  Form  of  Leveitcm  niger.— Head  3% ;  depth  3%.  D.  8  ;  A.  S ;  "tocth  4, 1-1. 
4,  clawed;"'  scales  13-69-9.  Proflleof  head  concave,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Fei™j 
als  extending  three-fourths  distance  to  ventrals,  which  reach  vent.  Brown  iibovcj  ecaM 'i 
iMck  and  sides  siieckled  with  darker;  an  obscure  dusky  lateral  shade.  Bio  Na/.ius,  Oo»niiila,» 
tributary  of  Laguua  del  Muerte. 


•  ^  ^  t'.j.'ii- .v.= ».,■.* -jr^' ' 


Tordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         235 

3«9.  LKrCISCUS  IXTKBMKDH'S(Oiranl). 

Iload  .^i;  <loptli  4.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  tr)-7:Wt.  Allied  to  L.  vigrescenii, 
l.iit  from  a  dilieient  river  hasiu.  Body  elongate,  heavy  forward,  the 
(Miidiil  iiidiinclo  slender.  Head  long,  rather  pointed,  broad  above, 
(l,.]irt'Hs«Ml  over  the  eye;  mouth  large,  oblique,  the  .jaw8  eciual,  the  nmxil- 
laiv  MiHt  reaching  eye.  Fins  moderate,  the  dorsal  behind  vontrals;  pec- 
toriiKs  li'iig,  nearly  reaching  ventrals.  Color  dusky  everywhere,  with 
dark  (lotH.  t'lie  sides  soiled  silvery;  a  plumbeous  lateral  streak;  fins  plain. 
Stales  75  in  lateral  line,  in  our  specimen  from  Rio  Sania  Cruz  at  Tucson. 
(iila  Hasin.  Very  close  to  //.  piirpnreuH,  but  that  species  has  apparently 
liii'i  r  Hrales,  and  belongs  to  another  river  basin,  {inttrmediua,  iuterme- 
,i,.n,,_l„itween  L.  pnlchelUin  and  L.  imrpuretiH.) 

'/;,,,.,„„  ,„i.nu,i\m,  (iiuAitP,  Proc.  Ar.  Niit.  Si'i.  I'liilii.,  185fi,  20G,  Rio  San  Pedro  of  the  Gila. 

'   (•,,|,,ratii)riHilviTy  with  (link  dots;  sciilos  ir>-7:i-<J.     (T.vpc,  No.  23'2.     ("oil.  Clark.) 
S/pi>r/i"« /.'»'"""',*  1!'"*A  Smith.  I'ioc.  Cnl.  Ac.  Sci.,  1884,  3,  Rillito  Creek,  near  Tucson,  Ari- 
zona.    (Coll.  J.  0.  Lenimou.) 
S./iM'/<M<  .n(in»ie(i(us,  JoBDAN  &.  (JiLBEUT,  Synoiwis,  2;;8,  1883. 

a70.  LElTCISCrS  MOEB  (Oopo). 

ITca(l,3J;  depth,  3?;  eye  rather  large,  5  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  8;  lateral 
line  W;  teeth  2,  4-5,  2,  said  l»y  (Jirard  to  have  a  developed  grinding  sur- 
Cace,  wliicli,  however,  we  are  unable  t )  find.  Body  robust,  the  back  ele- 
vattil  anteriorly,  the  caudal  ppduncle  shortened  and  not  very  stout. 
Occiinit  dopres.sed.  Head  large.  Mouth  large,  moderately  oblique,  the 
lower  jaw  included,  the  maxillary  extending  to  pupil.  Fins  small, 
the  (loisal  well  backward.  Scales  small,  posteriorly  smaller  and  more 
crowded.  Lateral  line  little  decurved.  Color  dusky,  the  scales  with 
black  (lots.  Kio  Gila.  A  large  species,  perhaps  not  distinct  from  L. 
inld'niidiiis,  the  scales  apparently  a  little  smaller,  the  diflereuces  in  form 
no  doiilit  duo  to  age.  (niijcr,  black.) 
Cihi  .;i(/..>w,  r.Aiiiii  .V  i;iii.Mii>,  I'rcM-.  \i\  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.,  18.')4,  28,  Rio  Santa  Cruz,  Arizona; 

(llir  iiiiim'»!/iWi<)su  is  twico  preoccupied  in  Leucinam).      (Type,  No    222  (277.">).     (Coll.  Clark; 

llnrili^iMll.) 

7'i;;i-m'i  ijihl»Mi,  (liitAUD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  207,  and  U.  S.  Mox.  Bound.  Surv., 

lilitli,,<M,  lN^)!t. 
dill  th.jn,,  CoiT,  Zoi.l.  Wliool(>r'8  Kxpl.  W.  loeth  Mer.,  v,  GCS,  1875,  (187(1),  Ash  Creek  and  San 

Carlos.  Arizona;  Bciiles  78  to  ,s7.     (Type,  No.  l(i!)72.     Coll.  lluushuw.) 
Sipialim  iitijer,  Jcjkdan  i  GiLUKUT,  Synopsis,  239,  1883. 


*T1k'  Inlliiwinc  is  tlio  description  published  by  Miss  Smith  (Mrs.  Eigonmann): 
.s,,ii,i/iH.s  h;„iii.,iii:  Head  3'.^  W»);  depth  :ig  (IJ);  length  Iil4  inches;  D.  8;  A.  8.  Body  not 
rnmli  (iiiii|inRst(l,  Init  ratlur  slender;  the  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  about  eqtnilly  undied. 
Iliail  snlicxiiiciil,  little  compressed,  nearly  as  wide  as  dee]i,  and  Hat  on  top;  maxillary  oblique, 
rciic'liiii;.'  fn  lit  of  eye,  lowir  juw  barely  included;  diameter  of  eye  not  quite  equal  to  snout,  1!., 
iiirli  iiilinirliitiil  ppiue,  1'..  in  lie.ad.  Teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  with  evident  grinding  surface  on  three  in 
till' fTiTulcr  row.  I'rteiidobi'anohifi' present.  Isthmus  narrow.  ScalesliS.  l-ateral  lino  decurved, 
Imt  nut  slioiifjly.  ."<cales  largest  on  sides  anteriorly;  much  smaller  on  dorsal  and  ventral  sur- 
lair>.  Sialcs  nut  very  tirm,  a  few  rubbed  otf  from  each  of  the  four  examples  studied.  Insertion 
il  iliiiMil  till  very  sliglitly  behind  ventrals,  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Pectorals  IV,  iu 
luail;  ventrals  2  in  bend,  very  nearly  reaching  vent.  Pepth  of  caudal  pcilunelo2  in  its  length. 
Coliir  i;iniially  smutty.  Top  of  head,  from  tip  of  snout  to  orciput,  evenly  bluish  black,  sharply 
s('|>aratln^  tin'  liead  from  the  trunk;  a  median  blackish  streak  from  occiput  to  base  of  cuuda*. 
]ialiT  liiliind  dorsal.  A  leaden  band  about  as  wide  as  eye  from  upper  angle  of  oporcle  to  biiso  of 
ciuiilul,  ninuinK  higher  than  the  lateral  lino  except  at  its  posterior  fourth,  where  it  is  upon  the 
latiral  lim'.  ISidcsot  headandbody  dusky  from  numerous  dark  punctulatloD:).  Below,  plain  white 
friini  cliiii  to  insertion  of  anal.  Fins  all  dusky.  Peritoneum  blackish.  Described  from  four 
s|u'ciniins  (tlir  largest  5!,.^  inches  long)  collected  in  Arizona  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Lemmon,  for  whom 
till'  HM'clis  i.s  named.  These  specimens  have  been  donated  by  the  collector  to  the  California 
Ai  ailin.y  uf  Sciences.  Mr.  Lemmon  states  that  he  found  these  fishes  iu  Rillito  Creek,  a  small 
Htriain  nt'  the  .'^anta  Catulina  Mountains,  saveu  miles  north  of  Tucson,  Arizona,  and  that  the 
largest  cues  caught  were  about  ten  inches  in  length. 


■i  ^•'   ' 


P  '  i 


I  ii  I'll 

1    i  -' 

■  1.1 


-  I: 

I 


(  i 


I  i 


i5 
.  1 

! 

'  1 


,    i 


i 


i 


i.(: 


►     ..    I, 


'  I' 


>  t 

I; 

I* 


t'V 


T 


^ 


m 


2M> 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


liil 


* 


ii 


lllll 


«W 


»71.  LKlCISri'S  Aliin.K  (Jiiiiv). 
([jK.atiiki(-hii>i:i>  Minnhw.j 
Head  4i ;  doptli  3J ;  eye  3J  to  4.  D.  8;  A.  X;  Hcales  about  1!'-8(M2; 
teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  typically  without  };riudiii};  surface,  hut  suhject  to  an 
iinuHual  amount  of  iri'0|rulurity,  occanioually  2,  4-1,  1  or  2,  ami  soino- 
times  with  jjfrindiuff  surface.  Body  comparatively  elongate  juhI  coin- 
pressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  long  and  rather  slender.  Head  short ,  ratlin 
hroad  and  tlattish  above,  the  interorbital  space  convex  and  broadii  tlmn 
the  eye.  Eye  moderate,  as  long  as  snout.  Mouth  rather  sniall,  low, 
tenninal,  oblique,  the  premaxillarj'  just  below  level  of  pupil,  tlio  maxil- 
lary reaching  to  Just  beyond  front  of  eye.  Di.rsal  fin  inserted  soiiicwhat 
behind  ventrals.  Pectorals  short,  not  reaching  nearly  to  ventials,  tlii' 
latter  not  to  vent.  Scales  very  small.  Lateral  line  somewhat  diMMirvnl 
Klnish  olive  above,  with  dark  points  ;  sides  silvery,  a  dusky  lateral 
shade;  fins  nearly  plain;  axils  red  in  the  males;  coloration  in  sjiii  its  very 
pale,  largely  silvery.  Length  C  inches.  Great  lUisin  of  Utah;  very 
abundant  in  the  Bear,  Provo,  Jordan,  and  Sevier  rivers ;  not  known  out- 
Bide  the  limits  of  the  old  Lake  Bonneville,  except  from  Little  Wooil 
River,  Idaho,  where  it  has  recently  been  found  by  Gilbert  and  Evoniiann, 
who  found  that  the  fauna  of  the  Upper  Snake  River  in  Idaho  is  pia(  lically 
identical  with  that  of  Lake  Bonneville.     (Named  for  Mrs.  Alice  Juiiy.l 

Tiijonin  gracilis,  GiRAun,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri,  Diiln.,  ISSCi,  20fi,  locality  unknown,  (f'..i|.  ]\ix\i. 

witli);  llio  typo  lost;  tlin  iinino  (/i-i((i7('.s' preocriiiiipil  in  I.eiicisnis. 
S7im/iH«oo;M'i,  .louDAV  &  Oii.iiF.UT,  rri)c  U.S.  Nat.  Bins.,  1880,401,  Bear  River,  Evanston, 

Wyoming  ;  .Ioiidan  Si  Gimikiit,  S.vtiopflis,  238,  188:! ;  not  Li'iicisfns  rnpii,  (iCNTiiKi; 
SijiialiiiH  nliciii,  .Torv,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  1881,  19,  Provo  River  near  Utah  Lake.    (Tyiit-, 

No.  27412.    Coll.  Jobdan);  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopsiB,  238,  1883. 

Subgenus   CHEONDA,  Girard. 

372.  LEUCISCUS  COOPEKI  (Girard). 

Head  4^;  depth  4};  eye  large,  ii  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  11  or  12;  lateral 
line  63.  Body  rather  elongate,  subfusiform,  much  compressed.  Head 
moderate,  the  snout  thickish,  siibconical,  slightly  projecting.  Moutli 
oblique,  the  maxillary  not  quite  rejiching  to  eye.  Fins  Large,  the  anal 
notably  so.  T)orsal  somewhat  behind  ventrals.  Coloration  reddish  (jrav; 
sides  and  bally  silvery.  Lower  Columbia  River.  Known  only  from  tlie 
original  type,  above  described.  (Named  for  Dr.  John  G.  Cooper,  of  Oak 
land,  one  of  the  pioneer  naturalists  of  California.) 

Oienndit  cooperi,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  207,  Fort  Vancouver  ;  iiii'l  Par  B. 

R.  Surv.,  X,  294, 18r)8.     (Type,  No.  238.     Coll.  Dr.  J.  G.  Coojier.) 
Leticinniti  innpiri,  GrNriiKU,  Oat.,  vii,  243,  1868. 
Sqtialius  cooperi,  .ToRPAN  A  Gilbert,  SynoppiB,  242,  1883. 

37».  LKUCISCrS  HITMBOLDTI  (Girard). 

Head  4;  depth  3;  eye  large,  4.  D.  8;  A.  12;  scales  12-5G-8 ;  1peth2, 
4-5,1.  Body  short  and  deep  ;  head  moderate;  mouth  terminal,  "hliqiiCi 
the  cleft  rather  short,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Lateral  line 
moderately  decurved.  Dorsal  fin  rather  behind  ventrals ;  anal  fin 
elongate.    Color  bluish ;  sides  with  two  dusky  lateral  bands.    Humboldt 


■•'i   I 


Jordan  anJ  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         237 

Ki\.  I,  Nt'Viida  ;  iicrliai»8  identical  willi  /-.  viimjiiiH,  hut  tlu^  t.vp»)  8|)«)cimou 
IS  iniiili  ilf<i>t)r  tlmii  any  njrtijlux  wo  havo  scon.     (Namoa  for  Alexaudor 

VDii  lliiiiilmitlt.) 

,, ,  , ;„,/,;/,,  (iiRAUii,  Prof.  Ar.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliilft.,  IWd,  'JCKl,  Humboldt  River,  Nevada; 

'  Ii„l  i':i.    U.  II.  Siirv.,  X,  2111,  IMS.     (T)|»',  Num.  'J'i:.,  2'Jii.     <'oll.  llowiimii;  Uckwith.) 

^,„.,l,„»h"n<h.,rili,  JUKUAN    \    (ill.llKllT,  Syil..|.HiH,  'IM,  188:j. 

»74.  LKr<IS(  IS  KOKKtarS  (QiruiiJ). 

Il.ail  :iS  to  ti: depth  ;{,!  titlj;  eye  4J.  1).  8;  A.  9;  oculos  I'Jor  13-52to56-6 
to  ,s.  I'fi'th  2,  I-."!,  2,  w  itliont  griiidinj;  surfaco.  Eye  larj?o.  IJody  rather 
k.Imi-i,  .ompit'Msed.  Moutli  ohliciue,  the  jaws  ecpial,  tlie  maxillary  about 
icacliiii„'  t'liiiit  of  eye.  Fins  all  liij^li,  the  anal  shorter  than  in  L.  hydro- 
j,lil,i.r.  Mack  hlackish,  with  a  broad  blackisli  vertebral  streak  ;  usually 
two  iianillfl  dark  bands  alonj?  anterior  thirdof  sides,  separated  by  aligut 
^li.aii  (iin'-liaif  width  of  pupil.  In  life  this  light  interspace  is  Hushed 
witli  11(1.  I'o.steriorly  the  two  dark  bands  merge  into  a  single  median  one 
oil  (  aiulal  iK'duncloaiid  the  lower  issoinetimes  wanting ;  belly  golden,  with 
Mime  nil  m  males.  A  l)road  red  streak  nearly  as  wide  as  orltit  bordering 
the  dark  lateral  ftreak  and  extending  to  opposite  front  of  anal.  Top  of 
head,  siKiiit,  chin,  and  an  irregular  band  behind  eye  blackish;  axil  scar- 
let; a  j^'didou  crescent  on  cheek;  fins  unmarked.  Length  3^  inches. 
Nevada  to  northern  California,  known  from  the  Humboldt  and  Truckee 
lianiiis  and  from  Napa  Valley ;  extremely  common  in  Lake  Taboo  and 
Ti  iickoo  Hiver.  Here  described  from  specimens  from  the  Humboldt  River 
at  Wimieiimcca,  sent  by  Frank  Germain.  These  havo  been  compared 
witli  iluj  type  of  L.  chvclandi,  which  seems  to  be  identical  with  them. 
Thjpi  Kpecies  may  ultimately  stand  as  LvucIscv.h  huinholdti.  (egretjiua,  sur- 
piisiii^'.) 

7V;/..»/.i  f.;iv;/i(i,  GiRAnn,  rao.  K.  R.  Siirv.,  x,  291,  1858,  locHlity  unknown,  liut  probably  Great 
Basin  of  Nevada,  the  drainage  of  Lake  Lahontan.    (Cull.  Kruiixfulil.) 

r,i7.(  iiiilts,,!,;,*  ii.iT.,  /.oiil.  Wheel. T  Siirv.,  v,ti()0,  pi.  xxx, fit;H.  1, 1«(,  1M75,  (1870),  locality  un- 
kiiinvii,  |ii\.liiil.ly  Nevada.     (Type,  No.  KiDTl.    Coll.  Yiirrow  &.  IIonHlniw.) 

.S/ii.i/iMs  ;/.,/(/,i,t  Cmi'f.,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.Sci.  Phila.,  1883, 148,  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 

}%'xiiiii>-il,riliiii(ll,l  C.  H.  anil  II.  S.  Eiuenmann,  West  Americuu  Scioutist,  1889,  149,  ^tna 
Springs,  Napa  County,  California. 

Sjifiliii-  rni/<»i(i<H«,  JoiiDAN  it  GiLnF.KT,  Synopsis,  2:15,1883. 

.N/".(/iir.<  tynyiiif,  ,)0Ki)AN  &  liiLBEiiT,  Synopsis,  230, 1883. 

* ','.7(1  »)■.;. MK.y,,  C'oi'r..  Head  3>-^;  (lopth  4{  ;  eye  4.  D.8;A.8.  Scales  17-fi;i-8.  Teeth  2, 5-4, 2. 
Il>"lv  nilliiT  Btimt,  coiiiiireH.sed  ;  head  jieavy,  niu7.zle  short ;  mouth  short,  very  oblique,  the  jaws 
aliuiit  ciimI,  the  niiixilliiiy  reachiii);  past  front  of  tlio  larne  cyo.  Pectoral  ti  •  lonj;,  nearly 
rcii.  Iiiiif;  vciitrn!.".    Olivaceous  above,  a  narrow  pluuibcouB  lateral  liuuil  concurrent  with  tlio  bucii. 

tS/">i/iM»  ;;.(»i,i,  C<)i>K.  Head  4;  depth  i}^;  eyo  3  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  (probably)  8.  Scales 
IJ  r.ii  ;'i.  'I'd. Ill  1,1-5, 1,  without  grinding  surface.  Dorsal  inserted  a  littlo  behind  front  of 
viiilriils;  iiinzzle  shoit;  mouth  obli(piu,  without  prominent  chin,  the  end  of  the  maxillary 
riiuhiii),'  11  lilllelicyond  front  of  orbit.  I  iiturorbital  region  gently  and  regularly  convex,  as  wide 
iisivi'.  Olive  iilidvc,  as  fivrasu  plumbeous  band,  whii'h  extends  from  the  operculum  to  base  of 
liiiiiliil;  l.cluw  tills  line,  sides  and  belly  silvery,  o.xcopta  broad  band  of  crimson  from  the  gill 
iilieiuii^  t"  Iruiit  of  anal ;  side  of  head  with  a  dusky  baud.     Pyramid  Lake,  Ne%-ada ;  abundant. 

; ;v,,..ri„M,  clefiliui}!,  KiijKNMANN  &  EiuF.NMANN,  Head  4}/^;  depth  4}4;  cyo  4^^.  1).  9;  A. 0  or  10. 
Nales  10  ".'.i-ii.  Teeth  'J,  .1-5, 2.  Month  oblique  ;  jaws  eqiiai ;  maxiliary 'reaching  front  of  eye  or 
tlmlitly  Inyniid  ;  evo  I'.j  iu  interorbital  space;  pectorals  reaching  vontrals  in  males, shorter  In 
feiiiiiU-.  Hiuk  bniwii  above,  bordered  by  a  darker  stripe;  a  black  band  from  tip  of  snout  to 
liase  ut  ciniilal,a  i,al«  band  between  this  and  dark  of  back;  fins  mostly  dusky.  Length  4 
iiKlies.  A-.i  ..  Springe,  Napa  County,  California.  One  of  the  types  received  from  Dr.  Eigon- 
niiinn  noiins  to  agree  fully  with  /,.  ftjnyiua.  In  general,  however,  the  fauna  of  the  Sacramento 
\uli'y  has  little  in  common  with  that  of  the  Lake  Lahoutau  drainage  to  which  the  Uumboltd 
uihI  Irucrikee  vers  belong. 


.U> 


■•iffi'  iAS~:a  ALy:-i.Ultea'.':}>:k 


:.;*.;.,& 


■ .  ,  i     :     i 


rli 


i 


I    I 


i      i    i 


I 


I 


(  III 


(I 


I  1  }■.  t'i 


1    ! 


■      ;  - 

i   '   ' 

n|H: 

ill 

i  i  1  U 

,  f't- 


Mi 


^WTTT 


238 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  Matiotml  Museum, 


1.^ 


% 


I  ::!' 


■  . 

i 

1' 

'A  \ 

* 

I 


) 


;:ii 


■  N 


I 


:I7A.  I,KI'<'IS<  IS  IIVDKOIMILOX  (Cope). 
(8ii,vr.R-Rii)r.i>  Minnow;  "  I'o-iik-wa.") 

Head  4^ ;  depth  i; ;  eyo  liirj»e,  3,1  to  3^  in  lioad,  equal  to  iutororbital  npaco. 
D.D;  A.  10  to  13,  UHually  10  or  11.  .ScalcH  12-r)8-r>.  H.Hly  rather el(ni;,'ati', 
but  doop  and  conipresHed,  funned  as  in  the  section  ClinoiitomuH.  liuiid 
rather  small,  short,  compressed,  but  broad  above,  the  jaws  coual.  Month 
oblique,  short,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit,  the  upper  lip  oppo- 
site middle  of  orbit.  Snout  decurved  and  rather  obtuse.  Lateral  lino 
decul'ved  ;  33  scales  in  front  of  dorsal  fin.  Colo.ation  greenish  silvory; 
the  back  iliisky  ;  a  dark  blue  or  blackish  lateral  band  between  2  silvery 
stripes;  the  lateral  band  and  below  bright  orange-red  in  the  malts,  tlie 
red  usually  ceasing  at  front  of  aual ;  a  bright  silvery  or  golden  crtscciit 
on  cheeks ;  a  golden  streak  ^roni  snout  above  eye  to  gill  opening ;  Hpecl- 
nious  in  alkaline  waters  are  very  pale.  Length  3  to  5  inches.  Salt  Lake 
Basin ;  excessively  abundant  in  Provo  River,  Jordan  River,  and  other 
clear  streams  ;  also  recorded  from  the  Snake  liiver  at  Idaho  Falls  and  else- 
where in  its  upper  waters  as  far  as  Heart  Lake,  Wyoming;  the  fish  lauiia 
of  this  region  being  mostly  identical  with  that  ot  Lake  Bonneville,  which 
was  once  tributary  to  Snake  Kiver.  The  species  bears  some  resenililance 
to  NotropiH  coctiKjciiix  in  form,  color,  and  habits.  Our  description  is  drawu 
primarily  from  specimens  from  Provo  River,  typical  of  L.  tania.  L. 
montanus  is  exactly  the  same,  but  L.  h ydrophtox  niaypvove  to  havowleu- 
derer  head  and  smaller  eye.     (iiStj^j,  water;  (jihi)^,  ilame.) 

CliiKistdiiiKH    liijilniphliij;   CiirE,    Haydoii's   Gool.   Siirv.    Mutil.   for    1871,   47.'>,    1H72,   Blackfoot 

Creek,  Idaho. 
Cliiiiisli»iiii8ni(>iiliiiiii.i,  Coi'E,  /.  <■.,  47C,  Grass  Creek,  Idaho;  Ooi'K,   rroc.  Ac.  Nat.  f<ii.  I'liilii., 

1874,130.     (i  ype,  Nos.  10771,  ir)77'J,  uiid  12',)0S.     Coll.  Yarrow.) 
CliiwKlniiiitu  Utnia,  Coi'E,  I'roc.  Anicr.  Pliilos.  Soo.  I'liila.,  1874,  l3ii,  Utah  Lake,  Prove,  Utah. 

(Tyjie,  No.  10035.    Coll.  Yarrow.) 
Gila  vioiilaim,  Cope,  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Siirv.,  v,6o7, 187.1,  (1870). 
Htjuitliiin  liydrophlox,  liiuia,  aud  motitanm,  Joudan  >fe  (iii.iiElM,  .''yiioiwig, 234, 1883. 
Leuciscus  iiioutimun,  Jokdan,  Hull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coniui.,  i,\,  1881),  32. 
Leuciicus  hijdrophlox,  JoitDAN,  I.  c,  48. 

Subgenus  RICHARDSONIUS,  Oirard. 
»76yLKrCISCUS  BAI.TEATIIS  (Kichardson). 

Head  4i;  depth  3i;  eye  3^.  D.  10;  A.  11  to  22,  usually  16;  vertelmi!  10. 
Scales  13-55  to  63-6;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  without  grinding  surface,  liody 
strongly  compressed  and  somewhat  elevated.  Head  small,  the  snout 
rather  short  aud  conical.  Mouth  terminal,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  hI  ightly 
projecting.  Gill  rakers  very  small.  Eye  large.  Anal  and  caudal  larjje. 
Dorsal  low,  much  behind  ventrals.  Base  of  anal  4^  in  length.  Colora- 
tion plain,  the  sides  bright  silvery,  usually  with  a  dark  lateral  Itand; 
sides  and  belly  silvery ;  cheek  with  a  silvery  crescent;  a  pale  streak  above 
eye  and  opercle,  crimson  in  males  in  spring.  Length  4  to  6  inches. 
Columbia  River  and  streams  about  Puget  Sound;  generally  abundant 
everywhere  in  the  Columbia  Basin,  and  very  variable;  the  specimens 


\  • 


i    l!'1 


Jordan  an  J  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


239 


from  any  Hiii);Io  locality  iiHiially  alike  but  ditVorent  localitioH  Hhowing 
|aij;i' '.  .11  iulionM.  Aim)  roconltMl  (uh  A.  ifxlW)  from  the  beadwatoiH  of  Clark's 
Folk  of  the  Coliiinhia.     {balteatuii,  girdled.) 

iMiriiiii-  ■  M'riviiiK)  hnlleiiiiif,  Uiciuitiwo!*,  Kaiiiia  Uor.-AiiiiT.,  iii,  301,  IHMfl,  Columbia  River. 
l'l„h,inl"nii>t'  hiiinilis*  (liBAUM,  rri)c.  Ac.  Nttt.  Hrl.  riilln.,  XnM,  2o'2,  Fort  Steilacoom,  Wash- 

inyton,  (Tvpi',  No.  f!l.    Coll.  Suckloy);  and  I'm.  U.  K.  Siirv.,  x,  'iV.i,  186K;  Jordan  *  Gil.- 

iir.ki,.'^jrii(i|pi-i»,  '.'.'il,  1H83. 
/,(n.-iVri«v'"'.t  KvEu.MANN,  Hiill.  I'.  S.  Fisli  Coiiini.,  .\i,  IH'Jl,  44,  Browns  Gulch  Creek,  (iilver 

Bow,  Montana.     (T.viic  No.  4ri!i.W.     Coll.  Kvi'rnmiin  *  .IcnkliiH.) 
U,ili'tni'''iiiu-l"ilii''ii"'<,  GinAiin,  I'ac.  U.  B.  Siirv.,  x,  278,  1868;  Joiidan  A  aii.iiKKT,  Hyiio|HiiR,  2.'l, 

1,>K1. 
M>niini'Mli''il»',  01'NTHr.n,  Cat.,  VII,  309,  IHfiS. 
/|/,riim/W.i/>ni//.<,  (iCNTIIKn,  ("at.,  VII,  300,  18<'iS. 
l,.,,ri,ru»Mh(ilii»ii\ul  Li>iciKUiiballetUmlateralu(,K\ar,fiviAtiN,  Itiill.  I'.  S.  FiHli  Cotniii.,  MV,  18!)4, 

II-.Vll:'.. 
X,«iii  i-'Ms  hiillititim,  (iiLliEur  t^  KvEitMANN,  Inv).'8tlgiitionH  ('uliinil)ia  Kiver  Ba«lii,  4r<  1HU4. 

Subgenus  CLINOSTOMUS,  (iiriird. 

377.  LKI'CISCrS  VAM»OIS|ILi;s,  Cuvii-r  A  VnloinlenncH. 

llcnd  'M:  depth  3|  to  4j-,  the  largest  specimens  most  elongate,  the 
females  (l»!oper;  eye  moderate,  3i.  D.  9;  A.  8;  lateral  line  48  to  r>3 ;  teeth 
2, .")-;"),  or  1,  2.  Uody  oblong,  deep,  and  compressed.  Head  rather  large. 
Mouth  larf,'»',  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting,  the  mandible  extending 
to  the  pupil.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Color  bluish  green;  some  of  the 
8culi>H  of  tiio  back  irre^'ularly  darker,  producing  a  mottled  appearance; 
a  durk  lateral  band  with  a  pale  streak  above  it  in  the  adult ;  younp 
uearly  plain  ;  males  in  spring  with  the  region  behind  the  head  and  above 
the  pectorals  as  far  back  as  thii  anal  of  a  bright  rose-red,  brightest  anteri- 
orily.  Leu^tii  5  inches.  Streams  about  Chesapeake  buy  to  Georgia; 
abuudant  in  the  clear,  swift  brooks  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains; 
also  (ah  /..  (Htor)  in  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland,  west  of 
thenioiintai'is.    (ramloise,  French  name  of  the  Dace,  Leuciacua  leuciacus.) 

Leuimiu  niii'l<>i.«i/ii>,  CrviEB &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisB.,  .wii, 317, 1844,  South  Carolina; 

(iC.NTiiKii,  fat.,  vir,  2f)0,  1868. 
CUnotii'miii  tiffiiiin.  (iiitAiii),  Pfoc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 212,  James  River,  Virginia;  (Coll. 

Baird);  CmT,,  .lourii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1868,  228. 
Vlimilinmii  fiiiiilithiidi-ii,  (Potomac  River  &t  Washington)  and  cnroliimM,  (Sulem,  N.  C.) 

GiRAiiP,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  212;  Cope,  Cypr.  Ponn.,  376,1866. 


*Thc  followiiip  rlmractere  aroaosignod  to  thoform  called  laieralit :  Body  slendcrorand  leBscom- 
prt-ssed  tlian  in  //.  I'nllealti».  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  obliijiK*;  .jaws  equal.  Anal  baso  5*1^  in 
iciigtli.  Itlni'Uisli  above;  a  dark  lateral  band;  the  interBpaco  and  belly  ])alo,  criniHon  in  lualfa  in 
emiinicr.  Iloiid  4'.,;  depth  3%  to  4.  D.  10;  A.  14:  scales  13-55-6;  teeth  2,  6-5,  2.  Columbia 
liivrraiid  BtrcitiriH  iiliont  Puget  Sound.  It  apparently  fully  iutergrades  with  the  precediufc,  the 
aiml  ravfl  i'aii„lii^'  from  11  to  22.  The  name  Leucucm  UUeralit  is  preoccupied,  and  this  form,  if  dis- 
tinct, eliould  Htiiiid  a.s  LeticincHs  gilli. 

■fTlie  types  of  Acinisctig gilli  are  described  as  follows:  Ilcad  4;  depth  3J<J  to  35^.  D.  10;  A.  14 
(lit  to  16).  Teeth  2,  4-5,  2.  Scales  11-66-7,  32  before  dorsal.  Body  deep,  compressed,  much 
livelier  than  in  1,.  motUmmt,  the  top  of  head  broader,  the  eye  and  mouth  smaller;  eye  sy^  to  4  in 
head,  l%\u  intcroibital  space;  maxillary  not  quite  to  front  of  orbit;  snout  short  and  blunt,  X}^ 
ill  head;  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting;*  mouth  oblique;  caudal  peduncle  long.  Dorsal  small, 
anal  larRe;  caudal  large;  dark  above,  a  dark  lateral  baud  with  a  yellowish  bund  above  it;  belly 
rnldirti  or  oraiiRe;  cheek  with  a  bright  yellow  crescent;  body  and  fins  with  black  specks;  a  yel- 
low blotch  at  huff  nl  ])ectoral.  Length  i%  inches.  Browns  Uulch,  Silver  Bow,  Montana,  and 
Swan  ^ke,  near  Flathead  Lake,  (Columbia  Basin).    Apparently  not  distinct  from  L.  baUeaiui, 


! 


TT"^ 


m 


■¥" 


J 


ISH 


) 

1 

1      1 

t 

i 

■1: 

il  l!'.ii 


•i 


240 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


aUo  rflor*  Jimi'AS  *  HitAVTiiN,  Iliill.  l'.  8.  Nat.  Mii-<.,  xii.tii',,  In7m,  Elk  River,  Eatill  S|.rinH 

Tenneitee;  Stone  River,  Murfreeiboro,  Tennu«*ee. 
l/puiiHiii»niniiit,  OCnthku,  Cut.,  VII,  '>ir.7,  IHIIH. 
OUii  viiuiliiinilii,  JiiiiDAN  ik  HliAYToN,  Hull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miin.,  xii,  24,  1h7h. 

l.tHiinvHIl  /lillllllli'iilti',    tiCNTMK.II,  Cut.,  VII,  'J.''lH,  IhtiM. 

H/Hii/iHK  i'ii»i/«i«i/iiii  iiriil /lllll/ll/llll(r^  .loitriAN  .V  (iii.iiKur,  S.vii()|«Ih, 'JUU,  'iXi,  lWi3. 
6i/uu<iua  eiUi/r,  JuUOAN  <fc  UlLliKUT,  Syiiuimlpi,  '£i'i,  IHKI. 

87M.  LKn'INCI'S  KMKNd ATI'S  (Kirtluu<l). 

(KKII-glllKI>8lllNRR.) 

Iload  l;  dupth  ■>;  eye  ubout  4.  D.  «;  A.  II;  hcuIos  10-70-5;  Untli 'j, 
4-{j,  2.  liudy  eluii|;atu,  comproHHcd ;  head  luii);,  rutber  {tointud.  Moutli 
very  large,  oldiquu  ;  the  lower  Jaw  nutahly  projecting,  with  aHiiiiill  kmili 
at  the  syiuphyHiH  beyond  tip  of  upper  jaw  ;  upper  lip  on  level  of  |iii|iil; 
maxillary  exteuding  to  middle  of  orbit ;  posterior  angle  of  opercir  iiciite. 
Eye  moderate.  SculeH  very  small.  Fins  short  and  high,  the  dorsul  noiiu;- 
what  behind  veutrala.  Lateral  line  deciirved.  Color  dark  bhuMli;  tlie 
acales  mottled  with  paler;  sides  with  a  broud  black  band  ;  belly  inortt  or 
less  silvery;  t)  e  front  half  of  the  lateral  band  bright  crimson  in  Hpriuj; 
males ;  belly  and  lower  fins  more  or  less  reddenetl ;  a  dark  vertebral  liaiul. 
Length  5  inches.  Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississippi  Valley,  chloll y  tVuiii 
Pennsylvania  to  Minnesota;  commou  in  clear  streams  northward  uuly. 
{elonyatuH,  lengthened.) 

LuxUm  I'Umijntm,  KiaTIiANii,  Rcjit.  /oiil.  Ohio,  1k;{(i,  1('>9,  and  in  Doxt.  .Toiirn.  Nat.  Iliitt.,  in,  ;t;i!), 
1H41,  Mahoning  River,  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  and  Lake  Erie,  near  Cleveland. 

LettciM'iiii  prodHfUis,  Stouek,  .SyiiopHlH,  Fixhcri  N.  A.,  410,   1810,  Wabash  River. 

Btjiiitliiiiipriirigir,  Coi'K,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  iSti.  I'liila.,  IbCil,  280,  Michigan. 

Leuiuaiii  eluiKjaluii,  CiviKii  Si  Vai.e.nciknnks,  xvii,  494,  1844  ;  UCntiikk,  Cut.,  vii,  246. 

ClinoMtnmiH  elowjtUnii,  QiiiAliii,  Proc.  Ar.  Nat.  Bel.  Pliila.,  1860,  212. 

CliiiDitormiK  j)roriijir,  Copk,  Cypr.  Punn.,  .'178,  1800. 

Leucuu-Hn  proriyei;  GOntiieb,  Cat.,  VII,  246;  aiduM  nioro  cumpreHBud  and  iiiuru  Hilvury;  luliiiil  liiii' 
03 ;  teeth  2,  4-5, 1. 

Bqualiwi  elongalui,  Jubuan  it  (jilueut,  Synopsis,  232,  1883. 

Subgenus  PHOXINUS,  Bafluosque. 
379.^  LKl'CISCUS  NKUU.KUK  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  'U;  eye  moderate,  3i  in  head.  D,  8;  A.  8;  scalew  lH-80- 
10;  teeth  2,  4-5,2.  Body  short  and  thick,  little  compressed,  tint  buck 
little  elevated.  Head  very  large  and  broad,  the  muzzle  blunt,  3  in  iiead. 
Mouth  small,  quite  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting ;  niiixillary 

*l^ni-i»riis  exlor,  (.Ionian  *  Drayton):  Head  3%;  depth  4^;  eye  4.  D.  8;  \.  8;  scalus  S-SO-.I 
tooth  2,  5-4,  2.  Body  elongate,  comprossod,  the  cuudal  ])ediinclo  rather  long,  but  not  hm  luiijiin 
head.  Iload  very  long  and  large,  tiattiah,  but  not  broad  above.  Mouth  larger  tliaii  in  nny 
other  of  our  C//;>r«i»(te,  very  obliijue,  the  upper  Jaw  on  the  level  of  the  pupil,  the  niiixilliirii'< 
extending  to  opposite  middle  of  orbit;  length  of  gape  a  little  more  than  half  Icugtii  "(  luail; 
lower  jaw  considerably  the  longer.  Kyo  rather  large,  less  than  snout.  Scales  imnlemti', 
Lateral  line  strongly  decurved;  23  scales  in  front  of  doiwil  fln;  fins  high.  Color  darli  olivf 
above,  many  scales  irregularly  darker;  sides  silvery;  no  dark  lateral  band;  abroad  .^limluot 
deep  rose  color  along  the  sides  in  spring  males,  below  which  most  of  the  belly  is  bright  iriiiisui], 
these  red  colors  brightest  anteriorly;  a  narrow  dark  lateral  streak  like  a  pencil  murk,  t'rciiii 
head  to  tail,  overlaid  by  tho  scales.  Length  4  inches.  Cunibcrhiud  and  Tennt^siieo  rivcrn;  in 
clear  brooks;  not  very  coiumon.  I'orhaps  a  distiix-t  species,  but  wo  aro  unublo  to  find  i  ouataut 
cbarsctcrs  for  distiuction.    (Type,  No.  31147.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Drayton.) 


Jor-iitin  iViJ  F.vernianH. — Fishes  of  North  America.        241 


rca<  liiiii,'  to  hoyond  front  of  uihit,  2.!  in  lusad ;  upp^M  lip  uii  level  of  iiiid- 
,11,  ,,i  |iii|)il.  Fiii)4  iiiixliM'Utu ;  dorNul  wull  backwuril,  imiult  lutuior  (MViidal 
til. Ill  >ii<iiit,Nt)nHnv1iat  Imliintl  VDiitralH;  pucturalH  luiiK,lj  in  ht*u<l.  HcaluH 
vciv  Niiiall,:iliii<mt  «>nibu«l(l«Ml  in  the  Hkin,covui-infr  tho  itody  ttvnnly.  Lat- 
untl  litii' tlt'i'iirvi-d,  vfiy  Hhui-t,notuxt«n<linK  tu  vontialH.  Mack  and  Itully 
Ninly.  Colli!'  palo  or  dark  ;  back  plain  duMky ;  a  black  band  tlironKh  Hnuut 
iinil  I'VH  to  caiidiil ;  aliovo  tititi  u  pale  itanti  :  bt>low  tliiu  abruptly  whitu; 
lit'lls  !iii(l  lowiT  linN  critnHon  in  Hpriuf^  inab  h;  puctoralH  duHky  ;  nu  caudal 
spill,  l.i'ii^'tli  3  inclios.  MiHHJsHippi  Valley  and  neighboring  wateiH;  not 
ciiiiuiiiiii :  ll>t)  f*)^>'  Hpcciinenii  known,  from  LivingHton  County,  Michigan; 
liiiialiiiii  K'iTvr,  WlNcoiiHin ;  Whitt)  Kiver,  ArkaiiHUH;  and  tho  ]lla(;k  Ilillu 
ol.'^outli  i'akotii,  (Cox  Lake,  Chicken  Creek,  etc),  (i/oc,  new  ;  >//,  world; 
tlioHpt'cicH  Ih  closely  allied  to  the  European  lA'aciHCUH  phoxiniiH.) 

/V,..riiiM< »..../.! M»,  Cuvt,  Cj|ir.  I'l'iin.,  HTfi,  IHCi!,  New  Hudson,  Livintfston  County,  Mich- 
igan; .liillli,\N  .V  <1II.1IF.IIT,  S.VIH>|wlr<,  'HW,  1H8.1. 

/,i,.i<."<  ti..!;.iii»,  GCsTHEii,  Cut.,  VII,  217,  1H)J8;  Kvhkmann  A  (.'ox,  Bull.  I'.  8.  FWi  Oumm.,  xv, 

1811.'.. 

itNO.  LKIXIKCrS  MAI«aiilTA(Cn|>«). 

Il.a.l  I;  •b'i>th  li.  D.  8;  A.  i»;  scales  11-52  to  r>H-H;  tooth  2,  .^>-l,  2. 
l!()(ly  ^t(•ut  atitl  thick,  little  coniproMHed,  tho  back  Honuiwhat  elevatod. 
Cuuilal  pi'dinu'le  thick.  Head  liliint,  thick,  and  rounded.  Mouth  Hinall, 
ttriiiinal.dliiiiiuc,  the  upper  lip  below  tho  orbit;  eye  rather  large;  Hoal«<t 
ratlRMNmall.  Lateral  lino  decurvod,  more  or  Ichh  incomplete,  tho'itoroH 
OHiiuliy  ci'UHing  behind  middle  of  body.  Fins  rather  large,  Dorsal  flu 
liimti'iliM.  Coloration  above  duHky  olive,  duHtod  with  dark  Hpecks;  HidoH 
pliiinlii'iiiiH  Hilvery,  forming  a  narrow  streak  on  tail;  belly  white, orimuou 
in  Hiiriii<r  iiiale.s;  snout  dusky;  tins  plain;  scales  punctate.  Lengths 
inclit's.  SuBi|U(!hanna  Kiver  to  James  River;  not  common;  also  taken 
in  tilt'  head  waters  of  tho  Kanawha.  A  handsome  little  lish,  (juite  uiilike 
imiMt  (iIIkt  Anuu'icau  species,  resembling  most  Leucincus  neoynim.  (mur- 
gariUt,  iiapyuiuTrii; ,  a  pearl.) 

(,7i)ii.>Aiimi«  »i.ii;;.iii7i(,  Ooi'i!,  Cypr.  Penn.,  ;i77,  ISfifl,  Conestoga  River,  Lancaster,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

I'liuriiiiif  in:tni,iritui>*  vM.,  JoRDAN,  Bull.  U.  S,  FIsIi  Comm.,  VIII,  1888,  141,  Reed  Creek, 
Wythcville,  Virginia.     (Cull.  Jordan,  Evorniann  it  Junkina.) 

L-iiiifrm  nclnlnrilil,  (il'.NTIIKR,  Cut.,  VII,  2lfi,  18ri8. 

ivyiiiidus  iiiiinidiilKK,  JoHDAN  &  GiLUEKT,  SyuuimiH,  23.'),  1883. 

»H1.  LErCiSCrS  OKCITTI  (KlKeumann  &  Eigonmann). 

Iload  ',]^  to  I ;  depth  3J  to  4^ ;  eye  moderate,  l.i  in  adult,  li  in  intororb- 
ital  wiiltli.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  58 ;  teeth  2,  5-4, 1 ;  hooked,  their  tips  black 
in  tilt' adult.  Hody  moderately  compressed ;  head  subconical ;  maxillary 
Hcarcely  leachiug  front  of  oye.     Lateral  lino  little  decurvod,  more  or  less 


♦Tlii'sy  ripiMiiiii'iiH  Hoeni  to  beloiiK  to  /..  viar<jnril<i,  liut  they  liav('  ttic  hciiIcs  Inrpor,  .')2  to  1)4  iu 
latcriil  line,  jx  lu'luic  ilorsiil.  Mouth  very  xniiiU,  anterior;  dorsal  quito  low,  insertud  liuliiiid 
veiitriils.  r,,ior  ilark  ;  a  very  distinct  caudal  npot,  and  a  well-dcfliiod  black  lateral  liaiiil.  Head 
vy.  ilcptli  I'.,.    lii'iigth  2  inchus.    Iteed  Creek,  head  waters  of  Kanawha  Ri\oi-,  Wythuville,  Vir- 


gmu. 


V.  X.  A. 


-17 


M 


;'  '! 


(    in; 
i 


i   1 


;■  r 


ri! 


t  •     I 


lili^ 


f  ■  '■ 

v\ 

')  '"■' 

■■h 

i  t 

■..'B-W 

1 


I 


■^:^^..  .  Vi:!;.- 


T 


ii 


242 


Bulletin  47,  Ihnted  States  National  Museum. 


incuiiiphttc,  iiHiittlly  oxtotiiliiiK  to  ciiudal  |MMliiiicln.  DtirHiil  iti!«Tte<| 
sliKhtly  Itoliiiid  vontritla.  I'oritonniim  black  ;  iiitostinn  a  littlo  l<iii|;nr 
tliAM  budy.  Dark  gray,  often  a  I'aint  pliiiiibonuH  lateral  band.  Unc  tnof 
Suutliorn  ("alifornia  tributary  to  tbo  Paoiflo  alMindant;  (Itmcrilxil  tViMu 
Teniocula  liivor;  aJHo  fuinxl  in  tlio  Itfo  Han  Luis  l{»y  and  Km  San 
•Jacinto,  (Kdward  Hyatt),  and  Hanta  Ana  Kivcr,  (dlilbort).  (Nimn'il  fur 
CharlcH  I{u8H»ll  Orcutt,  tbu  well  known  botanical  collector  who  liritt 
obtained  it.) 

/^ox<MN«  >ir>'N//i,  KioKNMANN  k  KioKMMANN,  rriic.  Ar,  Hcl.  Oal.,  2(1  mtIm,  III,  lM))n,  '<!,  Tcmecul* 
River,  RIveraide  County,  California.    (Typn,  No.  410'jn,) 


piii 

jIlMW 

!  ''Mi 

1 

1 

i 
1 

t   ■ 

■ 

i 

\l    ' 

i , 

III! 

! 

Subgenua  HEMITREMIA,  Cnpu 

»H3.  LKITIKCI'M  niLNKKIANI'M  (Coiw). 

nea(14;  depth  Hi;  eyo3i.  I),  8;  A.  8;  Bcales  8-40  to4.'>-7;  tuothL',.V4,2. 
Body  elongate;  chin  slij^fhtly  projecting.  8caloH  in  15  longitudinal  iowh 
between  dorsal  and  ventral.  Orbit  c<|U)il  to  length  of  niii/./.le.  Dortal 
inserted  behind  the  entire  base  of  ventrals.  Mouth  very  largo,  nmxillary 
exteudlng  nearly  to  pupi! ;  head  rather  Hat  above.  Length  of  latt-ral 
lino  unknown,  the  scales  poHteriorly  having  been  loHt  in  tho  type. 
Brownith  olive  above,  below  silvery  ;  a  black  band,  not  mcII  d<'liiic<l  ul 
the  borders,  extending  from  the  end  of  tho  muzzle  to  the  base  of  t  lit'  ciiudui 
fin,  where  it  endH  in  a  black  spot ;  a  reddish  spot  at  baso  of  anterior  doinal 
rays ;  niu//le  dark.  Length  2}  inches.  Upper  Missouri  Kivcr.  ((.'i)|m'.) 
Not  seen  by  us.  (Named  for  James  W.  Milner,  then  AsHt.  IJ.  S.  Fish  ('din- 
missiouer,  author  of  important  contributions  to  Economic  Ichtli,v<)lo{,'y,) 

PhoriHw  tiiiliirriimitH,  Covr.,  Anicr.  Nut.,  .Inly,  187!>,  440,  upper  Missouri  River,  probably 
Battle  Crtek,  Montana;  (Coll.  <'opo);  Jobdan  Si  Oildert,  SynopilH,  243,  IHKI. 

SSa.  LElJ(;iS(;iIK  KLAnillEim  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Head  4;  depth  4;  eye  large,  3fr  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  7-13-!'; 
teeth  2,  4-.'),  2.  Body  moderately  stout,  slenderer  and  more  coniiiiossed 
than  in  L.  wogwus.  Head  rather  short  and  deep,  the  upper  outliioi 
rounded,  the  muzzle  rather  blunt.  Mouth  small,  obli<iue,  the  JawH  about 
equal,  the  upper  lip  on  level  of  pupil;  maxillary  extending  to  fmiit  of 
orbit.  Scales  much  larger  and  more  loosely  imbricated  than  in  L.  uroiitriin; 
back  and  belly  scaled.  Lateral  line  short,  dccurved,  on  14  scah'u,  uot 
reaching  base  of  ventrals.  Fins  small,  the  dorsal  well  backward.  liaciv 
dark ;  a  1)lack  lateral  band,  formed  of  dark  specks ;  above  this  a  pah^  biiiid; 
the  belly  below  this  pale ;  bright  scarlet  red  in  the  males  in  s|)riiig;  i 
email  black  sprj;  at  base  of  caudal.  Length  2i  inches.  In  tributarius  of 
Tennessee  River,  common  in  clear  streams  in  northern  Alabama.  (/(i»i- 
meu8,  flaming.) 

Ilemitrenua  villala,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philog.  8oc.  Phlla.,  1870,  4fi2,    Holston  River,  Knoxville, 

Tennessee;  Jordan  A  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  lfi2,  1883;  the  name  viUatiu  is  preoccii,   'il  iu 

Lrticucui. 
Phoximu  flammiits,  Jordan  A  OiLnEiiT,  in  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.,  ed.  2,  303,  1S78,  Elki 

River,  Estill  Springs,  Tennessee;  Jordan  A.  Bbatton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  M<,6t< 

1878;  Jordan  &  Giliiert  Syiioiwig,  243, 1883. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fis/ns  of  North  Atnerita,        24.*l 


SubKcniia  lOTICHTHYS,  Jonlitti  .t  KvHrniMiii. 
HSt.  I.KKIsnS   I'lll.HiKTIIONTIS   ('o|H). 

Iffuil  ;ii ;  <lt'pth  ;U.  I>.  7;  A.H;  hciiIoh  <»-;<()- 1,  17  Iti'dim  <i<»rHu] ;  tooth 
I  .VI,  -.  Mii'ly  Hliort,tU't'p,  <'(»injin'8H«'(l.  Moutli  ulioit,  vi-ry  ol>lii|tiu,  tli« 
litwn  i^w  |ii<>|i'('tiiifr,  tli«t  iniixillury  rciichiii^  front  <>t'«v<>,  wliicli  JHriithur 
littu')'-  I'oiMiil  bDliiixl  vuiitritlH ;  portoriilH  al>i>iit  roucliiii^  vontrulH. 
Luti'iiil  lint>  ciitir  -ly  wanting,  not  u  portMhnuloptMl  in  tlio  niiiny  ■pticinu-iiH 
fMiiiiiiii'il-  Oliviio'dtiH  ;  a  broatl  pliiniltcoiiH  lateral  band;  u  (limky  ihtiHal 
lint-;  Ixlly  {{oltltMi,  prohalily  red  in  Hprin^;  nialoH.  LtMiKtIi  \\  inclicH. 
rriliiil.'iiit'M  of  (iifat  Salt  Lake,  an.l  HeviiT  Lako  (MaHin  of  Laku  llonn«)- 
\\\\y\ ;  <'\f<'HHivi>ly  common  in  pondN  and  warm  puolH.  Onoof  tlioHniallitHt 
uf  oMi  linliin,  and  ilio  muHt  aberrant  of  IIiuhu  ht'iu  n-furrud  tt>  A(  iid«cu«. 
((?/.<  ;('"i.',  to  tlanic.) 

(•/i»..v..ii.i'«  iilAyrihimliii,  Coi'K,  I'roc,  AiiHT.  riilliiH.  8<><-.  I'hila.,  1^74, 137,  Bca-er  River,  Utah. 

(Tjir,  .Sn.  it;yH:i.    Coll.  Ymrow  ,t  llciiHliiiw.) 
i;,t„iM.'jilh'niti',  Col-r,  Zdiil.  Wlii'oloi'-i  Mxiil.  \V.  KMlth  Mt-r.,  v,  tift7,  iKTft,  (In7i'i). 
i'^./iiK-  ].hh  ■jilhniiti;  JuKDA.S  k  (iILIIKHT,  IS}'lltiI>NlN,  'iM,  \m\ ;  JuHDAN,  llllll.  ('.  S.  KUIl  Coiiim., 

117.  RUTILUS,  KalineMciuo. 

(RilACIlBH.) 

UM«>,  n.MiNK.8i<rr,  Icli.  Oh.,  4H,  fiO,  1«J0.     (ni(i7i<«  ;  no  fyim  linll<nt<'<l  oti  paKti  4H  ;  uii  |hiko  bt\, 

rutih'--  rii,'iitlimi'(l.) 
/.fill,",  IlKki.r,  UiiHW'gger'H  Ih^Uoii,  1,  lOIlH,  IHUl,  (fi'iiliiinim).      (Nut  /,<inii»,    Kai  i',  li  );<'»»'*  <>f 

GiiIIh.) 
CfMUi^i/iiiiK,  Bo.NArAHTB,  Cuti'ihigo  5Ioli'i<licc)  I'oscl  Kur.,  1840,  2!l,  (j«iHj/<r»iH  ;  no  tliaKiinNiH). 
(;,i),'miii(»,  IliiNAI'AIlTK    I.  c,  (ilecipieiif  ;  iKi  (liilKnosiHi, 
iVi;ii«,  IliiVAPAiirr,  /.  c,,{iiigiiii  ;  no  •liiiK""'*^''), 
;V(H./,:/,'i,.,;iiii«,  Iti.EKKKii,  I'rodroiiniH  Cypriii.,  ISr.O,  (zeregi). 

■.lii,/<;//"/'</»,  I'lii'F,  rriic.  AiniT.  I'hiluH.  doc.  IMiilii.,  1S70,  043,  (/h/h«,  afoxHil  Hpucic*), 
yiijIfhiiniH,  Cii'K,  llllll.  Iliiyden'ij  Guol.  Surv.  Monlunu  for  1S7I,  47,"i,  1«7'J,  {pHtnnilnduHj, 
.•<Vj)Aii(. /«•>,  CurK,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  I'liilu.,  1883,  140,  (ciWu/Hn),  younjj;  with  liiti-ral  liun  impurfuct. 

Hody  stout,  compressed.  Mouth  normal,  obliquo  ;  no  Itarbel.  Teeth  4-5, 
orT)-,"),  ur(!-5,  liooked,  with  moderate  grinding  surface.  Scales  moderate  or 
Hinull.  I. literal  linocontinuous  or  incomplete,  decurved.  Anal  basis  short 
ur  ratlii  1  long.  Abdomen  not  compressed.  Intestinal  canal  not  elongate. 
SpecicH  iiiiiiierous  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  The  American  species 
are  cirtaiiilv  closely  allied  to  the  European  type  of  Jiutilua,  Hatines<iue, 
(iiicliKliiii;  I.titvoxy  Heckel),  differing  in  the  presence  of  toeth  5-5  or  5-1, 
iuHti'ud  ut  i)-5  or  5-5,  as  most  of  the  species  of  liiitHtta  have.  The  anal  fin 
is  long  in  Hiililitx,  of  10  to  14  rays  as  in  Lcitciacus  proper,  and  as  in  Euro- 
pean niinn()\v,s  generally,  while  in  these  American  lioaches  {Myloleucus) 
tlicit'  arc  but  8  anal  rays.  But  as  this  character  has  not  generic 
value  in  Lriuincua  and  Xotropis,  it  can  not  be  admitted  here. 

Ah  in  tiie  case  of  Lcucisvus,  tbo  American  forms  are  confined  to  the 
woHtern  waters.  They  are  dusky  in  color,  and  have  small,  loosely- 
einliedded  scales  which  give  an  appearance  unlike  that  of  their  relatives 
in  Kuropc.  Aa  in  the  other  case,  Austrian  and  Asiatic  species  (subgenus 
iViirfoj  hox\nuH,  Jileeker)  seem  to  form  connecting  links,  liittilua  zvregi  has 
teeth  5-5,  anal  rays  9,  and  scales  about  63.     We  are  therefore  unable  to 


*"I  tall  tliis  germs  Ilittitut,  iu  tlio  sujijiosition  tliat  tho  Qiprimu  rtililim  iiiiiy  ho  tlm  ty\H>  of  i(." 

(Uiijinenpu.) 


fl.-   I 


ii  ^  f 


I  i' 


U  } 


m 


W:^    4 


u- 


nu 


241 


Bulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


draw  any  HatiHfactory  liiut  lietween  Tiutiln8  on  the  one  extrunie  aixl  l/j^/.,. 
{('HCHM  at  tlie  other.  The  American  HpecicHof  this  genuH  are  very  iinpci  icctlv 
known,  an<l  homio  of  them  are  Hiiltjiu;*  to  hir);o  variations,  {raiilini,  i  uddy, 
the  ancient  name  of  the  Kuvopeau  lioach  or  Kotliauge,  Jiutilus  ritiilim.j 

LRtiCog,   (A«w«M,  white.): 
u,  Tuotli  T)-'),  nt'vt'r  4-.'i,  no.ri-Ci ;  niial  fln  ftliort,  nf  about  8  ruyn ;  scalvH  HiniiU,  hcxiiuI  difTer- 
onrt'HHiiKlit,  iiiiiU'N  with  lUtic  or  no  red  iiiciiiiMt. 
h,  Sciilo'i  iilioiit  TiS  10  05  ill  tli«  lutcritl  line,     liutly  Hluiider,  tlio  ditptli  4  in  li-n^'ilj  ;  (■„]„, 
olive,  tlio  lii'lly  Bilvt-ry.  ohva'H  s,  :th."j. 

Mvi.oi.Ki  riiH,  (fjvAot,  grinder;  LiMi<  oh)  : 
cut.  Toetli  •! -Ji,  witii  Krliidiiin  Hurface  ;  anal  fin  sliort,  of  al)out  8  rayw  ;  hc.\\vh  Hriiall      hn-kv 
Bitbi'iL'M,  tliOHi'al<!RH|>i'!.iiliIud  witli  darlv  dutH.     Suxi.iil  dilTt>ruucu8inodL-rato,  UMMllyHt.un' 
red  piKnicnt  in  spring. 
c.  ScaI(>N  in  lateral  lino  i!'<  to  07. 

tl.  ScaloH  8-4G  to  .^0-6 ;  coloration  paler  and  lem  dotted  with  Mack. 

iiiojiiiii,  ;m,. 
M.  ScalcH  10  to  14-50  to  ')7-')  to  7  ;  coloration  duekjr,  niuc}i  duRtcd  with  diuK  >i,irU. 

SYMMKTIili  IS,  IWT. 

cc.  Scales  rather  large,  80  in  lateral  lino  ;  ahoiit  seven  rowH  between  lateral  liti<'  innl  dnr- 
sal ;  sides  with  a  plumbeous  band  and  a  black  caudal  spot.  uoi'cakui,  litif. 

Subgenus  LEUCOS,  Hockcl. 

886.  IIITTILUS  OLIVACKUS  (Cope). 

Head  ''. ;  depth  4^  to  4^.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  11-56-6 ;  teeth  alw.ays  5-.',, 
wita  grinding  Bu..race.  Body  fusiform,  compressed ;  head  narrowed  to  tbc 
muzzle^  the  mouth  opening  very  obliquely  forwards  and  upwards;  maxil- 
lary concealed  in  the  closed  mouth,  its  tip  sca-cely  reaching  front,  oi' eye. 
Eye  H  in  snout,  1^  in  interorbital  space,  5  in  head ;  middle  of  froi;  t  Hat, 
its  edges  sloping  to  the  superciliary  border;  pectoral  long,  loachin;,'  ;t  dis- 
tance to  ventrals.  Dusky  olive,  with  brassy  luster,  the  belly  .silvery; 
body  and  fins  much  dotted ;  no  red  or  yellow ;  no  lateral  band ;  yoniii; 
with  lateral  line  incomplete.  Length  1  foot  or  more.  Lake  Talioo.  Pyra- 
mid Lake,  and  neighboring  waters;  excessively  abundant ;  much  resem- 
bles Leudsciis  lincatus  in  appearance  and  habits  ;  a  greedy  lish,  destruc- 
tive to  young  trout.    (oUvaceu8,  olive-colored.) 

Leuciiaoliraceiii',  (lopE,  Proc.  Ac.  ..Jat.Sci.  Phila.,  188.3, 14!5,  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 

LeiiciwdimiiUitlwt*  ('oft,  I.  c,  145,  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 

SiphixteUa  vittaluiA  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat. Sci.  Phila.,  188:t,  140,  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 

Subgenus  MYLOLEUCUS,   Cope. 
388.  ItUTILlIS  BICOLOR  (Girnrd). 

Head  4;  depth  4^;  eye  4i.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  S-48-6;  teeth  4-5.  Body 
moderately  stout.  Head  rather  heavy,  the  muzzle  short  and  conical. 
Mouth  n.oderate,  very  oblique,  "^he  jaws  equal,  the  maxillary  reacbiiif; 
line  of  eye.  .Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Eye  rather  large. 
Color  transparent  olivaceous;  a  distinct  plumbeous  lateral  band;  lius 


*Eyo  equal  to  interorbital  width,  3}4  in  head,  a  little  more  than  length  of  muz/.li 
oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  or  eye.  Ventral  a  little  behind  front  of  doi'.-si 
brown  above,  becoming  plumbeouH  lower,  the  belly  pure  silver  white.  Hee.d  4  ;  depth 
Scal'jB  14-C.'>-8.  Teeth  6-6,  with  grinding  surface.  Length  4  inches.  Pyramid  Lake 
very  abundant.     (Cope.)    Evidently  the  lialf-grown  of  It.  oUmceii). 

t  Head  4  ;  depth  4}^ ;  eye  3.  D.  8 ;  A.  8  ;  scales  11-.5.5-5  ;  tooth  5-5,  with  well- 
grinding  surface.  Lateral  line  very  imperfect.  Kye  a  little  less  than  interorbital  widtl 
oblique,  the  maxillary  not  quite  reaching  front  of  eye.  Ventral  fins  beneath  nnteiii 
dorsal.  Brownish  above,  t>elly  and  sides  silvery  ;  a  straight  lateral  band  uf  lead  cd 
rupted  at  liase  of  caudal  by  a  vortical  band  of  straw  yellow,  which  has  a  dark  postc 
Length  :t  inches.  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada,  evidently  the  young  of  H.  jlivaveiis.  (Coins. 
striped.) 


..  Miiutli 
il.  Mdit 
4>.^.  A.t( 
,  Neviula; 


li'VcIn|iC'l 
.  Jloiitli 
ir  imrt  ul 
lor.  iuter- 
ii.>r  flip'. 


1 

y 

i 

hid 

At^ 

L>     - 

1 

i 

fordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


245 


(Innkv  --liaded;  Hcales  with  Home  brown  'lots,  but  not  profusely  dusted 
with  Mil  k  Hpccks  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Length  8  inches.  Lakes 
()>'  Hiiii I  111  astern  Oregon  (Klamath,  Warner,  Goose,  etc.),  the  old  Lake 
I(l:ilii>;  liically  abundant ;  not  found  in  Lake  Lahontan,  Lake  Donncvillo, 
iK.i  ill  tlio  Sacramento  Valley.  Very  distinct  from  11.  nifrnmrtrivitH,  the 
sra''s  l,ir!.:<'r,  tlio  color  less  opa<iue.  It  is,  however,  close  to  Nutilnx  oliva- 
n)is,  ill  a|t|M'ar<'incu,  but  is  more  slender  and  has  larger  scales,  besides  the 
(litrt'r<ii('<'  in  iho  teeth,     {hicolor,  two-colored.) 

l/,,„„„  ,  /„„;,„•,*  f!iuAni>,  Proc  Ac.  Nat.  Sd.  I'hiln.,  la'iO,  183,  Klamath  Lake.     (Tyi*.  No. 

•jT.'.d,    Cull,  1)1-.  .1.  ."*.  Nowl.ei-ry.) 
M/./.f/i".!  ■M.i'"i,t  '""I'Ki  Prpc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilii.,  1804,  282,  "Texas ;  "  .Iorpan,  Proo.  V.  8. 

"Nat.  Mil-.,  l.xs">,  121. 
.W'//"'i"'"-''"''"""""'i'  •^'"'•K.  I''''"'.  Ac.  Nnt,  Sci.  Pliiln,,  1883,  143,  Goose  Lake,  Oregon. 
;„„,,,„<( ;,,!•,  ("ii'NTiiEii,  Cat.,  vii,  24.'i,  IHtiS. 

!,,„,■,■■>  I;,nl,.r,  .l.miHN  .t  IIENSIHW,  /.  c. ,  llKl,  1878. 

Uitnml'iinl,,,.  .I(mi>.\N  A  (iii.iiEKT,  Synoiisis,  240),  1883. 
Li-i.cM  mi'c  "s  .louDA.v  \-  (iii.uEur,  Synopsis,  240,  1883. 

3S;.  HI  TIMS  SYMMKTKICIJS  (Baird  &  Girard). 

Iload  :!,' ;  depth  l.!  ;  eye  3  to  4.  D.8;  A. 8;  scales  10  to  14-52  to  67-5, 
extremely  variable,  usually  53  to  56;  teeth  5-4.  Body  rather  elongate, 
inodoiately  coniiiressed,  not  elevated.  Head  short,  rather  slender ;  mouth 
.sinnll.  little  obli<iue,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Eye  large,  anterior ;  snonfc 
usually  a  little  convex,  alittielouger  than  eye;  mouth  not  quite  terminal. 
l.aleial  lino  strongly  decurved.  Dorsa'  distinctly  behind  ventrals.  Col- 
»,niti()n, dusky  above,  sides  pale,  scales  more  or  less  dotted  with  black; 
luiijht-eoloied  specimens  have  a  dark  lateral  band  from  snout  to  middle 
(if  caudal,  a  second  dark  baud  or  series  of  spots  below  lateral  line  ceasing 
at  vent ;  axils  orange ;  cheeks  silvery.  Color  much  brighter  in  specimens 
from  clear  brooks  (as  Tres  Pinos  Creek,  San  Benito  County,  California). 
Leu^itli  5  inches.  Rivers  of  California  and  Nevada,  probably  generally 
(listriliuted.  Originally  known  from  the  San  Joaquin  and  Merced 
rivers  and  Kern  Lake.  It  is  also  very  common  in  streams  of  the  coast 
ran<;e.s  from  8au  Francisco  to  Salinas  liiver,  being  in  the  brooks  of  Santa 
Clara  Valley  the  most  abundant  flsh.  Other  specimens  corresponding 
ratlier  to  uhnus  occur  in  streams  tributary  to  Owen  Lake,  Mohave  River, 
Washoe  Lake,  Truckee  Ri.ver,  Humboldt  River,  etc.,  (the  basin  of  the 
(^latcriiaiy  Lake  Lahontan.).  Still  other  records  are  from  western  and 
northern  Utah,  in  the  Lake  Bonneville  basin.  If  three  species  are  con- 
founded under  the  name  aifinmetricus,  they  are  likely  to  be  symmetricus 
(=/(*i'my«Hs),  from  streams  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  o6t;sM«  from  the  basin 

*Tlio  ti'Uuwiii^  notes  liavo  i)e8n  niado  on  tho  types  of  A^gawea  hicolor :  Length  7  inches ;  head 
4,  ili|itli  4' /,  eye  4' y  in  held.  Kyo  8)iurtur  tliiin  snout;  snovt  pointed;  maxillary  uut  rciicliiiif; 
'■y.    huwir  Jiiw  little  projecting.     D.  9 ;  A.  8;  scales  9-48-0.    ScaloB  larger  than  in  types  of 

I'lii^n,  fniin  v  liji'li  it  is  distinct. 

t.\  p|"'iiinrn  from  unknown  locality  has  hern  described  &9  Algauiva  aiilica,  Cope:  Head  acnto, 
mlii-miic:  Mumt  rather  pointed;  insertion  of  dorsal  midway  hetween  pupil  and  base  of  caudal. 
5l"Utli  i<iiiiill,  till'  Jaws  equal ;  maxillary  4  in  head,  not  reaching  orbit.  Lateral  lino  decurved. 
iinuliil  sliort,  little  forked;  jiectoral  short,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Eye  5  in  head.  Purplish 
>l;ili'iiliiive,  \illuw  below;  sides  of  head  and  edge«  of  scales  punctulate.  Head  3)!;  depth  3g; 
II.  8;  A.  (< ;  H  iilc-  io-4',t-(; ;  teeth  4  .5,  little  hooked,  with  a  very  broad  grinding  surface.  Length 
iincln'fi.  "Texas;"  hero  described  from  the  original  type,  its  exact  origin  unknown,  very 
liki'ly  nil'  fium  "'  sns.     It  is  probably  identical  with  Jl.  bicolor  or  It.  Ki/mmetricuii. 

4Kii(//ii«M.(/ii,«/iiii«  pos.sos.se8  the  following  characters:  Slenderer  than /^  |)nroeniiH»,  tho  color 
ft  liKlittmijriliicont  green,  quite  unlike  the  heavy  olivaceous  of  tho  latter.  Head  3yi;  depth  43-^; 
•\.  !i;  ncaies  ii-lii-4;  tooth  4-5.  Length  C  inches.  One  specimen  known,  from  Goose  Lake,  Oregon. 
ITuliably  identical  with  S.  bicolor. 


th^  '! 


^• 


?    . 


¥ 


!  •; 


r---     -      I      ■ 


.  Ii 


m 


•f  i 

i 
F     1 

1 

:.,| 

l#i 

i 

i 

i  '      ; 

1 

4 

'' 

246 


bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


of  Nevada  (Lake  Lahontan,)  and  j)uZperMlcn<Ms(=2>aroranM«),  from  tlnliasin 
of  Utah  (Lake  ]{ounevillo).  In  general  the  flsh  fauuiit  of  the  \y,mn»  of 
Nevada  and  Utah  aid  entirely  distinct.  But  wo  knowof  noconBtuntclmr- 
actors  on  which  a  division  of  this  species  can  be  maintained.  (KjiinmcM- 
CU8,  symmetrical ;  it  being  supposed  to  ditfer  from  PogonichihyH  macrokpi- 
autuB  in  the  symmetrical  tail.) 

Po(jonichthy»  $iimmelrwuii,*  Baird  ib  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  I'hila.,  1854,  136,  Fort  Miller, 

San  Joaquin  Valley,    {■l^^  ioclicH  long). 
AUjaimea  fiirmoiia,  UiitAiin,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  18^6, 183,  Merced  and  Mohave  rivers. 

{r>%  inches).     (Tyi)e,  Nos.  2754  and  2755.     Coll,  A.  h.  Ilecnnann.) 
AlyaiiHeu  uhesa,^  Gikard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850, 183,  Humboldt  River;  (JiriA.ui,  IV 

K.  11.  Surv.,  X,  239, 1868.     (Typo,  No.  2^r,2.     Coll.  Lieut.  Beckwith.) 
Myhilntcun  }mhvi-uh'nliii,l   CoPK,   Ilayiicn's   Ueol.  Surv.  Montana  lor  1871,  47.1,  lH7'J,   Warm 

Springs,  Utah.    (Scales  13-58-9.) 
Myluleucm  pitr<ivumis,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Anier.  Philos.  See.  Pliila.,  1874,  13(i,  Beaver  River,  Utah; 

Cope,  Zoiil.Whoelor  Surv., v,  009,1875,  (1876);  Coi'E,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat. Sci.  Phila.,  IHKi,  l«. 
Leucommm  fummetrkuf:,  GCnther,  Cat.,  vil, 207, 1808. 
CcraUchllinHsijmmetriciis,  Jordan  &  Giliiert,  Synojisis,  213,  1883. 
Li'mUscus  formosns,  GdNTiiER,  Cat.,  vu,  245,  1808. 

Leucon  formoaa,  Jordan  &  Hensiiaw,  Report  Chief  Eut;iiieers,App.  NN,  193, 1878. 
Leucm  formoms,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synoi>BiB,  244,  1883. 
Leticiscun  ohcms,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  244, 1808. 

Leiicos  obcsun,  Jordan  &  Henskaw,  Report  Chief  Eu8;neer8,  App.  NN,  192, 1878. 
Leuciis  ohe8>is,  Jordan  &  (Jildert,  Synopsis,  245,  1883. 

*Tho  type  of  I'ogonicMliyn  njmmelricuft  has  uo  barbel;  the  teetli  4-5;  the  head  4  in  liii):th;  the 
depth  4Va;  scales  9-53-6.  It  seunis  to  he  the  same  species  as  AUjausta  formona,  which  liiin  waits 
10-57-7.  The  typo  spocimen  of  Algaiwa  foninMt (No.  196),  from  Merced  River,  is  5Vg  im  Iks  l(prig. 
Head  3g;  depth  (eviscerated)  4}^.'  F-o  5,  IJ/,  in  snout.  Snout  4  in  head.  Moiilli  tcriniiial, 
oblique,  about  as  in  No.  19:',  but  th^  lower  jaw  slightly  included.  Maxillary  not  reaiiiiiiguye. 
D.  8;  A.  8.  Scales  10-57-7.  Another  of  these  specimens  lias  the  snout  sliorter  and  a  little  more 
])ointed.  Scales  11-57-7.  The  type  from  Mojave  River  (No.  197),  4J^  inches  long,  lius  licail  Ii',,; 
depth  4.  Kye  4^,  shorter  than  snout,  which  is  pointed,  4  in  head.  Mouth  oblique;  lnwer  jaw 
slightly  projecting.  D.  8:  A.  8.  Scales  11-51-7.  This  form  from  Mojave  River  eei'ins  to  cor- 
respond with  specimens  from  tributaries  of  Owen  Lake,  Inyo  County,  California.  Tluw  ditfer 
from  typical  nymmetriciiii  in  the  form  of  the  head,  agreeing  in  this  respect  with  the  types  uf  ohe.iu 
and  parovmms.  The  snout  in  tlie  Inyo  County  specimens  is  shorter,  barely  equal  to  the  eye  aud 
not  convex  as  in  mjiinnctricm;  nioutli  very  ol)li(|ue;  dorsal  over  ventrals.  Scales  lO-Sri-il.  Tlicse 
may  bo  the  same  us  11.  jiarovaims,  the  figure  of  wliicli  shows  this  form  of  mouth.  IliUilu^  iianmum 
is  thus  described:  Body  rather  stout;  muzzle  short,  conical;  mouth  very  broad,  tlic  niiixillary 
reaching  front  of  orbit;  protilc  gently  arched;  eye  large,  3  in  head,  equal  to  iuterorl>iliil  widtli; 
pectorals  reaching  little  more  than  half  way  to  ventrals;  the  latter  just  to  vent.  Traislucoiit, 
with  a  plumbeous  lateral  band.  Ventrals  and  pectorals  dusky;  dorsal  and  caudal  rIiikIciI  vitli 
dark.  Ileud  3i^;  depth  4}^.  D.  9;  A.  8.  Scales  10-48-5;  teeth  4-5.  Length  12  inclu  s.  (Cope.) 
Beaver  River,  Utah,  a  tributary  of  Sevier  River. 

1 11.  ohemts  is  apparently  identical  with  Rulihiii  symmetrkm.  Body  stout ;  heod  short;  snout 
4  in  liead,  moderately  pointed,  not  much  convex.  Mouth  oblique,  lower  jaw  not  prtijeciing; 
maxillary  i  •)t  reaching  eye.  Head  3^^;  depth  3"^;  eye  5,  IJ^  in  snout.  Scales  12-57-8.  liongtli 
()%  inches.  Here  described  from  notes  on  Girard's  type  (No.  194,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  Iroiii  Hum- 
boldt River. 

Another  of  Girard's  specimens  (No.  193,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  from  Humboldt  River  i^  ir'it  iuclies 
Jong.  Head  3-%;  depth  3J/^.  Eye  5  in  head,  1%  iu  snout,  which  is  3|  in  head.  Moutli  lorminal, 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting;  maxillary  not  reaching  eye;  snout  pointiil.  Scalw 
14-58-8.     D.  9;  A.  8. 

Another* specimen  from  Nevada,  5  inches  long,  has  snout  a  little  longer  than  eye;  scalcdl- 
56-6;  depth  4.  Still  another,  S%  inches  long,  from  "  Camp  21,  Nevada,"  has  scales  12-.i4-f>; 
snout  not  decurved;  eye  l^^  in  snout.  Of  specimens  from TruckeeRiv«r,  one  has  acdiivexBUont 
very  pronounced;  another  "the  snout  slightly  convex,  the  twu  others  not  convex  at  all. 

X Mylnl-ncus  puherttlentm  is  thus  described:  Form  stout;  head  short,  muzzle  udt  ilenirved; 
mouth  terminal,  slightly  descending,  the  maxillary  bone  nearly  attaining  the  ant.rior  lim' "f 
the  orbit.  Head  3.75  times  i:i  length,  exclusive  ot  caudal;  depth  3^^  times.  Kyi;  4.'.;  iu  head, 
1  in  muzzle.  Preorbital  bone  deejjer  than  long.  Scales  13-58-9.  Radii:  D.  1, 9;  A.  II,  7.  Cauda 
well  forked.  Length  3^  inches.  A  dark  plumbeous  band  extends  from  the  origin  of  the  lateral 
line  above  to  the  caudal  peduncle  aud  on  it  to  the  caudal  fin;  below  this  the  color  is  silvi'rv, 
thickly  dusted  with  black  dots;  above  it  is  an  olive-yellow  band,  then  a  dark  dorsal  ru^'ion,  all 
dusted;  sides  of  head  silvery,  dusted;  fins  unspotted.  Numerous  Bpecimeus  from  the  Wain 
SpringBi.Utah. 


!        ''■- 


Jordan  and  Evtrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        247 

388.  BUTILII8  BOVCABDI  (GUnther). 

Head  4;  depth  4;  eye  moderate,  4^.    D.8;  A.  9  or  10;   scales  7-39-5; 

teoth  .">-l,  hooked.      Body  moderately  elongate.     1.  md  thick,  obtuse; 

iiioiitli  hioiul,  its  cleft  not  extending  to  the  eye;  snout  convex,  the  lower 

jiiw  iiu  liided.    Caudal  fin  moderately  forked.    Origin  of  dorsal  fin  close 

behind  that  of  the  ventrals.     Pectorals  not  reaching  nearly  to  ventrpls. 

iirowiii.ili ;  a  Idnish  lateral  band,  forming  a  faint  caudal  spot.     Length  ^\ 

inches.    i;iiernavaca,  Mexico.    (Giinther.)    (Named  for AIphonseBoucard, 

an  oiiiitholoftist  who  collected  largely  in  Mexico.) 

;.,ii, ,« IK  («,H<  -dv/i,  GCntiikr,  Tat.,  vii,  485, 1868,  Cuernavaca,  Mexico.    (Coll.  Boucard.) 
teiiti(»  huwM-ih,  JoRUAN  A  Gilbert,  8yno|)8iB,  246, 1883. 

!i8.  LUXILINUS,  Jordan. 

huWnws  ■'lull'*".  Catalogue  Fishes  N.  A.,  1885,  33,  (occidenlalu). 

Body  oldong,  strongly  compressbd.  Ventral  edge  of  moderate  width; 
gcalt'd  over  and  not  at  all  curinated ;  otherwise  much  as  in  Abramia.  No 
liailielH.  Gill  rakers  slender,  of  modera+e  length.  Teeth  5-5,  with  entire 
edges  and  well-developed  grinding  surface,  their  tips  little  hooked.  Intes- 
tines ol'  tho  short  type,  but  longer  than  in  most  related  genera;  anal  basis 
elonjjate.  This  genus  seems  nearest  related  to  Abramia  or  to  its  section 
Xotmiiiitnus,  but  in  its  technical  characters  it  stands  near  Itutilua.  One 
specits  known.    (Name,  a  diminuti>  e  of  Luxilua;  from  lux,  light.) 

380.  LUXILINVS  OCCIF^ENTALIS  (Baird  &  Girard). 

Dorsal  10;  A.  11;  eye  large,  4.  Body  moderately  elongate;  snout  sub- 
coaical,  rather  tapering.  Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching 
orbit.  Ihownish  above ;  sides  silvery  ;  more  or  less  speckled  with  gray. 
San  Joaiiuin  Valley,  California;   not  rare  about  Fresno,     (occidentalis, 

western.) 

Lnitosomus niciilenlaUs,  Baird&Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phi'a.,  1854, 137,  Poso  Creek;  Four 

Creeks,  tributaries  of  Tulare  Lake,  California.     (Typo,  No.  57.    Cull.  Heermann.) 
Liiiiliit  t.raih  iilalis,  GiRAHD,  Pbc.  K.  K.  Surv.,  x,  280,  1858. 
Abrimii'i'niili'iitalis,  GOnther,  Cat.,  Vlt,  305,  1868. 
h'otemujviim  va.identalis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  250, 1883. 

1x9.  OPSOPCEODUS,  Hay. 

Opsoproim,  Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  507,  (emilix). 

Tryvlimiildii,  F0RI1E8,  in  JoRDAK  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  247,  1883,  {megaUypi). 

Opiiopiiii,  JoKiiAN  &  EVERMANN,  DOW  8ub)rcnuB  {bollmani). 

Moutli  very  small,  terminal.  Body  fusiform.  Upper  jaw  protractile; 
no  barbels.  Teeth  5-5  or  4-5,  with  little  or  no  grinding  surface  and  with 
serrated  edges,  the  tip  strongly  hooked.  Abdomen  not  compressed.  Dor- 
sal nearly  over  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Lateral  line  complete,  or 
mure  or  less  imperfect.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Peritoneum  white.  Sin- 
gnlar  fishes,  of  small  size,  confined  to  Easteru  America,  {dxonoiiu,  to  feed 
daintily;  (hi^,  tooth.) 

a.  Mouth  vory  oblique,  terminal,  its  cleft  almost  vertical ;  no  distinct  caudal  spot. 
b.  Lateral  line  complete,  or  very  nearly  so. 

c.  Dorsal  flu  plain,  without  distinct  dark  markings;  head  very  slender.       osculus,  390. 


V 


\    Pi 

ii  i 

U 

^f       ■' 

r- 

i    1 
1 

r 

I- 

1  1 

I: 

i 

(  t 


:  ( 


i      * 


t 


f  I 


i 


f! 


*   > 

i 

!?' 

1  jl 

i 

$ 

248 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


re.  Dursal  witli  lilack  blotcli  on   ItH  untorior  niy8,  iiitunlly  iiuno  pusteriurly  ;  hcacl 

deeper.  Esiii.t  i ,  siil. 

hh.  Lateral  line  iilwayR incomplete  ;  tlureal  uoually  with  a  coiispicuouB  blark  Motili  on  itn 

liosterior  portion.  meuamii^,  :i'i>j. 

OPROPffiA,  (6+oiroi«uj,  to  feed  daintily); 

an.  Muutli  i-cnrccly  ol)Ii(|ue,  it*  cleft  almost  horizontal ;  a  black  caudal  spot  nearly  uh  lariro  ai 

eye;  lateral  line  imperfect.  iioixmam,  ;)93, 

Subgenus  OPSOPCEODUS. 
8»0.  OPSOPtRODUS  OSCULIIS,  Evermann. 

Head  4J;  depth  4ito  5;  eye  3.  D.  10;  A.  8;  scales  7-38  to  41-3;  tt'ctb 
i-r>  or  4-4,  serrate  and  hooked.  Body  slender ;  head  subconic,  itH  ilupth 
at  eye  but  half  its  length  ;  snout  blunt,  shorter  than  eye.  Montli  very 
small,  almost  vertical.  Breast  naked ;  scales  before  dorsal  small.  L.ititrul 
line  complete.  Pale,  with  browu  specks  along  edges  of  scales  a1)uvo ;  a 
narrow  plumbeous  lateral  band ;  sometimes  two  rows  of  specks  aliovc  and 
one  below  it ;  no  black  caudal  spot  and  no  black  blotch  on  doisal.  Peri- 
toneum silvery.  Rio  Neches,  and  other  streams  about  Palestine  and  Hous- 
ton, Texas.  Very  close  to  O,  emiluc,  but  quite  different  in  color  markings, 
possibly  a  subspecies  of  O.  emiliw,     (oaculun,  a  small  mouth.) 

Opiopamhis  iiicuhis,  EvERMANN,  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.  Expl.  in  Texas,  82,  1892,  Neches  River, 
•  near  Palestine,  Texas.     (Typo,  No.  45560.    Coll.  Evermann,  Scovell  &  Gurley.) 

391."  OPSOPCEODUS  EMILI.E,  Hay. 

Head  about  4i  ;  depth  4ii ;  eye 3.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  5-40-3  ;  teeth;"-,"), 
very  slender,  strongly  hooked,  and  deeply  serrate.  Body  rather  elongate, 
moderately  compressed,  not  elevated.  Head  short,  slender.  Muzzlo  blunt 
and  rounded.  Mouth  very  small  and  very  oblique,  smaller  than  in  any 
other  of  our  Cypriiiida;, 'yvith  scarcely  any  lateral  cleft;  its  size,  when 
opened  wide,  less  than  that  of  the  eye.  Mandible  short  and  deep,  strongly 
curved ;  jaws  equal.  Eye  longer  than  snout.  Dorsal  beginning  over 
posterior  rays  of  ventrals,  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Pectoral 
small,  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  to  anal.  Caudal  peduuclo  long 
and  slender,  the  caudal  long  and  deeply  forked.  Anal  short  and  deep. 
Breast  naked ;  16  large  scales  before  dorsal.  Lateral  line  complete  or 
very  nearly  so.  Yellowish;  sides  silvery;  scales  above  dark-edged; 
usually  a  dark  lateral  band  from  snout  to  caudal,  above  and  below  which 
are  series  of  black  dots ;  no  distinct  caudal  spot ;  anterior  rays  of  dorsal 
dark;  no  black  spot  on  the  posterior  rays.  Sandy  lowland  streams.  Lake 
Erie  and  southern  Indiana  (New  Harmony)  to  Georgia  and  MissiHsippi. 
Rather  scarce,  but  widely  distributed.     (Named  for  Mrs.  Emily  Hiiy.) 

Opmpnmhi»  emilin;  Hay,  Proc.  tJ.  S.  Nat.  Mws.,  1880,  507,  Artesia^  Macon,  and  Enterprise, 
Mississippi.    (Type,  No.  32222.    Coll.  Ilay.)    Jordan  &  Gilbert, •Synopsis,  247, 1S83. 

^92.  OPSOPtEOnUS  MEOALOPS  (Forbes). 

Head  4f ;  depth  4  to  5 ;  eye  2f .  D.  7  or  8 ;  A.  7  or  8  ;  scales  r)-:i!M,  15 
before  dorsal.  Teeth  5-5,  hooked  and  crenate.  Lateral  line  alwavs 
incomplete,  sometimes  on  4  or  5  scales  only,  sometimes  extending  with 
interraptions  to  middle  of  caudal  peduncle.     Body  slender,  fusiform; 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        249 


,11, , nth  small,  terminal  oblique.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout;  fins 
luii,'!'.  ilio  caudal  long,  deeply  forked  ;  pectorals  extending  }  distance  to 
veiitnils,  Iheast  partly  naked.  Yellowish  brown,  sidos  faintly  silvery; 
sriil<"'  mImivo  dark-edged.  Dorsal  with  a  snbmedian  black  blotch  in  front 
oil  I  hi.vh:  ii  second  blotch  usually  present  on  3  posteri>.>  rays.  Length 
2;\  iiiilii'H.  Western  Ohio  to  Illinois,  replacing  0.  emU'un  northward; 
j)('rli;i)is  not  a  distinct  species.     (//f/rtAoi/',  large-eyed.) 

fm-hi-' ■'■■!!  .»' ;/iif"j'»,  FoRiiKH,  ill  .lounAN  Si  OiMiF.nT,  Synopsis,  2I«,  18H3,  Illinois  River  at 
Pekin  and  Peoria  ;  Mackinaw  Creek,  Illinois.    (Type,  No.  2840t'>.    Coll.  Forlios.) 

Subgenus  OPSOPCBA,  .Jordan  &  Kvormann. 

80S.  OPSOP(KOI)i:s   BOLL!)*  •  NI,  Gilbert. 

Hcail  1=  ;  depth  4a  to  5;  eye  3?.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-37-4.  Head 
Kiiiiill,  siioiit  compressed,  slender,  somewhat  rounded  at  tip,  resembling 
Jbjhopx'ix  Idhrositn.  Mouth  small,  subterminal,  slightly  overhung  by  the 
snout,  its  doft  slightly  obliqtie ;  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  posterior 
nostril,  siic  tsr  than  "nout,  4^1  head.  Eye  equal  to  snout.  Teeth  4-5 
or .')-",  with  well-developed  griL-ding  surface,  one  edge  of  which  is  con- 
spiciio  'y  serrated,  but  less  so  than  in  O.  cmiliw.  Insertion  of  dorsal 
lieiiind  veiitrals,  slightly  nearer  caudal  than  snout ;  caudal  deeply  forked ; 
lower  (in.s  moderate.  Lateral  line  present  on  7  or  8  scales  only ;  breast 
scaled.  Dark  olive,  the  scales  edged  with  dusky;  a  black  lateral  band 
through  <\ve  to  caudal;  chin  black;  a  V-s^a.ped  pale  area  on  snont;  a 
lilack  spot  nearly  as  large  as  eye  at  base  of  caudal ;  a  dark  dorsal  streak 
and  one  backward  from  anal ;  fins  dusky  ;  males  with  a  black  blotcl^  on 
first  two  dorsal  rays ;  marginal  third  of  tin  dusky  ;  anal  and  ventrals  bor- 
dered with  black.  Length  2  inches.  Lowland  swamps,  known  from 
Satilla  River,  Waycross,  Georgia,  and  Obion  River,  Cypress,  Tennessee. 
(Named  for  Charles  Harvey  Bollman,  who  first  obtained  the  species  and 
who  died  untimely  of  fever,  taken  in  the  Georgia  swamps.) 

0|i«.);mo.;h>  hnlliiiimi,  CiiMiEUT,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  viii,  1888,  220,  1890,  Bucklaod  Creek, 
Millen,  Georgia.     (Coll.  IJoUmun  &  Fcslor.)    AVooiman,  Dull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coniin.,  x,  1890, 

272,  18',1'J. 

Z20.  ABRAMI3,  Cuvier. 
(Breams.) 

.4ftm?m»,  CnviEn,  Ri-gno  Animal,  Ed.  i..  Ill,  1817,  (hrama). 

Solmiijimiis,   ItAFlNERQUE,   Joiirn.  do  Physiciuo,  do  Cliymie,  et  d'llist.  Nat.,  I'liris,  1819,  421, 

(iinniliis). 
Ileiiiiiiliis,  Uafinesque,  Annals  Nature,  i,  6,  1820,  {Incttstris). 
^ilbe,J)r.K.\\,  New  York  Fauna:  FislicB,  2f)4, 1842,  (vliryiu,h-m-a). 
IMIinm,  IIkckfi,,  Riissoggor's  Roiscn,  i,  1032,  184;{,  (lmllcrii»). 
Stilbm,  flu, I,,  Canadian  Natunili.st,  ISC'),  lS,(((HicriV<(im«). 
il'imiiii./i.y/si*,  SiEiioi.D,  SUHSwasserflsclio  Oetiterreichs,  117,1803,  {letirkarti ;  hybrid  with  JtulOm). 

Body  subelliptical,  strongly  compressed,  both  buck  and  belly  curved; 
bck  narrowly  compressed ;  belly  behind  ventral  fins  forming  a  keel  over 
which  the  scales  do  not  pass.  Head  small,  conic.  Mouth  small,  oblique 
or  horizontal,  without  barbels.  Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  line  con- 
tinuous, strongly  deourved.     Dorsal  fin  inserted  behind  the  ventrals. 


Iji' 


t--  t 


i   1 


I.  > 


I 
j 

1      >       I   ft   i 


fVi 


IF- 


ill  :    i\ 


ii 


iV\             ■' 

1. 


i^    i; 
■•'>    t. 


250 


Bulletin  47,  Untied  States  National  Museum. 


Anal  fin  with  its  base  moro  or  less  elongate,  of  from  13  to  40  rays;  (9 
rays  in  one  species).  Teeth  5-5,  hooked,  with  grinding  surface,  the  edges 
of  which,  in  American  species,  are  more  or  less  crenate.  Alimentary  cunal 
short,  though  ;ather  longer  than  the  body.  Size  rather  large.  Ashore 
understood,  the  American  genus  Notemigonus  is  included  in  Ahnim'tH, 
from  which  it  differs  in  tiie  much  shorter  anal  fin,  from  9  to  18  rays  instead 
of  20  to  40.  There  is  much  variation  in  the  length  of  the  anal  aud  in  the 
form  of  the  mouth  among  the  species  left  m  Abramis,  and  a  reunion  or  a 
different  division  of  the  group  may  be  necessr.ry.  In  the  American  Hix^cies, 
NotemigonuB,  the  teeth  are  more  or  less  crenate,  in  form  approachintj;  the 
serrated  teeth  of  the  European  genus  Scardlniiia.  In  the  European  sub- 
genera, Abramis  and  Ballerua,  the  teeth  are  entire.  In  BalUrus  tlnre  are 
30  to  40  anal  rays  ;  in  Abramis  proper  20  to  28.  (Ahramis,  an  old  name  uf 
the  Bream,  Abramis  brama.) 

NoTEMinoMUs  (fuTOf,  back  ;  riiii-,  half;  yoivia,  augle  ;  the  back  being  almost  carinatcil.) 
a.  Teetli  rrenato  or  serruto  ;  mouth  terminal ;  aiiul  Hhortish,  its  layH  less  than  20. 

b.  Anal  fln  with  12  to  18  rays  ;  scales  in  tho  lateral  line  43  to  55.  cuYsoi.r.r('As,3m, 

bb.  Anal  fin  with  9  or  10  rays  ;  scales  '.n  lateral  line  about  40.  aABUUNF.i's,395. 

Subgenus  NOTEMIGONUS,  Itaflncsquo. 
394^  ABRAMIS  CRT80LKUCAS  (Mitchill). 
(Golden  Shiner;  Roach;  Bream.) 
Head  4^;  depth  3;  eye  moderate,  about  4  in  head.    D.  8;  A.  13,  (12  to 
14) ;  scales  10—16  to  55-3;  teeth  5-5.    Body  moderately  elongate,  strongly 
compressed.    Head  short,  subconio,  compressed,  the  profilotsomewiiat  con- 
cave.   Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  upper  lip  on  level  of  upper  part  of  pupil, 
the  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye.     Fins  medium.    Color  clear 
greenish  above;  sides  silvery,  with  bright  golden  reflections ;  fins  yellow- 
ish, the  tips  of  the  lower  fins  sometimes  slightly  orange  in  sprinix  males. 
Length  12  inches.    Nova  Scotia  and  Maryland  to  Dakota  and  Texas; 
everywhere  abundant  in  bayous  and  weedy  ponds.    One  of  the  niostj 
familiar  and  characteristic  of  our  Cyprinidee.     (xp^'"^it  gohl '  ^eoKuc,  white. 

Cyprinns  cnjtoleuc.aii,  MlTCHiLi,  Ropt.  Fish.N.  Y.,  23,1814,  New  York 

Cyprinm  hemiphts,  Rafinesqve,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.,  1817,  121    Lake  George;   Saratoga 

Lake. 
Nolemigmmt  auratiu,  Rafinesqve,  Journ.Phya.,  1819, 421,  Falls  of  Ohio  River. 
Hemiphts  Uwuflriii,  Rafinesque,  "Annals  of  Nature,  i,6,"  1820,  Lake  George. 
Ahramis  versicolor,  Db  Kay,  K.  Y.    Fauna  :    Fishes,   191,   1842,  Connecticut  and   Hudson 

rivers ;  Peekskill. 
Luxilufteco,  Girari),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 203,  Rio  Scco,  tributary  of  Rio  Nueces, 

Texas.    (Coll.  Kennerly.) 
Luxilusleptosomm, Girabd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat. Sci.  Phila.,  1850, 203,  and U. S.  Mcx.  MouikI.  Siii  v.,Iilitli., 

60,1859,  Dry  Creek,  Victoria,  Texas.     (Coll.  Kennerly.) 
Leucisciu,  Leticosomus,  Luxilus,  Plargyrus,  Stilbe,  Stilbitis,  or  Abramia  aniericatius  cif  variuiis  iiiitliotB, 

(not  CypritiM  americantts,  L.,  1758.) 
SiUbe  americana,  CoPE,  Cypr.  Penn.,  389, 1860. 
Leuo^iomut  americanus,  Storeb,  Fishes  Mass.,  283,  1867. 
Abramis  amertcanus,  G  Jntheb,  Cat.,  vil,  305, 1868. 
Ahramitl  leplosomiis,  uDnther,  Cat.,  vii, 306, 1868. 
Nolemigmnis  chrysoletMU,  Jobdan,  Bull. U.S.Nat. Mu8.,x,6.'),  1877  ;  Jorpas  &  (iitiiKKT,  Syuopeis, 

2.S0, 1883. 
Nolemigonut  leploiomu$,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  250,  1883. 


H. 


1 

,iJ  k  I 


lortian  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         251 

K.l)rf8entt'd  Honthward  l>y 

:itMa.  AIIKANIS  CKYSOLKITAH  BOSCI  (Cuvior  .1  VHlenrionnflx). 

Ilciid  tit;  «loptli:{fr;  eye 3.  D.  8;  A.  15  to  17;  scales 8-4.'J  to  50-2;  teeth 
r,-').  Scales  lar^jer,  the  jiiial  fin  iiioro  elongate,  and  the  male  with  hrififl.ter 
colors.  Kddy  moderately  elevated,  very  stronjjly  compressed ;  head  rather 
liroiidand  Hat  between  the  eyes  ;  mouth  small,  quite  ol)li(|iie,  tho  maxil- 
lary I'^'K-'y  r<'acl>'"K  til*'  cyS  ♦■y  ^'®'"y  hugo  and  prominent,  anter. or. 
Dois.ii  I'm  short  and  very  hijrh, almost  falcate,  well  hack;  anal  fin  hi^jb 
and  Itiiifj.  Scales  rather  large,  the  lateral  line  running  very  low.  Color 
pale  olive, with  silvery  luster;  loMer  fins  red  in  the  males  in  spring. 
LiMifitli  12  inches.  Rivers  of  the  South  Atlantic  Ptatos;  ahundant  from 
tin;  .lames  to  the  Altamaha  and  St.  Johns  ;  intorgrading  with  the  typical 
foiiii.  (Named  for  M.  Ik)sc, a  French  naturalist  and  collector,  consul  at 
CbarK'Htou  toward  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century.) 

/.eiiriMMs  /..-soi',  CuviKii  4  Vai.knciknnes,  x  vii,  :il3,  \M\,  Carolina;  Pennsylvania;  New  York. 
Qipriiiii^'iiiieriniiiiis,  LiNN.v.is,  Sj'st.  Nat.,  KM.  XII,  fillO,  ITiUi,  Chaileston  ;  not  n{  Kd.  \,17f)8, 

wliidi  is  Miiilirinhiis, 
A',(clll^/"/|"^ '>' '"'«"<,  .I<>iii>AN,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  187G,  'M4,  South  Forl<  Ocmulgee 

River,  Flat  Shoals,  Georgia.     (Typu,  Noh.  nMr,  and  20112.     Oill.  Jordan.) 
\o(emi>"""i  itiiiaictiiiiis,  ,IORl>.\N  iSc  GllliERT,  SynoiMii*,  a.lO,  1883. 

905.  ABKAMIS  flARDONKlIS  (Ciivior  .^  Vulenriennog). 

Head  r>-} ;  depth  3i  ;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  10;  A.  9 ;  teeth  5-5,  with  grind- 
iiitrNiiiliit"  '"nxl  serrated  edge ;  scales  7-39-3.  Bodj'  moderately  elongate, 
coiniin's.sed.  Head  ohtuse.  Isthmus  narrow.  Mouth  small,  ohlique,  the 
lowei  Jaw  included.  Dorsal  nearly  midway  of  body,  littlebehind  vonrrals. 
Olivaceous.  South  Carolina;  one  specimen  known,  perhaps  a  hybrid 
between  -1.  cryxohucaa  and  some  other  fish.  {Gardon,  a  Fi'^nch  name  of 
the  Koaeli,  Hutihts  rutiUm.) 

Imiiiim  .;  uil'iiiim,  CuviKR  &  Vai.ksciknnes,  XVII,  .Sl«,  1844,  Charleston;  GCntiirk,  Cut.,  vii, 

2.W,  I.m;s 
VlKmilri'nli'iii'i  (jdrihtneiim,  t'oPK,  TraiiB.  Anier.  Phil.  .Soc.  Pliila.,  180G,  395. 
.Vi*mi;/.:mi.s  .;.in/«MriM,  ,T(iKDAN  &  GlMiKUT,  Synopsis,  2,'iO,  1883. 

121.  COCHLOGNATHUS,  Baird  &  Girard. 

MihgiKillms^  Baird  &  OlitARl),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18.'i4,  158,  (nnmliis). 

This  genus  has  the  general  character  and  appearance  of  CUola  and 
rinephiths,  the  dentition  and  the  structure  of  the  iins  being  the  same; 
the  teeth,  however,  are  rather  more  strongly  hooked  and  with  deeper 
grinding  surface.  It  differs  in  the  structure  of  the  jaws,  which  are  pro- 
vided eaoh  with  a  hard  cutting  plate,  in  appearance  similar  to  that  of 
Diw/oH,  the  sharp,  bony  edge  being  surronndea  by  the  usual  lip.  First 
ray  of  dorsal  separated  by  membrane,  and  spine-like,  as  in  CUola  and 
Pimephalcs.  Alimentary  canal  short.  Peritoneum  white.  Pseudo 
branch  in' present.  Lateral  line  complete.  Anal  fin  small.  Spring  males 
with  tubercles  and  dark  pigment  as  in  Pimephales.  Wo  place  this  genus 
and  CUoht  in  the  neighborhood  of  Notropis,  on  account  of  the  shortness  of 
the  intestines,  but  it  is  likely  that  their  real  relations  are  with  Pime- 
I'lialeo,  and  that  the  reduction  in  the  length  of  the  alimentary  canal  is  a 


(. 


I    I 


■  iSiv/ 


--ij*v>fctT,'-:-=x*- " 


w 


252 


Bulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


i  1 1 


U 


\i\ 


ii  li 


!ii 


I- 


Sir 


character  iiulepwiKleiitly  (Itnulopnd.     (m'ix?^()<:,  hIicU;    yvtifior,  jaws;   tho 
covering  of  tho  Jaw  boiii^  hard,  lik«  Hholl.) 


a.  Scaled  nuMlorutr,  alioiit  40  intli«  Inlcral  lino. 
aa.  Scale*  larKOi  about  :tt  In  littxinl  lino. 


OKNATA,  '.\%. 
IlKll'TTAI  A,  lillT. 


8»«.  rO<'HI,0(JNATill  M  OKNATA,  nnird  \  CIrnrd. 

Head  4;  depth  4J.  D.  «;  A.  6;  lateral  line  40;  teeth  1-1.  Apiiour- 
ance,  dorsal  fin,  and  coloration  ninch  aH  in  I'lmcphahn  noluliiH  or  I'Hola 
riyilax.  IJody  moderately  elongate.  Head  rather  long.  Dorsal  (in  over 
tho  ventruls,  rather  high;  anal  fln  quite  Hoiall ;  caudal  fin  Nhort.  Hdisal 
tin  with  a  black  spot  near  the  bane  in  front  an<l  a  dusky  blotch  ImIiIihI; 
caudal  tin  with  a  dnuky  median  band,  in  front  and  behind  whicii  \h  a 
pale  area;  a '.ludky  lateral  band.  Snout  tulKtrcnlate  in  H])ring  nialis.nN 
in  Pimephiiles.  Length  '^  inchcH.  liio  Grande.  A  singular  lift  If  HhIi, 
with  the  mouth  resembling  that  o(  Chondrostoma  or  Acrocheil us,  h\\\  the 
structure  otherwise  difterent  from  either,     (ornatiis,  adorned.) 

Cochl(i(jiialhH$  nniiihiii,  lUiui)  &  GiitAKii,  Proc.  A,-.  Nat.  Si'i.  I'liilii.,  18/il,  l.'i.s,  Brownsville, 
Texas;  GOnther,  Cat.,  vii,  187,  l8(iH;  .Iohkan  .v  (iiMiriir,  SynoiwiH,  V<1,  18Kt. 

807.  C'Ot'llMHiNATIirS  BUJITTATA,  Copo. 

Head  5  in  length,  with  tho  caudal  fin  ;  depth  a  little  less.  Eye  liiifje, 
31  in  head,  a  little  loss  than  muzzle  and  than  interorbital  space.  1).  8, 
A.  7;  scf'les  7-34-?  Form  of  I'lmvphalvH  notatiiH.  Head  oblong  and 
rather  wide  above.  Muzzle  decurved  in  profile;  mouth  terminal.  liind 
wide  behind  and  tlat  above.  Maxillary  not  (|uite  reaching  line  of  oilnt. 
Ventral  fins  inserted  opposite  second  or  third  dorsal  ray,  reaclimi,'  to 
vent;  anal  fin  small.  Pectorals  reaching  three-fifths  to  ventrals.  Color 
silvery,  without  dark  markings,  except  a  black  spot  at  tho  base  of  the 
caudal  and  on  the  anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal.  Length  2i  inclies. 
Trinity  River,  Texas.  Very  close  to  the  preceding,  from  which  it  may 
perhaps  differ  in  the  larger  scales.     (Cope.)     {biijuttatim,  two-8j>otl»'il.) 

CoMogwtlhm  hignllata,   CorK,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,   xvii,  1K80,  37,  Trinity   River,   Fort 
Worth,  Texas.     (Coll.  Cope.)    .Ioiidan  A  Gii.iiEiiT,  SynopBis,  IGl,  1883. 

122.  CLIOLA,  Girard. 

Ojra«Wi%«,*  BaihI)  &  OinABr,  Proc.  Ac.  Niit.  Soi.  I'hilii.,  1853,  .100  ;  (namo  only  ;  no  (Icllnilinn; 

applied  to  rigHar,  whicli  was  not  intended  iis  type). 
Clioln,  GiiiAun,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  ]8,'">(;,  102,  (rigilar). 
Uypargynit,  Foriies,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  2lM),  ((Hrfi/niiiiJi). 

Form  and  appearance  of  rimephahs,  the  same  squamation,  fin  rays  and 
plan  of  coloration,  and  tho  first  ray  of  the  dorsal  similarly  oeparattMl  by 
membrane,  the  structure  of  the  mouth  similar,  but  with  the  intostinal 
canal  short,  shorter  than  body,  the  peritoneum  pale  and  the  teetli  more 
hooked,  as  in  2^'otropi8.  The  single  species  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to 
Pimephalea  notatus,  but  is  distinguishable  by  the  more  contrasted  coloration 
and  by  tho  generic  characters  which  ally  it,  with  Cochlo(inatlnix,tn  tho 
carnivorous  species  called  Kotropis,  The  genus  is  certainly  vci  y  near 
Pimephalea  although  in  its  technical  characters  it  approaches  nearer  to 
Notrojns.  (A  coined  name,  without  meaning,  first  applied  to  a  railway 
station  in  Hlinois.) 

*  We  do  not  use  tho  name  Ceratichthys  for  thiu  genus,  because  no  oxpluuation  of  its  i;si'  was 
Kiven  in  the  paper  when  it  first  appeared.  It  was  at  that  time  a  MS.  name  of  Professor  liairu 
for  the  fftorxp  typified  by  H]/bop»u  kentuckientis,  and  to  this  group  C.  vigilax  was  wrongly  i^  'erred. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        ;»53 


„    \ni.  linr tlorHul  rii)H  with  u  tiliick  »|iot. 
,1(1.  Ni  l-iikck  HJiut  oil  ilorml  tin. 


ViaiLAX,  308. 
HMITlIll,  U'JO. 


!I«H.  i'\,l'\\,K  VKni.AX  (HalrilA«imr<l). 


Ilciiil  11 ;  (lopth  4i ;  i\voluiK«s3i  in  head.  I).  H;  A.  7 ; ncuIoh H-42-6 ; teeth 
4-1,  with  ^riiuliii);  t  itfiuto,  and  Hiight  liook.  Hody  Htoiit,  Bunicwhat 
cuiii|)>*°^''^<'d)  broiid  and  Mat  altovo,  withdeop  cattdal  ]tudiinc]o.  Iluadbiuad 
ami  ll  it  aliove,  \\\i\\  an  aii^U)  at  tlio  t(Mn])oi'ul  logion.  Mn//,Iu  bruad  and 
ohtiiM  ,  less  triinuato  than  in  ViimphahH  iiolatnu.  Muiith  latlierHmall,  but 
|ur<{i  riliiin  in  I'iiiitphahn,  liuri/ontal,  toiininal,  the, jawH  about  equal,  max- 
iliaiv  not  K'achinji  to  o])poHitu  antorioi-  niarjjin  of  eye.  Dorsal  inserted 
uliovi  vtMitrais,  nearer  snotit  tlian  caudal.  Scales  before  dorsal  small  and 
Clouded,  nti  in  I'imrphitliH,  in  about  2X  serieH.  Dusky  yellowish;  sides 
Hilvcrv,  with  ail  obsolete  dark  lateral  band,  which  terminates  in  a  jet- 
Mack  --iiitt ;  a  very  diHtinct  black  Hjuit  on  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  about 
half  way  up.  Length  3  inches.  Strongly  resembles  rimejthtilis  notatuH, 
but  nioro  silvery,  less  pltimbeotis,  and  the  black  spots  more  sharj)ly  defined. 
Tlic  s|ii  iii<;  males  have  little  if  any  black  pigment.  Ohio  to  Georgia, 
Iowa  and  Texas,  very  abundant;  southwest  as  far  as  the  Kio  Uraude. 
r'Kjiliij-,  watchful.) 

iVi.i/iV/,*/,//<ri;/i7(i..,  llAiRii  *  GinAiiK,  Pro( .  Ap.  Nut.  Sol,  Phila.,  ISniJ,  300,  Otter  Creek,  North 
Fork  of  Red  River,  Arkansas.    (Coll.  Cnpt,  (!oo.  H.  MrCU-llaii.) 

(Vi.7ii  n.jihu-,  i'Hiitit  vtlix,  San  Pedro  Creek,  tributary  of  Rio  San  Antonio  (Typo,  No.  30. 
('nil.  I,iciit.  A.  W.  WliljipK'),  itnil  Cliola  lii-iij-,  Rio  Leon,  tributary  of  Rio  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  (iinAiii),  IToc.  Ac.  Nut.  .'^••i.  Tliihi.  IS'iO,  l!t2;  niul  in  I'lic.  11.  It.  Surv.,  x,  2,'>7,  2.'58, 
ls'''<.  (\  rirtij-  is  Niiid  tu  liuvo Kcnk'H  "u  );uo(l  ili'ul  Hiimllur,"  but  nu  data  mo  givuu  ;  tho  typus 
iif  ull  tliTi'i)  nrii  now  lost. 

Iliil„li>i'^  t'liliiiDiiix,  Coi'K,  (i.vpr.  Poim.,  :1H1,  1800,  Detroit,  Michigan. 

Alln'rwir^  iiiiiiiifiphiihin,  IIav,  I'roc.  I'.  S.  Niii.  Mns.,l«K(»,  503,  Chickasawha  River,  Enter- 
prise, Mississippi.     (Type,  Ni>.  iJ743'.t.     (^'oll.  lliiy.) 

l,ll,'i'rf,,liulihlltlll<,  (rt'NTIIEK,  Cat.,  Vlt,  2r><t,  18()K. 

W,l,.ii.iiinf.lii,lilitiius,  Gii.DKRT,  I'roc.  V.  .S.  Nut.  MiiH.,  18K4,  iiOO. 

vhuU  UiiUluiut,  tauroccpliala,  and    i'jiUij;  Jukuan  A  (Jiliikut,  SyuopsiB,  106,  100,  aud  109,  1883. 

800.  ClilOLA  S.V1THII,  Evcrmaun  A  Cux. 

Head  4;  depth  3S;  eye  4;  snout  4;  iuterorbital  width  3.    D.  1,8;  A. 

7;  scales  v-'il-G,  27  before  the  dorsal.    Teeth  4-4,  not  hooked,  grinding 

surface  slightly  developed.     Intestine  not  long.    Body  short  and  stout, 

compressed;   head  moderate;   mouth  small,  terminal,  slightly  oblique; 

maxillary  not  reaching  eye;  preorbital  broad.    Back  considerably  arched; 

caudal  peduncle  deep,  its  least  depth  2  in  head.    Origin  of  dorsal  tin  over 

veutraiH,  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.    Color,  above  densely  covered 

with  line  black  specks,  giving  a  general  blue-black  appearance;  sides  with 

a  bruad  plumbeous  baud  |  as  broad  as  eye,  darkest  and  bost  defined  on 

caudal  peduncle;  sides  below  this  baud  with  a  few  scattered   specks 

auteriorly  ;   lower  part  of  caudal  peduncle  pale ;  top  and  upper  parts  of 

sides  of  head  bluish-black ;  dorsal,  anal,  and  pectorals  with  a  few  dark 

specks;  other  fins  plain.     Length  2^  inches.     Southern  South  Dakota, 

known  only  from  Prairie  Creek  near  Scotland.     (Named  for  Dr.  Hugh  M. 

Smith,  Chief  of  the  Statistical  Divisiou  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

Cliola  miiliii,  Kvekmann  (c  Cox,  Ropt.  U.  8.  Fisli  Conini.,  xix,  1895,  Prairie  Creek,  Scotland, 
South  Dakota.     (Type,  No.  45C81.    Coll.  EverniaDU,  Kuttur,  &  Cox.) 


^  n 

r 

iirj4 


Jiulli'tin  ^7,  Unitt'ii  Slalis  A'ndouti/  Mitseum. 


>•; 


'1 


I 


i     H 


123.  NOTROPIS,*  I{alliuw|iu). 

(HllINKKH.) 

Nnlrnpiii,  RapinKKQITI!,  Amor.  Mimthlv  Man.,  11.  I^IH,  !iOJ,  {alhrrliiiiiilen), 

MiimiliiM,  UAriNENgcR,  Icli.  oh.,  I.'i,  IH'JI,  (i(iiifiiiii<). 

Lxrilun,  KvKlNKHgi'K.,  /.  I'.,  17,  (i7i;7M'"''7''i'i'"»). 

I'liiiijinvii,  UAri.\KH<M'K,    '.  '■.,  47,  ( iiiniijiim»\, 

lliDmilrfiU,  (lUiiiii),  .\iiAHMi/,  AriiiT.  Jipiini.  S(  I.  .'.rtn,  1-M,  Iiri'.t,  (riirHMjii*). 

/l«..irMr//i(»,  (iiiiAiiii,  I'loc  Ar.  Nut.  Sii.  I'lilla.,  IHfifl,  \<X\,  (tUledut). 

/l(/i»niii;M,  UlHMll),  /.  i.,  I'll,  [lil'imiiii). 

('•i-ldiiin,  (ilRAlin,  /.  r.,  lOt,  {iiriinln). 

CuiiriHrllii,  (>IKAUI>,  I.  ('.,  111(1,  [hiihiilimiit). 

Moniaim,  (iiKAHl),  /,  c,  I'JU,  {lutrinHiii). 

//hi/iKiMIHK,  (iinAKP,  /.  1:,  '21(l,   (llll(lll(l)litlll), 

i'hiiliMjenii',  <'c)i'K,  Trans.  AniiT.  IMiil.  8<>c.,  1H»1(1,  378,  (npih^Urriii). 

^;»ir()i/M»,  (iCNTirKIl,  Cut.  FIhIics,  VII,    In."),  18liK,  (iiiijinl.i  iiiiiliiH), 

Lylhritniii,  .ImtDA.N,  Muii.  Vert.  K.  I'.  S.,  V.,l.  1,  27'.i,  lM7ti,  (tUjili-iniHi). 

Kjiuifmii,  Corr.  A  JonoAN,  I'roc.  A<\  Nii(.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  1877,  77,  {'iiihrii:«ii»  ;  iiaintt  pri'miiiiii.-d). 

Iljlilriqihlor,  JoiiHAN,  Bull.  V.  i*.  Nut.  Muh.,  xii,  1H,  1H78,  1  nidriiTocni") . 

KrnijitUi,  JoKDAN,  /.  c,  2(1,  (itiijviidurun). 

Clirin])i;  JonoAN,  Bull.  Huyiloirn  Surv.  Ti-rr.,  iv,  787,  1K78,  ((>i/rf'ii(i<u<), 

Miiiielhin,  Joiidan,  Mini.  Vert.,  Kil,  v,  .11!,  181H),   (provne). 

Aateca,  Joiihan  fi  Kvehmann,  now  subgoniiH,  (ritlala  --■■  axttciin). 

OrceU<i,Jinw,\f>  A  Kvf.IIMANN,  new  biiIiicoiiiim,  (onri). 

Body  oblou^r  ur  elonguto,  inure  or  Iohh  coinpreHHud.  Montli  iiorniiil, 
nioBtly  terniinul  and  oblique,  soiiietimes  Hubiiiferior.  No  barbulu.  Tvetli 
iu  one  or  two  rows,  those  of  the  larger  vow  always  4-1,  hooked,  .sliui'i) 
edged  or  with  a  narrow  grinding  surface.  Scales  large,  often  clo«oIy  im- 
bricated, those  before  the  dorsal  rarely  very  small.  Lateral  linecomiikto 
or  nearly  so,  usually  decurved.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  above,  or  more  iiHiiiilIy 
behind,  the  ventrals;  anal  fin  short  or  somewhat  elongate.  Aluloiiieu 
rounded,  never  sharp-edged.  Coloration  more  or  less  silvery,  oftfn  liiii- 
liant,  the  males  in  spring  usually  with  red  or  white  pigment  and  the  liead 

*  Tho  following  is  Rafinc8i|no'H  oriKinnl  account  of  Sotropii  unil  its  typical  opccies : 

N.  G.  Kotropin:  Holubrani'lilal  ulidominal.  Body  olongateil  conipruNScil,  lnu-k  iiiriiialid, 
nuarly  straight,  belly  not  carinuti'il,  ocarcely  bowed,  a  lateral  line*  and  11  longitudinal  HJIvir  l>ttnil; 
Tent  hearer  tho  tail  than  tho  bead.  Head  oval  coinprcased,  convex  above,  mouth  dingniiitl  liuve, 
jawB  without  teeth,  tho  lower  longer  and  mobile,  tho  upjx  r  extensiblo  ;  eyes  very  liii  ;;i' ;  Kill 
cover  large,  smooth  valviform,  throe  branchial  rays.  One  dortial  fin  opposed  totlic  iiili^rviil 
between  tlioaual  andalidominal  flns,  which  have  nine  rays. 

Ohnermliont.—lUe  generic  nanio  menns  carinatcd  or  keeled  back.  It  forms  a  remar'K.iMr  new 
genus,  belonging  to  the  third  natural  order  (luflripin  or  the  abdominals,  tho  sixteoiitli  naliirui 
family  Ctipriiiia,  and  tbe  second  subfamily  Gymnopinnia,  (see  Analynis  of  Nature)  M>};etli>T  with 
the  genera  Ciipritmi,  Atheriwi,  Ifiidratgyra,  etc.  ItdifTeis  from  tli"  first  by  tho  con  iircfrtrd  Iwiljr, 
ciirinated  back,  lateral  baiiil,  largo  mouth  deep-cleft  gill  cover,  etc..  and  from  thott  last  ^euiira 
by  tho  threo  branchial  rays,  nine  rays  to  thoabdominul  fins,  want  of  teeth,  etc. 

Kolriipvt  allierinoiite.i:  llead  silvery,  brown  above;  body  pale  fulvous,  transparent,  with  ,1 
broad  silver  band  ;  lateral  line  in  the  band  ;  flns  whitish,  dorsiil,  and  anal  with  eleven  niv^,  the 
first  very  short,  tail  slightly  forked. 

JlitUn-y. — This  new  flsh  was  discovered  in  Lake  Erie  by  Gov.  Po  >Vitt  Clinton,  wlm  liail  tho 
kindness  to  present  nio  with  many  specimens ;  they  aro  now  deposited  in  tho  Lyconin  of  Niitural 
History.  I  have  ascertained  that"  they  belonged  to  a  new  genus,  next  to/lMeriMii,  andlln'^^in'cilic 
name  which  I  have  adopted  implies  such  an  affinity.  These  fishes  come  on  the  slioies  i.f  Luke 
Erie,  and  even  in  the  river  of  Niagara,  in  the  spring,  in  great  isboals ;  but  they  aro  bo  siiuill  that 
they  are  scarcely  noticed,  and  escajio  through  the  common  nets ;  their  usual  si/.ebeinj;  iroiiuine 
to  two  inches,  and  very  thin  and  slender;  they  aro  called  Mimiijov  Miimiiii\  together  wlihtwriilv 
different  other  species  offish,  and  often  considered  as  tho  young  of  other  fishes.  Tlicy  liveiiithi.' 
depth  of  tho  lake  at  otberseasons,  and  are  probiibly  common  all  over  tbe  great  lakes.  Thiirevw 
are  exceedingly  large,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  foreside  of  the  head,  the  lips  are  vcrv  thin 
and  membranaceous,  the  nostrils  largo,  tho  gill  cover  is  nearly  round,  and  split  abovi'  t'>  the 
eyes;  they  have  small,  thin,  broad  scales,  tho  rays  of  tho  fins  aro  scarcely  articulated,  siinple  and 
brittle  ;  tho  pectoral  fins  have  about  fifteen  rays,  and  the  caudal  fin  about  tweut.v-t'our.— 
llaftiteiiiue. 


''■M~.  'i'.  V  ..:>f  . 


I 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        255 

with  umiill  tiil)erclo8.     A    v«ry  larne   f^roiip  of  biiiuII  fl^lieH,  eHpocially 
chariittiiiHtic  of  tho  fresh  waters  of  the  Kawtorn  llnite«l  HtatoH. 

Ah  lii'io  iiiul«»rBtood,  Notropin  ountaiiiH  ahuiit  lOOHpecum  of  Niiiall  Cypri- 
iioidM,  all  of  thoiii  ooiiflnod  to  tho  HtrcaniM  of  North  Aniurica  eaHt  of  tho 
Hdckv  MoiintiiiiiH.  They  are  in  Home  rvHpcctH  a  «l«j{eii«>rat«  typo— prolia- 
blv  ofn'iii|iiuatively  recent  ori^jin  and  perhapH  doHcendod  from  such  forniH 
as  the  I^iiiDpoan  .tlburnnH  and  LkucIuchh.  They  are  fi'ebht  tishes  of  Hniall 
gi/.e  ii()iii<  of  thoni  of  value  an  food  for  man,  but  of  ^rcat  importance  as 
foinl  fdi  Iln<  hirjjor  p.^datory  tishoH,  particularly  the  I'lntrnrchida'.  The 
HpecicN  iiii<  liif^hly  variable,  readily  atl'ected  by  Hurroundin^  conditions 
while  till-  really  diNtinctive  characters  are  very  few.  The  identification  of 
ftprcii'H  in  very  ditlicnlt  and  in  the  case  of  young  specimenH  often  inipos- 
Hililo.  riio  following  analytical  key  mtiHt  be  used  with  great  caution  as 
allrliarn(-t(>rH  are  subject  to  individual  variations.  Even  the  dentition  is 
Niil».i«ct  to  variations,  the  ancestors  of  the  group  having  probably  origin- 
ally liail  grinding  surfaces  to  the  teeth,  this  becoming  rudimentary  in 
80III0  I'oniis  and  disappearing  altogether  in  others  closely  related.  Vari- 
ous attcinptH  have  been  made  to  break  up  this  group  into  smaller  genera, 
hv  Hiiluliv  JMion  according  to  tho  dentition.  The  various  groups  heretofore 
|iru|H).so(l  by  Girard,  Cope,  and  Jordan  seem  at  the  most  to  indicate  sec- 
ti(,i.fi  of  Hli;r|it  systematic  value.  The  most  practicable  division  is  that 
matlo  in  tlio  Synopsis  of  Fishes  of  North  America,  by  which  tho  name 
Solropi:  ( Minniliin)  is  retained  for  tho  species  having  the  teeth  2,  4-4,  2, 
while  those  with  but  one  tooth  in  the  inner  row,  or  with  the  inner  row 
wautiii;;,  would  stand  as  Alburnoj>8.  The  frequent  presence  of  two  teeth 
in  one  or  both  inner  rows  in  two  species  {luicroilon,  hn(honiiin)  belonging 
to --l/ftHniojw,  renders  this  division  o^  the  genus  unsatisfactory,  (cwrof, 
back;  Tix'iTic,  keel,  but  the  supposed  keel  of  Rafinesquo's  type  was  due  to 
shriveling'  in  drying.) 

a.  Teetli  1-4;  1,  4-1,  0;  or  1,  4-4,  1,  (sometimcB  two  teeth  in  one  or  both  Inner  rows  in  .V.  /iiij- 
umiiin  mill  -V.  Iietero(ltm). 
b.  Sfnk-f  not  v<Ty  closoly  imbricated,  not  notabiy  deeper  ttmn  long;  dorsal  inserted  nearly 
(ivor  the  ventrnls;  anal  short,  its  rays  7  or  8;  no  Mack  spot  on  dorsal  fin. 
c.  Teeth  one-rowed,  4-4,  tho  grinding  surfaro  more  (ir  less  developed  at  least  on  one 
or  two  teeth.    (Tooth  sonietimos  '2,  4-4,  2  in  N.  Iielerodon.) 
AzTECA,  (Aztec,  the  ancient  rulers  in  Mexico): 
d.  Scales  sniall,  about  60  in  lateral  line;  body  compressed;  scales  before  the  dorsal 
smiiU;  head  blunt,  nearly  round;  eolorntion  plain.  a/.tkcun,  400. 

dd.  Scales  moderately  large,  31  to  45  in  lateral  lino. 
CliiiloPK,  (xptia,  want;  loirrj,  a|M.'rturo): 
e.  Lateral  line  usually  (but  nut  always)  more  or  less  incomplete;  scales  before 
the  dorsal  large.     Small  species,  usually  with  a  dusky  lateral  band. 
/.  Snout  very  obtuse;  lower  jaw  not  projecting. 

g.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite  front  of  eye 

or  nearly  so. 

h.  Chin  black.  BirBE.NATiJ.s,  401, 

hh.  Chin  pale.  .iordani,  402. 

gg.  Mouth  very  small,  the  maxillary  not  nearly  reaching  front  of  eye. 

t.  Chin  pale.  MACULATim,  40:(. 

It.  Chin  black.  anooenus,  404. 

Jt.  Snout  rather  pointed;  lowi-r  jaw  projecting. 

j.  Mouth  very  small;  chin  pale.  cayuua,  405. 

jt;'.  Mouth  moderate;  chin  black.  iiETEnoooN,  406. 


i  1 


!1 


w  y  m 


I  - 1- 


:n 


'4\-l 


v^»- 


n 


1 1 


•■4 


i 


250  Bulletin  y/,  IhnteU  States  National  Museum. 


Alhiirnoi'ii,  (>i/huntii>,  thu  tilimk,  Incii  n/hiiD,  mIiIIi>;  ui^,  ii|<|M>iiritiiri>); 
M,  Ijttti'rikl  lino  itlwiiyit  i'oin|ili'li>;  HntliHi  liirK«,  fewer  llinii  40  In  liit>  mi  Ung, 
ti'i'ili  'It,  Well  liiiiikoil,    Biimll,  Weak  H|H>rleH. 
k.    lliHJ)'  rntlier  eluilKnle,  die  i|e|itli  lii>t  lliiire  iIhiii   ' ,  tlia  ItlllKtIi 
I,  8c'aleit  iH'fiir*  tlin  dorMtl  17  In  llilliilHir;  hi)|micI  iif  N.  hrUrn.i  „. 

/(.  McAleM  liitriire  the  ilniHal  \'l  In  l.'i  In  Miiiiilier. 

»(,   IliMly  nut  luiirUeil  \vltli  ilinlliirt  lonnil  <liirk  h|iiiIn;  tin- iipotajr 
any,  mere  iMinrtnlallnnii. 

N.    IIOMt  of  rtuiillll   wltllllllt  llllltllll't    llluvk  H|Hlt,  (I'Xi  I  |,|  ill  |||„ 

very  yiiunn). 

BI.ENNII'h;  naiiin.v.;  vi>l.i'rF.l.M'N;  hcvm  \.  i'Kihmi; 
niiiiiot.cniati'm;  hihI  kanawiia,  fiH^  IH. 
HN.  BttHe  of  I'ltnilitl  wllh  Ii  (iniull  Mark  H|Hit  inuru  "r  l>-«<i||i. 
tliiot. 

MHAVTiiNi;  •rinniNctnuH;  oxaiicanih,  ll.vii;, 

niHi.  Ilinly  witli  ninny  Irreuuliir  rniiiKl  lilmk  h|iiiIh  iiml  <liit<.,  ilm 

InrgeHt  iil'tiiii  niMirly  iih  lurKuuH  |in|ill;  rutin  nitlnTiiidiii. 

<'MIIII  AIIIA,  ll\ 

kk,  Kudy  Hhort  ami  chubby,  tho  ili<|>tli  nioro  than  '^  the  IoiikIIi. 

■liil'KKA,  41'J. 

IIVDBONittH,  (I'runi  IIuiIkoii  KWer): 
ec.  Tooth  twu-ruweil,  1,  4-4,  o  or  1,  4-4,  1  or 'J;  the  Kriiiilliig  Hiirfuce  iiiurii  <ir  IcMdctul. 
upe<l. 

o,  ll«a<l  comparatively  liirne,  ,T.jfo4'  |  In  biMly;  ti'cth,  1,  4-4,  1;  niii.ill,  sli'i,- 
iler  MiiurleR,  withonl  iliNtlnit  liaik  xiiot  at  duNe  of  uuiiiliil. 
}t.  Kye  miNJerate,  ;t>.,  to  I  in  head  in  adult. 

iiii.iiKKTi;  I'irroi.i-'.i'is;  himi'm;  i.oniukiistuih,  VIUAV. 
pp.  Kyo  very  litrK*'.  •>  to  ;i>.^  in  head  In  itdiilt. 

Ni'x;  NdCOMis;  huumaudi;  ii.i.eckiiikim  s,  I24-I'.!7. 

OH.  Head  Hhort,  liluntiRh,  4  to  r>  In  liody  in  adult;  HpccieM  of  liir;.'e  yi/v  nmliil. 

Tory  coloration,  uoually  with  a  diotiuct  black  spot  at  luiNe  oi  cuinliil  tin 

nillMnMlH,  tin. 

bb.  HcaleH  duu|Hir  thau  Iouk,  morn  or  Ioih  cliixuly  Imbrlcatod  along  nlduN  of  body ;  ti'c^tii  with 
tho  edgcH  often  crunutn,  tho  grinding  Hurfacu  MiinutinieH  narrow  or  olwulctv, 
I].  Teetli  ono-rowod,  4-4,  the  young  ttomotiincri  1,  4-t,  1. 
CoiioMA,  (a  coined  iiamn): 
r.  Iluiid  very  thick,  bluntly  roundod  on  ovory  hIuu;  mouth  Biiiall,  <ililii|iii',  iii 
cloft  chlully  auturlor;  acalus  large,  about  40  in  lateral  line.      (iiiNA'a>,  I2'J. 
MoNiANA,  (a  coined  name): 
rr.  Head  comprefiHt^,  not  bluntly  rounded. 

a,  Doreal  without  diHtinct  black  blotch  on  \tn  up|icr  postorior  portiuii;  liixly 
nioro  or  U'm  deep  and  coinprPBSed. 
t.  HvaleB  Bnmll,  4:i  in  lateral  line;  a  dusky  Bpot  at  base  of  caihlal. 

idioi'isrfi,  ■I'W. 
II.  ScaloB  moderate,  It!)  to  38  i\'  ^iteral  line;  adult  without  ciiiidal  s|iut. 

•/ ni  ilDi's;  i.iiTKENSlti;  imjoskhmni,  i:il-433. 
M-,  Dorsal  with  a  black  Hpot  o:t  im  UBt  ruyn  above,  thu  Uu  very  lii;:li. 

CALI.ltiKMA,  i'M. 

CYPniNRLLA,  (diminutive  of  Oyprimin,  carp): 
(/(/.  Teeth  two-rowed,  1,  4-4,  1. 

It.  Anal  fin  moderate,  of  7  to  0  rays. 

V,  Dorsal  fin  without  largo  black  blotch  on  its  upper  posterior  rays  iii  iwluH. 
w.  Caudal  fin  without  black  spot  at  itn  bane  in  adult. 

.r.  Body  deep,  comprestied,  broadly  elliptical  in  outline. 

BlMAI.INri?, -135. 

xx.  Body  subfusiform  in  outline. 

lvdiuundub;  MACU08T0MI.S  436;  437. 


fordiin  and  F.vfrmann. —  Fishes  of  North  America.        267 


iiTtr.  CaikUI  All  with  It  illNtlnrt  liUrk  ii|ii)t  •!  >NtM>  in  itll  iitfca, 

Trx    Hv%\  N'lrATiM;  vrKiiiTi'd,  ■ISM-MO. 
rv.   piiriMil  III!  with  It  larK<-  l>l»<'k  liloti'h  o,t  it*  ii|i|mt  iMwti'rior  rn.VH  in  hiIiiII 
(iil'li'ii  oUiiIkIi'  In  ><>unK)i  ulwit>N  riinn|iii'iiiiiiN  In  old  niitli'*;  Ihi'  tliiMlu 
miili'ii  with  Mitln-wliitfl,  itml  nfti'n  wilh  n-il,  |iiKnifnt. 
fi.  ItitK)'  <<r  I'ltmlnt  witli  a  ri>nN|>iiMiiiuii  hliu'K  i<|Hit. 

^.   KiiiN  in  iiiitli'H  with  wliitt'  or  uritiiKi'  |iit{iii<'Ml,  Imt  n<>  ml. 

I'Klll'imTlilMA;  HTKIMATVHI'M,  'I'll:    142. 

u.  Klnii  in  inkloM  with  nil  plKnD'nt. 

THII'llllOIIITirM;   rALMltTKIll;   BI'RVMTOMI  H,   \\'.\-\\tl. 

fiy.  IluiM*  uf  rnuilal  without  ii  coiiniiicnouN  hliu'k  Kpot;  no  rcil  |iiKini>nt. 
c.khi'I.rik;  Nivrrn;  wiiin'i.ii;  anamistanth; 

llALArTl'Hl'H;  rAMrKIK,   'lltl  4.M. 

iiu.  AnitI  Itn  lonK,  of  10  or  II  rityo;  flnit  liinch;  lirmt<|lnK  rolon*  lirilliaut,  tlie  ni»tua 
lurtTPly  rill. 
ii',  HorMtl  tin  witli  ii  ronHplcuoiiH  lilnck  lilotch  on  ltd  laiit  rnyH. 

h'.  Ciiuilitl  with  It  (Urk  h|iiii:  ut  liiiiu>.     X't:NiiHi'M;  iivitiKl.iii'TKRt'N,4n'2;  VA. 
W.  ('autUI  with  n  diniky  croM-haml,  hut  without  iliirk  ii|N>t  iit  liitMc. 

i'YHIIIIDMItl.AII,  4M. 

n<i'.  Itomal  fln  In  maloii  without  hiark  blotih.  uakmani,  4U. 

„„.  T.'C'ih  J,  l-'l,  'i. 

c'.  An;il  III!  Nliurt,  It*  <tevi>lo|)e<l  ray*  7  to  0,  nonietinici  10  In  N.  eonMitu. 
it'.  Ti-i'lli  with  tlm  KrliiilinK  mirrari-  ilovulopud. 
Lrxii.i!*  (from  Inr,  Unlit): 
,'.  S|ii'ci('H  ittliiiniiiK  It  larKi'  ni'.e,  with  the iiralcH  rIoiik  the  hIiIi'h  vi-ry  i-1oM>1y  Inibri- 
i-nlril  HO  thnt  tliu  cxiMXMiil  lurrai'cg  ar«  wry  narrow;  lower  Jaw  incliiilud; 
ilorMil  over  vcntraU;  luliilt  with  neither  doriwl  nor  caudal  iipot, 

COHNDTVl;  OERAIINL'g;   ALHEOLl'M;    LACKHTORItM,    4!Ut-460. 

llvi>itMi>iif,ox,  (iitup,  wator;  ipAwf,  flami'): 
I'c'.  SjH'rii'H  of  nioilerntu  or  iniiill  sice,  tlie  colors  gonorally  hrilliaut  in  Rprlng 
MinleN;  dorxnl  inmrtod  more  or  lem  behind  ventralB;  no  black  ipot  at  liaae 
of  ilonxtl. 
/.  Iiowi-r  Juw  projecting.  MACixtXALDr,  coccoornih,  400;  461. 

/J''.  Lowor  Juw  include<l  or  icarrely  proji'cting. 
g'.  Biwo  or  caudal  without  dark  R|)ot. 

zonatub;  zunihtii'n;  riibriokocrvh ;  ciiLORocBPiiALni; 

LIJTIPI.VNIH,  4li2— IfiO. 

gif.  Ilase  of  caudal  with  a  more  or  lew  evident  dark  opot,  at  least  in  youuK. 

(llETKROnoNj    MI'DXONICO.)      CIIILITII'|-H  ;   ALTII-INNI8;    HOgElTN; 

CIIAi.YH.V.t'K;   rilROROMt^N;  X.KNOCEI'IIAI.rH,   4fi7-472. 

iliV.  TiMith  without  evident  grinding  surface ;  scales  not  i-losely  imbricatetl ;  no  black 
Hpot  at  liaso  of  ilonuil  in  front;  sexes  usually  colored  alike. 
Oiii'Ki.i.A  (illminiitive  of  Orca) : 
/■',  Top  of  head  elevated,  transTcraely  convex,  so  that  the  small  eye  is  lu  near  ven- 
tral iiH  dorsal  surface ;  boily  little  compressed ;  color  pale,  no  markings. 

ORCA,  473. 
NiiTitni'iN  (part): 
Idi'.  Tup  of  head  not  especially  elevated,  the  eye  nearer  dorsal  than  ventral  out- 
line of  head. 
r.  Dursttl  fln  inserted  nearly  over  ventrals;  no  distinct  black  caudal  spot. 

ARioMMi'x;  hcabricei>b;  jEJVNUri,  474-476, 
It'.  Donal  fln  inserted  more  or  less  behind  ventrals, 

y.  Ilase  of  caudal  without  spot,  hwaini,  477. 

,i/''.  Base  of  caudal  with  a  faint  spot.  amabilis,  478. 

,iii'.  Base  of  caudal  with  a  Jet-black  spot,     leuciodtjs;  scopifer,  479;  480. 
ccf.  Anal  fin  long,  its  rays  11  or  12,  rarely  9;  dorsal  inserted  behind  ventrals. 


!<i    ' 


F.  N.  A. 


-18 


! 


If-^     ff; 


M  ; 


I 


u 


m 


f 


11 

1, 

^ 

ini 

j 

268  Ihtlletin  47,  Uniteif  States  National  Museum. 


NiiTHoPiN,  (iMirt): 
W.  Si-nli'ii  linwk'Iy  imhrlcntcil,  not  iTowiUmI  iilniii;  bIiIck;  Irclli  iiioHtly  witliunl  Kiiiidliii; 
Hiirfii(-(>;  III)  block  ii|M>t  nt  Ixtiifl  iif  (lonuil ;   caiiiliil  it|i(it  fiiliit  nr  wiiniin^;  Dh, 
iiioNtly  |ilniii  or  with  hmI;   triiloR  iibovn  lateral  lino  iimiiklly  liii'u'c,  ui  Tito? 
•oriM. 

TRLKHCoi'iiH;  riocii's;  NOTrMiiioNiunitN;  stii.iiii'n;  ATliKHlNiin)i:M: 

AHIIE;    llll.rcTI'S;    KI'MKI'H;    lirilltlKIIIINN;    I'IKITOUKNIs; 

amii:m'r;  HCKiTins;  MiciioiTltHYX;  mk.tai.i.ici  s,   1^1-491. 
IiYTuminrR,  (Aufloii,  k''!"'';  avfio.^  tiiil): 
kk',  SculcH  iiuiro  or  li'im  I'ltim-ly  iiiiliricatoti  «<>  thnt  the  oxiMiBtil  Hiirfiu'on  anMlnpci-  timn 
loll);;  ti'otli  with  a  iiarniw  KriiutltiK  Hiirr»ci';  Hi'aIrN  nimvi'  lateral  Ihm' Hinall. 
in  7  to  10  si'rii'.i,  thoH«  lH>ror«  llu>  (iorxal  rcilm-i'd ;  uHiinlly  a  liark  h|i.'t  un  dor. 
mtl,  rarely  niio  at  hiiRn  of  caudal ;  nialoH  larKoly  red. 
V.  Porsal  flu  without  dixtiiictdark  M|iot,  or  at  themoHt  only  n  few  |iuiic'tiil:(tioiiH, 
»i'.  llinly  Hliort  and  deep.  iiki  i,i  s,  lit.-i 

Dim'.  Itody  Hlonder  and  elongate.  i.iiirs,  4'.in. 

\V.  Itonial  fln  with  a  Mack  H|Hit  on  itn  anterior  rayo,  more  or  I-hh  diHlinct. 

n'.  Black  domnl  pput  aliovo  the  middle  of  the  fln.  iionkii'inms,  4'J7. 

mi'.  Black  dorsal  npot  at  the  Ixue  of  the  fln.  iiMliUAiii.is,  4',I8. 

Subgenus  AZTECA,  Jordan  A  Kvernianu. 

400.  NOTROPIS  AZTECrs,  Woolinau. 

Head  4;  depth  3 J  to  4;  eyo  5;  snout  II.  T.  8;  A.  S;  scalcH  T-riO-4, 
about  23  hoforo  dorsal,  Biuall;  tcoth  4-4,  hooked.  ])ody  rather  Htuut, 
heavy  auteriorly,  with  long  but  ftrong  caudal  peduncle;  back  iiKuler- 
ately  arched;  hoatl  bluut  and  heavy,  but  less  gibbous  than  iu  A',  ovnainr, 
snout  short,  nut  much  lunger  than  eye ;  jaws  subequal ;  mouth  moderate, 
quite  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  quite  reaching  eye,  the  cleft  of  the 
mouth  cliiedy  anterior ;  eye  small;  scales  very  small  for  the  genus,  not 
closely  imbricated.  Fins  all  low ;  dorsal  small,  inserted  behind  voiitralH: 
pectorals  short,  not  nearly  reaching  veutrals.  Lateral  line  deciirvud. 
Color,  dark  above,  below  this  a  silvery  band,  and  still  lower  a  dusky  or 
plumbeous  lateral  band;  young  with  a  faint  plumbeous  caudal  spot; 
fins  all  plain;  cheeks  silvery;  sexes  alike  in  color.  Length  3  inches. 
This  species  has  the  head  formed  much  as  in  NotropU  ornatiin,  but  iu 
form  of  body,  color,  and  iu  size  of  scales  the  two  ditter  widely.  Valley 
of  Mexico.  Our  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Woolman,  at  the  City 
of  Mexico,  where  it  abounds  in  the  canals.    (Aztecua,  Aztec.) 

Codoma  iitf<i/(i,  GiRAKD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  195,  Valley  of  Mexico,  (Coll.  Pottn.); 

and  U.  8.  A  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Ichfh.,  53,  \>l.  29,  figs.  18-21,  1859. 
Nolro})is  <t:<<c««,  Woolman,  Bull.  l'.  S.  Fisli  Comin.,  xiv,  1894,  May  3,  1894,  63,  plate  2,  City  of 

Mexico.     (Type,  No.  45569.    Coll.  Woolman.) 
C/io/(i  i'i(/(i/(i,  Jordan  &  Gilbebt,  Syuopeis,  172,  1883,  (not  Leucinctu  viUatus,  De  Kay,  181'.',  which 

is  also  a  Xotropis). 

Subgenus  CHRIOPE,  Jordan. 

401.  N0TR0PI8  BIFBENATUS  (Cope). 

Head  ^ ;  depth  4^ ;  eye  3.  D.  8 ;  A  7 ;  scales  5-36-3 ;  teeth  4-4.  Body 
rather  slender,  the  caudal  peduncle  somewhat  contracted.  Head  moder- 
ate, the  ruuzzle  very  obtuse.  Mouth  obliqtie,  the  jaws  about  equal; 
upper  lip  opposite  lower  part  of  pupil.  Eye  large,  longer  than  snout. 
Lateral  line  developed  for  a  very  short  distance.    13  scales  before  dorsal. 


fordan  and  Ever mann. —  Fishes  of  Norlh  America, 


250 


Strii\v(i)l'>''p«l»  till)  HcaloH  brown-mlKod  abovo  ;  ii  HliiiiiiiK  l>laok  band  from 
Hiidiit  Ilii""i;^b  oy«  to  caudal;  thiH  iiicIiuh^H  tlio  (mIj^o  «(f  llio  lownr  jaw; 
aii  Diiiiiu*' l»^»*l '^'x*^'*^  ^'''^  ""  ^'"^  """"'' '  rt^Kioi"*  bul«»w  tlio  black  Itaiid 
Hilv«Mv.  Length  IJ  to  2  inoh«H.  MaHHachwHHttH  to  Marybind,  coaHt\viH«), 
not  cDiiiinoii.  A  MUiall  but  haudHomolv  oobinsd  HpuciuH.  (/*i«,  two; 
fraiatu',  luidled.) 

(/„/,. (IMS    h,fiiimlii»,  CoPK,    Cypr.    rt'iiii.,    'Mi,  IHiiC,    Schuylkill    River,  Conshohocken, 

fciiiisylvonia.     ((!oll.  (!o|m<.) 
Ilniul.'mf  I'l/nwilii,  JimiiAN  A  Ull.BKUT,  8yili)|)Hi»,  lt>2,  1HM:|. 

402yN«>TROIMK  JOHDAM,*  KiKxnmaiin  A  RiKiMiiiianii, 

Aliioil  to  jV.  hittrodov.  D.  !);  A.  H;  BcaleH  4-'.i'>-\,  15  boforo  dnrHul. 
Slonili'i '.  linH  all  small;  orifrin  of  doiHal  ovci  vuntral,  otjuidistaut 
fruin  l>:isi>  of  niiddio  caudal  riiyn  and  narcH ;  Hcalus  closely  imbricated, 
tlie  ex{MimMl  udgoH  litMo  higher  than  long.  Lateral  lino  ducurved,  the 
liilii-a  (l<'V(>lo]ied  on  fewer  than  10  Hcaleu.  A  phimlteouB  lateral  ban<l 
ovt'iliiil  witii  silvery  ;  a  dark  verte'^ral  line  from  occiput  to  caiidul ;  Hid«iH 
witli  a  IVw  dark  sjteckH,  dorsal  surface  more  densely  spockod,  the  margins 
of  the  H<iilcs  darker.  .South  Saskatchewan  '^iver,  Medicine  Hat,  Assini- 
lioia     (Kigonmunu.)     (Named  for  D«>  .id  Starr  Jordan.)     (Coll.  Eigen- 

IIKIUU.) 

Solwfii»  ntl"'"liiii,  KinKNMANN  &  EiOKNMANN,  Amor.  Nat.,  Kubruury,  IK'.Kt,  iri2,  Medicine  Hat. 

Mlifiti   jnnhllli,    J'.KIENMANN     A     GlUENMANN,    /.    C,     Juil(,>,    iH'j:),     &'J2,    KUbHtitUtu     fur    alhciilUH, 

prcooi'uiiiod  in  Nolropin. 

408.  N0TR0PI8  MACTLATIJH  (Uay). 

Head  U ;  depth  5;  eye  equal  to  snout,  3^  in  b%ad.  D.  8  ;  A.  8;  scales 
5-3H-3;  tooth  4-4,  with  grinding  surface.  Body  long  and  slender, 
flightly  elevated  at  the  dorsal,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  tlattened 
above;  snout  rounded.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  slightly  oblique,  maxil- 
lary not  reaching  to  opposite  eye.  Dorsal  slightly  behind  ventrals, 
Dearer  suont  than  brse  of  caudal.  Lateral  line  with  pores  on  8  to  10 
scales  oniy.  Straw  color;  a  narrow  dark  dorsal  band,  and  a  dark  streak 
on  each  side  of  anal ;  a  plumbeous  lateral  band,  and  black  specks  on 
each  scale ;  a  black  spot  as  large  as  eye  at  base  of  caudal.  Length  2^ 
iucbes.    Cbickasawba  River,  Mississippi.    (Hay.)     (»iacu{atu8,  spotted.) 

llmHwiiiu  iimeiilnta,  Hay,  Froc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  505,  Chickasawha  River,  Enterprise, 
Mississippi,  (Type,  Nos.  32245  and 27438.    Coll.  Hay.)    Johdan  &  Gilbert,  SyuopsiB,  162, 

1883. 

404.  NOTROFIS  ANOOENUS,  ForboB. 

Head  4} ;  depth  4? ;  eye  3i.  D.  8;  A.  7.  Lateral  line  34  to  37,  13  before 
dorsal.  Teeth  4—4.  Very  similar  to  N.  hetei'odon,  but  with  the  lateral  line 
usually  complete;  the  mouth  very  email  and  very  oblique,  almost  wholly 
anterior;  the  lower  jaw  included,  the  upper  lip  above  level  of  pupil;  snout 


*Tlie  types  of  this  species  are  now  in  the  British  MiiBeutn.  Our  friend.  Dr.  Boulenger, 
«rit(8  us  tiio  mouth  is  of  moderate  size,  the  ,iromaxillary  extending  to  below  front  of  eye; 
lower  jAw  not  included,  as  long  as  the  upper,  which  is  somewhat  convex,  about  ati  long  as  the 
moderate  vyu.    Chin  not  black. 


i      t 


. 


.  t 


■ 


. 


i 


?".'' 


|i 


l  I 


,  ' 


H     ill. 


t'. 


260 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


very  short,  blniit,  shorter  than  eye.  Dusky;  adusky  lateral  band  tliiongj) 
eye,  ending  in  a  faint  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  a  black  speck  above  each 
pore  of  lateral  line;  chin  black.  Length  lA  inches.  .  Western  New  York 
(CayngaLake;  Meek)  to  Northern  Illinois ;  rather  scarce.  («,  witliout; 
)tvw;,  chin.) 

NotropU  amyenim,  FuitiiKS,  Dull.  III.  Lub.  Nat.  Hist.,  1885,  138,  Fox  River,  McHenry,  Ulj. 
nois.    (Coll.  Forbes.)  / 

405."' NOTROPIS  CAYUGA,  Meek.      . 

Head  4i ;  depth  4^ ;  eye  3i.  Scales  36,  14  before  dorsal.  Teet  h  1-4. 
Allied  to  N.  heterodon,  from  which  it  may  be  best  known  by  the  iilisoiice 
of  black  on  the  chin.  Lateral  line  wanting  on  some  scales;  niontii  very 
small,  anterior,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  eye;  jaws  subeciual;  eye 
large,  equal  to  snout.  Scales  above  dark-edged,  the  outlines  very  ,^lliu'[)ly 
defined ;  chin  not  black ;  a  black  stripe  through  snout  and  eye,  u  <liiNky 
lateral  shade  and  a  small  caudal  spot.  Length  2-k  inches.  Cayujirji  Lake 
and  northern  New  York,  westward  to  Assiniboina,  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Arkansas,  (Arkansas  River  at  Wichita,  Kaimus), 

Not  rare,  but  hitherto  usually  confounded  with  X.  heterodon. 

* 
Notropm  layui/n,  Mkek,  Ann.  Ac  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1888,  SOS,  Cayuga  Lake,  New  York,  (('(ill. 

Meok);  Jordan,  Hull.  V.  S.  Fish.  Conim.,  ix,  1889,  17. 
NolropiH  heterolepis*  Figenmann   &  Etqenmann,   American    Naturalist,  Fobruiiry,   Isii,',,  152, 

Qu'Appelle  River,  Fort  Qu'Appelle,  Canada.     (Coll.  Eigenniaun.) 

Represented  southwestward  by 

405a.  NOTROPIS  CAYUGA  ATROCAUDALIS,  Fvermaun. 

Head  4^ ;  depth  4 J ;  eje  3^.  D.  8 ;  A.  7;  scales  7-36-4, 13  before  dorsal. 
Snout  somewhat  longer ;  lateral  line  complete.  Body  moderately  eloiiffatc; 
head  short  and  bluntly  conic ;  snout  slightly  shorter  than  eye ;  caudal 
peduncle  short  and  deep ;  origin  of  dorsal  slightly  behind  ventrals;  anal 
small.  Olivaceous,  dotted  above,  not  crosshatched ;  a  black  lateral 
band  half  width  of  eye,  ending  in  a  black  caudal  spot,  this  band  extend- 
ing through  eye  and  snout.  Rio  Neches,  Palestine,  Texas.  Also  iu  Kio 
Comal  at  New  Braunfels,  Texas,     {ater,  black;  cauda,  tail.) 

Notropis  caytiga  alrocaujalio,  Evebhann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xi,  1891,  76,  (May  '.:.'>,  W92,) 
Neches  River,  Palestine,  Texas.  (Tyim,  No.  45557.  Coll.  Evcruiaun,  Siovell,  i 
Gurley.) 

*The  following  is  the  deRcription  givea  of  Notropis  heterolepix  :  D.  9  ;  A.  9.  Scales  ri-:in-4,  lo 
scales  before  the  dorsal.  Teeth  4-4.  Dorsal  inserted  oquidistunt  between  base  of  upjici-  1  audal 
rays  and  anterior  margin  of  eye,  behind  last  ray  of  dorsal ;  scales  loosely  imhricated,  aliiiost  em- 
bedded in  front  of  dorsal ;  scales  along  tlio  median  lino  with  a  deep  notch  near  middle  ot°  |iosterliir 
margin  ;  the  line  nearly  straight;  a  few  black  specks  along  base  of  anal,  a  dark  line  Irimi  iiiial 
to  caudal ;  a  dark  band  from  tip  of  snout  along  sides  to  caudal ;  a  conspicuous  black  ciiivcil  line 
at  base  of  each  tcale  of  lateral  line  ;  all  the  scales  above  lateral  band  dotted  with  bliuk :  !i  nar- 
row vertebral  line  from  occiput  to  dorsal,  a  broad  dusky  band  on  back  between  dorsal  ainl  cuuilal, 
between  this  and  lateral  band  a  lighter  band ;  scales  of  back  with  dark  markings ;  series  of  iiiiu- 
ute  black  dots  along  each  ray  of  dorsal,  anal,  and  anterior  portion  of  pectoral ;  dorsal  ami  caudal 
quite  dark. — Eigenmann. 

Dr.  Eigeomann  has  omitted  to  describe  the  mouth  of  this  species.  According  to  Dr.  G.  A. 
Boulenger,  who  has  kindly  examined  the  type  in  the  British  Museum,  the  mouth  is  ()iiitu  small, 
moderately  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  not  included  ;  premaxillury  extending  to  below  .anterior  nos- 
tril ;  chin  not  black.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than  the  short,  convex  fnout.  Only  one  s|ieciiiieu 
(36  mm.  long)  known.  Apparently  not  different  from  N-Aropu  caijugix.  {irtpoi,  various ;  Aem't, 
scale.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        261 


_         ■    -       y     -    -      --  - 

40A.  NOTKOPIS    HETEKODON*  (Cu|>e). 

Heinl  I ;  depth  4;  eye  3  in  head.  D.  8  ;  A.  8;  scales  5-36-3,  the  lateral 
lino  exti'inliii^j  about  half  length  of  body;  teeth  4-4,  (aonietimes  2,  4-4, 
2,  SCO  lii'Iow),  often  crenate.  Body  moderately  stout,  the  back  somewhat 
olcvatcil-  Head  rather  pointed,  ^he  uuizzle  acuminate.  Month  oblique; 
lower  Jaw  projecting;  upper  lip  opposite  upper  rim  of  pupil.  Maxillary 
ixtoiKiiiii,'  to  opposite  front  of  orbit.  Thirteen  scales  in  front  of  dorsal. 
Lateral  line  usually  more  or  less  imperfect.  Color  olivaceous;  chin  black; 
alilac'kisli  rostral  band  ;  Hi<les  with  a  leaden  or  dusky  band.  Length  2^ 
iiK'lies.  \ew  York  to  Michigan  and  Kansas,  common.  Variable.  {'tTtpoc,' 
varyini;:  HJotJf,  tooth;) 

.i;;.iiriin/)«  Ichrnihrn,  CoPE,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  Phila.,  1864,  281,  Lansing ;  Grosse  Isle, 
Michigan. 

.V„(r"/-«  ./.  ...i.iHMs,  Hay,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  252,  Smoky  Hill  River,  Wallace, 
Kansas.     (Tjiie,  No.  .37949.     Coll. Hay.) 

.V(.(r";ii>  h.i.  I  .  /"H,  var.,  CiiiiiFiiT,  Proo.  U.  ri.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  ^07,  Switz  City,  Indiana,  tribu- 
tary of  White  River.     (Coll.  Gilbert.) 

Uijhfti'h'i'i'idoH,  Coi'E,  Cypr.  Pcnu.,  382,1866. 

Ijummithrleriiihii,  GCnthep,  Cat.,  VII,  261,  1868. 

llmtlnmi't  lirierndon,  JouDAN  &  OiLBBiiT,  Synopsifi,  163, 1883. 

Subgenus  ALBURNOPS,  Girard. 

407^NOTBOPIS  FKETEN8I8  (Cop«). 

iiead  4;  depth  5;  eye  3^  in  head,  as  long  as  snout.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales 
6-^,')-;?:  teeth  4-4.  Body  slender  and  compressed.  Mouth  quite  oblique^ 
the  middle  of  the  preniaxillary  being  opposite  line  of  pupil ;  maxillary 
not  reaching  to  orbit.  Seventeen  rows  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral 
line  decurved.  Olivaceous  ;  a  dark  median  dorsal  band  ;  a  plumbeous 
silvery  lateral  shade ;  cheeks  silvery  ;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  fins 
lilain.  Length  2^  inches.  Detroit  River,  Michigan.  (Cope.)  A  doubt- 
fal  species,  porhaps  identical  with  Xotropia  cayuga.  (JrctenHxa,  inhabiting 
fretuni  or  straits,  i.  e.  Detroit  River.) 

lU'ifiis  (rili'um,  (loPE,  Cypr.  Penn.,  382,  1866,  Detroit. 
tlliih  fnUvm,  JuBDAN  &  GiLiiKUT,  Synopsis,  167,  1883. 

408/mOTBOPI8  BLENMUS  (Girard). 
(Straw-colobep  Minnow.) 
Head  t  •    i-pth  5;  eye  largy,  3  in  head.     Scales  5-36  (32  to  38)-4;  teeth 
4-1.    lioii    ,.,i  '(   ately  stout,  little  compressed.     Head  rather  broad,  with 
roundec  ai,;. i-    .     VIouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal;  snout  very  obtuse: 


'  .Vfmjii'v  heierndoH  is  .pparently  subject  to  large  variations.  The  following  description  is  taken 
frnmspci'iinciig  referred  liy  Dr.  Gilbert  to  this  species,  although  there  is  a  possibility  that  thu 
firm  ill  (|iic8tlon  isreally  distinct  and  allied  to  N.  xirnocephnlnn  : 

Heml4 ;  depMi  A%.  D.  8 ;  A.  7  ;  lateral  lino  37,  13  scales  before  dorsal ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with 
Firoiig  priiiiling  surface,  the  edge  of  some  teeth  denticulate.  Body  slender,  compressed,  the 
fbrm  and  npin'arauce  as  in  N.  heterot'^n.  Mead  small,  the  snout  short  and  rather  sharp,  slightly 
Jmirved.  Ilouth  small,  oblique,  the  maxillary  barely  reaching  front  of  eye,  4  in  head ;  snout 
i:eye  very  larRe,  3  in  head.  Itorsal  inserted  just  before  ventrals  ;  pectorals  not  reaching  ven- 
tral*. I,atoriil  line  complete,  little  decurved  ;  scales  not  crowded.  Dark  olive  above,  the  scales 
trilli  dark  ciif^es;  a  dusky  streak  along  sides,  ending  in  a  spot  at  base  of  caudal,  this  streak 
uteniling  fnrward  around  snout ;  dark  spt^cks  along  pores  of  lateral  line;  a  row  of  si)eck8  along 
lifiAO  ufana!;  flns  unma'-ked.  Length  2  inches.  Sluggish  streams  of  Indiana  and  Illinois. 
TliiBdtiscn.'t  on  taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  specimens  from  Switz  City  Swamp,  Indiana.  Diffen 
from  the  ordinary  htlerodon  in  the  number  of  te«tlt  and  in  the  complete  lateral  line. 


I  1 


1  i 


"ill 

m 


fr; 


f 


. 


!  ,  \ 


t: 


; 


I 
( 

r 


,  I 


f  ! 


i     t  Ul  ^i 


i 
t 

li 


262 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


"f 


1 » 

;             i 
1 

! 

■     I. 

1 

,   '■^' 

■I    51 


! 


1     ' 


i       ! 


15  row8  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  low,  its  longest  lav  jf 
head.  Pale  olivaceoua;' sides  usually  pale;  usually  a  darker  dorsal  band 
and  a  small  dark  blotch  before  dorsal,  sometimes  a  plumbeous  lateral 
stripe  but  no  caudal  spot ;  Bns  all  plain.  Length  2  to  2\  inches.  Obio 
and  Michigan  to  Tennessee,  Dakota,  and  Kansas,  thence  southwestvvardto 
Texas;  generally  abundant  in  small  streams;  an  insignificant  little  I'mIi. 
Very  variable  and  running  into  several  varieties,  the  typical  hlnn'v 
(=  delx(Ao«xia  =  wijssuHensis),  Missouri  to  Texas,  having  the  scales  iisuaily 
32  to  35;  var.  atramineus,  from  Ohio  to  Iowa  and  southward  with  'cales 
34  to  38,  usually  36.  We  follow  Dr.  Meek  in  identifying  Girard's  Alhur- 
nopa  hlenniua  with  this  species,     (blenniua,  bleuny ,  from  the  convex  profile.) 

tMinnilus  microstomuii*  Rafinebque,  Ichth.  Oh.,  47,  1820,  Ohio  River;  not  certainly  ideiilifmMe. 
flhjhopsis  dorsalis,jf  Agassiz,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854, 358,  Burlington,  Iowa;  unidentifiable. 
Albumops  bleniiiiiK,  GiRARn,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185C,  194,  Arkansas  River  near  Fort 

Smith,  Arkansas.  (Coll.  Shumard.)  Girard,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  261,  pi.  57,  fij;s.  13-10, 

1858. 
Mnniana  delicinm,  GiKAKn,  Proc.   Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  199,  Leon  River,  a  tributary 

of  the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas.     (Type,  No.  il9.    Coll.  Kennerly.) 
Hijhognalhva  itramineiis,  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1864,  283,  Detroit  River,  Grosse 

Isle. 
HybopniH  niimmnensia,  CoPE,  Hayrlen'g  Surv.  Wyoming  for  1870  (1871),  437,  Missouri  River,  St. 

Joseph,  Missouri. 
Nolropis  reticnlalm,  KioENMANN  &  CtoENMANN,  Amer.  Nat.,  February,  1893,  152,  Fort  Qu'Ap- 

pelle,  Assiniboia.  '  (Coll.  Gigenmann.) 
Hybopsis  etramineun,  CoPE,  Cypr.  Penn.,  381,  1866. 
Ctiola  alraminea,  .Tordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  167,  1883. 
Cliola  mitmtrietisiit,  JORDAN  &  Giihert,  Synopsis,  168,  1883. 
Sfinuilus  blenniuit,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  19S,  1883. 

409.  NOTROPIS  8ABIN  J!,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Head  3f ;  depth  4f ;  snout  3f  in  head,  as  long  as  eye.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scaleB 
4-33-2 ;  teeth  4-4,  hooked,  with  some  grinding  surface.  AlMedto  Xotropia 
blennius,  but  quite  different  in  form,  resembling  a  young  Moxostonm.  Body 
robust,  the  tail  long  and  thick,  the  back  elevated,  the  sides  little  com- 
pressed. Head  long,  broad  and  flattish  above.  Mouth  rather  largo,  nearly 
horizontal,  the  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  pupil.  Scales  very  large, 
those  on  back  not  reduced,  14  before  dorsal.    Dorsal  inserted  nearly  over 

*"  Thirty-eighth  species,  Littlc-mouthea  Minny,  Minnilm  microstomtis,  Minny  microstomiie. 
Diameter  one-seventh  of  total  length  ;  silvery,  olivaceous  on  the  back  and  head,  sides  with  a  few 
black  dots,  lateral  lino  straight,  pectoral  fins  reaching  the  abdominal  fins.  Dorsal  mil  iiiinl  lin^ 
with  8  rays.  A  small  species  found  in  the  Kentucky  River.  Mouth  very  small,  nostrils  larp, 
iris  silverj',  fins  fulvous,  the  pectoral  with  12  and  the  caudal  with  24  rays.  Head  elongiitDcl."— 
Rafinesi/ve. 

f"  While  these  pages  were  setting  in  type,  1  have  received  another  prelty  specic-i  of  this 
interesting  genus,  through  the  attention  of  Dr.  I.  H.  Ranch,  from  Burlington,  Iowa.  Tlic  large 
number  of  specimens  obtained  enables  me  to  make  some  additions  to  the  characteristics  of  the 
genus : 

The  mouth  is  protractile  downwards,  after  the  fashion  of  Catostomus,  so  much  so  that  had 
I  not  ample  opportunity  to  examine  young  Catostomi,  and  to  study  the  changes  they  iinclergn 
with  age,  I  might  have  supposed  my  Hybopsis  to  bo  the  young  of  some  species  of  that  genus. 
Moreover  the  lips  are  not  swollen  nor  thickened.  The  pharyngeal  teeth  differ  also  greatly  Irom 
those  of  Catostomi,  there  being  only  4  or  5  compressed  and  hooked  ones  in  each  main  row,  and 
1  or  2  in  a  second  row. 

This  new  species  differs  from  that  of  riuntsvillo  by  its  smaller  size,  its  more  pointed  snout, 
and  the  peculiar  coloration.  A  deep  black  narrow  band  extends  from  the  neck  to  the  h^a  of  the 
caud^tl  along  the  whole  back,  dividing  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  to  encircle  that  fin,  ami  uuitiug 
again  behind  it  upon  the  middle  line.  General  color  olive,  silvery  upon  the  KideB,  tlu'  ilorsal 
and  caudal  faintly  tinged  with  rose  color  and  a  deeper  rose-colored  spot  upon  the  base  of  the 
first  ray  of  the  dorsal.     I  shall  call  this  species  H.  dorsalit,  Ag."—Agas»u. 


1 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


263 


vciitials,  tlio  tin  short  and  small;  anal  small;  pectorals  long,  U  in  head. 
Color  very  pale  olive,  scarcely  silvery;  edges  of  scales  with  dark  points; 
fiuH  |iiile.    Length  2  inches.    Sabine  River,  Texas. 

\o/"v  "  ""'"""'  J'"»UAN  k  GiLBKRT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886,  15,  Sabine  RW*'  at  Long- 
vicw,  Texa«.    (Typo,  No.  30484.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 

41o/nOTROPI8  TOLUCELLVS  (Ooikj). 

Hrad  3};  depth  4;  eye  3i  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  4-34-3;  teeth  4-4. 
Uody  moderately  stout.  Head  depressed,  the  snout  rather  long.  Fins 
nioii'  I'longate  than  in  most  related  species,  the  pectorals  reaching  ven- 
truls.  ( 'andal  peduncle  slender.  Olivaceous,  a  slight  dusky  lateral  shade; 
DO  dorsal  stripe;  fins  plain.  Length  2i  inches,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Noitlii'in  Indiana;  rare.  Similar  to  JS'.  blennius,  but  with  notably  higher 
fins,  iuiil  probably  a  distinct  species,  (volucella,  a  diminutive,  from  vo- 
lucir,  winged  or  swift.) 

j{,jl,„i„.iihiixrolHciiliu,  Cope,  Pioo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1864,  283,  Qrosse  Isle,  Detroit  River. 
;/i/(,.7  s/^  ruhio'llHS,  Cope,  Oypr.  Penn.,  381,  1866. 
irtiiiwus  lolucellM,  Gl'NTHEB,  Cat.,  V!i,  260,  1868. 

411.  NOTBOPIS  SCTLLA  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  4i ;  eye  large,  about  Sk  in  head,  longer  than  snout,  which 
is  4.  D.  7 ;  A.  7;  lateral  line  31  to  33 ;  teeth  4-4,  with  narrow  grinding  sur- 
face. Allied  to  X,  hlennius,  but  with  stouter  body  and  shorter,  blunter 
bead;  mouth  small,  with  subequal  jaws,  the  cleft  somewhat  oblique ;  lips 
rather  thick.  Scales  larger  than  in  K.  blennius,  those  before  dorsal  smaller 
aud  more  crowded,  14  or  15  in  number.  Maxillary  as  long  as  eye.  Dorsal 
tiu  lu'ginning  directly  over  ventrals.  Color  pale;  back  greenish ;  side  with 
a  silvery  band;  no  spots  on  fins ;  a  dusky  shade  on  each  side  of  dorsal  and 
befuro  it;  some  dark  dots  on  ^nout;  often  a  faint  dark  lateral  shade. 
Length  2}  inches.  Illinois  Kivar  to  Western  Kansas  and  Montana,  abun- 
dant in  the  shallow  sandy  streams  of  the  plains.  (Keference  unexplained.) 

Hijhcp'i"  srijlla,  Cope,  Haydon's  Qeol.  Surv.  Wyom.  for  1870,  1871,  438,  Red  Cloud  Creek,  trib- 
utary of  Platte  River. 

f  j/(<tiniti.s  liHeolatm*  Agassiz  in  Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  1863,  9,  Osage  River,  Mis- 
souri ;  unidentifiable. 

C/iofu  Wi('ira,  Jordan,  Bull.  Hayden'sGfol.  Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  791, 1878,  Upper  Missouri  region. 
(Tjpi',  No.  20193.    Coll.  Dr.  E.  Cou<)8.) 

Sotrifis  ji/ieiiocobitu,  t  FoRDES,  Bull.  111.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  1885, 137,  Illinois  River  at  Peoria, 
Illinois.    (Coll.  Forbes.) 

Cliola  Imcolala  And  Cliola  cMora,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  169,  1883. 

Mropis  UUerali»,  (lap$u$  for  2ineo{a/iM),  Gilbert,  Bull.  Washburn  Coll.  Lab.,  1886,  207. 

*"  Alhiinms  lineolalHt,  AoASSiz,  MS.  1854.  Body  light  brown  witii  a  broad  silvery  band  having 
dark  |iuiuti4,  extending  from  the  head  to  the  caudal  fin.  Average  length,  2\-^  inches.  From  the 
Osage  Itiver.    Collected  by  Mr.  G.  Stolley."— PM<nam. 

"Tlie  following  descriptioh  of  this  species  is  given  by  Prof.  Forbes: 

Xolrnjiix  phenacobm.— thin  fish  unites  with  a  strong  general  resemblance  to  Phenacobiui  the 
cljaractirs  of  NolropU.  The  body  of  the  adult  is  short  and  deep,  the  head  square,  the  nose  long, 
auiltliu  I'vr unusually  large.  Length  2.5  inches,  depth  3. 5  to  4  ;  caudal  peduncle  4  to  4.75.  Color 
in  alcoliol  indefinite ;  Bide.9  somewhat  silvery,  scales  along  an<l  above  the  lateral  line  slightly 
Bptcked  with  black.  The  head  is  quadrate  in  transverse  section.  Hat  above,  3.75  to  4 ;  nose 
(iecurvcil,  3.4  to  3.5;  interorbital  space  2.9  to  3.1.  The  mouth  is  inferior,  horizontal,  rather 
email,  li|i»tleshy,  not  lobed,  lower  jaw  much  the  shorter,  2.75  to  3.1  <a  head,  upper  lip  opposite 
tlie  U.wer  margin  of  the  pupil,  upper  jaw  to  posterior  margin  of  cjstrils,  3.33  to  3.9  in  head. 
Teeth  4-4.  Intestine  about  equal  to  head  and  body,  0.97  to  1.17.  Eyb  very  large,  circular,  placed 
liigli  It)!,  3.4  to  3.5  in  head.  Branchiostegals  free  from  isthmus.  Dorsal  1-8,  decidedly  before 
veutrals,  its  length  7  to  8  in  body ;  anal  low,  1-8  ;  paired  fins  rather  broad  and  sliort ;  ventrals  not 
reachiii);  vent,  and  pectorals  falling  far  short  of  ventrals,  the  former  6.25  to  0.4  in  head  and 
My.  Tlie  scales  are  thin,  large,  crowded  anteriorly  upon  the  sides,  breast  wholly  naked  in  all  the 
specimens  seen.  Lateral  line  .35  to  36,  longitudinal  rows  7  to  9, 13  to  14  before  dorsal.  Described 
hm  lU  FpccimeDB,  the  only  ones  seen,  all  taken  at  Peoria. 


i         1 


lili'tl 


!    I 


'. 


1  ■  \ 


\  \ 


f 


!1'1   '"! 


J, 

i 

1 

1- 

1 

. 

1 

!■ 

J  ■ 

il 

ipi 

li 

i 

1 

'^^  1! 

li 

'I 


Ilil^ 


264 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


412.  NOTROPIN  PRO€NE  (ropo). 

Head  4} ;  depth  h\.  Scales  5-32  to  34-3 ;  teeth  4-4 ;  A.  7.  Body  Blonder, 
with  long  caudal  peduncle  ;  the  back  higher  and  the  tail  slenderer  than 
in  N.  hlenniusj  the  profile  steeper.  Snout  obtuse,  the  mouth  hori/.ontal, 
inferior,  small.  13  rows  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  higher  tlmii 
in  N,  hlenniuH,  its  first  ray  as  long  as  head.  Eye  large.  Olivaceous ;  a  dark 
dorsal  line  and  a  plumbeous  lateral  baud  overlying  black  pigment;  tins 
unspotted,  sometimes  very  pale.  Length  2}  inches.  Delaware  Rivtnaiul 
southward,  in  coastwise  streams,  as  far  as  the  Neuse ;  very  common.  One 
of  the  smallest  of  the  Cyprinidw.     {npoKVJi,  a  kind  of  swallow.) 

Hyhoijnalhm  proctn;  CoPR,  Proc.  Ac.  Kat.  Sci.  Fhila.,  1804,  279,  Delaware  River,  Schuylkill 
River,  Conestoga  River,  White  Clay  Creek,  Pennsylvania. 

Hyhoptin  loiiyicepn,  CoFE,  Jourii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sol.  I'hila.,  18C8,  231,  Head  waters  of  James  River 
and  Roanoke  River,  Virginia.    (Coll.  Coihi.) 

HyhnpKU  proem,  CupE,  Cypr.  Penn,,  385,  1866. 

LeuciKiis  procne,  GI'ntiif.r,  Cat.,  vil,  260,  1868. 

Cliola vticrotloma  iini  C.  proaie,  Jordan  &  Oii.deht,  Synopaia,  168,  ICO,  1883. 

418.  NOTROPIS  MIGR0T«;NIATU8  (GUnther). 

Head  4^;  depth  5;  eye  4^.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-35-3;  teeth  probably 
4-4,  although  only  2-2  are  present  in  one  of  the  typical  examples,  and  no 
teeth  at  all  in  the  others ,  no  evident  grinding  surface.  Body  oblong; 
snout  obtuse,  convex,  longer  than  the  eye.  Mouth  subinferior,  small,  tlie 
upper  jaw  the  longer ;  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Silvery,  with 
black  lateral  band ;  no  spots  on  fins.  Length  4  inches.  Atlisco,  Mexico. 
{niger,  black;  twniatua,  striped.) 

Graodm*  mgroliemntiii,  GCntiikr,  Cat.,  vii,  485,  1868,  Atlisco,  Mexico.     (Coll.  Bouce.nl.) 
Cliola  Hiijrotseniala,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mue.,  1879,  226;  Jordan  Hi  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  1G4, 
1883. 

414.  NOTROPIS  KANAWHA,  Jordan  it.  Jenkins. 

Head  4^ ;  depth  4^ ;  eye  3^ ;  snout  3^  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  4-37-2,  16 
before  dorsal ;  teeth  4-4,  hooked,  with  grinding  surface.  Body  rather 
elonga'^e,  moderately  compressed,  the  back  a  little  elevated.  Snout  blunt- 
ish,  gently  decurved ;  jaws  equal ;  mouth  rather  oblique,  the  maxillary  3 
in  bead,  reaching  front  of  eye;  interorbital  space  flattish,  slightly  broader 
than  eye  which  is  large,  preorbital  broad;  suborbitals  narrow;  fuis  all 
la^  >ier  high ;  dorsal  inserted  distinctly  behind  ventrals.  Translucent 
green, sides  silvery, with  few  dark  dots;  no  spot  on  fins  or  at  base  of 
caudal.  Length  3i  inches.  Tributaries,  of  Kanawha  River,  southwestern 
Virginia. 

Notropif  kanaieha,  Jordan  &  Jenkins,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  1888,354,  pi.  xuv,  fig.  5,  Reed  Creek, 
Wytheville,  Virginia.    (Type,  No.  39928.    Coll.  Jordan,  Evermann,  ic  Jenkins.) 

415.  NOTROPIS  BRATTONI,  Jordan  <Sc  Evermann,  new  specific  name. 

Head3§^;  depth  3f.  D.8;  A.  7;  scales  5-32-4.  Body  stout,  rather  deep; 
eye  smallish,  3^  in  head ;  about  equal  to  snout  and  about  ^  less  than  inter- 
orbital area,  which  is  quite  flat ;  margin  of  upper  lip  on  level  of  pupil; 

*The  accidental  loss  of  the  teeth  in  two  of  the  three  typical  examples  waa  the  occasion  of 
the  establishment  of  the  nominal  genus,  Oraodui. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


265 


inontli  rather  large,  obli(|uo ;  snout  little  pointed;  maxillary  reaching 
HliKlit!y  jtiiHt  front  of  orbit,  itH  length  about  Z\,  in  head;  lower  jaw  shorter 
tliiin  njipcr,  included  ;  origin  of  dorsnl  slightly  nearer  tip  of  snout  than 
liBM'  of  caudal ;  about  12  scales  in  front  of  dorsal ;  tips  of  dorsal  rays  all 
coteiniiuouH  when  the  iin  is  deflexed;  le'^gth  of  longest  ray  1^  in  head; 
))aH(>  of  tin  scarcely  2  in  head  ;  anal  similar  to  dorsal,  its  longest  ray  2  in 
licad  ;  liiuso  3;  pectorals  reaching  f  distance  to  ventrals,  \\  in  head;  ven- 
trals  reaching  \  distance  to  anal,  lii  in  head;  teeth  4-4,  little  hooked. 
Color  iMownish,  a  faint  silvery  band  along  sides,  little  wider  than  eye,  a 
very  Hinall  faint  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  fins  ail  plain.  Tributaries 
of  Kio  '^au  Juan,  at  Cadereita,  andNuevo  Leon.  Allied  to  Is.  blennius,  but 
difl'erin^'  in  the  larger,  more  oblique  mouth.  (Named  for  Dr.  Alembert 
Wiuthro))  Uruyton,  of  Indianapolis,  with  pleasant  memories  of  our  explor- 
ations in  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas  in  1877  and  1878.) 

llonitni't  tiiii'lit,  GiHABD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1850,21,  Cadereita,  Mexico.    (Type,  No. 
3905".    Coll.  Couch.)     (Not  Albur.u..  iiitiihu,  KiBTLAND,  alBO  a  Notro^yis.) 


•■    f 


■-,: 


41«.  NOTROPIS  SPECTBUNCULirS  (Copo). 

Head  1;  depth  5i;  eye  3.  D.8;  A.  9;  lateral  line  37 ;  teeth  4-4.  Body 
elongate.  Head  large,  rather  flat,  nearly  as  broad  as  deep.  Muzzle  thick. 
Mouth  slightly  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  eye ;  15  rows  of  scales  in  front 
ot  doLsal.  Pale  olive,  silvery  white  below ;  a  leaden  band  along  the  sides 
and  a  cuuspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  head  dusky ;  margins  of 
scales  above  lateral  line,  as  well  as  bases  of  dorsal  and  anal  iins,  blackish; 
pectorals,  ventrals,  dorsal,  and  anal  more  or  less  orange  in  life ;  no  red  on 
snout.  Length  3  inches.  Head  waters  of  Tennessee  River,  in  Tennessee, 
Virginia, and  North  Carolina;  abundant  in  cold  mountain  streams  and 
spriugH.    A  well-marked  species.     (Diminutive  of  spectrum,  an  image.  ^ 

ll!lhuiKiii!'iniiiuHnibis,CovT,,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1868,231,  Bear  Creek,  tributary  of 

Middle  Fork  of  Holston  River.    (Coll.  Cope.) 
CMaspcdrtmciilu,  JoBDAN  &  GiLBEBT,  Synopsis,  16G,  1883. 

417.  NOTROPIS  OZARCANUS,  Meek. 

Head4A;  depth6i;  eye  3.  D.7;A.8;  8cale83G;  teeth 4-4,  hooked,  with 
narrow  grinding  surface,  their  edges  crenate.  Allied  to  K.  spcctrunculus, 
Imt  witli  slenderer  body  and  head.  Body  little  compressed.  Mouth 
small,  little  oblique,  maxillary  not  quite  to  eye;  lips  very  thin ;  preorbital 
lar;i;e;  pectoral  short.  Olivaceous,  sides  with  dark  dots  forming  a  faint 
lateral  band.    White  River,  Arkansas,  in  the  Ozark  Mountains. 

SolropiioMicnnut,  Meek,  Bull.  U.S.  Fish  Comm.,  IX,  1889  (1891),  129,  North  Fork  of  White 
River,  Arkansas.    (Coll.  Meek  &  Drew.) 


H  h 


\  '< 


1  ;, 


ii'i 


41S.  NOTROPIS  CHIHUAHIA,  Woolman. 

Head  i ;  depth  4 ;  eye  large,  3i  in  head,  slightly  longer  than  snout. 
D.8;  A.  7;  scales  33  to  37;  teeth  4-4,  hooked,  with  very  narrow  grind- 
ingBurface.  Body  rather  plump,  little  compressed,  the  back  little  elevated ; 
head  largo ;  snout  blunt ;  mouth  slightly  oblique,  the  maxillary  scarcely 


!, 


ii'i 


266 


BuUetin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


reachinf;  eye ;  front  of  dorsal  midway  between  snont  and  caudal ;  Hcales 
deeper  than  long ;  lateral  line  fltraight,  complete.  Light  brown,  s(;ale8 
above  dark-edged;  numerous  round  dark  dots  above,  the  largeHt  somo- 
times  nearly  size  of  pupil,  the  spots  unequal  and  irregularly  placed,  imich 
as  in  Ilyhopitis  <hativalin,  or  H.  hyoatomua ;  a  plumbeous  lateral  stripe  Trom 
eye  through  snout,  ending  in  a  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  linu  iilain. 
Kio  de  los  Conchos,  Chihuahua;  locally  abundant. 

Nolrofiu  rhilmahua,  Woolman,  Amer.  Nat.,  March,  1892, 2flu,  Rio  de  loa  Conchoa,  Chihuahua, 
Mexico.    (Ty|)e,  No.  441&I.    Coll.  Woulman  A  Cos.) 

419.  NOTROPIN  TOPKKA,  Qilbert. 

Head  4 ;  depth  3J ;  eye  4^.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-35-4.  Body  comproHsed, 
stout  and  chubby;  snout  blunt;  mouth  small,  terminal, oblique;  It  HcaloB 
before  dorsal ;  lateral  line  anteriorly  decnrved.  Olivaceous,  a  dusky  lat- 
eral streak  ending  in  a  small  caudal  spot;  males  in  spring  and  Hiiiumer 
with  sides  and  lower  tins  bright  red  or  orange.  Length  2}  inches.  West- 
ern Iowa  and  eastern  South  Dakota,  (Evermanu),  to  Kansas;  locally 
abundant  in  the  prairie  streams.  A  well-marked  species,  appuruntly 
allied  to  the  group  called  Codoma. 

Notropu  loptka,  Gilbebt,  Bull.  Washburn  Lab.  Nat.  Hiat.,  Topeka,  1884,  i,  13,  tributary  of 
Kanaaa  River,  Topeka,  Kansas.     (Type,  No.  3(i609.    Coll.  Cragiii.) 

Nolropii  icneoluit.  Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  245,  Solomon  River,  Wa  Keeney,  Kansas. 
(Type,  No.  37946.    Coll.  Hay.) 

Subgenus  HUDSONIUS,  Girard. 

420.  NOTBOPIS  OILBERTI,  Jordan  &  Meek. 

Head  4 ;  depth  5 ;  eye  moderate,  about  3^.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  r>-354. 
Slender,  with  long  tail;  head  long,  flattish  above;  snout  niudcrate; 
mouth  rather  large,  little  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Lips  a  little 
thickened,  especially  near  angle  of  mouth.  17  scales  before  dorsal,  whiub 
is  inserted  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Light  olive ;  sides  with  dusky 
streaks  and  dark  specks.  Length  2i  inches.  Eastern  Iowa  to  eastern 
Colorado,  abundant  in  muddy  streams  of  the  plains,  from  the  Des  Moiues 
River  to  the  Platte.  (Named  for  Dr.  Charles  Henry  Gilbert,  joint  author 
of  the  "Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  North  America.") 

NotropU  gilberti,  Jordan  &  Meek,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  4,  Des  Moines  River  and 
Village  Creek,  Ottumwa,  Iowa.    (Type,  No.  35840?.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Meek.) 

421.  NOTBOPIS  PIPTOLEPIS  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  4i;  eye  3i.  D.  7;  A.  8;  scales  6^36-4;  teeth  1,  W,  1. 
Physiognomy  of  Hyhopais  diasimilis.  Body  elongate,  not  elevated.  Head 
elongate.  Mouth  small,  nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond 
line  of  orbit,  the  mandible  somewhat  projecting.  Region  in  frontut  dorsal 
fin  more  or  less  bare  of  scales.  Dorsal  beginning  opposite  ventrals,  nearer 
snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Olivaceous ;  silvery  below ;  a  broad,  silvery 
lateral  band,  with  dark  specks ;  sides  of  head  with  black  specks;  a  dark 
vertebral  band.  Length  3  inches.  North  Platte  River.  (Cope.)  A  doubt- 
ful species,  perhaps  the  same  as  N.  gilberti.    (wiirru,  to  fall ;  ^enii,  scale.) 


ill;  ^if 


1^^ 

; 

1?a 

'i 

fi::. 

1 

m 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        267 

f>l„.t.i.„i»l>iptiU])i»,  Copr,  Ilayden'ii  Oeol.  Snrr.  Torr.Wyom.  for  1870,  (1871),  438,  Red  Cloud 
v,rcek,  a  tributary  of  North  Platte  River. 

«7i,.;,i  -"iia/ii,  JuBPAN  Ac  OiLBSllT,  8ynoj)i!li,  IKJ,  l«8;i,  (not  Nolropu  ^matiu). 

488.  NOTR0PI8  8IMVH  (Cope). 

Head  4\ ;  depth  4i ;  eye  4jt.  D.  8;  A.  9 ;  scalsH  8-35-4,  22  series  in  front 
of  (liiiHal  liu  ;  teeth  1, 4-4, 1 ;  said  to  be  without  grinding  surface.  Body 
rolHist.  Head  short  and  broad,  with  short,  decurved  inuitzle.  Mouth 
lart^i',  oliliiiiiCf  uppor  lip  below  level  of  pupil,  maxillary  extending  past 
front  of  orbit.  Fins  large,  the  dorsal  well  behind  ventrals.  Coloration 
entirely  Hilvery,  brightest  on  sides.  Length  3^  inches.  Kio  Urande  at 
at  San  Ildefonso,  New  Mexico.    (Cope.)    (stmws,  atfiof,  snubnosed.) 

AUmniillM  limw,  CopE,  ZoUI.  Whcelur  8urv.,  v,649, 1876,  (1870),  San  Ildefonso,  New  Mexico. 

(Type,  No.  10982.    Coll.  Yarrow.) 
CMa  »i»i<i,  JoBDAN  A  OiLBBRT,  SynopeiB,  170,  1883. 

428.  NOTROPIH  LONfllROSTRIS  (Hay). 

Head  4i;  eye  4.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  4-36-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  0  or  1,*  with 
grinilin^  surface.  Form  of  Ericymha  buccata.  Head  rather  small;  eye 
Bliortt^r  than  the  blunt  suont.  Upper  jaw  rounded,  considerably  project- 
ing 1)e,voiid  lower.  Mouth  rather  large,  horizontal ;  maxillary  extending 
to  front  of  eye.  Scales  large ;  about  12  large  scales  in  front  of  dorsal. 
Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  directly 
over  ventrals.  Pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals ;  the  latter  to  vent.  Straw 
color,  with  an  obsolete  lateral  band  and  a  narrow  dorsal  streak;  fins 
dusky.  Chiokasawba  River,  Mississippi,  to  Escambia  River,  Florida. 
{lonijitK,  long;  rostrum,  snout.) 

.Wnmi(ii"<  Idiiijirotiru,  Hay,   Proc.    U.   8.   Nat.  Mus.,  1880,   504,    Chickasawha    River   at 

Enterprise,   Mississippi.    (Type,  Nob.  27440  and  322G7.    Coll.  Hay.) 
Cliola  lowjiroftru,  .TonnAN  &  Gilbert,  SynopsiH,  167,  1883. 
Kotnijiif  liiwjirostrU,  QiLBERT,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  ix,  1889, 108. 

424.  NOTBOPIS  NUX,  EvormanD. 
Head  t ;  depth  4i;  eye  large,  3  in  head,  equal  to  snout,  and  to  interorb- 
ital  width.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  6-37-3,  13  before  dorsal;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1 
orO,  rarely  1,  4-4,  2,  the  grinding  surface  developed  and  a  little  crenate. 
Body  Hlcuder,  the  back  somewhat  elevated;  head  subconic,  the  snout 
rather  bliiut;  mouth  moderate,  oblique;  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit ; 
lower  jaw  slightly  included ;  caudal  peduncle  long  and  slender.  Dorsal 
inserted  over  ventrals,  the  longest  rays  as  long  as  head ;  anal  small;  pec- 
torals short,  not  to  ventrals ;  caudal  long ;  lateral  line  straight,  complete. 
tireeuiah,  the  back  with  crosshatching  of  dark  specks;  a  dark  vertebral 
Btreak ;  a  plumbeous  lateral  band,  ending  in  a  small,  but  distinct,  caudal 
blotch,  this  band  extending  across  opercles,  eye,  and  snout;  fins  plain. 
•  Known  only  from  Neches  and  Trinity  rivers,  near  Palestine,  Te..>.as.  (nux, 
nnt;  in  Spanish,  neche.) 

^ofropij  nu3t,  Evermann,  Bull.  U.  8.  Fish  Comm.,  xi,  1891,  (May  2.15,  1892),  77,  Neches  and 
Trinity  rivers,   Palestine,    Texas.     (Type,   No.   45555.     Coll.  Evermann,  Scovell,  & 

Gurlt'y.) 

♦According  to  Dr.  Gilbert ;  Dr.  Hay  found  the  teeth  4-4. 


I 

■  ■■i 


/; 

\  '■!■' 

li 

% 

\l 


H  t 


p 


'  \ 


li 

t  i  ! 


:^i 


ti'  ;: 


i     ii 


';     1  • 


t] 


I 

i 


j.ll 


,  t  Hi 

.'■'  I  f' 
i    i  i 

1:1. 


;    * 


I 


t 


'  i 


i 


1 


r 

(     ! 

1   ; 

SI' 


i:*f 


\, 


>?i 


-I 

['I 


n 

11 

1 

i 
/■ 

•V. 

w? 


208 


JiulUtin  47y  United  States  National  Museum, 


43r>.  NOTItOI'IN  XMONIH,  Kvtrrimnii. 

Head  4^ ;  tlepth  4}  tu  r>;  eyu  liirgo,  \\  to  3i  in  houd,  (>(|nal  to  interoiliitul 
width.  D.  8;  A.  H;  Hoalen  ({-:^(»-8;  teoth  1,  1-1,  1,  Hinnll,  liooki'tl,  tlm 
ffrindiii);  Hiirfaco  narrow,  HliKlitly  cronato.  Hody  Hlundvr,  littln  cUtvatiil; 
head  lieavy,  formed  aH  in  Clioht  rinilax;  snout  liiiint  and  ronndi^l,  fiinai 
to  eye;  month  oniall,  inferior,  horizontal ;  hiwerjaw  inclnded  ;  niaxilliiry 
Hhort,  not  nearly  reaching  orbit;  preorhital  hroad  ;  candal  pt'dnncle  lonj; 
and  Blender.  Dorsal  high,  inserted  over  ventraln  ;  pectorals  short,  not  to 
ventrals;  lateral  lino  ocMnplet"^.  Yellowish,  with  crosshatohin^  of  ilnik 
specks  above;  a  dark  lateral  band,  faint  anteriorly;  no  caudal  Npot: 
ihis  plain.  Length  2i  inches.  Trinity,  Han  Marcos,  and  Comal  rivorH, 
Texas ;  locally  abiMidant.  {Xocomia,  an  Indian  name,  applied  by  Uirard  to 
a  group  of  fishes  here  regarded  as  a  subgenus  under  IfybopaiH.) 

Noiri>]>ii>  noeomin,  Kvrrmann,  Bull.  l'.  S.  V\*h  Oumm.,  xr,  1K!»1,  (May  25,  1802),  78,  Trinity 
River,  Palestine,  Texas,  and  San  Marcos  River,  San  Marcos,  Texas.  (Ty|K',  No, 
45560.    Coll.  ETermaun,  Scuvull,  iSc  Oiirlcy.) 


[I 


■;  i: 


■■:t ' 


48(t.  N0TK0PI8  8H11MAKDI  (Oiranl.) 

Head  3} ;  depth  4^ ;  eye  very  large,  2^  to  3  in  head.  A.  7;  scales  r>-:!r>-2; 
teeth  1,4-4, 1,  (2,  4-4, 2,  according  to  Girard),  with  deep  grinding  Hiiifaco, 
and  the  edge  strongly  crenate.  liody  compressed,  the  back  elevated ;  fjiil 
slender;  snoutshort,  not  blunt;  mouth  terminal,  very  oblique;  lower  Jaw 
included;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye;  dorsal  inserted  over  ventraln; 
12  scales  before  dorsal.  Olivaceous,  sides  with  dusky  streaks  and  dark 
specks.  Length  3  inches.  Ohio  and  Tennessee  basins  to  Iowa  and  the 
Ozark  region,  in  cold  streams  and  springs;  abundant  in  Arkansas,  and  in 
northern  Alabama.  (Named  for  Dr.  George  C.  Shumard,  naturalist  on  the 
Mexican  Boundary  Survey.) 

AlbuninjM  ihtimnrtli,  GiRAni),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,   1850,  194,  Arkansas  River,  Fort 

Smith,  Arkansas.    (Coll.  Shumard.) 
NolropuhoopH,  (iiLiiRRT,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1884, 201,  Salt  Creek,  Brown  County,  Indiana, 

and  Flat  Rock  Creek,  Decatur  County,  Indiana.    (Tyiw,  No.  34982.    Coll.  Gilbort.) 
MinniluM  Bhiimiinli,  .ToRPAN  &  Gilbert,  Synoiwis,  194,  1HH3. 
Mmuiluii  icabricfpi,  .Iobdan  &  Oilrebt,  Synopfiis,  194, 1883,  not  of  Cope. 

427.  KOTROPIS  ILLErKUROSrH  (Girnrd). 

Head  4^^;  depth  4i ;  eye  3i  ;  snout  3f .  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  7-35-3, 11  before 
the  dorsal ;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1,  slightly  hooked,  with  slight  grinding  surface. 
Body  rather  deep,  compressed,  candal  peduncle  deep,  its  least  dcptii  2'  in 
head.  Mouth  largo,  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  eye ;  lower  jaw  included! 
eye  large,  greater  than  snout;  iuterorbital  width  equal  to  snout;  width 
of  lower  jaw  at  base  H  in  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  very  little  behind  iii.ser- 
tion  of  ventral  fins,  a  little  nearer  "'out  than  base  of  caudal.  First  rays' 
of  dorsal  somewhat  produced,  their  length  greater  than  that  of  head ;  free 
margin  of  dorsal  very  slightly  concave  in  the  expanded  fin  ;  base  of  tin  1^ 
in  longest  ray.  Longest  anal  ray  li^  in  head.  Pectorals  equal  loiijiest 
dorsal  ray.  Pale  straw  color,  side  with  a  broad  silvery  band  following 
course  of  lateral  line  ;  sides  of  head  silvery.    Length  3  inches.    Deticrip- 


fi! 


,  t  if 


<i|i 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


200 


tiiiti  iiiTc  drawn  tip  from  tint  typuH.     Luwur  ArkaiiHas  River  bauiii,  prob- 
ttlil\  not  (listiiict  from  yotropia  nhitmardi.     (iUeccbroHUH,  ontioiiig. ) 

.IH,,.M,  /.«  i7/.r.')r...u»,  CJiBABii,  Vnn:  \i:  Nut.  Al   Plilltt.,  iKftO,  liM,  Arkanaaa  River,   Fort 
Smith,  Arkansas.    (T.v|m'  No.  fid.    (!oll.  Dr.  Sliiimanl) ;  Oikaiii),  Vnv.  U.  K.  Smv.  x,  'JCa, 

i.i.  .v;,  liKH.  r>-H,  iMH. 

,1/imH/MJ.  ^/lMmllr<lt',  JmiiiAN  &  Giliirrt,  HviidpmIn,  lOli!,  IHKJ  (In  port). 

48M.'NOTK<>l>IN  HrilSOMI'M  (DoWitt  Clinton). 


!     i 


(Sl'AWN-KATKK  ;  .SroT-TAILKI)  MiNNUW  ;  HlllNCH.) 

Ilciid  4 J ;  depth  4 ;  eyo  3.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  soaleu  5-39-4  ;  tooth  1,  4-4, 0  or  1, 
or  'J.  Itody  ulungato,  coiiHidoraltly  cumprusoed  in  the  adult.  Head  quite 
itliort.  Mu/.xlu  blunt,  docurvcd,  Hhortor  than  the  very  large  eye.  Munth 
mo(l(Miito,  nearly  horizontal,  the  Jaws  nearly  equal,  the  maxillary  nearly 
reacliinjj;  to  the  oyo.  Lateral  lino  nearly  straight,  slightly  decurvod  ante- 
riorly. 18  scales  before  dorsal.  Pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter 
not  to  vent.  Coloration  very  pale,  with  usually  a  dusky  or  black  spot  at 
baHe  of  caudal,  especially  in  the  young ;  sidos  with  a  broad,  silvery  band, 
wliicli  \h  sometimes  dusky.  Length  4  to  <i  inches.  The  Dakotas  and 
Lake  ■Sui»orior  to  New  York,  and  southward  to  South  Carolina;  abundant 
intho  (ircat  Lakes,  and  not  rare  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains;  a  largo 
and  Imiulsome  minnow,  the  choice  "live  bait"  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
Kiv*T  angler.  The  typical  form,  kudaoniuaf  in  the  Lower  Great  Lakes 
and  the  Hudson,  Susquehanna,  and  other  northeastern  rivers,  has 
the  head  short,  4|  in  length;  eye  3';'  in  head,  as  long  as  the  blunt  snout; 
Mioutli  1o8H  oblique  than  in  aelene,  nivyre  so  than  in  amarus',  maxillary  not 
rt'achiug  front  of  eye ;  caudal  spot  jet-black.  Teeth  2, 4-4, 1.  Specimens 
apparently  referable  to /(uc^MoniHs  rather  than  to  amarnH  ncour  in  the  Poto- 
mac, and  in  streams  even  so  far  south  as  South  Carolina,  but  the  bounda- 
ries of  hudsoniua,  amarua,  and  aaludanua  are  hard  to  fix. 

Cl«iiin  liiiihimia,  DeWitt  Clinton,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1,  40,  1824,  Hudson  River. 
llwlMHiit\ihirUUiU»,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8cl.  Pliilu.,  1850,  210,  Hudson  River.     (Type,  Mo. 

14.    Ci.ll.  B.»ircl.) 
Ilijliijisis  hudfoiiiun,  CorE,  Cypr.  Penn.,  386,  1866. 
LeneiscKK  liiiitumiim,  GUnthkr,  Cat.,  Vll,  250,  1868. 
C/io(<i  Jmilsonia,  JORDAN  &  OiLUERT,  SynoptiiB,  171,  1883. 


^■.  t| 


Represented  in  Lake  Superior  by 

/ 

488a^^NOTROPIS  HUDSONIUS  SELENE  (Jordan). 

With  the  head  very  short,  i^  in  body,  the  mouth  quite  oblique,  the  pre- 
maxillary  on  level  of  lower  part  of  pupil;  snout  J  eye;  maxillary  reach- 
ing front  of  eye.  Caudal  spot  jet-black.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2  or  1.  {aT/Tiijvri, 
the  moon . ) 

Iwihinehmi;  .loRnAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  00,  1877,  Lake  Superior,  Bayfield,  Wiscon- 
sin.   (Coll.  Milner.) 
ilimam ffl.iie,  Jordan  i&  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  188, 1883. 


f': 


■^li      t::f 


270 


Bulietin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


» 


! 

j  i 


Hoiithwunl  it  giv<*H  plucu  tu 

48Nb.  NOTKOPIM  lll'IIMOMIIM  AM AKIH  (dirnril). 

Very  oIoho  to  vnr.  AM«/«(»iiMi,chAruotori7.«Hl  by  tlio  loii^or  and  1whhoI)Iuii« 
huatl,  4^  to  \>  ill  i«ii);tli,  tliu  oyu  .'ii  in  liuud,  lotiKi'i'  tliiiii  Niioiit ;  the  ctii- 
(lal  spot  fuint  or  waiitiiiKt  hikI  thu  tooth  l,4-t,U.  Uulawnro  und  I'litnuiuc 
rivnrH.  ThiaiHtiotiiiilikuly  adiHtiiiutHpuoicH,  uh  Abbott  huNcoiituiidt'il.  Imt 
there  iH  hoiiio  ovidenco  of  itH  inttUKradatiou  with  hudaoniun.  (nmnniH, 
bitter,  the  type  from  briickiah  water.) 

lliiilnmiuA  itmariit,  OiHAHii,  rrof.  Ac.  Nitt.  8ci.  I'tilla.,  IH&O,  210,  Chesapeake  Bay  ;  Potomac 

River  at  Washington,    (('oil.  <iirar<l.) 
I///I...p«i«  ;)fc<ioiM<(,  r.iivr.,  I'rof.  Ac-.  Nut.  S.I.   Plillii.,  18(H,  271t,  Delaware  River,  Trenton, 

Nev*^  Jersey.     (Cull.  (!i.|k>.) 
ir/h<>;«ii  d/orcridiim,  (liiPK,  ("ypr.  IVmi.,  ;I8»1,  18(1(1. 

LemiMim uliirfriiiiiuii,  (jrNTIir.ll,  Cat.,  VII,  i'lH,  1M|}8,  Hot  llulUiif  Bliirenunun,  KlHTLANI). 
Hybiipiiiii  t'hiii'imii,  Abiiott,  Amor.  Nat.,  1H74,  XVi. 
Ctiola  itoreriiim,  Jordan  &  (iiLBRiiT,  .synopHlH,  17U,  I88:i. 

This  form  given  phice  Htill  further  Houthwurd  to 

UHe.  NOTKOIMH  iH'IIHOMIl'S  NALI'DAXI'S  (Jordun  .t  Itraytuii). 

Head  ii  ;  depth  4i ;  eye  1ar);o,  3^,  (3  to  4).  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-39-3; 
teeth  1,  4—1,  0,  two  or  three  of  the  teeth  obtuse,  not  hooked,  only  one  or 
two  of  tlium  showing  a  grinding  surfuce.  Body  elongate,  but  less  mo  tliuu 
in  var.  hudHouiuH;  moderately  compressed.  Caudal  peduncle  long.  I  load 
large,  rather  heavy  and  gibbous  forward,  the  muzzle  rounded  in  protlle. 
Mouth  moderate,  Hubinferior,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  eye.  SoaloN  large, 
thin  and  loose,  about  12  in  front  of  doraal.  Lateral  line  sonunvlmt 
decurved  in  front.  ¥iu-\  rather  small;  pectorals  not  reaching  vent rals, 
the  l<itter  not  to  vent.  Coloration  pale  olivaceous,  nearly  white,  with 
traces  of  a  plumbeous  lateral  streak,  this  sometimes  appearing  as  ii  liluck 
lateral  band,  (var.  euryopa),  and  sometimes  leading  to  a  black  caudal  npot 
ns  in  hu<l8oniu8.  Length  4  inches.  Coastwise  streams  from  the  .Jaintvs  tu 
the  Ocmulgee.  Close  to  subspecies  umarus  with  which  it  may  intor^rade. 
Head  notably  lor;;er,  4J^  to  4^,  the  snout  especially  longer,  as  long  au  eye, 
projecting  beyond  the  inferior  mouth. 

Albumopt  MliKlunun,  Jordan  &  Drayton,  Dull.  V.  S.  Nat.  9Iiia.,  xii,  16,  1878  ;  tributary  of 
Saluda  River,  Greenville,  South  Carolina.   (Typo,  No.  1)1128.  Coll.  Joriluii  \  Itravtoii.) 

Hudmrniui  i-uryi>i)<i.  Dean,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mufs.,  1870,  28.'i,  McBean  Creek,  tributary  of 
Savannah  River,  Georgia.     (Typo,  No.  2:t'>13.    Coll.  A.  Giuveg.) 

Ctiola tiiluilaHU  iod  euryopa,  Johdan  &  Giliiert,  SynopRls,  17U,  171,  1883. 

Subgenus  CODOMA,  Glrsrd. 

429.  NOTROPIS  OBNATUS  (Girard). 

Head  3*  to  4;  depth  3;  eye  3i  to  4.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  7-40-1,  thoHe 
before  dorsal  large,  17 ;  teeth  4-4.  Body  stout  and  compressed,  tlio  back 
arched,  the  head  very  blunt,  thick  and  rounded,  almost  spherical  in  the 
male.  Mouth  small,  somewhat  oblique,  the  cleft  mostly  anterior;  the 
jaws  equal.  Eye  smallish.  Scales  deep,  very  closely  imbricated,  those  ou 
Bides  much  higher  than  long ;  lateral  line  decurved.    Dorsal  a  little  Ijcbind 


Ionian  and  F.vermanu. — Fishes  of  North  America.        271 


vfiiiialit.  Finn  nil  rathnr  niiihII.  Hiioiit  liiKhly  prickly  in  HpriiiK  inalM. 
Colin  (lurk  ;  iil(l<*i>  with  ttboiit  H  to  10  iiiurn  ur  Ichh  (MiiiHpiciioiiH  croHHlmrn; 
Iii-ikI  iiiimtly  hinck  iu  iiialea  ;  Ikna  all  with  \\\«  iiiitlillu  pint  diiitky  or  hliiok, 
the  ti|i'4  inilk-whitu,  tho  vcntrulH  ami  tho  aiiul  tiotuhly  ho;  foiiialvH  puler, 
thf  hitoritl  hni'M  iiurrowur  iitul  Hhortor,  thu  tWin  with  Iohh  hluok.  LtMi^th  2} 
iiii'lifs.  Chiliiiiihiitt  Kivor,  our  Hpociiiiou*  takoa  in  the  uriijiuttl  locality 
i(y  A.  .1.  Wooliiiftu.     (or««<«*,  adorned.) 

CJ.mi  riMK  (iiiiAHii,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  H<'i.  IMilU.,  IHAn,  10A,  Chihuahua  River;  •nil  (T.H, 
M<\.  DoiiikI.  Hiirv.,  Irlith.,  M  |>l.  UO,  \\)f,*.  ^2-'JA,  IHrii);  tlili  ii|M>clt'i  nml  Aiifropw  u^frii*  both 
«,  II  ilBiirt'il  liy  (Jlrard.    (Typo  No.  IM.    roll.  .1,  I'olfH.) 

CIWl  "Hiirfd,  JoBDAN  *  (JltBltliT,  SyiiopfU,  173,  1H83. 

Subgenus  MONIANA,  OInrd. 
480.  NOTKOPIM   I'ORMOHI'H  (Olri»nl). 

H.iitl  \\\ ;  depth  3  J  ;  eye  3*.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  HcaloH  7-4:^-4, 23  before  dorsal ; 
teotli  t-t.  Mody  elliptic,  oomproHsed,  the  form  ahont  aH  in  X  lutrninig. 
Moiitli  iiioderntfl,  oblique,  tho  maxillary  3^  in  head.  Doraal  fin  rather 
hi^'li.  HideH  with  a  dusky  streak,  a  brown  Hpot  at  base  of  caudal.  Length 
2i  inciu'H.  Uio  Mimbres,  Chihuahua.  Well  distirguished  from  N.  htiren- 
m  aixl  related  forms  by  the  small  size  of  the  scales.     (formoauB,  comely.) 

Mmtmwt  f:<rmi'M,  QinKMt,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat .  ^1.  Phlla.,  1K50,  201,  Rio  Mimbrea,  Chihuahua. 

(luiUilxniu.M,  JoKliAN  k  OlLIIRBT,  SyiiopulB,  174,  18«;i. 

>'ofri'i)i«/"rmoi««,  Jordan,  Proc.  t'.S.  Nat.  Mui.,  1886, 128. 


m 


.' :     •    I' 


;    il 


I. 


\\ 


r  t 


:  ! 


'  i  > 


481.  NOTROPIM  FBIOIDCN  (Qlrard). 

Head  4i  ;  depth  3^  to  4;  eye  moderate,  4  in  head.  D.  il ;  A.  9. ;  lateral 
Hue  37.  Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed,  with  long  caudal  pedun- 
cle. Head  moderate,  tho  snout  suboouioal,  somewhat  pointed.  Mouth 
rather  lar^o,  oblique,  the  maxillary  scarcely  extending  to  orbit.  Lateral 
line  (h'enrvod.  Length  3i  inches.  Rio  Frio,  Texas;  difi'ering  from  N. 
htrenm  in  tho  smaller  scales,     (frigidua,  cold  ;  in  Spanish,  frio.) 

Momma  frigida,  OiUAlD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185tl,  2(X),  Rio  Frio,  Texas.     (Typo,  No. 

m.    Coll.  Clark.) 
diota  leonind,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsii,  174,  1883,  iiut  of  Girard. 

488.  NUTR0PI8  LVTREN8IH  (Dainl  &  Girard). 

HeadSjt;  depth  3  (adult)  to  4;  eye  small,  4.  D.  7  or  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-35-2; 
teeth  4-4.  Body  oblong,  elevated,  strongly  compressed,  the  back  arched; 
caudal  peduncle  rather  slender.  Head  stout  and  deep,  its  upper  outline 
depressed,  the  nape  elevated,  forming  an  angle,  so  that  the  profile  is 
Humewhat  concave.  Young  more  slender,  tho  form  variously  elongate  or 
elliptical.  Mouth  rather  large,  quite  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included. 
Lateral  Hue  strongly  decurved.  Thirteen  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Males 
profusely  tnborcnlate  in  spring.  Colors  in  life  brilliant,  steel-blue;  tho 
lower  parts  silvery;  the  belly  orange-rod  in  the  males;  a  conspicuous 
violet-colored  crescent  behind  tho  shoulders,  followed  by  a  crimson  ores- 
cent; fins  reddish,  the  anal  and  caudal  blood-red.  Female  plain  greenish, 
the  fins  uuHpotted.    Length  2|  inches.    Soathera  Illinois  to  South  Dakota, 


If 


f  I 


r,  ; 


1 


! 


'  I 


i 


L.I 


!t 


!i 


i 


V  I 


.  i\ 


%\ 


.  i 


!:i 

1:1 


A.'<i^''^L'.'iJ&*'--''"^l''.ii,i-A:'-^l^sik'L'^t.'--Ur.P 


1 


272 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\  ^  ' 


<       i- 


Kansaa,  and  the  Rio  Grande;  very  abundant  in  clear  brooks  soutliwest- 
ward;  a  very  brilliant  and  very  variable  little  tish.  ({((<r<(,  the  otter 
the  species  was  first  known  from  Otter  Creek,  Arkansas.) 

LeiiiHactuliUrentiH,  Bairi)  &  Girard,  Pruc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  185,'i,  ;!!)1,  Otter  Creek,  tributary 

of  North  Fork  Red  River,  Arkansas.     (Tyiio,  Nu.  '04.    Coll.  C'apt.  Ucu.  IS.  McCltllaii.) 
Qipi inella  KiuiviH,  GiRAKi),  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Philn,,  185G,  lUT,  San  Antonio,  Texas. 
nfociViim  Iteliihilin,  Hurrah  Creek,  tributary  of  Rio  Pecos;  amchi,  China,  New  Leon' 

rtililn,  Cadareita,  New  Leon  ;  ond  yracilit,  Monterey,  New  Leon,  Giraiu),  I'roc.  Ac. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  199-201.    (Type,  No.  IIC.    Coll.  Couch.) 
Moniana  leoniint,  Leon  River  near  San  Antonio  ;  and  mmphinata,  Brownsville,  Texas, 

Girard  :  /.  c,  199,  are  probably  tho  HUine,  tbuugh  figured  with  Nmullur  scuIoh. 
Moniana  put fhe!' 1,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut,  Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 200,  Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  tributary 

of  Poteau  River.    (Coll.  Sliillhauscn.) 
Moniana  gibbona,  Gihard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  201,  Brownsville,  Texas.    (Tjiic, 

No.  31159.    Coll.  Van.  Vllet.) 
Oyprinella  hilUtiijHimia,  Coi>E,  IIayden'8  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  Wyom.  forl870,  (1871),  439,  St.  Joseph, 

Missouri.     (Coll.  Dr.  Wm.  Stimpsou.) 
Moniana  jugalin,  Cope,  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Wyom.  for  1870,  (1871),  439,  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri. 
Hyitilepi»  iris,  Coi'E,  Zoiil.  Whnelor  Surv.,  v,  C53, 1875,  (187C),  Rio  Grande,  San  Ildefonso,  New 

Mexico.    (Typo,  No.  16970.    Coll.  Yunow.)- 
OyprintUa  forbeni,  Jordan,  Bull.  111.   State   Lab.   Nat.  HiBt.,  ii,  57,  1878,  clear  streams  of 

southern  Illinois.     (Type,  No.  29867.    Coll.  Forlieg.) 
(Hiola  nwnliifgiii,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Amor.  PhiloB.  Soc,  1884,  168,  Monterey,  New  Leon. 
/ft'MCMCHs  lulmmH,  GpNTHER,  Cat.,  vil,  258,  1868. 

Cyprinellacomplanata,  Jordan,  Bull.  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  3,  005,  1878. 
Cliola  iVw,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopBis,  172,  1883. 
Cliola  jngalis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  172,  1883. 
Cliola  gibbosa,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  174,  1883. 
Cliola  Iutren8i»,  Jordan  <Sc  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  175, 1883. 
Cliola  mavis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  170,  1883. 
Giola  billingsiana,  Jordan  J:  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  177,  1883. 
Cliola  forbesi,  Jordan  &  Giljert,  Synopsis,  174, 1883. 

488.  NOTROPIS  PltOSERPINA  (Girard). 

Head  35;  depth  4;  eye  4;  snont  3i.  D.  7;  A.  7;  scales  6-35-3,  14  before 
dorsal.  Body  rather  robust;  mcuth  subinferior,  nearly  hori/.uutal. 
Brownish  above,  paler  below,  but  no  silvery  lateral  band;  a  metallic 
band  of  dark  points  from  upper  edge  of  preopercle  to  upper  edge  of  caudal. 
Length  2  inches.  Rio  Grande  region.  {Proserpina,  Proserpine,  the  allu- 
sion not  evident.) 

Moniana proserpina,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  200,  '_  evil  River,  Texas.    (Type, 

No.  117.    Coll.  Clark.) 
Monitma  aurata,  Girard,  I.  c,  200,  Piedrapainte,  New  Mexico.    (Type,  No.  118.   Coll.  C'lurk). 
f  Moniana  trislis,  Girard,  {.  c,  1856,  201,  locality  unknown.     (Coll.  Beckwith.) 
Cliola  deliciosa,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  175, 1883. 
Cliola  aurata,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  175, 1883. 
Notropis proserpina,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885, 125. 

434.  NOTROPIS  CALLISEMA  (Jordan). 

Head  4;  depth  4f ;  eye  4i,  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-39-3;  teeth  4-4.  Mody 
rather  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed.  Head  elongate,  the  muzzle  rather 
blunt,  projecting  over  the  moderate,  oblique  mouth;  maj  nary  not  reacli- 
ing  to  opposite  eye.    Eye  moderate.    Scales  firm,  closely  imbricated,  15 


for  Jan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         273 


in  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  fin  extremely  high;  its  height  in  the  males  one- 
fourtli  I«>iigt)\  of  body,  in  females  somewhat  lower;  its  insertion  almost 
directly  over  first  ray  of  ventrals.  In  the  other  similarly  colored  species 
of  Xolnijiis  the  dorsal  is  evidently  behind  the  ventrals.  Coloration  bril- 
liaut,  clear  dark  blue  above,  sides  and  below  abruptly  silvery;  a  blue 
lateral  Htreak,  much  as  in  K.  caruleua,  bounding  the  blue  of  the  upper 
partH,  the  white  pigment  of  the  lower  parts  looking  as  if  painted  over  the 
blue.  Dursal  with  a  large  black  spot  on  its  last  rays  above.  Dorsal, 
aual,  and  caudal  with  the  usual  satin-white  pigment  at  their  tips;  these 
iiuH  otherwise  of  a  clear,  ferruginous  orange.  Females  slender  and  dull- 
colored.  Length  21  inches.  Ocmulgee  River,  Georgia.  An  elegant  fish. 
(Ka/M(,  beautiful;  af/fia,  sail,  from  the  dorsal  fin.) 

F.jmciiHi  r.ilhsi'uiii,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.,  1876,  363,  South  Fork  of  Ocmulgee 

River,  Flat  Shoals,  Georgia.     (Typo,  No.  17864.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 
Cidoiiiii  i:(lli.  -i«,  Jordan,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii.  52,  1878. 
CUohi  iMllisemi;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  173,  1883. 


% 

■r '"^ 

P    •• 

i 

11 

ei 

Bpif 

'k 

f 

Subgenus  CYPRINELLA,  Girard. 

485.  NUTR0PI8  BUBALINCS  (Baird  &  Girard). 

Head  4!i;  depth  3;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  32  to  35.  Body 
short,  tlio  back  arched;  head  short  and  deep,  blunt  in  profile;  mouth 
moderate,  oblique,  the  jaws  subequal;  lateral  linedecurved.  Coloration 
plain  in  Npirits,  the  males  probably  with  bright  pigment.  Length  3^ 
inches.  Streams  of  Arkansas  and  westward;  not  common.  (Diminutive 
of  buhahuH,  buffalo.) 

;.cii(.'iw.'i  Mialimis,  Baird  &  GiRABD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.   Phila.,  1863,  391,  Otter  Creek, 

Arkansas.    (Coll.  Capt.  Geo.  B.  McClellan.) 
Cyprimlhi  inchi'iOii,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1^56,  107,  Arkansas  River,  near  Fort 

Makee.    (Coll.  Beckwith.) 
Ciijiriuelli  (jtmmoni,  GiRARD,  I.  c,  197  ;  said  to  be  fro.n  Cottonwood  Creek,  Utah,  which  must 

lie  an  error,  BS  no  AWrojjis  is  found  in  Utah.     (Type,  No.  139.    Coll,  Kreuzfeld.) 
CiiprimVti  iimbrnsa,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 197,  and  Pac.  R.  K.  Surr.,  x,  266, 1858 

Coal  CrecK,  tributary  of  South  Fork  Canadian  River.    (Type,  No.  133.    Coll.  MiiU- 

haiisen. 
Cijiiriiiella  lepUla,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  197,  Rio  Frio,  Texas ;  may  b« 

Uiirnisix ;  and  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  268,1858.    (Coll.  Xennerly.) 
CiiliiiniWi  hiihuUna,  GiRARD,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  265, 1358. 
('/.••)/(i  lejiiilii,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  176, 1883. 
Cliolu  imihrosa,  6tibalttia,  and  gunni$oni,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  176, 1883. 

486.  NOTBOPIS  LUDIBUNDU8  (Girard). 

Head  4 ;  depth  4f ;  eye  large,  3  in  beau ;  snont  4.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales 
4-31-3,  13  before  dorsal.  Body  elongate,  subfusiform.  Mouth  oblique, 
small,  the  maxUlary  extending  to  eye.  Doxsal  fin  high.  Silvery  ;  lateral 
lino  with  black  dots.  Length  2  inches;  locality  unknown,  probably 
Indiau  Territory,    (ludibundus,  playful.) 

Cyprimllu  ladilmnda.  Girard,  Proc,  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  199,  locality  unknown.    (Coll. 

B(!(k\vitli.) 
Ciiola  liidihinda,  JORDAN  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  177,  1883. 


F.  N.  A.- 


-19 


)■•    ( 


!•; 


'!. 


I  I 


>   1 4  r 


f 


1: 

1.. 

I 

1 

'  • 

■;                     1  i 

'                    i'  i 

Hi 

i: 

274 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


487.  NOTBOPI8  MACROKTOMVS  (Girunl). 

Head/  ;  depth  4i.  D.  8;  A.  9;  lateral  lino  36;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  liody 
slender,  the  form  approaching  that  of  N,  atherinoides.  Head  moderate. 
Mouth  rather  larger  than  in  related  species,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reach- 
ing front  of  eye.  Eye  largo.  Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved.  Dorsal 
behind  ventrals.  Brownish  above ;  cheeks  and  Glides  bright  silvery.  Kio 
Grande  region,  northward  to  Kansas,  if  umbrij'er  is  the  esanie  siteuies. 
(/uaKpoj-,  wide;  aro/iu,  mouth.) 

Ouprinella  macroflovia,  GinAKD,  Proc.   Ac.  Nat.  Sci.   Piiila,,  18ri(i,  198,   Devil  River,  Texas. 

(Typo,  No.  129.    Coll.  Clark.) 
TCyprineUahtxoidei>,  Giiurd,  /.  <-.,  198,  San  I  •?dro  Creek,  Texas.    (Coll.  Kennerl.v.) 
fCyprinrUahiijubriii,  Oiuaui),  I.e.,  199,  locality  unknown.     (Coll.  Ituckwitli.) 
fKolropit  timbri/eTy  Hay,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,1887, 24.'>,  Solomon  River  at  Beloit,  and  Saline 

River  near  Wa  Keeney,  Kansas.    (Coll.  Hay.) 

488.  NOTBOPIS  TEXANUS(Glraril). 

Head  4;  depth  4^;  eye  3  in  head.  D.  8:  A.  8;  scales  .5-35-4, 15  before 
dorsal.  Body  rather  slender;  snout  bluntibh  ;  mouth  nearly  horiicoutal, 
the  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight.  Fins 
moderate.  Eye  slightly  longer  than  snout,  equal  to  maxillary.  Silvery, 
dark  points  along  lateral  lino;  a  small  jet-black  caudal  spot  slightly 
larger  than  pupil ;  a  row  of  dark  points  along  base  of  anal.  Leu<rth  2 
inches.    Rivers  of  Texas  from  the  Trinity  to  the  Salado. 

Cyprinetta  lerana,  Girarp,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  IWO,  198,  Rio  Salado  and  Turkey 
Creek,  Texas.  (Type,  No.  182  (2710).  Coll.  Clark);  Meek,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885, 
124. 

fiotfopvt  texa»m,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  188G,  17. 

489.  KOTBOPIS  NOTATIIS  (Girard). 

Head  4;  depth  3f ;  eye  3^.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-35-3.  Body  stontish; 
the  caudal  peduncle  slender.  Eye  moderate;  snout  bluntish.  Mouth 
small,  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  the  eye.  Ventrals  in  advance 
of  dorsal.  Fins  moderate.  Coloration  plain  in  spirits,  except  the  l>]ack 
caudal  spot;  sides  silvery.  Streams  of  Texas,  from  Austin  westward. 
Allied  to  N.  veniintHH,  but  the  scales  larger,  and  the  caudal  spot  faiut  and 
veiled  by  the  scales,     {notatus,  spotted.) 

Oyprinella  uatala,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18.^(),  198,  Rio  Seco.  Texas;  aiul  Pac. 

E.B.Surv.,x,  269,  1858.     (TyjH',  No.  136.    Coll.  Kennerly.) 
(HManolata,  JjRUAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  177,  1883. 

440.  K0TB0PI8  VENUSTtJS  (Girard). 

Head  4 ;  depth  3i ;  eye  large,  31 ;  snout  4.  D.  7 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  '>-'.M-S, 
15  before  dorsal ;  teeth  4-4.  Body  rather  slender.  Head  long  and  rather 
pointed.  Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye;  jaws  sub- 
equal.  Fins  moderate ;  the  dorsal  behind  ventrals.  Coloration  brownish 
above;  sides  silvery ;  a  round  black  spot  as  large  as  eye  at  base  of  ciuulal. 
Rio  Sabinal,  Texas.  Allied  to  N.  cercoatigvia,  but  with  larger  scales;  com- 
pared with  N.  notatua,  the  eye  is  smaller,  the  mouth  more  obli(iue,  the 
snout  more  pointed  and  the  caudal  spot  more  distinct  in  X,  iriiu8tin< 
{venustus,  beautiful,  like  Venus.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        275 


Cyjirmi/M  r.uwUi,  GlRAni>,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8<i.  Philn.,  1850,  litS,  RioSabinal,  Texas,  (Coll. 

K.-iiiiirlVr;  unil  Mox.  IJoiiiiil.  Surv.,  Iclitli.,  tA,  1859. 
f(i'j/ii  rH,M«/'i,  JoKUAN  A  (ilLBEBT,  Syuopsig,  178,  188.'!. 

441.  NOTROPIS  <'KRC08TIU.'HA  (Copo), 

Precinely  like  Xotropis  stigmaiiirun  excei)t  that  tlio  scales  are  larger,  37 
to  3i)  in  the  lateral  line,  and  the  fins  in  adult  males  more  deeply  colored, 
oiauf;*'  yellow,  with  milky  tips  in  life.  Teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Caudal  spot 
nearly  circular.  Sandy  streams  tributary  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from 
Pearl  Kiver  and  lied  River  to  Eio  Nueces;  abundant,  especially  so 
iu  Kio  Colorado  of  Texas.     {xtpKog,  tail;  any/^a,  spot.) 

Cijprinfll'i  lereonliyma,  CoPE,  Proc.  Ar.  Nat.  S<.-i.  Phila.,  1867,  l.')7,  Pearl  River,  Monticello, 

Mississippi. 
iii/i7ris  ihi(i:iis<ireii!'iii,  IIay,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  MiiB.,  1880, 50fi,  Chickasawha  River,  Mississippi. 

(Tvi«',  N.),  2741'J.     Coll.  Hay.) 
Clink  iii"«/;./m.(,  JoHUAN  it  Meek,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  47f>,  San  Saba  River,  Fort  Mc- 

Kavit,  a  tributary  of  Rio  Colorado;  Clear  Creek,  Texas.     (Tyi/c,  Non.  2044G  and 

ITxl'J.    Coll.  Anilerson,  Kumleiii,  &  Earll.) 
Mmmlici  nTccxiiijma,  Jordan  &  Gii.nERT,  Synopsis,  173,  1883. 
A'()/rii}ji«  i-r  iiiiWiiK,  JiiiiDAN  &  GiLDERT,  Froc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  19;  but  tlio  tnio  mimlnii  seems 

to  liaYo  Htill  lart;er  ficalcs. 

442.  XOTKOPIS  STIOMATUKI'S  (lordan). 
(Spotted-tail  Minnow.) 

Head  4i;  depth  4i;  eye  small,  4J  in  bead.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  7-42  to 
44-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Body  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed.  Head  (]uite 
long,  rounded  above,  the  snout  pointed.  Mouth  rather  hirge,  somewhat 
oblique,  overlapped  by  the  narrow  upper  jaw.  Iris  white.  Maxillary 
reaching  beyond  nostrils ;  premaxillary  on  level  of  lower  edge  of  pupil. 
Scales  closely  imbricated,  20  in  front  of  dorsal.  Fins  low,  the  dorsal 
rather  behind  ventrals,  its  height  less  than  one-fifth  body.  Color  pale, 
clear  olive;  black  dorsal  spot  not  veiy  distinct;  fins  with  their  tips 
charged  with  satin-white  pigment,  otherwise  plain ;  a  very  distinct, 
large,  oblong  jet-black  spot  at  base  of  caudal,  the  color  extending  up  on 
the  rays ;  this  spot  is  visible  on  all  specimens,  and  is  larger  than  in  any 
other  of  our  Cyprinidar,  its  length  about  one-third  that  of  the  head. 
First  ray  of  dorsal  dark  in  front;  males  with  an  obsolete  black  spot  on 
the  middle  of  the  sides  in  front  of  the  dorsal ;  the  head,  etc.,  tuberculate 
in  spring.  Length  4^  inches.  Alabama  Basin;  very  abundant.  Very 
close  to  X.  cercoatigma,  from  which  it  diifers  chiefly  iu  the  smaller  scales, 
and  of  which  it  may  be  an  eastern  variety,     {ffnyfza,  spot ;  oi'/w,  tail.) 

t'hdidijtiih  aihiiKitiunw,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1870,  3.37,  Etowah  River,  etc., 

Rome,  Georgia.     (Type,  No.  17891.     Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert. ) 
Codnm,ifti,jiu,iliini,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  ,'>2,  1878. 
CiiprimUti  niliiimi,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  .\,  (il,  1877,  Black  Warrior  River,  Alabama. 

(Type,  Nu.  (;.SOf..     Coll.  Prof.  Alex.  Winoli.'U.) 
Cfiofa  eu/fiiirii  and  stujmalura,  Jordan  &  Giluert,  Synopsis,  178  and  182,  1883. 

448.  NOTBOPIS  TRICHROISTllS  (Jordan  A  Gilbert). 

Head4i;  depth  4i;  eye  moderate,  3t  in  head;  scales  6-42-3;  teeth  1, 
■1-1,  1.    l?ody  rather  slender,  compressed.     Head  slender  and  pointed. 


VI 


■)  .-I   .' 


K 


Us 


I . 


!  1 


i'  I 


f 

i 

( 
I 

\ 

! 

1 

> 
1 

:i  f 


I    It: 


1^ 


I 


'     1 1 


1 


,  f 


n 


1'- 


Il 


'I* 

ir 


i    '^ 


1  E|W/- 


fe 


:r 


!  r  i  h 


\  i\ 


#11 


M    1 


^.k 


I  ; 


.  > 


i  'I 


276 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Month  qnite  large,  very  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  anterior  margin 
of  eye,  the  premaxillaries  on  level  of  middle  of  pupil.  Lateral  liiic  con- 
siderably decurved,  usually  with  an  abrupt  angulation  between  pectorals 
and  ventrals ;  19  scales  before  dorsal.  Fins  moderate ;  dorsal  well  heliiud 
veutrals.  Nuptial  tubercles  sparse  on  the  head;  caudal  peduncle  and 
sides,  as  far  forward  as  the  ventrals,  tnberculate  in  spring  males.  Malus 
bright  steel-blue  above ;  sides  bright  white ;  a  large  black  spot  at  baiiouf 
caudal,  precisely  as  in  N,  callistiua;  dorsal  fin  with  a  broad,  dusky,  hori- 
zodtal  band  at  base,  the  membrane  of  the  last  rays  jet-black,  the  tip 
milk-white,  the  rest  of  the  fin  of  a  bright,  pale  vermilion-red;  caudal 
rosy,  its  tips  white ;  anal  and  ventrals  milky.  Females  duller,  but  the 
black  markings  distinct.  Length  3^  inches.  Alabama  Basin ;  abundant 
in  clear  streams,  with  the  preceding  and  the  next,  (rpuf;,  three;  xfkt 
color;  Iffn'ov,  sail.) 

Codoma  MchroUttin,  Jordan  <k  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  1878,  50,  Etowah  River, 

etc.,  Rome,  Georgia.     (Typo,  No.  .31131.     Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 
Oliola  trichroislia,  Jordan  A  Oiluert,  SynopsiB,  181,  1883. 

444.  NOTROPIS  CALLISTIUS  (Jordan). 

Head  4^;  depth  4?;  eye  large,  3?.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-40-3;  tcothl, 
4-4,  1.  Body  rather  stout  and  compressed,  rather  heavy  forward,  tlie 
dorsal  outline  considerably  elevated.  Head  stout  and  rather  blunt,  its 
upper  part  flattish ;  the  nuptial  tubercles  not  numerous,  arranged  in  a 
few  distinct,  longitudinal  rows,  not  scattered  without  order,  as  iu  related 
species.  Mouth  large,  nearly  horizontal,  slightly  overlapped  by  the  heavy 
snout,  the  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  eye,  the  premaxillaries  anteriorly 
entirely  below  level  of  orbit.  Sc  lies  large,  not  very  closely  imbricated, 
16  in  front  of  dorsal.  Fins  rather  large,  the  height  of  the  dorsal  in  males 
nearly  one-flfth  length  of  body.  Coloration  dark  and  brilliant;  males 
with  the  back  very  dark  steel-blue;  sides  a  clear  silvery  violet;  belly 
and  lower  fins  satin-white;  a  heavy  black  blotch  on  posterior  part  of 
dorsal,  extending  downward  and  forming  a  horizontal  bar  at  base  of  tin; 
rest  of  the  fin  vermilion,  except  the  milk-white  tip ;  caudal  fin  bri{,'ht  red, 
yellowish  at  base,  milky  at  tip ;  a  broad,  golden  vertebral  baud  and  a 
reddish  lateral  streak ;  a  large,  distinct,  round  black  spot  at  base  of  cau- 
dal. Females  olivaceous,  with  less  black ;  the  fins  dull  reddish.  Length 
4  inches.    Alabama  Basin,    (/cd^^oc,  beauty ;  1(ttiov,  sail,  1.  o.  dorsal  lln.) 

Photogcnis  caUistius,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1870, 3:t7,  Etowah  River,  etc.,  Rome, 

Georgia.     (Type,  No.  17882.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 
Codoma  callistia,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  62,  1878. 
ClMa  calliilia,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  181, 1883. 

445.  NOTBOPIS  £URTST0HII8  (.Jordan). 

Head  4i ;  depth  4J ;  eye  moderate,  3J  in  head.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  sealer  6-39-3; 
teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  with  narrow  grinding  surfaces,  the  edges  of  which  are 
usually  crenate.  Body  elongate,  compressed,  tapering  toward  the  snout 
and  the  long  caudal  peduncle.  Head  moderate,  larger  than  iu  X.  niveus, 
rather  pointed,  wide  on  top ;  snout  rather  long.  Muzzle  large,  quite 
oblique,  the  premaxillaries  on  the  level  of  the  pupil ;  upper  jaw  slightly 


3  i^.^  -i^'i^^ifr 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        277 

the  longer.  Scales  moderate,  rather  closely  imbricated,  but  less  so  than 
in  .V.  whiiJpUt.  Pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  about  to  vent; 
vertical  fius  not  capecially  elevated.  Color  olivaceous,  the  sides  bright 
Hiivciy,  a  round  black  spot,  nearly  as  large  as  eye,  at  base  of  caudal; 
dorsal  blotch  rather  faint;  dorsal  fin  chiefly  yellowish  green,  ferruginous 
abdVf.  tho  extreme  tip  milky  white;  caudal  fin  rusty,  with  milk-white 
tipH-.  lower  fins  milk-white.  Snout  and  front  in  males  tuberculate;  oiinute 
tuboi  I'los  on  sides  of  tail.  Length  i  inches.  Chattahoochee  River,  {evpiigf 
Tride;  (rro/io,  mouth.) 

Phni,..i>iii.t  nmiflomno,  JooDAN,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1870,  360,  Nancy's  Creek,  tribu- 
tary of  Chattahoochee  River,  near  Atlanta;  exclusive  of  the  Bmatlor  BpeclmeiiB  men- 
tiiiiii'il,  which  aro  Kolropin  zohuUm;  (not  Oodoma  airy»loma,  Joiidan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

p)i(ii(«jii.li>  leiicdjiiiii,  Jordan  a  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  41,  1878,  Chattahoochee 

River,  Gainesville,  Georgia.     (Type,  No.  31124.     Coll.  Jordan  &  Drayton.) 
Cliuht  iwyiioma,  Jobdan  &  Uilbeht,  Synopsis,  180, 1883. 

446.  NOTROPIS  C.ERVLEU8  (Jordan). 

Head  ih;  depth  4?;  eye  moderate,  3i  in  head.  D.  8 ;  A.  8  ;  scales  6-38-3; 
teeth  1  1-4, 1.  Body  fusiform,  somewhat  elongate,  moderately  compressed. 
Head  .noderato.  Snout  rather  pointed,  overlapping  the  small,  oblique 
mouth,  ninxillaries  reaching  nostrils,  premaxillaries  below  level  of  pupil. 
Scales  (inn,  15  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  decnrved.  Fins  all  high, 
the  height  of  dorsal  nearly  one-fifth  length  of  fish ;  dorsal  behind  ventrals. 
Males  with  the  snout  thickly  tuberculate.  Color  bright  steel-blue ;  sides 
and  belly  silvery  white ;  a  very  distinct  lateral  band  of  a  bright  blue-green 
color,  most  distinct  posteriorly,  and  forming  a  spot  at  the  base  of  caudal ; 
black  dorsal  blotch  rather  faint  and  diffuse ;  tips  of  dorsal,  anal,  and 
caudal  charged  with  satin-white  pigment ;  the  fins  otherwise  all  of  a 
clear,  brijfjit  yellow.  Females  and  young  with  the  markings  obscure,  the 
blue  lateral  band  usually  evident.  Length  3  inches.  Alabama  Basin; 
conimoh  ;  a  very  elegant  little  fish.     (cceruleuSf  blue.) 

rhohtiem^  cTiii/eiis,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1876,  338,  Etowah  River,  Rome, 

Georgia.    (Typo,  No.  17883.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 
CudimacnrHlea,  .Iordan,  Bull.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xil,  52,  1878. 
Cliiihi  aniilea,  JoiiDAN  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  182,  1883. 

447.  NOTROPIS  NIVECS  (Cope). 

Head  !  i ;  depth  5 J ;  eye  SJ  in  head.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  6-39-3 ;  teeth 
1,  1-1,  1,  with  narrow  grinding  surface.  Body  regularly  fusiform,  the 
dornal  outline  more  arched  than  the  ventral.  Head  conic.  Muzzle  obtuse, 
not  projecting.  Mouth  nearly  terminal,  slightly  oblique,  maxillary  reach- 
inj;  front  of  eye.  Coloration  very  pale,  a  nai'-ow  bluish  band  aloug 
caudal  peduncle,  forming  a  faint  spot  at  root  of  caudal.  Dorsal  fiu  in 
males  considerably  elevated,  largely  dusky  on  its  last  rays,  the  rest  of  the 
fiu  creamy ;  tip  of  dorsal,  tips  of  caudal,  and  whole  of  anal  with  milk- 
white  pigment.  Males  with  the  snout  and  antedorsal  region  covered  with 
small  tubercles.  Length  2i  inches.  Southern  Virginia  to  South  Caro- 
lina ;  common ;  an  extremely  variable  species,  which  may  prove  to  be 


I  I 


I    I 


1 


i   :    !•  = 


I 

I  ' 


I  ' 


% 


1   I 


IP 

i 


l! 


III! 


( 


\ 

)  ! 


1 


{  I, 


,1 


ii 


M! 


Hi 


'    !l 


.t  ' 


H 


1 


i 
* ' '  t 


\ 


Ill'^'f' 


m 


\ 


f 


278 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


."  pf 


s 


inseparabin  ns  a  Hpecien  from  JV.  whipjtlii,  from  which  it  difierH  in  the 
slenderer  head  aud  in  the  blue  caudal  streak,     (niveiiii,  snowy.) 

llyhojtHin  iiiceim,  Coi-E,   I'roc.   Anier.    I'liil.   8oc.   I'hila.,    1870,   4fi(l,  Catawba  River,    North 

Carolina. 
Pholni/eitiii  tiiveiiH,  Jordan  A  nnATTON,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  20,  1878. 
Cliola  uireti,  Jordan  A  Uiliikrt,  Synopgis,  180,  ISS.t. 

Represented  in  the  Santee  Basin  by 

447a.  NOTKOPIM  MVEI'S  CliliOKISTIIIH  (Jordan  &  Brayton). 

Head  4;  depth  4  ;  eye  small,  less  than  snout,  4  in  head.  D.  7;  A.  8; 
scales  .'i-SCi-S ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Body  short  and  deep,  strongly  coininesHed, 
the  form  elliptical,  as  in  N.  pyrrhomeJuH,  but  rather  deeper.  Heiul  ratiier 
small  and  pointed.  Month  (piite  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reacliiiifr  Hue 
of  orbit,  the  ni»per  .jaw  projecting  beyond  lower ;  preniaxillary  on  level  of 
pupil.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Fins  moderate.  Nuptial  tubercles  cover- 
ing the  whole  body,  except  space  anterior  to  ventrals  and  below  lateral 
line ;  those  on  the  body  much  smaller  than  those  on  the  head.  Coloration 
dark  steel-blue ;  a  very  distinct  blue  stripe  along  each  side  of  caudal 
peduncle;  back  clear  green;  lower  part  of  sides  abruptly  milk-white; 
black  dorsal  blotch  large,  the  lower  part  of  the  fin  with  bright  palts-green 
pigment,  the  tip  milky ;  caudal  dusky,  its  tips  milky,  its  base  pale;  anal 
and  ventrals  milky,  a  faint  dusky  spot  on  last  rays  of  anal ;  iris  white, 
Females  slenderer  aud  less  brightly  colored ;  no  caudal  spot.  Leii<;th3 
inches.  Santee  River  and  tributaries  ;  common.  This  form  occurs  in  the 
Catawba  with  the  typical  wiccMs,  into  which  it  seems  to  intergrado ;  both 
forms  are  very  close  to  N.  whipplii,  but  should  probably  be  considered  dis- 
tinct species.     (,\;>^wp6c,  green;  ianof,  sail.) 

Codoma  chloriitia,  .Toiidan  &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.S.  Kat.  Mus.,  xii,  21, 1878,  tributary  oT Saluda 
River,  Greenville,  South  Carolina.    (Type,  No.  not  given.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Itrayton.) 
Cliola  chlorislia,  Jordan  &  CJilbeut,  Synopsis,  183, 1883. 

448yNOTROPIS  WHIPPLII  (Girard). 

(SiLVEB-FIN.) 

Head  4i ;  depth  4  in  adult  males ;  females  and  young  more  slender,  41  to 
5;  eye  small,  4i  in  head.  D.  8  ;  A.  8  ;  scales  5-38  to  40-3 ;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1, 
the  edges  more  or  less  distinctly  serrate.  Body  moderately  elongate, 
somewhat  compressed,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  regularly  aud  gently 
arched.  Head  rather  short  and  deep.  Mouth  rather  small,  quite  oblique, 
the  lower  jaw  received  Avithin  the  upper  when  the  mouth  is  closed. 
Leaden  silvery,  bluish  in  the  males;  edges  of  scales  dusky;  a  dark  verte- 
bral line ;  a  large  black  spot  on  the  upper  posterior  part  of  the  dorsal. 
Paired  fins  and  lower  part  of  belly,  as  well  as  the  tips  of  the  anal  and  cau- 
dal, and  the  front  and  upper  parts  of  dorsal,  charged  with  clear,  satiu- 
white  pigment  in  males  in  spring ;  in  full  breeding  dress  the  dorsal  pig- 
ment with  a  greenish  luster  ;  no  creamy  band  at  base  of  caudal;  males 
with  the  head  and  front  covered  with  small  tubercles.  Length  4  inches. 
Central  New  York,  Cayuga  Lake,  to  Minnesota,  northern  Alabama  and 
Arkansas,  in  clear  streams  ;  very  abundant  in  the  Ohio  Valley.  (Named 
for  Captain  A.  W.  Whipple,  who  collected  the  types.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        279 


(',il„u:.n<i  irhipjiHi,  CiiBARi),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8<i.  I'liila.,  IS.'iiJ,  lUS,  Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  tributary 

I'l'teau  River,  Arkantaa.    (Type,  No.  137.    Coll.  MiillluiUHeii.j 
/•;<./.;»   npUiijilenm,    (Joi-K,    Cypr.    Ponn.,    378,   1806,   St.  Joseph    River,   Southwestern 

Michigan. 
Li(/i(M<  kiiiliickieniii',  KiRTtANii,  Host.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  27,  pi.  viii,  flg.  3,  1847,  (not  of  lUft- 

nc-i|iio). 
;/„;i../.,.i«  ;cii/M<tiV»Mi/i,  CoPB,  Cypr.  Pcnn.,  371, 1806. 
/..iii-i-Ms  spiliypterun,  «('NTlir.n.  Cat.,  Vll,  264,  1868. 
(7i«/ii  iihippU'i  and  amiliMitattii,  Jordan  &  Gii.bkrt,  Syno|wia,  178  and  170, 1883. 

449.  NOTKOPIH  ANALOHTANr»  (C.irard). 

The  eafltem  representativfi  of  N.  whipplH.  Entirely  similar  to  whipplii 
except  that  the  body  is  less  elongate,  the  adult  male  3^  in  length  instead  of 
4,  ami  thoHcaIeHlarger,34or35in  tbelateral  line  instead  of  38  to40.  Prob- 
ably tu  be  regarded  as  a  difterent  species,  but  possibly  intergrading  with 
wliipplU  on  the  westward  and  perhaps  with  nireua  southward.  Streams 
about  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  bays;  abundant  in  the  Potomac  and 
JameH  ;  ivecorded  from  the  Susquehanna  and  Delaware.  (From  Aualoatan 
Island,  iu  the  Potomac.) 

Ciiiiriiiillit  analontana,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  59,  Rock  Creek,  Analostan 

Island,  Potomac  River;  Jordan  &  UiLnEUT,  Synopsie,  179, 1883,  (in  part). 
L  ■'ii'iiit'iiii  malontanM,  GVmtiier,  Cat.,  vil,  266,  1868. 

460.  NOTROPIS  OALACITRUS  (Cope). 

Head  ik;  depth  4i.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-41-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  usually 
with  entire  edges.  Body  fusiform,  moderately  elongate,  not  greatly 
coniprt'Hsod.  Mouth  rather  large,  jaws  nearly  horizontal,  the  upper  pro- 
jecting. Larger  than  JV.  whippliif  more  elongate  and  less  compressed,  the 
Bcales  loss  closely  imbricated,  the  lateral  line  less  decurved.  Eye  small. 
Steel-blue  above,  silvery  below ;  dcrsal  with  a  black  blotch  on  its  pos- 
terior rays ;  caudal  flu  conspicuously  creamy  yellow  at  base,  then  dusky; 
males  with  the  belly,  paired  fins,  and  especially  tips  of  vertical  fins 
charged  with  milk-white  pigment  in  spring,  the  h^ad  and  front  then 
covered  with  small  tubercles ;  in  high  coloration  the  anal  and  caudal  are 
Bometimea  pale  reddish ;  females  olivaceous,  obscurely  marked.  Length 
5  to  6  inches.  Ozark  region  to  Cumberland,  Tennesseo,  and  Savannah 
rivers ;  abundant  in  the  mountain  streams.  Known  by  its  large  size  and 
the  peculiar  yellowish  band  across  th<>  uuidal.     {ydXa,  milk;  oiipd,  tail.) 

Ihjfilepiii  galiwtiirui,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  l^iia.,  1867,  160,  Holston  River,  Virginia. 

(Tyrn-,  No.  14981.    Coll.  Cope.) 
Leufitcus  hHtiwkiensh,  GrNTHER,  Cat.,  vii,  251, 1868,  not  of  Rafluesque. 
t'liola  gidaciura,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopBis,  179, 1883. 

451.  NOTROPIS  CAMURUS  (Jordan  &  Meek). 

Head  i\;  depth  'Si.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  6-38-4.  More  robust  than  N. 
galactm-iis,  the  back  elevated ;  anterior  profile  steep,  the  snout  bluntly 
decurved ;  mouth  small,  oblique ;  teeth  crenate.  Bluish  silvery ;  dorsal 
fin  in  adult  with  a  large  dark  blotch  as  in  JV.  whipplii ;  males  with  silvery 
pigment.  Length  4  inches.  Arkansas  River  and  tributaries,  not  rare  in 
Kansas  and  southwestern  Missouri,    (camurua,  blunt-faced.) 


:f 


f 


It 
i 


pl': 


n 


1 1 


ill 


t  ,  J 


1  1 
I  i 


i 


i  !: 


; 
'      I 


\ 


, 


■: 


1  * ; 

» 1 


-     i 


f 


I 


i   i 


I, 


I- 


i% 


bVvl 


i  i 


280 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


OlMa  (Nomura,  Jobuah  St  BIkkk,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Hui.,  1884,  474,  Arkanaas  River,  Port 
Lyon,  Colorado.    (Type,  No.  122&6.    Coll.  Dr.  E.  Palmer.) 

4fi8.  NUTROPIH  XiKNURUS  (Jordan.) 

Head  4;  depth  3| ;  eye  large,  3}  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  10;  scales  0-39-3; 
teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Body  moderately  elongate,  subfusiform,  heavy  forward. 
Head  heavy,  somewhat  elongate,  rounded  above.  Month  large,  oliIi(|iie, 
the  lower  jaw  included ;  maxillary  reaching  almost  to  orbit ;  proniuxil- 
lary  on  level  of  upper  part  of  pupil.  Fins  all  rather  low,  the  hoi^Mit  of 
the  dorsal  fin,  even  in  males,  only  two-thirds  length  of  head  ;  caudul  tin 
large.  Color  dark  steel-blue ;  silvery  below ;  a  faint  black  spot  at  base 
of  caudal;  scales  above  dark-edged;  males  with  the  fins  mostly  Itright 
crimson ;  the  dorsal  largely  black  at  its  upper  posterior  part ;  dorsal, 
anal,  and  caudal  fins  with  white  pigment;  belly  and  bases  of  lower  tins 
likewise  pigmented;  head  and  caudal  peduncle  tuberculate  in  Hpring. 
Length  3  inches.  Altamaha  Basin,  Georgia;  locally  abundant,  {iidvu, 
to  scratch  ;  ovpa^  tail.)  ' 

Minnilntrinumt,  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1877,79,  Ocmulgee  River,  Flat  Shoals, 

Georgia.      Type,  No.  17862.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 
Oodoma  XBennra,    ordan,  liiill.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  xil,  62, 1878. 
ClMa  xiKimra,  Jobdan  &  Gilbirt,  Synopsis,  184,  1883. 

458.  NOTROPIS  HTPSELOPTKRUS  (OUnthor). 

Head  4i;  depth  4;  eye  3.  D.  8;  A.  11;  scales  6-35-3;  teeth  1,4-4, 1. 
Body  short,  much  compressed,  the  back  elevated.  Head  short,  flattened 
above,  the  muzzle  pointed.  Mouth  large,  very  oblique,  the  ja\\n  juHt 
equal.  Eye  large,  about  equal  to  snout  and  to  interorbital  npace. 
Scales  with  the  exposed  surfaces  very  narrow.  Lateral  line  much 
decurved ;  16  large  scales  before  dorsal.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  entirely 
behind  ventrals,  greatly  elevated,  its  longest  ray  a  little  longer  tban 
head ;  anal  fin  also  very  high  and  very  long,  e.»^dnding  almost  to  Itaso  of 
caudal ;  these  fins  somewhat  lower  in  female>-  Color  silvery ;  the  dorsal 
blotch  conspicuous;  a  distinct  black  cau^^!;'  spot,  smaller  than  eye  and 
deeper  than  long ;  sides  with  a  silvery  band  which  passes  around  the 
nose,  below  this  a  dusky  band.  Breeding  colors  unknown.  Len<rth  2^ 
inches.    Southern  Georgia  and  Alabama.    (I'V'vAfH-,  high ;  Trrtpov,  fin.) 

Annirmm  formomu,  Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  l,  9,  1863,  Mobile,  (not  M<miami  fnmoia, 

Qlrard). 
£«ueMCH«  hypseloptems,  GI'nther,  Cat,,  vii,  255, 1868,  Mobile;  substitute  for /omio»"«,  jireocn- 

pied.    (Coll.  Tbos.  Moore.) 
Photogenit  grandipinnit,  Jordan,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  62, 1877,  Flint  River,  Georgia. 

(Type,  No.  9296.    Coll.  Hugh  M.  Neisler.) 
Cliaia  hyp»eloptera,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  184, 1883. 

4S4.  NOTROPIS  PT3RH0MELA8  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  3f;  eye  large,  3.  D.  8;  A.IO;  scales  6-35-3 ;  teeth  1,4-4,1. 
Body  deep  and  compressed.  Head  stout,  rather  blunt.  Mouth  o1>iique, 
the  jaws  about  equal ;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Pectorals 
barely  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  to  anal ;  dorsal  fin  greatly  elevated, 
its  height  in  male  as  great  as  length  of  head ;  caudal  very  broad  and 
long,  its  peduncle  stout  and  compressed ;  anal  fin  large  and  long.  Color- 
ation of  males  dark  steel-blue  above;  the  scales  darker-edged;  belly 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        281 


abruptly  milky  white ;  head  palo  reddish  ;  Hnout,  tip  of  lower  jaw,  and 
iris  scarlet ;  dornni  dunky  at  buHu,  the  UHtial  large  black  blotch  above,  red 
in  t'ldiit,  and  broadly  milk- white  at  tip  ;  tips  of  caudal  milk-white,  next 
to  lliis  a  dusky  crescent,  a  wide  crescent  of  bright  scarlet  inside  of  the 
black,  extending  into  the  two  lobes  of  the  fin;  base  of  caudal  palo; 
anterior  region  and  sides  of  caudal  peduncle  with  rather  large  tubercles. 
Feninlcs  duller.  Length  'A\  inches.  Santee  Basin  ;  very  abundant,  the 
nKct  ornate  of  our  CyimnUlan,    (Tip,  fire  ;  fitXng,  black.) 

ph,.i';inui  piirrliovtelot,  CopB,  Pror.  Amor.  Phil.  8«)c.  Pliila.,  1870,  40.3,  Catawba  River,  North 

Carolina,    (Coll.  Voi»'.) 
Oul'iiiii  iii/irliimelnn,  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mud.,  xii,  22, 1878. 
Cliiild  I'ljnhoiHclat,  Jobdan  *  Oimiert,  aynopsiB,  184,  188;J. 

46r>.  NUTKOPIN  OARMAN*,  Jordan. 

Head  4*;  depth  2J.  D.  8;  A.  11;  scales  7-38-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Body 
(Icon,  much  compressed,  the  back  arched.  Head  small ;  snout  shorter  than 
eyo;  maxillary  not  reaching  eye ;  pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  lat- 
ter to  anal ;  caudal  deeply  forked ;  scales  much  deeper  than  long.  Brownish 
al)uve,  sides  rosy  or  silvery ;  cheeks  silvery,  a  brownish  band  from  nape 
to  iiectorals;  lower  fins  salmon  color ;  caudal  reddish.  Length  3  inches. 
TrilMitaries  of  Lago  del  Muerte,  Coahnila.  (Garman.)  (Named  for  Sam- 
uel Oarman,  the  accomplished  ichthyologist  of  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoiiiogy.) 

Ciiyriiirlliinihripinna,  Oarhan,  Bull.  Mns.  Comp.  Zoul.,  viii,  01,  1881,  Lago  del  Muerte. 
X,lr''i'i>  ij'inmmi,  JORDAN,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  Am.,  813,  188.'>,  (Bubntituto  for  riiMpinHa), 
cliuln  nihripiniia,  JORDAN  A  GiLUERT,  SynopoiB,  884,  1883.    Tlie  name  rubripiimu  bas  been  twice 
I'lirliur  uscdiu  Notropis, 

Subgenus  LUXILUS,  Raflncsqne. 
4S«AoTROPIS  CORSUTl  S*  (MitcbiU). 
(SiiiNF.R  ;  Red-fin  ;  Dace.) 

Head  4};  depth  3i,  varying  much  with  age;  eye  4  to  5.  D.  8;  A.  9; 
scales  <)-ll-3 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with  rather  narrow  grinding  surface.    Body 

*Vif  iiiliijit  tlio  Biieciflc  namo  cothiWh*  for  this  species,  iis  the  first  preliminary  notice  by  Dr. 
Mitrhlll,  ill  which  the  species  is  named  CiiprinuH  comutus,  is  sutticieut  fur  itx  idontiflcatiuu.  This 
«ii»iiul)lislii'd  in  .luly  or  August,  1817.  in  December,  1817,  the  same  specieB  was  described  by 
ltaliiicsi|ui'  118  C'!/priiiiin  meijaUipn,  and  in  February,  1818,  Dr.  Mitchill  gives  a  detailed  account  call- 
in);  it '  'iiiiriiiiit  coniiitm.  The  following  is  the  preliminary  notice  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Wallkill 
Uivtr,  .\iiitr.  Monthly  Mag.,  I,  1817,  ii89,  July  : 

TltAN8ACTI0N8  OP  LeaRNF.D  SOCIETIFS. — LYCEUM  OF   NATURAL  HlSTORV. 

Si((iii>f  of  July  7, 1817.— Dr.  Benjamin  Alierly  presented  several  Rpecimcus  of  flsh,  which  he  had 
obtaiiu'il  in  Wallkill  Creek,  and  which  appeared  to  bo  uudescribed  species. 

HilliiKj  (i/.hilii  lit,  1S17. — Dr.  Slitchill  made  a  detoiled  report  on  the  ichthyology  of  the  Wall- 
kill,  I'rnni  tliu  specimens  of  fishes  presented  to  the  Society  at  the  last  meeting  by  Dr.  B.  Akerly 
in  k'lialf  of  the  committee  of  exploration.    They  consisted  of  several  sorts  of 

CrpRiNU8,0R  Carp. 

1.  Tho  Corporal,  or  C.  corpora  .»,  a  splendid  silvery  flsh  inhabiting  that  stream,  the  sturgeon  [?] 
of  .Mlinny  iiiui  tho  western  wat  rs.     (New.) 

2.  TlirMiiilHsh,  or  0.  atror  iliik,  so  called  from  his  having  a  black  ptripe  from  tail  to  head,  and 
cucompiisHiiig  tho  nose.    (New.) 

3.  Tlio  Ked-fln,  or  C.  cornulm,  having  elegant  scarlet  fins  and  knobrj,  or  long  protuberances  over 
the  head.    (New.)  SiLURVS,  OR  Catfish. 

1.  Tlio  common  Silurc,  or  American  S.  caiiis  ;  a  steady  inhabitant  of  our  fresh  riversand  ponds. 

2.  Tlio  rro);  Siluro,  or  S.  <j!/riims ;  having  but  a  single  dorsal  fin,  and  a  lanceolate  tail  resembling 
that  uf  ft  tadpole  when  full  grown.     (New.) 

Labrus. 

1.  Tlic  Siinfish,  or  L.  anrihis,  with  the  scarlet  fins  to  the  gill  covers. 

2.  Tho  liiowii  Labre,  or  Labrua  append ix.  ;so  called  from  the  black  appendages  to  the  gill  covers, 
broader  and  lunger  than  the  preceding  species,  and  with  various  uther  marks  of  difference.   (New.) 

Esox  OR  Pike. 
1,  Tho  wliite-bellied  Shilli-fish  [Killi-fish],  or  Smix  piseiailw,  of  his  memoir  on  the  fishes  of  New 
Yurk.    The  description  by  himself  and  tho  drawings  by  Dr.  B.  Akerly,  are  all  completed. 


J 


\l 


^^.| 


-     i^i 


(»   I 


!•  Hm 


> 


■m:  : 


i; 


1 1* 


282 


Bull f tin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1   U 


\u 


Sj(t«    ; 


]:l 


elongate  in  the  young,  in  tlin  adult  Hliort,  cunipreHaed,  with  the  anterior 
doFHal  region  much  awolleu  and  gibbous.  Head  ratlior  heavy,  conipioHHed 
rounded  between  the  eyes,  the  snout  bluntiHh.  Mouth  moderate,  iioarly 
horizontal,  the  jaws  nearly  e(|nal,  the  lower  somewhat  included.  Rye 
moderate;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  eye,  the  premaxillarieH 
below  the  level  of  eye.  Scales  always  deeper  than  long  on  the  sides,  In-com- 
ing extremely  deep  in  the  adult.  Lateral  line  decurvod.  Dorsal  modrrato, 
inserted  directly  over  ventrals  in  young,  thrown  somewhat  baokwiinl  in 
adult  by  the  growth  of  the  nuchal  region.  Pectorals  barely  or  not  rcsach- 
ing  ventrals,  the  latter  about  to  vent.  Region  in  front  of  dorsal  ty])ically 
with  about  23  scales,  the  number  ranging  from  15  to  40.  Coloration  dark 
steel-blue  above ;  the  scales  with  dusky  edges,  the  bases  also  duHky;  a 
gilt  line  along  the  back  and  one  along  each  side,  these  distinct  only  when 
the  fish  is  in  the  water;  belly  and  lower  part  of  the  sides  silvery,  bright 
rosy  in  spring  males;  dorsal  fln  somewhat  dusky;  other  fins  plain;  the 
lower  ilns  all  rosy  in  spring  males ;  head  dark  above ;  a  dark  shade  liohind 
scapula;  lower  Jaw  and  region  in  front  of  dorsal  to  tip  of  snout  rovered 
with  small  tubercles  in  spring  males  ;  female  and  young  fishes  arc  plain 
olivaceous  above  and  silvery  below.  Length  5  to  8  inches.  Entire  xi\g\on 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  excepting  the  South  Atlantic  StatcH  and 
Texas ;  almost  everywhere  the  most  abundant  fish  in  small  streauiN,  Its 
variations  are  great,  some  of  them  appearing  like  distinct  species,  [cor- 
nutuSf  horned.) 

Ojiprinn*  conm/im,  Mitoiiill,  Amor.  Monthly  Mag.  Crlt.  ReTiew,  I,  July,  1817,  2S9,  Wallkill 

River,  Nev^r  York ;  preliminary  notice ;  Mitciiill,  \.  c,  ii,  Fobniary,  1818,  324,  dutuileil 

deicription. 
Cyprhmn  megalopn,  Rafinksque,  Amor.  Monthly  Mag.  and  Crit.  Roview,  i,  December,  IHIT,  I'J), 

Hudson  River,  above  the  Palls. 
Oyprimu melanuniii,  Rafinbsqve,  I.e.,  121,  Hudson  River,  above  the  Falls. 
Luxilm  chriinocejilialuf,  Rafinesque,  2.  c,  47, 1820,  Ohio  River. 
ILuxUtu  itUemiptiiH,  *  Rafinesque,  /.  c,  49,  Ohio  River  ;  may  bo  N.  ntbrifroiu. 
Ilulilu»  plargyrm,  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Oh.,  60, 1820,  Ohio  River. 

t  JttUilM comjireitous, ■\  Rafinesque,  I.  c,  51,  Monongahela  Rive  ,  etc.;  ma^  bf  .V.  phnhKjeuit, 
Leuciieui  viUabm,  De  Kay,  N.  T,  Fauna:  Fishes,  212,  1842,  Chittenonda  Creek,  tributary  of 

Mohawk  River. 
Argyreiu  rHbripuiiiiK,  IIeckel,  Russeggers  RviHeii,  1843,  1040. 
L«uci«ctia  api'rlmj7ti{ti<,  Cuvier  iSc  VALENCiENNKg,  xvii,  321, 1844,  New  Jersey;  New  Harmony, 

Indiana.    (Coll.  Lo  Suour.) 
Leucitait  ohetuit,  Stoher,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  July,  184.'>,  48,  Florence,  Alabama.    (Coll, 

C.  A.  Hentz.) 

•  "42nd  species,  Yellow  Shiner,  Luxilua  interruptuii,  Luxile  jaunjitro:  Diameter  one-sixth  of 
total  length  ;  yellowish  olivacoous  above,  silvery  beneath,  rufous  brown  above  tlio  lioad,  a 
rufous  line  from  the  dorsal  to  the  tail,  2  straight  and  separated  half  lateral  lines,  the  anterior 
one  above  the  posterior  ;  ixtctoral  flus  reaching  the  abdominal.  Dorsal  with  10  and  aiinl  with  9 
rays.  A  small  species,  only  3  inches  long,  called  Yollow  Chub  or  Shiner.  Seen  in  thoOhio, 
Sides  opaque,  with  violet  shades.  Iris  silvery,  mouth  large,  lips  very  apparent.  Fins  yellowish, 
pectorals  with  IG  rays,  caudals  with  24." — Hajineique, 

f  "  47th  species.  Baiting  Fallflsh,  Rntilu*  compremu,  Rutile  appat:  Diameter  ono-soventh  of 
total  length  ;  silvery,  back  fulvous,  sides  compressed,  lateral  line  straight,  raised  upwards  iit  the 
base,  snout  rounded,  mouth  hardly  diagonal,  nearly  horizontal.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  with  !i 
rays.  A  small  flsh  from  2  to  4  inches  long,  called  Fallflsh,  Bait  fish,  Minny,  etc.  It  is  foniulin 
the  Allegheny  Mountains,  in  the  waters  of  the  Monongahela,  Kanawha,  and  even  in  the 
Potomac.  The  name  of  Fallflsh  arises  from  its  being  often  found  near  falls  and  rippli's.  Body 
more  compreH8ed  than  in  the  other  species  ;  as  much  so  as  in  the  genus  Minnihu.  Scales  large; 
lips  a  little  fleshy  ;  iris  silvery  gilt ;  flns  transparent ;  the  pectoral  with  14  rays,  and  uut  reach- 
ing the  abdominal ;  tail  with  32  nya."— Rafinesque. 


■"n 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


283 


/'/.iwvnm (W"''"*i  '''•»*'«".  I'r'""-  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  Plilln.,  \*.m,  lOfi,  uftor  ltut)iii'M(|iii-. 

iV'ir'/viu '>""'"•»"'•  GinAiii),  X.  0,,  lUii,  Sweetwater  River,  Nebraska,     ii'iill.  lidMiiniii.) 

I'liii. iij> HI  •iriji'ninlu',  liliiAiil),  /.  <•  ,  '212,  Jamei  River,  VirKinia.     (Cull.  llHlril.  t 

,i;/'  »,.;..  ,,h,mheoUi»,  (\>n,  I'rtic.  Ac.  Nat.  8cl.  Phlln.,  1804,  '.M2,  Saginaw  River.  Flint, 

Michigan. 
;/.,;,.,;fpi(if.^iH<M«,  (-(iPK,  I'roc.  Ac  Not.  8cl.  rhlla.,  18«7,  168. 

/,„„,«.  in  r.iiN«<M»,  (iCNTIIKB,  «'at.,  Ml,  24!l,  18»1H. 
,Wi"iii/"»  "i™"'"",  JoRiiAN  A  OlI.iir.llT,  SyiiolwU,  18(1,  188:J. 
Will"''"*  I'liuiilitnlllii,  .JOHDAK  A  GlI.nEIlT,  SyilopdlH,  1112,  188.1. 

Koiirosented  uorthwanU  by  the  Hcaroely  tangible 

4fi6«.^XOTROIMK  rOHNITrM  FKONTAI.IM  (AkumI/). 

Tliirtoon  to  IH  hcuIuh  before  (lorMal ;  head  very  heavy.  (»reat  Lakes; 
everywhere  coimnon  in  nionthH  of  brooks.     ( frontalis,  pertaining;  to  the 

foreliottd,) 

/,,H"«'-"«  /iiiiiliilu  ami  timcltin,  A(iAH«i7.,  Lake  SuiM-rlor,  .'tC8,  37o,  18.10,  Lake  Superior. 
Ilyiisilii'i' inrHiidm  (/iW/ud,  CoPE,  I'ror.  Ac.  .\at.  Sei.  Philtt.,  I8t'.7,  \M,  Monroe  County,  Mich- 
igan. 

Ill  Northern  Michigan  occnrs 

4ri«byN<)TU0PIS  ("ORNUTrS  ("YAXEIS  (Copo). 

Sciih',s  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  regions  very  small,  31  to  40  in  front  of 
dorHiil  ti.  Scales  10-40- 1.  Coloration  extremely  dark  ;  blue-bhick  above; 
fins  eliiotly  black.  Northern  Peninsula  of  Michigan ;  not  known  to  us. 
(nvtivior,  bhio.) 

Wi/;i«i7.;iM  intiiiiliit  cymitM,  Cori!,   Pfoc.   Ac.  Nat.  8cl.  Philn.,  1807.  lOO,    Montreal    River. 
Keweenaw,  Michigan.    (Coll.  Dr.  John  H.  Slack.) 

In  the  Koanoke  River  are  two  strikingly  different  forms  which  should 
perliaps  rank  as  distinct  species. 

4fi7.  N(»TROPIS  CERASIM'S  (Cope). 

Fifteen  scales  before  dorsal ;  scales  6-37-3.  Eye  3i  in  head  ;  snout  short 
and  blunt ;  dorsal  and  anal  high,  their  edges  concave.  Head  4  in  length; 
depth  .'V^.  Colors  very  brilliant.  Steel-blue,  the  sides  always  marked 
with  irregular  blackish  cross  blotches  and  bars  formed  by  a  broad  dark 
edging  ou  some  scales.  Males  flushed  with  pink,  the  iins  all  deep  red. 
Lengtii  never  more  than  4  inches.  Koanoke  River,  in  mountain  brooks. 
(cm(xiH«.«i,  cherry-rett. ) 

HiifiiU'piii  mrmilHi  rertiiiituii,  CoPK,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1867,  l.'i9.  Head  waters  of  Roanoke 
River,  Virginia.     (Coll.  Cope.) 

468.  XOTROPIS  ALBKOLI  S  (.Tonlaii). 

Snout  sharper  than  in  the  ordinary  cornutua,  the  caudal  peduncle  and 
fin  especially  longer.  Dorsal  and  anal  high,  their  free  edges  concave. 
Eye  'U  in  head  ;  depth  4.  Lateral  line  38,  14  scales  before  dorsal.  Pale, 
olivaceous  above,  sides  and  fins  silvery  white,  the  tip  of  the  snout  sil- 
very in  the  male.     Length  5  to  7  inches.     Roanoke,  Tar,  and  Neuse  rivers, 


i     1 


|[ 


^: 


If,  i  ' 


i:^- 


I  ( 


il 


i 


i 


•  r 


I': 


> 


i  i 

t  ; 


'I 


In 


; 


;:.> 


'.  f 


■\ 


('\ 


i\ 


{!• 


4 


i 


H  ■ 

I'i    !. 

I'" 


*  - 


ILL 


r 


I'^'f 


11 


*i*l    ''    ' 

Mi  ' 


284 


Pu  lie  tin  ^7,  Unitrd  States  National  Museum. 


t  •' 


in  the  lower  Htrt'toliun  ami  in  the  river  olinnii(«lH,  never  in  the  nuMintain 
sfirinKH  with  N,  ctraitinuH.  I'robahly  the  reproiientative  form  in  tliflHtioaniM 
of  the  pine  wooiIh.  The  typical  cornutun  ih  not  found  coiiHtwise  hoiiiIi  of 
the  .lameH.    (nlheohiii,  whitiHh.) 

Unirnpiii  megiiliii>ii  nlhenlii»,J<tH\)\  ',  Dull.  IT.  H,  KUh  rUmim.,  viii,  1N88,  (181)1),  I'ill,  Roanoke  River, 
near  Roanoke,  Virginia.     (<'()ll.  Jonlaii,  Krvrnmnn,  A  Jniiklni.) 

4M.  NOTROPIH  I.ArKKTONl'N  (Cope). 

Head  i\  ;  depth  4^;  eye  3^.  D.H;  A.K;  HcaloH  r>-:iK-3,  17  before  doiNnl. 
Teuth  2, '1—1,2.  Very  oIohb  to  A^  cornutuH,  and  rvHoiiiliiin);  the  y<»mi;;()f 
the  latter,  iiiit  the  mouth  larger  and  the  lower  Jaw  projootinm  maxillary 
3  in  head,  reaching  ,juHt  past  front  of  eye.  Hody  Ntoiit,  head  liroad  ami 
deep.  Eye  large,  equal  to  mu/xle  and  to  width  of  intororhital  Hpace. 
FiuH  all  low,  dovHal  inserted  Hlightly  behind  ventralH.  (ireoii  aUovo, 
Hides  silvery  ;  a  dark  Hp<M;k  on  front  of  opurde;  no  red.  Length  1  indies, 
Head  waters  of  TennesHee  Uiver;  rare,     (luctrlonuii,  lizard-like.) 

Hyhnimn  htretioMiii,  Cop«,  Jniirii.  Ac.  Nat.  8<l.  rjilla.,  18(18,  2.12,  BearCreck,  tributary  Middle 

Fork  Holaton  River.    (Coll.  ('i>|h..) 
3tinmliii  liicerlomii,  Jokiian  \.  (ilMiRlir,  SynoptiiH,  102, 188.1. 
Nittrnpu  lacerloHHii,  Jordan,  Hull.  U.  8.  FInIi  Cuiiim.,  viii,  1888,  (1801),  144. 

SubgrenuB  HYDROPHLOX,  .Ionian. 

4«0.  NOTROPIH  NACDONALDl,  Jordan  &  Jonklni. 

Head  3f;  depth  4J;  eye  4i.  D.8;  A.O  or  10;  scales  7-.'W-2;  footli 
2,4^,2,  with  narrow  grinding  surface.  Allied  to  Xotropin  zouutna.  liody 
elongate,  compressed,  the  snout  little  convex;  eye  moderate,  a  little 
shorter  than  snout;  mouth  large,  terminal,  ol)li(]ue,  the  lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting, the  maxillary  to  opposite  front  of  eye,  2|  in  head.  Scales  less 
crowded  than  in  N.  cornutua,  17  to  20  before  dorsal ;  dorsal  inserted  Itchiud 
ventrals ;  tins  moderate.  Greenish,  with  a  difl'use  band  of  pIuiiil)e()ii.H 
silvery ;  a  dark  streak  along  back  ;  no  caudal  spot ;  fins  plain ;  nuvlo.s  witli 
the  snout,  chin,  and  axils  red.  Length  5  inches.  Mountain  str<>ani.s  of 
Virginia,  tributary  to  the  James  and  Shenandoah  ;  common.  (Named  for 
Marshall  McDonald,  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.) 

Nolropit  mardoHaUU,  JoitDAN  Si  JENKINS,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat,  Mux.,  1888,  354,  pi.  44,  f\g.  4,  Shenan- 
doah River,  Luray,  Virginia.     (Typo,  No.  30859.     Coll.  Jordan  &  Jenkins.) 

461.  N0TR0PI8  COCCOOEMS  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  4i;  eye  large,  3^.  Scales  7-42-3  ?  teeth  2,4-4,2.  Hodv 
elongate,  compressed,  not  at  all  elevated.  Head  rather  pointed.  Mouth 
large,  very  oblique,  the  premaxillary  nearly  on  a  level  with  pupil ;  lower 
jaw  projecting  beyond  upper;  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  c,ye. 
About  20  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Back  olivaceous;  the  scales  dark- 
edged;  belly  and  sides  silvery,  rosy  in  spring  males;  a  dusky  scaimiar 
band;  a  scarlet  bar  down  the  line  of  the  preopercle;  muzzle  and  upper 
lip  red;  a  red  axillary  spot;  outer  half  of  dorsal  black,  lower  half  yel- 
lowish ;  outer  part  of  caudal  dusky,  base  paler ;  a  faint  lateral  streak  aud 
a  dark  vertebral  line;  lower  fins  white;  snout  swollen  and  tuborculate 


Jordiin  and  Hr'trmann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        285 


in  spriiiK  uiii1«!h;  f«MMiil«H  »ilv«ry,  with  luily  trncoH  of  r«rt  iiiitrkiu({i> 
l.iti'Mli  t'l  iuolioa.  CtiiMlKtrlancl,  Thiiuuhhuis  and  Huvuiinuli  riv«ra;  ahtin- 
iliiiit  ill  thu  iiioiintaiii  HtreatiiH,  oHpocinlly  in  tho  head  waters  of  the  Ten- 
ii.-<Hc»';  aahciwy  littlo  HhU.     («»««or, berry  rod;  j/mor, cheek.) 

/;„,,.,/,,„»  0.,.. •,.„.•«<«,  Corr,  I'm.-.  Ac.  Nat.  Sol.  I'hlla.,  1WI7,  IflO,  |»l.  87,  Ag.  ft,  Holiton  River. 

ll.vpi.,  N'l.  3«H4l».    (!<ill.  (;.)|io.) 
;.,,...-.  M... ....>!/.««,  OfNTIIKlt,  Cut., VII,  2M.  IHfiH. 

i»/,„Hl/»»  tW  ui/«l(»,  JuBDAN  A  (JlLBMlT,  HyilO|wi»,  18K,  1HH.1. 

4«2.  NOTBOIMM  ZONATI'H  (AkomIi). 

Ifiail  \\\  depth  lii ;  eye  very  large,  3.  D. 8;  A.  J);  scales  (M'i-l;  teeth 
2  l-l.-,  with  narrow  grindiiifj  surface.  Body  rather  elongate,  less  slender 
thiiti  ill  X  coccofictih,  tlie  head  long,  not  acute.  Jaws  equal ;  maxillary  3 
in  liiMtl,  not  reaching  eye;  snout  shortish  ;  lateral  line  decurved.  Oliva- 
r*'(Mis,  with  a  lilack  lateral  band, (plumbeous  in  female);  no  caudal  spot 
anil  III)  s]totH  on  tins.  Male  in  spring  with  the  sides  and  lower  parts  flame- 
ri-il.  KiMigth  5  inches.  Mountain  streams  in  the  Ozark  region  of  Mis- 
mmri  anil  Arkansas ;  abundant.  A  brilliant  fish,  representing  X.  coecogenia 
west  I'f  tho  Mississippi.     (tonatuH,  banded.) 

Mhirum  -'»»'(/"» (AaAHHiz)  Putnam,  Bull.  Muh,  Comp.  Zniil.,  1, !),  18<1:J,  OsaKe  River,  Mo. 
Sulri'i'in  MualHi,  Joiidan  &  Gll.BEBT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  iMHfl,  i. 

4«8.  NOTItOPlS  Z0NI8TIVS  (JonlHn). 

Head  31;  depth  3S;  eye  3^.  D.8;  A.IO;  scales  7-40-3;  teeth  2,4-4,2, 
with  very  narrow  grinding  surface  on  1  or  2  of  them.  Body  rather 
Htoiit,  ciiinprossed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated,  the  form  that  of  a  young 
y,>tniiiis  iitrnulu8.  Head  heavy,  broad  and  flattish  above,  the  profileevenly 
(k'HCciiiliiig.  Mouth  large,  smaller  than  in  N.  coecogenia,  oblique,  the  jaws 
aliont  e(|ual,  the  upper  lip  opposite  middle  of  eye,  the  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  orbit.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout.  Scales  not  very  closely 
inilii'iciitiMl,  17  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  strongly  decurved. 
Fins  moderate,  pectorals  scarcely  reaching  ventrals.  Steel  blue  above; 
sides  with  considerable  coppery  luster;  dorsal  fin  with  a  sharp  jet  black 
iiDi'i/oiital  bur  about  halfway  up,  reddish  in  young  fishes,  the  tip  of  the 
tin  Humew  hat  milky,  the  base  pale ;  a  round  black  spot  nearly  as  large  as 
oye  at  liase  of  caudal ;  anal  fin  plain  ;  caudal  dull  ferrngineous  red,  pale 
at  ')ase  as  in  N.  coecogenia,  milky  at  tip ;  back  and  sides  with  gilt  lines;  a 
faint  red  bar  down  the  cheeks  as  in  N.  coecogenia;  a  dark  humeral  bar; 
males  with  the  snout  tuberculate ;  females  plain,  so  much  resembling 
Xotropin  iiirystomua,  from  the  same  waters, that  the  two  species  were 
ut  first  confounded.  Length  4  inches.  Chattahoochee  River ;  the  typical 
examples  from  Suwannee  Creek.     (Cwvjy,zone;  tdriov, sail.) 

Cuiloma  ciiniKloma,  JORDAN  &  Beayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat,  Muh.,  xii,  42,  1878,  (excl.8yn.,not  Pho- 
Inijtiiis ( Mn/s/omin,  JoKDAN). 

^ii/i7m,;oiii,«/(ii.s,  .lonDAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1879, 239,  Suwannee  Creek,  tributary  of  Chat- 
tahoochee River,  in  Northern  Georgia.    (Type,  No.  23462.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Brayton.) 

.1tiiiiult(j;:u<iis(iiis,  JoBDAN  <Sc  GiLBEBT,  SyDopsis,  188,  1883. 


i'-i'X-t'.  v'.'.-A^.'fi«i^^  w 


|):|  i 


i  J,ii 


§fM 


28« 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


464.  NOTROPIS  ltlTBKI('R0rKi:8  (Copo). 
(ItRI)  Fallfibii.) 

Head  4;  depth  4^;  eye  3i.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  7-38-3;  teeth  2,  4-^1,  2, 
the  edges  of  the  grinding  surface  often  serrate.  Body  moderately  don- 
gate,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  comparatively  long  and  rather  pointed. 
Mouth  rather  large,  ohlique,  the  jaws  about  e(|UHl.  Eye  large,  as  long 
as  snout,  premaxillary  rather  helow  pupil;  maxillary  reaching  beyond 
front  of  orbit.  Lateral  lino  somewhat  decurved;  19  scales  in  front  of 
dorsal.  Dorsal  inserted  somewhat  behind  ventrals.  Females  olivacooua, 
sometimes  Unshed  with  red.  Mules  da.k  steel  blue,  a  dark  lateral  l)iind 
of  coaly  puuctulations,  which  is  usually  distinct  on  the  anterior  part  of 
the  body ,  and  passes  through  the  eye  around  the  snout;  fins  all  rich,  clear 
red,  the  dorsal  crimson,  the  caudal  pink,  the  lower  fins  scarlet;  head  pale 
red,  the  lower  jaw  ilushed  as  if  bloody;  eyes  bluish  or  flushed  with  red; 
a  lustrous  afcreak  along  sides;  silvery  helow.  In  high  coloration  the 
whole  body  is  more  or  less  red.  Males  witii  the  head  and  antedursal 
region  dusted  Avith  fine  white  tubercles.  Length  4  inches.  Head  waters 
of  the  Tennessee  and  Savannah  rivers;  a  surpassingly  beautiful  little  linh, 
abounding  in  rock  pools  at  the  foot  of  the  cascades,  {ruber,  red;  croceus, 
saffron  color.) 

UijhiipHK  riihricrocenH,  7oPE,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.,  1868, 231,  pi.  28,  flg.  4,  Tumbling  Creek, 

tributary  North  Fork  Holston  River.    (Coll.  Copo.) 
Jljldrojilihr  nihricnxeiin,  .lonDAN  it  UltAlfTON,  Bull.  I'.  S.  Nat,  Mus.,  XII,  32,  1878, 
Minnilus  ruhricrocctw,  Jordan  &  Gilueut,  Synopsis,  189,  1883. 

466.  NOTROPIS  CHLOROCEPHALUS  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  .5;  D.  8;  A.  8;  eye  laige,  3  in  head ;  scales  6-39-3;  teeth 
2,  4-4,  2.  Body  stout,  with  deep  caudal  peduncle.  Head  broad,  with 
descending  muzzle;  mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  lino  of 
orbit;  premaxillary  apposite  lower  margin  of  pupil ;  interorbital  space 
greater  than  muzzle.  Lateral  line  moderately  decurved;  16  scales  ia  front 
of  dorsal.  Color  olivaceous,  everywhere  dusted  with  blackish  specks, 
forming  a  lateral  band  which  terminates  in  a  dusky  f.pot  at  base  of 
caudal;  green  vertebral  and  lateral  lines;  top  of  head  and  upper  portion 
of  cheeks  metallic  green;  males  with  the  belly  dark  crimson,  the  whole 
body  more  or  less  flushed;  lower  jaw  not  black;  dorsal  and  caudal  red  at 
base;  sides  of  head  and  lateral  band  red;  snout  and  antedorsal  ref,Mon 
tuberculate;  fins  plain.  Length  2i  inches.  Santee  i^asin,  in  North  and 
South  Carolina;  abundant  in  clear  mountain  streams.  (xJi.upoi,  green; 
Kt<pa?ii/,  head.) 

Hiiliopm  cliloroeephalus,  CopE,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  461,  Catav«rba  River,  North 

Carolina.    (Coll,  Cope.) 
Minnilm  chlorocephalus,  Jobvan  k  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  190, 1383. 

466.  NOTROPIS  LIITIPINNIS  (Jor(1»n  &  Brayton). 

Head  4i;  depth  4J;  eye  3f,  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  7-40-3;  teeth  2,  1-1,3. 
Body  stout  and  rather  strongly  compressed,  the  dorsal  region  aonunvhat 
elevated,  the  outline  '>f  the  back  sloping  each  way  from  the  dorsal  liu. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  ^f  North  America.        287 


Iltiul  short  and  rather  deep,  broad  and  flattisb  above,  the  muzzle  moder. 
attlv  rounded.  Eye  rather  large.  Mouth  rather  large,  but  smaller  than 
ill  tlio  preceding,  quite  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  orbit;  mandi- 
ble included;  18  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  In  life  clear  olive,  with  very 
intciiHo  green  dorsal  and  vertebral  lines;  an  intense  metallic  blackish 
haiiil  along  sides;  below  this  the  sides  are  bright  silvery;  the  whole  body 
in  the  males  bright,  clear  red;  head  and  fins  all  bright  golden  yellow, 
with  no  red;  tip  of  lower  jaw  black.  Length  3  inches.  Small  clear 
streams  of  Jie  pine  woods,  tributary  to  the  Sautee  and  Oconee  rivers; 
rare.    ^''     (»,  yellow;  pinna,  fin.) 

lIiiilo>iih,     .    ipiimii,  JoBDAN  A  Bhayton,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  xii,  36,  1878,  Oconee  River, 

Hall's  Springs,  Georgia.     (Type,  No.  UIOOO.    Coll.  Joriaii  Jit  Uraytou.) 
Mimiiltm  liiliiiiiimii,  .Tokkan  *  Ciii.nERT.  SynoiMiis,  190,  1883. 
Siiln.pi*  lii(ipinnu>,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Oomm.,  viii,  1888,  (1891),  157. 

467.  NOTBOPIS  CHILITICrS  (Copo). 

Head  4;  depth  5^;  eye  large,  3  in  head,  longer  than  muzzle.  D.  8;  A.  8; 
scales  7-36-2;  teeth  2, 4-1, 2.  Body  elliptical.  Head  broad  behind;  occiput 
convex.  Muzzle  acuminate,  greater  than  interorbital  width.  Maxillary 
exteudiiij?  beyond  anterior  rim  of  orbit;  premaxillaries  opposite  middle  of 
pupil;  lateral  line  strongly  decurved.  Dorsal  fin  small.  Olivaceous,  a  dis- 
tinct silvery  lateral  band;  usually  a  dark  caudal  spot;  dorsal  scales  brown- 
edged;  males  with  the  lips  and  snout  vermilion ;  a  vermilion  band  through 
dorsal  and  one  through  anal  fin.  Length  2  inches.  Allied  to  N.  aUijnnnis, 
but  more  slender,  with  larger  mouth.  Basin  of  the  Great  Pedes  River, 
North  Carolina,  common  in  upland  streams,     (x^l^oc,  lip.) 

Ilyhoims  ihilitiniK,  CoPK,  Proc.  Amcr.   Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  4G2,  Yadkin   River,   Roane 
County,  North  Carolina.     (Ooll.  Cope.) 

468.  XOTROPIS  ALTIPINJJIS  (Cope). 

Head  4^ ;  depth  3^ ;  eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  2|  in  head.  D.  8; 
A.  9;  scales  5-36-2.  Allied  to  N.  chalyhwus,  but  more  robust  in  form.  Body 
rather  short  and  deep;  head  short,  compressed.  Ventrals  extending  to 
beyond  last  rays  of  dorsal,  reaching  anal.  Dorsal  elevated,  its  height 
equal  to  half  its  distance  from  the  snout.  Scales  before  dorsal  small. 
(treenish;  a  lateral  silvery  band,  strongly  punctate  with  black;  a  black 
baud  across  eye  and  snout ;  lower  jaw  always  blackish ;  young  with  a 
black  caudal  spot;  no  black  at  base  of  anal;  snout  yellowish;  vertical 
lins  light  reddish  in  life.  Length  2^-  inches.  Clear  streams  of  the  pine 
woods,  tributary  to  the  Great  Pedee  and  Cape  Fear  rivers;  abundant. 
(ultuD,  high ;  innna,  fin.) 

AUmriieUm  iilliinmiis,  CoPE,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  464,  Yadkin  River,  Roane 

County,  North  Carolina.     (Coll.  Copo.) 
MimUm  aUipinnui,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  lOfi,  1883. 

469.  NOTRCPIS  ROSEUS  (Jordan). 

Head  4i;  depth  4^;    eye  nearly  3.     A.  7,  never  8,  as  in  the  related 
N.  chahjbattn.    Scales  5-38-5 ;  teet'  2, 4-4, 2.     Body  short  and  stout,  little 


fe 


Hi 


I 


<  ll'l 


i    1> 


i  . 


! 


'l« 


I  M       1 


,    I 


!  i>ifm 


f.!  i  ;i 


f 


?r 


■1  \n 

T  7— 

i 

1 

1 

] 

•1 

,li 


^  J 


288 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


compressed.  Head  rather  short,  thick,  bluntly  rounded.  Mouth  moder- 
ate, slightly  oblique,  the  jaws  about  equal.  Eye  large,  about  ('i|iial  to 
muzzle,  a  little  less  than  the  broad  iuterorbital  space.  15  scales  Ixfure 
dorsal ;  dorsal  fin  high,  directly  over  rentrals.  Olivaceous ;  scalns  dark- 
edged  ;  a  broad  plumbeous  lateral  band ;  lips  black ;  a  dark  caudul  sput; 
a  dark  vertebral  line;  anal  region  dusted  with  dark  points;  checks  and 
belly  silvery ;  males  with  the  dorsal,  anal,  caudal,  and  pectorals  mostly 
rosy  red ;  iris,  top  of  head,  and  tip  01  snout  red.  Length  2^  inches.  Low- 
land streams  of  the  Gulf  States  from  the  Ogeechee  to  the  Mississippi; 
the  commonest  species  in  the  Okeefinokee  swamps.    {roneuH,  rosy.) 

LuxilmroMUK,  Jurdan,  Dull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  61,  1877,  Notalbany  River,  near  Tickfaw, 

Louisiana.     (Tjpo No.  17831.     Coll.  Bpuii.) 
Miimilus  rosrtis,  JORDAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopsifl,  180,  1883. 

470.  NOTROPIS  CHALYB.Kl'S  (Copo). 

Head3i;  depth  5;  eye  large,  3  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-33-3 ;  teeth 
2, 4-4, 2.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  back  a  little  elevated,  wit  li  slen- 
der caudal  peduncle.  Head  flat  above,  rather  narrow;  muzzle  ratlier 
pointed.  Mouth  very  oblique,  tlje  lower  jaw  the  longer.  Lat(MaI  line 
decurved.  Dorsal  inserted  behind  ventrals  ;  dorsal  and  anal  very  sliort 
and  high ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  short ;  16  to  18  scales  in  front  ol"  dorsal. 
Color  dark;  a  broad,  black,  shining  lateral  band  from  muzzle  to  base  of 
caudal;  a  light  band  above  it  on  the  muzzle;  belly  straw-colored,  lirijjht 
orange  in  spring  males ;  fins  plain  ;  a  small  dark  spot  at  base  of  eaudal; 
a  dark  streak  along  base  of  anal.  Length  2  inches.  Delaware  K'iver  to 
the  Ogeechee  River;  in  coastwise  streams  and  swamps,  rather  scarce. 
Strongly  resembles  X.  anogentis,  the  teeth,  and  scales  of  back  dili'ereut, 
(xalvl3aloi,  iron-colored.) 

Hybopm  chalybietis,  Cope,  Cypr.  Pcnn.,  383,  ISGC),  Schuylkill  River,  Pennsylvania. 
MinnUut  chalyhiKUs,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  V.)l,  1883. 

471.  NOTROPIS  CHKOSOMUS  (Jordan). 

Head  4^;  depth  5 ;  ej'e  3J,  as  long  as  muzzle.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  ")-37-3; 
teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Form  chubby,  little  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  ele- 
vated ;  caudal  peduncle  not  much  contracted.  Head  rather  large,  rounded 
above,  the  snout  somewhat  pointed.  Mouth  moderate,  oblique,  the  upper 
jaw  the  longer.  Scales  everywhere  large,  16  before  dorsal.  Lateral  Hue 
little  decurved.  Scales  hyaline  green  in  life,  with  blue  reflections;  belly 
clear  silvery ;  a  scarlet  bar  across  dorsal,  anal,  and  base  of  caudal ;  n  nar- 
row scarlet  band  from  upper  edge  of  opercles  straight  to  caudal ;  below 
this  a  silvery  band ;  a  row  of  black  dots  along  lateral  line,  forming  a 
small,  distinct  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  top  of  head  and  vertebral  line 
golden.  Snout  tuberculate  in  males.  Length  2i  inches.  Alabama  15asin; 
very  abundant  in  clear  streams  and  outlets  of  springs.  A  graceful  little 
fish.    {chro8omu8,  colored  body,  came  of  a  related  genus.) 

Hybopsisc/irosomus,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.Y.,  1876, 33.3,  Etowah  River,  etc  ,  Rome, 

Georgia.     (Type,  No.  17881.     Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert.) 
Hydrophlox  chrotoimii,  Jordan  &  Brayton,  7.  <;.,  49,  1878. 
MinnUiu  chroiomu$,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  191,  1883. 


%li 


Iindiin  and  livirmann. — Fishes  of  North  Avierica. 


28t) 


47s.  >OTBOPIS  XKNOCKrHALIS  (JorUau). 

II,  nd  I  \ ;  depth  5 ;  eyo  very  large,  2J  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  7 ;  scales  5-38-3 ; 
t,.,  1 1  :-'.  1-1,2.  Hody  rather  short  and  deep,  with  thick  caudal  pedimclo ; 
liiK  Iv  viilc,  not  elevated.  Head  large,  ilattish  and  broad  above,  the  snout 
louiult  il ;  mouth  large,  oblique,  the  jaws  nearly  eciual.  Lateral  line  somo- 
wliiit  ilottirvcd;  13  scales  in  front  of  dorsal ;  dorsal  slightly  behind  veu- 
tnil-i.  Dark  olivaceou.s  above,  the  scales  being  extensively  dark-edged, 
HO  as  to  ;,'ivc  a  checkered  appearance;  a  dark  band  along  sides  of  caudal 
iiimIuiii  1'  ,  which  vanishes  in  black  points  along  sides  of  body,  reappear- 
inn  on  t  111'  lit'ud  and  passing  around  the  snout ;  a  dusky  blotch  at  base  of 
catiilal:  iiiiiles  without  red  markings,  the  snout  swollen  and  tubcrculate 
in  till'  spring.  Length  2\  inches.  Georgia  to  Mississippi ;  common  in 
stRains  (if  the  jiine  woods,  descending  to  brackish  water ;  abundant  in 
Pcnlid'i  Hay.    (^"/I'u,  to  scratch ;  Kcipa?///,  head,  from  the  tubcrculate  male.) 

//,,(„ ;.-!»  ,\n,.„,iihiili>i',  Joiii'AN,  Anil.  Lye.  Nut.  Ilist.  N.  Y.,  1S70,  IVM,  Etowah  River,  etc., 

Rome,  Georgia.     (Type,  No. '20UG.     Coll.  Jordiin  >t  (iilburt.) 
Miiii,ilii-':iiioa}ihulu>,  Jordan  &  Oildert,  Synopsis,  192,  lb8,'i. 

Subgenus  ORCELLA,  .Torduii  i^'  Evernmnn. 
473.  NOTBOPIS  OKCA,  Woolnmn. 

Head  1  i ;  depth  5 ;  eye  1,  small,  slightly  shorter  than  snout.  JJ.  7 ;  A.  8 ; 
8cak',s  «-l--l.  Teeth,  2,4-4,  2,  strongly  hooked,  with  little  or  no  grind- 
ing Kiirlacf.  Body  plump,  little  compressed,  with  broad  back  and  belly; 
doisal  outline  somewhat  elevated;  head  heivy,  snout  blunt,  decurved; 
month  .siiliinferior,  little  oblique,  lower  jaw  slightly  included  ;  maxillary 
scarcely  loacbing  vertical  of  pupil.  No  barbel.  Top  of  head  unusually 
high  and  transversely  rounded  so  that  the  eye  is  as  near  the  lower  as  to 
the  ni>per  inotile  of  head  ;  interorbital  space  very  wide  and  very  convex, 
equal  t"  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  i)upil.  Fins  moderate,  origin 
of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  snout  thsm  base  of  caudal,  slightly  behind  inser- 
tion of  ventrals ;  dorsal  falcate,  its  first  rays  longest,  li  in  length  of  head: 
lis  last  r-ays  less  than  half  length  of  first ;  anal  not  so  high,  its  longest 
rays  11  in  head,  and  about  twice  as  long  as  its  last  ray  ;  margin  concave; 
liectorahs  slightly  falcate,  about  reaching  veutrals,  1^  in  head  ;  ventrals 
short,  2  in  head,  not  reaching  vent;  caudal  ver^  deeply  forked,  the  mid- 
dle rays  2}  in  longest  lateral  ones,  which  are  as  long  as  head.  Scales 
rather  large,  thin,  lateral  line  somewhat  decurved.  Color  in  spirits  pale ; 
side  with  a  broad,  distinct  silvery  'land,  as  broad  as  length  of  snout,  bor- 
dered above  by  a  narrow  plumbeou  line ;  back  sparsely  covered  with  line 
dark  puuctnlations,  median  line  of  'ack  with  a  faint  plumbeous  band; 
toji  of  head  darkish,  rest  of  head  s.  very;  under  part  pale:  tins  pale. 
Length  liA  inches.  Rio  Grande  at  El  Paso,  Texas;  several  specimens.  A 
'  ciuiouH  species,  little  related  to  any  other,     (orcrt,  the  great  killer,  from 

;i  slight  resemblance  in  form  of  head  to  that  of  a  dolphin.) 

.V.iir..,,;*  ,m„,  Wnoi.MAN,  Bull.  U.S.  Fisli  Comm.,  XIV,  1894,  (May  3,  1894),  56,  Rio  Grande,  El 
Paso,  Texas.     (Coll.  Woolmun  &  Cox.) 


F.N.  A. 


-20 


^     1 

' 

K 

1 

1 

t  i 

■             1 

L     i 

I    1 

.  '<  li 

jJLt 

w 


:;  ^ 


V  h 


11  ■ 


1  '^-i 


14 


11! 


; 

If 

a 

1 

J 

■ 

i 

If 

v8 

i 

1 

■■ii 

1 

i  y 

-  ff< 

ii 

■ 

1 

!      'y 


290 


Bulletin  4J^  United  States  National  Museum. 


Subgenus  NOTROPIS. 

474.  NOTROPIS  AKIOMIHVK  (Copo). 

Head  3f  to  4i ;  depth  4 J  to  5.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  6-39-2;  teeth  '2,  1-4, 2, 
Body  stout,  moderately  elevated,  somewhat  compreHsed.  Ileud  heuvy 
broad  above,  the  snout  moderate,  somewhat  decurved.  Mouth  niuilt  rutv, 
oblitiue,  the  jaws  ei^ual,  the  upper  lip  ou  level  of  pupil,  the  iiuixillary 
reachiug  the  front  of  eye.  Eye  very  large,  21  in  head,  much  loii<,'oi  than 
snout,  larger  than  in  any  other  of  the  American  Cyprinidir,  exii-iit  .V. 
awaini.  Fins  moderate,  the  dorsal  almost  directly  opposite  vtiiitraU. 
Scales  large,  15  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  much  decurved.  Olivu- 
ceous;  scales  above  dark-edged ;  sides  and  below  bright  silvery  ;  no  red. 
Leugth  5  inches.  Ohio  and  Tennessee  valleys,  generally  rare,  but  almiiil- 
ant  about  Indianapolis;  Greensburg,  Kentucky;  and  Florence,  Ahibuma. 
A  handsome  species,     (upi-,  an  intensive  particle;  'i/ifj(i,  eye.) 

Photogenu  ixriommm,  Coi-e,  Cypr.  runii.,  378, 1866,  White  River,  near  Indianapolis. 
MimiUtiB  ariummxu,  Jobuan  &  Gilbebt,  Synopsis,  194,  1883, 

476.  NOTKOPIS  SCABRICKPS  (Cope). 

Head  4;  depth  4J ;  eye  very  large,  3  in  head,  longer  than  snout.  1).  8; 
A.  8;  scales  6-38-3 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Body  rather  stout,  little  conipieHsed, 
the  back  slightly  elevated,  the  form  as  in  llyhopais  amblops.  Head  r.ather 
short  and  broad,  the  muzzle  bluntish,  somewhat  decurved.  Mouth  mod- 
erate, terminal,  little  oblique,  the  jaws  subequal,  the  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  orbit.  Lateral  line  not  much  decurved.  Fins  rather  small ;  dor- 
sal inserted  over  ventrals.  Color  plain  olivaceous ;  scales  daik-edged 
above ;  sides  Avhite,  with  a  lateral  band  formed  of  dusky  specks,  tluH  liaud 
running  through  the  eye  aiouud  the  snout.  Males  tuberonlatc  in  wpriug. 
Smaller  than  N.  ariommuii  and  less  silvery.  Kanawha  River,  scarce;  uot 
yet  recognized  elsewhere,     {scabcr,  rough  ;  -cepa,  head.) 

Photogenu  siabrkeps,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  1867,  166,  Sinking   Creek,  Walker's 

Creek,  tributaries  of  Kanawha  River.    (Coll,  Cope.) 
itinuilu*  scabriceps,  part,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  104,  1883;  confused  with  N.  shuiinmli. 

476:  NOTROPIS  JEJUNI'S  (Forbes). 

Head  4 ;  depth  4i ;  eye  rather  large,  d^  in  head,  equal  to  snout,  lesHtban 
interorbital  space.  D.  8 ;  A,  7 ;  scales  5-37-3  ;  teeth  2, 4-4, 1.  Body  latber 
slender;  head  flattish  above,  the  snout  blunt  and  rounded  ;  mouth  rather 
large,  obli«xue.  Dorsal  over  ventrals ;  16  scales  before  dorsal.  Color  pale, 
with  a  broad  silvery  lateral  band  overlying  a  plumbeous  shade ;  dorsal 
sometimes  puuctulate.  Leugth  3  inches.  Western  Pennsylvania  to  Kan- 
sas, and  north  to  Winnipeg;  not  rare,     (jejunus,  hungry.) 

E^itema  Jejuna,  FouBES,  Bull.  Ills.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  GO,  1878,  Illinois  River,     (Cull.  FurUu) 
Minnilm  Jejiinut,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  194,  1883. 

477.  NOTROPIS  SWAINI,  .Jordan. 

Head  4J;  depth  4^;  eye  very  large,  2|  in  head,  half  longer  than  the 
bluntish  snout.  D.  9;  A,  8  or  9;  scales  6-35  to  38-3,  14  baforc  dorsal; 
teeth  1,  4-4,  2,  or  1,  w^ith  very  narrow  grinding  surface  or  none.    Body 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        !291 


inotlfiately  elongate,  compreHsod,  rather  Htonter  than  in  -V.  rubrifrona, 
Ht'iul  Nliort  and  broad,  the  intororbital  space  'i  eye.  Mouth  large,  obli<iue, 
tiio  |,.\vor  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  to  near  front  of  pupil,  2|  in  head; 
(loiMiil  iiiHorted  behind  veutrals ;  fins  small.  Color  greenish,  with  a  plum- 
bcuiis  lateral  shade  and  dark  dots ;  no  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  iins  pale. 
Li'ii^'t  li  IH  inches.  Rivers  of  Texas  from  the  Colorado  westward,  the  type 
from  K'io  Comal.  (Named  for  Dr.  Joseph  Swaiu,  I'resident  of  the  Uui- 
vemity  of  Indiana.) 

.l/;,iiiii'i.s  1,11  ijulfipi,  OiKARi),  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  IsriC,  loa,  San  Felipe  Creek,  Texas. 
.Yi,(,,,;  /<  fir.iiiii,  JoKDAN,  I'roc.  r.  .**.  Nat.  Mug.  188.'"i,  12:i,  Rio  Comal  ;  Evku.mann  uikI  Kknuall, 

liiill.  r.  i^.  FiBli  Coiniii.,  XII,  18112,  (18!M),  103,  plato  xvii,  tig.  :i. 
Alliun,'l!'iin(fijalo]hi,  GiiiAni),  V.  S.  Mux.  Duiind.  Snrv.,  Ichtli.,  .12,  Is.VJ.     (Coll.  C'liirk.) 
ilfiiiiii/iiii  >iuij<dopi,  Jordan  <&  Giliiert,  SynopsiH,  195,  1883,  not  Ciquifiua  megalo})/!,  liAi'iNESgiiE. 

478.  KOTltOPIS  ANAUILIS  (Giranl). 

Hea<l  3|;  depth  4i^;  eye  large,  considerably  longer  than  snout,  3  in 
lieiui.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-34-3.  Body  elliptical,  rather  deep,  head  short 
and  rather  deep,  less  acute  than  in  -.V.  dilectuH,  Mouth  terminal,  oblique, 
tho  luiixillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Jaws  equal,  snout  moderately 
puiuted  Lateral  line  decurved.  Fins  moderate.  Dorsal  somewhat 
behind  ventrals.  Color  olivaceous ;  sides  silvery  ;  a  faint  dusky  blotch 
at  base  of  caudal.  Length  2i  inches.  Rio  Leona,  a  tributary  of  Rio 
Nueces,  Texas.     («m«l>iZi«,  amiable.) 

A'lbmmsaiiKihilis,  GiiiAKD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18oC,  193,  Rio  Leona,  Texas. 
.Vu/rojiM  iimahilh,  JoKOAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.  1885,  122. 

Album lliix  aiituhilis,  GiUARl),  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Iclitli.,  51,  1859.     (Coll.  Clark.) 
Mmilus  aiiutbilii),  JORDAN  &  GiLREKT,  Synopsis,  195,  1883. 

479.  NOTBOPIS  LElCIOIUrs  (Copo). 

Head  4i;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-39-3.  Body  rather  slender; 
muzzle  rounded  in  profile.  Mouth  oblique,  the  mandible  not  projecting. 
Lateral  line  nearly  straight ;  13  scales  in  front  of  dorsal ;  dorsal  a 
little  behind  ventrals ;  anal  short  and  high.  Olivaceous ;  scales  above 
dark-ed,<j;ed ;  sides  silvery,  with  a  purplish  band ;  a  black  spot  at  base 
of  caudal,  always  very  distinct ;  muzzle  and  base  of  dorsal  red  in  males. 
Length  3  inches.  Tennessee  Basin,  in  mountain  streams  very  abun- 
dant, but  not  ascending  cold  brooks  as  far  as  N.  telesvopua,  apectrunciilua, 
and  rithricroceus.  *It  is  close  to  N.  teleacopiis,  but  has  tho  anal  shorter, 
the  eye  smaller,  paler  colors,  and  always  a  distinct  caudal  spot.  (?^evK6s, 
white;  tiiuc,  appearance.) 

Photogeiiis  leiiciodiis,  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18G7,  105,  Holston  River,  Virginia. 
Mmilus  leitciodus,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  194,1883.    (Coll.  Copo.) 

480.  NOTROPIS  SCOPIFKK,  Eigcumann  &  Eigouinauii. 

Head  4  to  4};  depth  4^;  eye  3  in  head,  little  less  than  interorbital. 
D.  9;  A.  8  or  9;  scales  6-36  to  42-4;  14  to  18  scales  in  front  of  dorsal; 
teeth  2,  1-4,  2,  grinding  surface  very  narrow,  on  two  teeth  only.  Allied 
to SotiiipiH  leucioduH.  Head  heavy,  compressed,  flat  above ;  snout  blunt, 
much  docurved ;  mouth  small,  little  oblique ;   maxillary  extending  to 


1-  ■•   (■ 
! 


m 


Oli 


\ 


I    ). 


H 


n 


Mi      < 


V    IK-'" 


i   I 


;  ;  1  I  • 


in 
til 


>& 


il 


f 


■  ■'U  '1 


IT^ 


wm 


'w^mm' 


i  . 


i 

1 

I 

1 

i 

\rl 


i    '' 


■d 


292 


Jiulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


eye;  lutural  lino  complete,  eveuly  and  {gently  ileciirved  to  above  (,iijrj|, 
of  anal ;  u  couHpicuoutt  black  spot  ut  buHe  of  middle  caudal  iii\>;  a 
Hilvcry  lateral  baud,  itH  dorual  nuirgin  diutiuct.  Manitoba;  coinuDii; 
obtained  at  Winnipeg,  lirandon,  Fort  Qu  'Appelle  and  Medicine  Hut. 
(Eigeumann  &  Eigenmann.)    (soo/xi,  broom  ;  fero^  I  boar.) 

Kttlropis tcojii/inis,  KiuENMANN  &  EiuKNMANN,  Aiiirr,  Nut.,  Fiibrimry,  18U;1, 1.W,  WinnipLg, 

481.  NOTKOPIS  TKLKS<'(»Pi:S  (C.-i). ). 

p[ead  4i;  depth  4}  to  5J ;  oyo  very  large,  longer  than  muzzle,  jj  ii, 
head.  D.  8;  A.  10;  scales  5-H8-3.  Body  elongate,  not  much  (!oiiiii,i'.s.',e(l; 
snout  short,  sharp;  13  scales  before  dorsal ;  dorsal  tin  inserted  about  miii. 
Avay  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  a  little  behind  ventrals.  Mnutii 
very  oblitjue;  mandible  not  projecting.  Color  i)ale  greenish;  the  dorsal 
scales  extensively  dark-edged,  the  two  uppermost  rows  of  scales  i  luiiiiiif; 
into  outline  of  back.  Length  4  inches.  Tennesseu  liiver ;  in  cold  iiioiiu- 
tain  streams,  very  abundant;  with  X.  IciicioduH,  nuiking  the  bulk  of  the 
small  minnows  in  the  Holston  River.     (rz/AtrxKOTrof,  far-seeing.) 

Photuijciiin  UlnHciipiig,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila,,  1807,  105,  Holston  Kiver,  Virginia, 

(Cull.  Copo.) 
LeiiriKcm  liieHriijim,  (iC.NTllEli,  Cat.,  vii,  252,  I8(i8. 
Miiiniliiii  tvhiaipiis,  JuKUAN  Si,  GlLliKur,  SyuupsiK,  2U1,  1883, 

Kepresented  in  the  Ozark  region  by 

48l8.  NOTKOPIS  TELESCOPUS  AKCAXSAXUS^  Meek. 

Head  4*  ;  depth  5  to  5i  ;  scales  5-35  to  38-3,  15  before  dorsal.  A.  in  or 
11.  Eye  2J  in  head,  the  pointed  snout  3h  Smaller  than  the  eustoni  toiiii 
and  darker,  the  dorsal  farther  back,  midway  between  nostril  and  liaso  of 
caudal ;  slightly  behind  ventrals.  White  River  and  Little  Ked  Kivnr, 
Arkansas. 

NolropiK  McscopiiH  (i)r<i((«aiiM.«,  McEK,  Hull.  U.  S.  Fisli  Comm.,  i.\,  188!t,  (1891),  VS.i,  White  Kiver, 
Eureka  Springs,  Arkansas;  Mammoth  Springs,  Arkansas.     (Cull.  Mei'U  .v  Drow.) 

482.  NOTKOPIS  S0CIU8  (Girard). 

Head  4;  depth  4 J;  eye  3.  D.  8;  A.  10.  Lateral  line  33.  Allied  to 
Notropis  awaiiii,  but  deeper;  the  eye  smaller,  maxillary  past  front  of  eye; 
lower  jaw  longest.  Silvery,  the  sides  without  dark  dots  ;  lins  [iliiiu. 
Live  Oak  Creek,  southwestern  Texas,     (sociua,  social.) 

Albiirnim  mcius,  GiUARD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliihi.,  1850, 193,  Live  Oak  Creek,  Texas,    l  Tvi" . 
No.  70.     Coll.  Pope.) 

483.  NOTKOPIS  NOTEMIUONOII>KS,  Everinann. 

Head  4  to  4i;  depth  4  to  4^.  D.  8;  A.  10  or  11;  scales  lO-ll-ii,  L'H 
before  dorsal;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  hooked,  crenate,  with  moderate  grindin,i;sii]- 
face.  Body  slender,  greatly  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elc\ated, 
the  form  much  as  in  Abramin  (Xotemigonus)  crysoleucas;  snout  pointed. 
equal  to  eye,  which  is  3i  to  3i  in  head;  caudal  peduncle  long.  Fins 
moderate;  dorsal  well  behind  ventrals;  anal  long;  jjoctorals  falcaie.  not 
reaching  ventrals.     Yellowish,  silvery  below;  upper  parts  dusted  with 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


293 


V,-. 


M;iik:  n|K)tH  on  autt'iior  part  of  oidcM  ho  arraiige«l  as  to  form  about  10 
oliiiiM-  anylt'H  litting  into  each  other,  tlie  angles  opening  forward,  thuH, 
fluise  niarkiujjH  on  alternate  scales;  tip  of  lower  Jaw  with  dark 
Hiici  kn:  I'mih  pnie,  dusted  with  dark  specks.  Kio  Neches,  near  Palestine, 
IVxas,  and  .streams  about  Houston.     (Xotemiyonus;  eUhr,  likeness.) 

A„/i  .,,,.  ,„.u  mi.j,<u„i<h'»,  KvRRMANN,  Bull.  U.  8.  FWi  Comm.,  xi,  1801,  (May  25, 1802),  Hi, Neches 
River,  Palestine,  Texas,  and  Sims  Bayou,  Houston,  Texas,  (TyiM',  No.  •I.'m.'i!). 
r.iii.  Kvi'i'inaiiii,  8i'ovt'll,  Hi  (Jiirlt'y);   Evoriniuiii  k  Kuudnll,  Uiill.  U.  S.  FIhIi  Conini.,  .\ii, 

IMI'J  (IS!in,  103,  III.  XVIII,  flg.  2. 

4H4.  NOTHOPIS  STILRim,  Jordan. 

H.iid  I!  ;  depth  r>;  eye  3.  D.  8;  A.  10;  scales  5-37-2;  teeth  2,  4-4,  1. 
I'xidy  rather  slender.  Head  rather  long,  somewhat  pointed.  Mouth 
liiiu^c.  i>l(li(iuo,  the  nia.Killary  reaching  eye.  Eye  very  large,  greater  than 
Miiout  iiiul  iiitororbital  width.  Fins  rather  high ;  the  ventrals  reaching  to 
opposito  last  rays  of  dorsal.  Color  pale  green;  side  with  a  broad  silvery 
1)1111(1,  on  which  are  many  dark  punctulations ;  these  are  numerous  .just 
li(l:iiid  sliouldcr  girdle  and  at  base  of  caudal,  where  they  form  an  evident 
spot.  II  mark  which  will  usually  distinguish  this  species  from  the  related 
ones:  ciiocks  pure  silvery;  lips  dusky.  Length  3  inches.  Alabama  Kiver 
ami  tributaries;  common.     ((T7('/'i3;7,  shining.) 

.v./;,,,,;,  ,</,//./».,  .IdUDAN,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  lliKt.  N.  Y.,  1870,  M:\,  Etowah  and  Oostanaula 

rivers,  Rome,  Georgia.     (Tyixi,  No.  ;Ul:!2.     ("oil.  Jonliin  &  (iilbcrt.) 
Miiiinlii.<  slllliiiis,  .IiiRDAN  &  Oil.nEnT,  Synopsis,  201,  1883. 

4S5y  NOTHOPIS  ATIIKRINOIDES,  Haflnesqiic. 

ITo.ad  Is ;  depth  5 J ;  eye  3}.  D.  8;  A.  11 ;  scales  5-38-3, 15  before  dorsal ; 
tcctli  2,  4-4,  2.  Hody  long  and  slender,  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated. 
Head  blunt,  conic,  proportionately  shorter  than  in  related  species. 
Mmitli  moderate,  very  oblique,  upper  lip  on  level  of  upper  part  of  pupil; 
ni.ixillary  about  reaching  front  of  eye.  Eye  largo,  rather  longer  than 
Hnout.  Fiii.s  low;  dorsal  well  behind  ventrals;  tips  of  ventrals  extending 
to  linyoiid  middle  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Color  tranBlucent 
Kroin  above;  sides  bright  silvery;  scales  above  faintly  punctate,  but  not 
tMioiiifJi  so  to  render  them  dark-edged,  nor  to  form  blotches  along  sides; 
a  laiiit  dark  vertebral  line;  males  in  spring  with  the  snout  rosy.  Length 
1  to  (i  iiiehos.  Great  Lake  region  and  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys,  and 
iiori  li  to  Winnipeg.  Abundant  in  lakes,  quiet  places,  .and  river  channels ; 
very  \  ai  i.able.  Next  to  X.  nrf/e,  the  largest  and  handsomest  species  of  this 
typo,    (nihirhia,  the  silverside;  n(hc,  resemblance.) 

S'.'lri.fi-iilh.nmiUU'^,  Uafinksqi'e,  Amcr.  Month.  Mag.  &  Crit.  Kev.,  1818,204,  Lake  Erie. 

Miiniihiy  .Jiiii'iiiiif,  ItAKiNEsi/iT.,  lohtli.  Oil.,  45,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Atl'in-iin^  riil,<llitf:,  AoAi^si/,  Lake  Snpcrior,  3G4,  1850,  Lake  Superior. 

.l/''iiiMH«  uiliilKf,  KiHTi.ANi),  Olovcland  Ann.  Sci.,  1854,  44,  tributaries  of  Lake  Erie. 

Alhinii.ihi^  jariilm,   Coi'K,    Cypr.    Ponn.,    387,    ISGC,    St.    Joseph    River    and    Dowagiac 

River,  Michigan. 
/.■M.i-;.«  iiiMhii,  CCxTHEn,  Cat.,  vii,  254,  18C8. 

/.fiiciM.ism;)!!,  GCxriiEn,  /.  c,  2,')5,  Rubstifute  for  jacuUia,  preoccupied  in  Leitcisctu. 
Wmuihis  ruhellut  and  tlinemus,  .Tohdan  <j^  Oildebt,  Synopsis,  202, 1S83. 


H 


' 


-S'^tiv.AsiJ'  i"  ■t>'..'kj.^'". 


i 


■■ 


'  i      1 


I! 
I' 


I  ' 


Utt\ 

I 


I, 


'■; 


t  ■ 


■pn 


7  ■<- .->  "f^- ' -T^-  I'  ■ 


294 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


M:  mvH 


i  i  " 


1  ■] 


48«.  NOTROPIS  AR(>IK(Coi)o). 

Head  4J ;  depth  fi;  eye  2*  to  3.  D.  8;  A.  11 ;  scales  5-39-3.  Close  to 
N,  ath(rinoidt8  but  the  eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout ;  laterul  line 
nearly  straight,  head  large,  the  snout  not  very  blunt ;  month  lar^e,  the 
chin  projecting.  Pule  greenish,  the  silvery  band  on  sides  bounded  liya 
blackish  line ;  a  dark  vertebral  streak.  Length  3}  inches.  Upper  VVahash 
Valley,  southern  Michigan,  Green  River,  Kentucky,  etc.;  slenderer  than 
the  usual  atherinoidet*,  the  eye  much  larger,  but  apparently  varying  into 
the  latter,  hence  of  doubtful  validity,    (u^iy//,  shining  white.) 

AlhuriieUm  urge,  Coi'e,  Cypr.  Ponn.,  S88,  18CC,  Detroit  River  or  St.  Joseph  River;  locality 

confused. 
Niilrnpis  urge,  KvBllMANN  k  .Tenkinh,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1888,  47;  Joudan,  Man.  Vort.,  cd.  v, 

02,  1800. 

487.  NOTROPIS  DILECTrS  (Girard). 

Head  4* ;  depth  4f ;  eye  3.  D.  8;  A.  11 ;  scales  7-38-3 ;  teeth  2,  1-4, 2. 
Body  elongate,  compressed,  but  a  little  deeper  and  more  compressed,  with 
blunter  snout ;  eye  largo,  larger  than  snout ;  mouth  oblique,  smaller  than 
in  related  species,  the  jaws  subequal,  the  maxillary'3i  in  head,  reaching 
eye.  Colors  very  pale;  silvery,  snout  and  bases  of  fins  rosy;  a  row  of 
black  dots  above  base  of  anal ;  young  often  finely  speckled.  Lenffth  3^ 
inches.  Lower  Ohio  to  the  Rio  Grande,  abundant  in  Arkansas  and  eastern 
Texas,  in  sandy  streams;  representing r»<?>rJ/roM«southwe8tward,  and  per- 
haps varying  into  it.     (dilectus,  delightful.) 

Albumm  dilectitf,  GiRAni),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185G,  193,  Arkansas  River,  Fort  Smith. 

(Type,  No.  71  (3«927).    Coll.  Shuiiiard.) 
Albiinma  tepiditlua*  Girabd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185C,  212,    Black  V^arrior  River, 

Alabama.    (Coll.  '■Wincholl.) 
AUiurniu  nlujniipis.  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1864,  282,  Kansas  ;  anal  rays  giv«ii  liy  orror 

as  1, 14.     (Coll.  Dr.  W.  A.  Hammond.) 
AlhumeUm  jenier.mms,  Cope,  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Surrey,  v,  050,  1875,  Rio  Grande,  San  Ildefonso, 

New  Mexico.     (Typo,  No.  15981.     Coll.  Copo  A  Yarrow.) 
Allmniellm  dilectus,  Girard,  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.,  x,  259,  1858. 
Alhrivnh  f  olignnpiH,  GCnther,  Cat.,  vil,  309,  1808. 
Minuihii  oHijatpis,  Jordan  &  Gimert,  Synopsis,  200, 1883. 
Minuilm  jemezanus,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  203,  1883. 

488.  NOTROPIS  FUMEUS,  Kvermann. 

Head  4f;  depth  4i  to  5;  eye  large,  3J.  D.  8;  A.  11 ;  scales  7-10-3; 
teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Close  to  Notrojna  dilectus,  but  the  lateral  lino  more 
decurved,  the  scales  a  little  smaller,  and  the  sides  with  a  dark  band. 
Body  slender,  greatly  compressed,  the  outlines  gently  arched ;  Hiioiit 
pointed,  shorter  than  eye;   lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting;  maxillary 

*  This  nominal  species  is  prohahly  identical  with  N.  dilectm.  The  following  description  istnkcn 
from  3  specimens 2'|ij  inches  long,  collected  in  Pearl  River,  Jackson,  Miss.,  by  Dr. O.  P.  lli^v: 

Body  long  and  slender.  Maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Front  of  dorsal  einii'listant 
between  snout  and  concavity  of  caudal.  Eye  3  in  head,  equal  to  interorbital  space.  Mandible 
projecting  slightly,  its  tip,  when  closed,  opposite  middle  of  pupil.  Lateral  line  decurvi'd;  17 
scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  fin  high,  its  highest  rays  equal  to  head.  Color  pale,  ilio  j<iiluii 
bright  silvery  ;  a  row  of  dots  along  base  of  anal.  Head  4)^  ;  depth  5  or  6.  D.  11 ;  A.  12.  Scales 
7-36-3.    Sandy  streama  of  Alabama  and  Missigsippl. 


-T«- 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


295 


scaii'civ  roaching  nrhit.  Yollowiah  above,  much  speckled,  sides  with  a 
briinil  liark  plumbeous  band,  overlaid  with  rather  large  brown  spots,  most 
iiuincMiiis  and  distinct  posteriorly;  base  of  anal  with  row  of  specks;  tins 
pliiiii.  ^vitll  dusky  specks.  Length  2  inches.  Hunter  Creek,  Houston, 
TexiiH.    Perhaps  tt  variety  of  3r.  dii«;ctu».     (/u»ieu»,  smoky.) 

M,(r„;«<  /»»!»■»»,  EviKMANN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Flub  Oomm.,  xi,  1891,  (May  26, 1892),  81,  Hunter  Creek, 
Houston.  Texas.  (Tyix-,  No.  4.')fif)H.  foil.  Kvcrnmnn,  Scovcll,  *  (Jurloy);  Evorinaiiii  A 
a  K,  iMiull,  Hull.  II.  S.  FiBli  Coinm.,  xii,  1892  (1894),  103,  i»l.  xviil,  flj?.  1. 

4»0.  NOTROPIS  RUBRIFRONS  (Cope). 

HpmiI  I;  depth  4};  eyo4.  D.  8;  A.  10  ;  scales  .5-39-3,  those  before  dorsal 
larff*'.  1"'  t"  17  in  number.  Teeth  2, 4-4, 2,  little  hooked,  one  of  them  some- 
times Hliowing  a  slight  grinding  surface.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the 
back  Hrarcely  elevated,  the  caudal  peduncle  somewhat  contracted.  Head 
longer  tlian  in  most  related  species,  conic  and  rather  pointed.  Month 
ratbei  large,  very  oblique,  upper  lip  abov.e  line  of  middle  of  pupil,  max- 
illary loaching  to  opposite  eye.  Eye  moderate,  anterior,  usually  shorter 
than  tli()  sharp  snout.  Olivaceous  above ;  scales  with  darker  edges ;  sides 
Biivcry  ;  a  dark  vertebral  line ;  a  row  of  dark  dots  along  base  of  anal ; 
inalcH  with  the  snout  tubercnlate  in  spring,  the  forehead,  opercular  region, 
andbaHo  of  dorsal  being  then  flushed  with  red.  Length  2}  inches.  New 
York  and  western  Pennsylvania  to  southern  Michigan,  Kansas,  and 
Kentucky;  very  abundant  in  clear  streams,  especially  in  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley. An  elegant  species,  smaller  than  atherinoides,  with  larger  head  and 
deeper  body.  It  will  probably  be  found,  to  grade  into  N.  dihctus,  but 
in  all  specimens  examined  the  eye  is  larger*in  dilectua,  the  snout  shorter 
and  more  blunt,     (ruber,  red;  frona,  forehead.) 

Athimmt  riihri/romi,  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  ISRI,  85,  Kiskiminitas  River,  a  tribu. 

tary  of  Alleghany  River.     (Coll.  Cope.) 
AnninieUiis  iiirdihrotiwii,\Coi'r.,  Ilaydon'a  Oeol.  Surv.  Wyom.  for  1870,440,  1871,  Missouri  Kiver 

at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri. 
AVriimillK^  nihri/roHS,  Cope,  Cypr.  Penn.,  388,  1866. 
leuii»ni»irii}iri/rouii,  Gt'NTIien,  Cat.,  vil,  225,  1808. 
MiiiiiiUnt  nihiifrnmt,  ,ToRi)AN  *  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  202,  188.1. 
ilimUuf  pircohromui,  JORDAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  202,  1883. 

490.  NOTROPIS  PHOTOOENIS  (Copo). 

Head  4i ;  depth  5^  ;  eye  3.  D.  8 ;  A.  10  ;  scales  6-40-3.  Body  slender, 
compres.sod,  the  form  similar  to  that  of  N.  rubrifrona.  Head  moderate. 
Month  (juite  oblique,  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting;  maxillary  about 
reachiug'orbit.  Back  broad.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  behind  middle  of  body, 
a.little  behind  ventrals.  Scales  before  dorsal  25.  LMci'al  lineidecnrved. 
Eye  larger  than  in  N.  rubrifrons.  Color  olivaceous,  with  brown  vertebral 
and  dorsal  lines  ;  sides  and  below,  bright  silvery,  with  dark  specks  along 
the  lateral  line;  none  along  base  of' anal.  Length  3  inches.  Alleghany 
region,  thus  far  recorded  only  from  the  Youghiogheny  and  Kanawha, 
unless  X  amocnus  should  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  it.  The  latter  is  stouter, 
with  larger  eye,  and  has  dark  dots  along  base  of  anal.    \a,T.  engraulinus, 


■1    1 


\/ 


i 


m 


1  ■ 

!!: 

i 

\ 

^, 

■ 

i 

i. 

'ii- 


d 


i  { 


■'•;    i 


!      t 


li! 


i    ■  1 1 


i 

1    ■ 


!'       ! 


II 

ifl 


iff'- 


"  mi 


H  I  J  < 


; 

1  i. 

Ii 

1 

..  ,«! 

bI'M 

..... 

jliW 

{ 

r 

ii; 

.'t 

]t 

• 

jiyi 

';:1 


•  s.? 


200 


Bulletin  y/,  United  States  National  A/tuciim. 


Copp,  from  tli»(  Kanawlui  Ih  Hiendoror,  th«  tlepth  6  iu  leu^tli,  tho  hea  I  \\\, 
{^i.>r,  light ;  ylvfiov,  cheok.) 

?  Riiiilun  rtimini'iuiiH.  IUrrNr.i«ME,  Iili.  <»li,,  M,  1820,  Monongahcla  River,  etc.;  not  lil.  ntida. 

Ml' ;  nmy  In'  \.  <'iirn>ilitii. 
Aliuiliiii i)hilngniii<,  Coi'E,  Ptoc,  Ac.  N«t.  Scl.  riillo.,  18tJ4,  '2S0,  Youghiogheny  River,   I'cnti. 
I'hi,l,'<i.nii<  Iriirop;  Cr-    ,  Prnc.  Ac.  Ndf.  S<l.  I'liila.,  1887,  KH.,  Sinking  Creek,  and  ncui  Aui- 

tinville,  Va.     (('..II.  ('..iic.) 
I'liuliHliiiiHlenfupii  etiiiniiiliHii',  <'.)|)i>,  /,  c,  18fi7,  Ifil,  tributaries  of  Kanawha  River,  Austin- 

ville,  Va.     (('..11   (U>\n\) 
I.iiiri'liiHjiliiiUKjniu,  OfNTliKH,  fat.,  Ml,  2'i2,  18(;8. 

401.  NOTKOl'IK  AMtKM'S  (Abbott), 

TFoatl  t ;  depth  r,},,  ( IJ  to  51) ;  oyo  3^.  I).  8 ;  A.  10 ;  HcnldH  fi-n<t-:i.  V]nm 
to  SolropiH  riihrij'roiin,  but  tho  scalos  heforo  dorsal  Ninallcir,  uh  in  .V.  /i/io/o- 
(/riKN.  Mody  olonj^ato,  compr«8Hed  ;  oyo  laryo,  longor  than  Huout.  Month 
laifjo,  obliquo,  the  jaws  sultequal,  tho  maxillary  to  front  of  eyo ;  2-  i.t  2"), 
(rarely  18  to  20)  Hcalos  before  dorsal ;  lateral  lino  much  decurvod.  I>(iinal 
high,  behind  vontrals;  pectorals  moderate.  Translucent  f^reen,  Nidcs 
silvery, with  sometimes  a  faint  plumbeous  band  ending  in  an  <)))s(iiip 
plumbeous  spot.  Length  SiJ  inches.  Clear  streams  east  of  the  AUegliaiiies 
from  the  Raritan  to  the  Neuse ;  abundant;  formerly  confounded  with 
X.  photoyfuiH,  of  which  it  may  be  a  variety.     {amdiiuH,  attractive.) 

Albiiriiclliin  IIIIIIIIIII1,  Aiiii.iTT,  AiiK.r.  Nat.,  viii,  1S74,  n;t4,  Raritan  River,  New  Jersey. 
Nolropi*  (imniiiiH,  .Ioiidan,  Hull.  U.  8.  FiHh  Oomm.,  .\ui,  1888,  (1801),  102. 

4«2.  NOTUOPIS  SCKPTICrS  (Jordan  A  Oilbcrt). 

Head  3};  depth  JJ;  eye  3.  D. 8;  A.  10;  scales  6-;.,  .!;  teeth  2,4-1, 1.  Hody 
short  and  deep,  compressed  and  somewhat  elevated.  Head  rather  liiifjp, 
deep,  bluntish.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  oblicjue,  lower  jaw  si i^'litly 
included;  upper  lip  opposite  middle  of  eye  ;  maxillary  extending  to  front 
of  orbit.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout;  interorbital  space  broad, 
llattish.  Lateral  line  much  dccurved.  Scales  before  dorsal  largo,  iii  llf  to 
15  rows.  Fins  moderate;  dorsal  well  behind  ventruls ;  tips  of  vciitiuls 
extending  to  last  dorsal  ray;  caudal  peduncle  moderate.  Coloration  vory 
pale  green ;  sides  with  a  bright  silvery  band  ;  scales  with  very  little  dark 
edging ;  a  dark  line  at  base  of  dorsal ;  males  in  spring  with  the  smmt  pro- 
fusely tuberculate.  Length  3  inches.  Kivors  of  Carolina  from  tho  Cape 
Fear  to  the  Santee;  abundant,  replacing  tho  allied  omamis,  from  wliidi  it 
differs  in  the  deeper  body  and  larger  nuchal  scales.  (aKFTrriKor,  observant, 
from  tho  large  eye.) 

Nolvoiiis ]ih(ttmjfniii,  ("  palo  variety  "),  Jordan  &  Dhavton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mup.,  xii,  Z\,  1><78. 
Miiiiiihis  iicfiiliinii,  Jordan  A  Oiliiert,  SynopKis,  200,  1SH;1,  Saluda  River,  Greenville,  South 
Carolina.     (Typo,  No.  31081.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Briiyton.) 

408.  NOTKOI'IS  MirUOPTERYX  (Cop..). 

Head  4^;  depth  5i;  eye3i.  D.  8;  A.  10;  scales  5-38-2.  Body  very  slen- 
der, compressed ;  head  moderate,  rather  pointed.  Mouth  large,  oblique; 
upper  lip  on  level  of  pupil;  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  front  of 
:»rbit.  Eye  moderate,  about  as  long  as  muzzle.  Scales  large.  Lateral 
Imio  decurved.  Fins  all  quite  small,  tho  dorsal  farther  back  than  in 
i>liited  species,  so  that  the  short  ventrals  do  not  reach  much  beyond  its 


:f 


Jordan  amf  F.vi'nuanu. —  Fishes  of  North  America.         L*07 


mil .lior  rnvH,  thoir  lon^tli  -'  in  lioftd.  Color  olivaccoiiH;  Hitlon  bright 
)i,ilvi  I  V  ;  iloi'Niil  NriiloH  noiis)ii(;iioiiNly  iliirk-tMl^od  ;  ii  (lii^ky  blotch  at  ItuHo 
of  r:iii(lal,  iiiMliTlyitiK  tlio  Hiivfiy  liiNtor.  LiMi^th  21  iiu'lit'N.  Iltmd  \viit»rH 
(if  (  iniilifilaiMl  jiimI  'I'tMiiit'NMfo  ri  viurt  iiiiil  iiIho  in  tlui  O/.ark  r«*p;ioii ;  nbiin- 
(bii    III  clear  NtrcaniH  in  northern  ArkaiiHiiH.     (/i(\ii<i' ,  Hniall ;  Tn/>i'^,  lln.) 

A\U,\,iU\i>mieru\\ltr\it,  Coi'K,  .lonrii.  Ar.  Nut   Sri.  I'IiIIh.,  InHH,  2.'J3,  Holaton  River. 
^\i„.H\n>  ni'mi>y»<r\\x,  Joni>AN  A  OlI.BKIlT,  8yni>I>»lH,  '.ili:!,  IHH.'t. 

404.   NOTHOI'IH  MKTAIJ.in'M,  .lonlnn  X  Mcfk. 

lh;i(l  I;  depth  Ti;  eye  If.  D.  S ;  A.  11.  sealeH  '■^-'^'^-',^,  K!  lieforo  <lorRal; 
teilli  L',  I- 1,  2,  the  (rrinilin);  Hiirface  obsolete.  IJody  eion)jate,  conipreHHod, 
the  liack  a  littln  elevated.  I((>ad  Hiiiall,  the  Niioiit  little  acute,  nhorter 
tliiiii  I've,  wliich  Ih  laryo.  Month  larne,obli(|iie,  the  cleft  reaching  front  of 
eye,..'  in  head;  chin  projecting.  Lateral  line  dccnrved.  DorHiil  inNerted 
wt'll  l.cliiiid  veiilrals ;  dorsal  and  anal  lii<;h,  the  anal  very  lonf?.  Dark 
Inow  II,  a  roHy  bund  from  eye  to  upper  lobe  of  candal;  below  tluH  n  metal- 
lic itn^^ky  Itand  broader  than  eye,  ending  in  a  black  ttpnt  nt  baso  of  cau- 
iliil:  (liiisal  with  a  black  band  oblitinely  acroSH  it;  no  Hput  nt  itH  bune; 
oriii  r  liii.s  nearly  plain.  Length  1'^  ineJieH.  iSwanip  Htreanm  in  (leorgia 
antl  Florida,  from  the  Suwannee  Hasin  to  the  KHcambiu.  (mitallicua, 
nietiiilic.) 

S.ilrnj'i'ifi'i'illieHK,  .IdiuiAN  A  JIef.k,  I'ror.  V .  S.  Nut.  Mhh.,  IxHl,  -i'^u  Allapaha*  River,  Nash- 
ville, Georgia.     (Typo,  No,  'JKr.ll.     Cull.  W.  J.  Taylor.) 

Subgenus  LYTHRUKUS,  .Ionian. 

40.-I.  NOTKOIMS  IIKLMS  (lliiy). 

Ilcid  \i;  depth  3'f.  D.  S;  A.  10  or  11;  scales  7-4 l-.'i ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2, 
"Nli.irp-edged,  but  with  a  maNticatory  Hurface."  IJody  short,  ileep,  con- 
HJdiralily  compressed;  the  back  elevated.  IIea<l  short;  nni/zlo  short, 
ratlin  ])()inted,  the  proiilo  somewhat  concave  ;  month  largo,  obli<|ne,  the 
maxillary  extending  to  opj)08ite  front  of  orbit;  lower  jaw  i)rojecting. 
Latciiil  line  much  dccnrved.  Scales  crowded  forward,  '2't  in  front  of 
dorsal.  Dorsal  midwaj'  between  snout  and  oandal,  behind  ventrals; 
linctorals  not  reaching  ventrals;  the  latter  to  vent.  Dusky  above,  with 
a  iiairow,  dark  dorsal  line  ;  sides  silvery,  with  plumbeous  streak;  no  spot 
at  base  of  dorsal;  fins  mostly  black-tipped;  belly  (lame  color  in  life;  fins 
oiaiitreat  b.aso.  Length  2i  inches.  Tombigbeo  River,  Mississippi.  (Hay.) 
(hiUiin,  beautiful.) 

MiinilliK  hiVim,  Hay,  I'ror.  ('.  S.  Nut.  MiiB.,  IMKO,  ."ild,  Tombigbee  River,  Artesia  and  Macon, 
Mississippi.     (Typi',  No.  27l'.ii>.     Coll.  Iliiy.)    .Ioiihan  &  (iii.iiF.iiT,  Synoimm,  1!)9,  IHKl. 

40fi.  NOTIlOriS  LllUS(.ror(lan). 

Head  4J-;  depth  fyi;  eye  'A.  D.  8;  A.  10;  scales  8-15-4  ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2, 
with  very  narrow  or  obsolete  grinding  surface.  Hody  slim,  compressed. 
Head  small,  short,  moderately  deep,  ilattish  above.  M<»ntli  rather  large, 
very  oblicjue,  the  lower  Jaw  slightly  projecting.  Eye  very  large,  longer 
than  snout;  the  maxillary  about  reaching  its  front.  Scales  small,  loosely 
imbricated,  their  outlines  extremely  distinct.  Fins  moderate.  Colora- 
tion very  pale  translucent  green;  scales  of  back  finely  punctate;  sides 
with  a  very  distinct  metallic  blue  band  formed  of  dark  punctulations, 
this  liand  passing  through  the  eye  and  snout,  forming  a  most  character- 
istic color  marking ;  a  streak  of  black  dots  along  the  bases  of  dorsal  and 

•Not  "AUamaha  River,"  on  misprintod.     The  Allapaha  is  a  tributary  of  the  Suwannee  River. 


H 


I  f   I 


r;, 


I  i 


] 

!     :' 

t 

:   !i 

^ii^ 

-  i  ; 

i  ii; 

J  1 

■;  1; 


!  , 


T? 


296 


JiulUlin  4J,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


! 


r  1 


anal,  that  on  tho  domal  iiii|;R«HtinK  tliu  peculiar  Hpot  of  A'.  umlmiiUiH ;  ijp 
of  Huotit  hluok;  (hiH  piiluolivaoeoiiH,  rnd  in  tlin  ninloH.  MaleH  in  tlieN|iiiii^ 
with  thu  hca.l  and  antudorHul  rflK><»>  prufiiHuly  tiiherculattxl.  L«ii^mIi  '2^ 
inchni.    Alabama  liivur;  uhundant  in  Hundy  Htreuma.    (Xri/mf,  lily-wliiu.,) 

Nt>tn>iii»  Hrii;  JoRiiAN,  Aiit).  Lyo.  Nat.  llUt.  N.  Y.,  187f),  .14'.',  Etowah  River,  etc.,  Rome, 

Oeorgia. 
S'ilr«)iu  iiMmmii ,  Johiian  .t  MiRK,  I'nx'.  I'.  B.  Nal.  Miin.,  1HN4,  47n,  Alabama  River,  Munt- 

gomery,  Alabama.    (Ty|i<',  Noh.  M>\trt  miil  ;irr.'<t7.     Cull.  McDuimUI.) 
Minniliit  /jrti>,  Jiihdan  A  (iiMirHT,  Hyni>|wlH,  Hit),  IHba. 

497.  NOTItOPIM  KOMKIPIMNIM,  flay. 

Head  41;  depth  4;  eye  3i.  1).  8;  A.  11;  BoalcB  8-Ji>-3.  Body  lontr  .ind 
Blender,  innch  ooniptuNHod.  Muuth  lar^e,  ol>lii|nu,  the  lower  Juw  Nointi- 
what  prqiocttnKi  the  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  oyo.  Kye 
large, HliKlitly  longer  than  Hnoiit.  ScaloH  Hmall,eHpe<-ially  along  the  back, 
somewhat  higher  than  long,  bnt  not  ho  cloHely  imbricated  an  in  A,  hilhin. 
Lateral  line  much  decurved.  Dornal  far  back,  midway  between  |)U])il 
and  bane  of  caudal,  conHiderably  posterior  to  veutralH;  pectoralH  not 
reaching  ventraln,  tho  latter  to  vent.  Dark  ;  Houles  above  all  with  hUmV. 
points;  a  plunibeouH  lateral  band,  ending  in  a  vague  caudal  spot;  a  nar- 
row doraal  band ;  a  black  spot  on  tho  upper  anterior  portion  of  doiNul 
and  alHo  on  anal,  each  surrounded  by  a  diffuse  blotch;  tip  of  ventralH 
and  edge  of  pectorals  dark;  vertical  tins  red.  Length  2^  inches.  Haiwly 
streams  of  the  Uulf  States,  from  the  Escambia  to  the  Chickasaw  lia. 
(roaeuB,  rosy  ;  pinna,  fin.) 

Miimihin  rnliripinni',  IIav,  Proc.  I',  8.  'Nat.  Mnfl.,  ^HhO,  509,  (not  Anjiirtm  nihriphwl;  Urrkil     .V. 

coriiiilitu),  Chickasawha  River,  Enterprise,  Mississippi .  (T,v|h>,  Noh.  'SJ'Vio  and  iiZUfJ. 

Coll.  Iluy.)    .loRiiAN  &  Ull.iir.UT,  .Syiioiwifi,  198,  188:1. 
Nolriipui  roieiiihinif.  Hay,  in  Jordan,  ('at.  Klah.  N.  A.,  1885,  27,,iiul>atitute  for  riibripiiiHi*,  pri'oo 

cupied  in  Notruim.  ^  I 

408.^MOTROPIS  lINnRATILIS*  (Uirard). 

(RED-riN.) 

Head  \\\  depth  4  to4i;  eye  3  to  4.  D.  7;  A.  11 ;  scales  9-40  to  52-3; 
teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     Body  compressed,  tho  caudal  peduncle  long.     Head  loug, 

*  "A  oomitarinon  of  tliPBo  wpcciinons  from  tlio  ToniiOKseo  Klvt-r  with  others  from  tho  Ui'uiinko 
Ilivor  (iin/cnii),  tlio  Pamlico  and  Moimu  (nwMimu),  tho  Wabash  in  Indiana,  {yijanotei)UnlH»)\y\\\\\if\ 
Idlhrunm  ;  rfiniioteplinlii*  camo  from  Itacini>,  WiBcousiti],  various  Htrenms  in  Illinois  (rt(ri/».<),  iiiid- 
tbo  Arkanna:*  Hiyer  (umhrnlil in)  I  ~  niyripiiiiiit],  hnsflliown  thoimiioKHihilityofreroKnixinK  ><i>.v  of 
th«iio  forms  as  diHtlnrt  spcciiiH.  Mntuliiiiit  in  Nmallcr  andpalurtliannri/enaandahowKleHHliiilliiuit 
coloration,  tlieHe  din'on^nrcH  being  apparently  dependt'Mt  on  thosluKgiHli  charactorof  tliuNtrcnnix 

it  frp<iHcnt«,  with  their  fr(*i|ueut  sandy  strutcheii.     The  rcBomblancu  between  spocimons fr thi< 

Itoanoke  and  the-  Tcnnesaeo  is  very  closo.  Both  have  larger  mouth  and  eye,  murobrilliiiiitiiilnr- 
atiou,  and  more  olongatu  form  than  in  specimens  from  the  north  and  west.  Uur  B|ii.'i'i[ii>'ni 
from  tho  TenneBBoc,  however,  avonigo  distinctly  dt-opor  than  typical  anleiif,  and  are  fiiiihcr 
characterized  by  tho  presence,  in  males,  of  several  (.'>to8)  dark  Bteol  blue,  vertical  bars,  ineL-iilur 
in  position  and  shape.  This  form  I  hero  distiuguiHh  provisionally  as  eubspecies /n«''i«/iiri.>.  In 
TennesHoo  and  Kentucky  it  undouljtedly  passes  iuHonHibly  into  tho  form  common  in  triliiitarlei) 
of  the  Ohio  and  Mis^isHippi  (cuanncnphalun,  atriiieii),  which  shows  usually  an  evidently  deeper  l»»ly, 
asmaller  eye,  and  a  tendency  to  the  accumulation  of  black  pigment  in  the  tips  (if  tho  ventnila 
and  the  anterior  rays  of  tho  dorsal  and  anal.  Typical  umbratilui  from  Kansas  and  Arkunsoii 
a]>pears  very  distinct  from  the  more  easterly  form.  It  has  tho  larger  eyo  of  ftucUtlarit,  i\  very 
d(>epbo<ly,  and  adult  males  haveall  the  fins  largely  black  and  the  sides  uniform  duHky.  KiirtliiT- 
more,  the  black  spot  at  tho  baso  of  tho  anterior  dorsal  rays,  so  cliaractoristic  of  related  funii",  i;< 
hero  indistinct  or  wanting.  In  Iowa  and  Missouri,  however,  umbratilis  appears  to  posn  inipur- 
ceptibly  into  <-yannfe])hahu,  somo  specimens  lacking  the  dorsal  spot,  while  others  from  thti  Mimo 
locality,  and  not  otherwise  difTering,  have  it  well  developed. 

"I  have  thought  it  boHt,  therefore,  to  consider  all  these  forms  as  poorly  defined  varioties  of  a 
ginglo  widespread  species,  which  may  stand  provisionally  as  N.  vmbrntiluunibratitiii,  N.  nmbrnlUif 
eyanocephalnt,  N.  umbrntilu  fiuciolaru,  N,  uiiibratiluardeivi,  and  N.  umbralUii  matiUiiutB.  East  of  the 
Alleghanios  the  species  has  not  been  recorded  north  of  tho  Roanoke  nor  south  of  tho  Ncuho,  and 
is  not  known  from  tho  Quit  States  south  of  thu  Tennossco  and  Arkansas  Basins.  Rafinos.jiio'A 
BenwtUut  dipl«miu»,  so  long  identified  with  this  species,  is  evidently  SemotUii$  alromaculatus,  iiu  a 
aynonym  of  which  it  must  appear."    (Gilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coram.,  ix,  1889, 148.) 


!l< 


/on/an  and  F.^ertnaun. — Fiihfs  of  North  America. 


21)9 


C(.iiii\  ratlior  pointed.  Month  larno,  modoratnly  ohlicpin,  tlio  proiimxiU 
luis  111  level  of  piipll,  tho  maxillary  oxtwiuliiiK  to  oppoMitfl  eye;  low«r.jaw 
Hoiiirw  hat  proJertitiK'  Kyo  inodorate,  about  oi|iiiil  to  iiuiz/lo.  Scalcn 
closi'ly  iinliricatod,  crowdod  aiitoriorly,  about  •'<()  iK^foru  dottta!  DorNa!  tin 
lii^'li.  iiiHttrtiMl  almiit  midway  botwecn  vcntralH  and  anal;  puctorals  not 
rciu  liiiiK  vvntrulH,  tlio  latter  to  v»nt;  caudal  tin  long,  ('ohtration  dark 
Htcrl  Miio  ahovo;  paloorsilveiry  !>«low  ;  a  iiioro  or  1«mh  ovidout  black  npot 
at  liiiHK  of  dorsal  in  front ;  thn  thiH  othorwiHO  all  plain.  MalcH  with  the 
mill  lior  dornnl  rogion  and  tho  head  profnHoly  covered  with  Hmall  whitiNh 
tiilM'irlcH,  the  belly  and  lower  Huh  being  of  a  bright  brick  red  in  tho 
H|)iiii>;.  KoinaloH  very  paloolive,  HometimoH  almost  colorlesa.  Length  Ki 
indirs.  Minnesota  to  Western  Now  York,  (Cayuga  Lake),  North  Carolina, 
Alali.'iiiiiv,  and  Kansas  ;  generally  abundant  in  small,  clear  streams.  An 
oniatK  and  excessively  variable  little  flsh,  of  which  the  following  are 
recduiiiza^blo  varieties. 

Tint  typical,  that  is,  earliest  known  form,  but  the  moat  aberrant  of 
tboNiM'ius,  occurs  in  Iowa  and  southwestward  to  the  Arkansas  Uasin. 

40N».  XOTROPIH  I'MliKATIMS  FMRRATIMK  (Glranl). 

Head  t ;  depth  3fr  to  3ij ;  eye  about  4.  D.  8 ;  A.  11 ;  scales  10  to  44.  Hody 
uluiit,  (ItM'p  and  compressed.  Eye  smaller  than  in  other  forms.  Lateral 
lino  (li'llexed.  Male  steel  blue,  smutty  above,  a  dark  curved  bar  on  scapu- 
lar rt'^Mon ;  dorsal  black  except  at  base  mesially,  the  dark  spot  in  front 
olwcnni ;  lower  ilns  all  dusky,  flushed  with  rod  ;  females  very  palo  oliva- 
codiiN,  tln!  black  scapular  bar  usually  plain,  the  dark  spot  representt.l  by 
ilurk  |iunctulations.  Length  3  inches.  Arkansas  River  and  streams  of 
KaiiH.'is  and  southwestern  Iowa,     (((nibra,  shade.) 

A\h\m>m  iimhritliliii,  QiRARP,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlln.,  1856, 193,  Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  tributary 

Poteau  River,  Arkansas.     (Tyjip,  No.  73.    T'oll.  MiillliaiiNi'n.) 
LH/iluf  hhl.liiy,  C'liiAnn,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  18r>0,  203,  Coal  Creek,  tributary  South  Fork 

Canadian  River.    (Cidl.  MiillliaiifiL'n.) 
Miuniliia  iiiijriiiinniii,  (iii.nERT,  Kull.  WaHliI).  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  1, 1884, 14,  Shunganunga  Creek, 

near  Topeka,  Kansas.     (Typo,  No.  30013.    Coll.  Cragln.) 
f^o(m;.;.i  i,(,irrolfiHilt>lvs,*  FouBE«,  IJull.  III.  Lab.  Nat.  IliHt.,  1885, 138,  Illinois.    (Coll.  Forbes.) 
AlhHrnilhi»vml>r(ilil!s,  GinAim,  I'ac.  R.  U.  Surv.,  x,  260,  18.18. 
Miimilm  iimlinililis,  .loitDAN  &  GiMiFliT,  Synopsis,  200,  1883. 
Kotemiiionw  liicidm,  Jordan  &  Oiluert,  Synopsis,  249, 1883. 


*  The  fdlliiwing  is  Prof.  Forbes'  account  of  yolmpis  mnrrnlepidolitu  :  Tliis  fisli,  reproHonted  by 
aiiiitfli'Kpic  iriK'ii  ill  our  collectioiiH  from  Illinois,  closely  reBeiiililcM  Xolmjiis  ulriiien,  from  wbicii 
itililli'ivis|iicially  in  tbe  larjjer  scales,  and  in  tli(>  entire  absence  of  any  blotcli  at  tbe  front  of  tho 
liaaMif  till' ilorfal  tin.  It  is  elliptical  in  outline,  strongly  compressed,  its  greatest  thickness  doing 
Icifthaii  liiilf  it.s  depth,  the  back  making  a  uniform  curve  from  the  front  of  tho  dorsal  to  the 
iiintrlls.  Length  2.1  inches,  depth  4.2  in  length,  caudal  peduncle  i.r>.  Color  in  alcohol  plain, 
the  eltlfssiiniewhat  silvery,  the  oiiercles  brightly  so;  no  dark  vertebral  line,  but  the  scales  upon 
till!  Iiack  mill  upon  tho  ujiper  part  of  the  sides  thickly  sprinkled  with  rather  large  circular  black 
Pl*fks;  fins  all  plain ;  upper  surface  of  the  head  a  little  dusky,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with  black. 
Tlii'lipud  is  a  compressed  cone,  4.5  in  length,  uppiT  surface  convex  ;  snout  regularly  decurveil, 
3.5inlii.ail;  mouth  rather  large,  terminal,  obliiiuo  ;  upper  lip  op|iosito  the  middle  of  the  pupil; 
maxillary  to  posterior  margin  of  nostril;  upper  jaw  3.15  in  hetul,  lower  not  projecting,  2.(i  in 
head ;  teeth  4,  2-2,  4 ;  cyo  large,  circular,  2.76  in  head  ;  doi-sal  fla  1-8,  about  4  scales  behind  tlii» 
nntrali ;  nual  11 ;  scale  formula  6-40-3,  10  before  dorsal. 


i 


H 


f    ; 


■'» 


!      i-:' 


1 


1  i 

1 

■  ■   . 
i' 

■ 

1 

300 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I 


%■  ; 


il 


li  il 


i  r 

•r 

M 


Further  oastwaril  in  Illinois  and  Iowa  in  prairio  brooks  occurs 

40Kb.  XdTKOriS  I  MItltATILIS  ATltlPKS  (.Turdaii). 

Ilftad  4/,;  depth  4;  eye  4.  D.  7;  A.  11;  scales  {)-r)2-5.  l{«»(ly  \orv 
utron^^Iy  compressed.  Head  conii)ar.'itivoly  pointed;  eye  small,  slKnter 
ihan  n.uzzl).  Coloration  of  liodydark  hlnlHli,  without  traces  of  vciticiil 
bi;rs;8ik'H  not  silvery,  the  scales  dusted  with  dark  i»unctnliiii(ii:s: 
dorsal  witli  the  usual  black  spot  at  base  in  front,  smaller  thiin  in  /////( /•»- 
rut  01  aniens;  a<  black  bar  crosses  its  upper  part;  anal  colored  like  tlic 
d.irGal,  with  a  black  spot  at  base  in  front,  the  niarkinjjs  paler;  ventral 
fu\b  dusky  ;  males  profusely  tubercalate,  and  doubtless  red  in  spi  in;;. 
Length  3  inches.     Southern   Illinois  and  Iowa.     Crt/cr,  black ;  y^/s,  toot,) 

Li/lli.-uniK  iihiitiH,  JiiRDAN,  Hull.   111.  Tiiilf    Nut.   Hist.,  it,  .">!•,  ISTK,  streams  of  Union  and 

j'ohnson  counties,  Illinois.     (Tvpc,  No.  2i'ii!t.'i.     Coll.  ForltPK.) 
Miiini'iiKtihiiiiH,  .loiiiiAN  &  QiLiiKRT,  SyiiopsiH,  l',l7,  ISS:!. 

Represented  throughout  the  Ohio  Valley  and  neighboring  regioiiN  by 

49Sc.  NOrnOlMS  FMimATIMS  LYTHRUUIJS  (.Toidaii). 

The  central  type  from  which  the  tithers  soem  to  have  diverged.  Hody 
Moderately  elongate,  the  depth  U  in  length,  the  females  nearly  .">;  eye 
large,  abo.it  o^  in  head.  Scales  JM7-3.  Dorsal  with  a  conspicuous 
black  spot  in  front,  the  rest  of  the  Hn  mostly  i)ale;  no  anal  si)ot.  Lcniith 
Hi  inches.  Oldo  A'alley  and  rivers  of  neighboring  states.  {?.rOi)ov,  liiood; 
ni'fx'i,  tail.) 
1,'iilihi.i  rvlii  /•*,  Hafinesq    ■;,  Ich.  Oil.,  U,  IH'JO,  Elkhorn  and  Kentucky  rivers;  iiiimiimI  hut  ii.^i 

ilcwrihiil. 
S'llii'iiis  hiilininiii,  .loviii.VN,  I'riir.   V.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  1SSI,  47(1,  White  River,  Indianapolis, 

Indiana.     (Tviio,  No.  W\15.     Coll.  Jordan  k  Coiidand.) 
////;i«i7i'jiis  i(i'y./,-i)iii<i,  Coi'K,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  \St\~,  102. 
Mimiih'n<..j>ltiiniuii,  JORDAN  it  Gll.liF.RT,  SynojisiH,  107,  lK8lt;  n^  .  SimntiliiR  (//;/?,•( ih/i(,«,  l!al'inrs(|iii . 

Represented  northward  by  the  deep-bodied 

4J»S<I    NOTUOIMS  I  -MIIRATILIS  <YAXO('EI'HAI  IS  (Copeland). 

Head  4Jr ;  depth  4  ;  eye  3f.  D.  8  ;  A.  12  ;  scales  9--4r.-4  ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2. 
Body  short,  '  .out,  chubby,  moderately  t  ()m])ressed,  the  form  reseinliliii;; 
that  of  rhnvphales.  Head  very  short,  «iee|»,  us  greatest  deptli  tlnoc- 
fourlhs  its  length.  Snout  blunt,  shorter  than  eya.  Eye  large,  not  so 
wide  a'j  the  interorbital  space.  Coloration  dark  b'uish  above;  sides  not 
silvery;  males  in  spring  profusely  covered  witl;  small  tubercles;  tho 
sides  ,11. d  lins  clear,  bright  red;  tho  back,  and  e.«peeially  the  top  ol'  tiio 
head,  of  a  clear  glaucous  blue  ;  dorsal  in  both  sexes  with  a  large  lilaok 
spot  at  tho  base  of  its  anterior  rays,  tiiis  spot  about  as  large  ns  eye; 
dorsal,  anal,  and  ventrais  blackish  at  tip.  Length  2Hnclies.  h^iveisof 
southern  Wisconsin,  etc.     (nvayeor,  blue;  kkki'/i/,  head.) 


Lylhniruit    riiniinciitlKilHs,    (yOrELAND,    I'roc.    Ac.    Nat.    Soi.    Pliila., 

Wisconsin,     ('rypc,  No.  17H,'i7.     Coll.  Hoy  \-  rcippjaud.) 
Minuihix  < iiiiiinct'iiliaiiis,  .Iokdan  A  GiMir.iiT,  Synopsis,  I'.Ki,  lSS:i. 


1877,    70,   Racine    K'iver, 


*  "'1st  speci'^s,  Red  Miniiy,  Iluli!ull^  ruher.  Untile  roupe.  Kiitireiy  red;  tail  forkcil.  I  aiM 
hero  u  fine  snjiill  fish,  which  I  liav(t  never  cecn  as  yet,  hut  it  is  said  to  live  in  tin'  •iiii»ll 
strcatn.3  wliich  fall  into  the  Klkhorn  and  Kentucky.  It  is  a  slender  flsh,  only  2  iuclics  Inii):, 
compnissed,  and  of  a  fine  purple  red.  It  may  belong  tu  this  genua,  or  to  any  othrr  nf  this 
tribe.    It  is  cumnionly  called  Ked  Minny." — Safinesi^ut. 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        301 

laliiescutotl  east  of  the  Allcyhanies  by  tlio  Hlim-bodieil 
4»Se.  XOTKOriS  rMHRATILlK  AKDENK  (Oope). 

Sleiulcr  ami  brilliantly  colored,  tlio  depth  4ii  in  males;  eye  3J  in  head. 
.Sicil  liliic,  llie  lins  brijjht  red,  base  of  dortsal  larj»oly  black,  lioauoke 
l.'iMi,  Virj^inia.  A  beautiful  inhabitant,  with  }\oiroim  cir««»»i«»,  of  the 
(■K;u  liioiintain  streams,     {urdinn,  burning.) 

/(„,,.,/.),.«  ll,.^•»^,  Cope,  I'roc  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  I«(i7,  l('.3,  headwaters  of  Roanoke  River, 
Montgomery  County,  Virginia.    (Coll.  C'oiiu.) 

;   ,„  „..  »,s  iinl.iiH,  lirNTiimt,  Oat.,  vii,  2riT,  18i,8. 
M.i„i'li,.,irth-i,K.  J(»nii.\.\  A  (JlLliKUT,  !5,viu>|isis,  198,  1883. 

h'tpresonted  m  Tennessee  and  northern  Alabama  by 

4!Ksr.  N(>TK(U'IS  I.MItKATILlS  FASl'lOliAUIS,  (iillitit. 

r.ddy  UHUally  deep,  the  males  with  5  to  8  dark  blue  vertical  crossbars 
as  in  Solriipl'i  ccratsiiiiis.  Colors  brilliant.  Southern  bend  of  Tennessee 
li'ivci,  in  limestone  streams;    abundant,      (/utitiolarifi,  with  small  cross 

liand.s.) 

.V.(,..;m'.  ii,i,hriilili>  fic-rinliiris,  (iii.iiEKT,  Hull.  l'.  S.  Fish  Coiiiiii.,  ix,  188!),  (18U1),  118,  streams 
about  Florence,  Alabama.     (Tviic,  Nu.  42504.     Ci>ll.  Gilbert  &  Swain.) 

Ktpreseutcd  in  the  Carolina  i)ine  wood.j  by  the  slender  and  pale 

498k.  NOTKOFIS  IMUKATILIS  MATITIMS  (Copo). 

Head  I};  depth  5^ ;  eye  3i.  D.  8;  A.  11;  scales  7- ;. -3.  Body  slender; 
evf  lar^O;  .scarcely  longer  than  muzzle,  ecjual  to  interorbital  width. 
()liva('eoii-s  above;  the  scales  brown-shaded;  a  plumbeous  lateral  band 
witli  ihirk  i)oint8;  a  small  black  spot  at  base  of  dorsal  in  front,  pr  'ceded 
by  a  ilaiU  streak  along  middle  of  back;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 
Malts  with  the  snout,  chin,  and  upper  half  of  dorsal  red.  Length  2^ 
incliLS.  NeuHC  and  ranilicu  r'vers;  common  in  sandy  brooks,  with  2sutro- 
jiis  lillii'dlun.     (mittutinus,  of  the  morning,  rosy.) 

A!i.i:,u,llii-.  niiiiiiliiiiis,  Coi'K,  Proc.  Anier.  I'Ml.  Sof.  riiila.,  1870,  4G5,  Neuse   River,  Wake 

County,  North  Carolina.     (Coll.  Copo.) 
WkhH"'  iii'iliilii(ii.'<,  JoKiiAN  &  Gn.liF.UT,  Syiiopsis,  1'.'!),  18hi;t. 
i\',)^..j;.>  m.^liitiiiiis,  JdiiDAS,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coinni.,  viii,  1888,  125. 

Represented  in  tributaries  of  the  lower  Mississippi  by  the  deep-bodlod 

4i)Sh.  NOTBOI'lS  I  MUUATIMS  I'l  X(  Tl  LATIS  (Hay) 

Head  IH ;  depth  t^;  eye  moderate,  3.  D.  8;  A.  10  or  11 ;  scales  11-49-3; 
tt'otli  '-',  4-1,  2,  with  grinding  surface.  I3ody  short,  deep,  compressed; 
hack  tlevatt'd  in  front  of  dorsal.  Head  short  and  deep;  the  prolilo  nearly 
Btniiyhl:  month  large,  quite  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit. 
Scaler  small,  25  in  front  of  dorsal.  l.iateral  line  much  deeurved.  Dorsal 
'oeginning  midway  between  muzzle  and  base  of  caudal.  Straw  color; 
silvery  on  sides  and  below  ;  scales  above  dark-edged;  a  dark  dorsal  line; 
a  (laik  1)and  on  caudal  peduncle;  a  spiall  black  spttt  at  base  of  dorsal. 
Leiif;tli  L'  inches.  Tributaries  of  Big  Ilatchee  River,  northern  Mississippi. 
^^iiiy)    aninctulatus,  speckled.) 


'     1 

I  til 


i 


r  t  i  i 


m 


WW 


wn 


301i 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museutn. 


4  ■ 


;    .,, 


. 

iv 

! 

Mimiilim  imiiitiiliUuii,  Hav,  Proi;.  U.  S.  Nat.  Jlus.,   lH»i(),  r)(m,  Tuscumbia   River,   a  trilmtary 

of  the  Big  Hatchee,  near  Corinth,  Mississippi.     (.Typu,  No.  iJTiao.     Cull,  lla.v.j 
MitiHiliis puitclulatiis,  JuiiuAN  it  QiLBKKT,  SyiiopsiB,  1!)8,  IHKfi. 

124.  ERICYMBA,  Copo. 

Eiiriimhti,  Coi'E,  T'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  IHCifi,  8H,  (hmrdtu). 

Uody  liither  elongate,  little  conipiesHed;  muzzle  broad,  rieniaxillaiy 
protractile,  luteropercle,  Bliborbital,  aud  dentary  bones  coutainiiij;  con- 
spicuoiiH,  extorually  viaiblo,  iiiucoiia  channels;  lips  thin;  no  Itjulie!. 
Teeth  I,  4-1,  0,  without  grinding  surface,  hooked,  tl'.o  edges  entire. 
Scales  rather  large;  tie  lattral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  lln  abo\  (;  \eu- 
^t-uja.  ^ullj  basis  short.  Silvery  fishes  of  small  size,  known  at  once  trom 
all  other  minnows  by  the  cavernous  bones  of  the  lower  part  of  the  head 
Ouo  species  known;  a  cur  -us  and  interesting  little  lish  of  the  i;ii^^;;r 
flteeUa.  U/it-j  ^U  lutenslvi  irticle;  Kvftf3ii,  a  cavity;  in  allusion  to  the 
itbvolopment  of  the  mucous  channols.) 

409.  KIIICVMBA  BK  (  ATA,  Coim. 

|luu<l  4  i  (|o(ith  0  i  eye  large,  4  in  head.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scaloH  5-33-3 ;  tt^eth 
1,  4-4,  0.  Body  fusiform,  rather  elongate,  littlo  eoutpvesseil,  the  bael;  not 
elevated.  Head  rather  long,  somewhat  depressed  above,  with  broad  iiiid 
prominent  muz  e.  Mouth  r.ithersnuill,  hovizoutal,  subinferior,  tlm  imvcr 
jaw  considerably  shorter  than  upper;  upper  lip  below  level  iil  iniitil; 
maxillary  not  reaching  to  eye;  dentary  bones  dilated,  tho  mu(!OUH  ( iiiiu- 
uels  conspicuous.  Suborbiial  very  broad,  silvery,  with  an  eleviiled  Imigi 
tudinal  ridge  aud  conspicuous  cross  lines;  operclo  sliiall.  Fins  hiiiiiII, 
dorsal  over  veutrals.  Scales  moderate;  lateral  line  nearly  8traij,'lit; 
breast  scaleless;  15  largo  si',ales  before  dorsal.  Color  (dl  .aeeous,  ratlior 
pale;  sides  bright  silvery  with  bluish  rellectionsi  a  ilark  dorsal  Htiiak, 
conspicuous  posteriorly;  tins  plain:  males  without  tuberclen  or  luij^bt 
colors.  Length  3  to  5  imhes.  Michigan  and  western  Pennsylvania  to 
Kansas  and  southward  to  Wejt  Florida;  locally  very  abundant  Olio 
of  the  most  remarkable  of  cur  littlo  minnows,     (hitcva,  cheek.) 

Ericymhi  hnccatu.  Cove,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sd.  Diila.,  1865,  88,  Kiskiminitas  piver,  western 
Pennsylvania,  a  tributary  of  the  Monongahela.  ((^oll.  <'o|"0;  f''i''K,  Cypr.  l\-iiii  .'M, 
18G6;  Gt'NTHER,  Cat.,  vii,  185,  1808,  .Jordan  *  Gii.iti.uc,  Synopsis,  204,  1883. 

125.  PHENACOBIUS,  Cope. 

Pheuacohim,  Col-K,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1807,  !)G,  (Irreliilitu). 

Sarcidhmi,  Cope,  Ilayden's  <iool.  Surv.  Wyoin.  for  1870,  (1871),  440,  (iittplfinnii). 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head  moderate,  subterote;  nioutli 
inferior,  the  lower  lip  thin  mesially,  but  enlarged  into  a  fleshy  IoIk.oh 
each  side  toward  tlie  angle  of  the  mouth,  thus  presenting  a  siip(;ili('iai 
resemldance  to  thut  of  J'JxogloHsum,  with  which  tho  genus  has  piohalily 
real  affinities;  upper  lip  with  a  callous  covering  within ;  dentary ''n'les 
distinct,  excejit  at  symphysis.  No  barbel.  Upp'ujaw  protractile.  loetli 
4-4,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Scales  rather  small,  lateral  line 
complete.     Dorsal  tin  in  front  of  veutrals ;   anal  basis  short.    Isthmus 


-^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


303 


oxticiiicly  ^vi(lo.  luteotiues  short;  peritoneam  white.  SniuU  Hpecies, 
Willi  the  aspect  of  young  suckers,  (fivui,  deceptive;  /?('of>  life;  the 
a|i|M-iiiuiice  of  the  tish  suggeutiug  au  herbivorouu  dpecies  with  long 
intrntiiU'H,  which  it  really  is  not.) 

((.  Si  ali'h  moilorato,  42  to  53  in  the  lateral  line. 

h.  llrcaNi  ."raly  ;  no  distinct  spot  at  bosuof  caudal.  terrtulus,  600. 

bh.  liroiist  imkfd  ;  caudal  Bpot  vory  dibtinct. 

c.  Sculva  in  lateral  lino  49  to  63,  their  outlineH  blonded.  hikaiiilis,  601. 

cc.  ScaU'H  in  lateral  lino  43  to  45,  their  uutlim^s  cinphaHi/.ed  l>y  darle  udKingg. 

SCUIMFER,  602. 
.111.  ScuU'H  Hinall,  alKiiit  60  in  the  courHo  of  the  lateral  line  ;  breast  naked. 

(I    Hudy  very  slender  ;  baso  of  caudal  with  u  iliMliiiit  black  Hpot.  ubanoph,  503. 

<<('.  Body  nioduratoly  sloudor  ;  brae  of  caudal  with  a  vague  dusky  blotch. 

CATOSTOMUS,  504. 

600.  PIIENACOHIUS  TKBETL'LUS,  Cope. 

Head  4J ;  depth  4?;  eye  large,  high  up,  3i  in  head.  D.8;  A.  7;  scales 
G-i;)-");  toeth  1-4.  Body  slender,  little  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated, 
tlio  caudal  peduncle  stout.  Head  stout,  the  muzzle  elongate,  obtusely 
dtciuvod,  heavy.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal,  the  maxillary  not 
reacliing  to  eye.  Isthmus  wide.  Breast  scaly.  Lateral  line  nearly 
Htiuifjiit.  Pale  yellowish;  the  scales  above  dark-edged;  snout  blackish;  a 
|i1iiiii1m(iii8  Intdial  band;  fins  plain.  Length  SJinches.  Kanawha  Kiverj 
iKil  '(iiiiiiioji.    (Ti'iditUts,  au  okl  name  of  the  Red  Horse,  Moxostoma.) 

l%mn>\iim  Uriiului,  OoPE,  Proc.  Ac.  Kat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18G7,  90,  Kanawha  River,  Eggleston 
Springs,  West  Virginia.     ((.'u||.  C'opo.)    Juu  )AN  ifcGiLUEBT,  Synopsis,  204, 1883. 


AOt.  I'llKNACOKirS  MIItAUILIS  (Girurd). 


ii(Ml) 
Hlllllll 


itj  |l:  (jtihtjl  4i;  eyp  jaise,  4  in  Ijeatj.  p.8;  A.7; 
tl|il(|l)i(|(b(HlbiitlH.  iM  HJioit,  Ju(|)f|  ))lunt 
,  t'lo  maxillary  not  reacjjjng  to  oye.    i'ttlu  pjjffic 


scales  7-48  to  52-5. 

anteriorly.     Mouth 

ceous ;  a  silvery  lat- 


m  mm 

I'lal  liaiid  anil  a  oonsplciimis  hlaek  spot  at  lifiNrt  of  caudal,  smaller  than 
eye;  (iiilliues  of  scales  blended,  not  empliasizctl  by  dark  edgings.  Fins 
pale.  Length  liHndies.  Illinois  Hiver  to  Arkunsiis,  rather  common  in 
8undy  streams ;  specimens  examined  from  the  JIIIiioIh,  Des  Moines,  Osage, 
Missouii,  Arkansas,  and  Sabinn  rivers,  (mirabilia,  wonderful.) 
Kr,,.;/,*,,,,,  iiihiililh,  (Uiiknu,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.Sd.  I'hilii.,  1850,  l',)|,  illid  I'lic.  II.  ll.fliirv.,  x,  250, 1868, 

Arkansas  River,  Fort  Smith.     (Coll.  Hliumiird.) 
I'linui'-'il'iiiK  miriihilu,  JoROAN  &  (tU.iJEFit,  Synopsis,  205,  1883  |  .tonn^  N  A  MeEK,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Uus.,  ISS'i,  G. 

503.  I'l^ENAf  Oltas  SrOI'IFKit  (Cope). 

I^i'.'id  j  to  |};  depth  ii;  scales  (i  /.'}  to  ir>-.f).  Very  close  to  tlie  preced- 
ih|»,  dil/l'iifig  so  ^ar  em  kjiowij  only  in  tne  larger  scales,  the  outlines  of 
which  are  sharply  up/i/ioQ  oil  Accyjhil pf  Aaiji.  edgings.  L'uudal  spot  dis- 
tinct. Illinois  to  the  fiju  (Iranue,  .'j(/i()i'if  ;|i^  ajiiiudaiit  ^s  the  preceding, 
peiha|iH  more  widely  di8/,ril»uted.  U  is  possibio  fliat  tjiis  form  represents 
siiiiply  (he  oxtrofne  of  variation  of  /'.  tnlrnhilis.    (acopij'er,  tieariiig  a  stem.) 

Sarriiliiim  Mopifenm,  CoVK,  Hayden's  Ocol.  Surv  Wyoni,  for  1870,  (1871),  44'!,  Missc  uri  River, 

near  St.  Joseph,  Missouri. 
r/ifii«i(.l.iiis  tireiniM  liuslenmi,  Nki.son,  Hull.  III.  Lab.  Nat.  Uist.i,  1870,  40,  brooks  of  McLean 

County,  Illinois. 
Phemnil.iiiH sciipifenis,  JoiinAN,  Bull.  Ilayden's  Geol.  .Surv.,  iv,  .iOO,  1878. 
IVieiiiKu/.iiis  mirabitis,  in  part,  Jobuan  &  Uiluert,  .Synopsis,  205,  1883. 


t  i    . 


-r  --    ^p 


,( 

1   ; 

i 

i   : 

;  1 

1   ^ 

■ 

ao4 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  A/iiseum. 


U 


J    1 


1- 

'I      ] 

Is 

j 

r>o;i.  i'liKNACOitirs  iitAXoi's, coi" 

IIoad4jf;  depthli;  eye3i.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  7-()0-l);  tcoth  1-1.  llndy 
very  sloiulor,  little  conipreHSod;  back  not  elevated,  caudal  pcduucle  li)n<,' 
aud  Hlondor.  Head  long  and  rather  ulender,  flat  above,  the  uiuzzlu  hioad 
blunt,  aud  projecting.  Mouth  entirely  inferior,  larger  than  in  tlio  dthci 
Hpecies,  with  couspicuouH  lipa.  Eye  large,  placed  high,  behind  niiddlf  ol 
head.  Scales  Buiall,  24  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  lino  straight,  lina.si 
and  middle  line  of  belly  naked;  width  of  isthmus  half  length  of  licad. 
Fins  small.  Color  pale  olivaceous,  with  a  distinct  dark  spot  at  Icisc  of 
caudal.  Upper  Tennessee  Basin,  rather  common  in  river  chauuclH,  not 
ascending  brooks,     {ovpavur,  sky  ;  (.'ji/;,  eye;  =8targazer.) 

I'lunitciihivn  uraniqis,  Oiii'K,  I'riic.  At.  Nut.  Sri.  I'liilii.,  IMiT,  W'<,  Holston  River,  Saltvillc,  Vir- 
ginia ;  (Coll.  (knpo)  ;  JoiiDAN  &  (jIMif.kt,  SyiiojiHiH  200,  18»3;  Joudan,  Hull.  U.  ."-,  I'isli 
Cumin.,  viii,  !»««,  140. 

504.  PIIKXACOBII'S  CATOSTOMI'S,  .J.iidan. 

Head  \h  to  5;  depth  5ii  ;  eye  SJ.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  7-r)0-r>;  teetli  I-}. 
Body  rather  slender,  nearly  terete,  scarcely  com])res8ed ;  back  not  elevated; 
caudal  peduncle  stout.  Head  deejt,  the  muzzle  blunt  an(t  heavy,  the 
cheeks  tnmid.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  altogether  below  level  of  eye,  the 
maxillary  barely  reaching  nostrils;  lips  much  thinner  than  lu  /'.  nrmiopK, 
Eyes  large,  high  up,  behind  middle  of  head.  Scales  small,  thin,  loosely 
imbricated;  back  and  belly  scaled ;  breast  naked.  Lateral  line  nearly 
straight;  22  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Fins  all  small.  Width  of  istliiiuis 
2i  to  3  in  head.  Pale  olivaceous;  white  l)eIow  ;  a  silvery  lateral  hand, 
underlaid  by  dusky,  which  forms  vague  blotch  at  base  of  caudal;  liack 
dusted  with  dark  specks;  top  of  head  black  ;  a  yellowish  vertebral  Hue. 
Length  4  inches.  Alabama  Banin,  rather  common.  {CatostoinHa,  afsiickei, 
which  it  much  resembles.) 

Plienacnhiim  calonlniiiin',  .Joudan,  Ann.  I.jt.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  IN70,  illiJ,  Etowah  and  Oosta- 
naula  rivers,  Rome,  Georgia.  (Tyi)e,  No.  17m8i».  Coll.  .lorduii  &  Uilb<'rt.)  .Iuhhan  A 
GlLiiEiiT,  Syuoiwl.'i,  200,  1S8;!. 

126.  EVARRA,  Woolman. 

Efarm,  Woof.man,  Bull.  (J.  S.  Fish  (,'oinni.,  .\iv,  1894,  Miiy  ;i,  IS'Jl,  04,  {eujeumuiim). 

Body  long  and  low,  formed  as  in  Tiartx/it,  subtereto  and  covered  with 
very  small  scales.  Head  small,  bluntish  and  thick  at  tip;  mouth  very 
small,  terminal,  oblicjue,  without  barbels,  the  lips  thickish  ;  the  iiiiper 
jaw  protractile,  but  not  much  movable.  Eye  moderate;  istlimus  iiuidLi- 
ate;  lateral  line  complete.  Dorsal  low,  inserted  rather  posteriorly;  anal 
small  aud  short.  Teeth  small,  4-4.  Intestine  about  as  long  a.s  body. 
One  species  known,  from  Mexico.  (Evarraf  an  Indian  name,  "  uiakei  of 
gods  in  lands  beyond  the  sea.") 

505.  KVAHRA  EMiEXMANM,  Woolmuii. 

Head  4i;  depth  5^;  snout  'Si  in  head;  eye  small,  4.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales 
about  17-88-10;  teeth  4-4;  intestine  as  long  as  body.  Body  long  aud  low, 
subtereto,  looking  like  a  small  sucker;  head  small,  the  snout  auteiinily 
truncate,  the  intororbital  space  broad  and  llattish;  mouth  short,  mostly 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


;J05 


iiiiti ! ml,  tb«  maxillary  uot  reaching  to  eye  ;  preniaxillary  protractile,  but 

uut  luiicli  inuvablo;  lips  sutnowhat  thickened ;  scales  very  Hinall,  thuHo  ou 

hells  1111(1  liufure  dorsal  minute;  lateral  linocomplete,deciirvcd  anteriorly; 

lins  ;ill  very  small,  the  dorsal  slightly  behind  ventrals,  its  tip  not  pointed; 

iiectdiiils  short,  reaching  about  half  way  to  anal.    Olivaceous,  belly  sil- 

vt'i  \ .  isidcs  with  a  rather  faint  plumbeouH  lateral  band  ending  in  a  small 

blai  k  ciuidal  spot;  a  darker  dorsal  stripe  ;  fins  all  pale.     Length  3  inches. 

Cit  V  "t  Mexico ;  here  described  from  one  of  Mr.  Woolmau's  types.    (Named 

for  Di.  Carl  II.  Eigenmaun.) 

/■.'mri'i' '(""""""'<  ^^'""''"'S'*>''""-  U-^'  Fish  Coiiini.,  xiv,  1891,  May ;{,  IS'JJ.OI,  City  of  Mexico. 
(T,v|ii',  No-  -ISSVl      Coll.  Woolman  A  Cox.) 

127.  TIAROGA,  (Jirard. 

IV(irn[;i,<JiKAtti>,  Proc,  Ac.  Nttt.Sci.  Phila.,  1856, 204,  (fofciVw). 

I'xxlv  decidedly  elongate,  having  the  form  of  a  loach  {Cohitin),  siibfusi- 
I'onii,  little  compressed  and  covered  with  minute  scales.  Lateral  line 
coiiiiilcttv  Head  small,  subconical,  dei)res8ed,  the  mouth  very  small,  ter- 
minal, Dbliqiie,  without  barbels,  the  lips  fieshy  and  the  preniaxillary  not 
protiiicille.  Eye  moderate.  Isthmus  very  wide.  Dorsal  inserted  slightly 
bLJiiiMl  viitiiils,  the  tin  high,  its  first  rudimentary  ray  somewhat  enlarged ; 
anal  with  short  base.  Teeth  very  small,  apparently  1, 1-4, 1,  and  without 
grinding?  surface.  One  species  known,  a  very  singular  little  fish  from  the 
(.iila  ivjfion.    (A  coined  name.) 

500.  TIAItOOA  COIilTIS,  Giinrd. 

Head  I'j ;  depth  0;  eye  3J.     D.  8;  A.  7;  lateral  line  05.     Teeth  without 

jjiiniiiiiir  surface,  1,  4-4,  1.*     Maxillary  falling  far  shortof  eye,  4  in  head; 

loweijiiw  included.    Eye  moderate,  high  up,  midway  in  head;  iuthmus 

very  wide.    Lateral  lino  nearly  straight.     Body  olivaceous,  with  dusky 

specks  above;  a  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal.     Length  2i  inches.     Rio 

San  I'edro,  a  tributary  of  Itio  Gila;  only  the  types  yet  known,     (cobiiia, 

the  loach,  a  European  fish  of  similar  form.) 

Tmuija  riil.ilh:,  (liu.Mii),  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.   Sci.   Phila.,   1850,   204,   Rio    San   Pedro,   Arizona. 

(I 'oil.  Clark.)    (JiliAilD,  U.  S.  Mux.  Hound.  Surv.,  Ichth.,  00,  185U. 
Le\iri^r„<<.,hilix,  (iCNTiiEil,  Cat.,  VII,  247,  1808. 
aio(.i  r..f.i(,..,  .JiiuiiAN  &  GiLbF.RT,  SyiiopsiH,  170,  188a. 
Tmiviju  ojbUif,  JuHDAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1885,120. 

128.   RHINICHTHYS,  Agasaiz. 
(Black-nosed  Dace.) 

/li|/;/ri'"s,  IIeckki,,  Iliw80gg«rs  Roisou,  I,  1040,  1843,  (dlrdnimin),  iiuiiicprt'ucciiiuod  in  Kiitoiuology. 

Wiiiiiihlliii.^,  AUAS81Z,  Lake  Superior,  aolt,  1850,  (alroHaiim). 

Body  riitber  elongate,  not  much  compressed.  Mouth  small,  subiuferior, 
the  upper  jaw  not  protractile,  the  upper  lip  continuous  with  the  skin  of 
the  forehcai'  forming  a  very  broad  frenum ;  a  small  or  minute  barbel  ter- 
minal on  t  he  maxillary.  Teeth  mostly  2, 4-4, 2  or  1,  hooked,  without  grind- 
ing surtace.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Scales  very  small ;  lateral  linecon- 
tiuuous.    Dorsal  fin  inserted  behind  the  ventrals.     Anal  basis  short. 


*liot  1, :!  3, 1,  us  stated  by  Girard. 
F.  N.  A. 21 


:\t' 


i  ■  '■ 


;  ! 


H 


■im 


)  ; ; 


V  I 


ii 


;  i  jh  lu. 


!'  f 


1"!  i  """^ 


■■ 


306 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Coloration  dark,  the  males  rosy  in  spring.  Active  little  iishes  inhaluting 
mountain  springs,  the  species  very  difficult  to  distinguish,  {(ny,  Huoiif 
Ix^v^t  fish ;  the  snout  being  prominent.) 


' '  4 


?  I  J   ! 

•t 


% 


|i-  mm*. 

W     ;, 

li 

1 

, 

A,  '^ 

! 

^^^^ 

^1 

a.  Snout  loug  and  prominent,  projecting  nutalily  beyond  tho  uioutb,  about  twico  leuKi      r  oyi< 

in  udiilt ;  barbrl  evident. 

h.  Scales  14-C5-8  to  14.  CATAba(  t  i ,  607. 

6fc.  Settles  0-60-7.  siMi  ■;,  Ww. 

aa.  Snout  moderate,  projecting  littlo  beyond  the  email  mouth,  its  length  l^^  times  oye  inuiliilt; 

barbel  minute  or  obsolete.  atbonakis,  OOtf. 

607/bHINICIITHYS  CATARACTi:  (Cuvicr  &  YalencicDDcs). 
(LoNo-NOBEi)  Dace.) 

Head  4  ;  depth  5 ;  eye  2  in  snout,  5  in  head.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  1 1-0)5-8, 
(62  to  68) ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  not  elc\  ated. 
Head  long,  the  muzzle  flattened,  narrowed,  and  extremely  prouiiucnt,  the 
mouth  being  entirely  inferior  and  horizontal.  Eye  nearly  median. 
Isthmus  wide.  Barbel  evident.  Pectoral  fins  enlarged  in  males.  luHer- 
tion  of  dorsal  nearly  median.  Color  olivaceous,  paler  below,  with  iiunier- 
ons  dusky  punctulations  ;  the  back  often  almost  black  ;  some  of  thu  Hcalus 
usually  irregularly  darker,  producing  a  mottled  appearance ;  no  diMtiiict 
black  lateral  band ;  young  specimens  with  a  dusky  lateral  shade ;  abluckiHli 
spot  on  the  opercle ;  males  in  spring  with  the  lips,  cheeks,  and  lower  tins 
crimson.  Length  5  inches.  New  England  to  Virginia  and  WiscunHin;  its 
varieties  ranging  to  Utah  and  the  Columbia  Basin,  frequenting  clear  and 
boisterous  streams  and  rock  pools,  {cataracta:^  of  the  Cataract,  the  orig- 
inal type  being  from  Niagara  Falls.) 

Oohio  cataracUr,  Cuvier  &  VAtENctENNES,  xvi,  315, 1842,  Niagara  Falls.    (Coll.  M.  Jlilberl.) 
Leticisciis  nasulut,  Ayres,  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1841!,  299,  West  Hartford,  Conn. 
RhinicUthyt  marnwraliis,  AoASSiz,  Lake  Suiwrior,  354,  1850,  Lake  Superior.     (Type,  Xo.  1X153.) 

Scalbs  smalliT,  10-70-10  ;  otherwise  similar.     GOntiieu,  Cat.,  vii,  189,  18G8. 
Argyreiis  nasulun,  Cope,  Cypr.  Penn.  3fi9,  ISUO. 
Ilhinkhlliys  nasulHs,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  189,  1868. 
Ceraiiehthiii  cataractic,  GVnTiiF.n,  Cat.,  VII,  176,  1868. 
Bhiaichlhyi  calaracUc,  Jordan  &  Giliieiit,  Synopsis,  207,  1883. 

Represented  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  on  both  sides  of  the  divide  by 

SOIa.'^RHINlCHTHYS  CATAKACT;K  IU'LCIS  (Girard). 

Head  4  ;  depth  5  to  5^.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  11  or  12-63  to  70-!)  to  12. 
Body  elongate,  not  elevated.  Head  long,  tho  muzzle  long  and  projecting, 
as  in  R.  cataractw,  but  rather  sliarper.  Barbel  evident,  l)ut  smaller  than 
in  B.  cataractw.  Insertion  of  dorsal  a  little  farther  back  than  in  (((/«- 
ractw,  being  usually  midway  between  nostril  and  base  of  caudal.  Silvery; 
darker  abo\  o ;  a  dusky  lateral  shade,  at  least  in  the  young ;  males  hn  j?ely 
rosy.  Length  5  inches.  Headwaters  of  the  Miss'Hiri,  Platte,  Arkansas, 
and  Rio  Grande;  also  throughout  the  Columbia  basin,  and  in  tributaries 
of  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  Jordan,  Prove,  and  Bear  rivers,  with  the  species 
of  Jjjoco^)*',  which  it  closely  resembles  ;  abundant  in  swift  brookw.  (did- 
cis,  sweet,  first  taken  in  Sweetwater  River.) 


Jordan  and  Rifermann.— Fishes  of  North  America.        307 

Xrqiff'*  ''"'<''»i  OiiiAnP,  Proc.  Ar.  Nut.  8ci.  I'liiltt.,  186t'.,  1«,'.,  Sweetwater  River,  Nebraska. 

I'lyix',  Nil.  210  (2()2U'i).     (^)ll.  Downian.)    Jdhdan,  Bull.  I'.  S.  Y\A\  Cceiiiii.,  ix,  lf*S!i,  8. 
/}/,,„..  Uihii*  vnixilliiMK,  C'OPK,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  S<-l.  riiilu.,  1864,  278,  Kansas.     (Coll.  Hammond.) 

t  HiKiV  Yaiiiiow,  Zoiil.  Wlii'olcT  Siirvpy,  v,  f.44,  lS7r>. 
gliii'f  ii'l"i' I'"'""'"""'""'"''  Cdi'K,  Aiiicr.  Nut.,  .Inly,  1«79,  411,  tributaries  of  Rio  Grande  in 

Colorado  and  New  Mexico.    (Typu,  No.  17081.    Coll.  Yiirrow.) 
/Mi»  • "',"«   (i<.7/<i,    Oahman,   Sclemo  Observer,    1881,    68,    Northeastern    Wyoming    and 

Montana. 
Bhiiii' hihiii  /"/.111,   (■/>UMAN,  t*cionco  Observer,  1881,  59,  Bear  River,  Ogden,   Utah  ;  Hcaloa 

l;rlow  latiTiil  lino  about  14. 
Ilhiiii'lilliif''"'''"'  •'"'»'"*'<  *  CiLiiEHT,  Syno|)HiB,  885,  1883;  Kveumann,  Hull.  I'.  S.  Fitih  Comm., 

M,  ls')l,(18i>2),42. 
Khinidiihiis  iiiuj-iUotuii  and  iransmontanwi,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopsiK,  -ah,  l«8:i. 

608.  KHIMCIiTHYS  KLVIIS,  Gurman. 

Head  IJ.  D.  9;  A.  8;  ecalee  9-(i0-7.  Head  depressed  above  and  in  front 
ofc.vt's;  Huont  rather  broad,  thin,  little  projecting.  First  ray  of  dorsal 
inidwiiv  1i*>tween  eye  and  base  of  caudal.  Cloudc(i  brown,  a  dark  lateral 
8tiiiu%  bordered  above  by  a  silver  one.  Coabuila,  Mexico,  ((larman); 
not  Hccn  by  us.  (aimus,  ai/toi,  blunt-nosed,  an  ei)itliet  early  applied  to 
Socrat»)8.) 

BhiiiiMhux  ximiit,  liAR.MAN,  Sciouce  Observer,  1881,  01,  Coahuila  ;  Jordan  &  Giluebt,  Synoiwie, 

8«ii,  l«g;i. 

609.''ltHIMCIITUYS  ATRONASUS  (Mltcbill). 
(BLAt'K-.NosEP  Dace.) 

Head  1;  depth  ii;  eye  liiu  snout,  4i  in  head.  D.  7;  A.  7;  lateral  line 
64;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Body  moderately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head 
model  ate,  rather  broad  and  flattish  above.  Snout  moderate.  Month 
small,  horizontal,  Bubterminal,  the  lower  jaw  included;  barbel  minute 
but  probably  al^N'ays  present;  upper  lip  on  level  of  tlie  lower  part  of 
pupil ;  maxillary  not  reaching  nearly  to  eye.  Eye  small,  nearly  median. 
Fins  rather  small;  dorsal  fin  well  back,  its  insertion  about  midway  be- 
tween nostril  and  base  of  caudal.  Scales  quite  small,  somewhat  embedded. 
Color  lilackisli  above ;  «oaie  of  the  scales  irregularly  darker ;  a  black  band 
passinjr  from  snout  through  eye  and  along  sides  of  body  ;  a  paler  streak 
below  this;  belly  silvery  ;  males  in  spring  ■with  the  lateral  band  and  the 
lower  fins,  and  sometimes  the  whole  body,  bright  crimson  ;  males  in  late 
HUiimier  with  the  lateral  baud  scarlet  or  orange,  tho  red  color  growing 
fainter  later  in  the  season.  Length  3  inches.  Now  England  to  Minnesota, 
Northern  Alabama,  and  Virginia;  very  abundant  in  clear  brooks  and 
mountain  streams.  Exce8.>jivoly  variable,  running  into  several  varieties, 
the  extremes  of  which  seem  like  distinct  species,  {atcr,  black ;  iiaaus, 
nose.) 

Cyprinus  (Uriinasus,  MiTCHil.l.,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  I,  1815,  4G0,  Wallkill  River; 

brooks  of  New  York;  Mitciiill,  Amcr.  Monthly  Mag.,  i,  1817,  l)f(enib«r,  289. 
Cuiiriiim  rilliiltis,  KAFiNEByi'E,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.   I,  1817,  121,  Deceinlicr,    Hudson  River 

above  the  Falls. 
Wunidilhijs  aironuims,  GCntheh,  Cat.,  vii,  I'Jl,  18G8;  Jordan  A-  Gii.iikrt,  Synopsis,  208,  l8sa. 


:  t  !. 


•i   1 


V        :-;:l 


I  ; 


\   i 


If 


S  I 


iliM 


f  ; 


n 


308 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


PkU 
w 


I 


) 

m 


ft  i 


KtipreHouted  in  tliu  ToniieHHce  liauiu  by 

6U1>s.  BlIIMtilTHVS  ATHONANl'M  C'KOCKUS  (8tonr). 

Head  4;  depth  4i;  eyo  5.  D.  7;  A.  G;  HcaleH  70;  tuoth  2,  i--\,  2.  Wry 
Himilar  to  U.  atronuHUH,  but  usually  rather  Htuuter,  the  uculett  Htnullci .  iIh- 
barbel  mure  dlHtinct,  the  head  u  little  Hhortur,  the  upper  Jaw  ukim  pK,. 
jecting,  and  the  coluratiou  suniewhat  ditteront.  Hack  ulivuceoiis,  iuikIi 
luuttled  with  darker;  uideu  with  a  rather  faint  bruwnlHh  band,  niaiumnl 
above  and  below  with  creamy  yellowish;  a  duHky  blotch  in  themidilU;  oi 
the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin  ;  males  with  the  pectoral  iins  enlarged,  ami  u  iti, 
the  lateral  band  rosy.  Length  3  inches.  Tennessee  liasiu  ;  abuittlunt  iii 
clear  brooks,     {croceus,  saffron  color.) 

Leucimm  trnttui,  Stokeh,  I'ruc.  Host.  Sue.  Nat.   Hist.,  July,  1845,  4H,  Florence,   Alulmma 

(Coll.  (JliUH.  A.  Ilcntz.) 
llhinichthyti'ltlumt,  Aoarhiz,  Amor.  .loiirn.  Sci.  Arts,  185-1,  ;J57,  Huntsville,  Alabama  ,  (li  n imku, 

Cut.,  VII,  190,  186M  ;  JoBDAN  A  (JiLIIKBT,  SyiiopsiH,  2(tH,  1HK3. 
UhimchOiyi  badiiu,  Gakman,  Scionco  Obsorvur,  1881,  00;  "McuIuh  M-80-1U,"  Clinch  Kivcr. 

Replaced  northwestward  by 

600b.  ItlllNK'HTHYS  ATKONASUS  LrNATlIS  (C'ui)o). 

Much  like  var.  oroceus,  the  coloration  mottled,  the  lateral  baud  obhoiute, 
the  mouth  more  inferior,  with  shorter  and  wider  cleft.  Eye  5  in  litud; 
depth  5  in  length.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  nostril  and  liaw; 
of  caudal.  Scales  62.  The  common  form  in  the  lakes  and  brooks  of  Miclii- 
gan  and  Indiana,  and  probably  of  Wiscoiisin  and  Minnesota,  also. 

UhiHuhlhiis  liiiuitiui,  Coi'K,  Pruc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  1MG4,  278,  Grosse  Isle,  Michigan      (Cull. 

Prof.  Fox.) 
IlhimclUhj/t  arenalui,  (Jarmak,  Scicuco  Obscrvi^r,  1881,  U2,  Sand  Hill  River,  Minnesota. 

Represented  in  the  prairie  streams  by 

509c.  RHINICIiTHYS  ATltONAKI'S  NKLKACIRIS  (AgRHKi/,.) 

Similar  to  subspecies  crocetis,  but  the  jaws  nearly  equal.  Head  lnoail, 
narrowed  anteriorly.  Scales  11-70-8.  Illinois  and  Iowa,  perliups  indiH- 
tiuguishable  from  lunatus.  {mekuyris,  generic  name  of  the  turkey,  I'luiu 
its  color?)  « 

Hhiniclilliyii  iiielcagrui,  AoASSiz,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  ArtH,  1854,  357,  Burlington,  Iowa.    (Cull. 
Dr.  fiausch.)    Joiidan  &  Gu.ukiit,  Synopais,  886,  1883. 

129.  AGOSIA,  Girard. 

Agosia,  QlRABP,  Pror.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  185G,  ISfi,  {chnifi'ijaster). 
Ai>oco]ie,  Coi-K,  llaydeu'H  Geol.  >Siirv.  Mont,  for  1871,  472,  1872,  {lairimiitmi). 
Erilrema,  (Jiii-E,  Zoiil.  WUcoRt'h,  Ocol.  Surv.  W.  iDOth  Mor.,  v,  (;|8,  187(1,  (lieiiKluwii). 
liopliendum,  Jobuan,  Bull.  Haydeu's  Gtol.  Surv.  Torr.,  iv,  1878,  786,  {sideriiim). 

This  genus  differs  from  Rhinichthys  only  in  having  the  premaxillaiieH 
protractile.  Even  this  character  shows  a  disposition  to  disappiai  by 
degrees,  as  many  specimens  of  Ayonia  yarrowi  possess  a  narrow  fiiinim, 
which,  however,  is  distinct  from  the  very  broad  freniim  of  nhinid'Uinn- 
In  form,  appearance,  and  habits  the  two  groups  agree  perfectly,  all  the 
species  inhabiting  mountain  streams  and  springs.  Kocky  Mountain  vei;iuii. 
(A  coined  uaiue  without  nicauing.) 


Jordan  ami  Evertnann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


309 


II. 


(.)i 


AiinsiM 
.1,1.  T. 


R,  (airoKoirt),  a  cnUinft  away,  frum  the  Imporft'ct  latural  lioo): 

rtli  tud-rowi'il,  iiHiiiilly  witliuut  grindioK  lurfuco. 

.  IicirMil  till  ruthcr  low,  and  not  ntrongly  falcatu;  caudal  lolion  olitiiM). 

(',  Snout  rntlKT  lon^',  Inm  tliitn  4  in  In-od,  reioniMing  that  nf  llhiitiihlhyii. 
il.  Scali'H  Kmitll,  UBnally  niorii  than  70in  lateral  lino. 

e.  Head  4;  nnout  4;  Bcalv*  very  small,  about  8!)  in  latoriil  line.      ohciti.a,  MO. 
<«,  Head  rathitr  lung,  nliuut  4\^\  ficaloii  largxr,  alM>ut  in  In  InttTal  lino. 

YAititowi,  rill, 
rer.  Iloail  dhnrter,  4' j^  to  Ti;  iical«i  alniut  74.  couKfill,  M'i. 

(ill.  Sriilc'H  lurRcr,  f<'W»'r  than  70  in  lateral  lino. 

/.  SraloH  about  Ci;  Hnout  2%;  oyo  fi  to  6J/iJ.  AnonE,  r>13. 

Jf.  .MriiioH  lar^o,  utiually  C2  to  6fi. 

ij.  1lo<ly  cjuito  doop,  do|itli  '.)%  to  4  in  longth;  flnii  low.     nrvaprnrir,  fil4. 
ijij,  noiiy'inoro  Hlondor,  depth  :i%  to  fi  in  length. 

//.  SoaloH  modorato,  uRuully  fewer  than  70.  Nunii.A,  515. 

.  pnrnal  (In  liiRli  nml  Htron^ly  f'lilcato. 
i'.  Iiinor  rayH  ofvontral  flnx  without  momhranouH  ntayx  joinini;  them  to  tho  body. 
,/.  l';yo  largo,  :t  in  head;  Rculen  lar^o,  about  56  in  latoral  lino.  vkmi'Kka,  fil6. 

ji.  Kyo  smaller,  'S%  to  4  in  head;  Hcales  smallor,  (ill  to  70  in  latoral  line. 

I'MATII.r.A,  617. 

II.  Inner  rayfi  nf  ventral  flns  unitod  to  liody  by  2  or  3  membranous  stays. 

FAI.OATA,  518. 

ith  ono-rowod,  4-t,  with  grinding  surfaro;  smloHvory small;  intostinal  canal  Romowhat 
elongate.  cilltYgiKiAHTKB,  510. 

Subgenus  APOCOPE,  Cope. 


610.  ACIOSIA  OSC'ITLA  (fJirard). 

Iload  1 ;  depth  4  J;  eye4,  shorter  than  snout.  D.  8;  A.  7;  pcalos  18-89-15 ; 
tt'ctli  I,  4-1,  1.  Hody  rather  cIon|rate,  the  tail  Htout;  unr/./.le  obtuse,  hut 
naiKiwcd  anteriorly,  not  overhanginji;  the  mouth;  I>arl)el  small,  some- 
tinu'.s  obsolete.  Scales  very  small.  Dusky  olive  above,  a  blackish  lateral 
liiiiid:  iriiilos  with  axils  of  pectorals  and  ventrals  scarlet;  a  scarlet  patch 
almvo  j^iil  opening  and  one  on  side  of  niu/zle.  Length  2  to  3  inches. 
Lower  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers;  not  rare.     {oaculu8,  small  mouthed.) 

-Ir;;;//.  M*  i.>.i(/m.i,  (iiiiARii,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  18.')'),  1H6,  Babocomori  Creek,  a  tributary 

of  the  Rio  San  Pedro,  Arizona.     (Type,  No.  50.    Coll.  Clerk.)    (iiiiAni),  U.  S.  &  Mox. 

Il..ui(l.  Surv.  Zoiil.,  47,  plato  xxvii,  Arh.  !)  to  12,  18.")!). 
Anjiir.ii^  wiiiliilis,  GiKAni),  /.  <:,  IS.")!!,  180,  Rio  Santa  Cruz,  Sonora,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio 

San  Pedro,  which  is  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Gila.    ((.'oil.  Clark.)    (iiitARn,  Mcx.  itoiind. 

Slir\.  /oiil.,  17,  plato  xxvil,  figH.  5  to  8,  185!». 
CniiHiiliiift  rnilriiiitiio,  Coi'E,   Proc.   Ansnr.  I'hilos.  Soc.   Pliila.,    1874,  V.W,  Arizona  ;  I'liignp. 

Iclitli.  ntiih,  10,  1874.     (Tvpo,  No.  l.-)784.    Coll.  Newberry.) 
A]K,r„p,:  iviiiriama,  Coi'R  A  Yaiikow,  Zoiil.  Whoelor  Surv.,  tVi8,  phito  xxviii,  figs.  1  and  la,  1875, 

(IsTc). 
/t/Kv.yi  ,-:, iihi  (In  part)  and  i'e»i^n'eo»(i,  Jordan  &  Gii.iir.nT,  SynojisiH,  211,  1883. 

f.ll.  ACJOSIA  I'AIIROWI,  Jordan  A  Kvormanii. 

Head  4!;;  depth  5  to  5A;  eye  5^  to  6;  snout  short,  obtuse,  2|  to  2f. 
1).  7:  \.  7;  scales  small,  averaging  about  16-78-13.  Harbel  small  but 
tlLstiiict.  IJody  elongate,  little  compressed;  head  long  and  rather  heavy, 
bluntitdi,  upper  lip  with  or  without  narrow  frenum  Joining  it  mesially 
to  snout  ;  the  frenum  present  in  about  half  of  our  many  spocinnens;  lips 
i'lill,  iiia.\illary  about  3^  in  head.  Lateral  line  complete.  Dorsal  fin  well 
backward,  its  origin  about  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  eye; 


1^    i. 


III* 

Is     *    1^ 


;    I 


•    '  1 


!  ! 


i 
i     1 


■i  J 


I  i 


i'  ■;  ■ 


■t*-"-'-' 


*■,■.-.    1   .    ^ 


■            ■      f 

'  f  "^  n 


310  Bulletin  42,  United  Stti/cs  JViitionu/  Afuseum. 


\\\ 


if  ." 


i 

'1 

■    ■ 

;^  1 


•  n  nn  jK'n 


j^'<' 


poctural  U  ill  lu'ud,  iihuiiM}'  not  (Hiito  roacliiug  vontralH,  tlio  latter  Kiirh. 
iu)f  piiHt  v«>iit ;  <>iuulal  lingw.  Color  <lark  olive,  inoro  or  1(>hh  iiiottiod  iliove 
witli  Mack  ;  HiduH  with  two  ill-duliiuHl  dark  lateral  ItaiidH,  tlie  int«>iM|ij|('(>N 
paler;  axilHof  tlie  liiiN  mostly  criiiiHon  in  life,  au  in  related  NpecieH.  I.i  ii^tli 
2  to  r>  iiii'lipH.  .StreaiiiH  of  ('(dorado  in  the  (*olorado  Kiver  HaMiii.  M-ry 
abundant  in  Hniull  HtreaniH  in  the  mountain  nioadowH,  lesH  conuuon  m  iId- 
larger  streaiuN.  (Named  for  Dr.  Henry  C.  Yarrot!^^  uaturalist  ul  iju' 
Survey  West  of  the  Hundredth  Meridian.) 

Aijimiii  iiniTiici,  .IditDAN  Si  Kvkumann,  Hull.  I'.  S.  FIbIi  Coiiiiii.,  IX,  18S0,  (189J1,  liS,  Tomichi 
Creek  and  Gunnison  River,  Gunnison,  Colorado.  (Coll.  .Jorilnii,  KviTiiiiiiin,  I'l'itlrr, 
A  DiivJH.) 

Apnii'iii'  iisciihi,  ('iii'K  A  Yaukow,  Zi)ii|.  Whuelcr  .»<urvoy,  (147, 1875,  (187(!),  nutof  Uiuauh  ;  .Iuuhav 
A  (iiMiEiiT,  SyiiopsU,  211,  18>*M,  in  |iarl. 

612.  AiiOSIA  t'OlKSII  (Yarrow). 

Head  4  to  4i;  depth  4jl  to  4A;  eyo  4i  to  5;  snout  2^.  D.  I,  8,  (Home- 
timoH  7);  A.  1,7;  Hcales  12-74-11,  (ran^o  from  70  to  7(5);  teeth  I  or  2, 
4-4,  2  or  1.  Harltel  present.  Hody  moderately  stout,  ventral  and  dorsal 
outlines  gently  arched;  head  long  and  pointed;  snout  pointed,  month 
broad,  inferior;  eyo  small,  high  up;  interorbital  width  equal  to  snout; 
caudal  peduncle  long,  slender,  and  compressed.  Origin  ol'  dorsal  licliind 
insertion  of  ventrals,  about  midway  between  base  of  middle  candjil  iay» 
and  notttril.  Scales  small,  tirm  and  closo-Hot;  lateral  line  complete. 
Color  dark  gray  above  and  on  sides  to  lateral  line;  below  jtalr;  nu 
lateral  band ;  tins  all  plain.  Length  4}  inches.  Colorado  Kiver  itasiii. 
(Named  for  Dr.  Klliott  Coues,  the  well-known  ornithologist.) 

Apocopi-  vomMi,  Y'ARnow,  Fiold  and  Fori'St,  1870,  and  Zool.  Wlicolor  Surv.,  048,  187.'>,  (1870), 
Camp  Apache,  Arizona, 

r>13.  AiiOSIA  ADOKK,  .Tunlnn  &.  Kvermaiin. 

Head  3J  to  3;; ;  depth  4i  to  5 ;  eyo  2  in  snout,  5  to  5 J  in  head.  I).  8; 
A.  7;  scales  12-H3  to  70-10.  Hody  slender  and  elongate,  the  head  lon^' 
and  low,  sharp  in  profile.  Snout  long,  about  2j  in  head,  its  tip  iirojcct- 
ing  considerably  beyond  tho  thick  upper  lip;  mouth  larger  than  in  A, 
nubila,thci  maxillary  extending  beyond  nostril;  barbel  well  developed. 
Lateral  line  complete.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  front  of  eye 
and  base  of  caudal ;  pectorals  shortish;  caudal  large.  Length  '2  to  4 
inches.  Clay-colored,  with  a  dark  lateral  band;  back  with  somo  dark 
dots.    Sevier  River,  Utah,  locally  abundant,     {adobe,  clay,  in  SpuniHii.) 

Agotia  atloh;  .loRDAN  k  EvEUMANN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Finh  Conini.,  ix,  1889,  (1891),  36,  Sevier  River, 
Juab,  Utah.     (Type,  No.  41C74.    Coll.  Jordan,  Evermonu,  I'fslor,  &  DaviH.) 

514.  AnOSIA  NEVADENSIS  (Gilbert). 

Head  3.^  to  4;  depth  3i  to  4;  eye  very  small,  5i  in  head,  half  interor- 
bital width,  which  equals  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  middle  of  eye. 
D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  6.'>;  pores  about  58.  Hody  robust,  with  laoad, 
heavy  head,  its  greatest  depth  at  occiput,  5  in  body,  (6J  in  A.  unhilii, 
of  same  size).  Mouth  terminal,  very  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  in>  iiuled, 
the  promaxillaries  not  overlapped  by  snout.  Maxillary  3  in  hea«l.  reach- 
ing front  of  eye;  barbels  well  developed;  scales  small,  very  irret^nlarly 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        311 


I)  need,  thu  Int«r»l  lino  inc()iii|il«)to  in  ndiilt.  FiiiH  x\\\  hiiiiiII  ;  front  of 
ildiMiiI  Miiilway  htttwcou  Iiuhu  of  caudiil  and  niiddlo  of  occiput,  hehind 
li;i-c  of  vtintralH.  V«intral  raj'H  apparently  Hoven,  the  outer  rudiiuentary. 
Itiiiwn,  iiiucli  Npockled  aWovo,  wliito  hulow,  a  dark  lutoral  Htripe  ondin^  iu 
an  olmciiro  caudal  spot.  Warm  Hprin^H  in  tho  duHortH  of  sonthwoHtern 
Ni'vadu;  AhIi  McadowH,  Indian  (Jrook,  and  VugaH  Creok,  Nuvada. 

l!liiiii'lith!in(Aii<ii-<r]ti)  urrittleiitiiii,  (iiLliKHT,  Dt'Alli  Vnlloy  Kspi-ilitioii,  ZiO,  |il.  VI,  flg,  1,  1803,  Aah 
Mcadowi,  Amargosa  Deaert.    (('ull.  Merriniii  it  Bailuy.) 

fiKi/AMOSIA  M'HILA  (Ulrard). 

Iloftd  Sf  to  4ij;  depth  :^2  to  5;  eye  3i  to  5;  snout  2f  to  3j^.  Dorsal 
iiHiially  8,  HomotinieH  9,  one  or  two  rudimentary  anterior  rays;  anal  7; 
NcalcH  variable,  ranging  from  47  to  70,  uHually  betweou  52  and  iir>.  Teeth 
1,  1-4,  1;  1,  4-4,  0;  1,  4-4,  2;  or  2,  4-4,  2.  Barbel  usually  present,  espe- 
cially in  coastwiue  specimeuH.  liody  not  compressed,  head  rather  short, 
snout  moderate,  mouth  inferior,  horizontal  or  obli<[ue.  Fins  not  falcate; 
origin  of  dorsal  usually  somewhat  behind  insertion  of  voutrals  and 
iiHiially  midway  between  base  of  middle  caudal  rays  and  posterior  edge 
of  ))rf!<)percle,  but  varying  either  way  as  much  as  diameter  of  eye. 
Color  usually  dark  grayish  above,  becoming  paler  below,  a  faint  lateral 
liand  of  dark,  extending  through  eye  and  around  snout,  especially  plaiu 
in  specimens  from  the  heavily  wooded  region  of  western  WashiDgtou.  Ao 
cKtrcnu'ly  abundant  and  variable  species,  and  a  study  of  a  large  amount 
of  material  from  many  different  localities  iu  the  Columbia  River  basin 
liuR  not  enabled  us  to  recognize  any  differences  of  value  for  purposes  of 
speeitic  separation.  Length  3^  inches.  Basin  of  the  Columbia  River  from 
western  Idaho,  below  the  Shoshone  Falls  of  Snake  River  to  the  coast, 
and  in  coastwise  streams  from  Washington  southward  into  Oregon. 
.Specimens  from  the  following  localities  are  included  under  this  species  iu 
tho  above  description :  Clearwater  River,  Potlatch  Creek,  near  Luwiston, 
Idaho ;  Boise  River,  Caldwell,  Idaho ;  Pataha  River,  Starbuck,  Wash- 
injjtoii ;  Umatilla  River,  Pendleton,  Oregon ;  Mill  Creek,  Walla  Walla; 
Wall.i  Walla  River,  Wallula,  Washington  ;  Coeur  d'Alene  Lake,  Idaho; 
Little  .Spokane  River,  Spokane,  Washington  ;  Hangman  Creek,  Tekoa, 
Washington;  Columbia  River  Umatilla,  Washington;  Colville  River, 
Colville,  Washington;  Natchess  River,  North  Yakima,  Washington; 
Ncwankum  River  and  Skookumchuck  River,  Chehalis,  Washington. 
{iiulnlus,  dusky.) 

Argiiniis  unMiin,  OlBARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185(J,  180,  and  Pac.  K.  B.  Surv.,  244,  1868, 

Fort  Steilacoom,  Puget  Sound.     (Type,  No.  51.     Coll.Suckloy.) 
,1j).«..j„  iiiililti,  .Jordan  &  Gii.iieut,  Synopsis,  210,  1883. 
Ag'isiii  hiii'ila,  Gilbert  &  Evermann,  Invi-stigations  iu  Columbia  River  Basin,  41, 1894. 

Represented  eastward  by 

r>16a.  AOOSU  NUBILA  CARRINOTONII  (Cope). 

Hea<l  3f  to  4f ;  depth  4f  to  5;  eye  4  to  4J ;  snout  3  to  3i.  D.  I,  9, 
rarely  I,  8;  A.  I,  7;  scales  64,  (53  to  72).  Barbel  usually  present.  Teeth 
variable,  but  usually  1,  4-4,  2,  hooked.     Body  rather  stout,  back  little 


H! 


-I 


S-* 


'  < 


t*" 


\ 


ii 


i   T 


III 


l:,i 


i.l  i  jl' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


'Ml 


V 


1.0 


I.I 


■as  128    12.5 

us  "^ 

£    |££    12.0 

u 


IL25  i  1.4 


1.6 


6" 


Sciences 
Corporalion 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SM 

(716)«72-450r 


^ 

1 

■■■;.^;.i;S,v;':::.* 

s^ 

t 

i             ,     ""^^v"'!  '   ..  .:-:;' ..  '  >.    \  ' 

i 

»     * 

V;    .  -;:"  ■'«;: 


Pf 


mi£i 


,  1 

M 

1 


1.!^  ,;  f  ■ 


<  ^eEK  li. 


M' 


1! 


:i 


?i 


•      ■•  ' 


lr\ 


312 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


elevated,  caudal  peduncle  compressed;  bead  moderate,  snout  brund, 
gently  deciirved;  mouth  broad,  inferior,  oblique;  interorbital  widtli 
equals  length  of  snout.  Fins  not  falcate;  insertion  of  dorsal  slightly 
behind  ventrals,  about  midway  between  base  of  middle  caudal  rays  and 
pupil;  height  of  dorsal  and  anal  about  equal,  1^  in  head;  caudal  not 
deeply  forked.  Lateral  line  often,  but  not  always,  incomplete.  Coloi 
grayish,  with  scattered  dark  spots  or  blotches ;  faint  dark  lateral  baiui 
extending  forward  through  eye  and  around  snout ;  dorsal  and  anui  tiiiN 
with  suine  dark  markings;  other  fins  plain.  Length  4  inches.  Upper 
Snake  Kiver  liasiu  to  Heart  Lake  in  Yellowstone  Park,  thence  extendiii},' 
southward  in  the  (Jreat  Basin  to  Utah  Lake ;  very  abundant  and  extremely 
variable.  To  this  form  wo  also  refer  provisionally  specimens  from  Lake 
Tahos  and  elsewhere  in  the  Lahontan  basin,  and  also  those  from  various 
coastwise  localities  in  central  and  southern  California,  where  it  i.s 
abundant  in  clear  streams  and  springs  as  far  south  as  San  Luis  Obispo. 
Thef  T  California  and  Nevada  forms  may  be  distinct  species,  but  if  so,  we. 
are  unable  to  define  them.  (Named  for  Campbell  Carrington,  naturalist 
of  the  Hayden  Survey  in  Utah  and  Idaho.) 

Apocope  ramngtonii.  Cope,  Uayden's  Fifth  Annual  Report  U.  S.  etiological  Survey,  1871,  (lS7.ii, 

472,  Warm  Springs,  [Box  Elder  County],  Utah.    (roll.  Camphell  Carrington.)    Coit 

A  Yarkow,  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Survey,  C45,  1S75,  (187''). 
Apocope  vuhicrata.  Cope,  /.  c,  471),  Logan,  Utah.    (Type,  No.  15Vfi8.    Coll.  HenRliaw.)    C.nvi-. 

Sc  Yarbow,  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Surv.,  C4fi,  1875,  (1876). 
Tigoma rhinichlhtioiilcs,  CorE,  I.  c,  473,  Logan,  Utah.     (Coll.  Carrington.) 
Bhinichthjs  hensharii,  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Philoe.  Soc.  Phila.,  1874,  1.33,  Provo,  Utah;  Plapnp. 

Ichth.  Utah,  7,  1874. 
AgoKia  iiorenirmliala,  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1881!,  141,  Weber  River  at  Echo,  Utah. 
Ccrnlichthijn  mthilnit.  Cope,  Haydon's  Fifth  Annual  Report  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1871,  0872),  172. 
Apocope  henthafii.  Cope  A  Yarrow,  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Surv.,  C45,  187.'),  (1876). 
Apocope  cnn-iiKjIoiii  and  rubiemta,  Jordan  &.  Hensiiaw,  Report  Chief  Engineers,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv, 

W.  100th  Men,  191,  1878. 
Apocope  catringloiii,  ruhicriita,  and  hcmhavii,  .Ioudan  &  Gil.nEnT,  Synopsis,  210,  1883. 
Agosin  mihila,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  ix,  1880,  (18C1),  .■J2  and  48. 
Agosia  imbUa  carriiigtotiii,  Gilbert  &  Everhann,  Investigations  in  Columbia  River  Basin, 41, 1894. 

51«.  AGOSIA  YKUFfilRA  (Gilbert). 

Head  4;  depth  4f ;  eye  3.  D.  8;  A.  7;  lateral  line  with  .56  pores;  10 
scales  between  lateral  line  and  dorsal ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  hooked.  Upper 
lip  as  in  A.  yarrowi  with  a  narrow  frenum,  thus  indicating  a  transition 
toward  BMnichthys.  Snout  narrow,  lluntly  rounded,  not  projectiiif: 
beyond  premaxillaries.  Month  small,  horizontal,  the  maxillary  equal  to 
eye,  reaching  front  of  eye,  3^^  in  head.  Pectorals  nearly  reaching  base  of 
ventrals,  the  latter  beyond  front  of  anal ;  origin  of  dorsal  behind  ventrals, 
midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  middle  of  eye,  the  fin  unusually  high ; 
caudal  lobei  more  pointed  than  usual.  Brown ;  a  black  lateral  band  and 
a  small  black  cand.\l  spot.  Three  specimens  from  a  hot  spring  in  Pahran- 
agat  Valley,  southwestern  Nevada,    {velum,  sail ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

IthiniclMiis  {Apocope)  velifer,  GILBERT,  Death  Valley  Expedition,  229,  pi.  vi,  fig.  2,  1893,  Pah- 
ranagat  Valley,  Nevada.    (Coll.  Merriam  &  Bailey.) 


Jordan  and  £7>ertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        313 

517.  AOOSIA  UMATILLA,  Gilbert  k  ETorin-\nn. 

Head  4;  depth  4}  to  5;  eye  3i  to  4;  suout  3.  D  I,  9;  A.  I,  7;  scales 
lU  or  14-63  to  70-7  or  8 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  hooked.  Body  rather  slender, 
back  8oniewh'>.t  elevated ;  head  pointed,  narrow :  caudal  pednncle  com- 
pressed, its  least  depth  2  in  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  slightly  behind 
insertion  of  ventrals,  midway  between  nostril  and  base  of  middle  caudal 
rnys ;  dorsal  falcate,  vts  anterior  rays  nearly  as  long  as  head ;  rudimentary 
rays  not  mnch  enlarged  nor  spine-like ;  anal  strongly  falcate,  the  anterior 
rays  much  produced,  about  as  long  ar  head;  pectorals  not  quite  reaching 
ventrals,  \\  in  head;  ventrals  reaching  front  of  anal,  1^  in  hend;  caudal 
deeply  forked.  Color  as  in  A.  falcata,  which  it  resembles,  but  from  whioh 
it  differs  in  the  absence  or  very  weak  development  of  ventral  stays,  and 
ill  the  notably  smaller  scales.  Known  from  the  Columbia  River  at  Uma- 
tilla and  Payette  River  at  Payette,  Idaho.    ( Umatilla,  type  locality.) 

Aiimiavmalilln,  Oilbert  &  Evehmann,  Inveptigfttions  in  Columbia  Blver  Basin,  42,  pi.  ix,  flg.2, 
1894,  Columbia  River,  Umatilla,  Oregon.    (Type,  No.  46300.    Coll.  Gilbert  &  Butter.) 
/ 
618^AG0?IA  FALCATA,  Eigenmann  *  Eigonmann. 

Head  3i  to  4^ ;  depth  4+  to  5i;  eye  3i  to  4^ ;  snout  2*  to  3.  D.  II,  9; 
A,  I,  7;  scales  52  to  57.  Body  slender,  caudal  peduncle  and  head  very 
HJeuder ;  mouth  inferior,  nearly  horizontal,  overhung  by  the  rather  long 
snout ;  eye  1  irge,  interorbital  space  wide.  Fins  falcate ;  dorbal  about 
over  insertion  of  ventrals,  about  midway  between  base  of  middle  caudal 
rays  and  pupil,  its  longest  rays  nearly  as  long  as  head;  the  two  anterior 
rays  strong  and  spine-liT^e ;  anal  rays  about  as  long  as  thoce  of  dorsal ; 
pectorals  variable,  usuaUy  nearly  as  long  au  head ;  ventrals  provided  with 
2  or  3  membvanous  stays  uniting  the  inner  rays  with  the  body.  Dark, 
mottled  above,  blotched  with  dark  on  sides  and  at  base  of  caudal  fiu; 
head  dark  above  and  down  to  lower  level  of  eye ;  under  parts  pale.  Fins 
with  some  dark  markings,  especially  the  caudal;  pectorals  and  ventrals 
palest.  Body  and  inner  sides  of  pectoral  fins  often  profusely  covered  with 
minute  tubercles.  Columbia  River  basin ;  locally  abundant ;  Boise  River 
at  Caldwell,  Idaho ;  Payette  River  at  Payette,  Idaho ;  Columbia  River  at 
Pasco  and  Umatilla ;  and  Mill  Creek  at  Walla  Walla,    {falcatus,  falcate.) 

i-l josi'd  falcata,  Eioenmann  &  Eioenmann,  American  Naturalist,  xxvii,  February  4,  1803,  153, 
Boise  River,  Caldwell,  Idaho.  (Coll.  Eigenmann.)  Gilbert  &  Evermann,  Investiga- 
tions in  Columbia  Bivor  Basin,  42, 1894. 

Agmia  thiisteap*  Kioenmann  &  EiQENMANN,  American  Naturails*,  xxvii,  February  4,  1893, 154, 
Shushwap  Lake,  near  mouth  of  Eagle  River,  British  Columbia.  (Coll.  Eigen- 
mann.) 

Agosia  falcata  thnstoap,  Eioenuann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xiv,  1804,  (July  7, 1894),  111. 

Subgenus  AGOSIA. 

519.  AOUSIA  CHRTSOOASTER,  Girard. 

Head  4;  depth  4;  eye  4.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales88;  teeth  4-4,  without  grinding 
surface.  Barbel  small,  but  evident.  Body  fusiform ;  head  rather  heavy,  con- 
ical ;  snout  tnberculate  in  males  in  spring.    Mouth  terminal,  the  upper  jaw 

♦  Dorsal  oqnidistant  from  base  of  middle  caudal  rays  and  posterior  half  of  eye,  inserted  directly 
over  origin  of  ventrals;  lateral  band  well  uiarktid,  otherwise  as  in  A.  falcata.  (Eigenmanu.) 
Apparently  not  differing  from  A.  falcata. 


.    i 


Ml 
I 


'l,di-\  Ji-j^'il.-  .:i-;..v>: iJ-f-v^ 


m 


^jWW 


!■■ 


'1        i' 


I  ^   .; 


314 


Bulletin  47,  Untied  Slates  National  Museum. 


^ 


the  longer;  maxillary  reaching  about  line  of  orbit;  month  forming  nioio 
than  a  semicircle.  Fins  long,  the  ventrals  reaching  anal.  Color,  dark  in/n 
gray  above,  Bometimes  spotted ;  a  darker  band  of  same  along  sides  above 
lateral  line,  extending  from  end  of  snout  to  middle  of  caudal  where  it 
is  most  conspicuous;  males  with  the  belly  yellow  or  orange.  Tributaries 
of  the  Gila  River,  not  rare  in  mountain  bicoks.  {xP^^^iy  gold;  yaart/i), 
belly.) 

AgoHa  chrynogarter,  Girard,  Proc,  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1850,  187,   and  U.  8.  A  Mnx.   Bouiiil. 

Snnr ,  Zool.,  4!),  plate  xxtiii,  Aks.  5  to  8,  1859,  Rio  Santa  Cruz,  Sonora.    (Coll.  CIuiK.) 

Jordan  &  Gilrert,  SynopsiH,  209,  188:i. 
Ayotia  metallica,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1856, 187,  and  U,  S.  &  Mex.  Bound.  Surv., 

Zoiil.,  49,  plate  xxviii,  fif^.  1  to  4,  1859,  Rio  San  Pedro,  Arizona.     (Coll.  Clark.)    J.>ii. 
DAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopnl8,  209, 1885. 
Hyborhynchtut  tideriu*,*  (lapsus  for  Ilybognalhm),  Cope,  Zoiil.  Wlicoler  Snrr.,  y,  670,  plate  xx\i, 

flgs.  6,  6a,  1875,  (1876),  Camp  Lowell,  Arizona.     (Type,  Mo.  16984.    Coll.  Rutter.) 
Zitphendum  Hiderium,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Bynopsis,  155,  1883. 

130.  HYBOPSIS,  Agassiz. 
(Horny-heads.) 

Hyhoptii,  A0AS8IZ,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  358,  {gracilii^^amhtopt). 
Nocomig,  GiBARD,  froc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1856,  190,  (HebraKeii»is-=keHtucJeien$iK). 
Ceralichthyg,  Daird  MS.,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  212,  (biguUalM  =  kentuckientit). 
Erinemm,  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.,  Kd.  i,  279, 1876,  {hyalimu  -  amblops). 
Erimyitax,  Jordan,  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  iv,  Zoiil.,  858,  1882,  {dMmilii). 
Yuriria,  Jordan  &  Evermann,  new  subgenus,  (alliu). 

Body  robust,  or  variously  elongate.  Mouth  terminal  or  inferior,  with 
lips  thin  or  somewhat  fleshy,  a  conspicuous  barbel  always  present  aud 
terminal  on  the  maxillary ;  a  second  barbel  sometimes  present  on  each  side; 
premaxillaries  protr<^ctile.  Teeth  4-4,  or  1, 4-4, 1,  or  0 ;  hooked,  the  grind- 
ing surface  narrow  or  obsolete.  Scales  usually  rather  large,  35  to  58  iu 
lateral  line ;  lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  over,  in  front  of, 
or  slightly  behind  ventrals ;  anal  basis  short.  Males  nsually  with  nup- 
tial tubercles,  and  sometimes  flushed  with  red.  A  large  and  varied  group, 
closely  allied  to  Notropis,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  the  presence  of 
the  small  maxillary  barbel.  We  here  divide  it  into  4  subgenera,  but  a 
greater  number  of  subordinate  groups  could  be  recognized.  The  group 
shows  a  range  of  variation  as  wide  as  that  in  Notropis,  though  with  a 
smaller  number  of  species.    (t>/96r,  gi  bbous ;  o-^iq,  face.) 

a.  Species  of  moderate  or  small  size,  the  mouth  inferior,  horizontal ;  preorbital  broad,  silvery ; 
se'^cB  similar,  the  male  sometimes  tuberculate  or  with  the  fins  rosy. 
Erimystax,  (ipi,  an  intensive  particle  ;  ^vfra^,  barbel  or  moustache) : 
b.  Teeth  one-rowed,  4-4  ;  lips  thickish  ;  body  long  and  low,  with  the  aspect  of  GoUo  nr 
Fftenacobiw. 
e.  Teeth  without  grinding  surface  ;  sides  not  marked  by  a  series  of  dark  blotcheR  con- 
nected by  a  lateral  band  ;  eye  moderate,  3>^  to  5^  in  head. 
d.  Scales  rather  large,  35  to  44  in  the  lateral  Hue  ;  barbel  very  long,  sometiiiipfi 
duplicated ;  dorsal  fin  without  black  blotch  on  its  upper  posterior  por- 
tion ;  snout  projecting  ;  body  slender ;  fins  high. 

'*'  Id  the  typo  of  It.  sulerim  the  barbel  is  plainly  evident,  a  fact  which  Mr.  Barton  A.  Bean  liiu; 
recently  kindly  verified  for  us. 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        315 


«.  BiirbelH  four ;  body  Bpriuklod  with  block  dots. 
««.  BarlielH  two. 


TETRANEMV8,  620. 


/.  Dack  and  Hides  sprinkled  n-ith  dark  dots. 

g.  Lowfr  lolio  of  caudal  pale  ;  snout  moderate. 

y.  E.vo  small,  3i<;  to  4  in  licad.  xistivalis,  521. 

hh.  Eye  rat.ier  large,  V-/^  in  head.  iiyostomi's,  .')'22. 

gg.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  black  in  life;  color  of  back  darker;  snout 

very  long.  ormdus,  523. 

Jf.  Back  and  sides  pale,  not  dusted  with  dark  dots. 

i.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  black  in  life  ;  eye  small,  4^  in  head. 

MEKKI,  624. 

it.  Caudal  fin  with  both  lobes  pale  ;  eye  larger,  3^  in  head. 

j.  Scales  37.  montanvh,  625. 

j).  Scales  4f>.  cuhinoi,  526. 

dd.  Scales  small,  about  5C  in  lateral  line  ;  dorsa'  fin  with  a  large  black  blotch 

on  its  posterior  rays  ;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  iwoNAcrs,  527. 

cc.  Teeth  with  a  slight  grinding  surface  ;  eye  very  large,  abont  2%  in  head;  sides 

with  a  dark  lateral  band,  expandc(1  at  intervals  into  round  dark  blotches. 

{■.  Scales  in  lateral  liau  about  44  ;  17  before  dorsal.  DI88IHILI8,  528. 

lik.  Scales  in  lateral  line  about  50 ;  20  before  dorsal.  watai^oa,  529. 

Htbopsip  : 

66.  Teeth  two-rowed,  1,  4-4,  I  or  0,  without  grinding  surface  ;  mouth  small,  below  the 
blunt  snout ;  scalea  large,  34  to  42  in  lateral  line.    Silvery  species,  with  conspic- 
uous preurbital.     Aspect  of  Xotropis. 
I.  Dorsal  fin  in  adult  with  a  large  dark  blotch  on  its  last  rays  above ;  lips  thick,  tho 
barbbi  very  long  ;  eye  3*^  in  »u'ad.  LABROSUs,  530. 

tt.  Dorsal  fln  ])lain,  without  distinct  markings. 

TO.  Eye  moderate,  314  ♦<>  3J<J  in  head  ;  fins  with  red  in  spring  males ;  sides  with 
a  dark  band  ending  in  a  caudal  spot. 
n.  Head  small,  conical ;  depth  4  ;  scales  5-40-3.  rrpsiNorrs,  .531. 

nn.  Head  larger  and  less  conical;  depth  5;  scales  5-3G-3.      BuniilFitONS,  .532. 
mm.  Eye  large,  2%  to  .3  in  head. 

o.  Sides  with  a  dusky  shade;  size  small,  length  2  to  3  inches.    amblo)>s,  533. 

00.  Sides  bright  silvery  ;  silvery  preorbital  broad  and  conspicuous  ;  size  large, 

4  to  1(1  inches  or  more  in  adult.  stouer:anus,  534. 

YuBiniA,  (from  Lake  Yuriria,  Guanajuato,  where  tho  typical  sjiecies  abounds): 

666.  Teeth  one-rowed,  4-4,  with  broad  grinding  surface  and  slight  hook  ;  mouth  rather 

large,  terminal ;  scales  moderate,  about  45  ;  18  bcfcie  dorsal.    Silvery  species, 

with  conspicuous  preorbital  and  very  small  barbel;  size  very  large,     alti'8,  536. 

NocoMis: 

aa.  SjKicies  of  large  size,  not  silvery,  with  the  month  large,  nearly  terminal,  tho  dorsal  inserted 

slightly  behind  ventrals  ;   the  teeth  4-4,  or  1,  4-4,  1      Eye  small ;  scales  in  lateral 

line  about  41.    Aspect  of  Se)fio/i7i(s.  kentuckiensis,  536. 

Subgenus  ERIMYSTAX,  Jordan. 

620.  HTB0PSI8  TETRANEMUS,  Gilbert. 

Head  4 ;  depth  5i ;  snout  21  in  head,  i  of  it  projecting  beyond  mouth ; 
eye  small,  5  in  head.  D.  8;  A.  8;  lateral  line  36  to  38;  teeth  4-4.  Closely 
resembling  B.  wativalia  but  with  two  long  barbels  at  each  angle  of  the 
mouth,  the  one  pair  taking  the  place  of  the  flebuy  prominence  seen  in 
gelidus  and  wstivalia ;  longest  barbel  as  loug  as  eye.  Head  very  slender, 
slenderer  than  in  aativalis.  Dorsal  over  ventrals,  a  little  nearer  tip  of  snout 
than  caudal.  Fins  large.  Color  as  in  aativalia,  translucent  silvery,  with 
irregular,  scattered  black  dots  above ;  median  rays  of  each  caudal  lobe 
dusky  at  base.    Length  2  inches.    Tributaries  of  Arkansas  River  in  Kansas 


^^r■■l 


5 


i 

f^ 


N 


■; 


~  '■    ! 


i    I     f 


ft' 

4   4 


WT 


III 


1(1 


Si 


■  ('• 


Si/; 


::?    ' 


Miiiiil> 


iii  J^ 


Mi4*  'I 


11  ill 


ill 


316 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


and  ArkansaH;  not  rare;  a  most  remarkable  little  fish,  the  only  American 
minnow  with  more  than  two  barbels,     (rerpa-,  four;  v/y/i«,  barbel.) 

Hyhoptiii  Mvnnemm,  r.ii.BKRT,  Dull.  WaHlibiirn  (lollom^  Lab.,  IHHD,  20H,  Elm  and  Sp  ing  creek., 
Medicine  Lodge,  Kansas.     (Cull.  Cragin.j 

521.  ilYROPSIS  flSTIVALIS  (Giranl). 

Head  3| ;  depth  .'ij.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  G-'M\-\  ;  teeth  4-4.  Rody  hIoti 
der,  with  long  caudal  pednncle,  the  back  scarcely  elevated.  Head  Iriiit,' 
and  slender,the  snout  much  projecting  and  rather  pointed.  Moutli  mod- 
erate, inferior,  the  maxillary  reaching  posterior  aostril.  Uarbels  con- 
spicuous, nearly  as  long  as  snout,  about  3  in  head;  each  maxillary  witli 
but  a  single  one.  Eye  small,  4  to  4^  in  head.  Fins  rather  long,  the  candul 
deeply  forked,  its  lobes  subequal ;  dorsal  over  ventrals,  nearer  snout  tliaii 
base  of  caudal.  Color  silvery ;  everywhere  sprinkled  with  small  lilafk 
dots;  fins  plain.  Length  2^  inches.  Arkansas  River  to  the  Rio  (irai'dc, 
abundant  in  sandy  river  channels,  not  in  small  brooks,  (astivalh,  {ici- 
taining  to  summer.) 

Goliio  fenlivalu,  Oikard,  Pror.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Thila.,  IS.IC,  180,  Rio  San  Juan,  near  Cadereit.i. 

New  Leon.     (Coll.  Couch.) 
CeriitifhijIhyK  slerletim.  Cope,  Zoiil.  Wheelor  Siir^-oy,  v,  fi'>2, 1875,  (187fi).  Rio  Grande,  at  San  Ildo- 

fonso,  New  Mexico.     (Type,  No.  ir.973.     Coll.  Copo  .t  Slierld.) 
C'ratichlhiin iterletiit  M\i\  trntivalin,  Jordan  A  GiLliKnT,  Synopsis,  210,  1883. 
Hybopsis  mttkalit,  Jokdan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  188G,  8. 

Represented  in  Central  Texas  by 

521a.  HTBOPSIS  iKSTIYALIS  MARCOXIS,  .Ionian  &  Gilbert. 

Eye  larger  than  in  (estivalia,  3^  in  head  ;  caudal  peduncle  stouter  tliini 
usual,  its  least  depth  half  greatest  depth  of  body.  Length  3  inclies. 
Abundant  in  Rio  San  Marcos,  a  clear  stream  issuing  from  an  inuneiisc 
spring  at  San  Marcos,  Texas;  also  known  from  the  Guadalupe  River, 
near  San  Marcos,  and  the  Rio  Comal  at  New  Braunfels. 

Hyhoiim  irMivaliit  mnrconif,  .ToRnAN  &  Gii.nEnT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  188fi,  22,  Rio  San  Mar- 
cos, San  Marcos,  Texas.  (Typo,  No.  :!t>'>24.  Coll.  .Ionian  &  Gilbert.)  Evermann  \ 
Kendall,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  xii,  1802,  (i894),  104,  plate  19,  fig.  1. 

622.  HTBOPSIS  HTOSTOMUS  (Gilbert). 

Head  4;  depth  5^;  eye  3i.  D.  8;  A.  8;  lateral  line  37.  Body  mid 
head  very  slender;  snout  long,  acute,  projecting  beyond  mouth  for  half 
its  length;  mouth  short,  wide,  inferior;  barbel  long;  pectoral  lai;,fo; 
other  fins  small;  13  scales  before  dorsal.  Silvery,  everywhere  dusted 
with  dark  specks ;  fins  pale,  the  lower  lobe  of  caudal  like  the  otlnr. 
Length  2^  inches..  Indiana  to  Iowa,  and  south  to  the  Alabama  River; 
rather  common  in  sandy  river  channels,    (if,  hog;  ar/tfia,  mouth.) 

Nocxmm  hjoitlomm,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1884,  203,  White  River,  Bedford,  Indi- 
ana.   (Typo,  No.  34980.     Coll.  Gilbert.) 

623.  HTBOPSIS  OELIDI'S  (Glrard). 

Head  4;  depth  5;  eye  6i;  snout  21.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  6-44-4.  Body 
slender,  not  much  compressed,  back  little  arched ;  head  long  and  slender; 
month,  inferior,  horizontal,  broad,  overhung  by  the  very  long,  pointed 


iv 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        317 


.--iioiit,  which  is  conaiilerahly  decurved;  barbel  short,  Iji  in  eyo;  oj'os  very 
Miiiall,  high  up,  iiiidwuy  of  head;  iuterorbitul  Avidth  equal  to  width  of 
mouth,  about  3  in  head.  Caudal  peduncle  very  iong  and  slender.  Fins 
jiioderate;  origin  of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal, 
ilirectly  over  base  of  ventrals;  free  edge  of  dorsal  fin  slightly  concave, 
t lie  anterior  ray  but  little  produced,  its  length  Ijj^  in  head;  free  edge  of 
;iiial  little  concave,  length  of  first  rays  Ijj  in  head;  pectorals  much 
Mliorter  than  in  //.  wiPtAi,  li  in  head,  the  first  rays  not  produced  nor  tila- 
iiientous,  and  not  reaching  ventrals;  ventrals  barely  reaching  vent,  Ijj^  in 
iii^ad;  caudal  very  long  and  deeply  forked,  the  1  bes  as  long  as  head,  the 
lower  slightly  the  longer.  Lateral  line  complete,  straight;  teeth  4-4, 
strongly  hooked.  Color,  sides  silvery,  pale  below,  scales  of  back  each 
with  a  group  of  fine  dark  specks  on  posterior  border,  these  extending 
almost  to  lateral  line ;  rest  of  back  and  upper  part  of  sides  sparsely 
dimted  over  with  minute  brownish  specks;  fins  all  pale  except  the  cau- 
dal, the  lower  lobe  of  which  is  dark,  with  a  narrow  white  border  below  ; 
upper  lube  slightly  dark  at  base.  From  Hyhopaia  meeki,  which  it  most 
cloHcly  resembles,  this  species  may  be  distinguished  by  the  much 
longer  and  more  pointed  snout,  the  smaller  eye,  the  much  shorter  pectoral 
tint),  and  the  darker  coloration  of  the  back.  Middle  Missouri  River 
basin  from  Wyoming  to  eastern  Nebraska,  locally  common,  but  hitherto 
overlooked;  our  specimens  from  Powder  River  at  Arvada,  Wyoming, 
collected  by  Cox  and  Gillum.     {gelidiiH,  frozen.) 

(,'.././»  yelidns,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  188,  Milk  River,  Montana.     (Coll. 

SucUloy.)    GiRAHi),  Pnc.  R.  U.  S\irv.,  248,  18,'J8. 
fenUichthys  (jclUlun,  Jordan  &  Giluebt,  Synopsis,  210,  1883,  (iu  part). 

624.  IITBOPSIS  HEEKI,  Jordan  &  Evunnauu,  now  species. 

Head  4;  depth  5^.  D.  8;  A.  8;  lateral  line  44.  Body  very  slender,  not 
elevated.  Suuut  long,  thick,  blunt,  overhanging  the  rather  large  moatb. 
liaibel  as  long  as  eye.  Head  slender  and  elongate.  Eye  small,  rather 
hi<^'li,  ii  in  head.  Mouth  small,  subtorminal,  the  maxillary  not  extending 
to  eye.  Fins  all  large;  pectoral  as  long  as  head;  caudal  deeply  forked. 
Lateral  line  decurved ;  scales  rather  large.  Coloration  silvery,  unspotted; 
a  dusky  lateral  streak  ending  iu  a  blackish  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  lower 
lobe  of  caudal  abruptly  black,  edged  below  with  white.  Male  with  the 
iiiil)tial  tubercles  excessively  developed,  covering  most  of  the  body. 
Length  2  inches.  Missouri  River  at  St.  Joseph  and  elsewhere,  in  the 
river  channel;  the  types  (No.  35889)  collected  by  Jordan  and  Meek.  A 
curious  little  fish,  heretofore  confounded  Avith  IF.  gelidus.  (Named  for 
Dr.  Seth  Eugene  Meek,  of  the  University  of  Arkansas.) 

Cemtichthys  gelUliis,  Jordan  A  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  216,  1883,  (in  part). 
Iljibopsk  geluhts,  Jordan  &  Meek,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885, 10. 

625.  IIYBOPSIS  MONTANIIS,  Meok. 

Head  3S ;  depth  5.  D.  8 ;  A.  6;  scales  4-37-4,  14  before  dorsal ;  teeth  4-4. 
Body  slender,  little  elongate,  the  eye  high  up,  3i  in  bead ;  snout  blunt, 
rather  long,  3^  in  head;  mouth  rather  large,  inferior,  the  lower  jaw 
included;  the  maxillary  past  front  of  eye;  barbel  long.    Dorsal  above 


I 


!  I 


i      ! 


■ 


1 


m^m 


!    ' 
1 

i  ■ 
i  '■ 

III 


* '  I 


t   i 


318 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


vcntrnls;  fiDtt  luodcrato.  Color  plain  bruwiuHli,  without  black  (lot8,Hi(leH 
and  below  HJIvery  ;  tinu  plain.  Length  2^  inches.  Types  suppoHed  to  Ix; 
from  the  upper  Missouri. 

Hyhi>iwui  mimUiHim,  Mf.ek,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  18X4,  62ii,  locality  unknown,  but  coUecteii 
by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden.     (Typo,  No.  30882.) 

6>i«.  liYBOI'SIS  ('UNINC)II(Oiluther.) 

Head4j|^;  body  5.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  (>-4.5-();  teeth  one-rowed  F  Barbels 
minute.  Eye  entirely  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  length  of  the  bead,  aixi 
nearly  as  long  as  the  snout,  which  is  obtuse,  rounded,  convex,  the  mouth 
being  subinferior.  Interobital  space  convex,  as  wide  as  the  orbit.  Sub- 
orbital ring  extremely  narrow.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  a  little  behind  ven- 
trals,  somewhat  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  end  of  snout.  Pectorals  not 
reaching  ventrals.  Olivaceous,  u  grayish  silvery  band  from  gill  openiuji; 
to  the  root  of  caudal,  where  it  terminates  in  a  black  spot.  Length  ;].} 
inches.    California,  (Giinther.)    Not  seen  by  us.    (Named  for  H.  Cumiufi) 

CeralicUi'iyt  ivmimjii,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  177,  1868,  California,  (Coll.  II.  Cuming);  copied  in 
JoBDAN  k  GiLiiERT,  SynopeiB,  21;),  188:<. 

627.  HTBOPHIS  MONACUS  (Cope) 

Head  4;  depth  5J.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  8-56-4;  teeth  4-4.  liody  slender, 
somewhat  compressed,  not  much  elevated.  Head  long  and  rather  slender, 
flattish  above,  with  projecting  mu/zle;  mouth  inferior,  horizontal,  suiall, 
the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  eye,  which  is  quite  small,  i^  in  head. 
Scales  rather  small ;  24  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Fins  moderate.  Color 
light  olive;  a  metallic  vertebral  band ;  sides  and  belly  silvery ;  no  lateral 
band;  a  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  muzzle  dusky;  mem- 
brane of  upper  posterior  part  of  dorsal  fin  black  as  in  Notropia'whippUi 
and  related  species.  Length  4  inches.  Tennessee  Basin,  in  the  river 
channels;  rather  scarce,    {monachiis,  fiovaxoi,  »o\ita,xy.) 

Ceratkhtlitji  monacut.  Cope,  Jouru.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1867,  227,  Holston  River,  Washing- 
ton County,  Virginia.    (Coll.  Cope.) 
QercUic)Uh!/amonachtu,3oRVA.tf  &  GiLnr.RT,  Synopsio,  217,  1883. 

528.^HYB0PSI8  DI8SIMILIS  (Kirtland). 

(Spotted  Suineu.) 

Head  4^ ;  depth  5.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  6-40  to  47-5 ;  teeth  4-4,  often  with 
slight  grinding  surface.  Body  long  and  slender,  little  compressed,  with 
long  caudal  peduncle.  Head  long,  rather  flat  above,  the  snout  somewhat 
bluntly  decurved,  projecting  a  little  beyond  the  rather  small,  horizontal 
mouth ;  lower  jaw  included;  both  jaws  with  the  skin  bard  in  front,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  lip  laterally.  Barbel  considerably  shorter  than  pupil;  max- 
illary not  reaching  nearly  to  orbit.  Eye  very  large,  high  up,  somewhat 
directed  upward,  rather  behind  middle  of  head,  forming  more  than  one- 
third  length  of  bead.  Opercle  small.  Dorsal  rather  large,  its  posterior 
border  oblique ;  anal  small ;  caudal  well  forked ;  pectoral  rathjer  long. 
Scales  rather  large,  16  to  18  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight. 
Olivaceous  ;  back  irregularly  mottled;  sides  silvery,  with  a  bluish  lateral 


,.-.ii*/.a*<--i;jv 


r.'i 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        319 


iiand,  which  is  widened  into  aeveral  dusky  spots,  formed  by  darkpunctu- 
lationB,aud  most  distinct  posteriorly;  a  dusky  band  on  head,  through 
(yes  and  snout ;  fins  plain.  Length  3  to  4  inches.  Lake  Erie  to  the  head- 
>vaters  of  the  Tennessee,  west  to  Arkansas  and  Iowa;  rather  common  in 
the  river  channels.    (dt«stmtlt8,  not  similar,  to  other  shiners.) 

luxiUa  tlusimilii,  Kirtland,  Bust.  Journ.  Nat.  Iliat.,  iii,  1840,  341,  pi.  iv,  tig.  2,  Mahoning 

River,  Ohio,  and  Lake  Erie,  near  Cleveland. 
CcrcdicMhyt  dMmilis,  Coi'k,  Cypr.  Peun.,  307,  18GU;  UUntiiek,  Cat.,  vii,  177,  1808;  Jordan  A 

OiLBBBT,  Synoi«i8,  215, 1883. 

620.  HTB0P8I8  WATAUGA,  Jordan  &  Kvermann. 

Head  4J;  depth  5i  to  b.  D.  7;  A.  7;  scales  5-48  to  52-4,  20  to  24  before 
dorsal ;  teeth  4-4,  small,  hooked,  with  slight  grinding  surface.  Body  more 
elongate  than  in  H.  diaaimilis,  the  scales  smaller  and  the  coloration  less 
variegated.  Olivaceous,  with  a  bluish  lateral  stripe  not  so  wide  as  eye 
liassing  around  snout;  on  this  stripe  8  to  12  blackish  spots,  dift'use  and 
Hiualler  than  eye,  one  of  these  at  base  of  caudal ;  a  dark  speck  on  front 
of  opercle;  fins  plain.  Length  4  inches.  Known  from  Holston  River, 
\'irginia ;  Watauga  Jtiiver,  Tennessee ;  White  River,  Arkansas ;  Big  Barren 
Kiver,  Kentucky  ;  and  Tippecanoe  River,  Indiana;  probably  abundant  and 
apparently  replacing  H.  dianimilia  in  mountain  streams ;  size  usually  larger 
than  in  H.  diasimilis. 

llyhopiu  watauga,  Jordan  tc  Evermann,  Proc.  U.  9.  Nat.  Hun.,  1888,  355,  Watauga  River,  Eliz- 
abethtown,  Tennessee  ;  North  Fork  Holston  River,  Saltville,  Virginia.  (Type, 
No.  39929.  Coll.  Jordan,  Jenkins,  &  £vermanu.)  Woolman,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xii, 
1892,258. 

Subgenus   HYBOPSIS. 

680.  IITBOPSIS  LABR08V8  (Cope). 

Head  4i;  depth  4i.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-34  to  40-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1. 
Body  long  and  slender,  little  compressed.  Head  rather  long,  narrow,  and 
pointed,  very  slender  in  young  specimens,  stouter  in  adults.  Snout 
decurved  in  profile,  long,  overhanging  the  large  mouth ;  lips  much  thick- 
ened, the  lower  with  an  internal  fringe  of  papillae ;  barbels  extremely 
long,  more  than  half  diameter  of  eye.  Eye  moderate,  nearly  median,  3^ 
in  head.  Scales  moderate,  closely  imbricated,  16  in  front  of  dorsal.  Fins 
rather  small ;  caudal  deeply  forked,  its  peduncle  long  and  slender.  Males 
dark  steel  blue,  with  black  markings  on  back  and  especially  at  base  of 
dorsa. ;  females  very  pale  silvery,  with  a  blue  streak  along  sides  of  tail. 
A  small  round  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  a  dark  lateral  streak,  obso- 
lete anteriorly ;  largo  specimens  with  a  large  dark  patch  on  the  last  rays 
of  the  dorsal,  as  in  Notropta  tvhipplii ;  base  of  the  caudal  with  dark  points. 
males  in  spring  with  the  head  and  neck  profusely  tuberculate  and  the  fins 
flushed  with  crimson.  Length  3  inches.  Basin  of  the  Santee,  in  North 
and  South  Carolina ;  common,    ({a&rosus,  thick-lipped.) 

Vtratichthiii  labrosus,  CoPE,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  1870,  458,  tributaries  of  Catawba  River, 
McDowell  and  Burke  counties,  North  Carolina.    (Coll,  Cope.) 

Ceralichthjt  xanemus,  Jordan  &  Bratton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  xii,  1878,  24,  Sa'.uda  River, 
Greenville,  North  Carolina.     (Type,  No.  31126.    Coll.  Jordan  &  Brayton.) 

Ceratichthya  Idbronit  and  zaiiemut,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  217^  1883.  ^ 


,    . 

r 

' 

! 

i 

11 

1 

•    I 


w 


f 


■P" 


1     i 

i 

} 

•■     I 

?  i 

i 

i  ; 

•  1 

i 

I: 

'^       ■! 

w 


!' 


«l 


ii 

1  r 

dm 

K. 

h-: 


m. 


320  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


% 


631.  iIYB0P8IM  HYPKINOTI'H  (rop.). 

Head  3f ;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-l()-:};  tenth  1,  4-4,  1.  Body 
etouter,  mure  elevated,  and  more  compressed  than  in  //.  ruhriJ'ronn.  Head 
short,  broad  above,  much  smaller  and  more  conical  than  in  U.  riibrifroti': ; 
outline  of  back  rather  abruptly  declining  behind  front  of  dorsal  fin,  so  that 
the  base  of  the  flu  is  oblique.  Mouth  inferior,  horizontal,  small,  the  niu\- 
illary  reaching  line  of  orbit.  Itarbels  small.  Eye  small,  'Sh  in  heud. 
Color  silvery,  with  a  double  series  of  black  specks  along  lateral  line,  and 
a  lateral  band  of  dusted  blackish,  which  passes  through  eye  and  snout  and 
ends  in  a  faint  caudal  spot ;  males  with  the  fins  bright  red,  and  the  body 
with  a  deep  violet  luster,  as  in  Notropis  ruhricroceua.  Length  3  inches. 
Santee  Basin,  in  North  Ca.  olina  and  South  Carolina ;  rather  rare.  Hesein- 
bles  Notropia procnc,  but  has  an  evident  barbel.    (('v'''->  high;  vuTvi,  bacii.) 

Ceritlirhlliyt  hjipiiuottt*^  CorE,  Proc.  Aiiicr.  Phil.  Sue.  Pliila.,  1870,  458,  tributaries  of  Catawba 
River,  McDowell  County,  North  Carolina.  ((.'Oll.  C<i]iu.)  Jordan  A.  Ouaytun,  Uull. 
U.  8.  Nat.  Mua.,  xii,  1878,  25,  and  Jordan  &  Giliigbt,  SynopsiH,  215,  1883. 

682.  IITBOPSIS  RUBRIFRON!^  (Jordan). 

Head  4  ;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  .5-36-3  ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  0.  Form  of 
Hyhopsia  amhlopa.  Head  long,  narrower  than  in  //.  amblupa.  Eye  moder- 
ate, 'Si  to  3^  in  head,  wider  than  the  inturorbital  space.  Mouth  siiiull, 
inferior,  overhung  by  the  bluntly  decurved  but  not  very  broad  muzzle; 
barbels  quite  long  and  distinct,  13  scales  iu  front  of  the  dorsal. 
Fins  well  developed ;  the  first  rays  of  the  dorsal  about  twice  height  of 
last.  Pale  olivaceous;  sides  with  u  plumbeous  silvery  band,  iu  somu 
Bpecinieus  forming  a  stripe  through  eye  and  snout,  and  a  dark  spot  at  hatse 
of  caudal;  cheeks  silvery;  snout  iu  males  red,  with  numerous  dust-liku 
tubercles;  specimens  in  high  spring  coloration  have  the  iins  largely  red. 
Length  3  inches.  Basin  of  the  Altamaha,  Georgia ;  common,  (ruber,  red ; 
frona,  forehead.) 

Nocoiiiu  riihr{fro)ui,  JoBDAN,  Ann.  Lye.  Not.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1870,  X'A),  Ocmulgee  River.  Flat 

Shoals,  Georgia.    (Typ<!,  Noe>.  178C3  &  2U14G.    Coll.  Jordan.) 
Cerutichlhyt  rubrifrons,  Jubdan  &  Qilbekt,  Syuopsis,  214,  1883. 

533.  HYBOPSIS  AMBLOPS  (KaflnoBque). 

(SiLVEB  CUUB.) 

Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-38-4;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Body 
rather  slender,  somewhat  heavy  anteriorly,  not  much  compressed.  Head 
large,  flattened  and  broad  above;  eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout  uud 
longer  than  interorbital  space,  3  in  head.  Mouth  horizontal,  subinferior, 
and  rather  small;  muzzle  bluntly  decurved;  upper  lip  below  level  of 
orbit;  maxillary  not  reaching  line  of  front  of  orbit;  barbel  evident. 
Fins  moderate.  Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved ;  sixteen  scales  before 
dorsal.  Color  translucent  greenish;  scales  somewhat  dark-edged;  sidcH 
with  a  bright  silvery  band  which  overlies  dark  pigment,  so  that  some- 
times a  plumbeous  or  even  blackish  band  appears;  a  dark  baud  throutrli 
eye  around  snout ;  males  without  tubercles  or  red  coloration.    Length  2 


to  3  inc 
mon  in 
(var.  M' 

Uulitnii  am 
1 1 lif  Ill/mis  yi 

Itl/hllJtHtH  I 

bama 

( 'iiiiliililhll 

('I'yi"', 

Nuvoinin  nil 
HerulUhtliiii 


Head 

elongate 

base  of 

peduncle 

bital  spn 

circular, 

diameter 

intororbi 

very.    M 

premaxill 

Barbel  co 

(tinhlops,  t 

line  some 

dorsal,  w 

rather  hig 

well  forwi 

vontrals  i 

1,4-4,  0,h 

sides  and  1 

very  lustei 

no  red.     I 

Wyoming, 

especially 

excellent  ] 

opsis  of  th 

Hiililiiii  ttorcria 
(liihio  viriialiH, 

(Coll.  Shu 
VirnlitUUujiiluc 

Indiana; 
llijboptia  ilorcri 


Head  3f  1 
dorsal;  tee 


N. 


'■■l. 

IB' 

1 

M 

. 

■  wr      •  V  '   ■   7 1*^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  Amer  ca.        321 


to  3  inchoi.  New  York  to  Iowa,  and  southward  to  AIa!Mina.  Very  com- 
inon  in  the  Ohio  VaMey  and  the  TonnuHseo  Valley.  Southern  bpecinious, 
(var.  tviiichvlli)f  have  the  head  narrower  and  the  barbel  rather  Hhorter. 
((i/i/i^i'f,  blunt;  Liji,  face.) 

Hiililuii  amblo])!!,  BAiiNEsgi'K,  Ichtli.  Oh.,  M,  1820,  Ohio  River,  at  th>  I  alls. 

lllih„imisyr<irilti>,  AiiASHiz,  Anu'i".  JiMini.  rtil.  ArtH,  1«5I,  Il.'iH,  Huntaville,  Alabama.  v.,..- 

Iliihcpftit  irmrhtlli,  <iiiiAitD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Pblla.,  1806,  211,  Black  Warrior  River  Ala- 
bama.    (Coll.  Wllicliull.) 

tViiiiiihthiit  hiiiiUnm,  Corn,  Joiini.  Ac  Nttt.  Scl.  Plilla.,  1808,  22(1,  tributary  Holiton  River 
(Ty|)f,  No.  14!»l>.'i.    Ooll.  Cojic.)    GOntiiku,  Cut.,  vii,  17!t,  1808. 

HommiHiimlilopn,  Jobkan,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1876,  ^28. 

CmUUhlhii»  umblopii,  Jordan  &  Oimikut,  Synopsi*,  214,  1883. 

634^IIYU01'SI8  STOREBIANl'S  (Kirtland). 

Head  4^;  depth  4;  ej'o  3;  snout  3.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-42-4.  Body 
oh)iigato,  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated  from  the  occiput  to 
biiHu  of  dorsal,  thence  rapidly  declined  to  the  long  and  slender  caudal 
peduncle.  Head  short,  compressed,  the  cheeks  nearly  vertical.  Interor- 
Itital  space  rather  broad  and  Hat,  somewhat  grooved.  Eye  very  largo, 
circular,  high  up,  about  3  in  head,  nearly  midway  of  length  of  head,  its 
diauiotor  about  ec^ual  to  length  of  snout,  scarcely  greater  ithan  width  of 
iiitororbital  space.  Preorbital  bone  large,  obin»-jj,  donspicuous,  and  sil- 
very. Mouth  rather  small,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included;  edge  of 
])reninxillary  below  level  of  eye ;  maxillary  not  reaching  to  frou\  ot  oi  i)i 
liaibol  conspicuous.  Snout  boldly  and, abruptly  decurved,  much  as  in  }. 
amhlops,  the  tip  of  the  snout  thickened,  forming  a  sort  of  pad.  Lateral 
line  somewhat  decurved.  Rows  of  scales  along  back  converging  behind 
dorsal,  where  the  upper  series  run  out,  as  in  Notropis  cornutua.  Fins 
rather  higher  and  move  falcate  than  in  H.  Jccntuckieima',  dorsal  fin  inserttd 
well  forward,  over  ventrals ;  pectoral  fins  pointed,  not  reaching  ventraU 
voutrals  not  reaching  vent ;  caudal  long,  dee^.ly  forked.  Teeth  usual!, 
1,4-4,  0,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Translucent  greenish  above  ; 
sides  and  below  brilliantly  silvery;  cheeks  and  opercles  with  a  bright  si.'- 
very  luster;  fins  plain;  a  slight  plumbeous  lateral,  shade  ;  no  caudal  spot ; 
uo  red.  Length  5  to  10  inches.  Lake  Erie  to  Nebraska  and  eastern 
Wyoming,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas;  abundant  in  the  larger  streams, 
especially  in  Iowa.  (Named  for  David  Humphreys  Storer,  author  of  the 
excellent  History  of  the  Fishes  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  the  first  "Syn- 
opsis of  the  Fishes  of  North  America,"  (1846). 

HiMus  storerianm,  Kibtland,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1842,  71,  Lake  Erie. 

diihio  vmudiK,  Girabd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila..  1850,  189,  Arkansas  River,  Fort  Smith. 

(Coll.  Shuniard.) 
tVri(<H/(%iifMteti8,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879, 238,  Falls  of  Ohio  River,  New  Albany, 

Indiana;  (Typo,  No.  23402.    Coll.  Jordan.),  and  Jobdan  &  Gildbrt,  Syuopsie,  213, 1883. 
Jlyboptia  atorcriaHM,  JoBDAN  &  Meek,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  6. 

Subgenus  YURIRIA,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

636.  HTBOPSIS  ALTUS  (Jordan). 

(Pesoa  Blanca.) 

Head  3*  to  4i ;  depth  3f  to  4il .    D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  9-45-3,  16  to  19  befor 
dorsal;  teeth  4-4,  with  broad  grinding  surface  and  slight  hook.    Bod 


F.  N.  A.- 


-22 


■mf 


m^^ 


tf ,*:.-T  ;  \'«i.!*i".! '  Jj;'2^^^  -\ . 


J- 


rrw 


1 


\ 

\ 


iiJ' 


322 


^MMifi  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


ra(h»r  elbn/.-ftt«,  comproHHud,  tli»  buck  «^lovato«l;  lioad  riither  loii^  und 
low,  tb«  *.tt«rioi  ]irutlU)  g^'i^b'  <!iii-v»d,  n  little  dupruHHud  ovor  the  «ye; 
snout  long,  rttthor  liliint  at  tip,  'A\  in  lit^ad ;  «yo  rather  Hiiiall,  X^\  in  liead; 
moiitii  rather  large,  oblitine,  the  lower  Jaw  Mlightly  included,  the  pro- 
maxillary  on  \':.-'^y  of  pupil ;  maxillary  reaching  about  to  eye,  3)(  in  head; 
f-teiy  ainall,  bat  evident  barbel  at  tip,  (overlooked  in  the  original 
desoription);  proorbital  broad;  Huborbital  narrow;  operole  broad, eil very. 
Lateral  line  complete,  docurved  anteriorly.  ScaleH  large,  not  cloHoly 
imbricatetl,  those  on  breast  and  back  little  reduced.  Dorsal  high,  pointed, 
the  anterior  rays  much  longer  than  posterior,  the  tlrst  over  ventrals  and 
over  17th  scale  of  lateral  line,  \\  ia  head;  caudal  well  forked;  anal 
short,  pointed;  pectorals  pointed,  reaching  ventrals.  Color  pale  oliva- 
ceous above;  sides  silvery;  ilns  plain;  sexes  alike.  Length  15  inches. 
Lakes  and  stroanis  of  (iuanajuato,  tributary  to  Kio  Lernia,  Pacific  drain- 
age. One  of  the  largest  minnows  ;  a  food-iish  of  some  local  importance; 
here  described  from  specimens  obtained  by  Mr.  Woolman  in  Kio  do  Lernia, 
at  Salamanca,  in  Uuanajnato.     (nttiiH,  high,  from  the  form  of  the  body.) 


?     I 


( 


iM  allHH,  Jordan,  Pruc.  U.  8.  Mat.  Hui.,  l»T\  :101,  Lake  Tupataro,  Guanajuato. 
iTyv,  Nu.  29)  f fWfl.    Oi>ll.  Dugti.) 
Ctialn  aHa,  Jo*l)V<  A  OiLi     -T.^ynntwis,  163,  1683. 
Uyhepti*  uitM,  V'oouiAN,  Bull.  U.  8.  VMt  C>.niin.,  xiv,  IHM,  CI. 
^  / 

'~\rf     ■}'  Subgenua  NOCOMIS,  Glrnnl. 

'■  6S«.  HTB0P81H  KKNTUfKIKMSIM  (ItafliicHiiuo). 

(Horny  IIkad;  RivRR  (7iiuh;  Jerkek;  Indian  Ciii'ii.) 

fieaa4;  depth  4i.    D.8;  A.  7;  scales  6-41-4  ;  teeth  1,  4-t,  1,  or  1,  4-4,0, 

sometimes  4-4.    liody  rather  robust,  little  elevated,  not  much  compressed. 

^)ad  large,  rather  broadly  rounded  above;  the  snout  conical,  bluntish. 

'  ivlouth  rather  largo,  subterniinal,  little  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat 

the  shorter ;  upper  lip  rather  below  level  of  eye ;  maxillary  not  reaching 

to  front  of  eye.    Eye  small,  mt^dian,  high  up.     Barb*jl  well  developed. 

Suborbitals  very  narrow;  preorbita'  large.    Fins  moderate;   the  dorsal 

rather  posterior,  slightly  behind  insertion  of  ventrals;   caudal  broad, 

little  forked.    Scales  large,  not  crowded  anteriorly,  18  rows  in  front  of 

dorsal.    Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved.    Color  bluish.olive;  sideu  with 

bright  green  and  coppery  reflections;  a  carved  dusky  bar  behind  operole; 

scales  above  with  dark  borders ;  belly  pale,  but  not  silvery,  rosy  in  spring 

males;  fins  all  pale  orange,  without  black  spot;  males  in  spring  with  a 

)  crimson  spot  on  each  side  of  head ;    adults  with  the  top  of  the  head 

v.swolleo,  forming  a  "ort  Of  crest,  which  is  sometimes  a  third  of  an  inch 

higher  than  level,  of  the  neck  and  is  covered  with  large  tubercles; 

yonng  with  a  dark  caudal  spot.    Length  6  to  0  inches.    Pennsylvania  to 

Wyoming  antf  Alabama,  on  both  sides  of  the  Allegbanies ;  everywhere 

abundant  in  the  larger  streams,  seldom  ascending  small  brooks;  one  of 

the  most  widely  diffused  of  our  Ci/prinidw;  western  specimens  usually 

'e  the  teeth  in  two  rows.     Variable. 

1         \ 


\ 


l-ienmi,  Bafinesqiib,  Iclith.  Oh.,  48,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Vw^iM,  Kafinksuiie,  /.  c,  58,  1820,  Ohio  River,  at  the  Falls, 
t,  KiRTLAND,  Host.  JouHi.  Nat.  Hist.,  1840,  in,  344,  pi.  v,  ttg.  1,  Yellow  Creek, 
of  .Mahoning  River,  Ohio, 


1 


JorUiin  anJ  Evertnann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


323 


\.,iHiix  mhranm\*i»,  (linAiiD,   I'riM'.   Ac.   N»t.  H<:l.   I'liilu,,   INritI,   lu<),   Sweetwater  River, 

Nebraska.     (Cull.  Itowiiian.) 
,\  ,„,Mi<  M/kiix,  (lit  vui>,  \.  i\,  '2t:t,  18.10,  Black  Warrior  Kiver.    (Coll.  Win.  hrll.) 
i,..iti.hlliiiHlfi)i  ■i-ijihiilim,  OiitAiiii,  I'rou.Ac.  Nut.  Hrl.  riiilii.,  ixriii,  2i:i,  Salem,  North  Carolina, 
r,  .iiirliihiinrfirl.itii,,  Cdi'K,  rn«-.  Af.  Nut.  H«l.  I'liilu.,  IHtU,  277,  Orosse  Ule,  Waterford,  Clin- 
ton River,  and  L.-uce,  MichiKan;  (JCntiiku,  Cat.,  vii,  17H,  \Xi\H. 
Oriili<lilhiii  »ii«Ti)jKij/<>H,  «;(,i'K.  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  .Sci.  I'liila.,  18(14,  277,  Coneatoga  River,  Penn- 
sylvania.   (Coll.  Juool)  HtuulTor.) 
,  ,,,ii,liiliiiiiKli;iiii'ilirii;  Coi'K,  I.  r.,  27H,  IHfJl,  Michigan;  OCnthkh,  Cut.,  vii,  17!>,  IhOS. 

I  .,  ilitlilhlliihiyiilliiliiK,  Cni'F.,  Cypr.  I'lllll.,  Iltil>,  iHfMp;   (It'NTIIKll,  Cut.,  VII,  17H,  1W1«. 
I   ,  ilirhtliffii  bii/ii((u<ii«  Ullj  <'.  miiropiiijim,  .liiliUAN  A  (ill.liKUT,  Syiio|mllt,  212,  IHH,']. 

131.  COUESIUS,  Joidttii. 

(   ,„.iuH,  Jordan,  llull.  Ilaydiii's  (iool.  Siirv.  Torr.,  iv,  7K,\  1«7H,  {mi7ii<H). 

Itoily  uhiuKiito.  Iloatl  iiorinal,  not  (loproHHucl,  tho  prullle  convex.  Month 
til  iiiiuiil,  iioi'iiiul,  a  well-devulopud  brrltel  on  tbo  anterior  Hide  of  niaxil- 
laiy,  .jiiHt  ubove  itu  tip.  Teeth  2,  4— t,  2,  hooked,  without  grinding  Mur- 
fan>.  ScalcH  nither  Huiall;  lateral  line  continnouH.  Dorual  lin  over  or 
Hli^'litly  behind  ventraln;  anul  hauiH  chort.  Si/e  rather  hirgo.  ThiHgunuH 
it)  cloHoly  related  to  the  Hoctiou  Nocomis  tinder  Hi/bopHiH,  from  which  it 
may  he  Hcparatcd  by  the  presence  of  2  teeth  in  the  lesHer  row,  by  the  poni- 
tiiiii  of  the  barbel,  and  by  the  smaller  scules.  Its  relatiouH  with  SiinotilitH 
aw  equally  close.  The  spocieH  are  not  well  known.  (Named,  fc.  Dr. 
Elliott  Coues,  the  most  versatile  and  most  inspiring  writer  on  American 
uniitliology,  (1H42 )  who  collected  the- type  species  in  large  numbers.) 

II.  Scales  in  a  itohs  HurivH  from  iloraal  to  lutcral  lino  ulimit  17;  <i)i  in  tli(>  lutirnl  linu. 

Hi(i'A.Mn.KNTii8,  s;n. 

uii.  ScnIoH  ill  u  rrosH  noriog  from  dorfial  to  lateral  lino  Id  to  13, 
b.  8i-ul<-H  in  the  lutorul  liiii<  n:i  to  72. 

c.  Fruo  margin  of  dorHul  fln  coiu-uro,  tho  anterior  ntyM  nxti'iidiiiK  lii'yoDd  tlio  tuHt  ruyn 

whfii  tlio  fln  iH(lopro8HiMl.  i'I.i.miiki'k,  KiS. 

cc  Frnit  iiiuiKiii  of  doival  nutconcavo,  the  tiiM  of  tho  uutuiior  riiyH  nut  ruurliiii);  tipn 

of  la»t  rays  wlu'ii  tliu  fln  ih  dcpri'suc-d.  i>I8!<ihilii<,  0;i'J. 

bb.  tkaloH  in  tho  latunil  lino  65  to  58. 

d.  SculoH  lieforo  dorKal  about  'M.  onEKNi,  64U. 

dd.  Scali'u  buforo  durgal  about  27.  adu8TU8,  541. 

587.  COUESIUS  80UAMIILKNTU8  (Ccpo). 

Head  3^ ;  depth  5 ;  eye  45.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  17-06-14 ;  teeth  2, 4-4,  1. 
Form  stout,  the  protile  nearly  plane;  muzzle  not  prominent.  Mouth  hori- 
/.ontal,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit ;  eye  rather  small,  shorter  than 
Hiiuut.  Isthmus  wide.  Barbel  quite  small.  Dorsal  tin  slightly  in  advance 
of  veutrals,  behind  middle  of  body.  Scales  quite  small.  Olivaceous  above ; 
Bides  silvery  ;  a  lateral  band  of  dark  punctulations ;  fins  plain.  Henry's 
Fork  of  Green  River  in  southwestern  Wyoming.  (Cope.)  Perhaps  not 
diHtinct  from  C.  dinaimiUs,  but  the  scales  in  transverse  series  said  to  be 
niucli  more  numerous,     (aquamilentua,  small-scaled.) 

tVrtilirlithys  siinaunlentut,  Coi'E.  Ilaydfiu's  Gool.  Snrv.  Wyom.,  1870,  (1871),  442,  Henry  Fork 

of  Green  River,  Wyoming,  Colorado  basin. 
t'«iu«i(.s  tquamileultu,  JoauAN  &  Oii.iikkt,  Synopsis,  Jls,  188:5. 

638^.  COUESIUS  PLUSIBEUS  (Agassiz). 

Ilead4i;depth^.i;eye4.  D.8;  A.  8;  scales  11-60  to  70-7;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2. 
Form  of  tSemottlun  atromaculatua,  but  more  elongate  and  loss  compressed. 


I 


i?. 


'.kh^.:  i4*.'    sJeJ-I  -:u*  . 


,  V-,.V'l-j  ■"  -H  -.i.5t'.:-i---.^><y-.K. 


*     ' 


Wm- 


I. 


f 


i 

- 

11  ^ ;! 
^ !  in! 

:   ]k 

h  I  h  I 

I  . 


-Jt**-.!. 


324 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Musfum. 


\  I 


liiii! 


Head  ilr.ttisb  above,  the  Huout  broad,  Hoiuowbat  projectiuj;  over  tlio  larjjo 
oblique  iiioutli ;  niaxillury  veachiug  frout  of  eye.  Barbel  evident.  Kyc 
large,  as  long  as  suout,  H  i"  iutcrorbital  apace.  Scaleu  Hniall,  cruwdnl 
forv^ardH,  those  on  the  back  smaller.  Dorsal  beginning  over  last  ra^-  of 
ventrals.  Height  of  dorsal  flu  I  to  li  in  head ;  free  margin  of  the  lin  com- 
cave,  the  anterior  rays  produced  and  extending  beyond  the  others  wIkmi 
the  lin  is  depressed;  longest  anal  ray  1^,  to  1%  in  head,  its  form  siniilai  to 
that  of  dorsal.  Dusky  above;  sides  somewhat  silvery ;  an  obscure  diiukv 
band  through  eye  around  suout ;  fins  plain.  Length  G  inches.  Stroanm 
and  lakes,  fiom  T^ake  Superior  east  to  the  Adirondack  region  and  Ni;\v 
Brunswick;  not  very  common, except  northward.  QiJitrnfttMS, lead-colortMl.) 

Gohio  pliiiiiliniii,  AoAKKi/,  Liiko  .Superior,  'Md,  ISM,  Lake  Superior.     (Coll.  Agassiit.) 
CeralithihijK  pnislliciiiiiiK,  Ooi'E,  Cyjir.  Penu.,  ;t05,  ISOii,  Montreal  River,  Keweenaw  Point, 

Lake  Superior.     (Cull.  Dr.  J.  II.  Slark.) 
A'oc«)H(«  mihieri,  .Iokoan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus  .  x,  frl,  1877,  Lake  Superior.    (Type,  No.  -^nXVi. 

Coll.  Miliier.) 
Ceratwh'hyii phirnhvim,  GOntheh,  Cat.,  vii,  17C,  18(;>^. 
Coiieiius  fliimhiiUiH,  .Ioudan  il;  GlLiiKUT,  HyuopBig,  218,  188.3,  in  juirt. 
Coveaiiiiijiniritwmiiiii,  Jouuan  &  Gilueut,  Syiiupsis, 'Jltl,  188;i. 

589.  C0UE8IUS  DISSINILIS  (Girurd). 

Head  ik  to  4^  ;  depth  4  to  5;  eye  4  to  5  in  head ;  suout  3  to  1.  D.  « ;  A. 
8;  scaler  12-G8-8,  varying  from  64  to  72.  Very  close  to  C  plumhms,  the 
Oxily  important  di.^ference  baing  in  the  form  of  the  dorsal  tin.  Height  of 
dorsal  lin  li^  to  IJ  in  head ;  free  margin  of  fin  nearly  straight,  the  autei  ior 
rays  little  if  at  all  produced;  when  depressed  barely  reaching  end  of 
other  rays;  longest  anal  ray  If  in  head,  the  free  margin  of  fin  straight. 
the  first  rays  where  depressed  not  reaching  beyond  others.  Upper  Mis- 
souri and  Black  Hills  region;  generally  common;  probably  a  variety  of 
C.  plumbeus,     (dia&imilis,  dissimilar,  to  Semotilux  atromaculatuH.) 

Lertconmiiu  dimimilis,  GiRAUP,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1850,  189,  Milk  River  and  Little 
Muddy  River,  Montana.     (Type,  No.  158.    Cull.  Suckley.) 

filO.'^COUESIUS  OREENI,  Jordan. 

Head  4f,f;  depth  4t'oJ  snout  3f.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  10-57-7;  teetli  3, 
4-4,  2.  Body  robust,  the  back  convex  before  the  dorsal,  prolile  of 
head  straight  and  rather  steep,  space  between  eyes  broad  and  fiattiuh, 
3i  in  head.  Snout  bluntish,  but  rather  long;  premaxillary  just  above 
level  of  lower  part  of  pupil,  maxillary  i'ea3hing  almost  to  orbit,  3'^  iii 
head;  barbel  well  developed,  not  quite  at  end  of  maxillary;  its  len<:;t'i 
considerably  less  than  that  of  pupil.  Mouth  moderately  obli<iue,  the 
lower  jaw  slightly  Included.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  behind  base  of  ventrals 
and  behind  middle  of  body,  at  a  point  midway  between  preopercle  and 
base  of  caudal,  the  fin  of  moderate  height.  Pectoral  shortish,  1^  iu 
head,  ventrals  nearly  2.  Caudal  well  forked,  the  lobes  equal;  scales 
larger  than  in  most  related  species,  scarcely  reduced  forward  and  hut 
little  smaller  on  the  back  than  on  the  sides;  36  scales  in  front  of  the 
dorsal.  Color  dark  olive  above,  the  sides  reddish  silvery ;  slight  traces 
of  a  lateral  band,  a  dark  streak  below  the  eye,  undulating  and  extending 


from  sic 
tins  wit 
iiudies. 
Lake  Pe 
(iioon,  ol 

'  ''iiiminH  ijret 

(Typ.-, 
1H04. 

Iload  4 

7;  scales 

elongate, 

i;ithor  coi 

iiiiiiai,  obi 

tiil ;  barJx 

•liiito  term 

hital  broai 

lateral  line 

latter  read 

row  plumb 

caudal  spol 

Kio  de  los  ( 

of  these   is 

con.spicuouf 

'  'iminim  mhishin 
Conches, 


Ploii/j)nhh,  Gill, 

r^ody  ratlK 
or  leas  broac 
riiinal,  with  i 
maxillary. 
ri')rly,  rather 
ffrindiug  surf 
colors,     (nhn 

".  Anterior  proi 

4;;;  in  lie 

'"'.  Anterior  pr( 

''•  Eye  Bnial 

size  la 

''''.  Eye  larg 


Head  4S;  d 
^•^;  A.  8,  sea 
grinding  surfa 
shorter,  narrow 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        325 


li oin  side  of  upper  jaw  to  opercle.  Lining  of  shoulder  girdle  dusky ; 
tins  without  definite  marking,  the  upper  somewhat  dusky.  Length  6 
iiivihes.  Stuart  Lake,  headwaters  of  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  and 
l.ako  Pond  d'Oreiile,  Idaho.  (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Ashdown  H. 
(iioon,  of  Victoria.) 

( .,Hf  viiid  <;re<»i,  .InnnAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1893,  313,  Stuart's  Lake,  British  Columbia. 
(T.v|ii',  No.  •144.14.)    (J1I.BKRT  A  EvEUMANN,  IsivostigationB  in  Coiumbia  Uiver  Basin,  44, 

1K1)4. 

f)41.  roCESirS  ADCSTUS,  Woolman. 

IToad  \\\  depth  4J;  eye  moderate,  3J  to  4;  snout  3^  to  3^.  D.  8;  A. 
7;  scales  13-58-8,  27  before  dorsal;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Body  moderately 
elongate,  compressed,  the  back  a  little  elevated,  the  anterior  profile 
nitlior  convex.  Snout  rather  long,  slightly  pointed;  mouth  low,  ter- 
iiiinai,  oblique,  the  jaws  subequal,  the  maxillary  opposite  posterior  nos- 
tril ;  bar])el  evident  in  young,  inconspicuous  in  adult,  its  position  not 
quite  terminal,  in lerorbital  space  broad,  flattish ;  eye  moderate;  preor- 
hital  broad.  Scales  small,  those  before  dorsal  and  on  belly  smallest; 
lateral  line  decurved.  Dorsal  inserted  over  or  »  little  behind  ventrals,  tha 
latter  reaching  the  vent.  Olivaceous,  dusky  above;  sidos  silvery,  a  nar- 
row plumbeous  lateral  band  from  snout  to  caudal,  ending  in  a  small  black 
caiulal  spot  which  ih  obsolete  in  adult;  fins  all  plain.  Length  4  inches. 
l{io  de  los  Conchos,  Chihuahua;  three  specimens  known.  The  smallest 
of  these  ie  deeper  in  body,  more  silvery,  and  with  the  barbel  more 
conspicuous,     {adiistus,  scorched.) 

(..iiis/iis  ndimhin,  Woolman,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xiv,  1894,  57,  May  3,  1894,  Rio  de  los 
Conchos,  Chihuahua.     (Coll.  Wcolraan  &  Cox.) 

132.  PLATYGOBIO,  Gill. 

rialiigohin,  Gill,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  v,  12, 178,  1863,  {communu). 

Body  rather  olongate,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  rather  short,  more 
or  less  broad  or  depressed  above;  mouth  normal,  rather  large,  subter- 
niinal,  with  a  well-developed  berbel  at  its  angle,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
maxillary.  Scales  large.  Laceral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  inserted  ante- 
riorly, rather  in  front  of  ventrals.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with  rather  narrow 
frriiuliug  surface.  Size  large ;  males  without  nuptial  pigments  or  bright 
colors.    (TT^rtrwf,  broad ;  GoWo,  a  gudgeon.) 

'I.  Anterior  proflle  nowhere  concave,  the  lioad  not  specially  doprcssod  above;  eye  modciato, 
4:%  in  lieiid.  phtsignathus,  542. 

till.  Anterior  prolilo  more  or  less  concave  above  the  depressed  and  flnttonod  licad. 

/>.  Eye  small,  4  to  G  in  head  in  adult;  snout  not  tubercutate  in  males,  so  far  as  known; 

sizo  largo.  (iracii.is,  543. 

I'll.  Eye  large,  S-)^  in  head;  males  with  the  snout  tuberculate;  sizo  small,      faiudcs,  544. 

fi42.  PLATYGOBIO  PHTSIGNATHUS  (Cope). 

Head  4S ;  depth  4J ;  eye  4f  in  head,  1^  in  snout,  which  is  3  in  head. 
D.  S;  A.  8,  scales  6-48-5,  20  before  dorsal;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with  distinct 
grinding  surface.  Body  slender,  the  caudal  peduncle  stout.  Head 
shorter,  narrower,  blunter,  and  less  depressed  than  in  P.  gracilis.    Dorsal 


ir»i&u 


H 


' :  \W 


^M^ 


I  I 
i  I 

I  '  i 


iM  ( 


326 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\  I 

I 


^i 


i   >' 


il 


ontline  little  arched,  the  profile  descending  steeply  to  the  lip,  nearly 
even  and  nowuere  concave.  Lower  jaw  included,  maxillary  reaching 
anterior  border  of  orbit.  Barbels  well  developed.  Dorsal  fln  inserted  in 
front  of  ventrals.  Olivaceous  above,  white  below;  a  plumbeous  lateral 
band;  fins  plain.  Length  6  inches.  Upper  waters  of  Arkansas  River; 
very  abundant  in  tlie  channels,  the  most  common  lish  at  Pueblo,  Colo- 
rado.    (9W(T(iu,  to  thicken  ;  yvUOoq,  jaw.) 

OrnWvMhtj*  phjii'iiiiiiithuii,  CoPE,  Wlieelr>r  Surv.,  Zoiil.,  V,  661,  1875,  (187(1),  Arkansas  River, 

Pueblo,  Colorado.     (Coll.  Aikon.) 
CoueniiiK  ]>h!ii>iiiiiiilli:%  JoHDAN  &  UiLiiERT,  Synopsis,  210,  1883;  JoRnAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  <'iiniin., 

IX,  188il,  17.  ^ 

643.  PLAT YdOBIO  (JKACILIS  (Richardson). 
(Flat-iieadkd  Ciirii.) 

Head  ii\  depth  4t:  eye  G  in  adult.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-50-5;  tenth 
2,  4-4,  2.  Body  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  little  elevated. 
Head  small  and  short,  its  upper  surface  very  broad  and  depressed,  tlio 
interorbital  width  being  nearly  half  length  of  head ;  region  behind  nape 
gibbous,  so  that  the  anterior  profila  is  more  or  less  concave.  Mouth 
rather  large,  slightly  oblique,  the  upper  lip  on  level  of  lower  part  of 
eye;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye;  upper  jaw  very  protractile,  lower 
jaw  included.  Eye  small,  rather  high  up  and  anterior.  Fins  rather 
large;  dorsal  in  advance  of  middle  of  body;  pectoral  falcate,  its  upper 
rays  elongate ;  caudal  peduncle  rather  stout.  Scales  large  and  silvery; 
lateral  line  decurved ;  23  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Snout  not  tuberculate 
in  males,  so  far  as  known.  Coloration  pale ;  back  olive,  sides  and  below 
silvery;  head  mostly  white;  fins  pale;  no  dark  lateral  band  or  caudal 
spot.  Length  12  inches.  East  slope  of  the  Rooky  Mountains,  from  the 
Missouri  and  Yellowstone  rivers  to  the  Saskatchewan  ;  abundant  in  river 
channels  as  far  south  as  Kansas  City,  not  ascending  to  springs,  (gracilh, 
slender. ) 

Cjiprimin  {Leuciscus)  gracilis,  RioiiARnsoN,  Fauna  Bor.-Amor.,  Fishes,  120, 1836,  Saskatchewan 

River,  at  Carleton  House. 
Pogouirhlhiitcommimiii,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185fi,  188,  ami  Pac.  R.  R.  Sf.rv.,  x,  '-Al, 

1868,   Fort   Pierre,   Fort   Union,    Milk  River,  Yellowstone  River,    Sweetwater 

River.    (Typo,  No.  189,  etc.     Ooll.  Suckley.) 
Pogonifhthijs  {Platijgohio)  guhnellus,  CoPE,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18C4,  277,  near  Bridger's 

Pass;  "aual  rays  9  ;  scales  48."    (Coll.  Hammond.) 
Lfiifidcwc  gracilis,  G(iNTiiEn,  Cat.,  vil,  240,  1868. 

Leucommm  communis  and  guhtiellm,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  Vll,  267,  208,  1868. 
Platygobio  commiiiis,  Gii.i,,  Captain  Simpson's  Expl.  Utah,  408,  187C. 
Plaltjgobio  gracilis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  220, 1883. 

644.  PLATTUOBIO  PALLIOUS,  Forbes. 

Head  4;  depth  4|;  eye  3f,  2  in  interorbital  width ;  snoat  3f.  D.  8;  A. 
8;  scales  6-55-5;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  hooked  and  with  masticatory  surface. 
Head  fiat  above,  the  snout  overhanging  the  mouth,  which  is  large  and 
wide,  with  a  maxillary  barbel  about  one-third  as  long  as  eye.  Mcindible 
reaching  vertical  through  middle  of  iris.  Scales  with  22  rows  before  dor- 
sal, where  they  are  much  smaller  than  elsewhere.    Lateral  line  straight, 


I'W  ■ 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


327 


except  for  a  few  scales  in  front.  Pectoral  fliis  large  and  pointed,  reach- 
ing ventralo,  the  latter  to  vent ;  front  of  dorsal  a  tride  before  ventrals 
and  a  little  nearer  snout  than  caudal.  Color  plain,  with  a  plumbeous 
luster  alon^  sides,  and  traces  of  a  dusky  lateral  stripe  behind  dorsal. 
Length  2i  inches.  (Forbes.)  One  specimen  from  the  Ohio  River  at  Cairo, 
jtrobably  adult,  as  the  snout  is  tuberculate.  A  doubtful  species,  per- 
liiips  the  young  of  V.  gracilia.     {pallidiia,  pale.) 

Vhtjiiiohio  palliiliin,  F0H11E8,  MS.,  JORDAN  *  fliuiEUT,  8yni>ii8lB,  220,  1883,  Ohio  River,  at 
Cairo,  Illinois.     (Coll.  Forbes.) 

133.  EXOGLOSSUM  (Ratinesque). 

Ef'^glnMnni,  Rafinesqve,  .lourn.  Ac.  Nat.  S<;i.  Phila.,  1,  1818,  42(),  {lenieuruimim). 
ilij-iUinijua,  UAFllJEsyrE,  I.  c,  1818,  421,  (ma.nUmijHa). 

Hody  moderately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Mouth  peculiar,  the 
mandible  being  contracted  and  incurved,  its  outline  strongly  3-lobed; 
tiiiK  appearance  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  dentary  bones  lie  close 
t()<^ether,  parallel,  and  are  united  throughout  their  length,  instead  of 
forming  a  broad  arch,  as  in  all  other  Cyprinoid  fishes;  lower  lip  repre- 
sented by  a  broad,  fleshy  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  mandible.  Upper  jaw 
not  protractile;  upper  lip  thick,  somewhat  plicate.  Pharyngeal  bones 
small,  the  tooth  hooked,  Avithout  grinding  surface,  1,  4-<i,  1.  Scales 
moderate.  Lateral  line  complete.  Fins  without  spines.  Dorsal  slightly 
boliind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Isthmus  broad.  Gill  rakers  weak. 
I'soudobranchiii^  present.  Air  bladder  normal.  Alimentary  canal  short; 
poritoneum  white.  Si/e  rather  large.  Sexual  changes  not  marked,  the 
males  with  some  black  pigment.  One  of  the  most  strongly  marked  genera 
of  Vyprinidw,  with  a  single  species,     {i^u,  outside  ;  y^.uaaa,  tongue.) 

545^  KXOGIiOSSU.V  MAXILLIXOIIA  (Lo  Suour). 
(Cut-lips;  Niooer  Ciuid;  Niqoer  Dick.) 

Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  8-53-5;  teeth  ±,  4-4,  1.  Body 
rather  stout,  little  compressed.  Head  large,  broad  and  flattish  above, 
with  tumid  cheeks.  Mouth  moderate,  slightly  oblique,  the  end  of  maxil- 
lary not  reaching  line  of  orbit.  Upper  jaw  longer  than  lower.  Scales 
rather  crowded  anteriorly,  those  in  front  of  dorsal  small.  Color  oliva- 
ceous, smoky  or  dark  above ;  a  blackish  bar  behind  opercle,  and  a  dusky 
shade  at  root  of  caudal  in  young ;  fins  unmarked.  Length  6  inches.  Lake 
Ontario,  St.  Lawrence  River,  Lake  Champlaiu,  Hudson  River,  and  Cayuga 
Lake,  and  southward  to  Virginia;  abundant  in  the  basins  of  the  Susque- 
liauna,  Hudson,  Potomac,  James,  Roanoke,  and  Kanawha,  but  not  widely 
distributed.  One  of  the  ;nost  singular  of  the  Cyprinidw,  distinguished 
at  eight  by  its  3-lobed  lower  jaw.     {maxilla ,  }avf ;  lingua,  tongue.) 

C)iprmus  truixilUngua,  Le  Suei'r,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  i,  1817,  8.1,  Pipe  Creek,  Mary- 
land. 

Erogli'Uftum  anmilatum,  Bafinesque,  Journ.  Ac.  Nnt.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  1818,  421,  Hudson  River. 

E/oglnssum  nigresceiM,  Rafinesqve,  /   r.,  1818,  421,  Lake  Champlain. 

Ejrtxjlossum  viltatum,  Rafinesque,  I.  c,  1818,  421,  Hudson  River. 

E/ogtomtm  Jemeiiriiimim,  Rafinksq^e,  I.  c,  1818,  421,  (after  Lc  Sueur). 

Exoijlomm  maxittingtta,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  188,  1868;  Copb,  Gypr.  Puun.,  360,  1866;  .Iordam  & 
GiLBKBT,  Synopsis,  160, 1883. 


-.■sJk:  ..A  .,  inm 


1 


328 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


M  ! 


134.  LEPIDOMEDA,  Cope. 

LepMomeila,  Coi'K,  Proc.  Amor.  I'liil.  Soc,  I'hilu.,  1874,  1:11,  (fillntn). 

Body  elongate.  Month  terminal,  without  barbels.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2 
hooked,  without  grinding  aurface.  Scales  snuill;  lateral  line  complete. 
Dorsal  fin  with  a  strong  spine,  composed  of  two,  the  posterior  received 
into  a  longitudinal  groove  of  the  anterior.  Inner  border  of  the  ventral 
fins  adherent  to  the  body.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  behind  the  ventrals.  Anal 
basis  short.  Size  small.  Extraordinary  little  fishes  of  the  desert  region 
of  Arizona.     (Afm'f,  scale  ;  ^cda.) 


a.  Eye  3%  in  head  ;  deptli  4%  in  lougth. 

aa.  Eye  largo,  3)^  in  head  ;  depth  6  in  length. 


VITTATA,  TilC,, 
.lAUIIOVII,  ril7. 


rt4«.  LEPIDONKDA  TITTATA,  Cope. 

Head  35  ;  depth  4i ;  eye  3J.  D.  II,  7 :  A.  9 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Body  ratliot 
stont.  Head  wide  and  6at  above,  slightly  depressed  behind  the  eycn. 
Muzzle  obtuse,  not  prominent.  Mouth  terminal,  oblique.  Scales  small, 
covering  the  whole  liody  except  space  behind  pectorals :  26  series  above 
lateral  line  and  56  in  front  of  dorsal.  Preorbital  bone  trapezoidal.  Sccoml 
dorsal  spine  as  long  as  the  first  and  wider.  Dorsal  rays  somewhat  enlarged 
and  ossified.  Pectorals  scarcely  enlarged.  Color  silvery  ;  a  lead-colored 
lateral  band  and  a  black  dorsal  band.  Length  3^  inches.  Known 
only  from  the  Colorado  Chiqnito  River,  Arizona,  and  from  Pahranagat 
Valley,  Nevada,     (vittatiia,  striped.) 

lA^iilomeda  rillala,  Cope,  Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.,  1874,  131,  Rio  Colorado  Chiquito, 
Arizona;  (Type,  No.  l.')785.  Coll.  nunshaw;)  and  Zoiil.  Wheclor  Surv.,  v,  f«42,  pi.  xxvi, 
flgH.  2,  2«,  1875,  (187fi) ;  .TonoAN  &  Oii.bkrt,  Synojisia,  251, 1883,  (1870);  Gilbert,  Fislunof 
Death  Valh^y  Expedition,  231, 1893. 

647.  LEPIDOMEDA  JARROYII,  Copo. 

Head  4  ;  depth  5 ;  eye  3J.  D.  II,  7 ;  A.  9 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  Body  more 
elongate.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting.  Eye 
larger  than  in  L.  rittata,  maxillary  reaching  its  anterior  border.  Spines 
slender.  Scales  very  small  and  difficult  to  detect,  51  series  before  dorsal 
fin.  Olivaceous;  a  median  black  vertebral  band  ;  sides  silvery ;  bases  of 
ventral  fins  red.  Length  3  inches.  Colorado  Chiquito  River,  Arizona, 
(Cope),  also  in  southern  Nevada,  in  springs  in  the  desert,  (Gilbert). 
(Named  for  Dr.  Henry  C.  Yarrow.) 

Ijepiilnmeiln  jmrovii.  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.,  1874,  133,  Rio  Colorado  Chiquito, 
Arizona;  (Type,  No.  15786.  Coll.  Ilcnshaw;)  and  Zolil.  Wheeler  Surv.,  v,  C43,  pi.  x.wi, 
flg8. 1,  la,  1875,  (1870);  Jorban  &  Oilbekt,  SynopBis,  251,  1883. 

I3S.  MEDA,  Girard. 

Meda,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  191,  {fnhjida). 

Body  elongate.  Mouth  terminal,  normal ;  no  barbels.  Teeth  2,  5-"),  2, 
hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Body  entirely  scaleless.  Fins  as  in 
Lepidomeda.  Size  small.  Gila  region.  (ifetJa,  a  classical  feminine  name, 
of  no  evident  application  to  these  singular  fishes.) 


w 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


329 


fi48.  MKDA  FVLOIDA,  GIrard. 

D.  II,  7;  A.  8;  teeth  2,  5-5,  2.  Body  slender,  elongate,  compressed. 
I  lead  elongate,  subconical,  the  snout  ronnded.  Mouth  large,  suhterniinal, 
,sli;j;litly  ohli(ine,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  extending  to  below 
()rl)it.  Second  dorsal  spine  )<.ighest ;  dorsal  behind  ventrals.  Coloration 
nilvery.  Closely  allied  to  Plaffopt-riiH  argcntwHimHSf  hut  with  the  eye  a 
little  larger,  the  snout  shorter,  the  lower  jaw  more  prominent.  Rio  Gila. 
{ fiiUlidug,  shining.) 

M,,hfiihji(ln,  GiRAiiK,  Proc.  Ar.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185f>,  191,  Rio  San  Pedro,  Arizona.  (Type, 
No.  154.  Gull.  Olurk.)  GUntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  2G3,  18C8.  Jordan  i^  Gilbert,  Syuoiwia,  251, 
1883. 

136.  PLAGOPTERUS,  Cope. 

rbtfioptenu.  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  80c.  Fhila.,  1874,  .301,  {argenliiainma), 

Mody  slender.  Month  terminal ;  a  barbel  at  the  extremity  of  the  maxil- 
lary. Teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Body  entirely 
scaleless.  YinB  as  in  Mcda  and  Lepidomcda.  Size  small.  ( tt Aay/y,  wound; 
TTTtfwVf  fin ;  in  allusion  to  the  armature  of  the  dorsal  fin.) 

f.49.  PLAGOPTERUS  AR0ENTIS8INUS,  Cope. 

Head  4 ;  depth  6;  eye  i^.  D.  II,  7;  A.  10 ;  teeth  2,  5-4, 2.  Body  slender. 
Head  rather  broad,  the  mnzzle  slightly  depressed,  overhanging  the  rather 
small,  horizontal  mouth.  Lips  thin,  the  maxilliary  reaching  front  of  eye. 
Eye  moderate.  Dorsal  fin  entirely  behind  ventrals,  the  first  spine  curved, 
longer  than  the  second ;  soft  rays  of  dorsal  thickened  and  ossified  at  base; 
fifth  ray  of  ventral  bound  to  the  abdomen  by  a  membrane  for  nearly  its 
wliolo  length ;  pectoral  rays  osseous  at  base.  Lateral  line  complete,  slightly 
deflexed.  Color  clear  silvery ;  back  dusky,  with  minute  black  dots. 
Length  21  inches.  Colorado  Basin  in  western  Colorado,  ^Cope;)  Fort 
Yuma,  (Gilbert.)     {argentiasimun,  most  silvery.) 

Vliujnpierm  nrgonliMinnis,  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1874,  130,  San  Luis  Valley,  Col- 
orado ;  (Typo,  No.  1.1776.  Coll.  G.  C.  Nowbcrry;)  anil  Zoiil.  Wheeler  Siirv.,  v,  640,  pi. 
XXVI,  llgB.  3,  3a,  1875,  (1876);  Jokdak  &  Gilbeht,  Synopsis,  252,  1883. 

Suborder  HETEROGNATHI. 

Brain  case  not  produced  between  the  orbits.  Lower  pharyngeals  rarely 
modified  into  falciform  structures  bearing  difierentiated  teeth.  Jaws 
with  or  without  teeth;  no  pseudobranchiao.  Adipose  fin  present  or 
absent.  Fins  with  soft  rays  only.  Frosh  water  fishes  of  the  tropics,  con- 
stituting two  families.  They  are  really  allied  to  the  Cyprinido;  and  to  the 
other  groups  with  modified  anterior  vertebrto,  but  in  appearance  they  have 
many  analogies  with  the  8almonida\     (Jrepof,  different ;  yvd^/of,  jaw.) 

Analysis  of  Familiks  of  Heterognathi. 

a.  Supra-occipital  conilnod  to  1)ack  of  skull  and  with  a  very  alight  vertical  crest.  Adipose  fln 
wanting.  Erythrinid^:,  xxxviii. 

aa.  Supra-occipital  partly  superior  and  carinated  by  a  procurrent  crest.  Adipose  fln  well 
developed.  Chabaoinidj:,  xxxix. 


1  i 


! 


1^' 


"■\ 


hi 


lit! 


11'  ^ 


330 


Bulletin  ^7,  UnUed  States  National  Museum, 


Family  XXXVIII.  EUYTHRINIDiE. 


Heterognaths  with  the  sknll  above  truncated  behind,  and  tlie  snpra- 
oocipital  confined  to  back  of  akull  and  carinated  by  a  very  sliglit  verticd 
crest.  (Gill.)  Adipose  fin  none;  gill  openings  wide,  the  nienibraix!^ 
■lightly  nnited,  free  from  the  isthmus;  nostrils  close  together;  teeth  in 
jaws  well  developed;  pharyngeal  teeth  villiform;  cheeks  covered  by  tlio 
suborbitals;  brain  case  inclosed  above.  Body  elongate,  belly  rounded. 
Dorsal  fln  short,  of  8  to  15  rays.  Carnivorous  species,  with  short  iiitoN- 
tines.  Otherwise  as  in  the  Characinidw.  Fresh  waters  of  South  Americi. 
Genera  4.    Species  about  20,  one  of  them  reaching  our  limits. 

a.  Dorsal  fln  insorted  in  advance  of  anal,  ovor  vontrolH  ;  gapp  vory  wide,  littlo  ol)lii|ui> ;  IkiIM 
JawB  with  8trouK  raninei ;  maxillary  with  flnu  pvctinato  tooth  ;  tooth  on  ixilutincH  ;  riui- 
dal  rounded  ;  lateral  lino  dovolopcd. 
b.  WallH  of  air  Madder  normal ;  t<<oth  all  pointod  ;  maxillary  with  a  canine  ;  ]ialutiiii'  tciih 
with  an  outur  series  of  enlarged  teeth  separated  from  tho  villifurm  tooth. 

Macroihjn,  ];i7. 

137.  MACRODON,  Muller. 

(TraHIHAS  OR  AlMAKAS.) 

Macrodon,  MOli.er,  Archiv.,  308,  1842,  {trahira^malahariau). 

Adipose  fin  none.  Body  elongate,  the  belly  rounded ;  gill  openings 
wide,  the  membranes  slightly  united,  free  from  tho  isthmus;  nostrils  closo 
together.  Mouth  very  large ;  snout  pointed.  Teeth  well  developed;  an 
outer  series  of  palatine  teeth  enlarged  and  separated  from  the  villifurm 
teeth ;  a  detached  patch  of  teeth  in  front  of  palatines ;  lower  jaw  with 
canines  anteriorly  and  laterally ;  all  the  teeth  pointed ;  maxillary  with  a 
canine  anteriorly  ;  dentary  process  joined  to  the  dentary  at  the  symphy- 
sis within  the  lateral  canines  and  merging  into  the  dentiferous  ridge  mid- 
way between  symphysis  and  posterior  angle  of  dentary ;  the  pit  formed 
behind  the  larger  canine  and  the  one  behind  the  lateral  canine  filled  with 
numerous  short  conical  teeth  which  lie  concealed  in  the  muscles ;  a  deep 
pit  in  the  premaxillary  for  the  reception  of  the  larger  dentary  canine; 
supratemporal  plate  single.  Two  species;  large,  voracious  fishes,  espe- 
cially abundant  in  the  Amazon  region.     (fiUKpoQ,  long;  o^ovg,  tooth.) 


a.  Scales  across  back  of  tail  from  lateral  line  to  lateral  lino  eleven  in  number. 


MICR0LRPI8,  r>r)0. 


560.  MACRODON  MICROLEPIS,  Oilnther. 


D.  14 ;  A.  11 ;  lateral  line  43  or  44 ;  scales  a  little  smaller  than  in  M.  viala- 
barieus,  *  there  being  11  in  a  row  across  the  tail  above,  from  the  lateral 

*This  species,  Macrodon  malabrintt,  is  universally  common  throughout  eastern  South  Aniorioa, 
from  Trinidad  and  Rio  Magdalena  to  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Its  scales  are  nine  from  lateral  line  to 
lateral  lino  as  above  indicated.    Its  ocrureuce  north  of  the  isthmus  is  not  improbable. 

Concerning  the  name  of  this  species  Professor  Cope  remarks:  "Authors  who  think,  with  tho 
American  Ornithologists'  Union,  that  scientific  nomenclature  may  record  error  instead  of  truth, 
call  this  well-known  Suuth  American  B|>ccie8  Macrodon  malabaricwi,  because  Bloch  describcil  it 
first  under  that  name,  under  the  mistaken  idea  that  it  was  a  nativeof  India."  In  the  judgment 
of  the  present  writers,  the  law  ol  priority  by  which  the  first  unpreocrupied  nanio  is 
right,  and  all  others  wrong,  a  rule  which  tends  to  secure  fixity  of  nomenclature,  is  more  impor- 
tant than  any  rule  leading  toward  truthfulness  or  purism  in  the  name  itself.  On  this  ground, 
Macrodon  ntalabarictu  does  not  mean  a  Macrodon  from  Malabar.  It  simply  designates  that  Mwm- 
donoi  which  the  earliest  unprcoccupied  binominal  specific  name  is  ntodabwriau,  Tho  errorn  in 
meaning  in  specific  names  deceive  nobody  and  rarely  cause  inconvenience. 


{(VtiiracimdiT,  QP 


i:^f  <Jii^js:^^'k^:^^'l'f:^  lMiA*6^fi,'ii^>.-,*  ?■ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        \\S\. 

line  on  one  side  to  that  on  the  other;  nideH  mottled  with  li^^ht  or  dark 
l.iown.  Pananm  to  Ecuador,  chiefly  west  of  the  Andes.  Known  from 
Kio  ChagreH  and   from  Ecuador.     (Eigenmann).     {iukiu'ic,    small;   /en(, 

Hcale.) 

.yfifrniJnii  nwrnlfpis,  OI'ntiif.k,  Cut.,  V,  282,  1R04,   Western    Ecuador  ;   Chagres   River, 
Guatemala  ;  (Cull.  Fraii«r.)    Ki.ienmann,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  8ci  ,  18K!),  102. 

Family  XXXIX.  CIIARACINIDyE. 
(The  Ciiaracins.) 

IIoteroRnaths  with  the  sknll  ahovo  more  or  less  invaded  by  reentering 
valleys  from  behind,  and  the  supra-occipital  partly  superior  and  carinated 
by  a  procurrent  crest.  (Gill).  Body  vaiiously  formed,  covered  with 
cycloid  scales.  Head  naked.  Margin  of  upper  Jaw  formed  mesially  by 
tlic  premaxillaries  and  laterally  by  the  maxillaries ;  no  barbels ;  premax- 
illaries  not  protractile.  Teeth  various,  often  incisor-like,  often  wanting. 
Hi  anohiostcgals  usually  H.  Gill  membranes  united  to  the  isthmus  or  not ; 
no  pseudobrauchiii>;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth  ;  lower  pharyngeals 
not  truly  falciform,  but  more  or  less  curved,  armed  with  small,  sometimes 
V ill iform  teeth.  Adipose  fin  present  or  absent.*  Pyloric  cicca  usually 
mimerous.  Air  bladder  transversely  divided  into  two  portions,  and  com- 
municating with  the  organ  of  hearing  by  means  of  auditory  ossicles,  as 
in  Ciipr\ni(l»",  anterior  vertebral  coalesced  and  modified.  A  very  large 
family  of  some  55  genera  and  3(H)  species,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of 
South  America  and  Africa,  where  they  take  the  place  of  the  Salmonidw 
and  Cjiprinidai  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  A  single  species  reaches  the 
United  States.  The  few  species  enumerated  below  are  but  the  overflow 
of  the  vast  South  American  river  fauna. 

{(%mmm(iir,  GOntiier,  Cut.,  v,  27H-;{8(»,  1864). 

CrniMATiN.T-: : 
n.  PiMitition  imporfcct. 

)i.  Teeth  nono  ;  no  gill  rakors ;  bolly  tronehant  or  not,  with  a  median  sorios  of  firalos  not 
ending  in  Bpiniforni  iiroro.ssos  ;  lateral  line  I'oniplete;  month  nearly  horizontal; 
tougno  ndnate,  Rhortanil  tliirk.  Ci'rimata,  138. 

na.  Teeth  well  developed  in  liotli  jawR  ;  dorsal  fins  nhort ;  gill  openings  wide,  tlio  membranes 
not  attached  to  the  isthmuH ;  nostrils  cIoho  together. 
Tetra(ionoptkkin/V.  : 
c.  Tooth  comi)reiwod,  notched  or  donticulatod. 

d.  Anal  fln  short,  (10  to  12  rays) ;  no  lateral  line  ;  promaxillary  tooth  in  one  series, 

PlAllUCINA,  139. 
dd.  Anal  fln  moro  or  less  elongate ;  lateral  lino  more  or  less  developed. 
e.  ISolIy  in  front  of  vontrals  roumled  ;  gill  raki-rs  Hleiider. 

/.  Promaxillary  teeth  in  a  double  sorien  ;  no  conical  teeth  behind  front  teeth 

of  lower  jaw.  Trtraoosopterus,  140. 

//.  Promaxillary  teeth  in  three  or  four  series  ;  a  pair  of  conica'  teeth  behind 

niiddlo  of  the  front  KorioH  of  teeth  in  lower  jaw.  Urtcon,  141. 

f«.  Helly  in  front  of  ventrals  compressed  ;  no  canines  ;  ventral  fins  very  small. 

Gasteropelecus,  142. 

*Tlioadipo-o  fln  in  Charnciniilir  in  probably  a  survival  from  a  remote  ancestry  which  they 
shiue  with  Siluroid  forms.  In  the  Sabunnidii-,  it  is  doubtless  also  a  Hurvival,  but  notwithstanding 
tile  Riiperficial  resemblances  in  certain  genera,  (as  Curimalitiir.  and  <V)r<!(/o»n"Mn»,)  there  is  noovi- 
di'iice  of  any  special  relationship  between  tlio  Hidmoiiidir  and  Characinidie.  They  should  not  bo 
plaouil  in  the  same  order ;  scarcely  even  in  related  orders.  Tbo  adipose  fin  in  PercopiidiB  is 
probaby  also  an  indcpondeut  survival. 


:.^^..,iSm.. 


iff 


332 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Ohabacinim*  : 
ee.  Teutli  In  promaxlllary  anil  ninmliblo  all  ctmical ;  domal  nhort ;  Kill  mninbraniH 
Troo  from  iHtliniui. 
0.  Tuotli  on  (hit  |iii1nto  nunv  ;  nnni  fln  long  ;  lioily  ohIoiiK  or  cinvatcil. 

h,  Scnlcfl  very  Kniall;  jftWH  with  fxtprniil  tiiotli-liUtf  innccsHCM;  ti'ofli  in  IdWir 
Jaw  iwii-Rurial;  In  upper  nniiicrlul  or  irroKularly  liiHcrial 

RiKiioinr.H,  II ; 

hh.  Ht'aloii  of  mndorat)'  nI/.r;  JawH  without  tootli-lil{<*  prori'itaoit  ;  tooth  In  y.wy  ^ 

uiiiMorial.  IiiiAHoi'ii«[t.\x,  in. 

gg.  Tooth  on  tlin  palato  nunixrouK  vory  ninall;  huail  ami  iMidy  olonRatc;  jnwn  v^rv 

long;  BcalcB  niodorato,  (43,.  LrciociiAnAX.  Mr. 


.'I  i 


il 


138.  CURIMATA  (Cuvier)  Cloqiiet. 

Lei  Curimaleii,  CuviEn,  lUgnn  Animal,  Kd.  1,  11, 1G5,  1K17,  {idoUiiUu). 

Curimata,  Cloqukt,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  xil,  240,  1818,  {edenlitliix). 

Oiirimatuii,  CuviEB  A  Valsnciennes,  xxii,  B,  184!>,  {i-dnituhm). 

CiirimateUa,  Giokniiann  &  Eiof.nmann,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  S<-i.,  188!),  7,  {lepidimu). 

Bemilapicu,  Eiuenmann  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  !),  (jihimrotlrin). 

No  teeth  anywhere  ;  no  gill-rakers.  Body  oblong  or  elevated,  the  out- 
line of  belly  beliind  ventrals  trenchant  or  not,  ahvayn  with  a  median  .scrii-s 
of  scales  which  do  not  end  in  spinous  processes.  Lateral  lino  complete, 
Tongue  short  and  thick,  adnatc  ;  no  lips;  margins  of  jaws  trenoliiiiit. 
Dorsal  fin  nearly  median  ;  adipose  fin  present;  anal  moderate;  vontials 
below  the  dorsal.  Amazon  region;  one  species  north  to  Panama.  (Curi- 
mata, a  Portuguese  name  used  by  Marcgrave,  analogous  to  Qiier'maii  and 
Curema. ) 

661.  CURIMATA  MAOIIALEN.K,  StRindachner. 
(Sardina  Blanca.) 

IleadSi;  depth  4J ;  eye  38^  to  4^-  in  head.  D.  Ill,  9;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales 
6-37-6.  Body  not  greatly  compressed;  caudal  short,  its  lobes  e»|ual.  A 
silvery  lateral  streak  ;  no  caudal  spot  and  no  spot  on  dorsal.  Rio  Ma^'ila- 
lena;  and  Rio  Mamoni,  Panama.     (Steindachner.) 

Ctirimnlim  vtandalemr,  Steindachner,  Fisch-fauna  doi!  Magdalcnun-RtroniOR,  ?A,  1878,  Rio  Mag- 
dalena  ;  Steindaciimeb,  Fluwifische  Siidainorikas,  i,  167,  1879. 

139.  PIABUCINA,   Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

Piahueina,  Cuvieh  &  Yalenciinnes,  xxii,  lf>l,  1849,  (erythrinoideit). 

Body  oblong,  covered  with  moderate  scales  ;  l)olly  rounded.  No  lateral 
line.  Mouth  moderate,  the  teeth  rather  small,  tricuspid,  those  of  tiio  \nv- 
maxillary  in  one  series,  those  of  the  mandible  in  two  ;  a  few  small  teetli 
on  the  maxillary;  palate  toothless.  Nostrils  close  together.  Gill  open- 
ings wide,  the  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus.  Anal  fin  short;  dorsal 
fin  inserted  just  behind  the  ventrals.  Adipose  fin  present.  Species  few. 
(Diminutive  of  Piabuca,  a  related  genus,  Piahuca  being  a  Brazilian  name.) 

562.  PIABUCINA  PANAMKNSIS,  Gill. 

Head  3^  ;  depth  4.  D.  10 ;  A.  12;  scales  30-8.  Lower  jaw  slightly  ]no- 
jecting;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye;  eye  4  in  head,  longer  than 
snout.     Caudal  emarginate;  pectoral  4  in  head,  longer  than  ventrals. 


*Tli«  gjKicies  t 


Jordan  and  Evfrmann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


333 


VullowiHh,  with  »  (lurk  liitural  liuiid  t^xtuiuling  t'roiii  hiiinural  H])ut  to  (lurk 
aicu  ut  base  of  cuiidul ;  doiHal  with  u  Uurk  Hput  ut  buHo.  Luiigth  3i 
jiicheH.     Uio  Fi'ijuli,  Atluntio  Hlopu  of  iHthiiiUH  of  ranama.     (Gill.) 

Inihiiiimi  piiiiniiteuKt;  Uii.1.,  i'nic.  A('.  Nut.  8ci.  I'liilu.,  lH7r>,  ',VM,  Rio  Frijoli,  lathmui  of 
Panama. 

140.  TETRAGONOPTERUS,  Cuvl(jr 

(SaUDINAH    Itl.A.NCAH.) 

f,  ttiiijonojyicrm,  CvviEn,  Kogiiit  Animal,  KJ.  1,  Vol.  11,  Din,  1817,  {urgeHlvHi), 
Aslilinin.r,  llAlltli  t^k  (ilUARIi,  I'ruc.  Ac.  Nut.  f^i'f.   I'lliJH.,  \Hr<A,  ■_>•'■,  (iin/rii/utua), 
I  niliirichlhuii,  (ill.I,,  Aim.  Ljc.  Nat.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  1858,  417,  (brenxjrli). 
llriiii'jriiiiiiiniH,  (iii.i,,  /.  >'.,42(),  (iniiliiiniluii). 
lUmihnjCiiii,  (^I'NTIIKIt,  Cut.,  V,  ;i:J(»,  IKM,  (iiiilijiiihm). 

Hody  obloiij;  or  olovated,  coiiipntHHud,  co^^^ered  with  inodorute  HcaloB. 
Lateral  lino  coinploto,  (TtirayonoptcniM),  or  interrupted,  {Htmifinimtiius). 
liclly  roiindod.  Cleft  of  month  medium,  vnturior  teeth  strong,  inoiHor- 
iike;  lateral  tooth  Hinall;  premaxilhiry  and  niundibular  teeth  e(iual  in 
Hi/o,with  ucomproHHod,  notched  crown,  the  former  in  a  double,  the  latter 
ill  11  Hiuglo  Horios  ;  maxillary  with  few  or  many  teeth,  not  produced  at  tip. 
NostrilH  of  each  side  cloae  together,  separated  by  a  valve  only.  Lower 
Iiliaryngeals  very  slender,  curved,  ajiproaching  the  form  in  Vi/prinUlo;, 
atiiied  with  a  single  series  of  slender,  hooked  teeth.  Gill  openings  wide, 
the  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus  and  from  each  other.  (Jill-rakers 
Mctiform.  Dorsal  lin  midway  of  body,  just  behind  ventrala  ;  anal  fin  long. 
Fill  rays  in  males  iu  some  species  rough  with  small  prickles.  Species 
aiiuut  40,  in  all  the  warmer  ])arts  of  America,  one  of  them  entering  the 
I'liitod  States.  (rfr/i(iyw»»o(;,  four-angled  ;  TrrtYnn,  fin  orwing  ;  ofnos)>ecial 
aiiplication  to  this  group,  the  original  word  used  by  Klein  for  his  genus 
iiK  hiding  ChatodonlUh,  being  TetragoH02)lrua  =  ^^TeTiHiyui'unT(ui(j,  i.  e., 
(liKulratuii  uspectu," 

<i.  liittoriil  linu  comiiiotu  ;  caudal  tin  with  an  oblong  Hpot  or  bund  at  ImHO. 
h.  Ma.xilliiry  witli  fuw  tbctli  ui°  nunu  along  itH  odge. 

AsTYANA.\  :*  (Afityauax,  Atrruafaf,  a  won  of  lluctor.) 
I'.  Body  ovate,  tli«t  dopth  Iuhh  tiiaii  linlf  thu  length  ;  unul  ruyH  Ii'hh  tlinii  40. 
d.  Anal  tin  long,  its  rays  25  to  35. 
e.  Doptii  2'%  to  22 ;i  ill  I»-ngth. 

ji':NEi;g  ;  itUTii.vs  ;  canamknsis  ;  mii'kopiitiialhub,  553  to  S5C. 
ee.  Depth  3  to  'i'l.^  in  k-ngtli. 

IKItSTKOlI  ;   rETENENKIS  ;   SCA  llltl  I'INNI.S  ;    HtMIMS,  r>,'')7  to  500. 

di\.  Anal  fln  niodoratc,  itH  rays  20  to  23  ;  liiiinural  npot  nliNnl'tu. 

/.  Pectoral  not  reaching  vcntiuls.  iikkvimaniiis,  5fll. 

g.  Pectoral  reaching  veutrals.  mkxicam'h;  auijentati's,  502  ;  5(i3. 

Subgenus  ASTYANAX,  ISaird  k  Girard. 
55S.  TKTRAOONOPTERIJS  ;KNKi:S.  auuther. 

Head  4;  depth  2f ;  eye  3i  iu  head.  D.  11;  A.  26;  V.  8;  scales  7-3S-6. 
Snout  rather  compressed;  upper  profile  slightly  concave;  maxillary  to 
front  of  eye;  pectoral  extending  about  to  ventrals.     Deep  bronze  color;  a 


''Till!  siiecies  of  this  group  needs  a  critical  revigion  ;  some  of  them  arc  of  doubtful  validity. 


:  n 


t 


ill 

Ii 


iU4^)Lu     A^-J'."- 


+ 

:  !! 

s    ! 
1 
1 

;:■  i 

i     : 

- 

k  P 

1  1 

:v.v\ 


Hullftin  47,  United  States  National  Mtiseum. 


(    I 


J  I 


ItliickiNli  c-iiiidal   N|iut.     ((iiiiitluti.)     Oitxacii,  Muxico,  and   Kio   ('liu){it>H, 
Hoiitli  to  Hru/.il.     (oiu-UM,  bruHa.v.) 

TelmijonniilirMt  inifiiM,  OCntheh,  Prtic.  Stolil.  8<m-.  LoidI.,  IHW,  lilU,  Oaxuca,  Mexico.     (('.,||, 
^)aIll^)    aCNTiiKii,  Cat.,  V,  a2i),  1MA4. 

r.ril.  TKTRAIJONOPTKRim  KI'TllirH.  Jciiynx. 

Head  H  ;  di^ptli  L'S  ;  «\ve  lU  in  lioad.  1).  11 ;  A.  '2r>  to  2!>;  NcaloM  »5-;t7_r,; 
iipIM^r  jiiolilu  littli)  concavo;  iiiaxillat-y  n^acliiiiK  boyoiid  IVuiit  oC  vimiIhiIm; 
doi'Hal  itiHtirtcd  JiiHt  Ituliiiid  root  of  voiitralN;  purtotalH  luacliiiifr  vutitraltt. 
Silvery,  with  an  indJHtinot  ronnd  dark  Hput  bt^iiind  Hhonldur;  Konunillv 
a  liand-liko  blackiHJi  Hput  on  root  of  caudal;  HoniutiniuH  uxtvndin^r  as  a 
dark  band  to  huniural  Hpot;  tliiH  band  HuniotiniuH  Hilvury;  HuniotinioH  lioth 
band  and  Hpots  almont.  Mexico  to  Kcnador  and  Kio  do  la  IMata,  rocordod 
aH  common  in  Central  America.  (Kio  CliiHoy,  Kio  (iuacalate,  Huamiiclial, 
Cordova,  etc.)     {Nudlitii,  the  roach,  from  rntihiH,  ruddy.) 

Telriiijoiiniilituii  riitiliiii,  ,1r.yi\i*,  /tiiil.    Bi-iikIi',  KIhIi.,  \2^i,  IBI'J,  Rio    Parang,     (('ull.   Durujn). 

FlUKSMANN,  IViir.  r.  S.  Nat.  MuH.,  18iil,  .V2. 
Tvlriiijoiiniiii'tiiii  til iiitiiiiK,  .Itnvns,  /.  <•.,  llitl,  1S42,  Rio  Janeiro,     (rnll.  Diirwiii.) 
Ti'liiiij<iiiiij>UTii»/iin<iimr»lii»,  Castki.nai',  Aiilni.  Aiiirr.  Slid;  I'oIns.,  (id,  pi.  ;j:i,  !!(;.  2,  iHWi,  Baliia, 
Tvtruijimofili run  minimtiiiwi,  (•("NIHKII,  Cat.,  v,  WIW,  lH(i4,  Bahia,     (CdII.  Dr.  WiicliiTur. ) 
3rt7rti</i>iii»/i<«'iHii/u»(/((<in<,  UOntiikii,  Cut.,  v,  Wi'l,  ISO-I,  (not  nl't'rviKU  A  Vai.k.nciknnkk). 

U:u  TETKA()(»>OI>TKKrK  IMNA.TIKNSIS,  (iiliitlicr. 

Head  'M  ;  depth  2S ;  oyo  JU  in  head.  D.  11;  A.  2H;  Hcalea  8-3«}-7.  Simi- 
lar  to  v.  riitilnn,  bnt  with  morescaleH  in  n  transverHe  Kories.  Maxilluiy  to 
front  of  eye;  pectoralH  reacliin^  a  little  )>eyond  ventral  base,  nuniciai 
and  candal  Hpots  present,  united  by  a  Hilvory  band.  (Oiiuther.)  Strcaiim 
about  Panama  and  Lake  Y/abul ;  locally  abundant. 

'l\>lrii<j<>uoi>iini»  jntmmeiiiiiH,  QCNTHKit,  Cut.,  v,  :vii,  \H(i-i,  Panama  ;  Yzabal.    (Cull,  (iddnuin  Jic 

i^alviii.) 
Tiiraijoiiiiiitiruitjm-heri,  Ktkindaciiner,  FlUHBllBvliit  SiidaiiiorikaH,  I,  107,  IHVJ,  Mamoni  River  at 

Chepo,  Colombia. 

55«.  TKTUAOONOPTKKIIH  Miri{01MITIIAL.lirH,  Ollnther. 

Head-ti;  depth  2} ;  eye  about -1  in  head.  1).  11;  A.  26  to  29;  scales 
7-36-^!.  Similar  to  T.  rutilus,  but  the  pectoral  fin  shorter,  not  reaching; 
base  of  ventral.  Maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Silvery,  with  a  band- 
like  spot  at  root  of  caudal ;  usually  a  silvery  lateral  band.  Guatemala, 
(Lake  Amatitlan),  to  Peru.     (GUnthor.)     (^//cpof,  small ;  o<^a/l|i(0( ,  eye.) 

Titrngmtoptfrm  miirophlliiilmus,  UOntiieii,  Cut.,  v,  324,  1HU4,  Lake  Amatitlan  ;  Rio  Rimac, 
Peru.     (Coll.  Salvin.) 

5r>7.  TETKAOUXOPTKKUS  <KUSTEI»II,  Kroyci. 

Head  4 ;  depth  3 ;  eye  3  in  head.  D.  11 ;  A.  29  to  31 ;  scales  7-37-H. 
Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  about  to  front  of  eye  ;  pectorals  about  to 
ventrals.  Humeral  and  caudal  spots  present,  connected  by  a  faint  silvery 
band.  Rio  San  Juan,  Nicaragua.  (Lutken.)  (Named  for  Professor  A.  S. 
Orsted  of  Copenhagen.) 

TetraijouoplentBoeritedii,  Kkoveii,  SIS.,  LCtkkn,  let.  Bidrug,  ill,  229,  1874,  Rio  San  Juan,  Nica- 
ragua. 


'iilnigoHKpterun 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


335 


6AM.  TKTIIAUONOPTERt'H  FKTKMKNNIN,  Olliitlmr. 

I(<^n<1  t ;  (leptli  li ;  uye  3^  in  huud.  I).  II ;  A.  27;  mciiIoh  7-37-7.  Stiout 
nitliur  roinpruHH«Ml ;  iippor  protllu  of  head  H^arculy  concave;  niuxilliiry  to 
frtintot'uye;  dorHal  inHorted  very  nlightly  lH>liind  ventriilH;  pect<»ralH  not 
ii'iicliing  ventraln.  A  silvery  lateral  band  ending;  in  uii  oblong  black 
(iMidttI  Hput.  Lake  I'eten  to  woHteru  Kouador,  Hoiitlieaiit  to  Argentine 
h'(<public.     (Oiinthor.) 

'/</r<i>/uii»]i'<-niii  jiWfiit'iiiiM,  UCNTiiRn,  Cut.,  v,  WiXi,  IBM,  Lake  Paten.    ((!ull.  8aWlu.) 

6A».  TKTKAOONOPTKRim  M('AHItlPINNI8,  Joiiyn*. 

Head3i;  depth  3.  D.  10;  A.  25  to  28;  ctcaleH  (>-37-5.  Upper  profile 
Hcarcely  concave ;  maxillary  to  beyond  front  of  eye;  pectoral  e." tending 
Ix'vond  baHe  of  voutralu ;  humoral  and  caudal  upotu  preuent,  united  by  a 
oil  very  band.  (Uiiuther.)  Jamapa,  Mexico  to  Uio  Janeiro,  {wabtr, 
riiiit^h  ,  pinna,  fin,  the  maleu  having,  uh  in  humilia,  brevoortii,  otc,  aome  of 
the  lin  rayn  roughened.) 

Tdiiiiji'nojih'nui  »ittt>ripi)iHii,  Jbnynr,  /oUI.  Bwiglu,  FiBlieit,  126,  IM'2,  Rio  Janeiro.     (Coll.  Dur- 
wlu.)    UUntheh,  Cat.,  v,  ;>26,  1804. 

500.  TKTRAUONOPTKItlTH  IIUMILIH,  Ollnthor. 

Head  4i ;  depth  3i ;  eye  3}.  D.  11 ;  A.  27  to  31 ;  V.  8 ;  scales  7-36-7. 
Upper  profile  of  head  straight ;  maxillary  to  front  of  orbit ;  dorsal 
iiisorted  behind  ventrals  ;  pectoral  about  to  ventrals.  Humeral  and  cau- 
dal Hpots  more  or  less  distinct;  sides  silvery;  anal  and  ventrals  with 
l)r()!ul,  red  margins.  Lake  Amatitlau,  Guatemala.  (Uiinther.)  {huwilis, 
humble.) 

relrmiimoitteru*  htmilu,  OPntiibr,  Cat.,  V,  327,  1864,  Lake  Amatitlan,  Guatemala.     (Coll, 
Sulviu.) 

661.  TKTUAOONOPTEBVN  BRKTIMANVS,  GUiithor.  > 

Head 3i;  depths.  D.  11;  A.  22;  scales  6-38-5.  Snout  short  and  thick; 
eye  about  4  in  head ;  upper  profile  of  head  not  concave ;  maxillary  extend- 
ing to  beyond  front  of  eye.  Dorsal  inserted  just  behind  ventrals;  peo- 
toralH  not  reaching  ventrals ;  caudal  spot  usual.  Quatemala.  (Giinther.) 
(hrevis,  short;  manua,  hand.) 

Tetniiiiinoptenu  brevimamu,  GVntiikk,  Cat.,  v,  325,  1864,  Yzabal;    Rio  San  Geronimo,  Gua- 
temala.   (Coll.  Godiiian  &  Salvin.) 

6S8.  TETRA00N0PTEBV8  HEXICANUS,  Vilippi. 

Head  4 ;  depth  2| ;  eye  3^.  D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  21  to  23 ;  scales  7-39-5. 
Snout  bluntly  rounded,  projecting  beyond  the  mouth ;  forehead  trans- 
versely convex ;  maxillary  to  beyond  front  of  eye ;  pectoral  about  to  ven- 
trals, as  usual  a  little  longest  in  males.  Sides  with  the  usual  silvery 
hand,  ending  in  an  oblong  black  caudal  •—  '>t.  Lakes  about  the  City  of 
Mexico.    (Steindachner.) 

Telriujniioptertu  mexicamu,  FiLiprt,  in  Gu6rln'B  Uev,  Mag.  Zoiil.,  1853,  166,  City  of  Mexico; 
Steinoacbneb,  Ichtbyol.  Nutizen,  vii,  11, 18U8. 


'^■1 


i-i 


'^! 


t? 


1 


■4 


I 
> 

kk 

m 

■I  I 

I               : 

• 

r      I 

ill  I 


330 


Jiiillttin  47,  United  States  National  M acum. 


Mill.  TKTUAOOXOPTKRrH  AR^KMTATI'H  (nnlnl  \  (tiranl). 

IIcimI  1;  (lupthli.  D.  10;  A.  21;  Ht-ulfN  r»-:iM-t;.  Kudy  oblong,  ooinproNHeil. 
tinotit  Itliiut,  lowor  Juw  HCitrccly  iiiclii(l()«l.  I'»ctunilH  rvuirliiiiK  vuntruU, 
the  latter  to  vent.  OUvtcimxih;  a  broad  Hilvery  band  along  Hidtm;  an 
ubluug  bluok  Hpot  ut  base  of  caudal,  runnin<;  up  on  tlio  tin.  Suiulititi 
TuxaM and  Mexico,  (KiuNui-ct^H,  KioLoonu,and  Uio(jrande);  uIho  rmM)i'ilt d, 
probably  by  error,  from  ArkuuHitH  by  Lo  Huour.  Locally  ubnndai:t;  ilm 
nortliernnioHt  reproH(>ntativ«  of  tlie  family,  purbapH  identical  with  T.  mui. 
aiNHH,  but  apparently  a  little  more  Hleiider,  the  lower  Jaw  Iohh  inclndid. 
Our  Hpecinientt  uollected  by  Wuulmun  and  Cox  iu  Chihuahua  Ui\.«'i'. 
(urgvntaivm,  ailvered.) 

AMifiiHiu-  aryriilaliiii,  llAlHD  A  (JinARP,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  8cl.  Plilla.,  vti,  IHM,  '27,  Rio  Nuecen ;  Kiu 
Leona  ;  Zoquito,  Texan;  Comanche  Spring;  Elm  Creelt ;  Turlcey  Creeic  ;  Sjun 
Felipe;  Devil  River;  Brownaville;  Rio  Sablnal.  (('ull.  OInrlt.)  Uiuakk,  I'.  ,h.  \ 
BIt'X.  liuuiid.  8inv.,  Iclitli.,  74,  W,i). 

TetrayoHoplerm  arf/eitlatut,  Ul'NTUKU,  (.'ut.,  V,  3S0,  Iti&l;  JuunAN  3i  UlLUEnT,  i)yuuiMi«,  2S.'J,  l8«:i. 

NuTK. — III  uudltioii  to  t)i<>«»  H|iit('iuH  nioro or  U'rh  wcli  ilt'lliifil,  wu aiM  tlic  fulliiuin^'',  ton  w  untlly 
cliurni'torl/.uil  tn  rt'cuivu  u  tlHtliiitx  plitcu  in  tlio  HyHtuiii.  Tln'y  itri'  iiotoU  hy  M.  K,  llocuuit,  lu 
AiiiialvH  dvn  HciuiiccM  Nalurullvii,  Oi-mu  Hurio,  /.uitlugiu,  T.  ix,  p.  02,  lHt>8, 

MuTK  Ri>ii  ir.»  I'oiiwoNB  nil  Ukniir  T£thaoonui>t»'.ur  Puovknant  nu  MKxigue  bt  nK  (Ji'atemai.a, 

■■All  M.  UocolHlT. 

liU  (llviiiinn  K<''i»'>'i'l«o  <lo*  roliionR  do  In  faniillo  dt's  HalmonidoH  h  Inquollo  CuTior  n  ri'-iwrvi'  |r 
nuniduTt'traKiinoptt'-rp,  uniployt'.  iiri'C('duiiini<>nt  |>ur  Artt'iH  daim  uriDurcniition  |iIuh  lurKu,  ci>ni|,i,. 
do  uonibrciix  rL>|iri'«t>ntanti«  daiiN  lea  i>uux  (Imici.H  ilo  la  rt'^ion  nit'xii'ulnd  ct  luirnii  Ion  t'Nii.'ccd  ipiK 
J'ai  rtincontrcfH  pendant  innii  vnyiiKtt  danH  cnttu  ]iurlio  do  l'.\nu'rli|iiu,  il  (in  ui«t  pluHionrN  i|iil  nut 
pariiiHHout  nouvulloH.  ,lo  me  |iro|MiHu  d'on  publior  |)rocliuini'nn<nt  uno  dosi'iliilion  drtuilli'c, 
aceumpaKU^'o  do  flguroii,  ot  on  attendant,  |iuur  prondru  ditto,  j'on  dunuorai  ici  lu  litito. 

*  1.  E«|H>ceii  ctieK  logfjuollea  la  longueur  do  I'uspaco  iiitorurbitairo  ost  ogulo  uu  dianiotre  loiigi. 
tudlnal  do  I'uill: 

1.   TelruyoitnpleruK  inhiiiimiiiK, 

Oetto  oinoco  est  bleu  caraclvriB(M>:  1" par  In  lunguour  I't  I't'-palHKour  do  la  tOte  ;  'i''  par  la  dine. 
tion  rt'ctillKne  du  protll  NUHcrplialiiiiiit ;  !l'^  pur  Icn  diiiioiiMioUN  iln  la  Iiiiho  do  I'uuulo  i|iii  ixjiit 
molDdroH  ijuo  I'oHpat'u  cunipriii«  outru  Iuh  doux  doraaleii.     Uivii>ru  do  t'obau. 

2.   TelrayDiwiilfriin  i)(i.racaiteniiiii. 

Cetto  espitce  difT^re  do  la  precodunto  par  la  forme  do  la  toto  qui  etit  plus  courto  et  pluH  I'-puiw. 
Oaxaca. 

3.  Telriujonni>terii»  mlidim. 

Cette  ospi'co  roMomble  au  T.  artjfuUUui  \Mt  lo  pou  do  longuuur  do  la  biwo  do  hom  analoH,  iiiiiIm  >'||i- 
■'en  diBtiugiio  nottoment :  l°|iar  lu  largour  doxon  intororliitniro  ;  2^  pur  In  formo  ft  la  Htnuniri' 
de  BOH  ecailloB,  doiit  len  vtrloii  rodif  oh  hoiU  nonibrouHi'B,  bion  doasint'OR  ot  truvoraooH  |)ur  dcx  li|,'iii>ii 
(!uncentrit|ueH  uou  diagonuloB,  conirao  duns  I'eBpi-co  procodonto.     Do  TaBco. 

*  'i.  EspocoB  clioz  loHiiuellos  In  largcur  do  I'ospaco  iutororbitairo  vBt  plus  graudu  quo  lo  diuiiictn- 
de  I'ueil: 

4.  Tt'tragonopteruK  fulgviiii. 

Cette  espdce  bo  diBtiuguo  uubbI  du  T.  hUuIiii  par  Ioh  dimunHioiiM  nioindri's  do  sv^  ycux  rt  |>ui  lu 
Bituation  do  la  dornulo  pla<;o«  uu  pou  pluH  en  avaut.    Frovioco  do  Cuornavucu, 

f).    I'elriujonnplertitjiiiilhiiiii), 

Cette  espece,  tri'K-volBine  du  T.  iiuKrophthitlmiiii,  mais  qui  B'on  distinguo  :  l°par  In  position  plus 
reculoe  do  lu  dorsalo  duut  le  premiur  rayou  est  environ  uu  iniliei.  Ju  corps ;  'i°  ]  jlt  Ivd  lcuIMim 
pluB  fortemont  BtriooB;  3°  par  la  grandeur  de  Bes  yoiix.    EnviruuB  de  Uri/.aba, 

6.   TelriigoHopUrui  hclhianitn. 

Eap^co  Toisino  du  T.  jjaitainemiii :  olio  be  dlBtlngno  par  uno  plus  grando  olovutinii  dii  'nrpii; 
par  la  diBpoaitiou  ot  le  nombre  des  BtrioH  dee  ucaiUeB  (12  ti  13)  ot  par  le  ByBtoiue  de  colorutiuu. 
EnTlrom  de  Belize. 


^-v 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


337 


Z41.  BRYCON,  MiilUtr  iV  Troacliol. 

/;>y«N,  MPl.l.RIt  A  Tlinmiiil,,  llorii'  li  litliyoloKlii',  I.  t'i,  IHIA,  (/n/iii/iii). 

Ch  ili-ini'li'i',  Ksiin,  .Sil/iiiiKiilM'r.   A»ii<l.  Wlo*.  MUnrlii'ii,  lHti:i,  'J'i)l,  ( nlrinlulni). 

Hi  ittlottri/fim,  UI'ntiiru,  Vmr,  'AMX.  8u<'.  Luml.,  IWI'.I,  4211,  {rrphihii), 

UorHnl  iiiMttrtoil  botiiiid  vuntraln,  in  iiiithlle  uf  loiiKth  of  l*o<1y;  anal  tin 
lu:.;^'.  lUxly  oblong,  cuvortMl  with  HcaleH  of  nuiturni  Hi/.u ;  hiiUy  rounded 
lii'iDi'o  vontrulH,  roinpruHH«d  behind  thoni.  Mouth  wide,  tliu  pronuixillury 
Willi  :iorlK«ri(tHof  triouHpid  tu»th  ;  niiixilhiry  with  Hniull  teotli ;  niiiudiblc 
with  a  HuriuH  of  Htrouf;  triouHpid  tooth  and  a  pair  uf  conical  tuoth  in  tlio 
iiii'lillu,  behind  them.  NoHtrilH  oIoho  toj^othor,  HcparatuU  by  a  valve.  Gill 
()|><  iiin){H  wid",  the  nienibranes  Hli((htly  united,  free  from  iHthnius.  Uill- 
nilvcrs  lanceolate.     SpcuieH  uumeroutt,  chietly  Hrazillan.     (^^)t)Kw,  tobito.) 

CiiALt'iNoi'NiN,  {Chnli'iiiH>,  n  nOntiMl  kimiiih  ;  ui^it,  a|i|i<)ari>nce): 
,1.  rri'Miiixillury  tri'tli  In  four  nnrlf*. 

Ik   Si'llli'M  lllii(l<Tllt(<,  4H  tu  Ari  III  liltcral  lillo.  UENTRX,  &(VI. 

lib.  tkttloM  Miiiull,  7:>  to  HO  III  lutoral  llni'.  itkiatulvm,  riU6. 

SubgenuB  CHALCINOP8IS,  Kiior. 

r><l4.  IIRYCOM  DKNTKX,  QUiithir. 

Iload  4i ;  depth  3^.  1).  11 ;  A.  35 ;  scalcH  9-48  to  Ti.'V-T.  Snont  longer 
tliaii  eye  in  adult ;  maxillary  not  ronchinK  tocunterof  eye  ;  caudaldeoply 
I'oi  kcd ;  pectoral  reaching  about  to  ventralH.  Silvery ,  ttouie  BcalcH  Hpotted 
(II  margined  with  black  ;  humoral  part  of  gill  opening  black;  UHually  a 
hlack  Hpot  at  bane  of  caudal ;  anal  uHually  black-edged.  Yucatan  tu 
Kciiiidor.     (Gunther.)     {('jntex,  large-toothed.) 

f.Vj/' :ii  <fcM/f/,  OUnt'Ieu,  I'roc.  /oUI.  80c.  LoikUih,  IHiHi,  240,  EsmeraldaB,  Ecuador.    (Coll. 

rniwir.) 
Chthiiii>im»  ilfnUx,  GCntiibb,  Cat.,  v,  337,  1804. 

6«r>.  IlllYCON  NTItlATULllS  (Kiior). 

I>.  11;  A.  36  or  37;  scales  13-73  to  HO-i).  Scales  much  smaller  than  in 
H.  diiilex ;  sides  of  body  ininiaoulate,  or  with  rows  of  oblique  brownish 
H)i(its;  caudal  spot  somotimes  present.  Rio  Chagres  and  streams  about 
riiiiaiiia.     (Kner.)     {atriatulua,  narrowly  streaked.) 

i'hii,iiiiili»u ttriiitnbiii,  Knkr,  SitzuDKBl)or.  Akad.  Wiea.  MUnclien,  18C:i,  223,  Panama;  GUntiikb, 

t'lit.,  V,  :5;i7,  1804. 
('liiiUiiinptii chiiDreiKDuu,  Kneii,  /.  c.,223,  Rio  Chagres  ;  OI'NTIIRR,  {.  c,  338,  1804. 

142.  GASTEROPELECUS  (Gronow)  Pallas. 

(',ii»iiropi'hvu»,  OiioNOw,  Mu8.  Iclithyol.,  11,  7,  HM,  (nunbhiuniial). 
iluMrrajiilvriix,  I'allas,  Splcilogia,  1769,  viii,  60,  (ilernicla). 

Hody  strongly  compressed,  the  thoracic  region  dilated  into  a  semicir- 
cular disk;  the  belly  compressed  to  a  sharp  edge  ;  scales  moderate ;  lateral 
line  incomplete,  descending  backwards  towards  anal  fin.  Mouth 
moderate,  with  compressed  tricuspid  teeth  in  1  or  2  aeries  in  pre- 
maxiilary,  in  1  series  in  lower  jaw  ;  maxillary  with  a  few  minute  conical 
teeth  ;  palate  toothless ;  nostrils  close  together.    Gill  openings  widt),  the 


F.  N.  A.- 


-23 


i 

i 

1 

t. 


1 


'ill 


il 


'  r  ^ 


r 


1  i 


t! 


'  I' 

i  !! 


2: 


Ll      .; 


b 


L  )  '.  i. 


I  ^   I 


il       : 


338 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


membranoB  free  from  isthmus  ;  gill-rakers  sleuder,  lanceolate.    Dorsul  lin 
inserted  behind  middle  of  body,  above  aual ;  anal  long ;  pectorals  lon^  • 
ventrals  small  or  rudimentary.    Species  few,  chiefly  Brazilian,    (yunri/ij 
belly;  irt^iKvg,  axe.) 

56«.  UASTEROPRLECirS  MACULATCS,  Steindocbner. 

iPficHE-PftcKB.) 

Head  3J;  depth  If.  D.  11 ;  A.  Ill,  33;  P.  10;  scales  31  or 32.  Proimix- 
illary  teeth  in  two  rows ;  upper  jaw  with  three  simple  canines  on  cacli 
side;  pectoral  falcate,  nearly  half  length  of  body;  ventrals  minute;  dor- 
sal small ;  caudal  moderate ;  anal  very  long ;  lateral  line  not  reacliing 
anal.  Length  3  inches.  Silvery,  many  of  the  scales  above  with  dark 
spots;  a  silver  gray  stripe  from  shoulder  to  caudal.  Kio  Mamoui,  near 
Panama.    (Steindachuer.)    {maculatus,  spotted.) 

Gaeternpfh i-m  macnlaliit,  Steindaciiner,  Flusg-fischo  SUdauinrikos,  1G8,  1879,  Rio  Mamoni,  at 
Chepo,  Panama. 

143.  RCEBOIDES,  Giinther. 

Ra''oidea,  GUntiier,  Cat.,  v,  3-47,  18C4,  (microlepu). 

Body  oblong  or  rather  elevated,  covered  with  very  small  scales;  lat- 
eral line  complete.  Belly  rounded  in  front  of  ventrals,  which  are  close 
to  pectorals;  humerus  dilated  or  produced  in  a  process  before  pev;i(>;al8. 
Mouth  wide,  with  conical  teeth  in  premaxil^iry,  maxillary  and  mandible; 
those  on  mandible  uuiserial ;  those  in  upper  Jaw  uniserial  or  irregularly 
bisci'ial;  front  of  Jaws  with  short,  conical,  tooth-like  processes  diiected 
forwards;  palate  toothless.  Nostrils  close  together,  separated  by  iiiom- 
brane  only.  Gill-openings  wide,  the  membranes  separate,  not  attached 
to  the  isthmus ;  gill-rakers  slender,  lanceolate.  Dorsal  fin  short,  nearly 
median,  beiiiud  ventrals ;  anal  long,  beginning  below  or  before  dorsal. 
Adipose  fin  present.     Species  few.    (/)"/3"t(5;/(;,  crooked-looking.) 

5«7.  RiKBOIDES  OlIATENALENSIS  (Giinther). 

Head  4 ;  depth  2f ;  eye  3i  in  head.  D.  11 ;  A.  51 ;  scales  19-80-22.  Ver- 
tebra' 12  -f  22.  Each  Jaw  anteriorly  with  a  short,  conical,  tooth-like 
process  directed  forward  on  each  side ;  no  canine  teeth  above,  those  below 
small  and  short;  lower  Jaw  shortest ;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  middle 
of  eye.  Back  elevated,  the  uppev  profile  forming  an  S-shaped  curve. 
Humeral  process  ending  in  a  point.  Dorsal  inserted  above  fifth  or  sixth 
anal  ray;  caudal  deeply  forked ;  ventral  below  middle  of  pectoral,  whicli 
nearly  reaches  anal.  Olivaceous,  with  a  silvery  lateral  band.  Rio  Chagres, 
and  ptreams  of  Guatemala.    (Giinther.) 

Anacyrtx'  giiatemalenm,  GCnther,  Cat.,  v,  347, 1864,  Rio  Chagres;  Huamuchal.     (Coll.  Siilvin 
&  Dow.) 

144.  BRAMOCHARAX,  Gill. 

Bramochanix,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1877,  189,  {hrmufordi). 

Body  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed,  covered  with  moderate-sized 
scales;  belly  before  ventrals  roinded;  lateral  line  decurved,  complete. 


liiamovharax  br 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       339 

I  load  moderate,  with  slender  and  pointed  snout;  suborbital  bones  well 
developed;  nostrils  separated  by  a  menibrauuuH  pavtltion;  mouth  rather 
iMi'ge,  oblique,  reaching  to  beyond  front  of  eye;  teeth  in  each  jaw  in 
1  Heries,  compressed  and  conical,  some  of  the  lower  teeth  enlarged  near 
^(yniphysis ;  teeth  of  maxillary  extending  along  nearly  its  entire  edge, 
Hiuall,  compressed,  and  multicuspid;  teeth  on  p'\Iate  undescribed,  proba- 
bly wanting;  gill  openings  broad,  the  membranes  separate  and  free.  Dor- 
Kul  fin  short,  behind  ventrals ;  anal  moderate ;  pectorals  moderate.  One 
Hpccies,  apparently  allied  to  the  South  American  genus,  Salminua,  but  the 
teeth  uuiserial,  not  biserial.    {Brama,  bream ;  Charax,  for  Characin.) 

668.  BBAHOl'ilARAX  OBANSFOKUI,  Gill. 

Head  38^ ;  depth  2| :  eye  large,  4  in  head.  D.  11 ;  A.  II,  26;  V.  1, 8.  Snout 
Huinewhat  longer  than  eye,  attenuated  and  projecting  slightly  beyond 
cliin;  maxillaries  much  decurved,  reaching  beyond  middle  of  eye;  Physi- 
u^nomy  of  subgenus  Aatyanax,  {Teiragonopterua).  Scales  and  color  unde- 
scribed.   Lake  Nicaragua.    (Gill.)    (Named  for  Dr.  J.  F.  Bransford.) 

Bramocharax  bransfordi,  Gill,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  1877,  190,  Lake  Nicaragua. 

145.  LUCIOCHARAX,  Steindachuer. 

Liiciocharwr,  Stkindaciiner,  Fisch-fauna  dt-B  Magdalencu-BtroinoB,  67, 1878,  {inscutplvs). 

Head  and  body  elongate,  the  belly  rounded;  surfa'be  of  head  bony; 
Huout  produced,  conical;  jaws  very  long,  each  armed  with  1  series  of 
very  small  teeth  with  the  points  directed  backward;  raaxillary  short,  with 
teeth ;  many  small  teeth  on  the  palate.  Gill  membranes  free  and  separate. 
Scales  not  very  small ;  lateral  line  incomplete.  Dorsal  behind  ventrals 
and  behind  middle  of  body ;  dorsal  and  anal  extended  backward.  Intes- 
tinal canal  short.    One  species.    (Lucius,  pike;  C/mrax,  used  for  Characin.) 

669.  LUCIOCHARAX  INSCULPTUS,  Stoindiicbner. 

Head  3;  depth  6 ;  eye  9  in  head.  D.  II,  8 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  P.  20 ;  scales  44, 10 
in  transverse  series,  the  lateral  line  on  20  to  24.  liody  elongate  ;  all  the 
bones  of  the  head  sculptured;  snout  long  and  narrow.  Grayish,  sides 
silvery,  a  black  spot  edged  with  pale  at  base  of  caudal.  Length  a  foot. 
Kio  Magdalena  and  Eio  Mamonl,  (near  Panama).  (Steindachnei.) 
{insculptus,  chiseled.) 

Lucioeharux  iim'ulp'.aa,  Steindaciinku,  Fisch-fauna  dus  Magdaleneii-strumos,  67, 1878,  Rio  Mag- 
dalena and  Rio  Mamoni. 

Suborder  GYMNONOTI. 

Body  more  or  less  elongate  and  eel-like,  with  many  vertebra).  Shoulder 
girdle  suspended  from  the  skull;  parietal  bones  distinct,  largely  in  con- 
tact; pterotic  normal;  symplectic  bone  present;  opercular  bones  com- 
plete; mouth  with  its  upper  edge  formed  chiefly  by  the  premaxillaries; 
uo  prfficoracoid  or  interclavicles;  anterior  vertebne  united,  modified,  and 
with  the  ossicula  auditus,  as  in  the  Nematognathi  and  the  other  Plectoapon- 
dyli.  Superior  pharyngeal  bones  simple.  Dorsal  fin  wanting  or  reduced 
to  an  adipose  strip.    Vent  near  the  head,  the  anal  fin  being  exceedingly 


340 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'si; 


• 


loug.  Scales  Hmall  or  wanting.  Kibs  well  developed.  Air  bladder  ])iv. 
sent,  double.  Stomach  with  a  blind  sac  and  pyloric  ciuca.  Ovaries  with 
oviducts.  Fresh-water  fishes  from  South  America,  about  thirty  Hpocic!^ 
being  known.  The  group  is  divisible  into  two  families  quite  diverse  from 
each  other,  the  one  containing  the  singular  Electric  Eel,  {Electrojihonm 
electricua),  which  Cope  regards  as  intermediate  between  the  eel-like  8ilii- 
roids,  (ClariidcB),  and  the  Eels.  In  this  group  the  maxillarics  are  riuli- 
mental  and  the  form  decidedly  eel-like.  The  remaining  species,  consti- 
tuting the  suborder  Gymnonoti,  resemble  the  Characins  rather  than  the 
Eels,  and  hafre  no  appreciable  relationships  to  the  hitter.  It  seems  to  ,'m 
unlikely  that  any  of  the  Eels  are  descended  from  fishes  like  the  Gi/mnon- 
oti,  with  the  anterior  vertebrie  modified.  The  eel-like  form  of  EUriro- 
phortt8  is  probably  the  result  of  independent  skeletal  degradation.  ( ',')///,. 
notidw,  Giinther,  Cat.,  viii,  1-11,  1870.)     (yvfivog,  naked;  vutoc,  buck.) 

Family  XL.  GYMNOTIDiE. 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  small  scales,  the  lull 
much  produced  and  usually  ending  in  a  point.  Mouth  small,  the  teeth 
moderate,  sometimes  wanting,  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  partly 
by  the  mamillaries.  Dorsal  fin  absent  or  reduced  to  an  adipose  Hti'i]i; 
caudal  fin  rudimentary  or  wanting;  no  ventrals.  Vent  close  behind  I  lie 
head,  the  anal  fin  very  long.  Genera  6;  species  30;  abounding  iu  the 
rivers  of  South  America,  with  the  Charaeinidw,  io  which  group  they  are 
probably  mos',  closely  related.     (Giinther,  Cat.,  viii,  1-9,  1870.) 

a.  Tail  ending  in  a  jioiut  witliont  flns;  no  trace  of  dorsal  fin. 

b.  Each  jaw  with  a  series  of  conical  teeth.  Giton.  Mo. 

bb.  Each  jaw  with  a  patch  or  band  of  very  small  teeth;  eyelid  covering  the  eye,  witlumi 

free  rim.  Eioenmannia,  117. 

146.  GITON,  Kaup. 

Oaraput,  Cuvieb,  Kdgne  Animal,  Ed.  i,  237,  1817,  (in  part ;  macrotmu,  fiucUUim,  etc.). 

Carapiu,  Mf  lleb  &  Trosciibl,  Hora;  Ichthyol.,  111,  13,  1845,  (restricted  toiifasciatits ;  not  C<mqms, 

Baflnosque). 
GUoti,  Kaup  in  Dvh£bil,  Analyt.  Ichth.,  201,  1856,  (fiiBciatua ;  no  description.) 

Snout  of  moderate  length,  depressed.    A  series  of  conical  teeth  iu  each 

jaw.    Lower  jaw  projecting.    Anterior  nostrils  wide,  in  the  upper  lip. 

No  trace  of  caudal  or  dorsal  fin.     Vent  below  the  gill  opeufng.    (jivVur, 

neighbor.) 

670.  OITON  FASCIATVS  (Pallas). 

(Cabapo.) 
Eye  very  small ;  scales  moderate.  Anal  beginning  below  point  of  pec- 
toral; teeth  **  J^^J!.  Color  dusky,  the  young  with  irregular  dark  cross- 
bars, which  break  up  into  spots  with  age.  Guatemala  to  Rio  de  la  Plata; 
generally  abundant,  especially  iu  South  America;  recorded  from  ]{iu 
Matagua  and  Grenada.    (fa$ciatu8,  banded.) 

Oarapo,  Mabcobave,  HiBt.  Pise.  Bras.,  170, 1C48,  Brazil. 

Gynmolut  fcLtciaUu,  Pallab,  Spicilegia  Zoiil.,  vii,  35, 1769,  anal  rays  about  180,  frrsh  waters  of 

America. 
Oymnolut  albm,  Pallab,  (.  c,  36, 1769,  Surinam. 
OymnotM  hrachiwrut,  Bloch,  pi.  167,  fig.  1,  1787. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        341 


(iiimnmiotiu  carapo,  Dl.ocii,  Naturg.,  pi.  167,  flg.  2,  TTST;  Blocii  A  Sciincidrr,  Icbtb.,  621,  1801, 

aiiul  rayslOH,  fresh  waters  of  America,  (after /oucuifun,  Palla8). 
i;,,miinliiiipiilaol,  LAc(:pf.DF.,  IlUt.  Nat.  PoiHit.    II,  17G,  1801,  Brazil. 
Cirninii  inif(inUnhialni>,  V.VLENCIBNNES,  in  d'Orb.  Voy.  Anier.  Merid.  Poiga.,  pi.  14,  1839. 
(,,nqiu»fa»ciattu,  GOntiirr,  Cat.,  vxii,  9,  1870. 

147.  EIGENMANNIA,  Jordan  &.  Evermann,  new  generic  name. 

ri«(7«j»i,  EifiKNMANN,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sci.,  vil,  Febniary,  1894,  625,  {humboliUi) ;  preoccupied  in 

WoHMS. 

This  genus  differs  from  Gymnotua  or  Sternopygua,  only  in  not  having 
tlm  orbital  rim  free.  No  trace  of  doraal  or  caudal.  Mouth  mod- 
(Miito,  the  jaws  subequal,  both  with  a  patch  or  band  of  small  villiform 
ti  t'th  ;  a  patch  of  minute  teeth  on  each  side  of  pu.Iate;  snout  moderate; 
anterior  nostrils  on  upper  side  of  head;  vent  behind  the  orbit.  Only 
oiii!  species  in  our  waters.  (Named  for  Dr.  Carl  H.  Eigenmann,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  excellent  work  on  the  fresh-water  fishes  of  >South  America.) 

671.  EIGENMANNIA  HUNBOLDTI  (Stoindachner). 

(Macana.) 
Head  IH"  greatest  depth;  F.  18,  its  length  1|  in  head.  A.  24,  Body 
strongly  compressed,  the  snout  pointed.  Eye  without  free  margin,  its 
(lianiotor  2  in  snout,  which  is  3  in  head.  Mouth  small,  the  jaws  equal,  the 
njiixT  as  long  as  eye.  Anal  beginning  below  upper  ray  of  pectoral ;  vent 
nnder  posterior  edge  of  interopercle ;  scales  largest  near  front  of  second 
half  of  body,  alrng  lateral  line;  scales  on  nape  very  small.  Length  1^  feet. 
ll'u) Magdalenaand Rio Mamoui, (near Panama).  (Steindachner.)  (Named 
for  Alexander  von  Humboldt.) 

Slenmiijiguf  humboltUi,  Stei::daoiinek,  Fisch-fauna  dog  Magdalenen-Stromcg,  65,  1878,Rio  Mag* 
dalena. 

Wo  next  append  four  orders  of  fishes  which  agree  in  the  degradation  of 
tliP  skeleton  and  in  the  eel-like  form  of  the  body,  this  form  being  pro. 
(Inctnl  by  the  development  of  a  great  number  of  vertebrae,  and  the  corre- 
sponding deterioration  of  the  fins  and  their  basal  segments.  These  fishes 
are  all  probably  descended  from  extinct  soft-rayed  fishes,  but  the  liae  of 
descent  is  not  yet  traced.  We  put  them  in  this  place  in  the  series  because 
less  interruption  seems  to  be  caused  by  doing  so  than  would  result  from 
interpolating  them  elsewhere. 

Order  O.  SYMBRANCHIA. 

Hody  eel-shaped ;  premaxillary,  maxillary,  and  palatine  bones  well 
developed  and  distinct  from  each  other,  as  in  ordinary  fishes.  Shoulder 
girdle  Joined  to  the  skull  in  typical  species,  (in  one  family,  AmphipnoidWf 
distinct  from  the  skul!  as  in  the  eels).  No  mesocoracoid ;  symplectio 
present  or  -absent ;  scales  minute  or  wanting ;  no  paired  fins ;  vertical 
fins  rudimentary,  reduced  to  folds  of  the  skin ;  vent  at  a  great  distance 
from  the  head;  gill  openings  confluent  in  a  single  slit;  no  air  bladder; 
stomach  without  blind  sac  or  pyloric  c(£ca;  ovaries  with  oviducts;  skull 
solid,  the  bones  firmly  united ;  vertebrie  numerous,  the  anterior  unmodi- 
fiod.    Eel-like  fishes,  widely  distributed  in  warm  seas  and  iu  fresh  waters. 


*; 


.,•■.  ;t 


i  ; 


■  I 


(  ? 


i 


i 


Ml 


"    1 
! 

' 

\    '        -    i' 

-. 

■     ■/    tJ' 

\     ] 

Hi 


;-  1 


rs 


ft'    I 


I  '  jy""  ./fi  [« 


342 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


J 


rr 


; 


The  species  are  few,  Imt  Itighly  divorsifiod  in  strnctiire,  constituting  two 
suborders  and  four  families.  They  are  probably  related  to  the  Apodes,  but 
this  is  not  certain,  and  in  the  structure  of  the  head  they  approach  n<.oro 
nearly  to  the  true  fishes.  They  represent  degraded  rather  than  priniiti\o 
types,  and  the  line  of  their  descent  is  as  yet  unknown.  It  is  not  even 
certain  that  the  forms  grouped  in  this  order  are  closely  related.  Cojin 
makes  two  orders  of  them,  h'hlh if ocephali,  (Monopterido)),  nnd  JIoloHtnmi 
{Amphipnoidw  of  Uill,  and  Si/mhra»chidw).  But  Dr.  Gill  has  shown  that  t  im 
iS»/wiftrrtwc/uV/«i;  belong  rather  with  the  Monopteridw.  (Si/mbranchhhr,  (Jiin. 
ther.  Cat.,  vm,  12-18,  1870.)     (tCv,  together;  fiimyxia,  gills.) 

Analysis  of  Famixxes  of  Symhranchia. 

a.  Syniplcctic  jirosont. 

l>.  8hoiil<li'r  pirdio  conuoctod  to  tho  skull  by  a  bony  post.-tomporal ;  vont  behind  tho  iiii,|. 
dlo  of  thu  luMly  ;  vprtobrm  iiboiit  80  |  0,5  ;  gillH  woll  dnvolopod  ;  |)u1iktirii>  ti'i'th  in  u 
baud;  gilh  without  peculiar  modiflcation.  Svhdranciiid.k  xm. 

Family  XLI.  SYMBRANCHIDiE. 
(The  SYMnuANCiioin  Eels.) 
Body  eel-sliaped,  naked,  the  abdomen  very  long,  longer  than  the  tail- 
shoulder  girdle  attached  to  the  skull  by  a  well-developed,  bifurcate  post- 
temporal ;  snout  short;  eyes  small,  anterior ;  teeth  small ;  palatine  teetli 
in  a  band;  gills  well  developed;  gill  openings  confluent  in  a  narrow nlit; 
4  gill  arches;  no  accessory  breathing  sac ;  gill  membranes  free  from  f lie 
isthmus.  Fresh  water  fishes,  1  genus  and  3  species  known.  (Sj/mhniii- 
chidw,  genus,  Sym}>ranchii 8,  (Jiinther,  Cat.,  viii,  15-17,  1870.) 

148    SYMBRANCHUS,  Bloch. 

Sj/mhronr/iiid,  ni.ocil,  IrhthyoloRin,  ix,  87,  179.'),  (mai-mnratiis). 
Vmhrahchapeilimi,  h\c(:vv.vK,  Hist.  Nat.  Toiss.,  v,  0,18,  1803,  {marmoratui). 
Ophislenim,  McCt.Ki.i.AND,  Calcutta  .Toiirn.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1!)7,  l^l."),  {bnifialeiiiiii). 
Telrabrancliiis,  Ui.f.ekek,  Nat.  Tyds.  Ned.  Ind.,  11,  (!!),  1862,  {micr  ipliOinlniuii). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  'Ihree  species  known,  two 
from  India,  and  tho  following,     (fir,  together ;  (ipuyx^C,  gill.) 

572.  STitlBRANCHlIS  MAKNORATUS,  Bloch. 

Snout  short,  rounded  or  pointed  ;  eyes  small,  rather  close  to  the  end  of 
the  snout.  Gill  opening  narrow^,  not  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  ventral 
surface,  generally  transverse,  arched,  frequently  appearing  as  a  longitu- 
dinal slit  unless  drawn  out.  Vertebrso  79  +  57.  Color  brownish,  variously 
marbled,  sometimes  immaculate.  Tropical  America,  in  streams  from  tlie 
Amazon  northward  to  southern  Mexico  and  St.  Lucia ;  generally  abundant. 
Recorded  northward  from  Vera  Cruz,  Trinidad,  St.  Lucia,  Lake  Peteu, 
Huamuchal,  Rio  Chisoy,  etc. 

St/mbranchus  marmoralm,  Bloch;  Ichthyolopin.  ix,  87,  pi.  418,  1795 ;  GdNTiiEK,  Cat.,  viii,  1,5, 1870. 
Symhranrhiis  immactiMus,  Bloch,  /.  c. ,  pi.  419,  fig.  1. 

Synbranchns  Immvergalis,  Block  &  Schneider,  ,524,  1801,  Guinea,  after  Oronow. 
VHibrnMhap€rturagrisea,marmorata,  imiiiaciilala,  and  lineida,   LAcdpiiDr   Hist.   Nat.  Pass.,  v,  0.58, 

1803,  Surinam. 
Synhmnfhus  fiiliginonu,  Banzani,  Nov.  Comm.   Ac.  Sci.  Inst.   Bouon.,  iv,  75,  i)Iate  11,  fig.  1, 

1840,  Brazil. 
Mursena  lumh-icuii,  Gronow,  Catalogue  Fishes,  18,  18.54,  Sea  of  Guinea. 
SymbranchM  i^Ulalut,  Castglnav,  An.  Amer.  Sud.,  84,  pi.  44,  flg.  3, 1865,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 


conic,  in  ( 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        .143 


Order  P.  CARRNCHELYI. 

(The  Lono-neckkd  Eels.) 

Teleost  fishes  with  the  internir  xillaries  (preniaxillaries),  and  supra- 
inaxillaries  (maxilluries),  devttlopod  and  unit'Hl  1>y  suture,  and  innnor- 
ahly  connected  with  the  cranium;  branchial  apparatus  as  in  Apodos; 
Bcapular  arch  remote  from  tlio  skull,  and  the  body  angnil'lform.  This 
oiilor  includes  a  single  family,  Derichthyidiv,  lately  discovered  in  the 
doop  seas.     (Gill.)     (mpa,  heai\ ',  tyx^'^vc,  eel.) 

Family  XLII.  DERICHTHYIDyE. 

Uody  anguilliform,  lender,  with  a  neck-like  contraction  between  the 
hoad  and  pectoral  fins,  and  submedian  anus.  Scales  absent,  the  skin  being 
{MI  fectiy  smooth.  Lateral  line  commencing  on  the  side,  behind  the  head, 
near  the  back,  but  submedian  behind.  Head  oblong,  oval.  Eyes  in  the 
anterior  half  of  the  head.  Nostrils  lateral,  in  front  of  the  eyes,  neither 
tiiliular.  Mouth  with  the  cleft  little  oblique,  extending  behind  the  eyes. 
Jaws  well  'leveloped,  maxillaries  approximated  to  the  front  of  the  vomer 
and  attenuated  backwards.  Mandible  moderr.tely  stout ;  the  dentary  with 
tbo  coronoid  process  moderate  and  not  far  from  posterior  end.  Teeth 
conic,  in  cardiform  bands  on  the  jaws  and  vomer.  Lips  moderate. 
Tongue  moderate.  Preorbital  bones  and  opercular  apparatus  moderately 
developed ;  operculum  inserted  rather  low  on  the  byomandibular  by  a 
peduncle,  horizontally  oblong,  with  emarginate  upper  edge  and  convex 
lower  one ;  snboperculum  curved  and  applied  below  operculum ;  iuteroper- 
culum  long,  connected  in  front  with  angle  of  jaw  and  behind  with  front  of 
snboperculum;  preoperculum  moderate.  Branchial  apertures  lateral; 
vertical  8lit>!  in  front  of  poctorals.  Branohiostegal  rays  in  small  number, 
(abort  (J),  rather  slender  avid  curved  upwards  behind  the  opercula.  Dor- 
sal, anal,  and  caudal  confluent  in  an  uninterrupted  fin  ;  dorsal  commenc- 
in^j;  far  behind  the  head ;  anal  commenciiior  about  midway  between  snout 
and  end  of  tail  or  middle  of  body;  caudal  pointed  and  reduced.  Pectorals 
inserted  nearer  the  breast  than  back,  narrow  and  rather  long,  with  about 
10  or  11  fine  jays,  ivndbent  forward.  Branchial  arches  slender ;  glossohyal 
moderately  long ;  iirohyal  very  slender  and  pointed ;  first  basibranchial 
very  long;  second  and  third  basibranchials  moderate;  epipbaryngeals 
reduced  to  a  pair  (?);  hypopharyngeala  long  and  closely  appressed  and 
superincumbent  on  the  rudimentary  fifth  arch.  One  species  known,  an 
eol  like  fish,  from  the  abysses  of  the  Atlantic.  (Gill.) 
{Dirkhlhyidw,  Gill,  Amer.  Nat.,  xviii,  1884,  433.) 

149.  DERICHTHYS,  Gill. 

IhTii'hlhyn,  Gill,  American  Naturalist,  xviii,  1884,  433,  {serpenlimu). 

The  generic  characters  are  included  in  the  family  diagnosis  above. 

(Stpv,  neck;  t;\;fli'f,  fish.) 

678.  PERICHTHTS  SEItPENTINlIS,  Gill. 
Hody  stout,  somewhat  compressed,  especially  behind  vent ;  greatest 
height  in  region  of  vent,  nearly  equal  to  head;  its  postanal  portion 
equal  to  distance  from  vent  to  posterior  margin  of  orbit.    Head  small, 


ivfc '-i.^ ; -i&j*  .^V -■.  u  ^  :.\jI  ^:- . -;.;-*^  f  ■■  V  -  A  Ti'.*  ■ . . 


.  ^,-.,.' 


J 


1 

I 


'\ 


U: 


344 


Bulletin  4y^  United  States  National  Museum. 


snake-like,  its  resemblance  to  that  of  a  serpent  being  enhanced  by  the 
contracted  neck-like  appearance  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  body ;  its 
anterior  portion  depressed,  the  outline  from  above  abruptly  trunciUi'; 
«idth  of  tip  of  snout  considerably  greater  than  interorbital  Hpai  o. 
Lower  jaw  narrower  and  included;  upper  jaw  projecting  beyond  \i»  dp 
a  distance  nearly  equal  to  diameter  of  eye.  Length  of  snout  oue-thiid 
that  of  head.  Cleft  of  mouth  extends  behind  eye  a  distance  equal  to  or 
slightly  greater  than  diameter  of  orbit.  Nostrils  elongate,  the  cxtorior 
slit  occupying  the  middle  third  of  the  space  between  anterior  margin  of 
orbit  and  tip  of  snout.  Length  of  neck  four-fifths  that  of  head,  opial 
to  distance  from  posterior  limit  of  nostril  to  posterior  portion  of  homl. 
Pectorals  inserted  high  up,  almost  in  median  line,  and  composed  of  2  or 
3  flexible,  filiform  rays.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  midway  between  vont 
and  tip  of  snout,  the  fin  composed  of  flexible,  delicate  rays,  not  sulii- 
oiently  di£ferentiated  from  the  thin  membrane  to  be  easily  counted, 
those  rays  being  longest  in  region  above  vent.  Vent  nearly  modian; 
anal  fin  beginning  immediately  behind  vent,  similar  in  height  and 
appearance  to  dorsal  fin,  which  it  apparently  joins  at  tip  of  tail.  No 
ventrals.  Lateral  line  inconspicuous,  with  minute  pores,  though  its 
location  is  emphasized  by  the  lancelet-like  arrangement  of  the  muscular 
fibers.  Length  of  type  8  inches ;  of  head,  \  inch ;  of  region  in  advance 
of  pectorals,  1  inch ;  greatest  height,  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch. 
Color,  in  life,  ruddy  brown ;  in  alcohol,  light  yellow.  (Goode  «&  Bean.) 
A  single  specimen  known.     {serpentinuSy  like  a  snake.) 

Derichlhyt  terjientimis,  Gill,  Amor.  Nnt.,  xviii,  1884,  433,  Gulf  Stream,  Albatross  Station 
aog4,  in  loaa  fathoms.  (Coll.  Albatross.)  Ooode  &  Bkan,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  loi,  f\^. 
169, 1896. 

Order  Q.  APODES. 
(The  Eels.) 

Teleost  fishes  with  the  premaxillaries  atrophied  or  lost,  the  maxillarics 
lateral,  and  the  body  angnilliform  and  destitute  of  ventral  fins.  The 
most  striking  feature  is  the  absence  of  the  premaxillaries,  taken  in  con- 
nection with  the  elongate  form  and  the  lit*'  development  of  the  sca^tnlar 
arch,  which  is  not  attached  to  the  cranium.  Other  characters  not  con- 
fined to  the  Apodes  are  the  following :  The  absence  of  the  symplectic  hoiii, 
the  reduction  of  the  opercular  apparatus  and  of  the  palatopterygoid  arch, 
the  absence  of  ventral  fins,  the  absence  of  the  mesocoracoid  or  pra'cora- 
coid  arch,  and  the  reduction  or  total  absence  of  the  scales.  There  are  no 
spines  in  the  fins,  the  gill  openings  are  comparatively  small,  and  tluue 
are  no  pseudobranchite.    The  vertebrae  are  in  large  number  *  and  none 


*  Numberi  of  verlebrie  in  Apodes. 


Murttnuox  eonicepi 40  +  71  = 

Anguil'a  attguUla 46  +  70  = 

Echid  M  catenata 65  +  51  = 

Lycoii  imtis  meleagrii 60-|-60: 

LycoiiotUif  nebtilomu 66-f-67  = 

LycodontU  undtilatug 64  +  68  = 

Ophichlhut  oceUahu 52  +  82  = 

Eehidm  zebra 07  +  38  = 


=  111.     LycotJoiUu  unicolor __.  65 

=  116.     Mursena  helena 70 

=  116.     Ophichlhiis  gomesi 45 

=  120.    LycodontU  ocellalns 48 

-  122.     Ijycodontie  tnorivyn 65 

=  132.    8yttaphobra}ichiis  pinnaius 31 

=  134.     Ijeptocephalm  conger 55 

- 135.    Oordiichthyt  irrelitut 125 


H-  71=-WG. 
+  71  . 1 U. 
+  96  =  1 II. 
+  91  =  112. 
+  79  Ml. 
+  115  lie, 
+  99-1,54. 
+  100  =  226. 


..  Jkr  it^'c-^j^tji 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        345 


of  tbom  are  specially  inudifled.  The  tail  iti  isocercal ;  that  is,  with  the 
ciindal  vertebrro  remainiug  in  a  straight  line  to  its  extremity,  as  in  the 
(Mub'.yos  of  most  fish,  and  in  the  Anacanihini. 

We  begin  our  discussion  of  the  ook*  Tvith  the  forms  which  seem  nearest  to 
the  primitive  stock  from  which  the  members  of  the  group  have  descended. 
II  is  evident  that  among  the  eels,  the  forms  of  simplest  structure,  as  TJro- 
ptrrygius,  Channomurwna,  and  Sphagebranchua  are  not  in  any  sense  primitive 
forms,  but  the  results  of  a  long  continued  and  progressive  degeneration, 
80  far  as  the  flns  and  mouth  parts  are  concerned.  The  Apodes  are  proba- 
bly descended  from  laoapondylous  or  Iniomous  types,  possibly  from  ances- 
tors of  the  Anacanthini,  and  their  divergence  from  typical  forms  is,  in 
most  respects,  a  retrogression.*  (a,  without ;  troif ,  foot,  from  the  absence 
of  ventral  flns.) 

(i1/iif(rtiid«p,  GOntiieh,  Cat.,  viii,  10-146,  1870.) 

Families  of  Apodes. 

Enchklycepham  : 
<i.  Gill  openings  well  devolopod,  loading  to  large  interbranchial  slits ;  tongue  present ;  operclee 
and  brancliial  bones  well  developed  ;  scapular  arch  present. 
b.  Skin  covered  with  rudimentary  embedded  scalos,  usually  linear  in  form,  arranged  in 
small  groups,  and  ]ilaced  obliquely  at  right  angles  to  those  of  neighboring  groups; 
pectorals  and  vertical  flns  well  developed,  the  latter  cotifluont  about  the  tail ;  lateral 
lino  present ;  posterior  nostril  in  front  of  eyes  ;  tongue  with  its  margins  free, 
e.  Gill  openings  well  soparatcd  ;  branchiostegnls  long,  bent  upwards  behind. 

d.  Gill  openings  lateral  and  vortical ;  snout  conic,  the  jaws  not  very  heavy  ;  gape 
longitudinal ;  lips  thick ;  lower  jaw  projecting ;  teeth  in  cardifornt  bands 
on  jaws  and  vomer ;  eggs  minute.  Anouili.id^,  xliii. 

dd.  Gill  openings  horizontal,  inferior. 

«.  Snout  very  blunt,  with  very  strong  jaws  ;  gape  transverse ;  lips  obsolete ; 

teeth  blunt,  in  one  series,  on  jaws  only.  SiHENCHELYiD.i;,  XLiv. 

ee.  Snout  conical  and  slender,  **  i  jaws  of  moderate  strength;  gape  lateral; 

lips  obsolete ;  tongue  but  little  developed ;  teeth  acute,  in  bands  on 

jaws  and  vomer.  Ilyopiiid^,  xlv. 

cc.  Gill  openings  inferior,  very  close  together,  apparently  confluent ;  branchiostcgal 

rays  abbreviated  behind  ;  head  conical ;  tongue  small ;  posterior  nostrils  in 

front  of  eye.  Synapiiobranchidje,  xlvi. 

bh.  Scales  wholly  wanting  ;  eggs  (so  far  as  known)  of  moderate  size,  much  as  in  ordinary 

fishes. 

/.  Tip  of  tail  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  fln,  the  dorsal  and  anal  flus  con- 
fluent around  it ;  the  tail  sometimes  ending  in  a  long  fliamcnt. 
Coloration  almost  always  plain,  brownish,  blackish,  or  silvery,  the 
flns  often  bluck-margined. 
g.  Posterior  nostril  without  tube,  situated  entirely  above  the  upper  lip. 
h.  Tongue  broad,  largely  free  anteriorly  and  on  sides ;  vomerine 
teeth  moderate. 
1.  Pectoral  flns  well  developed ;  body  not  excessively  elon- 
gate ;  lower  jaw  not  projecting  ;  anterior  nostril 
remote  from  eye.  Leptocephalid^,  xlvii. 

hh.  Tongue  narrow,  adnato  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth  or  only  the 
tip  slighMyfree;  vomerine  teeth  well  developed,  some- 
times enlarged. 

j.  Jaws  not  attenuate  and  recurved  at  tip  ;  gill  openings 
well  separated  ;  anterior  nostrils  remote  from  eye. 

-  *  Kor  a  detailed  account  of  the  s|M'cie8  of  Apodes,  see  "A  Preliminary  Review  of  the  Apodal 
FiHiieBor  Kols,"  Ropt.  U.  8.  Fish  Comm.,  1888,  (flret  published  June  14,  1892),  pp.  681-677,  by 
David  Starr  Jordan  and  Bradley  Mooro  Davis. 


T^' 


'^■Wi^MWW 


346 


Bulletin  ^/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


a*'*E 


m 


h.  Puctoral  fin*  well  dov(>lo|ie<l ;  ikln  thick ;  iikniKtoQ 

lirm  ;  miout  moderate  ;  tail  not  ouiIIdk  in  a 

fllirorm  tip.  MiTn>;NCM(>oiD.v:,  xi.viii. 

kk.  Pectoral  Aiih  wholly  wanting  ;  iinout  ami  jiiw* 

iiiiich  prtMliu-od,   tlio  upper  lunger ;    juwii 

straight ;  skin  thin,  tlio  Hkelcton  weak  ;  i,u| 

ending  ill  a  flliturm  tip  ;  rIII  openiiiKH  Nimtll, 

■uhinferior;  toeth shar]), lulKxiual,  riinirvil; 

a  lung  mtrioH  on  tlio  voiiiur ;  deop-ava  vein, 

■oft  in  liddy,  lilack  in  color. 

Nettabtomid*,  xi.ix. 

ij.  Jawg  lonK  and  Hlondor,  tapering  to  a  point,  rociirvcd 

at  tip  ;  uoMtriJH  largo,  both  pairs  close  in  fnuit  of 

cyp  ;  Kill  opuning*  oonvorgont  forward,  N<>|iunitn 

or  conlliiont;    pectoralH  and  vertiral   lliig  wi'll 

develo|H*d  ;  inenibritneg  of  Adh  thin,  nut  fiivulnp. 

ing  the  rays  ;  gkulutoii  woll  dovulupud  ;  dcfp-sua 

oulg.  Nemiciitiiyii).):,  l. 

gg.  PoHterlor  noittril  cloiu  to  the  edge  of  the  upper  lip  ;  tongue  morn 

or  I0M8  fully  adnate  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth  ;  teeth  8ubei|im|, 

Mviiin.T-:,  Li, 
Jt,  Tip  of  u<1  without  rayg,  projecting  beyond  the  dorsal  and  anal  flnn  (not 
filiforni) ;  puHterlor  nostril  on  the  (nlgo  of  the  upper  lip  ;  antiTinr 
noKtril  near  tip  of  snout,  ><8ually  in  a  xmall  tuliu  ;  tongue  UHimlly 
adnato  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth.  Coloration  frequently  varie- 
gated. OPHIOUTIIYID.t:,  MI. 
OOLOOEPHALI  : 

aa,  Oill  openings  small,  roundish,  loading  to  restricted  intorhranchial  slits  ;  tongue  waiitiii);; 
puctoral  flns  (typically)  wanting :  opercles  feebly  developed  ;  fourth  gill  arch  inncli- 
fiod,  strengthened,  and  supporting  pharyngeal  jaws. 
I.  Scapular  arch  olwolete  or  represented  by  cartilage  ;  heart  not  far  back  ;  |>ectoi  alH  want- 
lug;  skin  thick;  coloration  often  variegated.  Muu^:mid.k,  1,111. 


\\ 


1  i 


Suborder  ENCHELYCEPALI. 
(The  Eels.) 

The  characters  of  this  group  are  given  above,  (iyxe^vg,  eel ;  KegxiAr/, 
head.) 

Family  XLIII.  ANGUILLID^.. 
(The  True  Eels.) 

The  trne  eels  or  Anguillidoi  are  characterized  by  their  scaly  skin  in 

association  with  a  conical  head  and  a  general  resemblance  to  the  Conijers. 

The  group  is  thus  diagnosed  by  Dr.  Gill : 

Enchelycephalous  Apodals  with  conical  head,  well-developed  opercular 
apparatus,  lateral  maxillines,  cardiform  teeth,  distinct  tongue,  vertical 
lateral  branchial  apertures,  continuous  vertical  fins,  with  the  dorsal  far 
from  the  head,  pectorals  well  developed,  scaly  skin,  and  nearly  perfect 
branchial  skeleton. 

The  Anguillidae  approach  more  nearly  than  most  of  the  other  eels  to  tlie 

type  of  the  true  fishes.    In  one  respect,  that  of  the  minute  ova  and  coii- 

oealed  generation,  however,  they  differ  widely  from  these.    The  single 

genua  of  living  Anguillidce  is  widely  diffused  in  temperate  and  tropical 

waters.    Unlike  the  other  eels  the  Anguillido}  freely  ascend  the  rivers, 

descending  to  the  sea  for  purposes  of  reproduction.    One  genus,  with  5  or 

more  valid  species.    (MurKnidcPj  genus  Anguilla,  GDnthek,  Cat.,  viii,  23 

to  37,  1870.) 

a   Dorsal  fin  inserted  well  behind  base  of  pectorals,  shoulder  girdle  well  developed  ;  lower 
Jaw  projecting.  AMovaLA,  15(i. 


'I'Ab  IB  sbowi 


Jordan  and  FA>ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        347 


150.  ANGUILLA,  Shaw. 
(Eels.) 

v4ii  'iii'Hn,  81UW,  Gonoral  ZoiiloRjr,  iv,  15,  1804,  {tnnjuilln). 

il/iirn/Ki,  Ill.KKKKn,  I'oKY,  i>t<'.,  (tukiiiK  iiH  tyiMt  MnriTHit  nngnilln,  tlin  flrat  Hpet'lM  ini>ntinnni|  by 
Autedi  iindor  Mimrnn). 

liody  elotifjato,  compresqed  bnliiiul,  covered  with  oinbodded  Hcales 
which  are  linear  in  form  and  phicod  obliquely,  Honie  of  them  at  ri^rht 
angles  to  otherH.  Lateral  lino  well  developed.  Head  lonj;,  conical, 
moderately  pointed,  the  rather  small  eye  well  forward  and  over  the  angle 
of  the  mouth.  Teeth  small,  Hubequal,  in  bunds  on  each  Jaw  and  a  long 
patch  on  the  vomer.  Tongue  free  at  tip.  Lips  rather  full,  with  a  free 
iiiiirgin  behind,  attached  by  r\.  frenum  in  front.  Lower  jaw  projecting. 
Uiil  openings  rather  snuiU,  slit-like,  about  as  wide  as  base  of  pectorals 
and  partly  below  them.  Nostrils  superior,  well  separated,  the  antorior 
with  a  slight  tube,  Vent  close  in  front  of  anal.  Dorsal  inserted  at 
some  distance  from  the  head,  confluent  with  the  anal  around  the  tpil. 
Pectorals  well  developed.  Species  found  in  most  warm  seas,  (the  eastern 
Pacific  excepted),  ascending  streams,  but  mostly  spawning  in  the  sea. 
The  eels  often  move  for  a  considerable  distance  on  land,  in  damp  grass. 
Waterfalls,  dams,  and  other  obstructions  are  often  passed  in  this  way. 
It  is  thought  that  the  eel  spawns  only  in  the  sea,  the  female  dying  after 
having  once  produced  ova.  The  females  are  larger  than  the  males,  paler 
in  color,  with  smaller  eyes  and  higher  fins.  Eels  are  among  tlio  most 
voracious  of  fishes.  "  On  their  hunting  excursions,  they  overturn  alike 
huge  and  small  stones,  beneath  which  they  iind  species  of  shrimp  and 
crayfish,  of  which  they  are  excessively  fond.  Their  noses  are  poked  into 
every  imaginable  hole  in  their  search  for  food,  to  the  terror  of  innumera- 
ble small  fishes."  (W.  H.  Ballon.)  The  single  American  species  diflers* 
slightly  from  the  European  Anyuilla  anguilla  (Linmeus).  {anguiUa,  the 
eol.) 

'''Ati  iH  Bbuwn  in  tho  following  analysiH: 

a.  Distance  botweon  origin  of  doraitl  and  vont  5  to  V,:^  in  liwad  ;  pectoral  3  to  3%  in  head  ; 
head  2^  to  2^  in  trunl{;  uppor  jaw  Ujj  to  4^  in  bead.  Yellow,  brown,  or  black, 
underparts  paler.  anguilla. 

aa.  Distance  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  vent  I J  to  2  in  bead  ;  pectoral  21  to  Sj  in  liead ; 
bead  2  to  2%  in  trnnk;  body  more  robust  and  trunk  sligbtiy  shorter  than  in 
anguilla,  otherwise  similar.  ohrysypa,  568. 

Dr.  Oltnther  states  tbat  a  specimen  of  tbo  Euro{<ean  eel  from  Now  Jersey  is  in  tho  Liver- 
pool MusiMim,  There  is  no  other  American  record,  and  this  nuist  be  regarded  08  Tory 
questionable. 

l>r.  Seth  E.  Mock,  (Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  1883,  4.30),  after  a  careful  comparison  of  American 
mill  European  cols,  concludes  that  "in  American  spucimens  tho  dorsal  tin  is  proportionately 
fartliur  from  the  end  of  snout,  making  the  distance  between  front  of  dorsal  and  front  of  anal  a 
little  shorter  than  in  European  specimens.  Otherwise  no  permanent  differonco  seems  to  exist. 
VVu  Hhould  not,  therefore,  iu  my  opinion,  consider  tho  two  as  distinct  species,  but  rather  as 
(teugntphical  varieties  of  the  same  8|)ecies." 

in  ,1.  chrysypa,  according  to  Dr.  Meek,  the  distanco  from  tip  of  snout  to  front  of  dorsal  is,  on 
an  average,  .SS*^  of  the  length;  the  distanco  from  front  of  dorsal  to  front  of  anal,  .00%,  or 
less  than  length  of  head,  (.Viy^). 

In  tho  European  Anguilla  anguilla  the  fli-st  distance  is  .303^,  the  second,  .13%,  or  a  little  more 
tliuu  length  of  bead  (.13^).  Cuban  specimens,  {Anguilla  cnbaua,  Kaup),  agree  fully  with  A. 
chrynypa,  us  also  Texan  ones  (Anijuilla  "lyrannun"  or  "lexana").  Probably  our  eel  should  be 
regarded  as  a  subspecies,  {chryiypa),  of  A.  anguilla. 


^f] 


Ei. 


348 


liulletin  42 1  f^nitfJ  States  National  Museutn. 


A74.  AUrUUILI.A  CIIRTHTPA,*  naAueMiiio. 
(Amrriian  Ki:i,  ;  Furmi  Watf.h  Kci..) 

Di8tanc«  from  front  of  j'thuI  to  vent  \\  to  2  in  lu^nd ;  pectoral  2f!  to 
3ii  in  liend  ;  heiiil  2  t(»  2^  in  trunk.  Form  rutliur  rohuNt.  lirown,  nearly 
plain,  often  tinged  with  yellowidh ;  paler  below,  the  color  extrenu-lv 
variable.  Lcnutb  1  "r  H  feet.  Atlantic  couHt  of  the  United  StotoH;  v«i\ 
abundant  from  Maine  to  Mexico;  ancendinK  all  rivers  Houth  of  (;an!i(l,'i 
and  eaHt  of  the  Kocky  Mountainn  and  rcHident  throuKliout  the  MIhsIh- 
Hipi>l  Valley.  Common  in  the  WcHt  IndieH.  Not  fonnd  in  the  I'acillc.  A 
food-flHh  of  importance,     (.v/'iffm;,  gold;  i't^,  below.) 

An^jniWn  chr{i»\)fn,  ItAriNMgi'K,  Amor.  Month.  Miij?.  A  Oilt.  Hnv.,  1H17, 120,  Lake  George  ;  Huil- 

•on  Kiver;  Lake  Champlain. 
Augiiilln  hltplmrti,  Rkrisr.H'ivr.,  Amor.  Moiitli.  Miik.  &  Ciit.  Itov.,  1H17,  I'JO,  Long  Island. 
Auyuilla  lalirniithi,  ItAtlNKNgur,  Amor.  Monfli.  Mu;.  A  Crlt.  Hrw,  1S!7,  4V>,  Ohio  River. 
Anguilln  aterrhmi,  lUt  iNi,sgi'R,  loli.  OIiIoiirIh,  78,  iK.u,  i  enneaaee  and  Cumberland  rivers. 
Angnillii  xaiithoiiifliiii,  ItAFiNEiigiK,  Icli.  OliicnRiM,  7H,  lt<2(),  Ohio  River. 
Aiigiiillaluten,  llAnsrsiivt,  Icli.  OhioiiHiH,  78,  lK2(),  Ohio  River. 
MurHtinrotinita,  \,r.  Si'F.i'R,  Juiirn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  1821,  81,  Cayuga  Lake. 
Miirmia  hitHlotiieuiitii,  Lp.  Siiritr,  Juiirn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  1821,  81,  Boston. 
MiiriiHii  ffr)>entmn,  Lf.  .Sukuii,  .Toum.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  1821,  82,  Newport,  Rhode  Isloml, 
Muriivtt  marrnfephtilii,  hr.Svr.vh,  .roiirn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'lilln.,  1821,  82,  Saratoga,  New  York 
Miirtina  argeulen,  Lf.  Si-F.iMt,  .loiirii,  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  riii'  i.,  1821,  82    Boston  Bay. 
Augiiilla  teumrottriii,  DeKay,  FiNlioo  N.  Y.,  .110,  1842,  New  York. 
Anguilla  novirDrleiinetiiiii,  Kai't,  Ajiodoo,  4.'l,  fig.  .').'),  1850,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 
AiKjiiilln  pnnrtiili'timn,  Kal'p,  Apoilox,  41,  iHfiO,  Niagara  River. 
AiiyuiUa  ciihniiit,  Kai'P,  A|iudoR,  44,  1850,  Cuba. 
Anf/uitlnnomlenip,  Kati',  Apodos,  4.'i,  tig.  35,  185(),  Newfoundland. 
Anyiiilla  tfxanit,  Kai'P,  Apoilos,  45,  tig.  IIG,  18S0,  Texas, 
Anguilla  wiibanlirniiiii,  Kavi*,  ApodoR,  4G,  185U,  Wabash  River. 
Amjuilla  tgmiimu,  CtUi\RV,  V.  S.  and  Mcx.  Dound.  .Surv.,  75,  I8.''i<i,  Rio  Grande. 
Angnilta  rontrala,  De  Kay,  FIrIior  N.  Y.,  312,  1842. 
Miirtrna  ciilMina,  PoEV,  SynopsiR,  421,  1868. 

Atigiiilla  augnitla  roHtrala,  Meek,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Oomm.,  in,  1883,  430. 
AttgnUla  chryiypa,  Jordan  &  Davis,  Roviow  of  Apodal  FioliuR,  fi68,  1802. 

Family  XLIV,  SIMENCHELYID.E. 

(The  Snuu-nosed  Eels.) 

This  family  contains  a  single  species,  a  large  deep-soa  eel,  parasitic  in 

larger  fishes,  having  the  general  characters  of  Anguilla,  but  with  tiie 

form  of  the  bead  strikingly  different.    The  folhtwing  diagnosis  is  given 

by  Dr.  Gill: 

Apodal  fishes  with  a  blunt  snont,  transverse,  anterior  moiith,  niaMsivo 
jaws  with  an  acrodont  dentition,  and  inferior  longitudinal  branchial  slitH 
moderately  far  apart  from  each  other. 

♦Among  the  mnltltudeR  of  American  ocls  oxarainod  by  uh  wo  Imvo  been  uniililo  to  detect 
Rpeciflc  differences.  As  all  thcso  specimouR  differ  in  a  slight  degree  from  any  wo  havi'  seeii 
from  Europe,  we  may  provisionally  re'ogiiize  the  American  form  under  its  oldest  naiiio,  Awjuilln 
chrj/nypa,  as  a  distinct  si)ecies.  As  these  difTeronces  are  slight,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  iiiteniK'- 
diato  forms  may  occur,  in  which  cane  the  American  form  nmy  stand  as  var.  fhri/supa.  Dr.  liiiiii 
records  in  the  "Nineteenth  Ue|M)rt  of  the  Commission  of  Fisheries  of  New  York,"  pane  J-^h, 
five  individuals  from  Great  South  Buy,  Long  Island,  which  he  thinks  may  ri^present  AniiniU'i 
argenUii  (Lo  Sueur).  These  specinivnH  are  described  as  having  "  large  eyes,  short  snout,  ami 
long  |)ectoral  fins  as  compared  with  tlie  common  form,  silvery  gray  above  with  a  clear  satiny 
white  abdomen  separated  from  the  color  above  by  the  lateral  line."  These  specimens  are  very 
interesting  because  they  were  found  "to  be  males  with  the  generative  glands  ho  well  developed 
as  to  leave  no  doubt  concerning  the  sex." 


Jordan  and  Evtrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        340 

I'lat  Hkiii  liiiH  Ww  |KHMiliitr  rutUuiuiitury  hciiIuh  «if  AHtjuUla;  tliu  ^«otU  uro 
l)ltiut,  uuiHoriul,  uii  tliu  etljrti  of  tlut  Juwh  only,  aiul  tkuio  aio  no  lips. 

151.  SIMENCHELYS,  Uill. 

liiiiHHclifli/»,  (ill.I.,  lu  (Joiiiic  \  IIkan,  Hull.  KiMi'x  IiiHt.,  27,  IHT'J,  { jiariuiliriu). 
I'.iitlw.lHKthx;  t'oLI.KTT,  Ullll.  Hoc.  /oiil.  Krillico,   I'J'J,  IHH',1,  (i/ri)iiii(i(ji). 

Itody  ool-Hliupud,  covered  witli  linour  oiiiboddod  HoalcH,  diapoHed  at  right 
miikImh  iiH  ill  Aui/uilln.  Latural  line  picHunt,  fuint.  Head  very  Hhurt, 
I'DiiiHled,  very  blunt  anteriorly,  uliKlitly  conipreHHed.  Mouth  Hm»ll, 
cnlirrly  anterior.  PreinaxillaricH  and  niaxillarioH  of  each  aide  coalesced 
iiikI  Hcparatud  i'lom  tlioHe  of  the  other  Hide  by  the  ethmoid.  Jaws  e(|ual, 
llioir  ed^foH  hard,  provided  with  a  HiiiKlo  serieH  of  sniall,  rounded,  close- 
H«it,  inciuur-like  teeth.  No  vomerine  teeth.  Tongue  broad,  somewhat 
iVi'o  anteriorly.  Mandible  very  deep  and  strong.  Operculum  saber-shaped. 
Cill  openingH  very  small,  inferi«>r,  longitudinal,  well  separated,  situated 
ill  front  of  the  pectoralH  and  below  them.  Both  nostrils  large,  the  anterior 
with  a  slight  rim,  but  no  tube.  Lips  full.  Pectorals  short;  vertical  fins 
ciiiitiiient  around  the  tail,  the  dorsal  beginning  not  far  behind  pectorals; 
M'lit  in  front  of  anal,  near  middle  of  body.  One  species  known,  (aifibif 
[iiig-nosed;  tyxf^^^'J}  eel.) 

076.  SIMENCHELYS  PAUASITICUS,  Qili. 

Eye  H  to  2  in  snout ;  pectoral  2^  in  head  ;  head  ik  to  4S  in  trunk ;  tail  a 
Iliad's  length  longer  than  head  and  trunk  ;  anterior  profile  of  head  bluntly 
iiiiiiidud;  angle  of  mouth  at  a  point  half  way  between  the  tip  of  snout 
1111(1  anterior  edge  of  eye;  body  stout,  the  depth  at  vent  about  equal  to 
length  of  head  ;  dorsal  beginning  about  a  head's  length  behind  gill  upen- 
iii<>N;  color  dark  brown,  nearly  plain.  Length  about  2  feet.  Offshore 
banks,  in  deep  water,  south  of  Newfoundland ;  also  recorded  from  the 
A/ores;  abundant;  often  found  burrowing  in  the  flesh  of  the  halibut, 
(whence  the  utrnie  jtaraaitkun,  parasitic.) 

i^iiiii iiihi'hji  pwaniticHii,  (jIi.i.  MS.,  in  GooiiR  &  Uean,  Bull.  Esaox,  Inat.,  27, 187!),  Newfound- 
land Banks  ;  Uran,  Pruc.  V.  S.  Nut.  9Iun.,  1S80,  113;  Juhuan  &,  Uiliikht,  SyuopsU,  303, 
IfiKt ;  GPnthkh,  Voy.  ClmlIoii(;er,  xxii,  252, 1887  ;  Jobdan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  670. 

C'<>iic7iui;ita(/iiia  grimahlii,  Oollett,  Bull.  Soc.  Zuiil.  France,  122, 188U,  Azores. 

Family  XLV.  ILYOPHID^. 

(The  Ooze  Eels.) 

This  family  contains  a  single  species  with  characters  intermediate 
hot  ween  the  Simenclielyidw  and  the  Sjfnapholranchidw,  combining  the  gen- 
eral physiognomy  of  SynaphoirancMia  with  the  separate  gill  slits  and 
long-bowed  branchiostegal  rays  of  Simenchelyidw.  Deep-sea  eels  from  the 
eastern  Pacific. 

152.  ILYOPHIS,  Gilbert. 

Ilyophis,  OiLDERT,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1891,  361,  (tnitiiieM*). 

Hody  scaly ;  pectorals  well  developed ;  lateral  line  prominent ;  gill  slits 
horizontal,  inferior,  well  separated  ;  nostrils  lateral,  the  posterior  imme- 
iliatoly  in  front  of  the  eye,  the  anterior  with  a  short  tube,  near  tip  of 


i.| 


(      : 

:    i 
i    I 


!   i 


i  ■      ;  !! 


I 


srA) 


BulUtin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Hnoiit.     Mnxlllariuii  an  in  SiftinphohranchuH;  tho  oliiinpiiiKl»roc«n8eHcl(mc|y 
u|i|)roHHU(l  to  tlio  Hiilo  «>f  th»  voinor  l»«liin(l  itH  liund ;  l<*w<>r  Jiiw  Htiotii' 
uppun^ntly  with  th«  curunoitl  procnH*  well  thtvoliipml ;  wrieit  of  t««tli  mi 
Ih!U(I  aii«l  Hhuft  of  voiiiur  oontinnoiiH  ;  no  lips;  toiiKuw  littlo  duvolu'n  i| 
with  narrow  froo  niurKi't ;  hranohioHtu);)il  rayH  ir*  in  nuniltur,  (uh  Ui'dr- 
niinnd  without  diHHHction),  not  Hhitrtoned,  Honitt  of  th<>in  curvud  aroiitiil 
andaltovr  th«  oporolo.     DorHuI,  aniil,  and  caudal  oonlluont,  ratlittr  lii;;|| 
thu  ra.vH  oluarly  viHiblu  tliron^li  tiut  hUU\  ;  dormil  hu){inninf{  widl  forwaid, 
itn  origin  imuiodiatoly  holiind  thu  baHu  of  p««(;toralH  ;  ori);iu  of  ana!  near 
end  of  autuiiui  third  of  body.     (/X/c,  oo/u  ;  'xpi,;,  Huaku.) 

ft7«.  ILYOI'IIIS  UKI'NMKI'N,  (iillHrt. 

Dody  narrow,  comprvsHod  tbrou^tliont ;  Hnout  and  Jaws  slender ;  ^upo 
uno-balf  length  of  head,  oxtondiiiK  beyond  tho  i^yo  for  a  diHtanco  Ichh  tliiin 
the  diameter  of  the  latter;  maxillary  teeth  Hinall,  bluntly  conic,  in  nar- 
row bands  ;  teeth  on  vomer  largei  conic,  those  on  shaft  of  vomer  in  a  hIii^'Io 
row  ;  teeth  in  mandible  in  narrow  band,  those  on  the  inner  series  eulai^^txl 
and  retrorse  though  less  than  half  tho  size  of  tho  vomerine  teeth  ;  front  uf 
pupil  over  und  of  second  third  of  length  of  jaw  ;  gill  slits  narrow,  inferior 
horizontal,  crescent-shuped,  about  e<|ualing  horizontal  diameter  of  t>vu, 
their  lower  (anterior)  ends  separated  by  a  distance  <)«(ual  to  their  own 
length,  their  upper  (posterior)  ends  by  Ih  times  that  distance;  head  'J  in 
trunk  ;  hoad  and  trunk  3^  in  total  length  ;  pectorals  small,  6  in  IumuI,  hivh 
evident;  scales  very  line,  arranged  in  groups  at  right  angles  to  one 
another ;  lateral  lino  running  high  anteriorly,  its  pores  white  and  con- 
spiououB.  Color  brown,  the  flns,  lower  side  of  head,  and  branchial  regioMH 
darker.  (Gilbert.)  Length  15  inches.  One  specimen,  from  Chutiuun 
Island,  Galapagos  Archipelago,  in  034  fathoms,     (brunneua,  brown.) 

IlyophU  bnmnexu,  OiLnRUT,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.,  181)1,  M'l,  Chatham  Island;  Jurha.n  a 
DikViB, '.  c,  ti70.    (Cull.  AlbatroBR.) 

Family  XLVI.  SVNAPHOBRANOHIDiE. 

This  group  consists  of  deep-sea  eels,  differing  from  the  AniiuiUuhv  in 
having  the  gill  openings  externally  contluent  into  a  single  slit.  Thu  fol- 
lowing diagnosis  is  given  by  Dr.  Gill: 

Enohelycephalous  Apodals  with  conic,  pointed  head,  moderate  opor(;u- 
lar  apparatus,  lateral  maxillines,  cardiform  teeth,  distinct  tongue,  inf*M'iur 
branchial  apertures  dischaij.'<og  by  a  common  aperture,  continuouN  vur- 
tical  fins,  pectorals  well  devcKt^ied,  scaly  skin,  and  nearly  perfect  brauchiul 
skeleton. 

Body  eel-shaped,  covered  with  linear,  imbedded  scales  placed  at  ri^Lt 
angles,  as  in  Anguillc.  Lateral  line  present.  Head  long  and  pointed,  the 
snout  produced.  Mouth  very  long,  the  eye  being  over  the  middle  of  its 
cleft.  Jaws  about  equal ;  teeth  small,  sharp,  in  a  broad  band  in  each  jaw, 
becoming  a  single  series  anteriorly ;  those  of  inner  series  in  upper  jaw  and 
of  outer  series  In  mandible  somewhat  enlarged ;  vomerine  teeth  in  a  nar- 
row band  anteriorly.  Gill  openings  inferior,  horizontal,  close  together, 
convergent  forward,  somewhat  confluent  at  the  surface,  but  separated  by 
a  considerable  isthmus  within.     Branch iostegals  peculiarly  formed,  in 


Uifliohraneku»,  I 


'""■IT'    ""  ""f  Tf  iiii •  fV"  'X '"i"' 


ITT-  T-li-w^-'  ■ff-T' 


1 


Jordan  and  Rvermann.-^Fishes  of  North  America.       351 


iiiixlorntn  nuiiibor  (uboiit  I'),  attuohvd  to  tliu ahlvH  ol*  tliu cuinprcitHetl  oura- 
tiiliyal  and  ttphiynl,  Hlniukor,  iihhroviiittHl,  and  niodurately  Ituwod,  not 
iMMngourvtid  np  nhovo  thu  opt^rtMiliiiii.  Tonguo  lonK,  friieonlyat  thoMideH. 
NoHtrilH  lar^Of  tho  anterior  with  a  nliort  tube,  \\m  poHturior  bufure  tlio 
lower  part  of  tho  uye.  Pontonil  well  devi^lopud  ;  d<»rHal  low,  beginning 
behind  vont ;  anal  h>nKer  tliim  dornal,  rather  high,  itH  raya  alendor, 
liianohod,  nut  imbedded  in  the  Hkin  ;  vertical  flna  conlliient  around  the 
tail.  Vont  near  the  anterior  fourth  of  Itody.  Muscular  and  ohhoouh  Mys- 
toi'iH  well  developed.  Stoniaeh  very  diHteniiible.  Doop-Hoa  IliihoH;  two 
^'(>uora  with  K  or  K  HpeoioH  known.  (.t/Hniniffcr,  group  Synajthobranchina, 
(}iinthor,Cat.,  vm,  22-23.) 

0,  Donal  fln  low,  lN<Kli>iiing  iMthliid  vunt  ;  vomorlne  tnoth  in  a  •Initln  imtcti  ;  |Hictiiral«  lonR, 

lllllK'T  tllHIl  tho  rutlllT  Mclll' T  RllollC.  SVNAI'llonRANCIII'H,    1A3. 

nil,  DorMi  flu  boKlnnlnic  rltwn  Itnlilml  Iihmo  of  iwirtornlN  |  voiiirrliiii  tooth  In  two  |ialelioa,  uiio 
lM<bliid  tho  (ithor  ;  pecturali  Nhorl,  not  lunger  than  thu  iliort  iinout. 

IIlHTIOIIRANriKIH,  IM. 

153.  SYNAPHOBRANCHUS,  Johnson. 

SyniiiihohrnncliHn,  .Ioiinnon,  I'roc.  ZoOI.  Hoc.  Lonilon,  1862,  lOI),  (ilruupiO. 

Dorsal  beginning  behind  vont.   This  genus  contains  two  or  three  species, 

(leep-Hoa  llshes  from  the  Atlantic  and  Pacitlc.     (avi'A^pi/tj,  united  ;   3f)<iyxi(i, 

gills.)  / 

fi77:'NTNAI>HOHRANrHim  I'lNNATIH  (dronuw). 

Dorsal  fln  beginning  i  to  i  head's  length  behind  vent ;  maxillary  reach- 
ing a  point  almost  opposite  gill  opening ;  head  3  tu  3^  in  distance  from 
tip  of  snout  to  dorsal,  i  to  }  in  trunk  ;  snout  3^  in  head ;  eye  2  to  2i  in 
HHout;  cleft  of  mouth  1^  to  1}  in  head;  pectorals  3  in  head,  their  inser- 
tion about  equidistant  from  snout  and  anus.  Uniform  brown,  vertical 
fiuH  darker  behind,  light-edged  anteriorly ;  inside  of  mouth  blue-black; 
gill  openings  dark.  North  Atlantic  and  western  Pacific,  common  about 
tho  Madeiras,  Canaries,  etc.,  and  also  about  the  banks  of  Newfoundland; 
"a  common  resident  of  the  deep  waters  of  the  offshore  banks  in  200  to 
30()  fathoms,  where  individuals  are  often  taken  on  the  fiHherman's  trawl 
lines."  The  Japanese  species,  S.  affinia,  Uiinthor,  is  probably  the  same. 
(pinnaitta,  feathered  or  finned.) 

Murunapinnata,  Oronow,  Cat.  Fish.  Drlt.  Mm.,  10,  1R54,  locality  unknown. 

Syniiphvbranchut  kmipii,  Juiinsun,  I'roc.  /oiil.  Boc.  Lend.,  18(12, 16U,  Madeira.     (Cull.  J.  Y.  John- 

BOD.) 

T Synaphnbranchtu  qfflnui,  OrNTiiEn^  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  xx,  1877,  446,  Inoaima,  Japan. 

SynaphobranchHi  imnahi»,  OrNTllER,  Cut.,  viii,  23,  187U;  Uooiie  .&  IIran,  Bull.  Kksox  InHt.,  2(i, 
1879 ;  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Muh.,  1880, 113  ;  Goode  A  Bean,  Bull.  Muo.  Comp.  /ool.,  222, 
1883  ;  Jordan  &  Oitnr.RT,  Synoiwig,  364, 1883 ;  QCnther,  Voy.  Challenger,  xxii,  253,  1887 ; 
Vaillant,  Voyage  Travaillcur  ut  Taliaman,  89, 1888 ;  Jordan  &  Davis,  {.  c,  678. 

154.  HISTIOBRANCHUS,  Oill. 

HiriiobranehHi,  GiLL,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1883,  266,  (it^ematu). 

This  genus  is  close  to  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by 
the  mere  anterior  insertion  of  its  dorsal.    Two  species  have  been  described. 


;  I 

i  1 
11 


l^mT' 


3 


352 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


V 


\  i  .J 
\  \ 


V, 


miii 


nATHYiin'K,  .,7n, 

INFEBNALIfl,  .■.7'J. 


perhaps  identical  with  each  other      {iariov,  sail,  i.  e.  dursal  flu;  ^f)u)xi'i, 
gills ;  from  the  insertion  of  the  dorsal.) 

II.  I'uctorttl  All  longer  than  Rnont. 

aa.  Pectoral  flii  ahorter  tban  snout. 

678/lIINTIOBRANCHU8  BATHTBIVS,  OUntlier. 

Pectoral  fin  longer  than  snout ;  eye  \  or  |  of  the  length  of  snout;  luad 
and  trunk  li  in  tail ;  dorsal  commencing  above  or  immediately  bfliiiid 
the  pectoral,  which  is  only  i  length  of  head;  scales  quite  rudimentary, 
lanceolate,  imbedded  in  the  skin  ;  cheeks  naked ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  low, 
especially  the  former.  Uniformly  black.  (Giinther.)  Northern  and  west, 
eru  Pacific  in  deep  water,  Bering  Strait,  off  Japan,  and  off  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  One  specimen  obtained  by  Dr.  Gilbert  in  Bering  Sea  in  18<,*0, 
(Albatross  Explorations).    (/Jadi'c,  deep ;  /3(0f,  life.) 

Bynaphohranchus  halhyhiwt,  GCntiiek,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat,  Hist.,  xx,  1877,  445  ;  and  in  Voy.  C'liul- 

lenger,  2S4,  pi.  lxii,  fig.  It,  1887,  off  Yedo;  North  Pacific;  Kerguelen  Island. 
HitUcbranchxu  bathybittt,  Jordan  and  Davis,  /.  c,  G73. 

679.  HI8TIOBRANCHV8  1NFERMALIS,  Gill. 
Body  moderately  elongated  and  compressed ;  its  height  at  the  anus  ,'„<'„- 
of  the  length.  Head  9  in  total  length,  its  width  a  little  less  than  oue-lialf 
its  length;  snout  moderate,  less  than  greatest  width  of  head;  eye  nuxUsr- 
ate,  much  less  than  one-half  the  snout ;  upper  jaw  nearly  one-tenth  of 
total  length ;  lower  jaw  a  little  more.  Dorsal  commencing  not  far  behind 
vertical  from  the  root  of  pectoral ;  anal  inserted  a  little  nearer  tip  uf 
snout  than  end  of  tail;  both  are  moderately  developed.  Pectorals  con- 
siderably  shorter  than  snout.  Color  in  life  almost  uniform  dark  plum- 
beous ;  in  alcohol  the  trunk  is  dark  yellowish  brown,  becoming  almost 
black  on  the  abdominal  region,  as  well  as  on  the  intermandibular  inte^^u. 
ments  and  around  the  pectorals,  while  the  dorsal  and  anal  are  whitiHh 
except  towards  the  posterior  fourth  of  the  length,  where  they  are  very 
dark  or  blackish.  A  specimen.  No.  33279,  was  taken  by  the  Alhatronn  at 
station  2037,  in  1,731  fathoms,  38°  30'  N.  69°  8'  W.  (Goode  &  Beau.) 
(infernalis,  infernal,  from  its  black  color.) 

BiUiobranchut  infemalit,  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  205,  Gulf  Stream,  Lat.  38°  ;!0' N., 
Long.  69°  W.,  in  1,V31  fatliomR.  (Typo,  No.  33279.  Coll.  Albatrosn.)  Gookk  &  Bean,  Ootiiiiic 
Ichthyology,  145,  fig.  166,  1895. 

Bynaphobranchua  it^emcUis,  GOntiieb,  Challenger  Bojiort,  xxii,  254, 1887. 


Family  XLVII.  LEPTOCEPHALIDiE. 

(The  Conger  Ekls.) 

This  family  includes  those  eels  which  are  scaleless,  and  have  the  ton<j:nu 
largely  free  in  front,  the  body  moderately  elongate,  the  en.i  of  the  tail 
surrounded  by  a  fin,  the  posterior  nostril  remote  from  the  upper  lip  and 
near  front  of  oye,  and  the  pectoral  fins  well  developed.  All  the  species 
are  plainly  colored,  grayish  or  dusky  above,  silvery  below,  and  the  dorsal 
edged  with  black.     G-enera  3,*  species  about  15,  found  in  most  warnt  seas, 

•i»8  tho  osteology  of  most  of  the  sijecies  is  unknown,  wo  can  not  suy  whether  the  Murieiiesruidie. 
EchelUlx,  and  Heteroccngridx  ehovld  really  bo  separated  from  this  group.  Bleeker  placoHnll  lli(<su 
genera  with  Nettattonia  and  Nctnichthija,  also  in  his  family  of  Conijriyitiei.  GUuthcr  ai)pro.\iiiKitt"> 
Conger  to  AntjuiUa,  while  recognizing  tho  allies  of  Mnremeeox,  Erh'ehw,  Heltroromjer,  and  Memkhthtjt 
as  BO  many  distinct  subfamilies,    Netta$totnu  he  places  with  Neoconger  and  Mureenetox. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


353 


uHually  at  moderate  depths.  Most  of  the  apechs  undergo  a  metamorpho- 
His,  the  young  being  loosely  organized  and  transparent,  bund-shuped  and 
with  very  small  head.  The  body  grows  smaller  with  increased  ago, 
(iw  iiig  to  the  compuct'.ng  of  the  tissues.  ( il/unenufcc,  part,  Uituther,  Cat., 
VIII,  ;J7-14.) 

(I.  Vomerino  tcvth  In  bands,  iiono  of  them  caniuo-liko  ;  lipa  tliirk. 

h.  DorNiil  flu  inxcrtcd  ut  n  puiiit  boliiiul  bnso  of  pol'toral,  but  nearer  |iectOT<tl  thnn  vont; 
Iioail  with  inronapicuoiiH  inucouH  cavitioH  ;  jawB  with  an  'Utur  hitIoh  uf  ciugti-NOl 
tucth,  I'lrniiuK  a  oultin^  eUgu  ;  tail  about  half  luiifter  than  rest  of  body. 

LKPToiKriiAi.i'N,  155. 
bb.  Donal  fln  bpginuing  over  the  gill  opening  ;  bones  of  front  of  head  with  large  mucif- 
eroiiH  cavities  ;  mouth  rather  Fmall ;  jawN  with  bandM  of  small  teuth,  the  outer  not 
forming  a  cutting  edge  ;    ail  from  liulf  to  two-thirds  of  total  length. 

CoNOF.ltMl'B^F.NA,  150. 

(Id.  Vomerine  teeth  uniserial,  some  of  them  canine-like;  maxillary  teeth  binerial ;  dorsal 
beginning  above  root  of  ])cotoral ;  cleft  of  mouth  extending  beyond  midille  of  eye; 
tnil  very  long  and  slender,  about  half  longer  than  rest  of  body.  Ukoconueb,  157. 

155.  LEPTOCEPHALUS  (Gronow)  Scopoli. 
(Conger  Eels.) 

(a)  Larval  Forms. 

Ir^ilorcphalnf,  ScoPOLi,  Int.  Hist.  Nat.,  463,  1777,  (morristi). 

(Kryiinis,  Rakinesui'e,  Caratteri,  I'J,  1810,  {rtrmi/onnis), 

llilmirtii),  Uakine8(H'E,  ludieo  d'lttiologia  Siciliana,  (>2,  1810,  {jmnfbUui). 

Hiliiiiihlhys,  CosTA,  Fauna  V?.;.uii,  Posci,  1854,  {duiphaimn). 

?  1.1  jilinrplKilkhthyn,  Blgekrr,  Act.  Soc,  Sci.  Ind.  Veerl.,  1,  Manado,  09,  (hypocloaoma), 

?  Diaiihauichlli;/!,  PETERS,  Mouatsber.  Ak.  Wise.  Berl,,  399,  1864,  (brcvkaudus). 

(b)  Adult  Forms. 

Echelns,  Rafinesque,  Caratteri,  etc.,  63,  1810,  (in  part ;  includes  species  of  Conger,  Opiiitoma  and 

Myrns ;  restricted  by  Bleekor  to  Mynis). 
Conijir,  CuviER,  Regne  Animal,  Ed.  11,  11, 350,  1829,  {conger). 
AriiiiDina,  SwAlNSON,  Nat.  Hist.,  Class'n   Fishes,  l,  220,  1838,  (uo  type   mentioned  ;    diagnosis 

worthless). 
Oiihisoma,  SwA»N80N,  Nat.  Hist.,  Class'n  Fishes,  11,  334,  1839,  (acuta,  nbluaa).    Substitute  for  .Irio- 

sunui ;  not  Ophisomtu,  Swainson,  /.  c,  227  =  MuncnoUles,  Lacepede. 
Cmiirut,  Richardson,  Voyage  Erebus  &  Terror,  107,  1844,  {conger). 

Body  formed  as  in  Anguilla,  the  skin  scaleless.  Head  depressed  above, 
anteriorly  pointed.  Lateral  line  present.  Mouth  wide,  its  cleft  extend- 
ing at  least  to  below  middle  of  eye.  Teeth  in  outer  series  in  each 
jaw  equal  and  close-set,  forming  a  cutting  edge ;  no  canines ;  band  of 
vomerine  teeth  short.  Tongue  anteriorly  free.  Vertical  fins  well  devel- 
oped, confluont  around  the  tail;  pectoral  fins  well  developed;  dorsal 
beginning  close  behind  pectorals.  Gill  openings  rather  large,  low. 
Eyes  well  developed.  Posterior  nostril  near  eye;  anterior  near  tip  of 
snout,  with  a  short  tube.  Lower  jaw  not  projecting.  Skeleton  differing 
in  numerous  respects  front  that  of  An>juiUa.  Vertebr.ai  about  56  -f- 100. 
In  most  warm  seas.  This  genus  contains  the  well-known  and  widely 
distributed  Ccnger  eel  and  three  or  four  closely  reI«,i,o^l  species.  The 
earliest  generic  name  used  for  members  of  the  group  is  Lcptocephalus, 
based  on  a  curious,    elongate,    transparent,    baud-like    creature  with 

F.  N.  A. 24 


■'S«l.«  ».-<(»,. 


m 


m 


K-:i 


354 


Bulletin  4^,  United  States   National  Museum. 


minute  head  and  very  aniall  mouth,  found  in  the  waters  of  Europe,  aiid 
known  as  LejHocephalua  morriaai.  This  has  been  shown  hy  Gill,  (iiintlKM- 
and  FaocioM  to  be  the  young  and  larval  form  of  Lcptoccphalua  comnr. 
A  number  of  the  genera  and  species  of  the  supposed  family  of  L<t))tu- 
oephalidiit  have  been  described,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  all  of  tlieiu  .ne 
larvm,  some  of  eels,  as  Comjir,  Cont/vriuurama,  Ophiaurua,  and  Neituxtomn 
others  of  Isospondylous  fishes,  as  Alhula,  Elopa,  Alepocephalua,  Slomian 
etc.  (See  Giinther,  Cat.,  viil,  136.)  It  is  thought  by  Dr.  Giinther  that  tlio 
Leptocephalid  forms  are  probably  ''  individuals  arrested  in  the  develop- 
ment at  a  very  early  period  of  their  life,  yet  continuing  to  grow  to  a  cor- 
tain  size,  v/ithout  corresponding  development  of  their  internal  or<raiiH, 
and  perishing  without  having  attained  the  characters  of  the  ])urt'uct 
animal."  The  recent  observations  of  Dr.  Gilbert  on  the  larviu  of  AlhnUt^ 
Elopa,  and  Conger^  hovever,  seem  to  point  to  the  conclusion  that  tlifso 
curious  forms  are  normal  young,  and  that  the  individuals  grow  siiuillor 
iu  size  for  a  time  with  increased  age,  owing  to  the  increasing  couipaot- 
ness  of  the  tissues. 

Inasmuch  as.  the  name  Leptocephaliia  has  been  associated  for  more  than 
a  century  with  larval  forms  it  is  a  decided  inconvenience  to  accord  to  it 
precedence  as  a  generic  name  over  Conger.  The  strict  law  of  priority, 
however,  demands  its  retention,  and  the  tendency  among  systcn,  .^'m 
zoologists  is  to  recognize  as  few  exceptions  as  may  be  to  this  nilr".  i  ^o 
unfamiliar  names  Oxyurua  and  Uelmictia  are  both  earlier  than  Cumjcr. 
(AffTTTof,  slender ;   xe^a/?/,  head.) 

a.  Dorsal  begiuniug  ucurly  opposite  tip  of  pectoral ;  liead  about  1 J  in  trunk.         conoeii,  580. 
aa.  Dorsal  flu  beginning  above  middle  of  pectorals ;  head  about  Ig  in  trunk. 

/  CAUDILIMUATIS,  .'iSl. 

SSOyLEPTOCEPHALVS  CONOKH  (Linua-us). 
(CoNOEH  Gel.) 

Doraal  beginning  opposite  to  or  just  behind  tip  of  pectoral ;  eye  11  in 
snout,  5  to  6  in  head  ;  snout  3i  to  4^  in  head  ;  gape  extending  nearly  or 
quite  to  posterior  margin  of  eye ;  head  If  to  1^  in  trunk  ;  tail  longer  than 
rest  of  body ;  pectorals  3^  in  head  ;  upper  lip  full,  with  conspicuous  pores. 
Ashy  gray  or  blackish  ;  vertical  fins  with  a  black  margin  ;  body  Hoine- 
times  (var.  niger)  entirely  black.  Atlantic  Ocean,  generally  conunon  on 
both  coasts,  from  C^rpe  Cod  to  Brazil ;  also  on  coasts  of  Asia  and  Africa ; 
almost  cosmopolitan,  but  not  found  in  the  eastern  Pacific.  It  reaciiuH  a 
length  of  8  feet,  and  is  a  food  fish  of  importance,  especially  in  Lurope. 
{Conger,  the  ancient  name  of  the  eel.) 

(u)  Larval  Forms. 

Leph)cephalu»  morru$i,  Omelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  1150,  1T88,  Holyhead,  England. 
Ophidiunt  pellucUlmti,  Couch,  Loud.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.,  1832,  313,  742,  England. 
Leplocephalui  gracilin,  Storer,  Mem.  Amor.  Acad.,  ii,  524,  1839,  Massachusetts. 
Leplocephalut  tyallanxanii,  candidufimtis,  etc.,  of  European  writers. 

(I'l)  Adult  Forms. 

Murfena  mpremo  margine pinnm  donalis  niyro,  Artidi,  Synon.,  40,  2,  1738,  Mediterranean. 
MMTima  conyer,  huttunvB,  Byet.  Nat.,  x,  245, 1758,  (basod  ou  Artedi). 


Miirirnn  ni 
. I i,;/lll7/a  or 
CoiKjer  ven 
('iiwjer  I'h/i 

1870. 
Gmijer  riibt 

nean. 

Oi'liix'iiKi  0 
Oni'jer  orhi 
Ameri 
O'liiji'r  oecii 
Omijriis  line 
Ciiii'jer  vent 
(^im'jer  e$ciil 
Cimijer  niijer 
L>i>tucephah 


Dorsal 
snout,  4^ 
1}  to  If  ii 
Brown,  v 
w  hite ;  t 
Atlantic; 
margined 

Filiehm  cauid 
O'lujer  macr<i 
Cciij/er  cattdia 
Silos  Ste{ 
Omijer  caudili 
L'jiliKvphahii) 
Leptocephahu 


Conijer-Murien 
tiiialhophin,  K 
CiiiKjromurivna 
Ophmma,  Uli 

This  gen 
by  the  moi 
nieut  of  th 
related  an( 

a.  Snout  mc 
6.  Vent 

bK  Ven 
c.  8 
cc.  I 

♦By  thoruh 
bi^  Hdiipted.  / 
Oiiliistiina  woul 
on  twii  species, 
onyiiious  with 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


356 


it/iir/cnn  ni^a,  R1880,  Icli.  Nice,  03,  1810,  (black  variety),  Nice. 

.lK;/in7/ao('eri)iiVa,  MiTciiiLL,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1818,  407,  off  New  York. 

0;ii>/''r  renia,  ItiBBO,  Eur.  Mor.,  in,  201,  182C,  Nice. 

{\,w)fr  ri(/>/an«,  CuviiR,  R^gno  Animal,  Ed.  11,  11,  350,  182<J,  France;  OOnyiier,  Cat.,  viii,  38, 
1870. 

Oniijer  rnhttetnw  Ranzani,  De  Novia  Spec.  Pioc.  Diiui.  Prima,  l!i,  pi.  v,  flg.  6,  1838,  Mediterra- 
nean. 

Oiihimima  ohtuia,  SwAINHOH,  Fish.,  Rep.,  and  Anipli.,  11,  3115,  183!),  Sicily. 

Cuwiei  orbignyannt,  Valrncienmes,  VOrbigny,  Vuy.  Am.  Merkl.,  PuisH.,  pi.  12, 1,  183'J,  South 
America. 

Oimjtr  occitlentalin,  De  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna  :  FislioB,  314,  pi.  53,  flg.  172,  1842. 

I'miijriit  kiicophitm,  R1CIIARD80N,  Voy.  ErobuB  and  Terror,  FIhIios,  108,  1844. 

Ci'ii-jer  verrenuxi,  KAur,  Apudo8,  115, 1856,  no  locality. 

Cm'jer  etatk-ntu*,  Poey,  Momorlas,  n,  346, 186<.),  Cuba. 

Cowjer  niijer,  Jordan  <fc  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  362, 1883. 

Li'iilucephalm  comjer,  Jordan  &  Davis,  I.  c,  664. 

581.  LEI    OCEPHALVS  CAUDILIMBATUS  (Poey). 

Dorsal  fin  beginning  above  the  middle  of  pectorals ;  eye  as  long  as 
Huout,  4^  in  head  ;  gape  extending  to  beyond  the  middle  of  the  eye  ;  head 
IJ  to  If  in  trunk ;  tail  longer  than  rest  of  body ;  pectorals  3  to  3i  in  head. 
Brown,  vertical  fins  with  a  broad  black  margin,  which  is  again  edged  with 
white ;  the  dorsal  black  anteriorly  for  f  its  depth.  Tropical  parts  of 
Atlantic ;  Pensacola  to  Cuba  and  Madeira ;  not  rare,  {cauda,  tail ;  liinbatua, 
margined.) 

Eihelim raiuiilimlxttw*,  PoEY,  Repertorio,  II,  249,  1867,  Cuba. 

Omijer  macroj»,  QCnther,  Cat.,  viii,  40, 1870,  Madeira  ;  Bahamas.     (Coll.  llasslar.) 

Coiiijer  caudicuhi,  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  436,  Pensacola.    (Typo,  No.  30709.    Coll. 

Silas  Stearns.)    Jordan  &  Gilbert,  I.  c,  262. 
Ciiiiijer  latidUimbatm,  Poey,  Knumeratio,  152,  1876. 
Lijiiocephahi^  caudicula,  Jordan  <Sc  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  900, 1883. 
Leptocephahit  caudilinAalus,  Jordan  &  Davis,  I.  c,  606 

156.  CONGERMURiENA,  Kaup. 

CoiKjer-Murfcna,*  Kaup,  Apodes,  108,  1856,  (balearica). 
(hialhophis,  Kal'P,  Aalo  Hamb.  Mus.,  1859,  {heteroijnalhnii), 
OiiKiromurivna,  GOnther,  Cat.,  viii,  40,  1870,  (amended  spelling). 
Ophisoina,  Bleeker,  Jordan  &  Davis,  etc.,  (actifa). 

This  genua  contains  numerous  species  of  small  Congers,  distinguished 
by  the  more  anterior  insertion  of  the  dorsal  and  by  the  greater  develop- 
ment of  the  inuciferous  cavities  in  the  bead.  The  species  are  very  closely 
related  and  not  well  known.    {Conger',  Murwna]  related  genera.) 

(I.  Suuut  more  or  less  projecting  beyond  mandible. 

b.  Vent  submedian  in  position,  the  tody  and  tail  about  equal  in  length  ;  upper  jaw  little 
projecting.  balearica,  682. 

b^-.  Vent  anterior  in  position,  the  tail  much  longer  than  rest  of  body. 

c.  Snout  short  and  heavy,  blunt,  projecting  little  beyond  mandible.       ma(;rura,  583. 
cc.  Snout  long  and  acute,  considerably  projecting. 

*  By  the  rules  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  the  generic  name  Omijermurinia  would 
bi'  nilopted.  Ariosoma  is  iuoligible  because  no  type  is  expressed,  and  the  diagnosis  is  valueless. 
Oiihisdiua  would  by  some  be  set  aside  on  account  of  the  prior  Ophisomim.  Ophisoma  was  bofied 
on  two  species,  acuta  and  obUita,  the  latter  the  coiamoii  Conger  Eel,  and  this  group  is  really  syu- 
ouyiiiuUB  with  Conger. 


!»,"?■ 


350 


Bulletin  47,  UnitcJ  States  National  Museum. 


((.  Tail  I«88  tliau  twice  loiigth  of  rust  of  body  ;  uyu  Hmull,  8<  y  in  lioati  ;  iiiiiiiiiii,i„ 

atrODK.  PRORIIiKltA,  ,'),Sl. 

i^(.  Tuil  iitiich  mont  tlmn  twicx  lotiKth  of  rest  of  body  ;  oyu  largo,  7  in  lii'iul. 

NITKNH,  f,.V,. 

aa,  Soout  long,  but  not  projecting;  tlio  lower  jaw  much  longurthuu  uiipor  ;  tuil  twico  Ii'n^rtli 
of  rest  of  body  ;  eye  6  In  licad.  flava,  &«(;. 

682.  CONUEBMUK.KNA  BALKARICA  (De  la  Koch)). 
Upper  jaw  but  little  projecting;  lipu  tliiii ;  bead  ubuut  6  iu  total  lun^tli ; 
tbo  tuil  a  little  longer  tban  the  bead  and  trunk ;  eyea'iout  e(iual  tuHiiuni 
5  in  bead.  Color  browuisb  or  yellowisb;  uilvery  on  sides  and  below  ;  vci- 
tioal  tins  witb  a  narrow  black  edge.  Tropical  parts  of  tbe  Atlantic  and 
eastern  Pacific.  Known  from  tbe  Mediterranean,  Cuba,  Bra/.il,  St.  Ileltaia, 
Cape  San  Lucas  and  tbe  Galapagos.  Possibly  more  than  one  Hpeeico 
should  be  recognized,  in  which  case  the  American  form  would  stand  kn  V. 
opisthophthalmuH.  (£u.)  (Name  from  tbe  Balearic  Islands,  oft'  the  couHt 
of  Spain.) 

mltriTiM  baleariai,  Dk  La  Roche,  Ann.  Mus.,  xiii,  1809,  327,  flg.  3,  Balearic  Islands. 

ErhvluHciiiriara,  Rafinesqi'K,  Caratturi,  t'lH,  181(»,  Sicily, 

Miiriina  ciinsiui,  Rikso,  Ich.  Nice,  01,  1H1((,  Nice. 

Conger  opMiopliiiiatmut,  Ranzani,  Do  Nov.  Spec.  TiHc.  DiH8or.,  Prima.  10,  pi.  v,  flg.  1,  if<;)s, 

Bahia. 
Ophltoma  aiithi,  SwAlNSON,  Fish.,  Rept.,  Ampli.,  ii,  3!m,  18:i9,  Sicily. 
Coiigir  viicroUomus,  Gastklnau,  Anim.  Nouv.  Itares,  Aniericjuo  Uu  Sud,  83,  pi.  4'.',  tij;.    I,  Ixli^i, 

Rio  Janeiro. 
Comjer  niialit*  PoEy,  Muniorias,  ii,  318,  1800,  Havana. 
Cotijftr  impre$tui>,  Poey,  Momorias,  ii,  318,  186(),  Cuba. 

Oongromttriitia  melliglii,  0('ntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  42,  187U,  St.  Helena.     (Coll.  J.  II.  MellisH.) 
Coiiger-MiirirHa  halearica,  Kaui',  ApodeB,  110, 1866. 
Congromnrinta  baleurica,  OOntiiek,  Cat.,  vili,  41,  1870. 
Op/iidoiria  analh,  Poey,  Reportorio,  li,  248,  pi.  3,  flg.  3,  18G6. 
Ophiaoma  baiearicum,  Jordan  &  Davis,  {.  c,  661. 

688.  €OI«tiEBMUB.ENA  HACRURA  (Gilbert). 

Vent  anterior  in  position,  the  tail  much  longer  than  tbe  body.  Suont 
comparatively  short  and  heavy,  blunt,  and  broadly  rounded,  projecting 
but  little  beyond  tip  of  mandible;  tail  twice  length  of  body;  lips  full; 
teeth  in  mandible  in  a  broad  band,  those  of  outer  series  the  largest;  niax- 
illary  and  vomerine  teeth  also  in  broad  bands ;  vomerine  patch  divided  by 
a  groove  into  which  fits  tbe  tip  of  tbe  mandible '  no  teeth  on  shaft  of 
vomer;  posterior  nostril  an  elliptical  slit,  on  level  of  upper  margin  of 
pupil ;  anterior  nostril  a  round  pore  near  tip  of  snout;  five  large  iiiucuim 
pores  on  each  side  of  jaws ;  gape  extending  slightly  beyond  pupil,  2f  in 
head;  eye  moderate,!  in  snout,  6  in  head;  head  Ij  in  trunk,  4  iu  tail; 
pectorals  i  length  of  head ;  origin  of  dorsal  slightly  behind  base  of  pec- 
torals. Color  dusky  above ;  under  side  of  head  and  abdomen  light,  tbu 
two  areas  separated  by  a  well-defined  line ;  fins  dusky,  becoming  black 
towards  tip  of  tail,  with  whitish  border;  inside  of  mouth,  gill  cavity,  aud 
peritoneum  silvery.  (Gilbert.)  Gulf  of  California;  one  specimen  known, 
9^  inches  long.     {/laKpu;,  long :  ovpd,  tail.) 


*  According  to  Poey  the  vent  is  exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  l>ody  in  Congermuriena  analis,  aud 
au  eye's  diameter  nearer  tbe  head  in  Congenntirietia  impretsa. 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


367 


viMmma  »na<Ti(r«m,  OiLnERT,  Proc,  U.  H.  Nat.  Mus.,  18U1,  361,  Gulf  of  California.     (Coll.  Alba- 


truss.) 


584.  4H)NflKR9IITRJ>]NA  PRORIOERA  (Gilbert). 


Tail  considerably  longer  than  rest  of  *":'.,  •  Eye  small,  2  in  snout,  8i 
ill  li<>a(1,  slightly  less  than  length  of  gill  slit;  snont  long  and  sharp,  the 
ariito  tip  projecting  beyond  mandible  for  t  length  of  orbit;  teeth  villi- 
loriii,  in  broad  bands,  none  of  them  enlarged,  a  transverse  groove  behind 
litad  of  vomer  to  receive  tip  of  mandible ;  posterior  nostril  slit-like,  the 
anterior  with  distinct  membranous  tube ;  mandibles  very  broad  and  strong; 
^raito  reaching  to  vertical  from  posterior  margin  of  pupil,  \  ut  head;  con* 
Hpiciious  pore  just  behind  angle  of  mouth  ;  head  equal  to  trunk,  8  in  tail 
witliout  An;  depth  13  in  total  length;  pectoral  3^  in  head;  dorsal  begin- 
ning in  advance  of  gill  opening,  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout  slightly 
k-sH  than  half  the  distance  from  snout  to  anal.  Uniform  light  brown; 
iiiiHdnsky,  black  near  tip  of  tail,  and  there  with  narrow  bright  white 
margin  ;  mouth,  gill  cavity,  and  peritoneum  black.  (Gilbert.)  Length  1 
foot.    Panama  to'Ecnador.    (jyrora,  prow ;  gero,  I  bear.) 

Oiihimnia  prnriiienim,  Qiliiert,  Froc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1801,  360,  Coast  of  Ecuador;  Panama. 

(Coll.  AlbutroPH.) 

6S5.  <;ONUERiMURJi:NA  NITKNS  (Jordan  &  Bollman). 

Tail  much  more  than  twice  length  of  body ;  body  slender ;  tail  com- 
pressed ;  lower  jaw  considerably  shorter  than  the  upper;  dorsal  beginning 
elifjhtly  in  advance  of  the  root  of  the  pectoral.  Head  1|  in  trunk,  5i  in 
tail;  tail  2^  times  as  long  as  head  and  trunk;  snout  4i  in  head,  very  soft; 
oye  very  large,  7  in  head,  1|  in  snout ;  interorbital  area  2  in  eye  ;  cleft  of 
month  3ji  in  head,  extending  slightly  behind  middle  of  eye;  pectoral  long 
and  narrow,  2^  in  head.  If  times  as  long  as  gill  slit.  Color  olivaceous, 
nppcr  parts  of  head  and  body  with  numerous  fine  black  dots ;  a  silvery 
shade  across  opercles  and  below  lateral  line ;  peritoneum  bright  silvery, 
giving  belly  a  pale  color  ;  dorsal  and  anal  with  a  narrow  black  margin, 
below  which  are  a  few  small  spots ;  pectoral  pale.  One  specimen  dredged 
at  Alhatro>}8  station  2801  off  Panama,  8°  47'  N.,  79°  29'  3C  W.,  in  14 
fathoms,     {nitena,  shining.) 

Oiihitnma  ni/cim,  JoRKAN  &  BoLLMAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nnt.  MuB.,  1889,  15.3,  Panama ;  .Jordan  & 
Davis,  I.  c,  (!62.    (Coll.  Albntross.) 

58«.  C0X«ERMI7R4:NA  PLATA,  Goodo  &  Bean. 

Lips  somewhat  thickened.  Snout  long,  about  twice  diameter  of  eye, 
which  is  6  in  head.  Lower  jaw  projecting  far  beyond  the  upper. 
Anterior  nostril  in  short  tube,  posterior  nostril  pore-like,  in  advance  of 
eye,  and  above  the  horizontal  line  of  its  diameter.  Cleft  of  mouth 
extending  very  slightly  behind  middle  of  eye.  Teeth  in  very  narrow 
bands,  villiform,  a  dense  clu8t<^r  on  the  vomer.  Length  of  head  equal  to 
that  of  trunk.  Tail  about  twice  aa  long  as  body.  Dorsal  beginning  far 
in  advance  of  gill  opening  and  pectoral.  Color  yellowish  ;  blackish  on 
termination  of  tail.  Specimens  obtained  by  the  Albairdsa  at  stations 
2121  and  2122,  in  31  to  34  fathoms,  and  at  station  2402,  in  111  fathoms; 


■  f 


!     , 
\     \ 

i 


VI 


m 


I  * 


'k 


H. 


U 


M 


\ 


i' 


n 


!  I 


m 


368 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


also  by  the   lilake  at   station  264,  in  84  fathoms.    (Goode  fk.  Bean.) 
(jiavus,  yellow.) 

CongfmwritMu  fliira,  Goonr.  A  Dran,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  138,  flg.  l/>9,  ISOTi,  Oulf  Stream. 
(Tyi)o,  No.  44012.    Coll.  Albiitrow.) 

157.  UROCONGER,  Kaup. 

Vroeongrr,  Kacp,  Apodos,  110,  1854,  (}tptm,\t). 

Mouth  very  large,  its  cleft  passing  middle  of  eye;  vomerine  teeth  niii- 
serial,  some  of  them  canine-like;  teeth  in  jaws  in  two  series.  Tail  loii^, 
slender,  whip-like.  Dorsal  inserted  above  pectoral.  Species  few.  (oi'yui, 
tail;  Conger.) 

687.  URUCONOElt  TICINU8,  Vaillant. 

Depth  20  in  length.  Vomer  with  two  strong  teeth  anteriorly.  Space 
separating  gill  openings  considerably  greater  than  their  diameter. 
(Goode  <&  Bean.)  Deep  waters  off  coast  of  northern  Africa;  ayoungiudi- 
vidual  taken  by  the  Albatross  at  station  2161  in  146  fathoms,  (vicxn^in, 
near,  i.  e.  to  Uroconger  lepturua.) 

Ihocimger  viiiniui,  Vaii.lant,  Expod.  Travaillonr  et  TaliRnian,  86,  pi.  vi.,  flg.  1,  1888,  Banc 
d'Arguin,  off  Soudan,  off  Cape  Verde  Islands;  Qoodx  &  Bban,  Oceanic  Ichthyoln^'y, 
138,  1896. 

Family  XLVIII.  MURiENESOCID^. 

Scaleless  angailloid  eels,  with  the  posterior  nostril  not  labial,  the 
tongue  largely  adnate,  the  jaws  not  excessively  elongate,  the  end  of  the 
tail  surrounded  by  the  caudal  fin,  and  the  pectoral  fins  well  developed. 
None  of  these  characters  appear  to  have  in  themselves  great  importauco, 
but  according  to  Dr.  Gill,  in  the  genus  Murwnesox,  the  only  genun  in 
which  the  osteology  is  well  known,  the  characters  are  such  as  fully  to 
justify  family  distinction.  Dr.  Gill  gives  the  following  diagnosis  of 
MuriBnesocidte : 

"  Enchelycephalous  Apodals  with  the  tongue  not  free,  the  branchioste- 
gal  membrane  connecting  the  opposite  sides  below,  the  epipharyngeals 
reduced  to  one  pair,  and  the  hypopharyngeals  linguiform  and  encroach- 
ing on  the  fourth  branchial  arch." 

To  this  should  bo  added:  Gill  openings  rather  wide;  pectoral  fins  well 
developed ;  jaws  of  moderate  length ;  vomer  well  armed. 

Whether  all  these  characters  are  found  in  the  other  genera  commonly 
associated  with  Muramesox  is  not  yet  known.  The  family,  as  understood 
by  us,  seems  divisible  into  two  well-marked  groups,  which  are,  perhaps, 
as  distinct  from  each  other  as  from  the  Eehelidee  or  the  Congridiv.  Tlie 
species  of  this  family  are  not  very  numerous,  and  a  large  proportion  are 
American.  In  general  appearance  and  habits  they  approach  the  Con- 
gers. All  are  plainly  colored  and  some  descend  to  rather  deep  water. 
(Murwttido!,  Muramesocinoi,  Gtinther,  Cat.,  viii,  45-49.) 

mur;i!NE80cin£: 
a.  Dorsal  and  anal  flns  well  developed  throughout,  the  donml  beginning  nearly  above  j;i11 
opening;  Hnout  moderately  produced;  vomerine  teeth  very  strong. 
h.  Teeth  in  Jaws  in  several  series ;  gill  openings  wide. 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


350 


c.  Tettth  In  Jawa  in  Mveral  BerieH,  tlime  of  one  sorioi  enlarged  and  comprowed,  long 

caninos  in  Tront ;  vumur  with  leveral  luug  Borlos  of  toetli,  the  middle  quo  of 

rouicul  cuninos.  Muba:ne80Z,  168. 

ee.  Teeth  all  conical,  Hlondor  and  iilinr|),  thoae  of  Jawo  in  wide  bandi ;  maxillary  with 

a  det!|i  groove,  running  thu  (entire  length  of  the  bono,  dividing  the  baud  of 

teeth  into  two  ]K)rtionH ;  ohaft  of  vomer  with   a  niediau  surios  of  coniral 

tcetli.  Xbnomybtax,  1S9. 

hh.  Toeth  in  Jiiwh  biM>rial,  BUiall;  voniur  with  a  Horica  of  long,  iiointcd  canlnofi;  tail  abo  jt 

4  timcB  uH  long  aa  runt  of  Inidy;  gill  o|)eningg  narrow.  IIuflunnis,  100. 

(iTii.nificiN*: 

na.  Dornal  and  anal  flns  very  low  anteriorly,  developed  chiefly  6n  tho  tail. 

({.  Tail  about  as  long  as  roHt  of  l">dy;  tooth  moderate  ;  dorsal  beginning  bctforo  the  vent. 

AA.  Tail  Bhort,  little  uiorn  than  half  as  long  im  roHt  of  body;  teeth  all  unlHorlal,  untH|uaI, 

Home  of  them  cauiuo-liko;  body  very  slender,  whip-shaped. 

«.  Body  moderately   elongate,  the  diameter  more  thau  one-thirtieth  the  length ; 

dontal  bugiunlng  Jutt  before  vent.  Neoconuer,  101. 

ee.  liody  whlp-«haped,  the  diameter  leBS  than  ono-flftieth  the  length. 

/.  Dorsal  On  beginning  not  far  behlud  pectoral.  LGi'ToroNncR,  1A2. 

ff.  Dorsal  fln  beginning  behind  the  veut.  Stii.iiibcus,  163. 

fff.  Dorsal  fln  beginninit  close  behind  the  nape.  Oobdiiohthys,  164. 

158.  MURiENESOX.  McClelland. 

Mnriencmr,  McClilland,  Calcutta  Journ.  Nat  IlUt.,  iv,  408,  1843,  (lyiciitpiAala). 
CijnupoiUiau,  C08TA,  Fauna  Napoll,  Pescl.,  pi.  28,  18.')0,  {ferox      miiauHn). 
Brachyconger,  Bleeker,  Nedorl.  TidHHkr.,  Dlerkundu,  11,  230,  18G5,  (tavatma). 
Congrenox,  Gill,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1890,  234,  (lalalxm). 

Body  robust.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  well  developed,  the  dorsal  begin- 
uJng  nearly  above  gill  opening.  Mouth  large  ;  teeth  in  jaws  in  several 
Hories,  those  of  one  series  enlarged  and  depressed,  forming  long  canines 
in  front;  vomer  with  several  long  series  of  teeth,  the  middle  one  of 
strong  canines.  This  genus  contains  numerous  species,  large,  conger-like 
eolH,  some  of  which  are  found  in  all  warm  seas.  They  are  remarkable 
for  the  strong  armature  of  the  vomer.     (Muraina     ^sox,  pike.) 

Mrn.TiNESox  : 

a.  Mi'dian  teeth  on  vomer  enlarged,  compresBod,  and  rnltrate  ;  median  teeth  on  side  of  lower 

jaw  also  onlargod  and  conipresBod  or  bluntish. 

h.  Middle  BcrioB  of  teeth  on  vomer  not  dlHtinctly  tricuspldate  ;  ])ectoral  rather  more  than 

half  hood.  coniceps,  688. 

hh.  Middle  scrios  of  let^th  on  vomer  dlHtinctly  tricuspidate  in  young,  becoming  entire  with 

age ;  pectoral  2%  in  head.  ^  savanna,  689. 

Subgenus  MUR.SNESOX. 

6m.  MITR^KNESOX  CONICEPS,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

Vomer  with  a  median  row  of  about  15  very  large,  strong  teeth,  which 
nTh  much  compressed,  the  tip  angular  and  directed  backwards,  and  with  a 
nick  on  the  posterior  edge,  thus :  "32?;  oneortwo  of  theanterior  teeth  only 
fllightly  tricuspidate ;  on  each  side  of  the  median  row  on  vomer  some  very 
small,  blunt  teeth,  disappearing  anteriorly,  arranged  in  one  or  two  rows 
very  close  to  the  median  row ;  jaws  with  one  or  two  outer  rows  of  small, 
bhint  teeth,  next  a  row  of  rather  large,  wedge-shaped  teeth,  and  then  an 
inner  band  of  small,  conical,  blunt  teeth  in  two,  three,  or  four  series; 
front  of  both  jaws  with  groups  of  canines,  which  are  shorter  than  the 


i 

'■  ','■ 

*  I 


uii\ 


I) ! 


f;    ,! 


i 


I  i 


If,  tm  \ 
1  i  I'll 


) 

I? 

i 
I 


360 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


pnpil;  in  old  examples  the  teeth,  especially  those  on  the  vomer,  are  oftoD 
80  worn  that  their  original  form  is  not  at  all  evident ;  head  2  in  trunk,  \\\ 
in  tail;  pectoral  tin  2  in  the  distance  between  the  tip  of  snout  and  th«  \n\m 
of  the  Un  or  rather  more  than  half  length  of  head;  eye  2^  in  the  snout,  li 
in  intororbital  width,  3^  in  cleft  of  mouth,  situated  a  little  behind  uiiddln 
of  gape;  cleft  of  mouth  2\  in  the  head ;  gill  openings  large,  containing  tlio 
isthmus  twice;  dorsal  beginning  over  the  gill  openings.  Olive-brown 
ab«)vo,  dull-whitish  below;  dorsal  and  anal  light  brown  with  a  dark 
margin  ;  caudal  and  pectoral  fins  black.  Length  2  or  3  feet.  Capo  haii 
Lucas  to  the  coast  of  Columbia,  generally  common.  Very  close  to  tlio 
next,  the  difHerence  in  dentition  evident  only  in  the  young,  (counx. 
cone;  -c(;^)«,  head.) 

Muritnetox  rnmcept,  Jordan  &  OitnERT,  Prot.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,1881,  348,  Mazatlan  ;  Jordan  Si 
Davis,  J.c,  048.    (Tyito,  No.  2si:jo.    Coll.  Ollbort.) 

689.  MUlt.KNESOX  SAVANNA  (Ctivicr). 

Median  sorioa  of  teeth  on  vomer  distinctly  tricuspidate  in  the  youiiK, 
becoming  entire  with  age,  with  nearly  even  surface,  thus :  2^  ;  pectoral  iui 
long  as  maxillary,  2f  in  bead ;  eye  2  in  snout,  which  is  4^  in  head ;  dorHal 
inserted  over  the  gill  opening.  Brown  above,  silvery  below  ;  dorsal  and 
anal  edged  with  black.  Otherwise  as  in  M.  coniceps.  Cuba  to  Rio  Janeiro, 
not  common,  occasional  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  (Ku.)  (Called '8a- 
vanne"  in  Martinique.) 

Murana  mvamia,  Cuvieb,  Rdpne  Animal,  Ed.  2,  Vol.  2,  350, 182t>,  Martinique  ;  Bennrtt,  Proc. 

Comm.  ZoUI.  Soc,  135,  18;il. 
Conger  bratiliemis,  Ranzani,  Nov.  Spec.  Pise.  Diss.  Prima.,  iv,  17,  pi.  13,  flg.  1,  1838,  Brazil. 
Congrus  eiirvidens,  RiciiARDSON,  Voy.  ErebuB  &  Terror,  111,  1844,  no  locality. 
C!iHoponticu»ferojc,CosTA,  Fnuna  Napoli,  Pose,  pi.  28,  1864,  Naples. 
Conger  linibatHB,  Cabtei.nav,  Anim.  Am.  Sud,  83,  pi.  43,  flg.  3,  1855,  Rio  Janeiro. 
Brachyconger  lavanna,  D'.eekkr,  Atlas  des  Murtinea  Indcs  Orient,  iv,  20, 18M. 
Murxnaox  tavanna,  GUntiigr,  Cat.,  viii,  47,  1870 ;  Jordan  &  Vavis,  {.  c,  648. 

159.  XENOMYSTAX,  Gilbert. 

Xmomyilax,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1891,  348,  (alrarim). 

Scaleless;  pectorals  well  developed;  vertical  fins  large,  continnous 
around  the  tail,  tho  rays  evident;  dorsal  beginning  before  base  of  pector- 
als. Gill  slits  vertical  and  rather  wide,  the  gill  membrane  oontinuouH 
below  the  throat.  Branchiostegals  apparently  11  or  12  in  number,  lung 
and  much  curved,  continuing  around  the  posterior  and  upper  edges  of  the 
opercles ;  mouth  with  wide  lateral  cleft,  nov  extending  far  beyond  eye ; 
maxillaries  very  wide,  not  extending  far  forwards,  tho  clasping  processoa 
applied  to  shaft  of  vomer  well  behind  its  head.  Teeth  all  conical,  slender, 
and  sharp,  mostly  depressible,  those  in  jaws  in  wide  bands ;  maxillary 
with  a  deep  lengthwise  groove  running  the  entire  length  of  the  bone  and 
dividing  the  band  of  teeth  into  two  portions;  lower  jaw  much  shorter 
than  upper.  Posterior  nostril  a  linear  slit,  midway  between  eye  and  tip 
of  snout ;  the  anterior  in  a  short  tube  just  behind  the  head  of  vomer ; 
tongue  small,  with  the  tip  free ;  lips  undeveloped  ;  the  lateral  line  oou- 
spicuoT's.    One  species,    (fivof,  strange; /uticrra^,  maxilla.) 


>i^  -Ji.  ■-  ^\.L>;it.fe:iA^>i*=i^-i;;::,'„v;;. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        361 


ftOO.  XKNONITHTAX  ATRARIITH,  Qllbort. 

Snout  very  long  and  slender  ;  end  of  maxillary  ectnidistant  from  tip  of 
niiiiulible  and  gill  opening  ;  front  of  orbit  over  tbo  beginning  of  last  third 
of  ;;iipe  ;  long  slit-like  pores  on  margin  of  upper  jaw,  a  conspicuous  series 
oil  inandiblo  and  preoporcle;  toetb  iu  jaws  in  wide  bands,  mostly  depres- 
f)il)]o  ;  maxillary  teeth  divided  by  a  deep  groove  running  entire  length  of 
jnw,  those  on  inner  side  of  groove  long,  close-set,  rigid,  in  single  series; 
nMixlible  with  much  narrower  and  shallower  groove,  on  the  inner  edge  of 
\Yluch  is  a  single  series  of  very  small  conical  teeth,  directed  inwards;  tip 
of  mandible  enlarged  to  forma  knob  which  fits  into  a  toothless  depression 
jns(,  behind  head  of  vomer,  the  vomer  extending  well  beyond  the  tip  of 
lower  jaw ;  teeth  on  head  of  vomer  and  knob  of  mandible  similar,  slightly 
larger  than  those  of  side  of  jaw  ;  anterior  part  of  shaft  of  vomer  with 
niinliau  series  of  strong  conical  teeth,  accompanied  by  smaller  lateral 
soricH  and  followed  by  a  narrower  band  of  very  small  conical  teeth.  Head 
etiual  to  trunk  and  \f  of  tail ;  gill  openings  broadly  lunate,  vortical  length 
of  Hlit  i  of  snout,  interspace  ^  length  of  slit ;  pectorals  narrow,  \  snout. 
Color  very  dark  brown  ;  tins  black;  poresof  lateral  line  white.  (Gilbert.) 
Cuast  of  Ecuador,  at  Albatroaa  station  2792,  iu  401  fathoms.  (atrariuSf 
blackish.) 

Xeit'iiiiijiiUix  atrariiu,  Oildert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  MiiB.,  1891,  348,  Lat.  i°  S.,  Long.  8i°  W.    (Coll. 
Uilbort.) 

i6o.  HOPLUNNIS,   Kaup. 

Ilnvlmmi*,  Kaup,  Anle  Ilnmburg  Musoum,  19,  1859,  (nchiiiidtiC). 

This  genus  diifers  from  Marnmcaox  chiefly  in  the  dentition ;  the  teeth  in 
tho  Jaws  are  small  and  biserial  and  the  vomer  has  a  series  of  long,  pointed 
canines.  The  very  long  tail  is  four  times  length  of  rest  of  body.  Gill 
openings  wide.  Two  species,  American.  (utt/Iov,  armature;  vvviq,  vomer: 
correctly  written  Hoplynnis. ) 


a.  Eyo  3  In  Hnout  j  tail  four  times  rest  of  b<idy. 

(III.  Eyo  3  to  3]^  in  snout ;  cluft  of  nioutli  oxtcnding'boyond  eye. 


8CIIMIDTII,  591. 
PIOMKDIANUB,  592. 


691.  HOPLIINMN  8CIiNIDTII,   Kaup. 

Tail  about  four  times  as  long  as  rest  of  body  ;  eye  3  in  snout ;  posterior 
portion  of  vertical  fins  black.  (Kaup  per  (itiinther.)  Caribbean  Sea  at 
Puerto  Cabello ;  one  specimen  known  and  very  imperfectly  described.  (A 
personal  name.) 

Hojihninw  schmiillii,  Kaup,  Aaln  IIaml>.  Mu8.,  19,  pi.  2,  fig.  4,  1869,  Puerto  Cabello ;  GOntheb, 
Cut.,  vni,  4'.),  1870. 

502.  HOPLUNNIS  DIOMEDIANITS,  Goodo  «  Bean. 

Allied  to  H.  schmidtii,  with  height  of  body  4  in  head ;  its  width  ^  its  height. 
Snout  3  to  3f  Jmes  eye.  Cleft  of  mouth  extends  slightly  beyond  hind 
margin  of  eye.  Teeth  in  jaws  small,  pointed,  in  narrow  bands,  the  inner 
series  of  the  lower  jaw  consisting  of  enlarged,  widely  separated  canines 
a  pair  of  larger  canines  near  the  end  of  the  lower  jaw  in  the  example  fig- 
ured ;  a  row  of  six  to  eight  strong,  large  canines  on  the  vomer.    A  single 


:*^^r 

: 

\ 

I  ■■'  ill  1 

862 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


individiinl  (No.  44240  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  was  obtained  by  the  AlhalroHH  nt 
statiun  2402,  (iiilf  of  Mexico,  111  fathoiiis,  lat.  28°  3(K,  long.  m°  nO'. 
(tioode  and  Kean.)     (Named  for  the  AlbatrosH,  Diomcdm.) 

Ifri}i/uNN<«  iliimttUnMf,  GooDR  A  ItiAN,  Occanir  Ichthyoliigy,  U(\,  WOti,  Oulf  of  Mexico. 

i6z.  NEOCONGER,  Girard. 

Sencoiiyir,  OiiiAiiD,  U.  8.  Mox,  noiind.  Siirv.,  Ichth.,  77,  IHftO,  (tinicmitnhu), 

Hody  nioderatoly  elongate,  not  whip-like.  Pectoral  fins  proHcnt ;  v^rti- 
cal  tinH  rudimentary,  passing  around  tho  tail,  towards  the  end  of  which 
they  are  more  developed;  dorsal  beginning  Just  before  vent.  Cloft  of 
mouth  extending  beyond  the  small  eye ;  maxillary  teeth  slender,  in  snvirnl 
series ;  vomerine  teeth  uniserial,  forming  a  patch  in  front ;  tail  not  niiicli 
longer  than  rest  of  body.  Uill  openiugs  vertical,  rather  large.  'J'wu 
species,    {vioc,  new  ;  Conger.) 

a.  P))ctoral  Hiiiall ;  Oiilf  of  Muxico.  HticROKATiH,  nna, 

aa.  Pectoral  wnll  dovolopud,  S}/^  to  4  fn  lioail  ;  Pariflc  Oroan.  VRRMiroiiMiH,  li<H, 

SOS.  NEOCONOKR  SIIK'RONATIIH,  Oirard. 

Head  small,  slendor,  pointed;  upper  Jaw  tho  longer  ;  dorsal  fln  begin- 
ning Just  in  front  of  tho  vent,  forming  a  membranous  ridge  until  near  I  ho 
tail,  where  it  expands  and  becomes  tin-like;  pectorals  small.  Dark  nd- 
dish  brown  above,  paler  below.  Coast  of  Texas,  ((iirard.)  One  speci- 
men known  ;  t'ae  imperfect  descriptiou  not  distinguishing  it  from  A'. 
vemti/ortniH.     (mucronatua,  mucronate.) 

Neorniiyerviurrnuatiin,  GlRARP,  U.  8.  Mox.  Hound.  Surv.,  Iclith.,  77,  ISfiO,  St.  Joseph  Island, 
Texas.  (Coll.  WUrdnnmnn.)  OI'ntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  40, 1870  ;  .Iokdan  A  Oii.iiititT,  S.vii(i|«iB, 
.160, 1883 ;  Jordan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  64C. 

r>04.  NEOCONUKK  VKKNIFOKNIN,  Gilbert. 

Pectoral  well  developed,  3^  to  4  in  head.  Snout  anteriorly  short, 
slightly  projecting  beyond  mouth;  mouth  small,  reaching  6li;rhtly 
behind  eye;  teeth  small,  conical,  uniserial  in  Jaws,  biseriul  anteriorly 
on  the  vomer,  uniserial  posteriorly  ;  gill  slits  vertical,  longer  than  fiy((,  a 
little  longer  than  isthmus;  dorsal  beginning  half  length  of  head  in 
advance  of  vent ;  body  not  very  slender,  its  depth  2i  in  head ;  head  ^ 
in  trunk  ;  cleft  of  mouth  31  in  head ;  tail  usually  a  little  longer  than  rent 
of  body;  tip  of  tongue  slightly  free.  Color  uniform  yellowish  olive  on 
body  and  fins,  finely  dotted  with  black.  Lower  California  and  Panama, 
in  about  30  fathoms ;  several  specimens  known.  Length  G  inches  (vermis, 
worm ;  forma,  shape.) 

Neoconger  venni/onnU,  Gii.nERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1890,  57,  olT  Lower  California,  Alba- 
tross Station  3035;  'doll.  Gilbert);  Jordan  &  Davir,  I.  c,  C46. 

162.  LEPTOCONGER,  Poey. 

Ltploconger,  Poey,  Anales  Hist.  Nat.  Esp.,  260,  1880,  (perloiigtu). 

This  genus  differs  from  Neocongcr  in  the  much  slenderer  form,  the  body 
being  whip-sbaped  as  in  Stilmacua.  Dorsal  beginning  between  gill  open- 
ing and  vent.    (XcTrrof,  slender;  Conger.) 


Sliihinnu,  JoR 


Jordan  and  Evermann. —  Fishes  of  North  America. 


363 


ft9ft.  LKPTOCONflKR  PERLONflVg  (P*ey). 

Iload  4  in  trtink;  tail  about  a  third  longer  than  rest  of  body;  Rap«  4 
ill  hoad;  oyo  large,  If  in  snout;  Huout  pointed;  teeth  hooked,  Hliort  and 
roliiist,  Hube«|ual  and  uniaorial,  a  few  in  front  enlarged;  lower  Jaw  much 
ghortor  than  upper;  dorsal  beginning  Just  behind  tip  of  pectoral.  Violet 
brown,  pale  below ;  dark  points  over  the  entire  surface.  (Poey. )  Matan- 
zivs,  Cuba;  one  specimen  known.     {perlonyuH,  very  long.) 

y,or(mgfr  perlmtgun,  Po«Y,  Ann.  I.yr.  Nat.  HUt.  N.  Y.,  (17,  pi.  0,  fl((.  3-4,  1H74,  Matanzaii. 
LxiitDfimyi-r  perhmjut,  PoKV,  Ann.  Hint.  N»t.  E«p.,  'itM,  iHSn ;  Jdhpan  A  Pavih,  /.  r.,  iHA. 

163.  STILBISCUS,  Jordan  &  noUnian. 

StilhuiciiM,  JoRRAN  A  Hoi,tMAN,  Troc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mui.,  1H88,  MO,  (r({iiHiri(«<). 

Hody  whip-shaped,  with  the  tail  very  short;  teeth  uniserial,  some  of 
tlii>  anterior  canine.  Fins  low,  the  dorsal  beginning  behind  vent.  One 
species  known.    ((tt/A^w,  to  shine.) 

690.  8TILBIHCITH  EDWAIthSI,  .lonlnn  A  Ilollman. 

Head  7i  in  trunk,  4^  in  tail;  snout  7  in  head,  its  length  somewhat 
^roater  than  distance  between  gill  openings ;' eye  1}  in  snout,  H  in  inter- 
oiliital  space;  cleft  of  mouth  reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  eye;  upper 
jaw  5  in  head;  height  of  gill  opening  li  in  snout;  teeth  all  uniserial, 
Hdine  of  the  anterior  enlarged,  canine-like;  dorsal  beginning  It  length  of 
lu'iul  behind  vent ;  length  of  first  part  about  equal  to  head  and  pectoral; 
developed  part  of  dorsal  at  tail  contained  1|  times  in  the  head ;  pectoral  6 
in  lioad.  Upper  part  of  head  and  body  above  lateral  line  brown  ;  lower 
pai't>i  bright  metallic-bluish  silvery ;  dorsal  and  anal  pale,  the  latter  with 
a  (Insky  stripe  on  each  side  of  its  base ;  pectorals  dusky  ;  caudal  black. 
Green  Turtle  Cay,  one  of  the  Bahamas.  One  specimen  known.  (Named 
for  Dr.  Charles  Lincoln  Edwards,  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati.) 

Slilhisiw  filwardti,  .ToBDAN  A  Boi.iMAN,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1888,  649,  C:een  Turtle  Cay, 
Bahamas.    (Coll.  EdwanU.) 

164.  GORDIICHTHYS,  Jordan  &  Davis. 

Gnrdiichthyt,  Jordan  A  Davis,  Prelim.  Review  Apodal  Fishos,  044,  1892,  {irretUii»). 

Hody  whip-shaped,  excessively  long  and  slender;  tail  very  short;  ver- 
tical fins  low,  the  dorsal  beginning  close  behind  the  nape.  Teeth  uniserial, 
unequal,  some  of  them  oauine-like.  One  species  known.  (Gordius,  the 
horsehair  worm,  from  Fopiho^,  the  king  whose  complicated  knot  was  out 
by  Alexander;  /;i:^i'f,  fish.) 

597.  UORDIICHTHYS  IRRETITUS,  Jordan  A  DaviH. 

Dorsal  fin  beginning  before  the  gill  opening,  not  far  behind  the  nape ; 
trunk  very  long ;  tail  1}  in  rest  of  body ;  head  about  16  in  trunk  (15  to  18, 
the  type  being  so  injured  that  the  gill  openings  can  not  be  made  out) ; 
greatest  depth  of  body  40  to  50  times  in  length  of  body ;  upper  jaw  much 
the  longer,  arched,  the  eye  behind  its  middle ;  eye  moderate,  2^  in  snout, 
4i  in  gape;  lower  jaw  with  one  row  of  about  10  stoutish,  recurved  teeth 


TI   ^  T         -II 


VI 


P 


Si 


'I'll 


I'!;  " 

1 

1 


i 


i 


I 


304 


bulletin  47,  United  States  N^ational  Afusenm. 


on  each  Ni«l»,  tlutNo  in  front  onlttr>(o<l  and  canin«-lik«s  iii>|hm'  ,|u\r  witli  a 
■erioH  <»r  Hiniiliir  Uwi\\  on  oitoli  Hide  unti  another  down  niiddlu  of  voinfi, 
thflHo  tlirflo  H«M-iHH  convnrKiiiK  forward  and  ninntini;  nt  a  point  oppoHJte 
niiddln  of  luwor  Jaw;  In  front  of  tliiiton  prninaxillary  and  nanai  Iiuhon 
about  t  lar((o,  Ntont,  liook<ul  canim^H,  tlio  larftnnt  tcotli  of  all ;  1*J3  vtMto- 
brat  in  trnnk  (proltaldy  nitont  KM)  in  tail);  pectoral,  k'^I  <>|**'i>i»K<  "ihI 
Hkin  wliolly  digHHted  in  tlio  typo;  coloration  probably  Hjniilur  to  SiilhiHdtt 
Fdu'urthi,  Lfliif^tli  2^  foot.  Hnappor  MankH  of  Wtmt  Florida,  in  rullit>r 
deep  water,  known  from  lialf  dJKuated  HpocinieiiH  and  fragmentH  foiiml  m 
fltuniadis  of  other  HhIicn.     (imiUiit,  entangled.) 

CI<>rilii<IMi/ii  irniiiiit,  .loiiuAN  .t  Davin,  A|MMlal  KIhIh'k,  AI4,    1H1I2,   off  Pentacola,    PlorlJi, 
((!iill.  Htenrnii.) 

Family  XLIX.  NKTTASTOMID/K. 

(TlIK  HUKCRKKUS.) 

Eels  without  pectoral  (Iuh,  with  the  tongue  not  free,  the  poNtorior  nns- 
trlla  remote  from  the  lip,  the  gill  oponingn  Hmall,  Heparate,  and  Niilijri. 
ferior,  the  vent  remote  from  the  head,  the  tail  ending  in  a  Hlender  tip  or 
filament,  the  dorHal  and  anal  tins  moderately  developed,  and  the  Jhwn 
produced,  nlender,  and  straight,  the  upper  the  longer,  and  both,  as  alHo 
the  vomer,  armed  with  bands  of  sharp,  close-set,  recurved,  snbeqiial  t«>«>tli. 
This  family  contains  a  few  species  of  deep-sea  eels,  closely  allied  to  tiio 
Murainesocuid:  in  teohnical  characters,  but  more  resembling  the  AVmic/i- 
thytdfv  in  appearance,  form  of  the  head,  and  in  dentition.  Three  gonern 
are  known — deep-sea  fishes,  with  fragile  bodies  and  the  thin  skin  charged 
with  black  pigment.     {Muro'u'>i(v,  part,  (jiinther.  Cat.,  viii,  \i    "STo.) 

a.  Doraal  l  <i  low,  boKinninfr  iionrly  iibovti  k'H  np<>iilnK. 

h.  KiwtrilH  )iiterul,  tho  ])oiit»rior  alit-llkv,  plariul  Jimt  in  front  ofcyn  ;  Mionl  .<  fli^liy 

tip.  ClILOIHIH,  V\\ 

bb.  NoHtrUH  nearly  Nnperior,  tho  poHtcriur  iilmvn  nml  in  front  of  <',v(>,  tlin  anterior  iit  tip  of 
bony  portion  of  Riiout ;  lieail  with  nnniuroiiH  ninrouH  poroH, 
c.  Snout  witli  a  loni;,  filondor,  lleHliy  tip  or  pruboM'iM,  iit  tint  bni«t  of  wlilcli  nrc  llii< 
anteriornoatrilH.  Vrnkiica,  ir,t;. 

165.  CHLOPSIS,  Rafinesque. 

Chhpti*,  HAriNRHQiTR,  Indioo  Ittlol.  Sicil,  58,  1810,  (hicohr). 
Sauretichelyt,  I'KTKns,  Deriinor  MonatHlx^riclito,  18G4,  .197,  (cioirrtVord). 

This  genua,  suflllciently  characterized  above,  is  very  close  to  Nrftastoma, 
differing  chiefly  in  the  position  of  tho  nostrils.  Two  species  kn(»wn,  in 
rather  deep  water.     (x^>'>Vt  »  twig;  oV'«c,  appearance.) 

59H.  €HLOP8I8  K({UAT0RIALI8,  Oillmrt. 

Head,  2}  in  head  and  trnnk ;  eye  3i  in  snout ;  body  extremely  slender, 
tapering  posteriorly  to  a  very  narrow  tail,  which  is,  however,  not  filamen- 
tous ;  head  long  and  slender,  lower  jaAv  shorter  than  the  upper ;  eye 
nearly  over  angle  of  mouth ;  posterior  nostril  a  long  horizontal  slit  imme- 
diately in  front  of  lower  margin  of  eye ;  series  of  slit-like  mucous  pores 
along  upper  jaw ;  series  of  round  pores  along  lower  jaw  ;  transverse  scries 
on  occiput ;  both  jaws  and  vomer  with  wide  bands  of  short,  sharp,  conical 
teeth,  inner  series  ou  jaws  slightly  longer  than  the  other ;  bands  on  skaft 


A^-,^ 


Jordan  ami  Evtrmann, — Fishes  oj  North  America.        305 


of  vuinur  n^uuliiii^  buuk  to  tiont  of  poHtnior  noHtiil;  ^ill  o|H)iiiu^H  with 
their  iiiuigiiiH  iiiiit!h  oiirvod,  foiiniii^  \  i»f  u  tiirolo,  tlioir  veiticul  tiiiiuiwter 
III  Illy  U411UI  to  tliut  itf  «)y«,  niid  iiioit)  tliun  twico  tliu  longtli  of  tlio  iiitvr- 
(t|iiii'M;  t{ttpu  2){  in  lioail ;  body  \S{  in  tuil ;  doiHai  littginniiiK  U  It^n^th  of 
lii'iid  btdiind  tliu  Hanio.  Color  diiHky  olivo,  dottod  with  coafHtt  hruwn 
(tli<'t;l<H  ovDry  wliorooxoopt  on  iindiUHiiht  of  hoiul  and  fhiH;  blaukiHli  Htruuk 
uii  iiMMlian  lino  of  b<t||y  ;  linH  trnnHhuutnt.  ((jilburt.)  ConHt  of  Kcnudor, 
at  .llhiitroHH  Htatiun  27U2,  in  101  fathoniH,  (.Equator,  Jivuathr,  Jiquator,  tho 
^u'nt  cir-'lo  of  hititudtt  of  t!i»  oarth.) 

0,U,l>$U  •iiiml'iritili;  Oii.iiKKT,  l'r<H',  17.  H.  Nut.  Mum.,  iHiil,  .'147,  off  Coast  of  Ecuador,  Lat. 
I  '  S.,Long.  8i"  W.     (Coll.  Alhatiom.) 

l66.  VENBFICA,  Jordan  iV  Davia. 

I'liKVlia,  JoHliAN  >V  HavIH,  Apcidul  KIhIixh,  liril,  1H!)2,  ( /'nx'.riim). 

TiiiH  KunuH  Hiilllciently  doHcribud  abovu,  diM'erH  from  tlio  Knropoan  kuoub 
yillaiiloma,  only  in  tliu  preaeiiuo  of  u  lluHliy  proboHois  on  tho  tip  of  tliu 
Niioiit.  Two  BpuciuH  known.  ( I'eiujiva,  BorceruHH,  from  the  name  Uoroiiiru, 
tiHod  at  Niuu  fur  Neltuatoma  melanurum, ) 

am.  VKNKKICA  I'KOt'KRA,  Quixlo  it  Ikan. 

Hody  very  elongatu,  ooniproHHed,  tapering  to  a  very  Hlender  attenuate 
point;  itH  gruatuHt  height  contaiiiud  nearly  4  tinieH  in  diHtanoe  from  gill 
opi'iiing  to  tip  of  lower  jaw,  and  equalu  half  length  of  suout.  Iluad 
HJiMidur,  conical;  jaws  somewhat  dopisMed;  upper  jaw  heavier  and 
tliickor,  and  jirojecting  beyond  the  lowii  a  distance  o<iual  tu  eye.  Length 
ut'  Hiiout  equal  to  distance  from  posterior  margin  of  orbit  to  gill  opening; 
cli'ft  of  mouth  extending  behind  eye  a  distance  equal  to  orbit.  On 
eai'li  side  of  upper  jaw,  and  in  advance  of  eye,  are  twelve  pores;  behind 
eucli  oyf)  are  three  pores,  while  on  median  line,  on  top  of  upper  jaw,  are 
Hevural  pores  posteriorly  arranged  in  pairs,  of  which  there  are  four,  the 
iiitiiiiate  pair  being  between  the  posterior  nostrils.  A  pair  of  pores  upon 
iia|)e,  connecting  postorbital  rows,  and  seventeen  on  each  side  of  mandi- 
ble. Mandibular  series  continued  by  another  series  extending  over 
chouks  and  nape.  Snout  with  a  slender,  61amentous  tip,  whose 
luiigth  is  ec^ual  to  twice  eye.  Tongue  apparently  absent.  Teeth 
iuranged  as  in  Nettaatoma  melanurum,  but  exceedingly  small.  Dorsal  fin 
cuiiunoncing  above  gill  opening.  Anal  inserted  at  a  distance  from 
Hiioiit  equal  to  3|  times  length  of  head.  Tail  twice  as  long  as  rest  of 
body.  Lateral  line  highly  specialized,  with  numerous  pores,  oorrespond- 
iii^r  in  general  character  to  those  upon  the  head,  and  arranged  in  a  deep 
furrow,  their  distances  apart  being  about  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  those 
upon  the  head.  Height  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins  about  equal  to  half  the 
height  of  body.  Color,  apparently,  brownish;  peritoneum  black.  Types, 
two  fishes  obtained  at  station  325,  N.  lat.  33°  35'  20'',  W.  long.  76°,  at  a 
depth  of  647  fathoms.  Another  mutilated  specimen ,  about  190  millimeters 
long,  taken  at  station  327.  This  species  is  in  many  respects  closely  allied 
to  Nettaatoma  melanurum  of  the  Mediterranean,  but  appears  to  dift'er 
from  it  in  the  greater  length  of  the  tail,  the  much  smaller  teeth,  and  in 


4   ; 


NSii^ 


366 


Bulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


!  I 


i 


'l\ 


'''\  li- 


the preHence  of  a  tiluineutouB  nasal  tip.  Length  30  inches,  ((ioodo  & 
Bean.)  Also  taken  off  San  Pedro,  California.  (Uilbert.  Albatross  Coll.) 
(procerus,  tall  or  long.) 

NeltuiilinHu  provcrum,  CluouK  A  Uean,  Bull.  Mus.  Oonip.  ZoiH.,  x,  IKSM,  224,  Gulf  Stream. 
V*nefica  prvcera,  Jobdan  iSc  Davih,  Apodal  FiBhos,  662  ;  Gookk  &  Hf.an,  Ocuuuic  luhth.,  U!i,  Isu:,, 

Family  L.  NEMICHTHYIDiE. 

(Thk  Snu'eEels.) 

Body  excessively  sleuder,  not  strongly  compressed,  deepest  near  the 
middle,  tapering  backward  to  the  tail,  which  usually  ends  in  a  loii^and 
slender  iilameut,  and  forward  to  a  very  long  and  slender  neck,  which  jy 
abruptly  enlarged  at  the  occipital  region.  No  scales.  Lateral  line  rt^tre- 
sented  by  one  or  more  rows  of  pores.  Head  resembling  that  of  TyluHunm, 
the  head  proper  small,  short,  and  rathei-  broad,  with  Hat  top  and  vertical 
sides.  Nostrils  large,  close  together  in  front  of  the  eye,  without  tubo  or 
flap;  jaws  excessively  prolonged,  almost  needle-like,  the  upper  the  loiif^er 
and  somewhat  recurved.  Teeth  in  both  jaws  small,  very  numerouH,  close- 
set,  retrorse.  Gill  openings  rather  large,  running  downward  and  forward, 
separated  by  a  narrow  isthmus  or  partly  confluent.  Pectorals  well  devel- 
oped. Anal  fin  beginning  near  the  vent,  'ligher  than  the  dorsal,  bceuiu- 
ing  obsolete  on  the  caudal  filament.  Dorsal  beginning  close  buliiud 
occiput,  its  anterior  rays  soft,  succeeded  by  a  loLg  series  of  very  low, 
simple,  spine-like  rays,  which  are  slightly  connected  by  membrane,  their 
height  rather  less  than  the  length  of  the  interspaces ;  on  the  tail  these 
spines  again  give  place  to  soft  rays.  The  soft  rays  of  the  fins  are  con- 
nected by  thin  membrane  instead  of  being  imbedded  in  thick  skin,  as  in 
eels  generally.  Color  translucent,  the  lower  parts  dark,  the  back  pale. 
Stomach  not  distensible.  Muscalar  and  osseous  systems  well  developed. 
Abdominal  cavity  extending  far  behind  the  vent.  Genera  6,  species  about 
10 ;  singular  inhabitants  of  the  deep  seas.  The  species  are  little  known 
and  their  anatomy  has  not  been  studied.  They  are  certainly  eels,  and 
their  nearest  relations  seem  to  be  with  the  NettaHtomidai,  The  truncate 
tail  of  some  specimens  is  probably  a  result  of  mutilation.  (MurivHuki', 
group,  Nemichthyina,  GDntheu,  Cn  .,  viu,  21,  1870.) 

a.  Gill  oponingB  partly  confluent,  rather  largo  ;  vomeri.io  toeth  conspicuously  enlarged. 

6.  Vomerine  teeth  lancet-shaped,  v(!ry  close  set ;  jaws  moderate,  the  suout  not  'oiiger 

than  rest  of  head  ;  vent  at  a  rlistance  behind  head  about  equal  to  postorbital  piirt 

of  bead  ;  eye  above  angle  of  n'.;iuth.  Serrivomer,  l(i7. 

h\>.  Vomerine  teeth  conical ;  jaws  very  l:>ng,  attenuate  ;  color  silvery.      Si'Inivomkii,  lii8. 

aa.  Gill  openings  distinctly  separate  ;  vomerine  teeth  moderate ;  jaws  excessivel."  attoHiiulo, 

the  upper  longer  and  recurved;  tail  probably  always  normally  with  a  filifuriii  tiii; 

(truncate  in  injured  specimens ;  short  and  band-like  in  translucent  larva;). 

c.  Vent  remote  from  the  bead,  at  a  distanro  behind  pectoral  more  thau  3  times  Xvw^iU 

of  that  flu  ;  color  black. 

d.  Gill  slits  lateral,  vertical,  well  separut-:  •\  ;  dorsal  commencing  above  pectorals; 

tail  filamentous ;  jaws  long  and  slender ;  a  single  series  of  poros  along 

lateral  line.  Avocettina,  169. 

cc.  Vent  at  the  throat,  at  a  distance  behind  the  head  less  than  length  of  ])ectiiral ; 

anal  fin  beginning  below  middle  of  pectorals ;  body  very  long  and  slendur, 

most  of  the  dorsal  rays  very  slender,  imarly  free,  appearing  like  skiider 

spines ;  jaws  very  slender,  not  expanded  at  tip. 


Spinivomer,  GiLt 


■y».  ■ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        367 


«.  One  row  of  |ioroH  alouK  lateral  line;  tail  truncate,  (doubtlHm  mutilated); 
:olor  l>lack.  Labichthyh,  170. 

«('.  Throo  rowH  of  purofi  aluuK   lateral   line;  color    duHky  nilvory,  darker 
below  ;  tail  alwayn  ondinf?  In  a  Iomr  fliument.  Kemiciithtr,  171. 

167.  SERRIVOMER,  Gill  &.  Ryder. 

Sin-irmner,  GiLL  &  RvDEa,  I'roc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1883,  26(>,  ((<eiiHii). 

Xemichthyidn  yvlth  the  li-eod  behind  eyes   of  an  elongated  parallulo- 

graiiiic  form,  with  moderately  attenuated  jaws ;  brauchioHtegai  membrane 

coiitliient  at  posterior  margin,  but  with  the  branchial  aperture  limited 

by  iin  istbmuH  except  at  the  margin,  and  with  lancet-shaped  vomerine 

teeth    in    a  crowded   (sometimes    doubled)    row.     (aerra,    saw :    vamer, 

voiiior.) 

(too.  SKUKIVOMKK  BEANII,  Oill  &  Kydor. 

Stoutest  of  the  family,  with  much  shorter  jaws  than  any  other,  and 
with  a  very  formidable  vomerine  armature ;  depth  of  head  at  vertical 
from  mandibular  articulation  contained  37  times  in  the  total  length ; 
greatest  height  29i  in  total  length.  (Gill  «k  Ryder.)  Gulf  Stream.  (Lat. 
41°  10'  30'"',  long.  65°  28'  30''',  at  855  fathoms.)  Also  taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert 
in  the  Gulf  of  California.    (Named  for  Tarletou  Hoffman  Beau.) 

Serriiiimer  beanii,  Gill  &  Ryder,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  SIus.,  1883,  261,  Culf  Stream;  Jobdan  & 
Uavis,  I  c,  663.    (Type,  No.  33383.    Coll.  Albatross.) 

168.  SPINIVOMER,  Gill  &  Ryder. 

Bpinivomer,  Gill  <Sc  Ryder,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muo.,  1883,  261,  {goodei). 

yemiehthyuh  with  a  rectilinear  occipitorostral  outline,  with  very  atten- 
uated jaws,  high  mandibular  rami,  the  branchial  aperture  nearly  conflu- 
ent; enlarged  acute  conic  teeth  in  a  median  row  on  the  vomer,  and  with 
a  silvery  epidermis  and  liliform  tail,     (spina,  spine ;  vomer,  vomer.) 

«01.  SPINIVOMER  GOODEI,  Gill  &  Ryder. 

Silvery;  recognizable  also  from  its  smaller  eye  and  deeper  mandibles; 
greatest  height  of  body  at  the  branchial  regions  contained  52  times  in 
total  length;  rays  ensheathed  in  a  tough  membrane.  (Gill  &  Ryder.) 
Gulf  Stream.  (Lat.  38°  19'  26",  long.  68°  20'  20",  at  2,361  fathoms.) 
(Named  for  George  Brown  Good. ) 

SpiHiromiT  goodei,  61LL  &  Ryder,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  261,  Gulf  Stream;  Jordan  A 
Davis,  I.  c,  654.    (Type,  No.  33293.     Coll.  Albatross.) 

169.  AVOCETTINA,  Jordan  &  Davis. 

Avocvltina,  Jordan  &  Davis,  AiMdal  Fishes,  655, 1892,  {in/am). 

This  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Nemichthya,  but  difl'ers  notably  in  the 
poHitiou  of  the  vent.  Lateral  line  with  one  series  of  pores.  (Avocetta, 
the  avocet,  BecurviroatrOf  from  the  form  of  the  bill.) 

y 

«02.  ATOCETTINA  IMFAMS  (GUnther). 

Eye  rather  large,  contained  2  to  3  times  in  the  distance  between  eye 
aud  pectoral ;  jaws  long  and  filamentous,  upper  jaw  4  times  the  length 
of  postoibital  part  of  head ;  both  jaws  covered  with  very  fine  recurved 


368 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


teeth;  pectoral  iiu  about  as  long  as  tbo  head  is  high;  gill  openiii^^'s  a 
little  less  than  eye ;  postorbital  part  of  head  contained  about  4  tiincis  lu 
trunk  ;  dorsal  beginning  over  pectorals,  consisting  of  very  delicate  rayy ; 
trunk  contained  at  least  12  times  in  tail;  greatest  depth  of  body  about 
equal  to  head  without  snout.  Lateral  line  vritL  \}uo  series  of  (.oii- 
spicuouB  pores.  Color  uniform  black,  jaws  lighter.  Deep  sea;  known 
from  West  Indies,  mid-Atlantic,  off  Pernambuco.  Also  from  Alaska,  tlie 
present  description  from  a  specimen  taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert  oft'  the  cua.'st  uf 
Alaska,  apparently  referable  to  A.  gilli,  but  agreeing  with  Oiinther's  lig\iie 
of  A.  infana.  {infana,  immature.) 

Kemkhthys  mfans*  GCntiieb,  Ann.  anil  Mag.  Nat.HlBt.,  1878,  24,  andiii  VojagoCIialkngor,  xxii, 

204,  1887,  mid-Atlantic,  2,500  fathoms. 
?  La6ic/i%«t  gilli,  Bean,  Proc,  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1890,  4.%  east  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 

Alaska.    (Typo,  Mo.  44239.    Coll.  Albatross.) 
AvocettitM  infant,  Jobdan  &  Davib,  I.  c,  C55. 

170.  LABICHTHYS,  Gill  &  Byder. 

Labichthyi,  Gill  &  Ryder,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  261,  (carinatui). 

According  to  Goode  &  bean  the  scantily  described  genus  LahicJithyn  is 
identical  with  Avocettina.t     The  following  is  the  original  dia^uoHitj; 

Nemichthyids  with  the  head  behind  the  eyes,  contracted,  with  \  nry 
attenuated  jaws,  the  branchiostegal  membrane  connected  to  the  throat, 
and  the  branchial  apertures  limited  to  the  sides ;  with  small,  conical  teeth 
in  a  band  along  the  vomer,  and  otherwise  dentition  of  Nemichthy a;  a  black 
epidermis,  and  the  tail  abruptly  truncated.  (Gill  &  Ryder.)  (Aud//,  grip 
or  hold,  correlated  with  XaiUg,  forceps;  ixOi'g,  fish.) 

a.  Ridges  bounding  the  median  rostral  groove  converging  backward  in  a  median  keel. 

CARINATUS,  003. 

oa.  Ridges  bounding  the  median  rostral  groove  nut  confluent  backward  in  a  keel. 

rLONCAHIS,  C04. 

ff08.  LABICHTHYS  CABINATUS,  Gill  &  Ryder. 

The  ridges  that  bound  the  median  rostral  groove  converging  and  form- 
ing a  carina  along  the  median  line  in  vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of 
the  orbit;  greatest  height  34^  in  total  length.  Color  black.  (Gill  & 
Ryder. )  Dorsal  beginning  over  base  of  pectoral ;  vent  close  behind  the 
pectorals.  (Bean.)  Gulf  Stream,  41°  13'' N.,  65°  33^  W.;  a  scantily  described 
species,  not  seen  by  us.     (carinatua,  keeled.) 

LiibicMhya  carinatui,  Gill  &  Rtdek,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  253,  255,  201,  Gulf  Stream; 
Jobdan&Davib,  {.  c,  650.    (Typo,  No.  33369.    Coll.  Albatross.) 


*  Nemichthya  in/atu,  GCnther  :  Body  much  less  elongate  and  eyo  much  smaller  than  in  Nemii-h. 
tliystcalopacea.  Vent  twice  or  thrice  as  diitaut  from  root  of  pectorals  as  is  the  latter  from  ijo- 
Kye  of  moderate  size,  its  diameter  about  ^  its  distance  from  pectoral  fin,  and  about  twiii^  iiitcr- 
orbital  space.    (GUntber.) 

t  LabieMiys  giUi,  Bean  ;  Eye  half  length  of  postorbital  part  of  head  and  %  length  of  pcctiiral. 
Postorbital  part  of  head  is  14  upper  jaw  and  ,^f  of  lower  from  angle  of  mouth.'  Dorsal  bcnitiiiiiie 
nearly  over  end  of  pectoral.  Vent  distant  from  bead  a  space  equal  to  4  times  postorliitHl  piirt 
of  head.  Depth  of  body  equals  length  of  head  without  snout,  ^  of  total.  Dorsal  rays  very 
short;  longest  anal  rays  i  length  of  bead.  Lateral  line  of  one  scries  of  large  pores.  CnUir 
uniform  black.  Length  ISJ  inches.  Typo  from  oast  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  .')5°  20'  N.,  VM]" 
20' W.,  at  1,609  fathoms.  (Bean.)  Probably  identical  with /ivoceWtiio  in/aiw.  (Namod  for  Theo- 
dore Gill.) 

t  We  should  accept  this  view  wetts  it  not  that  the  type  of  LabichOtya  is  said  to  have  the  veut  at 
the  throat  as  in  Nemichthyt.    The  posterior  portirm  of  the  vent  deflneB  AvocctHna. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


360 


604.  LABICHTHY8  ELUN0ATU8,  Gill  k  Kyder. 

The  ridg^es  that  bound  the  rostral  groove  not  confluent  backwards  in  a 
cai'inaform  extension,  but  ending  in  a  vertical  from  the  orbit;  greatest 
blight  of  body  36  in  a  total  length.  Color  Mack.  (Gill  &  Ryder.)  Vent 
not  described.  Gnlf  Stream,  Albatross  Station  2100,  39°  22'  N.,  68°  34"  W. 
(doiigatus,  elongate.) 

Lahirluhya  ehmjalim,  OiM,  A  UvDER,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1883,  262,  Qulf  Stream;  Jordan  A 
Davis,  I.  c,  «60.    (Typo,  No.  33577.    Coll.  Alliatroew.) 

171.  NEMICHTHYS,  Richardson. 

Heinichthiii,  Riciiardson,  Voyage  Sainarang,  16, 1848,  (tcotopncettn), 

lifhrhynchM,  Lowe,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  x,  1852,  64,  (livrhleuhergii),  (preoccupied). 

liehnoptii,  Brandt,  Mem.  Ac.  St.  Petonb.,  Savans  ICtrangerea,  174,  1854,  (lettchteitbergii), 

Uill  openings  separate ;  vomerine  teeth  moderate ;  vent  at  the  throat. 
Body  very  long  and  slender,  ending  in  a  filamentous  tail.  Jaws  very 
slender,  recurved,  not  expanded  at  tip.  This  genus  contains  one  or  two 
epocies  of  long  and  very  slender  eels,  living  in  deep  water,  though  per- 
haps nearer  the  surface  than  the  members  of  related  genera,  {v^/ui, 
thread ;  Ixf^ijg,  fish.) 

a.  Eye  modorato,  \c»»  than  half  postorbital  part  of  head ;  doj)th  of  head  7  in  its  greatest 
length.  8COI.OPACEU8, 6V5. 

au.  Eye  larger,  half  length  of  postorliital  part  of  head  ;  depth  of  head  9  in  its  length. 

.  AVOCETTA,  606, 

606.  NEHICHTHTS  8C0L0PACEU8,  RichardBon. 

(Snipe  Eel.) 

Head  comparatively  stout,  its  depth  one-seventh  its  greatest  length. 
Eye  moderate,  less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head  without  snout. 
Length  of  pectoral  fins  slightly  less  than  height  of  the  anal,  which  is 
less  than  the  height  of  the  body  and  rather  more  than  greatest  depth  of 
head.  Pale  above,  belly  and  anal  fin  blackish,  the  color  not  abruptly 
changing,  the  back  somewhat  speckled.  Length  36  inches.  Atlantic 
Ocean,  in  deep  water;  very  many  specimens  taken  with  the  beam 
trawl  off  the  New  England  coast  and  off  the  Grand  Banks.  Common 
about  Madeira,    {scolopax,  snipe.) 

Ni'iiiichtlnjs  K'olnpnvea,  RICHARDSON,  Voy.  Samarang,  25, 1848,  South  Atlantic  ;  GONTiiER,Cat., 
VIII,  21, 1870;  GooDE  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  26,  1879;  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus., 
1880,  485 ;  Goooe  &  Bean,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  ;;o(il.,  225, 1883 ;  Jordan  &  Gildert,  Synopsis, 
366,1883 ;  GOnther,  Voy.  Challenger,  xxii,  263,  1887. 
LeptDrhiiHchm  leuclUenbergii,  Lowe,  Mum.  Soc.  Savans  ^trangiras,  Petersburg,  171, 1854,  Madeira. 
IklmnpsU  leitchtenbergii,  Brandt,  Mem.  Soc.  Sav.  £tr.,  Petersb.,  174, 1864,  (with  good  plate). 
NemiclUhys  icolopacetu,  Jordan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  657. 

«0«.  NEHICHTHYS  ATOCETTA,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Head  10;  depth  58;  depth  of  anal  64  in  length  of  body.  Head  slen- 
derer, its  depth  one-ninth  its  greatest  length.  Eye  large,  one-third  the 
bead,  without  snout.  Length  of  pectoral  scarcely  greater  than  height  of 
anal,  which  is  scarcely  less  than  greatest  depth  of  body,  nd  more  than 
greatest  depth  of  head.  Translucent ;  belly  with  close-set  dark  spots, 
K.  N.  A. 25 


.IP  W' 


i.l 


370 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


its  lower  edge  and  anal  liu  black,  the  back  abruptly  white  and  uuHpot- 
ted.  Length  22  iuohes.  Puget  Sound,  near  Seattle.  One  exaniiil« 
known,  found  swimming  at  the  surface;  differing  in  some  slight  respucts 
from  all  Atlantic  specimens  examined,  but  very  likely  not  a  distinct  spe- 
cies,   {avoceiiai,  the  avocet. ) 

tfeinichthiiii  aiocelta,3oHnAS  Si  Gimieht,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.,  1880,400,  Harbor  of  Port  Gam- 
ble, Puget  Sound,  near  Seattle.  (Type,  No,  272U0.  Coll.  Univowity  of  Wai)ljiiigt<,ii.) 
Jordan  &  Qilbeut,  SyuopsiH,  307,  1881) ;  Joudan  &  Davib,  {.c.,067. 

Family  LI.  UYRIBM. 

(The  Wokm  Ekls.) 

End  of  tail  surrounded  by  the  confluent  vertical  flns ;  the  postorior 
nostril  is  in,  or  very  near,  the  upper  lip,  and  the  tongue  is  more  or  Ichs 
fully  adnate  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth.  The  species  are  usually  of  small  nize 
and  plain  colors,  more  or  less  worm-like  in  form,  and  inhabit  sandy  coantfi 
in  tropical  seas.  The  genera  have  but  few  species  each.  They  are  inter- 
mediate in  character  between  the  Ophichthyidii;  and  the  Murwneaocidw.  Tlie 
osteology  has  not  yet  been  carefully  studied,  but  they  will  probably  l)c 
found  to  be  most  nearly  related  to  the  latter  family,  if  indeed  thu  two 
should  not  be,  as  in  Bleeker's  arrangement,  reunited  with  the  LcjUoapha- 
lida;.     (Murwuidw,  Alyrina,  Giinther,  Cat.,  viii,  49-53,  1870.) 

u.  Uody  vloiigato,  Bubtereto ;  poctorals  proHent.  sonietiinos  niiunto;  anterior  noHtril  tulnilar; 
dorRul  flu  beginning  bvliind  bead  ;  teetb  eniall, 
h.  DorHul  fln  beginning  bebind  vent;  no  teetb  on  vomer;  teetb  mostly  iiniHeriitl ;  ImkIv 
Blonder,  teret '.  Ahi.ia,  \~'l. 

bb.  Dorsal  fln  beginning  before  tbo  vent ;  vomer  witb  teetb. 

c.  Dorsal  beginning  at  a  point  about  midway  between  gill  opening  and  vent ;  iJiitor. 

als  very  small ;    teetb  subequul ;   body  slender,  terete  ;  tbu  tail  much  Iini^rcr 

than  rest  of  body.  Myhopmis,  17;i. 

aa.  Body  sbort,  muvb  compressed  ;  pectorals  almost  invisible  ;  moutb  narrow  ;  vumeriiif  v.  elh 

none;  snout  obtuse,  depressed;  vertical  flus  well  developed,  tbe  dorsal  beginuin^MuOiiiiil 

tbo  gill  opening.  Ciiilorhinis,  174. 

172.  AHLIA,  Jordan  &  Davis. 

Ahlia,  Jordan  A  Davia,  Apodal  Fisbes,  639,  1802,  (egmontiii). 

This  genus  differs  from  MyrophU  in  the  posterior  insertion  of  the  doiHal 
and  in  the  absence  of  vomerine  teeth.  (Named  for  Jonas  Nicolas  Alil, 
oi  Upsala,  whose  thesis  "  De  Murtena  et  Ophichtho,"  ''modestly  offered" 
for  the  consideration  of  President  Thunberg  in  1789,  furnishes  the  begin- 
ning of  our  systematic  arrangement  of  the  eels.) 

607.  AHLIA  K01II0NTI8  (Jordan). 

Head  small,  slender,  moderately  pointed;  anterior  nostril  in  a  short 
tube;  posterior  large,  labial  directly  behind  it;  cleft  of  mouth  r.atlier 
short,  extending  to  beyond  the  rather  large  eye,  which  is  more  than  half 
length  of  snout ;  cleft  of  mouth  3^  in  head ;  teeth  on  both  jaws  sub- 
equal,  pointed,  slightly  compressed,  arranged  in  single  series,  tlioMe 
of  both  jaws  directed  somewhat  backward ;  the  lower  teeth  larger  and 
more  oblique  than  tbe  upper;  about  4  small  flxed  canines  in  front  of 


liM 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         371 


ii)ipui'  jaw;  no  toeth  on  vomer  in  two  speoimens  examined;  tongue  not 
i'l  1(1 ;  lower  juw  considerably  ohorter  than  upper,  its  edge  considerably 
curved,  concave  in  outline.  Nape  aomewbat  elevated;  top  of  head  with 
liu^re  porea.  Head  5Jl  in  distance  from  snout  to  vent ;  head  and  trunk  a 
little  shorter  than  tail;  body  slender,  its  greatest  depth  a  little  more 
than  length  of  gape.  Pectoral  short  and  broad,  slightly  longer  than 
Huoiit;  the  gill  opening  short,  oblit^ue,  extending  downward  and  back- 
ward  from  near  middle  of  base  of  pectoral.  Dorsal  lin  beginning  behind 
vent,  at  a  distance  about  equal  to  length  of  gape ;  the  fin  very  low  in 
front,  becoming  gradually  higher  towards  the  tip  of  tail;  anal  low,  but 
well  developed,  considerably  higher  than  dorsal,  highest  anteriorly, 
uniting  with  the  dorsal  around  the  tail.  Dark  brown,  apparently  uni- 
form, somewhat  paler  below.  Length  15  inches.  Egmont  Key,  Florida. 
Ono  Hpecimen  known. 

M//''"/'/"'  (■■/'"on'U)  Jordan,   Proc.  Ac.   Nat.   Sui.   Phila,,  18H4,  44,  Egmont    Key,  Florida. 

(Tyt«',  No.  35086.     Coll.  Jordan.) 
AUMa  eymoiUii,  JoEUAN  &  Davis,  /.  c,  639. 

173.  MYROPHIS,  Lutken. 

Miiiniili'K,  LPtken,  VidoiiBk.  Muddul.  Nbt.  Forou.  lijiibuuhavii,  1,  IH.'il,  (pinuititiit). 

Huby  slender,  subterete.  Pectoral  fins  small,  but  present;  vertical  fins 
luw,  surrounding  the  tail;  dorsal  beginning  before  the  vent.  Vomerine 
teeth  anteriorly  in  two  or  three  series.  ■  Three  species  of  small  eels, 
resembling  earthworms,  found  on  the  sandy  shores  of  tropical  America. 
{iii'iioc,  Myrus,  a  genus  of  eels;  b^ig,  snake.) 

II.  Itasu  of  pectoral  lialf  widtli  of  gill  opening ;  itnout  very  narrow.  puNUTATUg,  608. 

UK.  Baau  of  pectoral  as  wide  aa  gill  opening  ;  Buout  ainioet  m  broad  m>  long.  vafbr,  609. 

608.  MYK0PHI8  PUNCTATUS,  LUtken. 

Hase  of  pectoral  fin  half  width  of  gill  opening ;  snout  very  narrow ; 
jaws  weak ;  width  of  snout  between  the  anterior  nostrils  less  than  diam- 
eter of  eye ;  width  of  interorbital  space  equal  to  eye ;  greatest  width  of 
head  less  than  that  of  body  behind  the  gill  openings ;  teeth  uuiserial  on 
vomer  and  mandible,  biserial  on  maxillary ;  head  3  times  in  tr  ink,  7 
times  in  the  tail ;  depth  of  body  at  gill  openings  2}  in  head ;  eye  2  in 
Huout,  which  is  6  in  head ;  gape  3^  in  head ;  upper  jaw  projecting.  General 
color  light  brown,  the  sides  and  back  punctate  with  dark  brown  dots ; 
belly  and  throat  plain,  except  a  little  patch  of  dusky  points  below  the 
gill  openings.  West  Indian  Fauna;  coast  of  Texas  to  Surinam;  common 
along  our  Gulf  Coast ;  resembling  an  earthworm  and  scarcely  larger. 
(pKHctatus,  speckled.) 

Miiroplii* punclattu,  LOtken,  Vid.  Med.  Naturh.  Foren.  Kjiiben.,  1, 1851,  West  Indies;  Jorpan, 

I'roe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1883,  282 ;  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miw.,  1884,  33 ;  Jordan  & 

Davis,  /.  c,  640. 
Sti/rophit  longicollU,   Kaup,  Apodes,   30,  1856,  (not  Murxiia  hmgicollit  Cvvier,  which  is  Echelut 

viyrva). 
Myriiphii  microdigmius,  Poey,  Repertorio,  ii,  260,  1867,  Cuba;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopaig,  900, 

1883. 
Myrophii  hmhrictu,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1882,  261,  Galveston,  Texas. 

(Type,  No.  30896.    Ck>ll.  Jordan.)    Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  899, 1883. 


*     '11 


i 

■4  -■ 


•f' 

I':' 
fi   'l 

:!! 

■I  -r 


t. 


!  i 


i   i 


^ 

s 


'4 


5   : 


j^'-r. 


fi    I    !  I 


II 


'  -if] 


372 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Mitstum. 


in 


600.  MTR0PHI8  VAFEB,  Jordan  ii  Qilbtrt. 

Base  of  pectoral  fin  as  wide  as  the  ^iW  opening;  snout  almost  as  l>i<i;iii 
as  long;  width  at  the  nostrils  greater  than  the  interorbitul  width;  doisui 
Goniniencing  nearer  the  vent  than  the  gill  openings;  teeth  uniHerial  on 
vomer  and  mandible,  biserial  on  maxillary ;  head  a  little  leHS  than  :t  ja 
the  trunk,  5}  in  the  tail;  depth  of  body  at  the  gill  openings  3^  tu  1  iu 
head;  upper  jaw  projecting.  Color  light  brown;  sides  and  back  with 
minute  brown  specks,  smaller  than  in  punctutua  ]  belly  and  throat  plain, 
Pacitio  Coast  of  Tropical  America,  from  Guaymas  to  Panama;  comiitun. 
Similar  to  M.  punotatuH,  but  the  pectorals  longer,    {vafer,  sly.) 

Jir  -o/i/iM  V(^fer,  JoBOAN  A  QiLBZUT,  Pruc.  U.  S.  Nnt.  BIu8.,  1882,  645,  Panama.     (Type ,  n„, 
20081.    Coll.  Oilbort.)    Jordan,  Pruc.  V.  8.  Nut.  Mub.,  1880,  370  ;  Joiioan  Ic  Davih,  ^i'.,i;it. 

Z74.  CHILORHINUS,  Lutken. 

Chilorhinm,  LOtken,  Vidoiisk.  Meddcl.  Naturg.  Foren.  KJitbetihitTii,  I,  1851,  {nteimmii). 

Body  short,  much  compressed ;  mouth  narrow ;  no  teeth  on  vomer;  hikiui 
depressed,  obtuse;  pectoral  fins  very  small;  vertical  iins  well  dovel(»|KMl, 
the  dorsal  commencing  behind  the  gill  opening.  One  species  known. 
(,t«Aof,  lip;  ()iv,  nostril.) 

«10.  C'HIL0BHINII8  8VENS0MII,  LUtkon. 

Head  and  trunk  forming  %  of  the  total  length ;  dorsal  fin  commcii<;in^r 
at  a  point  half  way  between  vent  and  snout ;  depth  9  times  in  thu  total 
length ;  eye  2^  iu  interorbital  width,  the  Htter  equaling  the  mu//.lu ;  teeth 
on  palatines  biserial ;  ten  teeth  in  two  transverse  rows  on  the  uauulH ; 
teeth  on  lower  jaw  triserial.  Color  uniform  dark  brown  ;  throat  paler ; 
fins  darker  margined.  (Cope.)  St.  Croix,  West  Indies,  not  known  oIhu- 
where.     (A  personal  name.) 

Chilorhiniiii  Biietwoiiii,  LCtken,  VI  d.Med.  NiitiirK.  Fon-ii.,  1, 18.51,  St.  Croix  ;  GOntiikr,  Cut.,  viii, 
62,  1870;  Cope,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  187(»,482  ;  Jordan  &  Davis,  /.c.,C30. 

Family  LII.  OPHICHTHYIDiE. 
(Thr  Snaku  Eels.) 
This  family  includes  those  Enchelycephalous  eels  which  are  scalcIeH.s, 
and  have  the  end  of  the  tail  projecting  beyond  the  dorsal  and  anal  I'mih, 
and  without  the  rudiment  of  a  caudal  fin.  Anterior  nostrils  placed  in 
the  upper  lip,  opening  downwards ;  gill  openings  notcoufiueut;  tongue 
more  or  less  fully  adnate  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth.  The  species  are,  i'ur 
the  most  part,  moderate  or  small  in  size,  and  they  are  very  abundant  in 
the  tropical  seas,  especially  about  the  coral  reets.  The  eggs  are  nunieroim, 
of  moderate  size,  similar  to  those  of  ordinary  fishes.  Genera  about  12, 
Species  nearly  100.  Most  of  the  known  genera  are  found  in  Ametica,  liut 
less  than  half  the  species.  Many  of  the  species  are  singularly  colored,  the 
bands  or  spots  heightening  the  analogy  between  them  and  the  serpentH. 
(Muneuidw,  part  Ophichthyina,  Gunther,  Cat.,  vm,  54-90,  1870.) 

a.  Body  without  traces  of  Ads  anywhere  ;  teeth  all  small,  conical ;  gill  openings  near  togotlK't', 
subinforior ;  anterior  nostril  tubular ;  tongue  scarcely  free  iu  front ;  mouth  small. 
6.  Gill-slits  inferior,  converging  forward.  Spiiaoehrancius,  176. 

bb.  Gill-slits  small,  lateral,  placed  vertically.  Veum.<..  17)3. 


i,. 'i.'.iis.i-Ai'.i^i 


t.ti^^^^--^\i.^^i-Jiiij^.-:,'^i'.i^4jAr^^i^i£ti^'i^A 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        373 


ii.i,  IliHly  with  (llfltinct  Aiih,  nt  loaat  on  tlio  back. 

c.  Aiiul  tin  whully  wuntinK  ;  no  |iectoriU  flu  ;  dorml  An  hlKli,  boglnning  on  the  head  i 

gill  opuninKti  Kiiliinforiur,  couvertting  ;  anterior  noBtrllii  tubular  ;  tougue  Blunder, 

Homewhiit  free  in  front.  Letuauc-huh,  177. 

re.  Anal  fln  wuII<Iov«Io|>(mI  ;  anterior  no«tril  nsuully  in  a  Hhort  tube  near  tip  of  anout. 

({,  Tuuth   blunt,    mostly  graiinlur  ur  niolur ;   vomer  with  teeth;  pectoral  flno 

prcflont,  Huiall. 

t,  DorHal  rather  high,  beginning  on  the  liua<I,  bHf(iri<  thx  gill  opening. 

Myiiipiitiivb,  178. 
t*.  Donal  fln  boginning  l)ohind  the  gill  opening,  tho  flnuaiially  low. 

l*I8()0miN0l>HI8,  17». 

({<{.  Tpt'th  all  imintod,  nonn  of  thnm  molar ;  vomer  with  tovtli. 

/.  DorHal  fln  boginniug  bvforo  napi-,  on  anterior  part  of  h<>a<l ;  |)octoral 

fln  Bmall  or  wanting. 

{/.  Pt'ctorul  fluH  wholly   wanting  ;  body  romprossed,  tb.o  dorwil  fln 

high.  OAr.Lr.oiiKi.vB,  IKO. 

gg.  Pectoral  fluH  Bmall,  but  prexont ;  body  elongate,  Rublori>t«,  tho 

(iorHal  fln  modorutu.  Bmoaniciitmyh,  18t. 

Jf.  Dorwil  fln  beginning  more  orlitss  btdiind  gill  oponing. 

//.  Pfcturul  fluH  rt'duciMl  to  a  Huiall  flap,  not  longer  than  eyo ; 
tooth  ftmall,  raoNtly  unisorial ;  gill  openings  lateral. 

QUAHSIREMUH,  182. 

hh.  Pectoral  flns  well  developed,   much  longer  than  eyo  ;  to«th 
gill-oponingH  uBuully  lateral,  tiomotimog  Bubiuforior. 
{.  Snout  moderate  or  short,  less  than  one-fourth  head,  tho 
jaws  not  produced   into  a  nlondor  beak  (an  in   the 
Kuropoan  genuH  Ophitmrwt). 
j.  Lipa  not  fringed. 

Ic.  Teeth  Bubequal,  with  no  elongate  caninoB  on 
jawa  or  vomer.  Oi'IIICIitiii'b,  183^ 

lik.  Teeth  unequal,  Bomo  of  thorn  long  caninoB,  either 
on  vomer  or  on  sldeg  of  one  or  both  Jaws ; 
mouth  large,the  snout  L.iort,  and  tho  eyes 
more  or  Iobb  superior. 

I.  Teeth  on  vomer  Bmall,  fixed,  in  two  or 
throe  series  ;  tail  a  little  longer  than 
roBt  of  body.  Mybtriopiiib,  184. 
U.  Teeth  on  vomer  u  Bories  of  about  four 
deprossible  cauincB ;  tail  much 
shorter  than  rest  of  body. 

SCVTAIICHTHYB,  185. 

jj.  Lips  with  a  conspicuous  fringe  of  iiapillo) ;  canines 
present  on  jaws  and  vomer  ;  Jaws  rather  long,  tho 
lower  ])rojocting  ;  head  doproGsod ;  eyes  superior ; 
tail  shorter  than  rest  of  body. 

nilAI'HYB<>MnPHIB,  180, 

175.  SPHAGEBRANCHUS,  IJloch. 

SplKiijrhranchnu,  Bloch,  Ichthyologia,  ix,  88,  pi.  419,  1795,  (ronlralit*)* 

L'ltdtiii,  Lacki'i^dk,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiw.,  11, 135, 180(),  (hramlerMmt=c<fc<i»);(not  Ctecilia,  L.,  a  genus  of 

Uiitriirhia). 
A\ilinihlhiif,  I>K  lA  RoL'iiE,  Ann.  Mus.,  xiii,  325,  1809,  {cncui). 

Umii'lcriuii,  Rafinesuuk,  AnulyHO  de  lu  Mature,  1816,  93,  (cwctu). 

tf 

*  fiitlinpehranrhiif  ronlralitg,  Bloch,  is  known  only  from  the  original  figure  and  description. 
Ai-riirding  to  those  the  Rpecies  is  allied  to  Bphadebranchut  neladinpt,  having  similar  gilt  opeuingH, 
but  with  the  tail  scarcely  as  long  as  tho  rest  of  tho  body,  the  head  larger,  about  2  in  body  or  5 
iu  tdtiil  length;  snout  very  sliaiii;  eyo  moderate.  According  to  Bloch,  his  type  came  from 
the  Kast  Indies.  Schneider  (1801)  corrects  tho  locality  to  "rivers  of  Surinam."  We  have  no 
uit'iiiis  of  knowing  which  record  is  correct,  until  the  species  is  found  again. 


374 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


IBHSWr 


ii 


m 


I 


lehlhyaim;  Brirovt  dk  nARNRViLi.R,  Rovne  Koillogique,  219,  1847,  (aculiroiMt). 
Ophi$uraphUi,  Kaup,  A)iodei,  20,  ASM,  (f/rm-Uu). 

This  geniiH  contains  several  little-known  species  of  small  eels  remarka- 
ble for  showing  no  trace  of  fins  in  the  adult  stage.  The  snout  projtctH 
beyond  the  small  month,  giving  a  shark-like  profile,  and  the  small  tcctli 
are  mostly  uniserial.  The  gill-slits  are  inferior  and  converging.  'I'ho 
name  SphaffebranchuH  was  based  on  a  species  which  evidently  belongs  to  tlic 
genus.    It  has,  therefore,  clear  priority  over  Ichthyapus  and  Aptericbihjis, 

This  genus  is  the  most  simple  in  structure  among  the  genera  of  Ophirh- 
thytdn;,  as  Ophichthiia  is  probably  the  most  specialized.  Its  loss  of  tln.s  Ih 
doubtless  due  to  degeneration,  but  it  seems  nearer  the  primitive  typo  tliaii 
Brachyaomophia  or  Ophichthua.    (<706^,  thxoai'y  ^pnyxi-c^i  gills.) 

a.  Eyefl  viaiblo.    Tail  nearly  half  longer  than  head  and  trunk  ;  gill  Blits  inferior,  convonnnf;, 
h*  Head  n  timea  in  trunk.  ANaiiiroRMiH,  i;||. 

bb.  iload  Ifttlfl  more  tliau  4  timeg  in  trunk.  selaciiovs,  iil2, 

611.  HPHAaKBRANCHIT8  ANOVIFORHIS  (Potera). 

Eyes  externally  visible.  TmX  nearly  one-half  longer  than  head  and 
trnnk.  Head  6  in  trunk,  17  in  total  length.  Flesh-colored,  with  snnill 
black  spots, 
once  taken. 


(Peters.)    Open  Atlantic,  near  the  West  Indies ;  a  small 
{anguia,  the  slow  worm;  forma,  form.) 


tH)l 


Ophichthyt  (Sphagehranchu»)  aiigni''  rmi*,  Pbters,  Berlin  Monatwbor.,  1876, 840,  Atlantic  Ocean, 

i5°4o'N.,a3°5'W. 
Bphagebranchiu  anf/ui/omiU,  Jordan  iSc  Davis,  I.e., 015, 

«18.  SPHA0EBRANCHU8.SELACH0PS  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Eyes  well  developed.  Tail  marly  half  longer  than  head  and  trunk. 
Head  a  little  more  than  4  times  ir  crunk;  tail  sharp-pointed ;  snout  sliarp; 
cleft  of  mouth  2i  to  3  in  head'  ^ill  slits  almost  horizontal,  converging  for- 
wards, as  in  S.  roatratua,  the  idthmus  equal  to  eye,  which  is  2  in  snout. 
General  color  light  brown,  slightly  dusky  on  the  back  and  more  diiHky 
along  the  lateral  line;  head  mottled  with  dut>ky  spots.  Rocks  about 
Cape  San  Lucas ;  not  rare.     (aiXaxog,  shark ;  iorp,  face.) 

Apterichlhyn  telnrhnpn,  Jorpan  &  Oilrrrt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1882,  3.56,  Cape  San  Lucas. 

(Type,  No.  4391.     Coll.  Xantus.) 
IchOiijapm  uplachoju,  Jordan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1885,  309. 
BpluigebraiKhtu  tehtchopt,  Jordan  &  Davis,  I.  c,  615. 

176.  VERMA,  Jordan  &,  Evermann. 

Verma,  Jordan  &  Evf.rm  .nn,  new  genua,  (keHdalU). 

Body  greatly  elongate.  Anterior  nostrils  in  a  short  tube;  posterior 
without  tube.  Teeth  on  head  of  vomer  in  a  /^-shaped  patch:  noiio  on 
shaft.  Closely  allied  to  Sphagebranahua,  but  differing  from  that  genus  in 
the  transverse  position  of  its  gill-slits,  which  are  as  in  the  European 
genus  Coceula.  (vermia,  worm.) 
o.  Tail  but  little  longer  than  head  and  trunk.    Head  7^  in  trunk  ;  gill slita small,  tranRvonc. 

KKNOALLI,  C13. 


\m 


_>  .^     »'.  .«k..l    . 


tiMiA^nI  »i^f<u«:  ^ 


Jordan  and  Kvermatni. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


376 


818.  VKHMA  KKNDALLI  (Oilbort). 

Head  less  than  \  of  trunk,  contained  6}  in  trunk,  body  \\  in  tail;  snout 
Hliiirp;  oleft  of  mouth  4  in  head;  gill  slits  small,  inferior,  directly  trans- 
vorHe  (as  in  Ctcula  imberbiii),  the  isthmus  very  narrow,  not  as  wide  as  eye, 
wiiioh  is  2  in  snout ;  tail  sharp-pointed ;  eye  before  middle  of  gape.  Col- 
ovation  plain  brownish,  speckled.  Coast  of  Florida,  in  rather  deep  water. 
(Numed  tor  William  C.  Kendall,  assistant  in  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

SlJiiKjehraufhiD  hmihilti,  GiLiiKKT,  Dull,  U.  8.  Fiith  Comiii.,  ix,  1880,  (18!)1),  310,  off  west  coast 
of  FloridK,  26°  34'  N.  S'i°  r>0'  W.,  in  -25  futhoiiis.     (Typo,  No.   ii:\M.     Coll.  Koiidall.) 

177.  LETHARCHUS,  Goide  &  Bean. 

Iclharchu*,  GooDR  k  Bkan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miw.,  1882,  4:i7,  (eeHfer), 

Anal  fin  wanting;  no  pectoral  fins;  dorsal  tin  well  developed,  beginning 
on  the  head;  gill  openings  subinferior,  converging;  anterior  nostrils  tubn- 
Inr;  tongue  slender.  One  species  known.  {Tii/Oofiat,  to  forget;  tii>x<'>it 
anus,  for  anal  fin.) 

614.  LETHARCHUS  VELIFER,  Qoodo  &  Dean. 

Teeth  uniserial  on  jaws  and  vomer,  small  and  directed  inward  and  back- 
ward; snout  long  and  pointed,  projecting  ii  its  length  beyond  the  lower 
jaw ;  gill  openings  subinferior,  almost  horizontal,  equal  to  lower  jaw, 
three  times  the  breadth  of  the  isthmus;  nostrils  not  prominent,  without 
tube;  anterior  under  the  tip  of  snout;  lateral  line  distinct,  extending 
forward  in  a  curve,  ending  in  a  pore  on  the  top  of  the  head,  just  in  front 
of  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal  fin  ;  head  6^  in  trunk ;  tail  pointed,  2^  in 
total  length;  cleft  of  mouth  4  in  head;  snout  9  in  head  and  twice  the 
diameter  of  the  eye.  Plum-colored,  head  lighter,  throat  pale ;  dorsal  fin 
white,  edged  with  a  broad  band  of  black.  Coast  of  Florida,  in  rather 
doep  water.  Known  only  from  the  Snapper  Banks  off  Pensacola  and 
Tampa,     {velum,  sail ;  fcro,  I  bear.) 

hihirchm  velifer,  GooDK  *  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miw.,  1882,  4;i7,  West  Florida.  (Typo,  No. 
31408.  Coll.  KaiBvr  &.  Martin.)  Jordan  &  Giliikrt,  Synupais,  8'JO,  1883 ;  Joboan,  Proc.  U. 
g.  Nat.  MuR.,  1884,  33  ;  Jordan  &  Davis,  I.  c,  61C. 

178.  MYRICHTHYS,  Girard. 

risnndimophui,  Kaup,  Apodee,  15, 1850,  (in  part ;  not  typo,  as  rostrictod  by  Blekker,  which  ia  P. 

famriooriii). 
Mijrirlithiif,  "'RARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  58,  (tigrintu). 
(>liliisiini>.   .WAiNsoN,  Bi.ERKER,  «t<\,  (not  of  LACtpiiDE,  Hof  of  B1B80,  nor  Kaup,  who  rpstrict 

tlio  namo  to  O.  iterpent). 

Tooth  mostly  blunt  and  molar;  pectoral  fins  small;  dorsal  beginning  on 
tiie  head  before  gill  opening ;  otherwise  essentially  as  in  Ophichthus. 
S)iccies  numerous,  found  in  most  tropical  seas.  Coloration  variegated. 
(liil)oc,  Myrus;  '.x<)vi,  fish.) 

II.  Spots  on  bo<ly  large,  blackish,  witliout  pale  centers ;  all  of  them  circular  or  nearly  so ;  the 
ground  color  paler.  tiurinus,  G15. 

an.  Spots  on  body  large,  black,  mo8t  of  them  with  a  distinct  pale  center,  the  ground  color 
paler.  oculatii&,  616. 

aaa.  Spots  on  body  large,  round,  nearly  whitish  in  color,  the  ground  color  dark. 

AOUMINATUS,  617. 


376 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I:  < 


r' 


M 


U 


«1«.  NTRIf  HTHYM  TIMRlNrH,  (ilriir.1. 

Head  3^  in  trunk,  11  in  totul  length;  oyo  2\  in  Hnout,  sitnatod  a  littlo 
back  of  middle  of  gitpe,  wliicli  Ih  3  in  head ;  pttcturu!  nieusnred  from  tup 
of  baae,  about  o<|iiul  to  eye.  Coloration  brown,  witb  largo  dark  h|iots, 
which  have  not  paler  centers.  Spots  on  sidoH  of  body  all  circular  or 
nearly  BO  ;  those  on  anterior  part  of  head  huiuII  and  numerouH  ;  lighter 
below  ;  belly  almost  plain  ;  4  longitudinal  rovvs  of  round  black  lilotcljt'N 
on  each  side  of  body,  the  two  middle  series  often  forming  one  irregular 
row,  the  central  row  very  close  to  the  median  and  consisting  of  hiihiII 
spots  not  much  larger  than  the  eye,  spots  in  the  up)>ormoHt  row  often  run- 
ning up  on  the  dorsal  Hn,  each  dorsal  row  running  forward,  terminutin;; 
in  the  snout;  8  or  9  spots  in  each  dorsal  row  from  the  tip  of  snout  to  vim- 
rtical  from  gill  opening;  a  row  of  5  or  6  spots  from  gill  opening  to  ahovo 
eye;  two  other  rows  running  diagonally  downwards  and  backwiinU 
from  eye;  7  or  8  spots  on  each  side  of  snout;  jaw  with  about  a  doTien 
spots  on  each  side;  dorsal  with  dark  margin;  anul  plain.  Pacific  Coast 
of  Mexico,  rather  common  about  Mazatlan,  occasionally  ranging  n')rili- 
ward,  (Adair  Bay,  Oregon,  Girard.     (tignnus,  like  a  tiger,  in  color.) 

Mlirkhlhyi  ligrinun,  Giraki),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  18.5!),  58,  Adair  Bay,  Oregon  ;  Johiun 

&  Davih,  /.  ('.,  018  ;  Jordan  A  Qimiert,  8yn()|wiH,  :i<IO,  1H8;(. 
OphuiiniD  ryiluruii,  Juriian  AGiliiert,  I'ror.  U.  8.  Nat.  MuB.,  1881,  340,  Macatlan.     (Type,  Not, 

28142,  28247,  and  29<>42.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 
PiiodmlophU  xyntumi,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fiili  Comm.,  ii,  1882,  IOC. 

Old.  MTRICHTHYK  OfULATim  (Kaup). 

Eye  2  in  snout;  snout  6  in  head,  and  4  in  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to 
beginning  of  dorsal  fin ;  cleft  of  mouth  3i  in  head ;  bead  4  in  the  trunk, 
and  a  little  more  than  8  in  the  tail.  Spots  on  body  large,  dark,  uiohI  of 
them  with  a  distinct  pale  center.  Body  dark  gray  above,  white  bulow; 
on  each  side  two  series  of  large  roun  iish  dark  spots,  with  pale  centciH, 
one  row  lying  along  the  dorsal  tin,  the  other  a  little  below  the  lateral 
line ;  about  35  spots  in  each  row ;  a  large  spot  in  front  of  dorsal  tin  ;  snout 
with  about  5  spots  on  each  side;  lower  Jaw  with  small  dusky  spots;  *1or- 
sal  fin  with  a  dusky  edge  and  with  faint  dusky  blotches ;  anal  plain. 
Tropical  Atlantic,  Cuba  to  Surinam  and  Cape  Verde  Islands,     (ocuhttus, 

having  eye-like  markings.) 

» 

Pitoodoth.phii  oeulatiu,  Kaup,  Apcxiog,  22,  1856,  Cura9oa. 

Ophuuniilalimaculalii$,  Vor.Y,  Hupertorio,  ii,  262,  pi.  :i,  Hi:.  1,  1807,  Cuba. 

Ophifhthyi pardalu,  GOntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  82,  1870  ;  (nut  Opliuuriit  iianlalu,  Vai.kncibnnrn). 

MyrkhOiyt  octdatut,  Jordan  &  Davib,  /.  <'.,  618. 

«17.  SIYBICHTHY8  ACUNINATUN  (Gronow). 

Spots  on  body  large,  nearly  round,  and  whitish  in  color;  ground  color 
dark  brown,  pale  below ;  two  series  of  round,  whitish  blotches  on  each 
side  of  body,  about  40  spots  in  each  series ;  spots  somewhat  larger  and 
more  distinct  anteriorly,  where  their  diameter  is  nearly  equal  to  loujjth 
of  snout ;  head  with  irregular,  round,  whitish  spots  on  each  side ;  dorHal 
brownish,  margined  with  dusky  ;  other  fins  pale.     Snout  5^  in  head  and 


*.^.,fc 


Jordan  and  Ev<rmann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        377 

t^vic«>  thudianiotor  of  tliuityn;  clut't  of  tuoiitli  .')  in  liend;  hoiul  4  in  trunk; 
he  kI  und  trunk  \\  in  tail;  dorHHl  l)«^){inniiif{  at  a  point  slightly  nuarorthe 
ItiiM'  of  puotoralH  than  <\vo;  pocturalH  very  Huiall,  thoir  baneH  an  broad  bh 
gill  ()|)«Mting.  Itody  uxtr«>iiutly  olon^jatc,  thn  dianiotnr  about  Ji  liMiKth  of 
bi':i(l.  W«Ht  Indioa,  oocatiionally  northward  to  Florida  Keys.  (^ac\km\na- 
tu-.  sharp.) 

jIfM  iH.i  (i>N»im>i'<i,*  OnoNow,  FIhIio*  Drlt.  Mum.,  21,  ISM,  Insula  Div.  Euatachii. 
pi„..h.Hi<ithinjnllnMm,  Kai'I',  A|ii>iI*'ii,  21,  (Ik.  Id,  \>^M\,  Martinique. 
(>jii<>i»ii«/»ii</H/),  I'liBY,  Ii(>|>flrtorio,  II,  'i!:>\,  1MI17,  Cuba. 
Ii))li,<hllii/iiitiiiiivariiiii,  I'or.Y,  .\iinl.  Hiio.  Kh|).  IIlHt.  Nnt.,  IIMJ,  lH7r>,  Cuba. 
(>;,/.'  hlliiimiiiimhiiiluii,  UI'ntiikii,  Cut.,  VIII,  H»,  tg70. 
pim.lmirjihiiili'iiijii;  .loilliAN  A  OlI.liKIIT,  8.Yllo|mlli,  KIIU,  IHH:I. 
(>l,l  iniinmiuiiiiimntHi,  .loitl'AN,  fat.  Flnh  N.  A.,  CI),  1885. 
Mijii'hlhy*  ucHmiiMlun,  JoBi>.»N  A  Davim,  I.  <•.,  fill). 

179.  PISOODONOPHIS,  t  Kaup. 

rit,imh)no)iMi,  Kai'p,  A|iiiilikl  FIbIiuh,  17,  \*M\  (horo) ;  l'iiK»Uml'>i>hif,  amended  *p(illinK. 

SiniiU  eels,  mostly  of  the  Old  World,  having  the  blunt  teeth  of  Myrichthyt 
aiitl  the  backward  dorsal  of  Ophichihua.  Species  slender,  plainly  colored. 
{irinov,  pea;  oiJo/f,  tooth;  'xpir^  snake.) 

AlH.  i'lSOODONOFIIIK  CRITENTIFER,  Ooodo  A  Bean. 

lli'ad  4  times  in  trunk  ;  length  of  body  about  two-thirds  that  of  tail. 
CIct't  of  the  Uiouth  rather  wide,  one-third  head.  Snout  conical, 
ili')in!8Hed.  Head  snake-like,  with  powerful  muscular  enlargements  of 
till)  cheeks  and  a  constriction  behind  the  head  somewhat  like  that  of 
IhriihthjiH.  Eye  moderate,  half  snout,  one-tenth  head.  Teeth  granular, 
in  ct>nH]iicuoiis  bands,  a  small  oblong  patch  on  premaxillaries  and  a  long 
biiiiil  on  vomer.  Pectoral  fin  broad,  spatulate,  about  two-sevenths  head. 
Doi'Hal  beginning  far  behind  tip  of  pectoral,  its  distance  from  tip  of 
HiiiMit  one-seventh  of  total  length.  Dorsal  and  anal  iins  of  moderate 
hoifjht.  Color  uniform  brownish  yellow.  Length  16  inches.  Two  speci- 
mens (28!);W),  station  1035  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  steamer  Fiah 
Ilau%  in  N.  lat.  39°  57'  W.,  long,  69°  28',  in  120  fathoms.  Four  others  at 
nearly  same  region  in  245  fathoms. 

"  The  ]»eculiarand  savage  physiognomy  of  this  fish  suggests  at  once  the 
^idea  that  it  is  a  parasitic  boring  form,  and  in  confirmation  of  this  we 
bavo  specimens  taken  by  the  fishermon  on  Jeffrey's  Bank,  and  also 
another  from  New  Bedford,  taken  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Thompson  from  the  body 
of  a  llsh.  We  have  occasionally  taken  the  dried  and  shriveled  remains  of 
a  ilsli  apparently  closely  related  to  this  from  salted  halibut  and  codfish." 
(Guude  iSi.  Bean.) 

*W(>  liftvc  roforrnd  the  nominal  Bpecies,  longim,  gulliitatiis,  and  jiwni'ariHs  to  tli«  nynonymy  of 
nnimiiialiin,  thinking  tlmt  tint  nllcKcd  diflRrenrcgaru  matters  of  individual  variation.  Imikjki  is 
(mill  to  Imvo,  in  tho  coutcr  of  I'ach  luilo  Bpot,  11  yellow  speck,  surrounded  l>y  a  dark  circle.  Tho 
ntlicrs  lire  said  to  lack  tliix  central  spot,  but  it  may  l)o  that  it  fades  in  alcohol.  Loikjiui  ia  said  to 
liave  tho  eilKo  ot  tho  dorsal  darker  than  the  fin.     In  giittiilaluH  and  pitiu-ariiin  it  ia  said  to  bo  paler. 

^V>r.  Qiinther,  (viii,  78),  mentions  a  half-^rowu  eel  from  Grenada  in  the  West  Indies,  which 
he  wnn  iiiiahio  to  separate  from  Pisooitonopliin  horo  (Hamilton),  of  the  East  Indies  and  China.  It 
ispoHaihle,  however,  that  this  specimen  really  came  from  China.  In  P.  horo  tho  head  ia  4  times 
iu  tho  very  luug  trunk  ;  tho  tins  aru  very  low  und  tho  color  is  plain  brown. 


;    'i    I     '• 
P    1'   t 


\m 


. 


Ml   M 

1 1 

I, 


.  v. 


'  i 


378 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


This  apfloiei  ii  very  different  ftoin  PitoodonopMn  horo,  and  may  provo  tlio 
type  of  a  diHtinot  geiiiiH.     (crueHtifer,  huaring  blood,  bloody.) 

Pinxhtuuphu  cnuiU{f*r,  Oiiodk  A,  Hban,  Oii'niiii-  Irhthyolnfcy,  147,  flg.  lOU,  18Un,  Oulf  Stream. 

x8o.  CALLECHELYS,  Kaup. 

Callfihrli/;  K«i'l'.  ApiMloa,  '.jll,  IMfl,  (iiuiclimoli). 

TbiH  guiiiiH  contuiDH  one  Aiiioiicnn  and  throe  Kant  Indian  Hp«>('ioH, 
agreoinK  in  tlin  ulongato,  oonipruHHed  body,  nliHuitco  of  puctorul  tiiiN,  md 
anterior  inm<rtion  of  tlie  dorHiil.  In  oMiur  r«NpoctH  LulhchehjH  in  close  to 
Ophkhthm.    (KfiXor,  l>oautifiil ;  /7;j:'^'''".>  «»d.) 

«ie.  <'ALIiK('HELYM  MIJK.KMA,  Jordan  h  Kvernmnii. 

Depth  of  body  at  gill  o]>eningH  a  little  more  than  length  of  nppcr  Jaw, 
which  Ih  3  in  head  ;  head  8  in  trnnk,  about  14  in  total  length  ;  cyo  Hiiiall, 
2  in  Hnont,  placed  over  the  middle  of  upper  jaw  ;  tipof  lower  Jaw  ex  tciid- 
ing  a  little  before  the  front  of  eye  ;  gill  opouingH  HUiall,  iuforior,  hhU- 
longitudinal,  the  diHtance  btttweeu  them  about  half  the  height  of  mw  of 
them  ;  dorHal  fin  beginning  on  the  head,  at  a  dintancebehintl  theari^loof 
the  mouth  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  upper  jaw.  Dark  olivo, 
closely  mottled  and  spotted  with  confluent  blotches  of  darkoi  olivo  mikI 
blackish,  the  spots  more  distinct  anteriorly,  posteriorly  confluent,  so  tliat 
the  tail  is  nearly  plain  dusky  ;  belly  scarcely  paler,  dorsal  and  anal  cliicll y 
blackish  with  pale  margins.  Snapper  Hanks  off  Pensacola ;  one  Hperimt'ii 
known.  (Murivna,  from  the  general  resemblance  of  the  species  to  a  yoiiui; 
Moray.) 

OaUtchflyt  murmia,  JonnAN  A  Kvkrmann,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mur.,  1880,  4nn,  Snapper  Banks; 
JOKPAN  &  I>AVI8,  {.  c,  620.     (Ty|M<,  No.  MTOiHi.     Coll.  Stourim.) 

i8i.  BASCANICHTHYS,  Jordan  &.  Davis. 

BaMeanMilhi/ii,  Joiipan  A  Davir,  Apodal  FIrIich,  021,  1892,  {baixmiiuiii). 

This  genus  is  very  close  to  Callechehfs,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  ])roH- 
enoe  of  pectorals,  the  longsubterete  body,  lower  fins  and  plainer  coloration. 
Three  species  are  known.     {Bascanion,  the  black  snake  ;  ix^^rg,  fish.) 

u.  Pectoral  fln  a  nlonder  rndlmont  not  longer  than  oyo  ;  lioad  about  8  In  trunk. 

b.  Snout  0  to  7  in  head  ;  no  difitlnct  Rpots  on  liody.  Hcl'TU'ARIfi,  C<2(). 

bb.  Snout  6>^  in  iioad  ;  n  goricH  of  lurgu  Hpotn  hotween  dornal  and  lateral  line. 

I'KNINSI'I,  r,  fill! 

.    aa.  Pectoral  fln  nearly  as  lonfc  aH  snout ;  head  about  10  in  trunk.  bascanii'm,  ii22. 

620.  BANCANICHTHY8  SCUTICARI8  (Ooodo  &  Dean). 

Pectoral  fin  a  slender  rudiment  about  as  long  as  eye  ;  head  modorato; 
body  terete,  the  trunk  a  little  longer  than  the  tail ;  teeth  short,  ItluiitiHli, 
recurved,  nnisorial  in  each  jaw,  biserial  on  vomer;  head  8$  to  OS  in  licad 
and  trunk,  8  in  tail ;  snout  6  to  7  in  head  ;  eye  2  in  snout,  a  little  behind 
the  middle  of  cleft,  which  is  contained  in  the  head  3j  times ;  lower  jaw 
extending  forward  to  middle  of  snout ;  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to 
beginning  of  dorsal  a  little  over  2  in  head  ;  gill  openings  vertical,  their 
length  about  equal  to  breadth  of  isthmus ;  lateral  line  curved  over  the 


Calleehelyt  pmi 


ii 


-^r»*s>jJ....Vik3'vr.U"-i.;./.;'ri.7'i-JE:A'-.f<iJ>\\4l*i*V.").,-\-iil^ 


Jorihm  and  Evcnnann, — Fishes  of  North  Amen'ca.        379 

oporctilar  region,  tlio  poroM  diHtHtit  and  well  Huparatoil.  Colur  brown 
above,  lighter  below,  front  of  hnatl  more  oi  Iohm  niottUul ;  dornal  und  anal 
iliiH  pale,  without  dark  niargfMM.  West  couitt  of  Florida;  not  rare. 
(Hcutica,  a  whip.) 

Sl,Uijf^i«>ckH»ievlii;irU,  QooDR  A  IUam,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mnii.,  1870,  M\  Cedar   Key.     (Tjrpo, 

No.  'msu\.    Coll.  Dr.  J.  II,  Veli«.) 
BiJ,'ii/>l>rimrhiu  Itrr;  Oouiik  A  Ur.AN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mil*.,  1HN2,  4M,  Weat  Florida.    (Typn, 

No.  aHftT.    Coll.  KulHur  A  Mnrtin.) 
Oirii/ii  icH/(f'nW«,  .loaiiAN  .1  (ill.liKHT,  Myno|)Nl«,  3AH,  IHK\. 
0>>ll/<l/i'l'>'a,  .loRDAN  AOll.Hr.HT,  8yiio|MlH,  Hl)7,  1HM:I. 
r.iiiicamfhihy  ncutkariii,  .Ioudan  A  DAVm,  (.  c,  tl2l. 

691.  BANt'ANICHTIiYN  PKNINNlTIi.K  (nillinrt). 

IToad  small,  3f  in  trunk  (withont  head);  eye  12  in  head;  Hnont  di  in 
liead,  projecting  beyond  lower  jaw  for  a  diHtance  equaling  diameter  of 
oyo.  Cleft  of  mouth  extending  beyond  eye,  it8  length  (from  tipof  nnout) 
3i  in  head.  Anterior  nostril  in  a  long  tube  (near  tip  of  snout),  the  pos- 
terior on  inner  side  of  upper  lip  opposite  front  of  eye.  Teeth  in  double 
tjories  on  all  the  dentary  bones  ;  those  on  maxillary,  shaft  of  vomer,  and 
sides  of  mandible  small,  bluntly  conic  ;  those  on  head  of  vomer  and  front 
of  mandible  much  broader  though  little  longer,  and  also  very  blunt.  Eye 
very  small,  slightly  less  than  half  snout.  Gill  openings  short,  vertical, 
tlio  length  of  the  slit  but  one-half  of  the  broad  isthmus.  Vent  much  in 
advance  of  middle  of  length,  the  trunk  contained  l^';i  times  in  the  tail. 
Dorsal  fin  beginning  well  forward  on  top  of  head,  its  origin  equidistant 
between  gill  slit  and  front  of  eye.  Tip  of  tail  sharp,  free  from  fins  for  a 
dintance  equaling  length  of  snout.  Pectoral  developed  as  a  short,  deep, 
inombranous  flap  as  wide  as  gill  slit ;  its  length  less  than  half  its  width. 
Delicate  rays  are  visible  with  the  aid  of  a  lens.  Color  light  yellowish,  a 
series  of  large,  round,  brownish  black  spots  nearly  as  wide  as  interspaces 
between  lateral  line  and  base  of  dorsal ;  a  second  series  of  similar  but 
much  fainter  spots  alternating  with  the  first  below  the  lateral  line;  top 
and  sides  of  head  with  similar  smaller  spots,  those  on  snout  the  smallest. 
Lower  Jaw  with  dusky  mottlings;  anal  translucent,  unmarked.  Dorsal 
with  a  dusky  streak.  One  specimen  10^  inches  long,  from  La  Paz  Bay, 
(Julf  of  California.     {Peninaalw,  of  the  Peninsula.) 

Palleihehji pininmihi;  (Iilrert,  Proc   U.  8.  Nikt.  Mil*.,  1801,  548,  La  Paz  Bay.    (Coll.  Gllltert.) 

«2'2.  HAHCANIVHTHYS  RASCANIirM  (Jonlan). 

Dark  brown,  nearl}-  uniform;  fins  a  little  paler.  Body  extremely 
slender,  subtereto,  its  greatest  depth  little  more  than  two-fifths  length 
of  head;  head  short;  snout  7  in  head;  mouth  very  small,  the  lower  Jaw 
thin,  included,  not  extending  to  the  anterior  nostril,  which  is  in  a  short 
tube;  teeth  short,  snbconic,  bluntish,  a  little  unequal,  their  points  directed 
backwards;  lower  teeth  nearly  uniserial ;  upper  teeth  uniserial  laterally, 
partly  biserial  anteriorly  ;  vomerine  teeth  forming  a  rhombic  patch.  Eye 
moderate,  its  length  more  than  half  that  of  snout,  its  center  nearly  over 
middle  of  upper  jaw ;  cleft  of  month  3f  in  length  of  head.  Gill  opening 
vertical,  about  as  wide  as  isthmus ;  its  upper  edge  on  level  of  upper  base 


380 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


of  pectoral ;  pectoral  developed,  small,  a  little  broador  than  long,  iiearlv 
as  long  as  snout;  dorsal  fin  very  low,  beginning  at  a  point  nuihv.iv 
between  front  of  eye  and  gill  opening;  iiaal  similar  to  dorsal.  Head  I  \\ 
in  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  vent ;  head  and  trunk  a  littbs  longer  tliaii 
tail;  head  IK;  trunk  14^.  Length  of  type,  31  inches;  Egmont  Kcv 
Florida;  distinguished  from  B.  scuticaris  by  the  very  short  head,  Ono 
specimen  known.  (Baacanion,  the  black  snake,  which  the  body  iiiikIi 
resembles,  from  fia(iKiivo(,  malignant.) 

Ciiriilu  banvaniiim,  .louiiAN,  rroo.  i.  c.  Nut.  Sri.  I'hiln.,  1H84, -13,  Egmont  Key,  Florida. 
Batcaukhlhyt  btitfivwim,  JoitiiAN  &  Davis,  /.  c,  021. 

182.  QUASSIREMUS,  Jordan  &-  Davis. 

Ouamirewuf,  JoRnAN  .fe  1)AVI8,  Apoilnl  FiNlios,  fi2'2,  1892,  {erimithan). 

This  genus  contains  two  species  from  the  Eastern  Pacific,  differing  from 
OpMclitliun  only  in  the  rudimentary  pectoral  fins.  {quanHua,  obliterated; 
re»Jtt«,  oar.) 

a.  Body  with  ratlior '•  f  rgo,  yoUow  sikjIb,  uiich  with  a  black  ring,  besliloH  Muck  Rpotsof  Mirimia 
BizeH  ;  ])<'<.-tui'nl  not  huir  an  long  as  cyu.  notiiocmiii,  (12:t. 

act.  Itody  every  where  frockluil  with  small  black  H]iotH ;  pautiirals  about  uh  lone  »^  eye. 

KVIllNTIIAS,  (Ul. 

628.  4{UA8SIliEMIJS  NOTIKM'IIIK  (Gilbert). 

Body  marked  with  rather  large  yellow  spots,  each  with  a  black  riiifj, 
and  with  black  spots  and  blotches  of  various  sizes.  Teeth  all  unistvial; 
pectorals  represented  by  a  small  triangular  fiap,  less  than  ^  the  diameter 
of  eye  and  i  the  gill  slit ;  head  4i^  in  trunk;  head  and  trunk  longer  tlian 
tail  by  a  distance  equal  to  the  length  of  the  snout ;  cleft  of  mouth  2|  in 
head  ;  snout  4  in  head  ;  eye  \  of  snout,  its  anterior  margin  over  middlo  of 
cleft  of  month  ;  gill  slit  vertical,  lateral  6i  in  head.  Middle  of  back  with 
a  series  of  12  elliptical  yellow  spots,  ti.oir  length  one- half  diameter  of 
eye,  each  spot  surrounded  by  a  black  ring,  coalescent  below  with  a  iai;,'e 
elliptical  black  blotch  on  middle  of  sides;  head  closely  covered  witii 
spots  about  the  size  of  the  eye,  around  which  are  reticulations  of  liglit 
yellow.  (Gilbert.)  San  Josef  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  (ror/of,  spurious; 
XEip,  hand.) 

OphichthijK  nothochir,  Gilhert,  Proc.  »'.  S.  Nat.  Miib.,  1800,  68,  San  Josef  Island,  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia.    (Coll.  Albatross.) 
QKa»nremu»  iiothnchir,  .Tordak  A  Davis,  I.  c,  (12.1. 

«24.  QUASSIUKMIIS  KVIONTHAS  (.Tordan  *  Bollman). 

Pectorals  very  small,  about  as  long  as  eye ;  teetl\  in  Jaws  uniserial, 
anterior  vomerine  teeth  biserial ;  head  4  J  in  ^l•unk;  snout  4^  in  head ;  <\\  o  L'» 
in  snout,  much  nearer  angle  of  mouth  than  tip  of  snout;  cleft  of  mouth 
2^  in  head.  Color  light  olive,  the  entire  bodj  covered  with  numerous 
small  round  or  oval  black  spots  separated  at  intervals  by  a  yellowish 
ground  color ;  in  about  fifteen  places  these  spots  are  larger  and  darker 
and  tend  to  form  cross  bands.  Hood  Island,  (ialapagos;  one  speeiuuMi 
known.  (  ',  well;  iovHui;,  freckled;  the  word  from  Im'Hog,  an  eruption 
preceding  the  growth  of  the  beard. 


4^    ILJ.M    Jj"r. 


-.rt-ilft   O-rf'vi';-;)!.*  "V     I 


\1 


Jorda7i  and  Evennaiin. — Fishes  of  North  America.        381 


0),!,ii  hthm  eviotitlidH,  Jordan  X  IIiili.man,  I'I'im'.  V.  8.  Nat.  MiiH,,  188'J,  164,  Hood  Island,  Gala- 
pagos Archip  'lago.     (Type,  No.  4H7C.     Coll.  Albatross.) 
(juis'iremus  efioiidiuK,  Johuan  &  Davih,  /.  c,  C23, 

X83.  OPHICHTHUS,  ThnnboiK&Alil. 

Ol.hirhllinn,  TiMNiiEiKi  &  Am.,  Dc  Murn-na  ct  Ophichthu,  17H!»,  {(iplik), 

CiuiiniH,  UAKiNKsgrE,  Carattcri,  uti'.,  02,  IKIO,  {mneultitiiii). 

(ijilniiiruH,   Swainhun,   Nat.    Hist.   Cliixen.   Aiilir..,    11,   n;t4,   IKtt),   (pirtut     viai-utatiiit).     (Not  uf 

I.ACKi'i^iii". ;  tliu  typi)  of  Lai  tl'P.DE,  uh  restrictoil  by  II1B80,  hoiug  seriieim.) 
Oiii'itroiiliis,  liAt'i',  Apoiit^B,  2,  iKOii,  {spaiKceus). 
/'.ii/iicrji/Ki/iin,  Kai'P,  I,  <;.,  5,  (hoiKijuirtei). 
Jli,  iiiihiiiiiphiii,  Kai'P,  I.  <■.,  (!,  {aWjiinnii). 
Cnilniiliin,  IvArr,  /.  c,  fi,  (viniipar). 
Jltijiiioirhtlij/n,  Kai'T,  /.  c,  7,  {orimtisnimun). 
K/iijis"]""",  Kai'P,  I.  ('.,  n,  (rerticoliir). 

itfmvMcijw's,  Kaiip,  I.e.,  11,  {nrelliiliis),     (Thu  iiaiiio  wrougly  accrt'Uitod  to  Lk  Subur.) 
S-!iliiliii>liis,  KaI'P,  I,  c,  13,  {vKtijiiiovtilis). 
I.ijilriliiwuihiii,  Kaup,  /.  c,  14,  (iiomesii). 
(yiipiviitiriis,  Kaup,  Aulo  IIamb\irg,  isrii),  (jmuiiireiiii). 
('niiiiililli!i«,  PoEY,  Rcportorio,  11,  2r)C,  lSfi7,  {ImraHiieusis). 
(KniuAimtirhthijii,  PoEV,  Aiiales  80C.  Nat.  Hist.  Esp.,  254,  18N0,  (mHcninm). 
(ililiiMhjin,  IlLEEKER,  Gt'NiiiEn,  Riid  of  rucoiit  authors  gouorally. 

'I'liis  gcuus  contuins  all  the  Ophisuioitl  ools  which  have  sharp  teeth,  no 
iii;i lived  cuiiiues,  well-developed  pectoral  fins,  and  the  dorsal  inserted 
behind  the  head.  The  species  are  very  numerons  in  the  tropical  seas,  and 
iiiiiny  attempts  have  been  made  to  split  the  group  into  smaller  genera. 
Notwithstanding  the  great  differences  when  extremes  are  compared,  these 
Kiiiall  genera  can  not  bo  well  defined,  {uifur,  snake ;  Ixtlii;,  fish ;  hence  more 
correctly  written  OplilchthyH.) 

ci.  Toutli  of  upper  jaw  in  2  or  3  sc^rios. 

(/.  Tpt'th  of  lower  jaw  imieurial  or  nearly  so  ;  vomerine  teoth  in  1  series  or  Hliglitly  biserial 
in  front. 
Cryptovterus,  ((tpurrros,  concealed  ;  Tttspnv,  fin) : 
('.  Coloration  uniform  or  nearly  so ;  tooth  of  lower  jaw  not  <juito  uniserial ;  tail  half 
longer  than  rest  of  body.  pi'noticeps,  026. 

Ornu'iiTiii'S : 
cf.  Coloration  not   \iniform ;   anterior  teeth  slightly    enlarged;    eye  rather    large, 
nearly  ini'dian. 

d.  Sides  of  body  with  large,  round,  black  spots;  head  with  smaller  ones;  dorsal 
inserted  opposite  tip  of  pectorals.  iiavannenhis,  020. 

d<l.  Sides  of  body  with  large,  round,  whitish  spots ;  dorsal  inserted  behind  tip  of 
pectorals.  uetrupinnis,  627. 

/i/>.  Teoth  of  lower  jaw  in  2  to  4  scries. 
MvK.DNOPSis,  (Miiintm  ;  oi//ts,  appearance)  : 
«.  Vomerine  teeth  in  one  row  ;  anterior  teoth  of  jaws  or  vomer  sometimea  enlarged ; 
teeth  in  both  jaws  biseriul,  those  of  the  inner  series  sometimes  small  and  turned 
inward. 
/.  Spots  on  sides  of  body  large  and  whitish,  never  black. 

(/.  Dorsal  beginning  an  eye's  diameter  behind  tip  of  pectoral,    oi'ttifer,  028. 
<jg.  Dorsal  beginning  over  or  just  before  tijt  of  pectoral.  ocei.i.ati,  ,,  629. 

ff.  Spots  on  sides  of  body  large  and  black  ;  tail  half  longer  than  rest  of  body. 

TRISERIAMS,  030. 
ScvTAi.oi'iils,  'tucvtoAt),  viper;  6</)is,  snake)  : 
en.  Vomeri  .u  teeth  biserial  throughout;  toeth  in  both  jaws  biserial,  suboqual ;  uo 
canines.     Color  plain  brownish. 


i  ...t'^  :'.vt  f.;iu",-t?.'' 


:A-ki:'^i^-.. 


i>^lji:<^^.''].t  : h-  ./".J^.'-ii. 


m^mt 


.1     li 


:li 


i  I 


II 


i  ■-.J  •^'^i 


382 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


h.  Kyo  largo,  moru  tbiiu  half  lougtli  of  Buuiit. 
i.  Iload  ruthor  short,  2^.;^  t»  3  in  trunk. 

j.  Pectoral  about  as  luug  as  cloft  of  mouth,  which  is  1y^  in  hond. 

00ME8II,  (i:;i. 
jj.  Pectorals  longer  than  rloft  of  mouth,  which  Ih  2^  in  head. 

zoi'iiot'iiiK,  ':.',t, 
a.  Head  lung,  X%  to  2.\i  in  trunk  ;  pectoral  a  little  longer  than  fi».\\v. 

MAdNIOCI'I.IS,  i.,i;i. 

hh.  Eye  BMiitJl,  'i%i\\  Hnoiit :  gill  u|ioningH  narrow;  anterior  nostril  with  j  |..ri|,' 

tube  ;  pectoral  longer  than  gape.  pariu8,  Ii;s4, 

Subgenus  CRYPTOPTERUS,  Kanp. 

«26.  OPHICHTHIJS  PUNCTICEPS  (Kaup). 

Teeth  of  upper  jaw  in  2  or  3  series.  Mandibular  teeth  not  quite  iini- 
serial,  uome  in  front  furniing  a  Hecond  series ;  dorsal  and  anal  tins  diu:ip- 
pearing  for  some  distance  before  their  termination  near  end  of  tail ;  i)ec- 
toral  fin  well  developed ;  dorsal  fin  commencing  at  a  short  distance  behind 
end  of  pectoral ;  tail  ^  of  total  length ;  eye  of  moderate  size ;  cleft  of 
mouth  of  moderate  width.  Coloration  uniform.  (Kaup  per  Giintlior.) 
Caribbean  Sea,  at  Puerto  Cabello.     (puncius,  speckled;  -c<;2>«,  head.) 

fJrjiploptertt»  jinncliaiyK,  Kaup,  Aale  Ilanib.  Muo.,  ii,  pi.  1,  flg.  2,  18.'i9,  Puerto  Cabello. 
Ophkhtht/) puncticejin,  UOnther,  Cat.,  viii,  00,  1870;  Jouuan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  029. 

Subgenus  OPHICHTHUS. 
026.  OPHICHTHUS  HA VANNEN8IS  (Bloch  A  Schneider). 

Teeth  of  upper  jaw  in  2  or  3  series  ;  lower  teeth  uniserial ;  vomerine 
teeth  nearly  or  quite  uniserial.  Sides  of  body  with  one  or  more  series  of 
large,  round,  black  spots ;  brown  ;  head  Avith  numerous  small  dark  Hpots 
and  longitudinal  folds ;  a  series  of  large,  round,  dark  spots  along  the  tsido, 
the  interspaces  as  wide  as  the  spots;  another  series  of  alternate  smaller 
spots  along  the  back,  and  another  along  the  sides  of  abdomen ;  fins  yel- 
lowish, dorsal  with  a  series  of  brown  spots  along  the  edge ;  eye  largo, 
looking  upwards,  If  in  snout ;  teeth  moderate,  those  in  front  of  upper  jaw 
somewhat  canine-like ;  pectoral  fin  well  developed,  its  extremity  nearly 
opposite  to  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin ;  tail  longer  than  rest  of  body. 
West  Indies,  apparently  not  common,  and  not  lately  taken  outsid*;  of 
Cuba.  It  is  possible  that  this  species  is  the  true  Ophichthus  ophia,  but  tliis 
identification  is  not  certain,     {havannenais,  living  at  Havana.) 

f  Serpens  viarimis  nuiculoaiiK,  Wii.luoiihy,  Uist.  Pigt:.,  tab.  (J  9,  lC8<i,  no  locality. 
tMiirmiaophis,  LlNN^T.rs,  x,  244, 1768,  (after  Willuohiiy);  (may  be  identical  with  OphichDmsreijiut, 

a  St.  Helena  species,  likewise  spotted  with  black). 
Imwrnitiado,  Parra,  Dif.  Piezas  Hist.  Nat.,  pi.  37,  fig.  2, 1787,  Havana. 
3turiena  havannenm,  Blocii  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ich.,  491, 1801,  (after  Parra). 
f  Ophiiotrm  giitlalnt,  Cuvieu,  Regne  Animal,  232,  1817,  Surinam  ;  (after  ni.ocii,  pi.  164). 
t  Slurmia  maculnm,  Cuvier,  I.  <■.,  Surinam  ;  (after  Ophimrm  npliii,  IjACi^PiiDE,  which  igbanoa  ou 

Blocii,  pi.  154). 
Herpetoichlhya  sHlcatus,  Kaup,  Apodes,  8,  fig,  5,  (not  (1),  1856,  locality  unkno^vn, 
Vraiiiclithyf  brachycephalus,  Poev,  Repertorio,  ii,  257,  1867,  Cuba. 
Uranichlhyii  havannensis,  PoEV,  Repertorio,  ii,  257,  1866. 
Ophichthy»  havannemU,  GUntukr,  Cat.,  viii,  67,  1870. 


I  i  1^  i 


H^  i';i' 


L<i-  .■'.'^Ji':^,^iuA-i.'-J'l..'.-.::}:\''J,t''^ 


V'f 


Jordan  and  Enermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        383 


«'27.  OlMIK'IITHl'S  llETItOI'INMS  (KiKuiimanii). 

Sides  of  body  with  round  whitish  spots  between  darker  areas;  color 
]i<r|it  olivaceous,  with  about  2Uobloug  dark  blotches  along  the  median  line 
of  liiidy  and  tail,  the  interspaces  between  these  each  a  round  pale  spot 
iil)()iit  as  large  as  eye.  Dursal  inserted  \\  length  of  pectorals  behind  the 
tii)8  of  pectorals ;  i>ectoral8  2\  in  distance  from  snout  to  their  base;  eye  \\ 
in  Hiiont,  equal  to  interorbital  space ;  cleft  of  mouth  3  in  head ;  head  9  in 
leii^'th;  gill  opening  5  in  head;  maxillary  biaerial;  mandibular  teeth  uni- 
serial ;  vomer  with  about  15  teeth.  Snapper  Banks  off  Pensacola.  Close 
tu  (K  ocellatua,  but  the  dentition  different,  (rvirojnnnis,  having  backward 
fins.) 

Ophi'  hlhyt  retropinuis,  Kkienmann,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut,  Atiis.,  1887,  IIG,  Snapper  Banks  off  Pen- 
sacola.    (Tyiio,  No.  •.mm.     ('oil.     StfiiniH.) 
OiiliUhtlmsretropiwm,  Jukdan  &  Davis,  /.  r'.,  C30. 

Subgenus  MURiENOPSIS,  Kaup. 

6'2N.  OPIIKJITIIIIS  (aiTTIFKIt  (Boau  &  Droool). 

Teotli  in  both  jaws  biserial ;  the  teeth  of  the  inner  series  sometimes 
Biiiall  and  turned  inward.  Vomerine  teeth  in  one  row  ;  anterior  teeth  of 
jaws  or  vomer  sometimes  a  little  enlarged.  Dorsal  beginning  behind  the 
tip  of  the  pectoral,  at  a  distance  o(|ual  to  diameter  of  eye.  Head  2'i  in 
tiimk,  4J  in  tail ;  pectoral  fin  shorter  than  in  octllatua,  'Si  in  head  ;  eye  1^ 
in  Hiiout ;  cleft  of  mouth  2k  in  head.  Color  very  much  as  in  ocellatua,  but 
palor;  rather  light  brown  above,  pale  below,  with  about  20  round  pale 
spots  along  the  lateral  line ;  lower  jaw  and  throat  rather  pale,  dusted  with 
blown  dots;  pectoral  pale,  with  a  dusky  border;  a  line  of  small  white 
spotH  across  the  occiput,  and  a  shorter  but  similar  row  on  each  side  of 
h(!ii(l.  Snapper  Banks  off  Pensacola,  Florida  ;  close  to  0.  ocellatus,  the 
dentition  the  same,  the  dorsal  farther  back,     {yutta,  spot ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

Oiihichihiis  ijuUifer,  BEAN  &  Dresel,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  1882, 100,  Snappe*-  Sanks  ;  Jubdan, 

(lit.  Fish. N.  A., 53, 1885.    (Type,  No.  32C47.    Coll.  Stearns.) 
Ophi'hlhuaguUifer,  Jordan  &  Davis,  I.  c,  630. 

620.  OPillCHTHl'K  OCKLLATHS  (Le  Sncnr). 

Tetitli  in  both  jaws  biseria  ,  those  in  front  a  little  enlarged;  vomerine 
teetli  in  one  row.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  over  or  just  before  tip  of  pectoral. 
Color  rather  dark  brown  above,  lighter  below,  with  about  20  round  whit- 
iHh  spots  along  .  le  side,  averaging  more  than  half  diameter  of  eye;  dorsal 
fin  coinniencing  ».  ver  or  a  little  before  tip  of  pectoral,  light-colored,  with 
a  narrow  dark  ni:  gin ;  anal  light  yellow  ;  a  row  of  small  white  spots 
across  the  top  of  liead,  sometimes  coalescont  into  a  band,  and  one  or 
nioro  similar  but  shorter  rows  on  each  side  of  head  ;  pectoral  decidedly 
dimky  ;  jaws,  throat,  and  chin  dusted  with  brown  dots.  Vomer  with 
about  15  teeth,  the  anterior  inclined  to  form  a  double  series;  tail  ia 
head's  length  longer  than  head  and  trunk ;  head  2^  in  trunk ;  eye  If  in 
suoiit ;  snout  5^  in  head  ;  cleft  of  mouth  2^  in  head ;  pectoral  2f  in  head. 
We.st  Indian  Fauna,  south  to  Brazil,  north  to  Pensacola;  rather  common. 
(oceUutue,  with  eye-like  spots.) 


]  L 


'  i 


i'  i 


It  ..ibUs 


il    (' ' 


384 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


JIfMrrtHojj/ifd »c.;/ii<i(«,  Lb  SuKun,  .lourii.  Ac.  Nat.   Scl.  IMiiln.,  v,  1825,  lOH,  pi.   4,  fig.  ,1,  South 

America. 
Oi>liiMuni$  ivmiyer,  Valknci^nnm,  ill  D'OrHgny  Voy,  Ami-r.  MiTld.,  i'oisH.,  pi.  12,  (Ir.  h.  Is:).). 
OphirhlhiiHoitlhUuii,  GCntiibii,  Cat.,  viii,  fiS,  1870;  Jokdan  A  (iii.iiKliT,  SyuopBis,  :if>y,  l8«:j. 
HerpeldiihtliyH  ih'MiIkk,  Oooiif.  A  Dkan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  187!»,  155. 
OphkhOiM  ocellatiu,  Jordan  A  Davis,  1.  c,  030. 

«»0.  0PHICHTHU8  TRISERIALIS  (Knup). 

Teeth  in  both  JawH  imiaerial,  the  anturioi-inoro  or  leau  enlarged  ;  vomer- 
ine teeth  in  one  row.  Body  terete,  the  tail  IJ  tinieH  the  length  of  luad 
and  trunk;  head  llattiBh ;  mouth  broad,  its  width  as  great  aH  diHtiincu 
between  the  nostrilu  or  as  interorbital  space;  gill  openings  vertical,  well 
separated ;  dorsal  fin  beginning  a  little  before  tip  of  pectoral ;  head  L'-  in 
trunk,  5i  in  tail ;  pectoral  fin  21  to  3i  in  head,  labout  equal  to  lower  juw 
cleft  of  mouth  2;?  in  head;  gill  openings  less  than  one-half  the  pectotuls 
less  than  eye,  IJ  in  isthmus ;  eye  li  in  snout,  2|  in  cleft  of  mouth  ;  teeth 
rather  strong,  one  or  two  in  front  of  upper  Jaw  almost  canine-like;  vom- 
erine teeth  small.  Color  light  brown  :  a  row  of  rather  largo  round  lilack 
blotches  above  the  lateral  line ;  a  series  of  smaller  spots  on  each  side  of 
dorsal,  alternating  with  the  large  blotches;  a  row  of  subinarginal  spoLs 
along  the  dorsal  fin  ;  anal  tin  plain  ;  top  and  sides  of  head  with  Hniallei 
spots;  in  adults  a  faint,  dusky  shade  across  the  pectoral;  lower  jiuitN 
pale ;  longitudinal  wrinkles  on  throat  conspicuous.  Pacific  Coast  of 
Tropical  America,  rather  common,  from  Lower  California  to  the  Ualaiia- 
go8.     {triHerialiM,  three-rowed.) 

Murieiiopsit  Irigfriaiu,  Kaup,  Apodes,  12,  1856,  Pacific. 

Uerpetoichthys  calliuima,  Ahhott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18C0,  475,  locality  unknown. 

Ophiifurut  californiemis,  Gahbett,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Cal.,  I8(ilf,  <!(>,  Coast  of  Lower  California. 

OphichtJmii rugifer,  JonoAN  ABoLtMAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  3!iih.,  1880,  15,'i,  Charles  f stand,  Gala- 
pagos ;  young  with  loiigi-r  pectorals.    (TyiM",  Nn.  41428.    Coll.  AlbatrusH.) 

Ophichthyit  triMriali*,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  .58,  1870 ;  Streets,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vii,  5"),  ]S77; 
JoRnAN  A  Gimiert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1880,  457  ;  Jordan  A  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  3,">ii,  ISHS. 

Ophichthus  trinerialis,  Jordan  A  Davis,  /.  c,  <;31, 

Subgenus  SCYTALOPHIS,  Kaup. 

681.  OrHIC'HTHUS  UO.HESII  (Castoluau). 
(Sea  Serpent.) 

Vomerine  teeth  biserial  throughout;  teeth  in  both  Jaws  biserial,  Hub- 
equal,  no  canines ;  pectoral  2it  to  21^'  in  head,  about  us  long  as  cloft  of 
mouth,  which  is  2|  in  head.  Body  terete;  the  head  rather  short,  aliout 
2t  (2i  to  3)  in  trunk  ;  the  head  and  trunk  I'i  m  "chryiiops"  to  1,*,,  "ma- 
cruriiB")  in  the  tail;  snout  rather  short,  pointed;  interorbital  space  broad, 
equal  to  eye,  which  is  about  1^  in  snout ;  nasal  tubes  short ;  dorsal  in.serted 
behind  middle  of  pectoral;  diameter  of  gill  opening  equal  to  eye,  IV  iti  the 
isthmus,  3  in  the  pectoral.  Olive  brown  above,  the  coloration  caused  by 
innumerable  brown  points  on  a  yellowish  ground;  light  yellow  below; 
pectoral  dusky,  dark  along  the  upper  edge;  lower  jaw  with  dusky  mark- 
ings; dorsal  and  anal  fin  translucent,  with  dark  margins;  pores  on  Jaws 


M''^: 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fis/ics  of  North  America.         385 


and  head  conspicuous.  South  Carolina  to  Rio  Janeiro,  generally  common, 
e(,[i('c;ially  about  the  Florida  Keys  and  Cuba.  The  variations  iu  the 
leii^'th  of  tho  trunk  and  tail  have  given  rise  to  various  uuniinal  species. 
Olio  of  these  {m<ttruru8,  Poey)  with  the  head  and  trunk  1 1  to  2i  in  the  tail 
iiistoad  of  H  to  1 J  as  usual  in  gomvitii  may  be  a  tangible  variety,  or  possi- 
bly a  species.  (Named  for  Dr.  Ildefonso  Gomes,  who  cured  Castelnau  of  a 
(liui^erous  malady  in  Kio  Janeiro.*) 

Opln^intm  rjiimesii,  Caktklnav,  Aiiim.  AiiiiT.  Sutl.,  84,  j)!.  H,  Ar.  2,  185^,  Rio  Janeiro, 

Ojihi'oiriiii  thriiui])!!,  I'dey,  Mcmorius,  ii,  321,  1807,  Havana. 

Oiiymdichlhyii  hrachyuriis,  PoEV,  Synopsis,  ■{2fi,  18(!8 ;  and  I'ooy,  Kniinienitio,  ii,  15.5,  1875,  Ha- 
vana. 

Ojtii-  I'lilUhllii/n  iiiairurm,  1'oey,  Anal.  Soc.  Hist.  Nut.  Esp.,  254,  1880,  Havana. 

Oj;ii''iiliMli!ii  liiiibatio,  I'liEY,  Aual.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  Esp.,  254,  1880,  Havana,  (nauiu  a  ^ubstitutu 
lor  hravliijuriis). 

Oj^lnrUthjK  ijomenii,  GCnther,  Cat.,  viit,  00,  1870. 

Ojililrhihijn  ihryitiipii,  .Iordan  JSc  Cii.iikrt,  Synopsis,  898,  1883. 

OiiliiMliM  gunusi,  Jorpan  &  Davis,  I  c,  r,^2. 

682.  OPHICIITHUS  ZOPHOC'IIIR  (Jordan  fc  Gilbert). 

Dentition  as  in  ().  gomeaii.  Pectoral  longer,  2  to  2\  in  head,  longer  than 
t\u'  deft  of  the  moutli,  which  is  2i  in  head.  Tail  very  nearly  twice  as 
loii^f  as  rest  of  body  ;  snout  rather  long;  interorbital  space  narrow,  less 
tliim  eye ;  nasal  tubes  rather  long,  llatteiied,  the  edge  uneven ;  dorsal 
CDiiiiiieucing  over  or  in  front  of  the  middle  of  pectoral ;  head  2i  in 
ti  link ;  head  and  trunk  a  little  more  than  half  the  tail ;  pectoral  fin  2\  in 
head ;  eye  14  in  snout,  i  greater  than  interorbital  width ;  gill  opening 
less  than  eye,  Ii  in  isthmus.  Color  brown  above,  light  yellow  below; 
opercular  regions,  lower  jaw,  throat,  and  pectoral  dusky  ;  dorsal  and  anal 
edgtHl  with  black.  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico,  Guaymas  to  Acapulco; 
rather  common.  Close  to  O,  gomeaii,  but  the  pectoral  longer.  (Co^of, 
daikiioHs;  ,\;e<p,  hand  (pectoral  fin).) 

OiihUliilii/ii  zophocliir,  Jordan  4  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1881,  :t47,  Mazatlan.  (Type, 
Nds.  2S28(i,  28277,  29220,  and  202;W.  Coll.  Gilbert.)  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
MiiH.,1882,  623. 

Oiihidilhm  r.ophochir,  Jobdan  A  Davis,  I.  c,  633. 

638.  (>I*HICHTHU8  MAONIOCULIS  (Kaup). 

Dentition  gf  O.  gomeaii,  but  the  head  rather  long,  Ii  to  2\  in  trunk.  Tail 
loiifj,  about  2^  times  length  of  rest  of  body  ;  pectoral  2jt  in  head  ;  dorsal 
inserted  over  middle  of  pectoral ;  gape  2g  in  head  ;  head  14  in  trunk ;  eye 
abuut  2'i  in  snout.  Blackish,  paler  below ;  dorsal  and  aual  yellowish 
brown,  dotted  and  bordered  with  black.  West  Indies  to  Brazil,  scarce; 
our  specimen  from  Aspinwall.     (magtiua,  great;  oculua,  eye.) 

&!ititln]iliit<  mwjnioatliii,  Kait,  Apodes,  13,  f.  7,  1850,  St.  Croix  ;   Brazil. 
Ophkhlhiin  magnhadix,  GCivther,  Cat.,  viii,  59,  1870. 
Ophii  lillius  magtiioculif,  Jordan  it  Davis,  I.  c,  033. 

*.Fi-  iK'tlic  cetto  espoco  ji  M.  Ic  docteiir  Iltlefonso  Gonips,  comnio  nil  tenioignago  do  ma  recon- 
D.iissaiici-  jiour  les  solnn  dusintoress^sqiril  iii'a donnas  h  Kio  d<!  Janoiroen  concurrpneoavec  nion 
ami  ki  doctvur  Wuddell,  pvudaut  la  dungereuse  maladio  dont  j'y  fus  attuiut  (Francis  do  Castel- 
nau]. 


K.  N.   A. 


-26 


I. J  ! 


« 


■'■ 


I:      K' 


■'!]:■ 


<  i  \ 


U 


i 

* 

I 

■ 

■ 

< 

■  : 

J: 

uL 

1 

L 

U\  'ffW 


r-i 


'.i'Av.- 


386 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


«84.  OPHIC'HTHUS  PAKIIJ8*  (RiibanlHoii). 

Dentition  aH  in  O.  gomtm.  Eye  sniall,  about  2\  in  Hnoiit ;  gil]  ()))in- 
inga  not  very  wide,  approaching  nearer  together  than  uhuuI  in  iIiIh 
genus ;  anterior  nostril  with  an  elongate  tapering  tube;  head  2  in  trunk ; 
cleft  of  mouth  2|  in  head  ;  eye  2\  in  snout ;  pectoral  2}  in  head  ;  dopHiil  ilu 
rather  low,  commencing  above  posterior  third  of  pectoral;  tail  twici'  au 
long  as  rest  of  body.  Coloration  uniform.  (Gunther.)  Cuba  to  Brazil; 
not  common,     (parilis,  like.) 

Ophimrtu parUu,  Rioiiari>bo.n,  Voyano  ErebiiH  A  Terror,  lO."),  1S14,  West  Indies. 

Ophichlhijf  paucipono,  PoET,  Keporturio,  ii,  'i!j!'>,  pi.  U,  flg.  6,  1808,  Cuba;  UCntiiku,  Cat.,  mh 

CO,  1H70. 
Opinchthyt parilu,  GI'ntiieb,  Cat.,  viu,  f>f),  1870. 
Ophichthm parilu,  Jobdan  i!l!  Davis,  /.  c,  6.34. 

184.  MYSTRIOPHIS,  Kaup. 

lUyilriophu,  Kaup,  Apodes,  10, 1856,  (roitellcUtu). 

OroUdoptis,  Kaup,  Abhaudl.  Naturwisn.  Vorcin  llaiiibiirg,  iv,  Vi,  ISt'iO,  ( imnelifer). 
Echiopiis,  Kaup,  Abhandl.  Natiir.  Verein  Ilambiiri;,  iv,  13,  IHfio,  {iulertinclii*). 
Slacrodonophiii,  PoEi',  Rcpertorio,  11,  251,  1807,  {mordax). 

This  genus  contains  three  or  four  species  of  lilack-spotted  eels,  dJH- 
tinguished  from  Ophichthua  by  the  presence  of  strong  canines  in  tliu  lai|re 
mouth.  The  vomerine  teeth,  as  in  Op/ik7i</i««,  are  small  and  fixed.  'I'lio 
species  differ  considerably  from  each  other  and  all  are  nearly  related  tu 
such  species  of  Opliichthtis  as  triserialis  and  havanncims.  The  valno  to  lio 
assigned  to  Myatriophia  is  therefore  doubtful.  Our  s]>ecios  belongs  to  the 
subgenus  Echiopaia,  (!;t'f  viper;  oipig,  appearance),  in  which  the  JawM  ;iio 
narrowed  forwards,  not  expanded  at  tip.  (/ivarpiov,  a  spoon,  from  the 
form  of  the  snout  in  M.  roatellatua ',  o^if, snake.) 

Subgenus  ECHIOPSIS,  Kaup. 
686.  MYSTRIOPHIS  INTEBTIXCTUS  (Ric  hardson). 

Jaws  narrow  and  not  expanded  at  tip.  Vomerine  teeth  small,  fixed;  in 
one  to  three  series.  Teeth  in  Jaws  biserial ;  long  canines  in  front  uf  jaws; 
outer  teeth  of  upper  jaw  unequal,  some  of  them  canine;  vomerine  teeth 
in  two  series,  these  sometimes  partly  coalescing  (sometimes,  var.  putic- 
tifer,  partly  divided  into  three);  lowr  jaw  scarcely  included;  peetoral 
fin  about  5  in  head ;  tail  a  little  longer  than  rest  of  body ;  dorsal  coiu- 
mencing  behind  tip  of  pectoral,  distance  equal  to  about  len^^th  uf 
same;  isthmns  equal  to  f  the  gill  openings,  which  are  large,  elo.so 
together,  and  subinferior,  anterior  in  position ;  head  2^  to  2;;  iii 
trunk;  eye  small,  H  to  2  in  snout;  gape  2i  in  head;  snout  3  in  cleft 
of  mouth,  7  in  head.  Dark  brown  above,  paler  below,  side  witli  two 
rows  of  large  round  or  ovate  black  spots,  the  upper  row  close  to  the 
dorsal  fin,  the  lower  row  below  the  lateral  line;  besides  these  some 
smaller  spots,  also  black;  head  a  little  darker  than  the  body,  the  Hpots 
smaller  and  numerous,  some  larger  ones  below  eye  ;  dorsal  and  anal  with 

*  Pogsibly  two  species  are  included  by  ua  under  pari/i«.  In  parilis  the  luRcrtion  of  tlic  (inrsal 
is  before  tbe  end  of  the  pectoral ;  in  the  ty|)e  uf  pauciportu  the  dunuil  is  naid  tu  Ijc  iiiFcrtud 
Itehind  tip  of  pectoral ;  no  other  diffcroncoa  appear. 


^*a,i   i.3A.tirL:-k     "^    1 


fi 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


387 


(liiik  burdera  formed  by  spotH ;  pectoral  black  at  tip,  the  reiiiaiuder  more 
or  leHH  du8ky.  Weut  Indian  Fauna,  north  to  Ponsacola;  rutber  oonimon; 
variable.*     (inter,  between ;  tindus,  colored.) 

(>^.;,i>iirMii  xnterlineXm,  Uiciiari>8()N,  Voy.  KrulnM  k  Terror,  FIsIk'R,  102,  1844,  West  Indiea. 
Oplr.^iiriiit  $ngiHnluf,  Hiciiardson,  Voy.  Krotiim  &  Terror,  103,  1H44,  probably  West  Indiea. 
Cruiiiliiiim  punclifer,  Kaup,  Abhaudl.  Wigs.  Voroin  llainb.,  iv,  2, 12,  pi.  1,  flg.  3,  18C(),  Puerto 

Cabello. 
Ciwii'tmordax,  Poey,  MomorlBB,  ii,  319,  1800,  Cuba. 
OlihiihlhiidtchncUleri,  Stkindaciinkr,  Icli.  Boitr.,  viii,  66,  lH79,Braxil. 
jloiniiliinophumorilaz,  PoET,  Repertorlo,  ii,  252, 1868. 
Ojihiihthii»itnnctifer,  OPntiieb,  Cut.,  50,  1870. 
Oiiliililliy'  iiitertinctuii,  OdNTilER,  Cat.,  viii,  67,  1870  ;  .Iordan,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiilu.,  1884,  43; 

.loiiDAN,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  A.,  53,  1885 ;  Jori.an  &  Davis,  I.  <•.,  6:»6. 
Cii'hil<ipiii»  mordax,  GoouE  &  Bean,  Pruc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  187!),  344. 

185.  SCYTALICHTHYS,  Jordan  &  Davis. 

SiitidlicMhyt,  Jordan  it;  Davis,  Apodal  Fisheg,  635,  1892,  (miiini*). 

TliiH  genus  contains  a  single  species  allied  to  MysiriophiH,  but  dia- 
tin^'uished  by  the  presence  of  movable  canines  on  the  vomer,  and  by  the 
veiy  short  tail.     ((tkuthX?;,  viper ;  /;i;^i'f,  fish.) 

«8«.  SCYTALICHTHYS  MIURU8  (Jordan  k  Gilbert). 

Vomerine  teeth  in  one  series  of  about  4  slender  depressible  canines; 
tail  very  short,  much  shorter  than  rest  of  body.  Dorsal  fln  inserted  well 
behind  tip  of  pectorals;  gill  opening  midway  between  eye  and  begin- 
uiii;;  of  dorsal  fin ;  pectoral  fin  very  short,  as  long  as  snout,  10  in  head ; 
Buout  short,  4  in  cleft  of  mouth;  head  depressed  and  pointed,  the  mouth 
largo;  teeth  long,  those  on  vomer  and  side  of  lower  jaw  canine-like; 
teoth  of  upper  jaw  biserial,  rather  small ;  lower  teeth  uniserial ;  vomer- 
ine teeth  uniserial ;  eye  small,  placed  well  forward ;  gill  openings 
small,  transverse,  inferior,  as  in  Coccula  imberbh,  the  alit  as  long  as 
snout  and  wider  than  isthmus ;  head  4jf  in  the  very  long  trunk ;  tail 
1}  in  rest  of  body ;  cleft  of  mouth  2^  in  head.  Coloration  light  yellow- 
ish, a  series  of  roundish  dark  brown  blotches  on  each  side  of  body,  the 
two  series  alternating ;  two  alternating  aeries  of  small  half  blotches  on 
the  back,  these  coalescing  into  one  on  median  line  before  dorsal ;  head 
with  small,  dark  spots ;  sides  of  lower  jaw  spotted ;  fins  pale.  Length 
1  foot.  Cape  San  Lucas ;  two  specimens  known,  (udovpoc,  curtailed, 
from  the  short  tail.) 

OiilnrliilijiK  miiirwi,  JORDAN  <k  GILBERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  367,  Cape  San  Lucas. 

(Type,  No.  2304.     Coll.  Xaiitiis.) 
Mnntnoiiliis  miuruf,  Jordan  ■&  Davis,  /.  c,  636. 

i86.  BRACHYSOMOPHIS,  Kaup. 

BrachijiKmophis,  Kaup,  Apodes,  9,  1850,  {horridtui). 

hlcliimjihichlhys,  Bleeker,  PoissoiiB  Ined.  Miirenes,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.,  ll,  42,  {tj/puf  —  young). 

*  I'ossibly  moretlian  one  spocios  is  licre  included.  Schneideri  is  said  to  bavo  tbo  vomerine  teeth 
biscriiil,  wliilo  in  "punclifer"  (mordar)  they  are  triseriul.  In  the  true  »n/<?rtiiii'/n»  the  teeth  are 
liiitorial  in  front  and  uniserial  behind,  while  in  sugillntiis  the  vomerine  teeth  are  said  to  be  unise- 
rial. Ill  suijiUiitM,  the  pectoral  is  said  to  bo  longer  than  in  intertincltu,  as  long  as  eye  and  snout. 
Oiir  HpccinieiiM  have  the  teeth  biserial  or  partly  triserial  in  front.  Probably  all  belong  to  one 
s|i('(  ill'.    If  two  species  exist  they  may  stand  as  interliiKtus  and  punclifer. 


^\ 


'  '-  ■  ■  ] 


i! 


r 


^ii 


388 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


This  geiiUH  differB  from  Myatriophit  chiefly  in  tlio  pruuence  of  a  cdn. 
spicuoiiH  fringe  of  papilliit  on  the  lipa.  The  vomerine  teeth  are  caiiiin  uh 
in  ScytaUchlhifs.  Speciea  East  Indian,  one  being  recorded  from  the  (julu. 
pagoH.     { fii)axi'i,  »hott'f  mj/^a,  body  ;  ('0tf,  Hnake.) 

«87.  BKACHYSOXOPHIH  €UOl'(»OILINrs  (Iknriott). 
Teeth  unequal  in  size;  maxillary  teeth  in  a  double  row,  those  of  iho 
inner  row  stronger  and  less  numerous  than  the  outer;  v«>iii<M-int)  iuul 
mandibular  teeth  uniserial,  largo  canine  teeth;  head  3  in  trunk;  Nnout 
extremely  short  and  rather  flattened,  scarcely  twice  as  long  an  oy(t, 
which  is  small  and  situated  in  the  anterior  ninth  of  the  length  of  Dm 
head;  vertical  fins  moderately  well  developed;  diHtauce  between  tin; 
origin  of  dorsal  iln  and  gill  opening  2^  in  head;  pectoral  Hmull;  liody 
longer  than  tail.  Upper  parts  brownish,  minutely  dotted  with  darker; 
a  series  of  black  pores  along  the  lateral  lino,  sometimes  a  whitiNli  linu 
across  the  occiput.  (Giinther.)  East  Indies,  a  specimen  recorded  by 
Qunther  from  the  Galapagos.     {crocodiUtnig,  like  a  crocodile.) 

(>}>hii>itnif  rrocodiUiiuD,  Bennett,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Sue.  liOixl.,  ls;{3,  32,  Mauritius. 
ltrachy»3m<rj)hi»  hiirriduh,  Kait,  Apoih'N,  1),  flj;  fi,  1850,  Otaheite. 
1  Afliiro])liiclilliyi>  tyjitit,  lir.EEKKH,  Nod.  TijdHchr.  Dicrk.,  -12,  Celebes. 
Ophii-MijiH  rrocodilmm,  GCntiiek,  Cut.,  VII,  04,  187(t. 
Briichnioinophis  crvcodiliHus,  Jordan  &  Davih,  {.  c,  030. 

Suborder  COLOCEPHALI. 

The  characters  of  this  group  are  given  on  page  34G.  Three  familivs  are 
now  recognized.    (/c6/^u{-,  defective ;  Kf^u^//,  head. 

Family  LIII.  MURiENIDiE. 

(The  Morays.) 

The  Murasnido'  represent  the  most  degenerate  type  of  eels  so  far  as  tlio 

skeleton  is  concerned,  and  they  are  doubtless  the  farthest  removed  fruiii 

the  more  typical  fishes  from  which  the  eels  have  descended.     The  euucn- 

tial  characters  of  the  family  are  thus  stated  by  Dr.  Gill : 

Colocephalous  Apodals  with  conic  head,  fully  developed  opercular 
apparatus,  long  and  wide  ethmoid,  posterior  maxillines,  pauciHerial 
teeth,  roundish,  lateral  branchial  apertures,  diversiform  vertical  Hiih, 
pectoral  tins  (typically)  suppressed,  scaleless  skin,  restricted  interliruu- 
chial  slits,  and  very  imperfect  branchial  skeleton,  with  the  fourth  brau- 
chial  arch  modified,  strengthened,  and  supporting  pharyngeal  jaws. 

The  Morays  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  other  eels  by  tiieir 
small  round  gill  openings  and  by  the  absence  of  pectorals.  The  body 
and  tins  are  covered  by  a  thick,  leathery  skin,  the  occipital  region  is  ole- 
yated  through  the  development  of  the  strong  muscles  which  move  the 
lower  jaw,  and  the  jaws  are  usually  narrow  and  armed  with  knife-Iiko  or 
else  molar  teeth.  The  Morays  inhabit  tropical  and  subtropical  waters, 
being  especially  abundant  in  crevices  about  coral  reefs.  Many  of  tiio 
species  reach  a  large  size,  and  all  are  voracious  and  pugnacious.  The 
coloration  is  usually  strongly  marked,  the  color  cells  being  highly  spe- 
cialized. We  exclude  from  the  Murivnidce  the  genus  Myroconger,  from  St. 
Helena,  which  has  pectoral  fins,  and  is  probably  a  type  of  a  distiuct 


;tji^-^.,i-v^>^W"ii._-.."*i-.-Vj--/.'.VU..S^kvii..'v. 


.'.-^^^  .■.ij-l'.«i^A'i^' j3 


Jordan  and  Rvertnann. — Fishes  of  North  A tn erica. 


389 


fniiily.  The  renuiiniii);  speoioa  aro  referablo  to  ten  or  twelve  genera, 
iiicmt  of  wliioh  are  found  in  America.  About  120  specieB  are  known. 
The  Murd'nUUv  without  linu  are  the  ainipleHt  in  Htrncture,  but  tlieir  char- 
ui'terB  are  thoue  of  dojfradation,  and  they  are  farther  from  the  primitive 
Htdck  than  Huch  gonorii  ns  Murwna  or  Knchehjcore, 

(Mimniidip  HiKjiiKhiiilii ,  (J("NTllKii  (.'at.,  viii,  93-130;  order  Colnrephali,  Copr,  Trana.  Amor.  Phil. 

800.,  1870,  "Lin.) 

a.  Vortli-nt  fliiH  wull  (lt'v<'li)|H<il,  the  dnranl  iK'KiiininK  Ixtfore  tlio  voiit. 

h.  I'oHtoi'ior  luMtril  (111  nliloii);  Hlit  ;  anli^rior  in  n  Hliort  tiilio  ;  tcplli  all  pointed;  dofial 
ImKinninKnbovo  tlin  kHI  opoiiitiK  ;  ninino  tcotli  Htroni;  ;  tiiil  inodomto. 

KNriiRi.rconR,  187. 
bb.  PoNtorior  nontril  t'imilar,  with  ur  without  tiihn  ;  tail  miidorato,  not  twice  nfilunf(iui 
trunk  ;  liody  not  exeeHslvely  elonniitf. 
c.  Toetli  all,  or  nearly  all,  acute,  nonn  of  thoHn  In  tho  jawH  obtUHU  or  molar-like. 

(/.  Anterior  noRtrilH  without  tuhe ;   vomerine  teeth  In  many  nerieK  ;  li|iH  with  a 
Tree  fold.  Pythomciitmvh,  1H8. 

((({.  Anterior  noHtrllH  each  with  a  long  tube  ;  vomorino  teoth  In  onoortwoHeries; 
lipn  continuoUH  witli  Hkin  of  head. 
f.  PoHtorior  noHtrilH  without  tuhe,  tho  margin  HomotimeD  HllKhtiy  ralBod. 
/.   DorHal  fill  inserted  liohind  the  head,  over  or  huhind  the  gill  openinf(. 

Raiii'i.a,  189. 
jr.  Pornal  tin  inserted  on  tho  head,  conHiderably  before  glW  openini;. 

liVCOnONTIS,  1!H). 

«<■.  PoHterior  noRtrllH  aH  well  an  anterior  each  in  aconspicuouH  tube. 

MlTR.KNA,  191. 

ec.  Tooth  moBtly  ol  it  UHe,  molar-liko  ;   only  anterior  noRtrilH  tubular;   cleft  of  mouth 

rather  Hhort ;  dorxal  beginning  before  the  gill  opening.  Koiiidna,  192. 

Vortical  flna  rudimentary,  conflneil  to  the  end  of  the  tall  (often  appreciable  only  on  dit)f>ec- 

tion,  or  altogether  wanting) ;  teoth  rather  Hmall,  pointed,  Bubequal,  In  xeveral  Horiee; 

posterior  nostril  round,  with  a  short  tube,  or  none. 

!/.  Cleft  of  tho  mouth  short,  nothalflengthof  head  ;  snout  moderate,  about  half  tho  gape; 

tail  about  hh  long  as  trunk.  Uroptkrygii'r,  193, 

gg.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  long,  nearly  half  head  ;  Huout  very  short,  lesH  than  one-fourth  tho 

gape  ;  tail  very  short,  about  half  rest  of  body.  Cuannomur.I'INA,  194. 

187.  ENCHELYCORE,  Kaup. 

F.wheXijcnre.,  KAirp,  Apodes,  72,  1850,  {enrijrh'ma). 

Posterior  nostril  an  oblong  slit,  otherwise  essentially  as  in  Ltfcodoniis. 
One  species  known,     (tyxe'^vf,  eel ;  Kopr/,  girl ;  the  application  not  evident.) 

«»K.  KNfHKLYCORK  KIORICANS  (Bonnaterre). 

Snout  narroT?,  rather  produced,  2J  in  gape  ;  the  jaws  cannot  be  shut  in 
adult  examples.  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  bisorial,  the  inner  series  of  very  long 
and  slender  deprcssiblo  canines  ;  long  canines  not  movable  in  front  of  each 
Jaw  ;  lateral  teeth  of  lower  jaw  slender,  subequal,  sharp,  and  recurved; 
vomerine  teeth  small,  uniserial,  developed  posteriorly;  eye  moderate,  2 
in  Hiiout ;  gape  2  in  head  ;  dorsal  beginning  above  the  gill  opening ;  tail 
slightly  longer  than  rest  of  body  ;  head  3  to  3J  in  trunk.  Uniform  black 
or  (lark  brown,  sometimes  faintly  marbled  with  darker;  angle  of  mouth 
sliffhtly  darker ;  gill  opening  pale.  West  Indies,  rather  common,  (nigri- 
cans, blackish.) 

Mitnrna  uuieolormaxUUt  elotigatut  teretUinatlis,  it\feriore  longiore,  etc.,  Gronow,  Zoophy.,  1,  163, 
17i>3,  South  America. 


li 


I, 

i, 


i  I 


i  I 


( -■ 


I 


1  \ 


I!?    I 


w 


it 


■  '  '      i  i; 


i    'I     ' 


:il 


I      ! 


i«ii 


I& 


300 


Bui  If  tin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Miiriitm  nigririitm,  lioNNATrniir,  ICiicyi'l,  Motli,  Iclitli.,  !>4,  178N,  (aft«r  OnoNow), 
Miirii-HiniHijHinii,  OnoNiiw,  Catklogiio  KIkIii'h,  IM,  IhM,  South  Ain«ri:a. 
F.nrhiliii-oui  emyrhiMa,  KaI'P,  Apwlui,  7.'),  18A0,  no  locality, 

(Ijimtiiilliiiriix  Hij/riwri«/iiiici<<,  (!iirr.,  Trnni.  Amcr.  I'hil,  Hoc,  1870,  48:i,  St,  Martina. 
llfimniilhiirax  Hmbronua,  Por.Y,  Anil,  Lye.  Nut.  Illit.  N.  Y.,  1874,  (17,  Havana, 
hht'helticorf  iiiiirii-iiii',  OCntiieb,  Oat,,  viii,  VM,  1870  ;  JoBKAN  A  DAvm,  I  <•.,  MH. 

i88.  PYTHONICHTHYS,  Po«y. 

Pythftnichthyii,  Por.v,  Ropertorlo,  ii,  'Mf>,  I8t>7,  («rtMi/iiin««). 

Thia  geniia  is  ItaHod  on  u  Bii)({le  West  Indian  Hpecitm,  which  api>areiitly 
difl'erH  from  LifcodontiH  only  in  tho  ontiro  abuoncu  of  naaal  tuhuH,  'I'lio 
BpecioH  iH  deep  red  in  color,  and  inhahita  deeper  water  than  uanal  ainon^' 
tho  Morays.     (nvOuv,  a  largo  anake;  /v"»''f»  ilch.) 

eSO.  PYTHONICHTHYS  NANIHUNKIIN,  INxy, 
Body  terete,  alim ;  the  depth  contained  40  tinioH  in  total  length  ;  don. 
trila  in  a  line  between  eye  and  tip  of  anont,  about  aa  long  aa  eye ;  lipg 
full,  each  with  a  fold;  doraal  ooniniencing  a  iittlo  before  gill  opoiiin;;; 
teeth  in  Jawa  biaerial ;  thoao  of  upper  Jaw  amall  and  nuinerouN,  Hliaip. 
pointed  ;  outer  row  of  teeth  a  little  larger  and  leaa  nunicroua  than  iiiiin  ; 
inner  row  of  teeth  in  lower  jaw  granular;  teeth  on  vomer  pluriaorial 
small ;  eye  very  amall,  C}  in  snout,  12  in  gape;  gape  3  in  head  ;  bond  '2  in 
trunk;  tail  2'li  times  rest  of  body.  Color  uniform  blood-red.  (rocy.) 
Coast  of  Cuba,  in  rather  deep  water;  rare,     {sanguinnis,  blood  red.) 

PylhoiiicMliyii  luiiigHineiif,  P(ir.Y,  Rpportorlo,  ii,  206,  pl.  2, 11(1.  7,  1807,  Cuba;  .Tdriian  ADavis,  l.r. 

mi). 

Sliirieiui  Mugniuen,  OUntiikr,  Cat,,  vill,  12fi   ^^70, 

189.  RABULA,  Jordan  &  Davis. 

liahidn,  JonnAN  A  Davis,  Apodal  Flslics,  Kept.  II,  S,  FiKh  Oonim,,  viii,  1888,  (1802),  580,  (mpur- 

This  genus  differs  from  Lycodontia  only  in  the  posterior  insertion  of 
the  dorsal  flu,  which  begins  over  or  behind  tho  gill  opening.    The  livo 

known  species  have  so  little  in  common  that  the  value  of  the  character 

which  separates  them  from  Lycodontia  is  rather  uncertain.     (Hahnht,  a 

wrangler.) 

n.  Dorfuil  flu  ingcrtcd  fur  back,  ncan-r  v«nt  tlian  gill  openini;.     Park  lirown,  with  iliniiHo 
yollowiHJi  MpotH  uiul  iiiarliliii);)*.  Aqi'»nri.('is.  *;iii. 

aa.  Doi'Hiil  All  inscrtuJ  ovor  or  nliKlitly  lirliind  gill  opening. 

6.  Ti-otli   in  both  jawH  iinisoriiil ;  color  yt'llowish   brown,  with   dark   retirulnHoiiH  aiul 

ycdlow  BpotA.  MAllMiillKA,  I'.H. 

hi).  Tuetli  of  upper  jaw  unim'rial ;  tail  longer  than  roHt  of  body  ;  color  ])iirpliHh  Ihmwii, 
nearly  plain, 
c.  Jaws  with  rurvod  coinmiwinro,  and  lionco  not  caimblo  of  being  coinplcti'Iy  cliwcd; 
Homo  of  the  teeth  Horratc;  head  omall,  blnntiHh  ;  tail  a  little  longer  than  ri'st 

of  body.  I'ANA.MENSIS,  (',12. 

ee.  JawN  with  straigbtiHli  commiwiuro,  and  hence  capable  of  being  rinsed;  tail  Iwilf 
longer  than  rest  of  body.  lonoicaida,  MX 

«40.   KAHI7LA  Ai^IJ.E-DULCIS  (Cope). 

Dorsal  fin  inserted  far  back,  nearer  vent  than  gill  opening.  Kyo 
moderate,  over  middle  of  gape;  lower  teeth  uniserial,  with  canines  in 
front;  upper  teeth  biaerial,  the  outer  teeth  small;  vomer  with  strung 


Jordan  anif  Everfnann.  —  Fishes  of  North  Americtt. 


301 


<Miiin«'N  in  front,  thn  poHtorior  tenth  Hmall,  nniNorial;  poHtnrior  noHtril 
iii'iiriir  oyo  tliun  untorior  unu.  IiiHMrtion  of  (IuthuI  U  lonKtlm  of  the  head 
li-loro  vMtit,  nuioh  n»arur  v«nt  thiui  K'H  opuniug.  Tail  lon^t^r  than  rest 
of  l)o<l,v  by  tho  length  uf  the  Juw.  i{u»(l  3  in  trunk  ;  K<^pe  2il  in  head; 
t>vo  2  ill  Hiiotit.  Color  much  au  in  LycodontiH  ntunlax,  dark  brown  with 
iirpgiilur  (litrnHO  yellowinh  spotB  nmaller  than  «>yo,  wliiuh  run  together 
into  irrognlar  niarblingH;  gill  opening  HUiall,  alightly  dark ;  tins  nearly 
|ilain ;  belly  without  dark  orosH  linoH ;  teeth  ontiro.  Two  HpecinuMis 
I  iiown,  the  one  (No.  iUMS,  II.  S.  N.  M.),  Haid  to  bo  from  San  Diego,  tlie 
t\|iofrom  liio  (irande  in  CoHta  Kica.  It  in  probably  not  a  fruHh  water 
H|K>cieH.    (aqua-ilulctH,  of  the  freuh  water.) 

,i;  ..7iim  .ii/H/i'-i/ti/iM,  (!oi'K,  r.  S.  Qtiol.  Hurv.  MuiitHim,  etc.,  474,  1H71,  (1872),  Rio  Orande,  near 

San  Joi^,  Coata  Rica. 
li.imiiiilliorax  aquu-tMcin,  JoHHAN  A  Da  vim,  t.  r.,  A08. 

«41.  KARri.A  MAKNORKA  (ValonrionniK). 
llorHal  inserted  over  or  etlightly  behind  gill  opening.  Teeth  in  upper 
jiiAv  uniHorial;  (dorual  fin  in  figure  beginning  a  abort  diHtance  behind 
gill  oiKUiing).  Color  yellowiBh  brown  with  dark  roticulatiouH,  the  longi- 
tudinal branching  streaks  studded  with  oblong  yellow  spots;  spots  on 
1h  liv  large,  those  on  throat  confluent ;  dorsal  and  anal  yellowish  brown 
with  darker  clouds;  teeth  all  unisorial.  (Valenciennes.)  Ualapagog 
iHlands;  a  doubtful  species,  perhaps  based  on  Muraita  hnthji»OHaf  or 
Hiihula  aquiv-dulcis,     {marmoreus,  marbled.) 

Mnnnii'iiliin  mnnnnrem,  VAl.KNfiK.NNWi,  Voy.  V*!!!!!*,  Zniil.,  347,  1)1.  10,  flg.  1,  18.').'),  Qalapagoa. 
Cijiiuiolhiiriur  tnarmorev»,  .Iiikdan  it  Davis,  /.  c,  598. 

«42.  ItAKIILA  PANA.VKNSIH  (.Steindiuhnor). 
Tcoth  of  upper  jaw  biserial ;  jaws  capable  of  luring  completolj'  closed  ; 
Hotiio  of  the  teeth  serrate;  outer  teeth  of  jaws  thickish,  bent  abruptly 
liMckward  at  tip,  the  poHtorior  margin  below  diHtinctly  serrate  ;  lower  jaw 
strongly  l)ent  upward  towards  the  tip,  the  largest  teeth  on  the  bent 
iintiririr  part  of  the  jaws ;  teeth  of  tho  inner  row  above  long,  slender,  and 
niu\  able,  twice  as  large  as  tho  outer  teeth  ;  teeth  of  inner  row  of  lower  jaw 
slciidor  (all  loHt  in  specimen  examined) ;  vomerine  teeth  small,  nnisorial, 
Miiiit  (slender  and  sharp  accordingto  Steindachuer ) ;  head  small,  bluntish, 
7*  in  l)ody  ;  tail  a  little  longer  than  rest  of  body  ;  gape  2^  in  head  ;  eyeljt 
in  Nnont ;  dorsal  beginning  over  gill  opening.  Color  dark  bluish  black, 
luDwiiish  on  tail;  pores  on  jaws  whitish.  Pacific  Coast  of  Central 
AiiKU'ica  ;  a  snuill  sp(?cies,  not  common  ;  our  specimen  from  Panama. 

Miii.i nil pimnmtnuiii,  STKiNi)AciiNr.ii,  Iclitli.  Boit.,  v,  19,  1870,  Panama. 
Siilt'tii  iiiwameiiKis,  Jordan  &■  Gimieut,  Pror.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  02.3. 
Ciimiiiillitint.r  jmiiimieuii>,  .IoRl>AN  &  Davis,  I,  c,  508. 

64».  RABI^LA  L0N4JICAIIDA  (Peters). 

Tooth  of  upper  jaw  biserial ;  jaws  withstraightish  commissureand  hence 
comitletoly  closing  ;  teeth  all  entire.  Tail  about  half  longer  than  rest  of 
bndy  ;  dorsal  beginning  a  little  behind  gill  opening  ;  vomerine  teeth  sleu- 
dor  and  rather  long;  teeth  in  two  series  in  each  jaw;  thoae  of  the  inner 
series  largest  and  movable;   anterior  canines  enlarged;   outer  teeth  of 


li 


lit 


iitiili 


1 

;                   : 

j 

1 

J 

V 

l 

i 

\ 

• 

I 

L 

:i  t 


i  1 

1  ■ 


It 


1 

m 

11 

1; 

i    1:1  ^ik 

i 

.i 

i  ^ 

1^ 


i 


m 


mm 


|r:|  it' 


Ik 


sin 


302 


Bulletin   /7,  Unitfil  States  Nathmil  Afusfum. 


upper  Jaw  MiiiitiMh  nnit  tiiriietl  1>a«>kwiir(l  iin  in  ti.  ponnmemtln  \  NiH.ut 
■hort,  bliintiih  ;  eyo  l»rK«^ ;  hontl  2}  in  trunk,  Kii  in  totiil ;  k<U>»  nIhh, 
Color  piirplith  brown,  finely  niottU'd  with  darkur,  thu  niarkintrH  fiiinf, 
Tropioiil  Atlnntio  otV  tlie  Went  Indit^H;  two  amall  HpuoimenH  rooonliii, 
(lotKjuK,  lon^  ;  Cauda,  tail.) 

Mimniii  l,»hjifiw<lii,  I'KTr.Ri,  Ihtrllnor  MouMlobttrli'liti',  1870,  itdU,  Optn  Atlantic,  with  M;i/<o,/f. 

hrnwhui  imgxi/iirmiii, 
O^notkornx  limyitsuiiln,  Jordan  •(  I>AVlii,  (.  o.,  AOO. 

190.  LYCODONTIS,  McCh^lland. 

LyfO'lotilit,  MrCl.ltM.ANi),  Cnlmtta  Jimrii.*  Nut.  Mint.,  v,  Nn.  xviii,  IHI4,  173,  (lilrraln  -  HIr). 

Thiinmiliiliii,  Mi'('l.Rl.t.ANli,  (.  r,,  v,  Nii,  xvm,  1814,  174,  {trlUiilnlii       Uut'llnlii), 

Riilera,  Kwv,  Apinli'ii,  70,  pifttl,  (yi/i-i/Tr W). 

Kurfimyitera,  Kavi',  /.  c,  7-,  (iruiUlit), 

ViilyurnHKiUm,  Kaiit,  /,  <•.,  I((l,  (Mill      poUiMrann(\nn). 

Tiriiioiihif,  Kaci',  AhIo  IlniiilxirK  Mim,,  NitchtritK*'i  1",  IHAO,  (iffulphnli  — /unrhrii). 

Prioil<miii>hi»,  Kai'I',  AnIi'iiiiliiillcliK  Fiirlio  llaiiiliiirK  Miiitxuiii,  'i'i,  Inr)!),  {ncflhliif). 

Ntoinunnia,  (Jirahd,  If.  H,  M<'X.  lloiilul.  Hurv.,  Finliod,  7(1,  IH.M),  (iiii/rnoiaij/iiKifci  =octUntut). 

Pifiidiiimiiiiiia,  Jouhhiin,  Vror.  Zolll.  8<io,  Loiiilon,  Ihlio,  107,  {miiiUir«n>i$). 

nymuolhorojr,  UONTIirH,  Cut,,  vill,  1(I0,  1870,  {mfttiiijri;  otc). 

TluH  geniiH,  an  hern  unilorHtood,  coniprineH  the  ^reat  Imlk  of  the  }fiirfr- 
niihr,  inoludinK  nil  tliu  HjteoiuH  with  Hharptueth,  thehody  normally  fornit'd, 
tli«)  anterior  noHtrilH  only  tubular,  and  the  dorHal  <ln  bef;innih^  on  ilio 
head.  Priodonophia  with  Horrnted  toeth  ban  been  reco(rniz««d  an  a  diHt  iiict 
genus  by  HIeokor,  but  tho  character  in  question  disappears  by  dt^^rct'ti 
and  seonis  not  to  bo  suitable  for  generic  distinction.  Tho  Mornys  of  tliJH 
genus  are  everywhere  abundant  in  the  tropical  s^as,  whore  sonu*  of  llii<m 
reach  a  great  size.  They  are  the  most  activo  and  voracious  of  tlin  tcis, 
often  showing  much  pugnacity.  Most  of  them  live  in  shallow  watur  about 
rocks  or  reefs.    (Xi/coi;,  wolf;  Moi'f,  tooth.) 

Lycodontib  : 
a.  ToKtIi  nil  ontiro,  with  no  Horrations  anywhore,  nnd  nnno  of  tlioin  with  bnral  IoIior. 

(.  Dody  without  liliick  traiiHVurfo  Itaiuls,  or  vnry  liir^o,  irroguliirl.v  iilncotl  hliirlt  gpots. 
c.  Body  without  Riiiull,  round,  liluiwh  whitu  or  yidlow  npotH,  tho  ii|i(itf<,  il'iiiiy,  liliiikisli 
or  dull  grityish  ;  dunal  without  diatiuct  pulur  margin,  orwitliniiTuIytlii'  v<'ry 
I'dgii  whitiHli. 
d.  DorHal  with  n  digtinct  tdack  margin  ;  anal  with  a  palo  odgo  ;  troth  uniMrlikl. 
e.  Color  lionrly  plain  brown,  hni'ly  frttckird  ;  13  tucth  on  8ldi!  of  lnwcr  jaw ; 
tall  equal  to  head  and  trunk.  vr'iiiii.m,  c.ll. 

ee.  Color  brownigh,  flnoly  mottled  with  darkor  brown;  '22  tcoth  on  nidc^df 
lowor  jaw  ;  tail  longer  than  head  and  trunk.  viciNCs,  t'A\ 

dd.  Dorsal  without  distinct,  darker  margin,  itH  border  o<dorod  nearly  or  (|iilti'  lllto 
rest  of  fin. 
/.  Body  and  tail  covered  with  cloBP-Rot  dark  pointu  ;  tail  longiT  tlinn  rc-t  of 

body.  VIRKHCKNS,  lilt',. 

*  There  io  in  Aliicrica  only  one  cnuipk'tc  Hi;t  of  the  Calcutta  .lournnl  of  Natural  IliHtory,  ami 
that  is  in  the  Library  of  the  Acadt'iny  of  Natural  Kcionccg  of  Philadflphiu.  In  Vol.  v  of  lliis 
Journal  is  found  Mct.'ltdland'H  pajw'r  uiwn  tho  A|>odal  Fishi's  of  Ilongnl,  in  which  hovithI  ihw 
gonuric  and  Bpeciflc  naniPH  are  projioHod.  Wo  aro  indebted  to  Mr.  Witnier  8tone,  of  tin-  I'hilii- 
aelpliia  Academy,  for  kindly  transcribing  |)ortionH  of  that  paper  for  <i8. 

According  to  Mr.  Stone  the  namo  Lijvodoulis  occuth  on  i>ago  17;i,  of  Vol.  v,  and  tlircc  spo  ics 
aro  assigned  to  It,  vi/:  lifenita  {-=  tile,  p.  112,  Vol.  viii,  of  Giinther's  Catalogue),  pmnlnUi  (  tih\ 
ibid.  Gflnther),  and  hmgicuudata  {  =  laOteU,  p.  126,  Qilnther). 

The  name  TImrodonlU  o<:i'urH,  with  diagnosis,  on  ]iage  174,  one  page  later  than  LiimdimlU,  iiiiil 
but  one  8|)eciog,  retinihda  (  -  lemeUala,  p.  106,  OUntber).  Of  these  two  names,  Lijcudanlis  iiiu.-it 
take  precudooco  of  Ihurodontii. 


hi 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishfs  of  North  Amirica. 


393 


/,  Kody  And  tail  not  rovAred  with  rtoto-wl  lUrk  polnli. 

g,  Culur  iillviiriiDiiM  iir  liriiwiilsli,  wllli  r()ii«|iii'iiiiiii  iii«rkltiga,  niitrtilltiffi 

or  Hpotit  ilurkt>r  tlmii  tliii  Kroiiiul  rnlur  ;  hally  willi'xit  (Itntlnrt 

traiiitvorNii  llnon,  niiirkxil   llko  the  iMirk  and  iidua ;  tall  illgbtly 

liinKxr  lliun  root  of  btniy. 

A.  Dnrk  tiiiirklni;"  foriiilnK  narrow  rotlrtilutloni,  noTor  rniindfd  •|i<ita; 

tlii'KK  rollcnlnliiiiiM  dntk    lllito  In   color,  rovrrliiK   ''U'k  and 

■Idi'*,  M>nia  of  thum  oncluahiK  irrngiiinr  iiolyRonit. 

i-oi.viioNirii,  MT. 

hh.  Dark  ninrklnK"lii  tlioforni  orroiintlcdiipotii,  niornorli'Mrontlni-ut, 

Noiniilhni'H  olmnirinK  tlio  |iali>  Krotind  color.       muhimia,  IIIH, 

0^,  (!olor  diirk    lirowii,  ditrk   Ki'''<'n,   or   liln>'kiNli,  oithor  plain  or  mIiIi 

fiilnl  niitrklnK». 

i.  Dolly  with  black,  wavy,  tmniivi>nH>  Unci ;  nodnrk  linnaalonKdomal 

fln.  MOHIIAX,  tViU. 

ii.  Dclly  without  Mark  trannvuriio  linen;  dormil  and  anni  with  dark 
lonKltiidiniil  HlrcakH  ;    body  nearly  plain  dark  olivo  Itrown, 

ri'NI'.HHIH,  K*\. 

ggg.  Color  brownish  black  with  Irregular  palo  Rrayinh  opota  of  varioua 
hIxkh  ;  margin  of  aniil  not  pale  ;  cloft  uf  moutli  Ionm  than  lialf  head. 

HANCT.K-liri.RN.V,  Ml. 

re.  Body  witli  diRtinct  iiniall  wpota,  bliip,  wbitn,  nr  yellow. 

,;'.  Duraiil  and  ainti  without  <liitinct  colored  margin  ;  pale  iipotHnioHtiyRinailer  than 
eye. 
k.  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  uniiierial, 

/.  Vunieriiie  teeth  uniNerial;  H|HitH  Irrogular,  few,  and  Kcattered  ;  doraal 

rolore<l  likoback.  novii,  Wt'i, 

11,  Vomorine  teeth  biitDrinl ;  entirn  body  covrred  with  Htimll  blue  dotH; 

ibirNil  with  vertical  bluiHh  Mtreakfi.  i'iiNNi>KHHrH,  (Ut. 

kk.  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  bluiu'lal ;  body  with  Hmall  yellow  apotn. 

m.  Vomerine  tui'th  uniiterial,  nioHtly  fimall  and  rounded  ;  color   nearly 

uniform  from  head  to  tail ;  HpotH  iununierable,        Mii.iAniM,  •i/i4, 

mm.  Vomerine  teeth  liiHurial,  mnull  and  rounded  ;  color  darl<  brown,  witli 

yellow  pointH  excpsHively  numerouH.  glaiioiiatch,  ftriH. 

jj.  Doraal  witli  ulilackiHh  border,  interrupted  with  white;  anal  with  wbitn  mark- 

iugH  ;  biNly  witli  cioHe-aet,  irregular  pate  opotfl.  oii8<'1'HATII8,  <>/iil. 

hb.  Body  with  about  20  black,  tranaverRe  ringH,  about  three  timog  tho  brniidtli  of  the 

interxpaccN  ;  tail  u  little  longer  tlian  rest  of  body.  ciilevantrm,  667. 

I'ltiiinnNopifiA,  (trptui',  xaw  ;  n£ovf,  tooth  ;  6<f>is,  Hnako): 

nil.  Teetli  Nerrato,  more  or  lew). 

H.  f'olor  brown,  with  irrogular  light  yollowiBh  Hpots  irregularly  placed  ;  dorHal  witli  large, 
dark  Hpots  on  itH  edge,  thuHe  Hometinies  obfuilete,  iiHiially  running  together  to  form 
a  roiitinuouH  dark  band  ;  anal  blaok-odgcd  ;  teeth  largo,  uniserial,  the  larger  omoh 
aerratu  ;  mouth  nearly  closing.  ociLLATUti,  (i5H, 

Subgenus  LYCODONTIS. 
644.  liYCODONTIN  VEKRILLI  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Toeth  all  entire.  Color  nearly  plain  brown,  finely  freckled;  teeth  tini- 
serial,  aboat  13  on  side  of  lower  Jaw  ;  vomerino  toeth  small,  in  a  short 
row  posteriorly  ;  eye  near  angle  of  month,  3  in  anont;  head  3^  in  trunk ; 
tail  about  equal  to  head  and  trunk ;  color  light  chestnut  brown,  finely 
frockled,  but  without  distinct  spots;  dorsal  with  a  conspicuous  edge  of 
blackish,  the  margin  narrowly  white;  anal  edged  with  white.  Panama; 
Olio  specimen  known,  in  the  museum  of  Yale  University.  (Named  for 
Prof.  Addison  E.  Verrill,  of  Yale  University,  a  well-known  naturalist.) 


I 


)  1 


'11 


:^ii 


394 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


,1 


:   i 


I 


:;^i. 


'^  w 


Bidera  verri//t,  Jobdan  *  QiiDEnT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1882,  023,  Panama.    (Coll.  Erof.  Bra.l- 

i«y.) 

Gymnothdrax  verriUi,  Jobpan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  fi99. 

M».  LTC'ODONTIS  VH'INUS  (CaKtolnau). 

Teeth  all  entire,  xiniserial;  lower  jaw  with  about  22  teeth  on  each  sido; 
canines  well  developed ;  gill  apenings  narrower  than  the  eye ;  eye  lari,'(!, 
2  iii  Hnont,  which  is  long,  narrow  and  pointed;  month  capable  of  Iiciriir 
completely  closed;  cleft  of  mouth  2  to  2j^  in  head;  head  long,  about  Imlf 
length  of  trunk  ;  tail  longer  than  rest  of  body  by  about  J  length  of  bead. 
Hrown  everywhere,  finely  mottled  with  darkar  brown  or  purplish  ;  anj;lo 
of  mouth  duHky;  dorsal  with  a  dusky  edge,  the  fin  marked  with  dark 
streaks  as  in  L.  funeiris',  anal  edged  with  whitish;  black  spot  at  ii;ill 
opening  faint  or  obsolete.  Tropical  Atlantic,  Cuba  to  Africa  and  lira/il ; 
rather  scarce ;  our  specimen  from  Bahia.     {i'icinus,  near;  to  L.  morimja.) 

Murienophit  vkina,  CMTf.hVAV,  Auini.  Amor.  Six),  Foiss.,  81,  pi.  42,  flg.  4,  1856,  Bahia. 

Gymnothorax  ve.'fipuiirlatut,  PoEY,  ilnumcriitio,  156,  187.'>,  Cuba. 

Tkyrsoidea  mucnlipinniii,  Kaup,  Apndps,  80,  1856,  Gold  Coaat. 

Murienaricinn,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  121,  1870. 

Murirhamaculipinhu,  GI'ntiier,  Cat.,  viii,  124,1870. 

Gymnolhorax  vicinnn,  JnnnAN,  Proc.  U.  !S,  Nat.  Muh.,  1890,  .116  ;  Jobbam  A  Davis,  I.  c,  Cno. 

Tliyrmidea  cormura,  Kav  r,  Aalu  Huinb.  Mum.,  26, 1869. 

'rh]psoUlea margittala,  Kaup,  /.  c,  24. 

646.  LYCODONTIS  YIRESCENS  (Poey). 

Teeth  uniserial,  entire;  gill  opening  larger  than  eye;  tail  longer  than 
rest  cf  body ;  depth  of  body  ISJt  in  length ;  head  3  in  trunk ;  cleft  of 
mouth  not  quite  half  head.  Olivaceous;  head  and  tail  with  close-set  dark 
points  most  distinct  about  gill  opening;  snout  chestnut ;  dorsal  niottled 
with  gray  and  yellow,  without  distinct  darker  margin,  its  border  colored 
like  the  fin  ;  anal  with  a  yellow  border.  Cuba;  unknown  to  us.  (Pocy.) 
(mreacens.  greenish.) 

Gymnolhorax  virescen»,  Poey,  Enumoratio,  IftO,  187.'>,  Cuba  ;  .Jordan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  COO. 

647.  LYCODONTIS  POLYGOXIUS  (Poey). 

Teeth  uniserial,  stot^t,  and  strong,  not  close  set ;  eye  2^^  in  snout ;  cleft 
of  mouth  2 to  2J  in  head;  head  2^  in  trunk,  3^  in  tail,  the  tail  slightly 
longer  than  rest  of  body.  Dark  markings  forming  narrow  reticulations, 
never  rounded  spots;  body  and  tail  light  olive,  everywhere  covered  with 
reticulations  of  dark  lilac,  the  patches  of  gro,und  color  inclosed  by  the 
ultimate  reticulations,  mostly  smaller  than  pupil;  some  of  the  retieula- 
tions  more  conspicuous  and  inclosing  irregular  polygons  or  squares  eon- 
siderably  larger  than  eye;  the  lines  are  so  branched  that  these  markings 
are  not  easily  traceable ;  margin  of  anal  broadly  yellowish ;  a  trace  of  a 
pale  line  on  edge  of  dorsal.  Cuba;  two  specimens  known,  both  ex;;ni- 
ined  by  us.     {polygonius,  no'\i>yuviog,  with  polygons.) 

Gymnolhorax pohjgoniw,  T  'KY,  Ann.  X.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  08,  1870,  Havana;  Joupan  A-  Pavis, 

J.  c,  COO. 
Sideravidna,  Jobda.'S,  Proc.  L'.S   Nat.  Mua.,  1886,  34,  (not  MurKtiophit  vicitius,  C.  >.8TELNAu.) 


Toetl 

tiouth 
(eeth  ii 
ahout 
(lie  con 
liead ;  h 
trunk, 
less  conl 
eulation 
with  bro 
liiijiil  of 
color  apji 
of  light 
head  and 
in  a  large 
gin  of  an; 
spcoimenf 
common, 
pattern  of 
Indies.     (. 

Mmtnia  vtacul 

V.  'iijmnnthortu 

ilhiiiKiii  iiioriti 

<"'lt.,  VIII, 

''iimiiiillior<t.r  r- 
Mtit;, nil  moriuij 
Miin,  m  piincla 
Miireimphii  air 

Janeiro. 
Miiiniopliui  caru 

Bahia. 

<'il>iii,i,l)ioraie  ft( 

'•i/iinittllinrii.r  pi, 

Siihr^i  Miiriitijii,  , 

Oymuolhorax  moi 


Suoiit  shor 

and  nuich  eie 

Head  7  in  len 

•■'■"  thoeye;  p, 

of  I  lie  gape,  2 

in  head.    (JH] 

^^ith  two  seri 

recurvtd,  triai 

similar,  but  lai 


■"'■ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


395 


648.  LTCODONTIM  HOUIXOA  ^Cuvier). 
(Common  Spottkd  Mokay  ;  tlAMLET.) 

Teeth  uniserial,  irregular  in  size  in  the  Jaws,  those  in  the  front  of  the 
iionth  long,  slender  canines;  vomer  with  one  or  two  large,  depressiblo 
tci^th  in  front  and  usually  a  row  of  small  teeth  hcihind ;  eye  ratiier  large, 
about  2  in  snout  (2i  to  3  in  dark  specimens,  the  pigment  encroaching  on 
tli<>,  cornea,  so  that  the  eye  seems  notably  smaller);  cleft  of  mouth  2J  in 
licad ;  head  2  to  3  in  Irunk ;  tail  usually  a  little  longer  than  the  head  and 
trunk.  Dark  markings  in  the  form  of  rounded  spots,  which  are  wMnn  or 
loss  confluent,  sometimes  reducing  the  pale  ground  color  to  narrow  reti- 
culations on  a  surface  of  black  ;  ground  color  yellowish,  the  body  cover«'d 
Avitli  brown  or  black  spots  of  varying  size,  nev«5r  much  smaller  than  the 
pnjtil  of  the  eye,  and  sometimes  so  largely  confluent  as  to  make  the  ground 
color  appear  as  yellow  reticwlsitions  on  a  face  of  black;  relative  extent 
of  light  and  dark  markings  subject  to  very  great  variations  ;  spots  on 
head  and  snout  generally  smaller ;  each  pore  on  lower  Jaw  generally  placed 
in  ji  large  pale  spot;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  spotted  like  the  body;  mar- 
gin of  anal  fin  narrowly  yellowish,  this  marking  obliterated  in  dark 
8i>;oimens.  West  Indies,  Pensacola  to  Rio  Jiuieiro  and  St.  Helena;  very 
cominou,  and  very  variable  in  amount  of  dark  color.ation,  although  the 
pattern  of  markings  is  very  constant.  The  most  abundant  eel  in  the  West 
Indies.     (Moringa,  a  Portuguese  corruptiou  of  Moray  or  Mitrana.) 

Miirmia  maciilala  nigra,  (the  BlAck  Moray),  Catesht,  Nat.  Hist,  r.roliiia,  pi.  21, 17;i8,  Bahamas. 

V.  'hjvmithorax  lifer,  Bio(.ii,  Icli.,  jil.  417,  ni»'>,  Africa. 

iViiivniK  viorhigii,  Cuvier,  Uegne,  Animal,  eJ.  ii,  Vol.  it,  .'?r)2,  1H20,  (ivftiT  Catekhv)  ;  (iCntiieu, 

Cat.,  VIII,  120,  187C  ;  Goode,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  72,  1870. 
(liim>iolliorii.r  .-"''ra/Hd,  A(iA.s.<lz,  Spix,  I'iBC.  Bras,,  91,  pi.  .'50  a,  18150,  Brazil. 
Mur.i nit  moriuijKa,  IiK::AKD80N,  Voy.  Ercljus  ami  Terror,  Fishes,  8'>,  1844,  Jamaica. 
Mnr.nin  punctata,  GnoNow,  Catalogiio  Fishes,  18,  1854,  North  America. 
Miireiiophii  airviliiieala,   Castei.nai  ,    Auim.  Amdr.  Sud,   PoisB.,    81,   pi.  42,    litr.   2,   ^f^M,    Rio 

Janeiro, 
Mnii'iiopliin  caraimifa,  Castelnau,   Anim.  Nouv.  Rare.s,  Ame'ri(imi  ilii  Snd,  Hfi,  pi   4U,  flg.  1,  ISS."), 

Bahia. 
Cijutiiiiltiornj-  jliiionirijitiis,  PoEv,  Eii\imeratio,  1.58,1875,  Cuba. 
uiimnotliiiriix  pklmalm,  PoEY,  Anal.  Sor.  Esj).  Hist.  Nnt.,  2."i7,  18Wi,  Luba, 
Si'liTii  miirinija,  Johdan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1884,  111. 
(iyminilhoraxmoriugua,J\)lil}Ati  &T>A\lH,  I.  c,  (iOl. 

«40.  LKODOXTIS  MORn.\X  (AyrosV 
(CoNOEU  Eei.of  Oamkornia.) 

Suoiit  short,  narrow,  and  pointed.  Occipital  region  becoming  fleshy 
and  much  elevated  with  age.  Tail  forming  not  <iuite  half  the  total  length. 
Head  7  in  length,  2^  to  3,;^  in  trunk;  tube  of  anterior  nostril  half  as  long 
as  tlie  eye;  posterior  nostril  with  a  slight  border.  I^ye  above  the  middle 
of  I  he  gape,  2i  to  3i  in  snout,  which  is  6i  in  rest  of  head.  Gapo  2i  to  3i 
in  head.  Gill  opening  slightly  larger  than  eye.  Sides  of  the  upper  jaw 
with  two  series  of  teeth  posteriorly,  the  outer  series  of  small,  close-set, 
recurvul,  triangular  teeth,  which  are  immovable;  inner  teeth  abo'  t  5, 
similar,  but  larger,  depressible ;  a  groove  between  the  two  series;  in  trout 


s    I 


I 

■i: 


) 

,! 


I 


1 

I 


H 


I    >' 


rl 


I  mm 


39G 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


of  these,  continuons  with  the  outer  series,  are  3  fixed,  knife-8ha))C(l  tw  (h. 

then  a  movable  tooth,  then  3  fixed  teetli ;  on  the  middle  line  of  vom,  1  3 

depresHible  fangs,  the  posterior  the  largest  of  tlie  teeth  ;  in  the  lowei  j;nv 

a  single  series,  corresponding  to  the  outer  series  in  the  upper  Jaw,  tsiiine 

of  tlie  front  toetli  enlarged  and  fixed.     Dark  brown,  vaguely  reticnl;iii(l 

wi'h  narrow,  paler  niurkiugs  and  spots;  a  round  dark  blotch  abom  ;,riii 

opening;  lower  side  of  head  and  throat  with  about  15  dark  lengtliv.  isc 

streaks;  belly  with  similar  streaks  running  crosswise;  dark  line  on  ( adi 

side  of  l»aHf^  of  anal,  with  short  cross  branches.     Httaches  a  length  <if  live 

feet.     I'oint  Concopcion  to  ('erros  Island  ;  abundant  about  the  Saiitii  Bur- 

bara  islands,  icinarkablo  for  its  ferocity.    A  food  fish  of  some  iniiwitanco. 

(mordax,  px  "le  to  bite.) 

Hitvil'iiii  monh       lYREs,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Cul.,  1850,  :10.  Cerros  Island  ;  .Jordan  Sl  Gii  ifrt, 

Synopsis,  ,'ifi(i,  \)*h;\  ;  .hmvAfi,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat  Mu«i.,  }Sm,  .'lo. 
Siileni  m(ii(lii.r,  .Fordan  &  Gii.iir.nr,  Prnr.  U.S.  Naf.  Mus.,  188:!,  IW. 
(iytmidlhordx  mordax,  Jordan  &  ttww,  I.  <-.,  0'. 

•60.  l-yrODOXTIS  FI  \RnRlH  (Ranzftui). 

(Hr.ACK     MORAV  ,     MllBKNA    VEItllK.) 

Tail  a  litt'elongor  than  \w\\\\  and  trunk.  Teeth  uiilseiliil  In  the JiuvmIh 
the  adults  ;  teeth  on  von\m'  uniserial  (var.  f  crr/iKs),  or  biscrial  {J'liiii briny, 
long,  depressible  canines  on  front  of  vonuir;  eye  2  to  2i  In  Nnmit,  iilmvo 
middle  of  gape  ;  cleft  «>f  mouth  21  in  head  i  liniHl  2H»  tnink.  Color  iliiik 
olive  brown,  nearly  plain,  pahn  on  tliroat,  sometinuiS  witli  very  I'jiiiil 
darker  marblings  ;  dorsal  and  anal  tins  witli  dark  lines  running  loiigihuli 
nally  ;  belly  without  black  transverse  lines.  .laws  not  coniplclcly  cIom- 
ing.  Tropical  America,  on  both  coasts  ;  the  largest  of  our  eels,  reacliiiif,'ri 
oi'  6  feet  or  move  ;  extremely  ferocious  ;  common  from  Florida  KeystoHIo 
Janeiro,  and  from  Gulf  of  California  to  Panama.'  A  very  similar  spccios 
(prasinus)  regarded  by  Dr.  (iiinther  as  the  same,  occurs  in  the  East  IiidicH. 
(fumhris,  funereal,  from  its  dark  color.) 

Mm-inia  niiinduin  iwjrii    e)   viihlh,    (The   Mimiy),   OATEfiiiy,    Nnf.    ]\\Bt.    C.iroHna,    |il.    '..'O,    17.18, 

Bahamas. 
OymiwIlKiriixfitiiehriii,  Kanzani,  Nov.  Coinm.  Ar.  Sc.  Iimt.  Udmoii.,  Iv,  7fi,  isiii,  Brazil:  .Ji'IKian 

&  Davis,  /.  -■.,  (103. 
Murtinu  liiif<iiiii>iiiii,  IliriiARi>siiN,  Voy.  ErcliiiB  &  TtTror,  Fisli.,  89,  1844,  f*tjerto  Cabello. 
Tieniophis  irextphiili,  K.ti  i',  Aalc  IlainliiirK  Muk,  Niirhtriig.,  1,  1850. 
ThijnuiiiU'n  alfniiiiii,  Kaut,  Aalo  Ilaniliiirg  Mus.,  2'1,  IKAO. 
Mricriia  hi/enmlis,  PoKV,  Jleinorias,  il,  347,  .3.")4,  I8('i0,  Cuba. 
tli!ii»('i<lencimr„l,r,  Aiuiott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci,  IMiHa.,  Mil),  479,  Vera  Cruz. 
Mmtemi  erehim,  PoEV,  Mciiioria.s,  ii,  4iiO,  18(jli,  Cuba. 
diilem  rmttniea,  JnuvKS  &  (iil.iiKlii,  Proc.   ['.  S.  Nat.  ft^u<.,  1882,  (i47,  Mazatlan.     (Tyiic,  Nds. 

2824'i,  20,'-);i.'5,  mid  29.'i01.     Coil.  Oillmtl.J 
Mmiriiii  nfrit,  GI'NTHKn,  Cat.,  viii,  123,  1870,  (not  tiftlit  0|(ii:(|,  w|))cli  in  iiioro  like  iiioiihi/k). 
iliiiHiiii  iilmlmii,  ni'NTIIKM,  Cat.,  viii,  124,  1870. 
Sidem  fiinehria,  JlEAN  il  ll|lt:»<l;|,,  i'roc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mils.,  1884,  100. 


'lllcoitontiiv'Mlmiemnf  t|ie  pacific  isptullHiiif  /i|»<l()' I  fff/Wl  t'llritifmlh .filliehrit. 


Jordan  and  Everinann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


397 


«61.  LYCODUMIS  KAN<'TiE-IIKLKN.K  ((ilinthti). 


(left  of  month  lesa  tliau  half  of  heiul ;  teeth  of  jawH  irregularly  biserial; 
voiaorine  teeth  biserial ;  Hiioiit  rather  produced  and  narrow  ;  eye  situated 
alxive  the  middle  of  gape,  2\  in  snout ;  cleft  of  mouth  contained  2i  in 
luail;  head  2^  in  trunk  :  tail  longer  than  rest  of  body.  Brownish  black, 
with  nunieroub  rather  irregular  pale  grayish  spots,  the  largest  about  the 
si/o  of  the  eye,  the  smallest  mere  dots;  each  spot  again  marbled  with 
(laikor,  the  smaller  and  larger  spots  mixed  together.  (Uunther.)  Tropi- 
cal Atlantic,  recorded  from  St.  Helena  and  the  Bermudas. 

Mm :i nil  mm-tii-helemr,  GCntiiek,  Cat.,  viit,  ll.'i,  1870,  St.  Helena.    (Coll.  J.  C.  Mulliw);  Bean, 

I'rci'-.  U.  S.  Niit.  MiiH.,  1K80,  113. 
liijvmothutux  naiicUi-heleuu:,  Jordan  A  Davis,  /.  c,  t)02. 

652.  LYCODONTIS  DOVII  (GUnthor). 

(MOHENA    PiNTITA.) 

Toeth  all  uniserial,  those  on  lower  jaw  small,  compressed,  directed  back- 
Wiuds  ;  front  of  lower  jaw  with  several  canines  ;  upper  with  some  tixed 
canines  tmong  the  other  teeth  ;  head  2  to  2}  in  trunk  ;  cleft  of  mouth  2  to 
2i  ill  head;  tail  longer  than  body.  Hrownish  or  blackish,  with  small 
roil  III!  bluish  or  yellowish  Hjjots,  ocellated  or  not,  these  spots  scattered, 
lingular  in  position,  and  smaller  than  eye  ;  dorsal  colored  like  the  liack. 
Oiilf  of  fy'alifoniia  to  i,ho  Galapagos;  rather  scarce ;  variable.  (Named 
for  C!ft(»t((|)i  John  M.  Djw.) 

Jfiiiiim  ihirii,  GCntiieii,  Cnt.,  viii,  103, 1S70,  Panama.     (('(,11.  Capt,  Pow.) 

^fii   nfif  ji/ii/(/ii,  JiippAi^  i  (iitiiEpT,  proc.  U.S.  Kat.  Miis.,  1H81,  340,  Mazatlan,     (Tyi)e,  No, 

,m\.  mmm     ,    , 

Bi<l^nt  ((.ii'i'i,  JoktiiN  &,  atli'l.lti.  I'llll'    (I   S.  Nat.  MuB.,  1883,  209. 
UijmtK'iliiit'ix,  ifmii,  JuRUAM  A-  IIavik,  /.  c,  bili. 

668.  MCdIIONTIN  (  OXSPERSUS  (Pooy). 

Voriierltie  teeth  lilsorlal ;  tdiindible  with  about  17  teeth  on  each  side. 
FI(  ad  L'J  in  trunk  ;  tail  l>ut  little  longer  than  rest  of  body.  Entire  body 
tiu\i!tei\  wKli  Hlliiill  blue  dols  one-sixth  diameter  of  eye,  the  distance 
t;etwf'eii  thoin  brwng  e(|ual  to  diiwueter  of  cyo  :  frttnt  and  top  of  head 
witlioul  (IoIh;  dorsal  with  vertical  cross  sdeaks  of  bluish.  (l*oey.) 
C'liiiato  lUii  .lantifo.     IfionsjurnuH,  speckled.) 

iliiitindfiljlt  pjljjf^lifliff  PABTKtNAti,  Allirii.  Noiiv,  /(art'H  Anu'r.  ImkI,  82,  186.'>,  Rio  Jar>fifo  ;  (not 

tliimiiolliiiHU plllliliilils,  }ilOjU)- 
tlniiiwllimiiy  cmmtierwii,  PoEV,  ne()c/-^orlo,  \\,  259,  1868,  Cuba  ;  Jordan  ite  Davis,  /.  c,  <i04. 
SJiinnliiconnfiemi  (.lptjjj}f.fi,  piff.,  /o2, 1876. 

im.  j.ij'lJlUhUs  nniARis (Kaui>). 

Tooth  of  rippo^  Jaw  bJNorial.  Vomerine  teeth  uniserial,  mostly  small 
diid  rounded.  Teeth  biserial,  except  on  vomer  and  side  of  mandible; 
canines  small;  mouth  can  be  shut  complet.ly;  gill  opening  as  wide  as 
eye;  eye  2  in  snout;  cleft  of  mouth  2i  in  head;  head  2i  in  body;  tail 
ratlier  longer   than   rest  of  body.     Color  nearly  uniform  frcii  head  to 


•     ■ 

«       V 


...^.Mk,.J^,r.^<^.':'i.,i.i. 


i    ; 


'    I 


1 

• 

' 

i     ; 

t    : 

'1 

m\' 


398 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


tail;  brown  or  black,  entirely  covered  with  iunnnierablo  yellowiah  dotw, 
the  lurguHt  the  size  of  a  Hniall  pin  liead.  (Guuther.)  Weut  ludiuH. 
(miliaria,  in  thouHaudH,  referring  to  the  8i>otH.) 

Thrj/Boulea  viiliariH,  Kai'I',  Apoiles,  90,  IWifl,  Martinique. 

MuriiuamnhiocMuUi,  I'oET,  91«muriii8,  ii,  324,  1800,  Cuba;  bused  uii  Hpucimons  with  smiilU'r 

xpotH  than  uhuoI. 
Oyvinolhoriix  neripttiii,  PoKV,  RejMjrtorio,  ii,  201,  1808,  Cuba. 
Murtina  miliaris,  GCntiikk,  Cat.,  viii,  100,  1870. 
Gymtwihurax  viUiarU,  Jordan  3c  Datib,  I.  c,  004, 

eSA.  LYCODONTIK  ELAB0RATU8  (Poey). 

Vomerine  teeth  biserial,  Hniall,  and  bluntly  rounded.  Mouth  not  clon- 
ing completely;  teeth  of  upper  jaw  biscrial,  those  of  the  inner  serios 
larger ;  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  biserial  anteriorly ;  eye  over  middle,  of 
gape,  2i  in  snout ;  head  2;  in  trunk,  4i  in  tail,  which  is  a  little  longer 
than  rcHt  of  body ;  gill  opening  large.  Color  dark  brown,  faintly  mot- 
tled with  darker,  the  whole  body,  including  fins,  covered  with  points  of 
clear  yellow,  those  on  the  head  close-set  and  minute,  like  needle  poiiitw, 
but  as  large  as  a  pin  head  on  the  tail ;  (middle  of  body  with  intricate 
markings  of  yellow,  in  the  form  of  linear  dashes,  according  to  Poey; 
none  shown  on  our  specimen).  Cuba;  two  specimens  recorded,  {vlabora- 
tu8f  labored  over,  from  the  markings.) 

Muriina  dah„rtitu,  I'OEY,  Mcinorias,  II,  323,  1860,  Cuba  ;  Poev,  Repertorio,  il,  262, 1868. 
Gi/niiiothorujc  elahorcUut,  Jokuan  it  Davis,  I.  c,  605. 

«6«.  LYCODONTIS  OBSCL'RATUS  (Poey). 

Anterior  teeth  of  upper  jaw  long  and  sharp,  the  rest  small  and  in  one 
series ;  vomerine  teeth  in  one  row,  three  large  canines  in  front,  the  rest 
small;  teeth  on  lower  jaw  small,  with  two  longer  ones  on  each  side  in 
front;  head  2J  in  trunk;  cleft  of  mouth  2  in  head;  tail  a  head's  leufjth 
longer  than  the  rest  of  the  body.  Body  marbled  with  brown  on  a  green- 
ish ground,  dark  enough  to  almost  obscure  the  marblings,  which  are  eoin- 
posed  of  close-set  spots  as  large  as  the  pupil,  often  bordered  on  one  bide 
with  a  white  edging,  the  spots  sometimes  being  all  white;  dorsal  fins 
with  a  blackish  border,  sometimes  interrupted  with  white;  anal  all  black, 
with  a  whito  border.  (Poey.)  Cuba ;  not  seen  by  us.  (o6»cwratit»,  dark- 
ened.) 

Gymmithorax  ohncunUut,  Poey,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1870,  320,  Cuba  ;  Jordan  i  IJavis, 
/.  c,  605. 

667.  LYCODONTIS  CHLEVASTES  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Head  with  3^  rings  which  do  not  meet  below ;  tip  of  snout  in  one  rinj;, 
the  top  and  front  of  snout  on  median  line  pale.  Up[)er  teeth  biserial,  the 
rest  uniserial ;  dentary  with  about  14  teeth  on  each  side ;  eye  2  in  snout, 
midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  angle  of  mouth ;  head  2J  in  trunk ; 
head  and  trunk  a  little  shorter  than  iail ;  mouth  completely  closinf^. 
Color  pale  yellowish  brown,  with  about  20  blackish  rings,  which  are 
usually  three  times  the  breadth  of  the  interspaces ;  these  rings  broadtist 
above,  extending  over  the  fins;  tip  of  tail  black.  Galapagos  iHlands; 
one  specimen  known;  a  remarkably  handsome  species,  (^/.cuaor/yi,  a 
harlequin.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


399 


Mii/t/'<i  rlileviutet.  Juudan  A  Oiluriit,  I'roc.  IT.  S.  Mat.  Mu8.,  1883,  208,  Galapagos.     (Type,  Mo. 

•j():t85.     Cull.  Ciiiit.  Ilurendcuii.) 
dilDiiiotliorax  chlei'tute;  JuiiDAN  ic  Davis,  /.  c,  (!06. 

Subgenus  PRIODONOPHIS,  Kaup. 
658.  LTCOOONTIS  OCELLATUS  (Agasoiz). 

(Spdttki)  Moray.) 

T<>uth  all  uniseriul  in  jaws,  rather  large  and  strong,  the  posterior  edge 
of  ili«  larger  teeth  serrate,  like  the  teeth  of  a  shark;  vomer  with  few 
small  teeth  or  none;  jaws  nearly  or  «iuite  closing ;  head  2  to  2^  in  trunk, 
3k  to  ii  in  tail ;  eye  li  to  If  in  snout ;  cleft  of  mouth  21  to  3  in  the  head ; 
tail  a  little  longer  than  rest  of  b«)dy.  Color  brown  above,  lighter  below, 
^viil)  irregular  light  yellowish  spots,  variable  in  size  and  sometimes  so 
tlii<'l<ly  placed  that  the  ground  work  appears  as  brown  reticulations; 
dorsal  iin  with  large  dark  spots  on  the  edge,  the  spots  often  running 
tu<,'*'ther,  so  as  to  form  a  black  band  (or  sometimes  obsolete);  anal  fin 
witii  a  dark  edge. 

In  typical  specimens,  (var.  ocellatua),  the  spots  are  of  moderate  size, 
much  larger  than  pupil,  rounded  and  yellowish  in  color,  sube(i[ual  and 
not  so  wide  as  the  interspaces ;  cheeks  coarsely  spotted.  West  Indian 
Fauiiii.  Peusacola  to  Kio  Janeiro;  a  small  species,  rarely  exceeding  18 
iuclies  in  length ;  abundant  and  variable.     {ocillatziH,  with  eye-like  spots.) 

aijmwillionu  nreHiilim,  AuABSiz,  Spix,  rise.   Drasil,  91,  pi.  M)  li,  I8ii8,  Brazil  ;  Uoude  &  Bean, 

I'lof.  U.  S.  Nut  MiiB.,  1879,  344  ;  .Joudan  &  Davis,  /.  c,  GOO. 
l'riii,luit(>j>hi>i  iH'ellalm,  PoEV,  SynopBiB,  427,  18fi8. 
Mm. I, I, I  (litlliita,  GCnther,  vii,  102,  1870  ;  Jordan  &  Giliirut,  Synoiwis,  350,  1883. 

Hopresented  in  deeper  water  off  Cuba  and  the  Pensacola  Snapper  Banks 

668a.  LYCODUXTIS  OCELLATUS  SAXICOLA  (Jordan  &  Davis). 

Edge  of  dorsal  and  anal  with  confluent  black  blotches,  forming  a  dark 
maijiin  to  the  lin,  the  anal  chiedy  black.  Dark  ground  color  forming 
reticulations  around  roundish  and  jmlygonal  pale  spots  of  various  sizes, 
tlieso  larger  on  the  tail,  the  spots  everywhere  much  wider  than  the  inter- 
8i)ace8.  Otherwise  similar  to  the  typical  occllatu8.  (mxum,  rock ;  colo,  I 
inhabit.) 

Mtirniiii  meleafjri»,  QuoY  &  Oaimabp,  Voy.  Freycinet,  Zoiil.,  245,  pi.  .52,  fig,  2,  1824,  (not  of  Shaw). 

(liiuunthorax  oceUatng  ttixU'ola,  Jordan  A  Davis,  /.  c,  fJOU,  Snapper  Banks  off  Pensacola. 

Pno'liiiK'plii*  meleayri)!,  I'OEV,  Rt'i)ertorio,  ii,  2<i2,  18f>7. 

%lniiocethtt<i,  JonPAN,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  1882,  42. 

Miiraiifi  ocellata,  JoBDAN  &  GILBERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Kat.  Mus.,  1884,  2C0. 

Replaced  in  shallow,  sandy  bays  (Pensacola  Bay;  St.  Joseph  Island, 
Texas)  by 

658b.  LYCODONTIS  OCELLATUS  NIGROMAROINATUS  (Giranl). 

Spots  very  small,  stellate,  not  much  larger  than  pupil :  spots  whitish; 
cheeks  finely  spotted  like  the  rest  of  the  body;  body  si  inder,  a  dusky 
shade  along  sides ;  fins  chielly  black.  Otherwise  Similar  to  var.  oeellatm. 
(niytr,  black;  marginatus,  edged.) 


1 


i  i 


•I 


I!  .1'! 


"^7-" 


u 


](    1 


M  I 


mmm: 


im^^m^t 


400 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


StonmrHmini^romarijinala,  Qirard,  V.  S.  and  Muz.  lioiitul.  Siirv.,  70,  |>l.  41,  1860,  St,  Joseph 

Island,  Texas.     (Cull.  Wilnkiiianii). 
Sidera  HigrnmarijiiMlti,  Jorhan  &  Evkumank,  Troc.  IT.  S.  Nut.  Miin.,  I88ti,  473. 
Umtuithorax  uccvUiUwi  HUjromuryimUiiii.     .loiiiiAN  &  I>AVI8,  /.  c,  tMHi. 

191.  MURiENA  (Artedi)  LinuucM, 
(M0KAY8.) 

Murtena,  Artedi,  Gou.  PIhc.,  23,  17:i8,  (in  part ;  iucliiilvg  till  eels). 

Murienii,  K1.EIN,  Hist.  Nut.  I'inc.,  '2H,  1742,  (in  imrt ;  iucluiii-H  all  fciH  without  pectoral  Rnn) 

Murintii,  LlNN.Kl'H,  x,  213,  17r>8,  [htlena,  etc.,  includes  ull  cuIh). 

Mnriinii,  TllVNiiEiii)  &  Ahl,  Pe  Murii'uaet  Ophictho,  (i,  1789,  (roatrictoil  to  heleua,  etc.,  inclnrl...* 

spocicH  without  iwctorul  finti). 
Oymnotliortix,  Blocii,  Ichtliyologia,  I'OS,  Bloruys,  (riiiciilarul). 
MuruHH,  GCnther,  and  of  authoFH  K^ix'rull.v,  (not  of  IIi.rkker). 
Muricnojihin,  Lac£p£i>e,  IliHt.  Nut.  PoisH.,  v,  630,  1803,  {lieletia,  etc.). 
LinuiniHriina,  Kai'P,  ApodcB,  06,  lHM,{<juttata). 

This  genuB  as  now  restricted  contains  some  ten  species  found  in  tlio 
tropical  seas,  distinguiHlicd  from  Lycodonlin  and  from  the  rest  of  tlie 
family  by  the  presence  of  two  pairs  of  nasal  barbels.  The  name  J/uronrf, 
originally  applied  to  all  eels,  should  be  restricted  to  the  gi-ou]>  typiliud 
by  Murwna  heltna.  It  was  first  limited  by  Thunberg  &  Ahl,  in  17MH.  to 
the  eels  with  out  pectoral  fins,  those  with  such  fins  being  set  ull  :ih 
Ophichihua.     (Mlpnivn,  (Moray),  ancient  name  of  Mamma  hilena.) 

a,  Teutli  of  upper  juw  in  one  series  ;*  all  the  teeth  nniserial  iu  the  adult,  those  of  llm  upper 
jaw  sometimes  biserial  in  the  young.  ' 

6.  Moutli  rn])ahleof  hciuK  completely  closed. 

c.  Dudy  with  round  pale  spotH,  most  numerous  on  belly  and  tail,  the  ground  1  oliir 

dark  brown  ;  (;•"  openiiij;  black.  insulahtm.  i.")',). 

cc.  IJody  with  niuny  very  fine  yellow  spots,  the  ground  color  brown,  with  threr  iumh 

of  diffuse  yellow  blotclies.  arcis,  litiii. 

66.  Mouth  not  closing  completely,  the  jaws  curved  along  the  gape  ;  body  with  wi'll-dcfliii.|i 

reticulations,  inclosing  yellowish  spots;  gill  opening  black.        Retifeua,  iliil. 

aa.  Teeth  of  sides  of  upjier  juw  biserial,  those  of  the  inner  series  larger  and  farther  a|iurt ;  jaws 

capable  of  being  completely  closed. 

<i.  Body  scantily  spotted,  the  spots  ebscure  and  whitish  ;  gill  opening  largely  blncK. 

MKLANOTIS,  W}'>. 

dd.  Body  profusely  spotted,  the  tipots  light  yellow,  edged  with  brown  ;  gill  opening'  im-icly 
dusky.  LENTIUIN08A,  t)(:;j. 

669.  .UUK.KNA  INSULAKII!!!,  Jordan  k  Davis. 

Month  capable  of  being  completely  closed,  the  jaws  being  nearly  straight 
along  the  commissure.  Teeth  all  uniserial,  entire,  directed  backwards, 
most  of  them  movable ;  lower  teeth  12  on  each  side,  rather  remote  and 
comparatively  large;  no  larger  canines  in  front  of  upper  jaw;  teeth  of 
upper  jaw  subequal,  about  12  on  each  side,  those  in  front  smallest;  vomer- 
ine teeth  small,  uniserial,  directed  backward;  posterior  nasal  tubes  well 
developed,  nearly  aa  large  as  anterior;  dorsal  beginning  before  gill  open- 
ing; eye  over  mivldle  of  gape,  2i  \u  unont ;  snout  2  in  gape;  head  2\  in 
trunk ;  gape  2i  in  head ;  head  and  trunk  a  trifle  shorter  than  tail.  Colur 
very  dark  leather-brown  or  almost  black  ;  throat  marbled  with  paler:  a 


*  Character  not  verified  in  Mursena  argvu,  which  noay  belong  to  aa. 


T' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        401 

bl'tck  spot  around  gill  opening;  dorsal  mottled  with  grayish;  posterior 
p.'ii  t  oi  body  with  a  few  scattered  round  grayish  spots  about  as  large  as 
piijiil ;  these  irregular  in  size  and  position  and  rather  faint,  most  numerous 
ui"iiiid  vent  and  on  anal  fln  ;  sides  of  tail  nearly  or  quite  plain  ;  angle  of 
iiioiithdark.  Length  20  inches.  Galapagos  Islands;  one  specimen  known; 
rcM'inbling  the  European  Munxna  helcua,  but  less  mottled  and  more  dis- 
tinctly spotted,     {innulariim,  of  the  islands.) 

jV"M(|'1  i"8i'''<nim,  .JoKDAN  A  Davis,  Apodiil  Fishes,  009,  1892,  Chatham  Island.  (Typo,  No. 
Mm>.    Coll.  Dr.  W.  II.  Jones.) 

6«0.  iHlIK.KXA  XHUVH  (HtoiudBchnor). 

.lavro  capable  of  being  completely  closed.  Teeth  all  nniserial;  those 
of  upper  jaw  strong,  sharp-pointed,  recurved;  vomerine  teeth  much 
8iii;illor,  preceded  by  two  long  canines;  head  Ci  in  total  length;  oye  2i 
ill  rtiiout;  snout  5J  in  head.  Body  with  three  rows  of  diffuse  yellow 
blotches,  including  fine  spots.  Color  clear  brown  with  a  reddish  tinge; 
very  small  yellow  spots  covering  head,  body  and  fins,  mixed  here  and 
tlicio  with  larger  spots;  large  yellowish  blotches  arranged  in  three  rows 
aldiiji  the  body  ;  the  lower  row  fainter  than  upper.  (Steindachner.) 
AllKta,  west  coast  of  Mexico;  not  seen  by  us.  (Aryiia,  the  hundred-eyed, 
from  the  innumerable  spots.) 

Gijmiintlimiix  {Limamiirieiiii)  unjiii',  8tf.ini)Aciiner,  Ich.  NotizcD,  X,  17,  pi.  IV,  1870,  Altata. 
iViir.dia  argus,  JuBDAN  &  Davis,  /.  c,  610. 

mi.  .VUU.GNA  RETIFERA,  Ouodo  &  Bean. 

Vomerine  teeth  small,  sharp ;  teeth  all  uniserial,  large  and  strong  in 
till'.  Jaws  ;  those  in  front  not  enlarged;  head  2i  to  3  in  trunk;  tail  a  little 
longer  than  rest  of  body.  Jaws  curved  along  the  gape  so  that  they  can 
not  1)0  completel}'^  closed.  Body  covered  by  well-defined  reticulations, 
inclosing  light  yellowish  brown  spots,  which  posteriorly  are  arranged  in 
jjioiips  of  5  to  8;  gill  opening  largely  black,  within  a  conspicuous  dark 
blotch  ;  angle  of  mouth  with  a  dark  spot;  inside  of  mouth  with  yellow- 
IhIi  brown  spots.  Coast  of  South  Carolina,  in  rather  deep  water,  occa- 
sionally brought  to  the  Charleston  markets,     {retc,  net ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

Mni.iiiii  iiiif,r((,  (ioDDE  A:  IIkan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  435,  ofT  Charleston.  (Type  No. 
:u:!!i;f.  Coll.  0.  C.  Leslif.)  Jordan  &  Giluert,  Synopsis,  894, 1883 ;  Jobdan,  Cut.  Fish.  N- 
A.,  51, 1885  ;  JoBDAN  &  Davis,  /.  c,  CIO. 

««2.  MIIR.ENA  MELANOTIS  (Kaup). 

Cleft  of  mouth  2i  to  2k  in  head ;  head  2i  to  2^  in  trunk ;  tail  a  little 
loni^tfi-  than  rest  of  l)ody  ;  teeth  of  upper  jaw  anteriorly  in  two  rows,  the 
inner  teeth  larger  and  farther  apart;  canines  moderate.  Color  dark 
brown  with  many  small  obscure  whitish  spots,  these  sometimes  over 
Avltilf  body,  sometimes  confined  to  head  and  back  anteriorly  ;  belly  plain 
brown  ;  dark  spot  on  gill  opening  and  at  angle  of  mouth  always  conspic- 
uous; a  pale  spot  on  base  of  lower  jaw  before  the  dark  one.  Tropical 
Atlantic,  from  Africa  to  South  America,  its  range  in  the  West  Indies 
iiucertain,  from  confusion  Avith  other  species-  (MA«f,  black;  oig,  ear.) 
I.  j^.  A. 27 


; 


i 


I 


■  I    ^ 


,:>', 


a 


m  I 


',  At^^-^— .^•- 


402 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


LimamurinKi  im'Umtili',  Kai'p,  Aalu  Haiiili.  Miii.,  27,  |>l.  4,  flg.  :t,  IH.M). 

Mnrinui  mW.in.i/i»,  (JCntiikk,  Cut.,  V|II,!IK,  lH7ii;  .STUiNDArilNKH,  KIncIii-  Afiikiui,.'J.l,  1h«1  ;  J,,,,,,,,; 
A  iiti.MEKT,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miib.,  lS8i,  024;  Jordan  *  Qilueht,  MyimjtsU,  Itfif),  \hK\. 

Munrnn  melanuti»,  Juhdan  ic  Davih,  (.  c,  tUO. 

A«».  NIIKKNA  LKNTIOINONA,  Jonyim. 

(MnllKNA    I'lNTA.) 

Teeth  of  upper  Jaw  hiMerial,  the  inner  nerieH  of  <lepreHNil))u  cii. lines- 
teeth  on  lower  juw  und  vomer  iiniHeriul;  eye  2  to  'JJ  in- Hnout,  situatod 
over  the  middle  of  gape;  cleft  of  nututh  2i  to  3  in  head ;  head  2  to  '_' ;  in 
trunk.  JawH  capable  of  being  completely  cloued.  IJody  profanely  hp^t. 
ted;  angle  of  mouth  with  little  or  no  black  ;  gill  opening  ditHky;  gciHuiil 
color  brown,  the  body  with  light  yellow,  diutinctly  brown-edged  hpots 
which  are  about  aH  large  an  pupil,  uometimeH  larger;  towardH  the  end  of 
tail  the  dark  edgings  form  brown  Hpotn;  unout,  jaws,  and  belly  Mpotitd, 
as  altio  the  dorsal  and  anal ;  a  faint  dusky  bar  from  base  of  doiHul  tu 
behind  cleft  of  mouth;  spots  more  numerous  around  gill  opeiiln<rH. 
Pacific  Coast  of  America  from  Gulf  t>f  California  to  (jialapagos;  goner- 
ally  common,  varying  considerably  in  shade  of  color,  (laitiijiimmis^ 
freckled.) 

Muriiiia  ItiiliijinoM,  Jknvnk,  Voy.  Bnagle,  Zdcil.,  14;i,  1842,  Galapagos  Islands  ;  (iCniiiki;,  (iu., 

VIII,  !)!»,  1K70. 
Miinnia  piiita,  Johhan  *  Gilbert,  PriM-.  II.  S.  Nut.  Miih.,  18M,  aifi,  Mazatlan.     (T.vi' ,  Nu. 

282:)«.     CcpII.  (iilbert.)    Jordan  A  Giuieut.  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.,  1882,  371;  Jouuan  ,\  (in,. 

BEttT,  ibid,  381;  Joudan  &  Davis,  /.  <•.,  610. 

192.  ECHIDNA,  Forstor. 

Echiihin,  FipRHTEli,  Kncliiridioii,  31,  177^,  (rdnV./ii/n). 

Oyiiiiii>miir  run,  LAcf:rKI)E,  Hist.  Nut.  I'oiwi,,  v,  fi48,  1803,  {tluliula  ■:'  tiiuriiitniilu). 

GyimiopiU,  Rafinkkqi'k,  Anulyso  Nuturc,  1815,  '.13,  (iJo/ki/u). 

Itfeijailenit,  UakinesiM'E,  /.  o.,  93,  (noiVv/d/u). 

Moliirii,  Rkuiardkon,  Voyngo  Erebus  &  Terror,  7!»,  1844,  ((ijiliiii  =  ueliiil(iMi). 

Pli'ciliiphis,  Kaup,  A]iO(les,  98,  1850,  (i-udiiittnii). 

Gi/miiutiiHrami,  Kait,  ApodeH,  US,  1856,  (ii(n'c(/a/<i  =  we/'H/iwa). 

This  well-marked  genus  is  distinguished  from  the  other  Morays  by  iho 
blunt  teeth.  The  name  Echidna  was  suggested  for  this  group  oC  coIh 
long  before  its  application  by  Cuvier  to  a  genus  of  Australian  Mono- 
tremes.  There  are  some  12  or  15  species  of  Kcuidmi,  iiioat  of  tliem 
belonging  to  the  Western  Pacific.  This  genus  represents  the  liinhcst 
degree  of  specialization  among  the  Moiays,  as  Uroptcrnijius  repru.M'nt.s 
the  extreme  of  degradation,     {ixi^vu,  tw't'i  viper.) 

«.  Color  dark,  with  small,  round  ycllowisii  Hjiots ;  teitli  Hulieijuul,  bliintish,  b'sn  (>l>tii-<'  (Imn 
in  /■,'.  rahiKtIa,  mostly  uiiigcrial  ;  dorsal  high,  begiiiuint;  over  gill  oiiviiing;  hcinl  j',  in 
trunk;  tail  about  a  sno'it's  length  shorter  than  rest  of  body.  noctuiina,  lifil. 

aa.  Color  brownish,  marbled  and  barred  with  paler  ;  bead  3  to  3}^  in  trunk,  3J^  in  tail. 

CATENAT.\,  Cit'j,"). 

««4.  KCHIDNA  NOt'TIJBNA  (Cope). 

Teeth  suboqual,  bluntish,  less  obtuse  than  in  J<!.  catinata,  mostly  imiIho- 
rial;  dorsal  high,  beginning  over  gill  opening ;  head  short  a  t«l  blunt,  tlio 
small  eye  half  the  stiout ;  head  2|  in  trunk;  cleft  of  mouth  '3  in  litud; 


lyiUirii,  JoBDA^ 


i 


Jordan  and  Jivermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amerua. 


403 


tail  iiboiit  a  Bitoiit'H  length  Hhortur  tliuii  ruHtuf  hotly.  C'olur  iliirk  browu, 
^•iili  Hiiiull,  I'MUud,  yell«)w  upotH,  Hiiuillur  tliun  ixipil,  liku  pin  pointH,  Hcut- 
tcKMl  evenly  and  HpuiHely  ovtu'  tlio  body  ;  HpotH  with  l>luckiHh  imirKinH; 
louiT  juw  mottled.  I'ucitiu  coaut  of  Mexico,  the  two  known  HpecinienH 
from  Kio  Grande,  Cottta  Kica,  and  from  Cape  SSun  Lncau.  Cope  sayn  of 
his  Hpeuinieu  that  the  anal  lin  Ih  a  little  more  than  one-third  the  total 
li'n<4tl>i  which  Ih  not  trueof  the  one  here  deHuribed.     (novtuntuii,  uouturnal, 

l.l:l<k.) 

/>„ ;<^|;>/||llll«•'(NrllH^  Corr.,  U.S.  r:i'iil..Siii'v.  Miiiit.,  174,  IH7I  (IH7'.!),  Kio  Grande,  at  San  Jos«, 

Costa  Rica.     (<'i>ll.  I»i.  Vmi  I'litton.) 
£;,/,,.(iiiitit*c(uni(i,  JoHiiAN  A  Davis,  {.>'.,  612. 

««».  K('IIII»'A  CATKNATA  (niorhV 

Ilt>ad  3  to  Hi  in  trunk,  3^  in  tail ;  eye  Hnnill,  1^  to  2  in  Bnout;  cleft  of 
mouth  3  to  Hi^  in  head;  tail  a  trillo  longer  than  rcHt  of  body ;  teeth  of 
u|)|it<r  Jaw  more  or  Ichh  biuerial.  Color,  browniHh  black,  marbled  or  retic- 
iiliitud  with  light  yellow  or  white,  the  light  nuirkingu  HometimcH  forming 
nainiw  irregular  crtJHHbars;  under  the  jaw  and  on  the  belly  the  light  yel- 
low often  predoniinatcH,  inclosing  dark  HpotH.  West  IndicH,  I  roni  Hermuda 
to  HiU'inani;  aHinall  HpeuiuH,  generally  common;  our  HpeciiiieuH  from  Sau 
Lucia.     (catciKitim,  chained,  from  the  chain-like  crosH  bundn.) 

Hhii:r)ia  tfu  roHi/cr  fcni»i7i('»»i«,  .'^EiiA,  Tlicpaiirus,  ii,  7'.',  iil.  Hit,  finH.  4,  .1,  17:i8,  Brazil. 

(luiiiHolli<irii.rcaliiiiilii»,  Iti.iicii,  Aiinl.  Kisi'lie,  xit,  71,  |il.  11.'),  lij;.  1,  17U.'',  Coromandel;  iiii  iTror. 

Mtir:ni'n«>nliilii,  f'rviKK,  Iti'^'iio  Aiiimiil,  Kd.  1,  2.1:!,  1H17,  uflcr  Skua. 

Mm:iii"i>liiKr<itniiiln,  liArfpp.nr,,  v,  O'JX  and  (Ml,  ISOU,  nffiT  Hi.ocil,  Palmerston  Island. 

3l,ir:nii>i>hismiiliil'ilu,  LAcfl'f'DE,  V,  (ij<»,  jil.  'J'J^,  iHOIt. 

,1/11). Mill  n/fi«i«,  lii.EKKER,  Act.  Si)i\  Sc.  Iiid.  Nl'ctI.,  (i7,  IM.W. 

i.'i/ii./iiii  jhu'i'Hciipta,  ToKV,  llopertorii),  II,  2C4,  Cuba. 

r.ilwliiii  /ii'i'omaculiita,  I'dkv,  Reportiirio,  ii,  2r<.\,  isilH,  Cuba. 

Jliir^i  iia  idlenuld,  Gr.sTllKK,  Cat.,  viii,  lIKl,  \»^^) ;  GnoiiE,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus..  v.,  7;i,  lis7t) ;  Jou- 

HAN,  Troc.  IT.  S.  Not.  Mus.,  IHHli,  t;l7. 
Kthi'lii'i  catenala,  JuRUAN  &  Davih,  /.  c,  riI2. 

193.  UROPTERYGIUS,  Riippell. 

(lijnmoiiiurirna,  LAOfipftDK,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIrb.,  v,  018,  MO'i,  (dolialit  ;  nmnnorula).     (lieatrictud  flnft 

l^y  KaII',  in  185(i,  tn  itnliiiln,  wliicli  isiv  HpcM-ics  of  I'lhiilmi.) 
Idlitfjlii",  liESSDN,   Voyage  d«  la  Ciiiiuille,  11,  120,  1830,  ( punlberimia  ==  marmoralits  ;  not  of  FlTZ- 

ixiiER,  182'.>,  a  gemiH  of  reptiles). 
I'n.jiliiifjhis,  Itt'l'l'EM.,  Nelio  ^Virb(^ltlliel■e,  Fiwlie,  8:t,  18.18,  {ctmvolor). 

Mm iuiiMiunn.,  Kai'I',  Apodal  FiMlies,  97,  IMG,  (<ii/riim),  (not  of  LAcf  i-fiie,  IHOIt,  whifli  ia  MyxMf). 
(!!iMii"iiiiir:ni<i,  Ui.KKKKit,  (Ji'NiiiF.ii,  ete.,  (not  of  LAcfcpKDB,  as  restricted  by  Kadi*). 
A-nliiit,  Jordan  &  Evehmann,  iiuw  KubgeuuH,  {luctmus). 

Thin  geuuH  containH  several  species  of  small  Morays,  distinguished  by 
the  ap])arent  absence  of  finn.  The  teeth  are  small,  pointed,  and  subequal, 
and  the  cleft  of  mouth  of  moderate  size.  In  spite  of  its  simplicity  of 
structure,  it  is  not  by  any  means  a  primitive  type,  but  a  further  degener- 
ation from  the  form  of  Lycodoiitis  and  Mnrana.  Our  species  (with  U. 
tiiiriiiin)  difl'ers  from  the  type  of  UtoptcrifyiuH  in  having  only  the  anterior 
nostrils  tubular.  This  may  define  a  new  subgenus,  Scuticu  (ncutka,  a 
whi])).     (oi'/m,  tail ;  nrtpv^,  iiu.) 


4  . 

f   i 


:: ;! 


I  i 


1 


i 


\  i 


-iiki'-  -*■■ 


, 

1 

! 

i' 

1^ 

!•! 


I  J 


I  i 


« 


'  i 


I 


i 


404 


Bulletin  77,  Uniiei/  States  A^atiofuii  Afusenm. 


Subgenui  SCUTICA,  .Tonlnii  .(  KM'riimiin. 
•««.  IIKOrri:KV<lll'H  NKCTrurM  (Jorduu  a  Ollliort). 
Toetli  in  Juwh  luHoriul,  oiitur  tooth  hiiihII,  oIoho  top^thor;  iiinor  low 
OMiniutNed  of  lon^  <lo)>r«>HHibln  catiinoH,  not  cloH«-H«>f ,  vonioriin^  ftiutlt  niii. 
atu'iul;  ii  puro  Hituated  just  ubovo  tho  poHtorior  noNtiil ;  tail  lutliur  m  nttt 
with  a  vory  HJi^rJit  dorHal  fold,  nioro  conHpicuoiia  iu  old  HiuMtinienH,  jtN  tii) 
in  young  HpecinionH  wliittv,  caudal  tin  ohHoluto;  eye  2  to  2^  in  hihmiI; 
uh'l't  of  mouth  2^  to  21i  in  head;  hoacl  .S.^  in  trunk;  tail  ^  lon^ov  than 
rest  of  body.  Anterior  nostril  with  a  short  tub«;  posturior  witlmiK 
tube,  situated  directly  over  tho  oye.  IJody  dark  brown  ulmve;  below 
paler,  with  small,  dark  freckles  and  pale  spots;  under  side  of  lower  jaw 
light  colored  with  brown  and  whitish  blotches.  Length  12  inches.  <1  tlf 
of  California;  not  rare.     (vr/KTrii;,  swimmer;  n'rpi'i,  tail.) 

111)111111111111111  im  iicr/iirrt,  JoiiKAN  ic  GiMiKHT,  i'roo.   IT.  8.  Nut.  Muh.,  1882,  360,  Cape  San  LiKas. 

(Type,  No.  \rA\.l.     Ca>\\.  XniitiiM.) 
Miiruniibleiniii  m'clnra,  .loitOAN,  Cut.  FiHii.  N.  A.,&1,  lH8fi. 
l'i<>})UrygittinedurHi<,  Jiikdan  &  Davih,  I.  r.,  CtSVi, 

194.  CHANNOMURiCNA.  Richardson. 

Chn)i>ii>-!Hnrir)i(i,  llii'iiAiti>8c>.N,  Vi).v»go  KrcliUH  ami  Terror,  !t(i,  ln44,  (rilliiln). 

This  genus  is  near  Urojttcryi/iuH,  ditl'ering  chiolly  in  the  size  of  th(!  >,':iii»', 
the  cleft  of  tho  mouth  being  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  head:  tlio 
snout  is  very  short,  the  tail  also  abbreviated,  and  there  are  no  »'\  idiiit 
fins.     Species  few,  gaily  colored,     (^'ii^i"/,  from, j;«/>(j,  to  yawn  ;  MuraiKi.) 

e«7.  CHAXNO.nrR.t:NA  VITTATA  (niilmrdBon). 
Fins  wanting.  Lower  jaw  projecting;  teeth  slender,  subequal,  direcaod 
backward  ;  teeth  in  lower  jaw  in  two  series,  poinced  backwards,  the,  inner 
teeth  the  largest,  and  movable ;  teeth  in  upper  jaw  in  three  senoN,  tuo 
two  inner  series  larger  and  more  or  less  movable ;  vomerine  teetii  in  a 
baud,  thick-set  anteriorly,  posteriorly  biserial.  Eye  U  in  snout,  situ- 
ated in  the  anterior  third  of  gape;  snout  4^  iu  gape;  gape  2  in  hfiid; 
head  about  4  iu  trunk,  2J  in  tail.  Color  pale  yellowish  brown,  with 
about  15  irregular  broad  chocolate-colored  cross  bauds  varying  iu  widtli, 
sometimes  interrupted,  sometimes  bifurcated,  some  of  them  forming 
complete  rings,  the  pale  interspaces  usually  edged  with  ligutcr  yellow- 
ish.   Coast  of  Cuba  ;  rare,     (rif (»<»«,  striped.) 

Uaro,  I'AiiKA,  Itif.  Pi<-zaH,  Hist.  Nat.,  (iO,  pi.  30,  flg.  3,  178(1,  Havana. 

IMhijoiihii  rWitliix,  Uichakdson,  Voy.   Siilpli.,    Fish.,   114,    pi.   53,   figs.   7-!t,    1844,   locality 

uncertain  ;  Uicmardson,  Voyage  Grcli  ih  mid  Terror,  FiHheH,  9t),  1844. 
Chanuuiiiiinniaiiiheiiiiiit,  PoEV,  Keportorio,  n,  JfiO,  pi.  3,  fig.  0,  18(')7,  Cuba. 
Gymnomurwita  vittuta,  QCnther,  Cat.,  viii,  1.14,  1870. 

Order   R.  LYOMERI. 
(The  Gulpers.) 

Fishes  with  5  oi  6  branchial  arches,  far  behind  the  skull  and  none  modi- 
fied as  brauchic  jtegal  or  pharyngeal ;  an  imperfectly  ossified  craiiinin 
articulating  with  the  first  vertebra  by  a  basi-occipital  condyle  alone ;  only 
2  cephalic  arches,  both  freely  movable,  (1)  an  anterior  dentigorous  our— 
the  maxillary,  and  (2)  tho  suspensorial,  consisting  of  the  hyomandibular 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishfs  of  North  America. 


405 


mill  qiinilrato  ItounH ;  iiu  palatinu  boncN  nor  diNtiiict  poHtoiior  liuiiy  ul«)- 
n)i  iitN  to  tli*<  iriaiuliltlo  ;  an  iniporiVotHcaptiliir  aroli  runiote  from  tlio  Nkiill ; 
vtitrhra"  Hcparat<Oy  oHMifUul  l»iit  iniporfect.     (<till  aiul  Itydor. ) 

I  IliH    or(l«M'    COMHiHtH  of  Oel-HllUpOll    tlNltcH  foiind    ill   the    tl««)|»    HCUH.       It    id 

ii|i|>:ir(Mitly  a  <t««;rrailf«l  typo,  ))«>rhapri  an  ollklioot  tVoiii  Homtt  «tol-lik*)  form. 
It  is  cliaractflri/(Ml  Ity  a  general  loontuu'HH  of  Htructiiro  antl  lack  of  Hp«)oiali- 
zillion,  nniqiiH  anion;;  tint  true  liHlien.  '*  Tho  tirancliial  arclioN  aro  ruducod 
to  vory  Himplu  harn,  on  tliu  Hi<l(<  of  thu  (rHoplia^iiN,  and  liavo  no  cun- 
III I  lion  with  tliucraniiini ;  tlio  palato-pturysoid  aroli  iHontiroly  wanting; 
till' siiHpiniHoriiiiii  for  tlio  lowur  jaw  in  roinpoHod  of  only  two  piecoN,  the 
liyiiiiiandihiiiar  and  tho  ((iiadratu,  of  an  ulon^ato,  Hiiboylindrical  form 
ami  connocttid  with  tlio  Hkiill  hy  a  movahlu  joint  which  allowH  it  to  bn 
swiiiiK  in  all  directions." 

'liu'Mo  HhIirs  have  very  Hin^ular  pcdnncnlatod  appondagoH  in  place  of 
till' latoiiil  lino,  "The  ontiro  oi'jirani/.ation  ih  peculiar,  to  the  extent  of 
aiiiiiiiit!y,and  our  old  concept  ioiiH  of  the  characteriHtios  pf  a  fish  re(iuire 
to  ))<>  nioditietl  in  the  light  of  our  knowlod^^e  of  Hnch  Htrange  hoin^^H." 
((iill.)  Dr.  (»ill  is  diHpoN«>d  to  rej^ard  the  various  records  as  indicating; 
tlu>exiHt('nce  of  two  distinct  families,  Savcoplniryiifiidti^  and  h'tirffphari/nijidtv, 
eanli  represented  in  our  waters  hy  one  species.    ( A/'u,  to  loosen  ;  /iffxi^,  part.) 

Family  LIV.   SACCOPHAKYNGIDiE. 

iTiiK  UuLi'Kns.) 

Lflinncrl  with  the  hrandiio  anal  portion  much  longer  than  tlio  rostro- 
liriiiichial ;  the  tail  excessively  elongate  and  attenuated  ;  the  cranium 
unknown;  the  eyes  antero-lateral ;  the  maxillary  liones  moderately 
ext(Miil((d  backwards  (in  comparison  with  the  Eurypharyngidie),  and 
apparently  not  closable  against  each  other  ;  enlarged  teeth  in  one  or  lioth 
jaws  ;  the  dorsal  and  anal  tins  feebly  developed,  the  pectorals  small  but 
bioad.  iiody  eel-shapid,  the  bones  deficient  in  inorganic,  niiitter;  musclea 
t'i'cbly  developed,  except  those  connected  with  swailowin  j;.  Jaws  very 
clonj^Mto,  the  gape,  pharynx,  and  stomach  capable  of  groat  distension. 
Till'  trunk  moderate,  with  tho  vent  at  its  end;  snout  ^ol■y  short,  one 
noHtiil  on  each  side  in  front  of  the  very  small  eye  ;  maxillary  and  man- 
(lil)li'  slender,  armed  with  feeble  teeth  in  one  or  two  series;  roof  of  mouth 
tootlilcss.  Gill  openings  far  behind  cranium,  pl.aced  low;  gills  very 
short ,  and  small.  Tail  excessively  elongate,  band-shaped,  tapering  to  a 
point.  Dorsal  and  anal  low,  rudimentary.  Pectorals  present,  small  but 
broiul.  Deep  seas,  but  few  specimens  being  on  record.  These  have  been 
referii'd  to  three  species  and  two  genera,  but  the  assigned  distinctive 
clianu'tors  of  genera  and  species  are  all  doubtful. 

195.  SACCOPHARYNX,  Mitchill. 

Siici-nphmiin.r,  MiTCHiM,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1824,  82,  (no  specific  name  ;  tlie  typo  after- 

wiinlH  called  S.  jla(ielliim). 
Oiil,i,',i>i,ilhiis,  Hakwood,  PliiloB.  Trans.,  1827,  277,  {nmpnUarfiti). 

Supposed  characters  of  the  genus  indicated  above.  (/Tfi/cKOf,  sack; 
<l>ain'y;,  pharynx,  the  inflated  throat  resembling  the  sack  of  a  pelican.) 


!' 


i 


1 1 


1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


^ 


'^O 


{./ 


/.. 


1.0 


1.1 


l^|2^    |2.5 
■^  Bi    12.2 

ii 


18 


lli.25  1  1.4      1.6 
11^ —  II —    — 

i<         

6"     

► 

^^ 


^r 


o^ 


''^^ 


^^. 


%' 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


.i-U.i..,^-,^-. 


B— BBBBBB 


mmmmmmmmmm^Kmmm^mm' 


k, 


1^ 


''  '■     '  i  -       '\ 

I  I!        ' 


flit  : 

i 

! 

W\  P 


;  n 


II 


i 


}\ 


^iii 

It 

400 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


««S.  SACrOPHARTNX  AlHPULLACEUS  (Harwood). 

Both  jaws  armed  with  slender,  curved,  T/idely  set  teeth,  hiserial.  or 
their  points  in  one  irregular  series,  directed  inwards.  Lengtl:  of  Jnws 
from  \  to  j  that  of  body,  from  tip  of  snont  to  vent.  Dorsal  fin  com- 
niencing  a  long  way  heliind  head,  a  ^ort  distance  in  front  of  vent;  like 
the  anal,  it  may  or  may  not  reach  the  tail,  which  eads  in  an  extremely 
delicate  and  thin  filament.  Pectoral  fin  very  short,  hut  hroad,  and  with 
about  30  very  thin  rays.  Gill  opening  an  elongate  slit;  black,  with  a 
bluish  white  line  along  base  of  dorsal,  and  sometimes  of  anal  also.  Lon^'t  li 
of  largest  specimen  about  6  feet,  14-f58  inches,  the  tail  4  times  lenjjtli  if 
trunk.  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  deep  water.  Four  specimens  known,  tliii(>  of 
these  brought  to  the  surface  by  having  swallowed  a  fish  too  largo  for  the 
capacity  of  the  stomach.     (Giinther.)    (a»i_j)HZ7a,  a  llask.) 

Saecopliiiryux,  MiTCHiLi,,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  1824,  82,  Open  Atlantic. 

Ophioijmilhir  ainpiillncew,  IIarwooi),  Hiil.  Trans.,  1827,  52,  Atlantic. 

Saecnpharynx  Jlaijeniim,C,vvir.n,  Kegno  Anim.,  EJ.  2,  il,  355,1829,  Atlantic;  uftor  MiTriiii.i,) 
GI'NTiiKR,  Cat.,  VIII,  22,  1870;  Gt'NTiiF.n,  Deep-.Sca  Fisl.'-ss,  Challongor,  250,  1887,  .Ioiihav 
&  Oii.iiEnT,  SynopsiH,  3fi5,  1883  ;  Gli.i,  &  RvDEii,  Proc.  1'.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1883,  271. 

Surropharyiir  rhordatua,  Storer,  SynopBis,  Fishes  N.  A.,  237,  1840,  Open  Atlantic  ;  nflei 
MiTciiiir. 

Family  LV.  EURYPHARYNGIDyE. 

Lyomeri  with  the  branchio-anal  portion  much  shorter  than  the  roHtro- 
branch'al ;  the  tail  very  elongate  and  moderately  attenuated  backwards; 
head  ilat  above,  and  with  a  transverse  rostrp.1  margin,  at  the  outer  aiii;leH 
of  which  the  eyes  are  exposed ;  maxillaries  excessively  elongated  liaiik- 
wards,  parallel,  and  closing  against  each  other  as  far  as  the  articulalion 
of  tho  2  suspensorial  bones ;  with  minute  teeth  on  each  jaw  ;  doiNal  and 
anal  fins  well  developed  and  continued  nearly  to  the  end  of  tlio  tail; 
the  pectoral  tins  minute,  narrow.  (Gill  &  Ryder.)  Deep-sea  tJMlien; 
2  genera*  and  two  "species  known. 

196.  GASTROSTOMUS,  Gill  &  Ryder. 

Oailrniitomus,  Gii.i,  &  Uyder,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi,  1883,  271,  {hairtUi). 

Cranium  abbreviatetl  and  little  or  no  longer  than  broad,  the  dentiRcr- 
0U8  bones  almost  seven  times  as  long  as  the  cranium  ;  minute,  acute,  conic 
teeth,  depressed  inwards  in  a  very  narrow  band  on  the  jaws ;  no  eiilari,'t'd 
teeth  at  extremity  of  mandible ;  tail  with  an  eradiate  membrane  under 
its  terminal  portion.     (Gill  &  Ryder.)     (yaarr/p,  stomach  ;  cto/w,  nioutb.) 

y 

««9:  GASTROSTOMUS  BAIRDII,  Gill  A  Ryder. 

Jaws  with  minute,  acute,  conical  teeth,  depressed  inwards,  in  a  very 
narrow  band,  without  fangs  at  the  end  of  lower  jaw.  Length  of  Jaws 
more  than  half  body,  measured  from  snout  to  vent.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  to  tip  of  snout  than  to  front  of  anal ;  neither  dorsal  nor  anal  readi- 
ing  tip  of  tail ;  gill  openings  narrow.     Black,  with  no   whitish  streak 

*  The  supjmsod  j;enu8  an  I  spcrics,  Enrijpharynx  pdecaiiniilef,  Vnillunt,  (Comptos  l{ciiilii>.  l."''*2, 
1226)  from  deep  wati^r  off  i'^oroeco,  has  tho  jaws  about  half  length  of  body  to  vent,  both  j:iw8 
with  feeble  dental  gruuulati  >nB,  aud  the  lower  jaw  with  two  fangs  in  front. 


Jordan  and  Ei'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


407 


alonii  I'asc  "^  dorHal.  Length  18J  incIicN,  the  body  6^  inches.  Deep 
watt'i  otV  Newfoundland  banks,  1^89  to  1,4G7  fathoms;  alHo  taken  iu 
1 1,1  vis  Strait.     (Named  for  Spencer  Fnllerton  Buird.) 

{Ui4fn».Utn\whairilii,  C,\\.\.  !i  IIydkr,  Proc.  IJ.  S.  Nut.  Miis.,  vi,  18S:i,  271,  off  the  Grand  Banks 
of  Newfoundland.     (Typo,  Nos.  3:1294,  3329,"),  and  \SXim.     Coll.  Albatnvts.) 


■\ 


%        ! 


w  ■  S 


If!  I 


i  ■    "i 


Order  S.  ISOSPONDYLI. 

(The  Isospondylous  Fishes.) 

Soft-rayed  fishes  with  the  antoriov  vortebric  simple,  unmodified  and 
witlnmt  auditory  ossicles ;  symplectic  presor.t;  no  ihterclavicles ;  opei-- 
riilar  bones  distinct ;  pharyngeal  bones  simple  above  and  below,  the  lower 
not  falciform.  Mesocoracoid*  arch  always  well  developed,  as  in  the 
O.-titriopln/Hi  and  the  Ganoids,  forming  a  bridge  from  the  hypercoracoid 
t(i  tlio  hypocoracoid.  Bones  of  jaws  developed,  the  maxillary  broad, 
always  distinct  from  preraaxillary,  and  forming  part  of  margin  of  uppei 
jaw  ;  no  barbels.  Shoulder  girdle  well  developed  and  connected  with  the 
ciM'iium  by  a  bony  post-temporal.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Air 
liiailder,  if  present,  with  a  pneumatic  duct.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  with- 
out true  spines.  Ventral  fins  abdominal,  sometimes  wanting.  Scales 
usually  cycloid,  sometimes  ctenoid  ;  occasionally  wanting.  No  developed 
photophores.  Adipose  fin  present  or  absent.  A  large  group  comprising 
most  of  the  marine  «oft-rp,yed  fifihes,  excepting  those  found  iu  the  deep 
sea,  thaso  composing;  the  degenerate  group  called  Iniomi.  Some  of  the 
fonns,  as  Elopido',  Jlhalidiv,  etc.,  shov,-  analogies  with  the  Ganoid  allies  of 
till'  Cydoiiiinoidvo,  This  seems  to  indicate  the  probable  descent  of  the 
hoKpandjiH  from  a  Ganoid  stock,  "out  proba)>ly  not  from  the  same  part  of 
tlic  (Jaiioid  series  as  that  from  w  liich  the  Onfariophyai  have  sprung,  (tan^, 
pipial;  amh'iM.oi;,  vertebraj.) 

CiiiriinEA  : 
(I.  .\ili|iose  fin  none. 

)■.   Dorsal  fin  inserted  more  or  Ipsb  before  annl  (rarely  sliKlitly  behind  it);  shore  fishes  or 

river  fislies,  usually  silvery  in  coloratiun  iind  with  the  skelctiin  firm  ;  air  bladder 

well  dnveldljed. 

r.  r.ular  plate  present,  between  branches  of  lower  Jaw  ;  mouth  largo  ;  teeth  present, 

all  pointed  ;  axillary  scales  and  sheatLs  largo,  ELOPiD.fK,  LVl. 

fv.  Oular  plate  none. 

''    Lateri'.l  lino  well  developed. 

c.  Teeth  pn^sciit,  no  aceesHory  branchial  organ. 

/.  Mouth  HMiall,  hori/oMtal  ;  posterior  part  of  tongue  'ind  roof  of  month 

covered  with  eourse  paved  teeth.  Al.liri.lDJK,  LVII, 

//.  Mouth  large,  the  teeth  all  pointed,  some  of  them  canine,  none  paved 

or  molar  IIiohontid/K,  i.viii. 

ef.  Teeth  none;  an  accessory  bran  'hial  organ  behind  gill  cavity. 

ClIANID.I':,    MX. 

dd.  Lateral  line  wanting;  no  gular  plate. 

(/.  Mouth  small,   inferior,   toothless,   the    maxillary  simple  or  nearly  so; 
stomach  gi/.zard-Iike.  Dorobomim.T':,  lx. 

*  I'ncoraeoid  of  Cope;  "Spangenstiick "  of  Gegenbaur. 


'rv 


•i 

i 


t  il 


■ 


'    4 


^ 


i     r^ 


\h 


i 


.'  i 

f  .' 

^■ 

-■ , 

-  ■- 

I      ■: 

L       : 

i  ■    'i 

M 

ill 


1 1 

! 

! 


hi 


I  ! 


.i 


I  !: 


408 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


gy.  Mouth  iTK.deratc,  torininal,  the  maxillary  uf  about  tlirni*  ptecog  ;  ntoiuiirli 

not  Ri/ziinl-liki'.  Vhvvr.Jv.v,  i\i. 

ggg.  Month  nubiiifi-rior,  wry  largp,  below  a  ta|iorin(;,  jiiK-liko  siioiit;  iiiiixiU 

lary  vciy  loug.  ENiiii.Mi.iiUD.i:,  i.xii, 

(ifi.  Dorsal  On  iioNtcrior,  opponile  anal  ;   dceivnoa  flshrB,  of  loo8(    orguniy.atioii ;    ninstly 

blackish  in  color  ;  mouth  Hmall,  with  eiinall  ]ioiute<l  teoth  ;  air  bladder  wanting;. 

Alk.i'ocei'iiamd.i;,  iaiii. 
Salmonidf.a  : 
(III.  Adlpiisu  fin  well  di-volojmd  ;  ovidui'tH  none,  the  largo  ogfrs  usually  fulling  into  tlii^  cai  iiy 
of  tlic  alidoinon  iicfore  oxtniNion  ;  air  bliiddcr  well  dcvidopcd. 
Ii.  Stuinai  h  Kiplional,  notbaviiiK  the  t'oriii  ot  a  blind  nac  :  i:<'U>ric  co'ca  many  ;  brancliiny- 
tuKol'*  rathnr  numerouH. 

I.  i'ariutalH  separated  by  the  HUpraoccipital  ;  dorxal  tin  moderate,  the  simple  rays  in 

front  few  ill  number.  SAi.MoNin.r:,  i.\iv. 

II.  Parielals  in  c  ontact,  not  separated  by  a  supraocrlpitnl  ;  dort^al  fin  very  lonp;  ami 

blt;h,  the  simple  ray«  in  its  anterior  half  very  numerous.     TirvMAM.in.i:,  i,\v. 
hh    Stomach  ciecal,  of  the  form  of  a  blind  sac  ;  pyloric  co'ca  (generally  few. 

J.  Uranchiostegals  Ti  or  mora  ;  gill  mombraneg  separate,  AiniKNTiNin.i:,  i.wi. 

jj.  Dranchiostcgals  :i  or  4  ;  body  subturete  ;  mouth  suuill.  JMu'ito8ioMiu.i;,  i.wii. 

Family  LVI.  ELOPID^. 
(TiiKTAitroNS.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  comprof.sed,  covered  with  silvery,  cycloid 
scales;  head  naked.  Month  broad,  terminal,  the  lower  Jaw  promiiuMit. 
Premaxillaries  not  protractile,  short,  tlm  maxillaries  forming  the  latciai 
margins  of  the  up{)er  jaw  ;  maxillary  composed  of  abont  three  pieces, 
extending  backward  beyond  the  eye ;  an  elongate  bony  plate  between  the 
branches  of  the  lower  jaw  (analogous  to  the  gnlar  plate  in  Amia  *) ;  liaiuls 
of  villi  form  teeth  in  both  jaws  and  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoid.-*, 
tongtio,  and  base  of  skull;  no  large  teeth.  liye  large,  y»ith  an  adipose 
eyelid.  Opercular  bones  thin,  with  expanded  membranaceous  bordcr.s; 
a  scaly  occipitul  collar.  Gill  membranes  entirely  separate,  free  from  tliu 
isthmus.  Branchiostegals  numerous,  (2J)  to  3'>).  Gill  rakers  long  and 
slender.  Pseudobranchia^  present  or  absent.  Belly  not  keeled  nor  serrated, 
rather  broad  and  covered  with  ordinary  scales.  Lateral  line  prcNciit. 
Dorsal  fin  inserted  over  or  slightly  behind  ventrals ;  caudal  fin  forked;  no 
adipose  fin;  dorsal  and  anal  depressible  into  a  sheath  of  scales;  pectorals 
and  ventrals  each  with  a  long  accessory  scale.  Parietal  bones  meeting 
along  top  of  head.  Pyloric  cceca  numerous.  Genera  three,  species  about 
five,  forming  two  Avell-marked  subfamilies,  both  widely  distributed  in  tlio 
tropical  seas.  The  species  are  not  much  valued  as  food,  the  fiesh  lioiiig 
dry  and  bony.   {Cliiptidw,  group  Elopma,  Gunther,  Cat.,  vii,  469-471,  l><liS.) 

Meoai.opin.v.  : 
«.  Pseudobranchiir  none;  body  oblong,  covered  with  largo  scales;  anal  fin  larger  than  ilnr- 
sal ;  last  ray  of  dorsal  ]irodnced  in  a  long  filament. 
(1.  Dorsal  flu  inserted  notably  behind  iusortiou  of  ventrals.  Tahi'mn,  1'.(7. 

EiopiN/K  : 
(HI.  Pseudobranchia' largo ;  body  elongate,  covered  with  small  scales;  anal  fin  smaller  tlmn 
dorsal  ;  last  ray  of  dorsal  not  produced  in  a  filament.  Ki.ors,  \'.'^. 


*The  gular  plate  suggests  the  similar  structure  seen  in  Amia,  but  its  homology  is  not  provi'd. 
Although  the  Clupeiform  fishes  are  probably  descended  from  Ganoids  related  to  Amia,  there  iniiy 
be  no  closer  relation  between  Amia  and  Elopt  or  Megalops,  than  between  Amia  and  Clupm. 


Jordan  ati,i  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


409 


197.  TARPON,  Jordan  «fc  Evermann. 
(Grande  r.cAii.LK.) 

T.(ii"'ii,  .loHDAN  A  EvF.KMANN,  nnw  (^ciiiia,  (iillunliciiti). 

liody  oblong,  compressed,  covered  witli  very  large,  tliick,  silvery, 
cycloid  scalob;  belly  narrow,  but  not  cariuated,  its  edge  with  ordinary 
Bcales.  Mouth  largo,  obliciue,  the  lower  jaw  prominent;  maxillary 
Iddad,  extending  beyond  tiio  eye.  Villit'orm  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  pala- 
tiiicK,  tongue,  sphenoid,  and  pterygoid  bones.  Eye  very  large,  with  an 
atlitioHo  oyelid.  Lateral  line  iiearly  straight,  its  tubes  radiating  widely 
over  the  surface  of  the  scales.  Branchiostegals  23.  Pseudobranchiie 
winiting.  (jill  rak<^r8  lung  and  slender.  Dorsal  tin  short  and  high, 
in.scrtcd  behind  the  ventrals  (over  the  ventrals  in  Me(inlopii),  its  last  ray 
cl(>ii},'ate  and  filamentous  as  in  MvgaJops,  Doroxoma,  and  Opinthonima; 
anal  lin  much  longer  than  dorsal,  falcate,  its  last  ray  produced;  caudal 
widely  forked;  pectorals  and  ventrals  rather  long;  anal  wiih  a  sheath 
of  Hcalcs;  dorsal  naked;  caudal  more  or  loss  scaly;  a  collar  of  large 
scales  at  the  nape.  Vertebrn'  about  57  (28  +  29).  Size  very  large,  the 
largest  of  the  herring-like  fishes. 

Th'i  posterior  insertion  of  the  dorsal  fin  distinguishes  the  single  spe- 
cies <»f  Tarpon  from  the  East  Indian  Metjalopa  ci/priiioidtH,  a  fish  of  similar 
baliit,  in  which  the  dorsal  is  inserted  above  the  ventrals.  (Tarpon  or 
Tarpnm,  the  common  name  in  Florida,  probably  of  Indian  origin.) 

670^  TABPON  ATLANTICUS  (Cuvicr  A  V.ilonciemiiss). 
(Taiu'on;  Taiu'um;  Grande  /^;caii.!.e;  .?ii,ver-fi8h;  Sabai.o;  Savanim.a;  Savalle.) 
Hoad  4;  depth  3^.  D.  12;  A.  20;  lateral  line  42;  branchiostegals 
23.  Body  elongate,  compressed,  little  elevated.  Dorsal  filament  longer 
than  head.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  beyond  eye.  Uniform 
bright  silvery,  the  back  darker.  Length  6  feet.  Long  Island  to  Brazil ; 
conuiiou  on  our  southern  coasts,  but  probably  not  breeding  north  of 
Cuba;  noted  for  the  great  size  of  its  scales,  which  are  used  in  ornamen- 
tal work.  It  reaches  a  weight  of  30  to  110  pounds.  It  is  not  much 
valu<'d  for  food,  although  much  appreciated  by  anglers.  "An  immense 
and  active  fish,  preying  eagerlj'  on  schools  of  small  fry,  in  pursuit  of 
wliicli  it  ascends  fresh-water  rivers  quite  a  long  distance."  (Stearns.) 
It  iw  often  dangevous  to  seine  fishermen,  leaping  over  or  tl  .ough  the  nets 
with  great  force. 

Mijiilnfix  (Uhnticiif,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoiB.'.,  xiXj  398,  184fi,  Guadeloupe; 

San  Domingo;  Martinique;  Porto  Rico. 
iU ,,„/„;.<. /„„y„/„s,  OniAiii),  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18.')8,  224,  Long  Island. 
ih'ijiilf],^  thrisnoiilfs,  GUntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  472,  18f>8,  ami  of  iiioBt  authors;  but  tho  nanio  Clitpea 

Ihriiixniiies^  Di.ocii  &  Schneider,  belongs  to  tlie  Kast  ludiaii  Meyalups  cyprinoides;  Jordan  & 

tiiiiiEUT,  Syuop.sis,  262,  loSi. 

198.  ELOPS,  LinnsBUB. 

Wops  LiNN.TUis,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xil,  518, 1760,  (srtMnis). 
.1fm/i(o„„,,N.s;  LACfcl'ftDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  398,  1803,  (((HHa-caro/iW;. 

Trichniiotits,  Rafinesque,  Analyse  de  la  Nature,  1816,  88,  (anHa-caroUna) ;  substitute  for  Mugilo- 
moms,  considered  objectionable. 


'   .: 


11 !; 


•'■ 


i    ;  .- 

t 

■ 

i     .  I. 

1 

"  Jf^i 


f  : 


I 


I    ! 


Hi 

■      ! 

i  li 


"t     ! 


li 


(f 


rl  ;i 


i  I 

11 


■I 


-:     I 


1  ■    ' 


i,;                        ' 

1  Hiiliiii  . 

410 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Body  elongate,  covered  with  thin,  small,  silvery  scales.  DorHal  tin 
slightly  behind  ventrals,  its  last  rays  short,  the  iiu  depressible  intu  a 
sheath  of  scales;  anal  fin  smaller,  similarly  dopressible;  pectorai.s  ami 
ventrals  moderate,  each  with  a  long  accessory  scale.  Opercular  Ikuks 
thin,  with  expand'.Ml,  membrauaceons  borders;  a  scaly  occipital  collar. 
Lateral  line  straight,  its  tubes  simple.  Psondobranchiin  present.  Im;;,.. 
Vertobnu  43-f-  29—  72.  Large  fishes  of  tho  open  seas,  remarkable  for  \\\k\ 
development  of  scaly  slieaths.  The  young  aro  ribbon-shaped  and 
elongate,  jtassing  through  a  series  of  changes  like  those  seen  in  .lllmld. 
(t/oi/',  name  of  some  sea  fish;  a  swordfish  or  sturgeon;  from  f-Adin.i,  to 
drive  or  move.) 

«71.  KliOPS  SAURIES,  Liimii'Ui'. 
(Ten-pounder;  .IoiiN-MAnio(ii.F, ;  Hony-fisii  ;  TIid-eykh  IliatiuNo  ;    Mata.iuei.o  Keai,  ;  t'liino; 

Lisa  Fkanckha.) 

Head  4J  ;  depth  5  to  (5;  eye  large,  4  to  5.  D.  20;  A.  13;  V.  15 ;  1'..  .iO; 
scales  12-120-13.  Uular  plate  3  to  4  times  as  long  as  broad.  Leiii,'tli3 
feet.  Tropical  seas  ;  abundant  and  very  widely  distributed.  Conuiion  in 
America,  north  to  Carolina  and  the  Gulf  of  California;  straying  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast  to  Long  Island,     {aaurun,  naifyor,  lizard.) 

FJopmimrm,  LiSN.v.us,  S.vst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  518,  1700,  Carolina  j  OC.ntiikr,  Out.,  vii,  47(i,  I8fiS; 

.loiiDAN  ife  (ill.iiERT,  Syiioimis,  201,  IHSI!,  and  of  iiici.st  authort). 
Argentina  cariilma,  IiiNN.i-;i!s,  SjRt.  Nat.,  Ed.  xil,  519,  1706,  Carolina. 
Argenlina  macliiiatii,  FiiusiiAr.,  Descr.  Auini.,  08,  1775,  Djidda,  Arabia. 
Miiijilnuinriinaiiiia-i-iirdUnii,  LAcf:i'Ki)K,  Ilist.  Nut.  Poisa.,  v,  UKH,  lf<o;i,  South  Carolina. 
FAopeiiieniiiH,  MiTciiiM,,  Trans.  Lit.  and  PIill.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  IS  15,  44.'),  New  York. 
Eh)>iifnpt')i<iui,  Smith,  /.niil.  S.  Africa,  1845,  pi.  7,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
ElopH  jmriiurimoeiiii,  Kiciiakiisiin,  Iclitli.  (!hina,  .311,  1840,  China. 

Family  LVII.  ALBULID^E. 

(Thk  Lady-fishes.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  compressed,  covered  with  rather  small, 
brilliantly  silvery  scales;  head  naked.  Snout  conic,  subquadrangular, 
shaped  like  tho  snout  of  a  pig,  and  overlapping  the  small,  inferior,  hori- 
zontal mouth.  Maxillary  rather  strong,  short,  with  a  distinct  sujiple- 
mental  bone,  slipping  under  the  membranous  edge  of  the  very  bioail 
preorbital ;  premaxillaries  short,  not  protractile.  Lateral  margin  of 
upper  jaw  formed  by  the  maxillaries ;  both  Jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines 
with  bands  of  villiform  teeth ;  broad  patches  of  coarse,  blunt,  ))av(Ml 
teeth  on  the  tongue  behind  and  on  the  sphenoid  and  pterygoid  hoiit-s. 
Eye  large,  median  in  head,  with  a  bony  ridge  above  it,  and  almost  covered 
with  an  annular  adipose  eyelid.  Opercle  moderate,  firm  ;  preoperclc  with 
a  broad,  fiat,  membranaceous  edge,  which  extends  backward  ovtr  tho 
base  of  the  opercle.  Pseudobranchiiu  present.  Gill  rakers  short,  tultiicle- 
like.  Gill  membranes  entirely  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus;  braiichi- 
ostegals  about  14;  a  fold  of  skin  across  gill  membranes  anteriorly,  its 
posterior  free  edge  crenate;  no  gular  plate.  Lateral  line  present.  ISelly 
not  carinate,flattiHh,  covered  with  ordinary  scales.  Dorsal  fin  moderate, 
in  front  of  ventrals,  its  membranes  scaly  ;  no  adipose  fin ;  anal  very  Hinall ; 
caudal  widely  forked      Pyloric  coeca.  numerous.    Parietal  bones  meeting 


m 


Jordan  and  Rvertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        411 


alniifj  top  of  head.  Vertebne  bunierons,  42  +  ^'^  --  70.  A  sini^le  specios 
kiuiwn,  fouiul  .  .  all  warm  Hcas.  In  thi8,  and  probably  in  related  families, 
tli(>  yoiuig  paHH  tbrou^li  a  motamorpboHis,  analo^rouH  to  that  soen  in  the 
Conger  Eels.  They  are  for  a  time  elongate,  band-shaped,  with  very  small 
iH'itd  and  loose  transparent  tissues.  From  tins  condition  they  become 
^i.'idnally  shorter  and  more  compact,  shrinking  from  .3  or  3A  inches  in 
length  to  2  inclios.  According  to  Dr.  (Jilbert,  this  jtrocess,  like  that  seen 
ii  v.irions  eels,  is  a  normal  one,  through  which  all  individuals  pass.  In 
tli(«  tiulf  of  California,  where  these  fishes  abound,  these  band-shaped 
young  are  often  thrown  by  tlie  waves  on  the  beach  in  great  masses. 
{Cliipridw,  group  Alhiilino,  (iiinther,  Cat.,  vii,  4(58,  4(59,  IHGH.) 

199.  ALBULA  (Uronow)  liloch  «.Sr  Si  iineider. 
(^Lady-fishes.  ) 

roiinrhiniciiii,  NozEMAN,  Act.  Solcct,  III,  .182,  1757,  (iiontiinomial). 

Alhi(l<i,  CiioNow,  Zoiiiihyl.,  lO'^i,  1703,  (iiimbinomial). 

Allnilii,  lii.cicli  it  ScilNKlDEU,  Sj'st.  I(  litli.,  4'i2,  1801,  (cn»oi////n<'H«   -  vulpcs). 

Iliiliiriiim,  hxch-y.vr,,  Hist.  Nut.  Poii--  .  v,  4.'>,  1803,  (hniiinin—  intiws). 

tUnsfmlm,  (^rviF.R,  in  Agassiz,  Spix,  I'isc.  IJniH.,  48,  1829,  (fnr»l,iiU      viil),es). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.     (Latin  albitx,  white.) 

«72.  ALBULA  VrH'KS  (Linnicus). 
(LAnv-Fisii;  Bunf.-fikii;  Ma>'aiiI;  Sanduciia;  Banana-pisii.) 
Head .3};  depth  4.     D.  15;  A.  8;  scales  9-71-V.    Upper  lobe  of  caudal 
tlio  longer.     A  broad  band  of  peculiar,  elongate,  membranaceous  scales 
along  middle  line  of  back;  accessory  ventral  scale  large.     Urilliautly 
Hilvery;  olivaceous  above ;  back  and  sides  with  faint  streaks  along  the 
rows  of  scales;    tins  plain;    axils  dusky.     Length   18  inches  to  3  feet. 
Tropical  seas,  on  sandy  coasts,  almost  universally  distributed  and  gen 
eially  abundant,  ranging  northward  on  onr  coasts  to  San  Diego  and  Long 
luland.     A  beautiful  and  active  fish,  in  most  places  little  valued  as  food, 
but  in  some  regions,  as  K&y  West,  highly  appreciated,     {rnlpvs,  fox.) 

I'lilHiKimt,  Maiicorave,  Hist.  I!ra.s.,  1G48,  Brazil. 

Viilprs  hahdiiieiisit,  [the   Ilo.SE-Kisii],  Catesby,   Nat.  Hi»t.  OaroIinaH,  otc,  pi.   ii,  Br.  1,   1737, 

Bahamas. 
Fmx  niljw/i,  Tj1nn«us,  Syst,  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  1758,  313,    Bahamas;  hasrd  on  flici  Uono-lisli,  Vulpet 

hulKimeiiKin,  of  (Jateshv. 
Atij'ulinaglossoilonta,  Fou.skIi,,  Dpscr.  Anim.,  08,  177r>,Djidda,  Arabia. 

Maciihi,  Pabra,  Dif.  Piozas  Cuba,  88,  pi.  3'>,  fig.  1, 1787,  Cuba;  ba-'iod  on  Viihnrmm  of  Mauc  .rave. 
SiiniiilinKmieHloHx,  Hi.ocH  &  ScilNEinEn,  Syst.  TclitU.,  398,  1801,  Asia. 
€111)11  It  hrasiUrmis,  Hloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichtb.,  427,  1801,  Brazil. 
AIMa  riiiwrynchuf,  Blomi  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Irhtli.,  432,  1801,  Antilles;  after  Gronow  and 

Pi.imier;  railed  Alhula  plumieri  on  plato  80. 
Amia  immaculdia,  Bl.ocn   &  Schneider,   Syst.    Idith.,   451,   1801,   Central   America;    aftflr 

Miinihi  of  Parra. 
r,ulyriuux  banana,  LAufti'EDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  46,  1803,  lie  de  France. 
ChifMi  nmcrncepfuda,  LACEPIiDE,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  420,  1803,  Martinique;  on  a  drawinp  V'y 

I'l-IMIER. 

Ghimxlns  fmskdU,  Agasbiz,  Spix,   Pise.   Bras.,  49,  1829,   Bahia;   i-alb-d    Kii</»nii/i»  jh'i-ipim  and 

Iji'jKinlut  hiihieHsis  on  tlio  jilates,  22  and  24. 
Albuhi  parrii;  Ciivier  &  Yalemciennes,  lIiBt.  Nat.  Puiss.,  XIX,  339,  1840,  Martinique;  Bahia; 

Rio  de  Janeiro. 


i^M: 


.  i! 


,x< 

1 

■;^ 

^^1 

'    '       f  '      ■     -■ 

urd 

-IE,;      ii 


!l 


I 


412 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Albuld  gnreemu,  CliviFR  *  Vai.knciennkb,  Hint.  Nat.  PolnR,  xix,  342,  IMO,  Oorea. 

Alhnhi  neiiiinhiiiini,  Cvvir.n  A  Valkntiennkh,  /.  <■.,  xix,  H.IO,  184(),  New  Guinea. 

Alhulii  Krmiiniilii,  ('iiviKii  A  A'a i.KNciF.NNKs,  I.  <•.,  XIX,  anl,  1810,  New  Guinea. 

Alhiln  eriilhriirlifiliiH,  (liiviKn  Si  V\i,KN(iKN!*KS,  /.  c.,'  XIX,  M'Jt,  pi.  Ml),  iM-Ki,  Friendly  Islnnda 

Alhiihi forntrri,  frviKii  k  Vai.k.ncifnnes,  /.  c,  xi\,  ;i.'>4,  1h4(;,  Tahiti. 

Alhihtrimiriild,  (iitoNow,  ('u».  FIslicM,  IHi),  IH.'i-J,  American  Ocean,  etc. 

AIIihIii  niiiiiililiililiKH,  (JI'NTIIKll,  Cut.,  VII,  4r)S,  IHOS. 
Alhiilii  nili>f$,  JuuiiAN  &  riii.iiKiiT,  .Hvn<i|MiH,  2riX,  lKK:t, 


I 


!    1 


1 


\   i 

(  ' 
i 


If 


^:i 


flii" 


[^Mill 

;    . 

1  :■  ,:    ^  n$ 

i 

;  '      ! 

1 

m^M^. 

Family  LVIIT.  HIODONTIDiE. 

(Thk  Moon-eyks.) 

Body  oblonj?,  imicli  compreHHed,  covered  with  inodorato-8i/ed,  lull- 
liantly  Kilvory,  cycloid  HcalcH.  Head  naked,  Hhort,  the  auout  blunt. 
Month  modulate,  ohliqne,  terminal,  the  Jawa  abont  eijiial.  Prema.viiiii- 
ries  not  protractile.  Maxillary  Hmall,  nlendor,  Avithout  evident  sHpiiie- 
nieutal  bone,  articulated  to  the  end  of  the  premaxillary,  and  forming  tlie 
lateral  margin  of  the  upper  Jaw.  Dentition  very  coniplete;  premaxilliuy 
and  dontary  bones  with  ainall,  wide-Het,  cardiform  teeth;  maxilltiii*>s 
with  feeble  teeth ;  a  row  of  strong  teeth  around  the  margin  of  the  tongim, 
the  anterior  canine  and  very  strong;  between  these  is  a  band  of  Hhoit, 
close-set  teeth ;  vomer  with  a  long,  double  series  of  close-set,  Niiiall 
teeth;  similar  series  on  the  palatines,  sphenoid  and  pterygoids;  hIiIos 
of  lower  jaw  fitting  within  the  upper,  so  that  the  dentaries  wlnit 
against  the  palatines.  Eye  very  large,  the  adipose  eyelid  not  iniicli 
developed.  Preorbital  very  narrow.  Nostrils  large,  those  of  each  Hide 
close  together,  separated  by  a  flap.  Gill  inembranes  not  connected,  I'n'v, 
from  the  isthmus,  a  fold  of  skin  covering  their  base.  No  gular  itliito. 
Branchiostegals  8  to  10.  Gill  rakers  f»nv,  short,  and  thick.  Psoiido- 
brancbiii^  obsolete.  Lateral  lino  distinct,  straight.  IJelly  not  serrated. 
Dorsal  fin  r.T.tLor  posterior ;  anal  elongate,  low ;  ventrals  well  devel- 
oped ;  caudal  strongly  forked ;  no  adipose  fin.  Stomach  horseslioe- 
sbaped,  without  blind  sac;  one  pyloric  co'cum.  Vertebrie  about  HO. 
Air  bladder  large.  No  oviducts,  the  eggs  falling  into  the  cavity  of  tlio 
abdomen  before  exclusion.  A  single  genus,  with  three  species,  inlialiit- 
iug  the  fresh  waters  of  North  America;  handsome  and  gamy  fisiies,  of 
little  value  as  food.     (Hyodontidiv,  Giinther,  Cat.,  vii,  375,  376,  1868.) 

200.  HIODON,  Le  Sueur. 
(Moon-eyes.) 

Hiodon,*  Lr.  .Snr.rR,  .Tonrn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  i,  1818,  334,  (lergims). 

GloHsodnu,*  Rakinesqi'f,,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.,ii,  September,  1818,  .'$54,  (liareiujoides). 

AmphiodoH,  Rakinksque,  .lourn.  tie  Plijsique,  421,  1810,  {alusoides). 

Clodaluit,  Rakinesqit.,  lehtli.  Oh.,  4H,  1820,  {vhtdahm      Irrijium). 

GloModon,  Heckei.,  Russeggors  ReiHon,  l,  IS.'JS,  1842,  {sniilhU  =  (do9oides). 

Elatltmistim,  Gili.  X-  .Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  C8,  1877,  {chrysopnis  ^-^  (xlosnideii). 

HyodoH,  corrected  orthography. 


*Itig  not  certain  which  of  these  two  names,  Hioilon  and  (Uostodon,  has  prooedenco  of  dali'. 
Kiodnn  18  in  v.ommon  use  and  was  accompanied  by  a  much  bettor  description  than  Katiiiesi{iie 
UBually  furnished.    We  therefore  retain  it. 


Jordan  -jnd  ETermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        41. 'I 


(inijoric  charactnH  iiicliulvd  nitovc.  {!(irt(yr/<;,  hyoid;  Moix,  tootli; 
••  liyoid  "  iH  tlio  bono  Hliapud  liko  the  lettur  T,  forming  tliu  base  of  the 

AMriiMPON  (oM"/")  '"'*'<  ;  o^ovt,  toutli) : 

II,  ISclly  ill  front  of  ventruU  I'ltrinutcil ;  doi'mil  with  !•  iIovi'!i>|i<mI  rnyH.  aloihoideh,  r>7M. 

Hi.'iKiN  ; 
.111.  lii'lly  in  (idnt  nf  vi-iitrnlH  not  rariiuUcil  ;  (lorniil  witli  11  or  VI  (luvelo|H'd  ra>». 

h.  Itclly  livhiml  vi'iitriil?*  I'liriimti'd  ;  oyt<  :i  In  lu'iiil.  tkuiiihun,  074. 

bh.  Uelly  uowhero  cariiiatod  ;  uyu  2'.j  in  lioiid.  hklenui'm,  <>7u. 

Subgenus  AMPHIODON,  lUDni'Hqiio. 

67:{yillUIM»  AI.OSOIIIKS  (Uiiliiugqnu). 
(La  f^i^KHciiK  ;  Naccavsh.) 

!Ie!i«l  IJ;  depth  i^A;  eye  ;^.}.  D.  !•;  A.  32;  scah-s  (>-r»(i-7.  Body  closely 
cniiiprossed,  becoming  deep  in  tlie  adult,  the  ventrul  edge  everywhere  cari- 
iiiitcd.  Maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  middle  of  eye.  Caudal  peduncle 
rather  stouter  than  in  //.  tcnjixHn,  antl  tbe  tin  not  ho  deeply  forked.  IJack 
less  arched  and  Hnunt  blunter  than  in  the  other  HpecicH,  the  month  larger 
ami  more  obli(|ue.  Pectorals  longer  and  ventrals  shorter  than  in  If.  ter- 
ijisiix.  liluiHh;  sides  silvery,  with  golden  luster.  Ohio  Kiver  and  north 
to  the  Saskatchewan;  common  northwestward.     (Alosti,  shad;  f/fW,  like.) 

Anii'hii'iliiii  iildniiidi'ii,  (iiiisprinti'il  a^viiiiJcs),  Raki.nk.sih'k,  Journ.  I'liys.,  I'liris,  I'Jl,  l«lit,  Ohio  R. 
llii,i<ln„(,miiliiiiiliiH,  Kai-'inksiM'f:,  lelitli.  Oh.,  42,  1S'.iO,  Ohio  Ri<  er  near  the  Falls. 
Uij'Khm  ilinjmims,  KiciiAitiiso.'  ,  Fiiuiiii  nor.-.\mfi.,  in,  2;{2,  IH.Ki,  Cumberland  House,  Sas- 
katchewan River  ;  Jokiian,  Hull.  l'.  S.  Nut.  Miih.,  x,  (i8,  1877. 
llijvdoH  alosoklet,  JoBDAN  &  OlLBERT,  SynopsiH,  -2,59,  1883. 

Subgenus    HIODON. 

674^HIOI>(>N  TKItdlSUS,  \.b  Stioiir. 
(Moon  Evk;  Toothed  IlEKUiNii.) 
Head  ik;  depth  3;  eye  3.  D.  12;  A.  21S;  scales  .5-.55-7.  Vertebra^  30  + 
31  -  61.  Body  oblong,  moderately  compressed.  Eye  large,  the  maxillary 
barely  reaching  its  middle.  Pectoral  fins  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  lat- 
ter just  short  of  vent.  Belly  behind  ventrals  somewhat  carinate,  bnt  not 
before  ventrals.  Color  brilliantly  silvery,  olive-shaded  above.  Length 
12  inches.  Great  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi  Valley;  north  to  Assiuiboine 
Kiver;  abundant  in  tbe  larger  streams.  One  of  our  handsomest  fishes, 
not  valued  as  food,  tbe  tlesh  being  dry  and  full  of  small  bones,  (tergiaiis, 
scoured  or  polished.) 

Iliiiiloii  lirgisiiK*  LeSiieuh,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.   Phila.,  i,  1818,  ati4,  Ohio  River. 
(Ihissinloii  iKirenijiiiilfs*  KAFiNEMtjliE,  Amor.  Mouth.  Majr.,  ii,  Scpti'iiiln'i-,  IHIS,  354,  Ohio  River. 
fii'.i.xHiJ.Mi  /i(/iTiirii»,  Rakinesqie,  /.  c,  1818,  H54,  Falls  of  Ohio  River. 

Ilh;I.,n  rlodahm,  Le  Sleuk,  Journ.  Ac.  Nut.  .Sii.  Philn.,  i,  181H,  367,  Ohio  River  at  Pittsburg. 
Iliji.,l,,)i  n'nmlis,  Rafinesque,  Icli.  (»li.,  42,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Ciijiiims  {Ahrami.i  f)  smilhii,  Richardson,  Fauna,  Kor.-Amer.,  ill,  110,  1836,  Richelieu   River. 
Iliji'lim  chiiiitahm,  CuviEU  &.  Valenciennes,  His.  Nat.  Poiss.,  mx,  :ii;i,  184r);  after  Le  Si'evk. 
Uiiwliiii  /f  iv/iNiis,  GOntheb,  Cat.,  vii,  375, 1808;  Jordan,  llul.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  08, 1877;  Jordan 
i  GiiiiERT,  SynopHiB,  259, 1883. 


*Wi' ill)  not  know  which  of  ihe  nearly  Hyuchronous  specilic  iianioB /ov/isiin  and  iKiieiujouUn  is 
I'litiili'il  til  precedence.  Terijism  is  in  common  use,  was  accomi)anii'd  liy  li  better  description  and 
is  II  lii'tter  niiniu. 


1[ 


!    I 


■ 

■ 

'irj 

1 

i 

j.: 

'■  -    :        ^    '■ 

[ 

1  j  ■     V: 

.  (      ;  :  i 

i 

iv:Al 

.      I  <■    i 
'         -!     *■ 


■'    J 


5      1' 

i   : 


M 

1 

r      !. 

:     >■ 

kk 

;  ■  i& 

i 

"I'T 


i; 


i\M  1 


lii 


] 

1 

j''          ^; 

1 

'r 
i' 

i 

!■ 

414 


Jhilli'tin  4J,  United  States  Natiomil  Afiisvum. 


'!■ 


i         < 


A7r>.  IIIOIM»X  MKI,K\(U>S,  Jonlm,  .V  ll.nii. 

Ileu«14i^;  <lu]>tli  I ;  oyu  2^.     ]).  12;  A.  27;    lat<n'iil  lino  fiU.     Hoily  iiioiit 

uUiiiKiitti  tliaii  ill  tiiti  otiivi'  NpocieH  of  IHikIuu,  littlo  (M)iii]U'eHNu«l,  not  inm  Ji 

eluviitcd,  th«   belly  iiowlioru  (uirinatti.     Kyo  very    Imno.     I'uctoriilN  imt 

ruucliin^  to  vuntiiih.     Colomtiuii  cltMir  Hilvery.     TunntmNoo,  CiiiiiImm  hind, 

uimI  Aluliainu  i-iv«UN,  H(!u.r<;it ;  lucordud  from  Nutthvillu,  C'liiittuiiuogii,  iiuil 

Montj^oniery.     (rr^/z/i//,  moon;  I'lij',  vyo.) 

Uyuilim  «.7.n(i/.«,  .Ikhiian  .t  IIk.a.n,  Hull.   I'.  S.   Nat.  Mum.,   x,  (17,  1H77,  Chattanooga,  Tcim. 
(Tyjio,  >'o.  lUHll);  .Iduha.n  \.  (Jii.iiKitr,  S.vuopMiH,  'jr.d,  l«8;t. 

Family  IA\.  (.MIANID.K. 

(TlIK    Mll.K    FlSIIKS.) 

IJody  ohiong,  comjiroHHod,  ^o-eiod  with  Hmall,  lirm,  udliorunt  Ncalcn, 
Lateral  line  diHtiiiut.  Abdomen  broad  and  llattiHli.  Snout  depieNNed; 
mouth  HUiall,  anterior,  the  lower  jaw  with  a  umall  MymphyHoul  tubenlc; 
no  teeth  ;  premaxillary  Joined  to  upper  anterior  edjje  of  maxillary,  Kyi. 
witl  an  adipose  eyelid.  (Jill  membraueH  broa<lly  united,  free  from  tliu 
iHthmuH.  HranchioHte^als  4  ;  pseudobranchiie  well  developed  ;  an  accoH- 
Hory  l>ranchial  or<;an  in  a  cavity  behind  the  j^ill  cavity.  DorMal  lin 
opposite  the  vcutralN ;  anal  lin  shorter  than  dorsal.  Mucous  inemlnanu 
of  u'sophagus  raised  into  a  spiral  fold;  intestine  with  many  convolu- 
tions. Coloration  silvery.  Vertebrn'  about  15.  Large  fishes  of  tiic 
warmer  parts  of  tiie  Pacific.  One  genus  and  three  species  known, 
{CUq>tida-,  group  Chanina,  (Jiinther,  Cat.,  vii,  173,  18G8.J 

201.  CHANOS,  Lacepcdo. 

ChiinoL,  LACfipftnn,  Hist.  Nut.  I'oiiw.,  v,  auS,  ISo:!,  (unihinis). 

LHtodcirii(\i\\\\)  UCiM'Ki,,  Nciiu  Wirhclthitu'K  .Vbvcsiuiii,  IH,  ISUS,  (iIkuioh). 

liychnlfjiiii,  (JiiAY,  Dicnciiliiirli'H  TiiivuIh  in  Now  /calitud,  ii,  "JlX,  ulmut  1SI2,  {siilmniiiiis). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,  (xuvoc,  uamo  iu  modurii 
Greek,  from  v'""'.")  tlie  open  mouth.) 

«7e.  CHANOS  CIIAN'OK  (ForKUul). 
(Mti-K-Kisii ;  Sahai.o;  Awa  ;  Ciiani;  An()e:>.) 

Head  iV,  depth  4.  I).  II,  12;  A.  II,  9;  scales  12-80-14.  Verttbni' 
19  4-20  =  45;  snout  3i;  eye^^;  maxillary  4Jt.  Pectoral  l;.;  ;  ventral  1|; 
caudal^  longer  than  head;  dorsal  IJ  in  head.  B.  4.  Aspect  of  a  laij;o 
Cyprinoid.  Body  elliptical,  moderately  compressed,  the  caudal  jiedniiclo 
slender.  Head  pointed,  rounded  above.  Eye  and  side  of  head  covckmI 
by  a  large  trausparent,  imi)erforate  adipose  eyelid.  Mouth  small,  teriiiiiial 
tootliless,  transverse,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  broad,  slipping 
under  the  adipose  preorbital,  without  supplemental  bone.  Opcrcle  trun- 
cate behind.  Pseudbrauchiai  very  large.  Gill  rakers  fine  and  liexiblo, 
very  close  set,  rather  long.  Bones  of  gill  rakers  llexible.  Gill  arches  all 
connected  by  membrane.  Lateral  line  well  developed.  Scales  firm, 
cycloid,  with  strongly  marked  longitudinal  striae  Scales  rather  laij;c, 
hard,  firm,  enamelled,  becoming  bony  when  dry,  used  by  the  Indians  lor 
ornamental  work.  Dorsal  inserted  somewhat  nearer  snout  than  base  of 
caudal,  before  ventrals,  its  iirst  ray  falcate,  its  last  produced  in  a  shoil. 


V  J  .t,  .it\-yj:^^.:i-^'^-ML*.j. 


yon/an  <///</  I'lvfrniann. — Fisfirs  of  North  America.         115 


tilMiiiciit,  longer  than  piiiiil ;  Imno  of  I'm  with  ti  hir;;u  Hculy  Hhoiitli ;  puo- 
toiiil  iiiul  vuiitnil  witli  Huiily  u\illiiry  upin!ii<lii^ts  uiial  Hiiiiilur  to  duiHul 
lull  iimch  Hiiiiillur;  jUictorulH  mid  vt^ntnilH  ruthor  Hiiiall ;  ciiiulal  very  luii){, 
I'liikutl  to  tho  )iuH«>,  itN  IoIm-h  Niih«M[nal,  Htiai^ht;  buHu  of  tin  witli  Hiiiall 
Miilc;  vontralH  Hoinuwhiit  falcatt^.  Color  frn^uuiHh  ultovo,  the  NitU'tt  hril- 
liiiilly  Hilvui'y,tinH  nioroor  Iuhh  (larkuntMl ;  inHi(ht  «)f  voiitralH  and  pmitoralH 
lil:ii  kinh.  Leii^tli  2  to  5  tout.  I'licil'u;  and  Indian  oceanrt,  on  Handy  shoroH, 
UDilii  to  tii»  Hawaiian  iHlandrt  and  t(»  tli'*  (inlf  of  C'alifornia,  whtMo  it  jh 
aliMiidant ;  a  foo<l  tiuh  of  Honiu  iuiitortanco  ;  ocoaHionally  unturin^  Htiuaniti. 

Mii'iil  ih'iiii»,  KuiihkXi.,  DcHcr.  Aiiiiii.,  71,  W!i,  Red  Sea  at  Djidda,   Arabia. 

Mn.iil nili(i"<ii'iii  (Vi<u»\t:ii)  Ht.dcii  X  .Si  iiNKiimit,  S.VNt.  Iilitli.,  IJl,  l^ol,  Pacific  Ocean. 

(7,  i,i..Miiii/iiiii«,  liAcf :"M>K.,  I|i>t.  Nut.  I'DiHH.,  \,  ll'.M'i,  Ihdlt,  Arabia. 

r,ii.,,iii<i  iifiliiMiiMiilii,  ('(TTiKii,  Itt'giio  Ai'.ini.,  KU.  'i,  ii,  27<i,  lH-i!),  Indie. 

/,,(,,«. im  ;.7/'"i"''"»,  Uknnkti',  I'roc.  Ciniiin.  /. S<ir.,  1h4,  l^ll'J,  Ccylorr. 

I'liitiriiiiiH  iii<iilnii.tiiiiliii>iii,  .iKitiMiN,  Aliiilr.  .lourii.  Lit.  Sc,  \v,  :t44,  Madras. 

I V.>ll^'^  iiiiiili>,  Isle  of  France,  ililiiri'iiinuf,  Madipolam,  innhdli^,  Vigazapatam,  (niiiilnlin, 

Jupun,  ami  iinnmelUt,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Ci  viku  .V  Vai.im'Ikn.'skm,  lliNt,  Nat.  I'uitHt,, 

\ix,  IM,  1W8,  lx4(;. 
(•/,.ni.i  iK'tiiiia,  Hi.KKKK.ii,  V'orli.  Il:if.  Gcii.,  XXIV,  11,  l.M,')'J,  East  Indies. 
( 7i.ii/.y«  «i/muiiii(«,  (jiC.MliEK,  Cat.,  VII,  47;t,  1S(J8. 

Family  LX.  DOKOSOMIDvK. 

(TlIK    Gl/./AKI»    SlIAKS.) 

liudyHlioit  and  doop,  strongly  conipresHud,  covoiod  with  thin,  docidiiotis, 
(•vcli)iil  HcalcM.  l^oily  conipiessed  to  an  edge,  which  it)  armed  with  bouy 
HciratureH.  Head  naked,  short,  rather  (small.  Mouth  amall,  inferior, 
(il)li(|iu),  overlapped  by  the  blunt  snout;  no  teeth  ;  ma.villary  narrow  and 
tilioi  t.  with  a  dingle  uupplemental  bono,  not  extending  to  opposite  middle 
of  eye.  and  forming  but  a  small  jiortion  of  lateral  margin  of  upper  jaw ; 
iiiaiidil>ie  short  and  deep,  its  rami  enlarged  at  base  ;  premaxillai-ies  not 
pioi Tactile.  Gill  rakers  slender,  exceedingly  numerous,  not  very  long, 
HJiiiiiar  on  all  the  arches.  Gill  membranes  not  united,  free  from  the 
isthmus;  branchiostegals  about  6;  pseudobranehiie  large.  An  adipose 
eyelid.  No  lateral  line.  Dorsal  tin  about  midway  of  the  body,  usually 
liL'lilnd  ventrals.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  moderate,  each  with  an  accessory 
Hcaio.  Anal  very  long  and  low  ;  caudal  forked.  No  adipose  hu.  Ver- 
ttOirir  lit.  Stomach  short,  muscular,  like  the  gizzard  of  a  fowl.  A  single 
jjemis  ill  our  waters ;  species  about  10.  Mud-eating  lishes  of  the  coasts 
anil  rivers  of  warm  regions,  of  little  value  as  food.  The  family  is  very 
close  to  the  CUquUUv,  the  distinguishing  characters  being  not  of  great 
importance.  {Clupvidw,  group  Chutoc>isina  (iliiuther,  Cat.,  vil,  4Ut)-411, 
18G8.) 

202.  DOROSOMA,  l{alines(iue. 

((tizzaud  Shad.) 

f)omsft»in,  R.VFINESQT'E,  Ichtll.  Oil.,  39,  1820,  {mttdhi.      cepvdiannm). 

i'hiit'i' ssm,  CrviKii,  Ki'gno  Aniiiial,  Ed.  2,  Vol.  ii,  32lt,  182i»;  in  part,  (includos  Opisllicniemn,  etc.). 

Cliiiti'''s»ii.t,  CuviEK  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisn.,  xxi,  94,  1848,  (cepeditmus). 

Characters  of  the  family,  with  the  addition  that  the  last  ray  of  the 
doiHal  is  prolonged  and  filiform  as  in  Opisthomma,  Metjalops,  and  Tarpon- 


•    ! 


U 


m 


•  I 

:     t 


1 


ii- 


11 


■■    ■ 


,  ■^■., - . !■  .-JL-i-'.-.-Si-A.iix^iii'i- ^■^-t 


f^M     !  I 


1 1 


Ml 


i  !l 


II! 


V 

i  i 


1.. !  S 

I! 


I  I 


'Hi 


410 


Kullelin  47t  Ihnted  States  National  A/umum. 


a  ohurautt'ir  wliioli  80]iar»tvH  Porimomn  from  ihu  AniiitU'-  ffKunn  .tuudDiiloii' 
Utma.    (ft'''/>i',  laiiott ;  nf.iiiu,  body  ;  in  alliiNioii  to  form  of  body  in  Hid  yoiin^.) 

II.  Atittl  r»yn  ;ii)  Id  :i.'»;  Iowit  Juw  Inrlinletl.  i'Ipriuani  >i,  i;77. 
an.  Aiml  iii.vh  20  tii'jr>;  Jumh  iiuIh'iiuiiI. 

fi.   Ddi'Mil  Dii  liiNi'i'lfil  jiiNt  linliliiil  VHiitriilN;  1)  HciitM  lichinil  vpiitnlH.  mrxk^anim,  i.Tn. 

6(>.  I>i>rriHl  III)  iriMtirtoil  JiiHt  liKfurn  vi>iitriilH;  I'J  hiuIi'm  IkiIiIiiiI  vuntrulH.  |'KTEnknh»:,  b;:t. 

<I77.  IMMtOSOMA  CKI'KinAM  M  (ho  »iieiir). 
(Gr/.KAUi)  HiiAii;  IIii'K(iry  Shah.) 

Heart  4^  ;  rtepth  2i  ;  py«>  4A.  D.  12 ;  A.  Ill ;  Hoalcn  56-23 ;  HciitrH  17+  12. 
Body  doop,  ooniproHH(>d,  tlio  back  ul»vatod  in  tlio  adnltH,  DorHiil  iilioiit 
inudian,  Hli^lttly  buliind  vnutralH,  itH  lilamentoiiH  ray  about  uh  iuni;  ah 
lioad,  HomotimeH  longer,  HomotimcH  Hliortor.  C'audiil  widuly  forked,  ilir 
lower  lobe  the  lonj^er.  Silvery  ;  blnisli  altove  ;  younj;  witli  a  round  dmk 
spot  at  the  Nlioulder;  tipH  of  ventralu  and  ed;;e  of  anal  often  dusky. 
Length  lo  incheH.  Cape  Cod  to  Mexico;  abuu<lant  Houthward,  entering 
all  riverH,  and  permanently  resident  (var.  h<ttrHnnii)  everywhere  in  tlie 
MisHissippi  Valley  in  the  larger  HtreaniH  ;  also  introduced  into  Lake  Mich- 
igan and  Lake  Erie,  and  landlocked  in  pondn  from  New  .lerney  to  Tomih, 
Ahaudaome  li8h,of  no  value  au  food.  (Named  for  Hernard  (jermain  r.tifiint' 
de  la  Ville  sur  Illou,  Comte  do  La  C<?p6de  (17")t>-lH25),  known  an  Citovi'ii 
Lac^ped^  during  the  French  Revolution;  a  brilliant  and  moHt  induHtridiiN 
writer,  who  compiled  hia  great  HiHtoire  Naturelle  dea  PoIhsoiih  under  niortt 
difficult  oonditionH  during  the  French  revolution.) 

MtgalopK  fepetliiinn,  Lk  Sueuk,  Joiini.  Ac.  Nat.  Set.  I'liila.,  i,  IHIM,  .'Mil,  Delaware  and  Chesa- 
peake bays. 

Clupea  helerura,  llAriNKSQi'E,  Ainer.  Moiitlily  Ma)^.,  181s,  ;t,'VI,  Ohio  I^iver. 

Dorosoma  iiotaln,  Rai'Inehqui:,  Ichth.  Oh.,  ;W,  IK'20,  Ohio  River. 

Chiiloriuiiii  elliptiriiH,  KirtTi.AM),  Itoport  Zoiil.  (thin,  Itlll,  IKIH,  Ohio  River. 

Vitroionia  iiiKdiiiihiliii,  Aiihott,  Pror.  Ac.  Nut.  Sri.  Philn.,  18»iO,  1)05,  Sturgeon  Pond,  Trenton, 
New  Jersey. 

Chato'rii»u»rtimlMmui,  GCntiikh,  Out.,  vil,  i()!l,  18ti8. 

Doroiomd  cepeilianinn,  .loitDAN  A  Gimiert,  SyiiopmH,  271,  18H3, 

Represented  along  coast  and  in  lower  courses  of  rivers  of  Texas  by 
«77a.  DOROSONA  CKPKniANUN  KXILK,  Jordan  i<k  Gilbert. 

Body  elongate,  the  depth  about  one-third  the  length,     (exilia,  slender.) 

DoroMmiii  ivpiilimiiiiii  fxile,  .Ioim>an  &  GiLiiKiiT,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1882,  585,  Galveston. 
(Type,  No.  :jOi)i;j.    Coll.  .rordan.) 

078.  DOKOKOMA  NKXIOANUM  (GUnthor) 

Head  3;V;  depth  2J;  eye  4.  D.  14;  A.  25;  scales  40-13.  Maxillary 
extending  to  below  front  of  eye,  which  is  equal  to  snout;  jaws  oiiiuil. 
Dorsal  inserted  just  behind  ventrals,  its  iilanieut  reaching  end  of  anal; 
nine  scutes  behind  ventrals.  Silvery,  with  a  small  black  humeral  Hii«t. 
East  coast  of  Mexico.     (Giinther.) 

Chatu'tsma  iiiexicnnni,  GCnthkr,  Cut.,  vil,  40!»,  18()8,  Mexico.     (t^U.  M.  Salle.) 
Dorosoma  mexicamim,  Jocdan  &  Giluert,  SyuupsiH,  887,  1883. 


.'Wr':^ 


Jordan  and  F.vermann, — Fishes  of  North  America,        417 


A7».  nOBOSON.i  l>KTKNKNHK  (Olliithor). 

Kmidn};  depth  L>} ;  uyu  3i  D.  14  or  15;  A.  2U  to  23;  lateral  liiin  40. 
M:iAilliiry  «^\t«ui(liiiK  to  Indow  flout  of  oyo,  which  Im  longer  thau  Hiiout; 
|aw!4  t)(|tiiil.  Doittal  iii>««irt(Ml  Hlightly  in  advaiico  of  vtnitralH  and  iioaror 
ti|i  of  Hiiuiit  than  luiHO  of  caudal,  itH  lllaniunt  ruaching  ond  of  anal ;  12 
Hi'iittm  liiihind  vutitralH.  Silvury,  witii  a  Hinali,  round  black  ininiural 
Hliiit.    Luko  I'oten,  Yucatan.     (diiinthur.J 

CW"MIi»|iW<;m«m««,  OOnthkh,  Cat.,  vii,  408,  iHtiH,  Lake  Peten,  Yucatan.     (<;oll.  .><alvlii.) 

Family  LXI.  CLUPEIU/K. 

(TiiK  Ukuhi.vus.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  nioro  or  Iosh  conipruHsod,  oovero»'  with  cycloiu 
or  {luctinatud  Hcalou.  Holly  Honu;tiiueH  rounded,  Bonietin>o»«  coiupieHNod, 
iu  which  caHO  it  in  ttftuu  lunied  with  bony  H«>rratureH.  Head  naked, 
nsuaily  conipresHtd.  Mouth  rather  large,  terminal,  the  jawH  about 
ei|iiiii;  maxilliiricH  forming  the  lateral  m.trgiuH  of  the  upper  Jaw,  each 
cuiiipoHud  of  about  threu  pieccH.  PremaxillaricH  not  protractile;  teeth 
iiuiH'ly  small,  often  feeble  or  wanting,  variounly  arranged.  Adipose  eye- 
lid prtNent  or  absent,  (iill  rakers  long  and  slender;  gill  membranes  not 
coTii.fctod,  free  from  the  isthmus.  No  gular  plate,  (tills  1,  a  slit  behind 
the  fourth.  Hrauchiostegals  usually  few  (G  to  15).  Posterior  lower  part 
of  opercular  region  often  with  an  angular  emargination,  the  tips  of  the 
larger  branchiostegals  being  abruptly  truncate.  Pseudobranchiie  pres- 
ent. No  lateral  line.  Dorsal  tin  median  or  somewhat  posterior,  rarely 
wanting.  No  adipose  flu.  Ventrals  moderate  or  snuvll  (wanting  in  Vrxn- 
tiiianlrr).  Anal  usually  rather  long ;  caudal  flu  forked.  Vertebne  40  to 
50.  (ionera  ai)out30;  species  150;  inhabiting  all  seas,  and  usually  swim- 
luiii;;  iu  iumiense  schools ;  many  species  ascend  fresh  waters,  and  some 
reiiiaiu  there  permanently.  The  northern  and  fresh-water  species,  as  in 
many  other  families,  difler  from  the  tropical  forms  in  having  a  larger 
uumlier  of  vertebral  segments.  (Clupeichv,  groups  Clupvina  and  Dus- 
mmkrllna,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  VII,  413-4G7, 1868.) 

Dr.-siMiKiiiiN.v.: 
(I.  licUy  roiindt'd,  coveroil  with  ordinary  gcalos;  suppleinontal  bouos  of  maxillary  very  nar- 
iiiw;  iiiial  fill  Hliort. 
h.  Vciitntl  8iuall;  tuoth  small,  iioniatuut,  oq   juwri,  vomer,  i>alutine8,  pturygoidn,  aad 

tllllgllU. 

('.  Scales  of  breast  not  forming  a  corselet. 

il.  Species  very  cimall,  with  tho  teeth  minute;  a  silvery  lateral  band;  the  dorsal 
short,  of  11  fo  10  rays;  ventrals  inserted  nearly  under  its  front. 

.Ienkinhia,  203. 

dd.  Species  of  moderate  si/e,  with  moderate  teeth;  no  silvery  lateral  bund;  the 

dorsal  long,  of  18  to  20  developed  rays;  tho  ventrals  lnsorte(?  much  behind 

dorsal,  much  nearer  b.ue  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout.  ETKi;MEVri,  204, 

CO.  Scales  of  breast  adherent,  forming  a  ventral   corselet,  which   covers  tho  closed 

pectoral  fins,  except  the  upper  edge  and  tip.  Peukinsia,  2U5. 

na.  IW'lly  compressed,  armed  with  bony  serrue;  supplemental  bones  of  maxillary  broad. 

l'.  x.  A. 28 


r  1 


i 


it 


h\,\\ 


\  \  \ 

( 


1 1 .    ,  ■ 


, 


'H 


■  -n 


i  i  ■ 


i 

>  :  liltt  'I 


■I    '  .' 


-     '   '■ 
ll  i    i 


i 
I  ) 


i 


i 


f 


!  I 


i: 


ill 


Is 


!;! 


It    V 


.1    i^ 


I  ! 


I     i 


i'  iil 


1":-^ 


418 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Cmipkina;: 
c.  Aiiiil  flu  nidilariitn,  of  1ft  tn  25  rays;  doixal  InHertciI  nearly  opposite  viintrnlH. 

/.  Seal)'"  with  tlioir  pustuiiur  niiir)!iii8  ontiru  and  roumlud;  iiitcstinul  ciiiial  of  iiKiileiat^' 
length. 
(/.  Tjant  ray  of  dorHal  not  produced. 

h.  Verteltrio  ahont  H\  in  number  (Ki  to  .10);  Bp<!<ipH  of  nortliern  rof^ions. 

1.  Voinor  with  teeth;  ventral  Hcutes  weak,  ventralH  bolow  middle  of  iloi-.il; 
vertelirie  50  to  SO.  Ci.ii'Ea,  jim;. 

it.  Vomer  witliout  toetli. 

j.  Ventral  Bcuteg  very  weak,  tlie  holly  'loro  or  lewi  rounded;  vcit'  line 
iilioiit  .52;  ventrals  under  middle  uf  dorsal.  Cmtanoimin',  ..(iT. 

Xj,   Ventral  Heutes  Btronj?,  tho  holly  oMpreSHed;  vertnliriK  40  to  50;  mh- 
trills  Ixdow  or  Hli^htly  heliind  front  of  dorHal. 

A'.  I'remax'UarieH  inei^tiuK  at  a  largi!  angle,  ko  that  tho  ti|i  ot  iii'i^t 
jaw  does  uot  appear  to  ho  notched:  cheeks  longer  than  dccii. 

I'OMoi.oni  s,  'ios. 

AA-.  Premaxillarics  meeting  in  front  at  a  very  acute  angle,  so  tluit  the 

omarginati^  front  of  the  njiper  jaw  receivcH  tho  slendcT  ti|i(if 

the  lower;  fore  part  of  cheeks  very  doej),  deeper  than  Iniif;; 

jaws  toothless.  Alosa,  i;0!). 

/(/(.  Vurtol>rn!   abimt  42  (40  to  44);  tropical  species  with  the  scales  large  aiul 

usually  tirmly  attached;  veutrais  iuserted  under  middle  of  dorsal;  adiiKiso 

eyelid  obsolete.  Saiidinf.i.i.a,  ^10. 

</(/.  Iiast  ray  of  dorsal  pro:'ucod  in  a  long  filament;  scales  large,  not  firmly  attailicd; 

otherwise  essentially  as  in  Vlmniiioddti.  Oi'ISthonkma,  '.ll. 

ff.  Scales  with  their  jjopterior  margins  vertical,  and  pectinate  or  tinted;  head  very  liiri;c; 

uo  teeth;  intestines  elongate;  herbivorous.  Bbevooutia,  :;12. 

rBlSTIOASTEUIN/l-:  : 

ee.  Anal  liu  very  long,  of  more  than  30  rays  ;  dorsal  tin  iuserted  Ixdiind  ventrals. 

I.  Teeth  not  all  villiform  ;  lioth  jaws  with  strong  canines  ;  veutrais  present,  very  siiiall. 

OuiUOCENTUOIMiN,   •Jlii. 

U.  Teeth  all  villiform  ;  no  canines. 

III.  Ventral  fins  present.  Ilisua,  'Jl  I. 

vim.  A'entral  tins  wanting. 

ti.  Dorsal  fin   present,  inserted  behind  fron*  of  anal  ;   belly  not  very  coiivix  in 
outline. 
0.  Maxillary  not  greatly  produced  backward,  uot  extending  behind e,e. 

OriSTiioi'TKiii  s,  215. 
00.  Maxillary  much  produced  backward,  extending  behind  eye. 

OnONTIMlNATIUS,  2IC. 

mi.  Dorsal  flu  inserted  in  front  of  anal  ;  maxillary  short ;  abdomen  exii~siMly 
convex  in  profile,  so  that  the  body  is  very  deep.  PiiiSTJOASlF.h,  217. 

:«03.  JENKINSIA,  Jurdau  &,  Evermauu. 

Jeukiiisia,  JonnAN  &  Kvermann,  new  genus,  {slolifcra). 

Very  small  species,  closely  allied  to  Elnniienn,  but  withminnte  toetli  and 
a  cilvery  lateral  band;  ihe  dorsal  with  leg"  than  eighteen  rays,  tlic  veu- 
trais inserted  below  or  just  behind  i*;.  American.  (Named  for  Dr.  Oliver 
Peebles  Jenkins,  Professor  of  Physioiogy  in  Jieland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity, in  recognition  of  his  work  on  the  fishes  of  Mexico  iiml  the 
Hawaiian  Islands.) 

a.  Dorsal  inserteda  little  nearer  caudal  than  tip  oi  snout,  the  ventrals  just  behind  it  ;  durpal 
rays  about  10  ;  anal  11.  aitminata,  i'iSU. 

aa.  Dorsal  inser'od  midway  between  snout  and  biise  of  caudal;  dorsal  riiysl4  ;  anal  l"i. 

lABU'ROTl-MA.   lirtl. 

aaa.  Doi'sal  inserted  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal;  dorsal  rays  11;  anal  17.        stoliFKHa,  t>82. 


m 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        419 


«80.  JKNKINSIA  ACUJIINATA  (Gilbort). 

Head  3i;  deptL  fi;  eye  4].  D.  16  or  17;  A.  10  or  11;  scales  about  00. 
I$(»(ly  Hlciuler,  the  holly  rounded.  Eye  small,  Ij  iu  snout  in  specimens  of 
1 1  inches  m  length;  snout  acuminate,  as  lung  as  maxillary,  3  in  head. 
Tt'i-tli  evident  in  both  jaws  and  on  maxillary,  vomci,  and  palatines. 
Front  of  dorsal  nearer  base  cf  caudal  than  tip  of  snout ;  veutrals  inserted 
ht'irmd  dorsal,  slightly  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  biiijc  of  pectoralb. 
TiauHlncent,  with  a  faint  trace  of  a  narrow  lateral  silvery  band,  above 
wliicli  is  a  line  of  dark  specks;  black  specks  on  bases  of  vertical  tins. 
Length  1^  inches.     Gulf  of  California,  at  22  fathoms.     (Gilbert.) 

Briimem  luuiinmilui,  GiLUEUT,  rrcii'.  U.  S.  Nat.  MiiB.,  18'J0,  5C,  Gulf  of  California.     (Cull. 
GilbtTt.) 

681.  JKNKINKIA  LAMPROT.KNIA  (Gosxe). 

Head  3J ;  depth  6.  D.  14;  A.  15.  Snout  conical,  as  long  as  eye;  Jaws 
even.  Maxillary  narrow,  reaching  fror  t  of  eye;  minute  teeth  on  Jaws, 
vomer,  and  palatines.  Front  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and 
hiitso  of  caudal ;  ventrals  below- its  posterior  half.  A  well-defined  silvery 
latfial  band.  Jamaica.  (Giinther.)  (?.aw7rpof,  shining;  ranm,  band.) 
Cli'iirii  hwiprotiriiia,  GosBE,  Naturalist's  Sojourn  Janiait'a,  291,  i;l.  1,  lig.  2,  1861,  Jamaica. 
(SimilMmlt.,)  Uimprotienia,  GCntiieu,  Cat.,  vil,  4G5  18C8. 

«82.  JESKIXSIA  STOLIFERA  (Jordan  A  Gilbert). 

Head  3};  depth  5^;  eye  Li.  D.  11;  A.  17;  scales  caducous,  about  36. 
Body  elongate,  slender,  moderately  compressed.  Snout  sharp,  tapering, 
the  Jaws  e(iual,  the  maxillary  2J  in  head,  reaching  slightly  beyond  front 
of  I'yo.  Teeth  minute,  evident  in  both  jaws.  Eye  large.  Dorsal  high, 
inserted  at  a  point  slightly  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal ;  ventrals 
under  fourth  dorsal  ray,  nearly  half  head,  and  slightly  sliorter  than  pec- 
torals. Translucent  green  ;  sides  with  a  silvery  band  as  in  Stolephoruti, 
one-fonrth  depth  of  body,  a  little  broader  than  pupil;  a  double  row  of 
dots  along  back  befoie  dorsal  and  a  single  row  behind ;  fins  i)ale.  Length 
2  inches.  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  Key  West  to  Yucatan.  A  small  silvery 
fisli,  very  abundant  in  schools  iu  the  surf  with  Stolephorua  hrownii,  a  spe- 
cies it  nuich  resembles  in  form  and  coloration,  ((jro.l//,  stole,  a  stole  or 
wl'ite  l)aud  worn  by  priests ;  ftro,  I  bear.) 

Dussiimiiriii  ainlifira,  Jour.AN  Si  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1884,  25,  Key  West.     (Typo, 
No.  M'JtA.    Coll.  Jordan.) 

204.     ETRUMEUS,  Hleeker. 

Elrmiiciii>,  BiEEKER,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.,  xxv,  Ja^^-^n,  58,  1853,  {miaopiiit,  a  .Tapaneso  species). 

Body  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  abdomen  rounded  and 
without  serratures.  Mouth  terminal,  of  moderate  width,  formed  as  in 
Cltipru,  but  the  maxillary  more  slender.  Teeth  moderate,  in  patches  on 
ja\v8,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  tongue.  Scales  cycloid,  entire,  very 
deciduous.    Brunchiostegals  numerous,  very  slender.     Ventrals  inserted 


Jf  f 


m^ 


Wm 


1- 

t    !  ■  ■ »    I' 


n 


I  i 


|,^- 


I  ( 1".' 


■    ■ 


I 


^  Ml: 

) 


r  i. 


1 


f 'i  ■ 


!-«( 


Ct ' 


: 


! 


H    :• 


;l 


I  I' 


*    !l      I 


ij 


I) 


■I 


1:^ 


.n^ 


:» ■■ 


;^u 


Ik  I    ■;. 

4-i  5.    ,    li 


!J' 


1 

(■ 
f 

i 

!|;||^li 

i  '*^  1 

|H|il 

i$' 

Hyl 

nlili 

A    ', 

•J:l 


420 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


pobteriorly,  entirely  behind  dorsal;  the  dorsal  iiu  ratbor  long,  of  IH  to  JO 
rays;  anal  low,  of  moderate  leugtb.  rseudobrancbiie  well  devulopt  il ; 
pyloric  ca;ca  numerous.  No  silvery  lateral  stripe.  Few  species.  AsiiUic 
aud  American.     {^Ikan  Etrumei,  a  Japanese  name  o£ Eh'timetta  miaopuH.) 

«88.  KTIIUMEUS  SADINA  (Mitchill). 
(RovND  Herrina.) 

Head  4;  deptb  6.  D.  18;  A.  13.  Body  terete  and  fusiform.  Montli 
small,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Vomerine  teeth  present.  Kyu 
large,  equal  to  snout.  Fins  all  very  small,  the  ventrals  entirely  boliiml 
dorsal ;  the  dorsal  inserted  considerably  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  baisc  of 
caudal.  Axillary  scales  very  long.  Olivaceous  above,  silvery  on  Hides 
and  below,  no  distinct  lateral  band.  Length  10  inches.  Cape  Cod  tu 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  sandy  shores ;  not  rare  southward.  (Sadiiia.  a 
diminutive  from  Shad  ;  Mitchill  called  the  fish  the  "  New  York  Shadiuu.") 

Clupea  sadina,  MiTCiiiLi,,  Trans.  Lit.  anil  Phil.  Soc,  i,  1815,  457,  New  York. 

Aloiatereit,  De  Kay,  New  York  Fauna  :  Fishes,  2t;2,  1842,  New  York. 

Elrumem  teres,  QCnther,  Cat.,  vii,  467,  18C8;  Jokdan  &  GiiuiUT,  Syuopsis,  20l\  1883. 

205.  PERKINSIA,  Kosa  Smith  Eigenmaun. 

Ferl-imia,  Rosa  Smith  Kioenmann,  Amer.  Nat.,  February,  1891.  15.1,  (olhonojys). 

Like  Etrumens,  except  that  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  are  shieldiMl, 
the  scales  of  the  breast  adherent,  forming  a  ventral  buckler,  which  covers 
the  closed  pectoral  lins,  leaving  only  the  dorsal  edge  and  the  extreme  li]) 
of  the  fins  visible ;  the  closed  ventrals  likewise  slip  under  a  poslei  ior 
buckler;  axillary  scales  very  large,  that  of  pectoral  extending  nearly  to 
its  tip,  that  of  ventral  reaching  slightly  farther  than  the  fin.  Ciuidiil 
deeply  forked,  the  lateral  scales  extending  continuously  on  the  centci-  of 
the  tin  almost  to  margin  of  middle  rays.  Adipose  eyelid  covering  tlie 
eye  wholly  without  pupillary  slit.  One  species,  from  California.  (Named 
for  Hon.  George  C.  Perkins,  then  governor  of  California,  a  patioii  of 
scientific  investif^atiou. ) 

684.  PERKIXSIA  OTHONOPS,  R.  8.  Eigenmann. 

Head  4 ;  depth  5 ;  eye  3.  D.  17 ;  A.  10 ;  scales  50.  Head  compressed 
forward  ;  eye  longer  than  snout ;  interorbital  space  4^  in  head.  Occiput 
with  ridges  forming  a  W,  the  top  of  head  with  a  lanceolate,  depressed 
area  anteriorly,  a  median  ridge  and  a  triangular  area  between  it  and 
anterior  pan  of  the  W.  Maxillary  3  in  head,  not  reaching  pupil,  ilio 
supplemental  bone  very  narrow.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  humeral  nealo 
with  branching  mucous  canals;  isthmus  triangular,  the  gill  covers  not 
emarginate  below.  Scales  large,  deciduous.  Teeth  as  in  Etrumcun  fKtdina. 
Pseudobranchia3  exposed  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Insertion  of  dor- 
sal midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  end  of  anal ;  anal  small.  Ventrals 
short,  3^  in  head,  entirely  behind  dorsal ;  pectorals  If.  Steel-blue,  sides 
silvery;  upper  fins  dusky;  ventrals  with  median  dusky  blotch;  inner 
surface  of  pectorals  blackish.    Length  12  inches.      Point  Loma,  Suu 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        421 


Ditjjo  ;   one  specimen  known.     (Eigenmann.)     Evidently  very  close  to 
i:iiiiiiieii8  and  Dmaumieria.    {(Mvj)j  veil;    w^',  eye.) 

i;,i.msi(i  uthimopi,  Ru8A  Smith  Kiognmann,  Amer.  Nat.,  18»1,  153,  San  Diego,  California. 

206.  CLUPEA  (Artedi)  Linntvus. 
(Herrings.) 

(7i.,.<..i  (AnrEDi)  Linn.f.US,  S.VRt.  Nut.,  Kd.  x,  nriH,  :n7,  {hnrengim). 

;/.  ;/.„Mi,  (^ivinn*  Vai.encienneh,  Hint.  Nat.  Poiss,,  xx,  IW),  1847,   (n/h-i,  "the  M'hitobait,"  tlio 
viiiini:  of  /mi'('H;/((«). 

irilo  lleriinga  with  the  hody  elongate,  nnnierons  vertobra*,  the  ventral 
sciiatuieH  weak, and  an  ovatg  patch  of  Bniall  but  persistent  teeth  on  the 
vdiiuT.  The  few  species  belong  to  the  northern  seas,  where  the  number 
(il  individuals  is  inordinately  great,  exceeding  perhaps  those  of  any  other 
giiniH  of  fishes.    Not  anadromous,  spawning  in  the  sea.    (C?Mj>ert,  herring.) 

II    I'm'IIv  Hcrrntn  both  Iwfuro  uud  t)ehiii(l  ventraU  ;  unal  rayR  17.  harf.niivs,  685. 

ii'i.  Di'lly  Hurmte  behiiul  ventral)*  only  ;  anal  rays  about  14.  pallasii,  USC. 

«8r>.  CLUPKA  HAItKNUUS,  Linnoiua. 

(Common  IIf.rrino.) 

Head  4i;  depth  4i;  eye  4.  D.  18;  A.  17;  lateral  line  57;  ventral 
Hciiti's  28 -f  13;  vertebra?  56.  Hotly  elongate,  compressed.  Scales  loose. 
Ciict'ks  longer  than  high,  the  junction  of  the  mandible  and  preopercle 
uiiiIl'v  middle  of  eye.  Maxillary  extending  to  middle  of  eye  ;  upper  jaw 
lint  t'liiarginate ;  lower  jaw  much  projecting.  Vomer  with  an  ovate  patch 
lit'  Niiiall  permanent  teeth ;  palatine  teeth  minute,  if  present;  tongue  with 
sniali  teeth  ;  jaws  with  or  without  minute  teeth.  Gill  rakers  very  long, 
tine,  and  slender,  about  40  on  the  lower  part  of  the  arch.  Eye  longer  than 
Niiout.  Dorsal  inserted  rather  behind  middle  of  body,  in  front  of  ven- 
tials.  Pectorals  and  ventrais  short;  anal  low.  Abdomen  serrated  in 
front  of  ventrals  as  well  as  behind,  the  serratures  weak.  Bluish;  silvery 
liclow,  witli  bright  reilections.  Peritoneum  dusky.  Length  16  inches. 
Ninth  Atlantic  Ocean;  abundant  on  the  coasts  both  of  Europe  and  Amer- 
ica, cliietly  north  of  Cape  Hatteras  where  it  is  known  as  Labrador  her- 
linu;  the  young  are  canned  as  sardines  at  Eastport,  Me.,  and  elsewhere.* 
Spawns  in  the  sea.  (Eu.)  {harengits,  low  Latin  for  Herring,  the  word 
allied  to  the  German  Heer,  army,  a  fish  that  swims  in  armies.) 

r/ii;..,!  hatriigitit,  LiNN,i;vs,  Syst.   Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  317,  Seas  of  Europe;  GCNTiiEn,  Cat., 

VII,  11.'),  lSii8  ;  .ToHDAN  AOiuiERT,  Synopsis,  2(>'>,  1883. 
('l,i]„iiif<ii,  Waliiaim,  Artedi,  Pise,  iii,  30,  1792,  English  Whitebait. 
(Viiy,,,,  inriuhriin,  Pai.lah,  Zoogr.  KosH.-Asiat.,  in,  211,  1811,  Baltic  Sea. 
i/ii;.i.(  Imin;  MiTiHiLL,  Tiaus.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc,  i,  1815,  451,  New  York. 
0;i-„  ,-,7(,(/ii,  Mnc'iiii.L,  I  c,  45C,  New  York. 
Cl'ijini  rnriilen,  Mm-lllLL,  I.  c,  457,  1815,  New  York. 
CI/171.. I  vhmijatii,  Lk  SuEi  r,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  1817,  234,  Massachusetts. 

♦Till'  liiTriiig  iR  abuudunt  only  to  tho  north  of  Cape  Cod.  Ml.  W.  C.  Kondall  reports  that 
it  is  .riiisioniilly  taken  about  Fortress  Monroe.  It  is  rare  on  the  coast  of  Maryland,  being, 
accorJiiig  to  L'hler  and  Lugger,  more  common  after  a  severe  winter. 


■  -  t 


!■ , 


..y 
-I 


.k 


.^M 


5   i.    I 


:    {    I 

(  ! 
I 


\ 


i 


f  : 


r 

h 
n 


r : 


:i 


?  i    i;!:; 


\ 

' 

^     i 

\  >  l 

-  i 

I 

i 

:"  ■:ii 


iNlii.M 

liwHinnlik^ 

;*l 


4?2 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


CTM;if.i  hiln'iti,,  CiTvrF.n,  Rrgnu  Anini.,  Kd.  2,  Vol.  ii,  ;118,  1829,  Whitobait, 

Oliijiiit  leitrhi,  Yaiikkij.,  Zool.  .loiini.,  v,  1H29,  277,  \A.  12,  England. 

CHiiiimtniiiiiiiii,  (I'FrK)  Stuhkr,  Itopf.  Fioli.  Mims.,  ll;i,  IH.'JO,  New  Hampshire. 

Chipea  lim-olatu,  (UjviER.k  Vai.knciknnes,  IliHt.  N«t.  I'oiBH.,  XX,  25t),  1h47,  locality  unknown. 

liojjenia  aWa,  (Ji'ViKii  A  Valknciennkh,  the  yoiinn  fcirm  kuownati  Whitebait,  England. 

«86.''CLUPEA  PALIiASII,  Ciivior  A  Vale:icionno8. 
(('Ai.iFniiNiA  Ilr.nRiNn.) 

Head  4^;  depth  4.  D.  IfJ;  A.  14;  lateral  line  52.  Lower  Jaw  8tron<,'l\- 
projectiiif; ;  uppiir  Jaw  not  oinarginato.  Holly  Hcarcely  coniproHNod  in 
front  of  ventralH,  Korrato  only  l»«tw«on  vontrals  and  anal.  Gill  riiktiH 
very  long  and  slender.  Vomerine  teeth  weaker  than  in  C.  liuniKinH; 
nsnally  a  few  teeth  on  tongne  and  preniaxillary.  Vertebrin  also  fowor, 
30 -f  20  =  50.  InHertion  of  dorsal  Hlijjlitly  nearer  front  of  eyo  than  luiso 
of  candal.  lUuihh  above;  sides  and  ht'low  silver}';  peritonenni  diinkv. 
Length  18  inches.  Pacific  Coast  from  Kamchatka  to  San  Diego;  very 
simihar  to  C.  haretigua,  and  eqnally  abundant.  Not  entoriig  rivers  soiitli- 
ward.  (Named  for  Petrtis  Simon  Pallas,  of  St.  Petersburg,  naturiilist 
and  explorer,  author  of  the  excellent  Zoographia  Rosso-Asiatica,  1811.) 

Clnpea  hnrriiguf,  Viir.,  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Roi<8o.-A.''iat.,  Ill,  2(iii,  1811,  Kamchatka. 
Chipni}iallii.iii,  (irviEK  *  Valencienmes,  Hint.  Nut.  Poiss.,  xx,  2ra,  1847,  Kamchatka;  luiBcd  on 

PalliisV  speciinoiiR. 
Chipiii  viirahilin,  OiiiAKP,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1854,  138,  San  Francisco;  GCntiikh,  Cat., 

VII,  418,  18t;S;  .I.iKitAN  A-  (iii.iiEUT,  SyiiopsiH,  'ir<r>,  1S8.X 
Spmlellnideii  hriioimrua,  CopE,  Proc.  Aincr.  Philus.  Soc,  1873, 25,  Sitka;  .Jordan  &  GiiiiKnT,  Syiiop- 

Bis,  204,  1883. 

207.  CLUPANODON,  Lacdpiide. 
(TiJUK  Sardines.) 

Clupanndo)!,  TiArf:pflPE,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poiss.,  v,  468,  180.1,  {pikhardus,  etc.).* 

Thriftn,  Rafinesque,  .Viialyse  de  la  Nature,  \SV>,  88;  Bubstituto  for  Clupauodou,  regarded  as  an 

objoctionablo  namo. 
Sardinia,  Poey,  Mpiiiorias,  ii,  311,  18C0,  {pseudohiiipanica). 

This  genus  is  close  to  Clupea,  which  it  resembles  in  the  elongate  I'orni 
and  weak  ventral  serratures.  Vomer  toothless,  the  teeth  in  the  J.iwh 
mostly  weak.  Scales  thin,  deciduous.  Adipose  eyelid  present.  (Jill 
rakers  very  numerous.  Species  about  6,  chielly  confined  to  the  two  ttMii- 
perate  zones,  all  closely  related  to  the  European  Sardine,  Clupanodou  pil- 
chardus,  and  agreeing  with  it  in  the  rich  and  delicate  flesh ;  less  linn 
than  that  of  related  species,  and  much  richer  in  oil.     Species  marine,  not 

*  "Six  species  are  referred  l)y  LacApude  to  this  (renus  [Chipanodon],  viz:  lliritisa,  L.,  (rt/isrto- 
neina,  Oill),  mwica,  Lac.,  (ikisks,  Rlocli),  [Dorosoma,  Rat'.),  pilchardim,  L.,  {Sardinia,  Poey),  fiiiiKsis, 
It.,  {Cliipeonia,  0.  &  V.),  a/i-iVdiiits,  Bloch,  {Pellona,  C.  &  V.),  JHxsieu,  Lac,  (Cliipconia,  C.  \.  V.). 

One  of  these,  Pi'Uona  africana,  does  not  confarm  to  tlie  deflnitioii  and  sliould  lie  exrlmled. 
All  tlio  others  (except  Dorosoma  jiosim)  are  very  clowly  related  and  are  probably  all  repicsciita- 
tives  of  sections  of  the  genus  Clupea,  rather  than  of  distinet  genera.  The  name  Chiptiii<"l"ii  is 
prior  to  all  of  these  and  must  take  the  place  of  one  of  them.  So  far  as  we  know  it  has  never 
been  formally  restricted.  It  sc-eins  to  us  bettor  to  consider  C.  jiissieui  as  the  type  of  Cliquiiioihn 
and  to  substitute  Chipanodon  for  Chipcnnia." — {,)ordan  i(-  Gilhei't,  I.  c). 

Inasmuch  as  the  genus  Sardinia  is  of  later  date  than  any  of  the  others  included  under  r/ii- 
panodou,  the  name  Clnpanodon  must  be  used  for  its  type  instead  of  letting  it  take  the  place  u(  Clu- 
pemiia  as  above  suggested.    This  arrangement  accords  with  the  views  of  Dr.  Gill. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


423 


lUiadroniouB.  Very  close  to  Pomolobi(a,  an  iilao  to  Clupca,  and  perhaps  the 
tliroc  h1h)u1(1  bo  rouiiitod.  {Clupta ,  Xwxv'nxg ',  /n'ofSoiif,  without  teeth;  this 
^(timH  bein^  supposed  to  ditter  from  Clupia  by  the  absence  of  teeth.) 

II.  Opi'rrlcH  roiiHpiriKiUHly  Btriiito;  side  witli  a  RorlcH  nf  round  black  ajKitH  dii  level  nf  oyn,  thcHo 

(it)Hnlitt«<  with  a^e;  no  ti'(^tli  in  Juwh.     Oaliforniii.  C/I^kiii.kiih,  087. 

nr..  OperrlcHKcari'oly  Ntriittu;  Hiilux  without  block  H|)otM;  ininutd  tuoth  on  tonKUo  unit  lower  Juw. 

West  ImliuU.  I'HEl'UOlllHl'ANK'UH,  088. 

/ 
«87^CLUPANODON  CJ'lRIIIiKIIK  (OiranI). 

(Oai.ii'ornia  SARniNR.) 

lload  1 ;  depth  5.  D.  11;  A.  17;  lateral  lino  53;  Hcutes  18  +  14.  Verte- 
lnii'  about  .~>0.  liody  slender,  subfiiHiforni,  Hleuderer  and  Iuhh  compressed 
tliaii  u  lierrinju;,  the  back  rather  broad.  Ventral  serratiiros  very  weak. 
Maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  eye.  Adipose  eyelids  present, 
each  covering  nearly  ^  of  eye.  Mandible  little  projecting,  the  tip 
iiicliiilcd.  No  teeth  in  mouth,  (jrill  rakers  longer  than  eye,  very  slender 
anil  numerous,  close-set,  some  50  or  00  on  lower  limb  of  arcli.  Opercle 
truncate  behind,  the  edge  vertical,  the  upper  half  with  conspicuoas 
liianching  tubes  and  strias  the  lower  with  about  7  long  striae  extending 
downward  and  backward'  top  of  head  with  bony  striie.  A  frill  of 
enlarged  scales  with  dendritic  striie  about  n.ape  and  shoulder.  Insertion 
of  dorsal  considerably  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Dorsal  small, 
ItH  free  edge  concave;  pectorals  and  ventrals  with  sheathing  scales; 
anal  Huiall  and  low,  its  last  two  rays  enlarged,  forming  a  sort  of  finlet. 
Daik-bluish  above;  silvery  below  ;  a  series  of  round  black  spots  on  the 
level  of  the  eye,  running  backward,  bounding  the  dark  color  of  the  back ; 
Hiniilar  smaller  spots  above,  forming  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales;  these 
sjiotH  sometimes  obscure  or  wanting,  especially  in  old  examples ;  tip  of 
lower  jaw  yellow;  lower  part  of  dorsal  yellowish;  peritoneum  black. 
FIchIi  darker  than  that  of  the  herring  and  more  oily.  Length  12  inches. 
Pacnlic  Coast  from  Puget  Sound  to  Magdalena  Bay ;  abundant  on  Cali- 
fornia coast;  spawning  in  the  sea.  An  excellent  food-fish.  It  resembles 
tlie  European  Sardine  {Cliipaiiodon  pilchardua),  but  has  no  teeth,  and  the 
belly  is  less  strongly  serrate.  We  have  not  been  able  to  compare  the 
California  Sardine  with  Clupanodon  augax*  from  Chili,     {civruleus,  blue.) 

MnlMa  onni/ca.f  GiRABi),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  ?hila.,  1854,  138,  San  Francisco. 

Almm  fnUf,mih-ii,  GiM,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1802,  281,  California. 

CUiitra  .s((;/i(j,  Gl'NTiiEn,  Cat.,  vii,  443,  1868;  not  of  Jenyns;!  Jordan  k  Gilbert,  SynopBis,  966, 

1883. 

«88.  CLUPANODON  PSEUDOIIISPANICUS  (Poey). 
(Sardina  de  EsPAf^A,  Bano.) 

Head  4  ;  depth  3J  to  4^  ;  eye  3|.  D.  16;  A.  16;  scales  about  45.  Ver- 
tebral 46  to  48.    Body  slender,  little  compressed,  the  belly  scarcely  cari- 


*  Vi'ry  few  specii'H  of  Rhore  flshes  are,  however,  common  to  the  fiiunn-  of  California  and  Chili, 
and  as  this  Bardineia  not  found  on  tho  intervening  coust  of  Mexico,  it  is  best  to  retrard  cwrulea 
as  distinct  from  satjiix  until  [lositively  shown  to  be  identical. 

t'l'liu  name  cremhti  is  preoccupied  in  C'lupea,  but  not  in  Cliipanodon. 

t  ('liipra  samix,  Jentns,  Zciil.  Beagle,  Fishes,  134,  1842,  Lima,  San  Lorenzo  Island;  Alota 
mrntici.  Giraru,  U.  S.  Nav.  Astr.  Exped.,  246, 1865,  Chili;  Alosa flmbriiUa,  Kneb  &  Steinuaciiner, 
S.  A.  K.  Wiss.  Wion,  1866,  f.  15,  Chili. 


» 

t 
i 


i 


1 

I 


3 


(  I 


i 

A 

( 

- 

X 

i 

i 
.h 

1 

!ff7 
I 


ff  ^r 


^1 


i  i' 


fl      I      ] 


m'fi 


i  !       ' 


.   .     tfi}    l{        >    : 


!: 

I 

1 

i      ■ 

'1 11  niiii 

424 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


nated,  its  ecntes  not  prominent;  mouth  small,  the  maxillary  not  (inito 
reaching  pupil,  2?  in  head  ;  gill  rakers  very  long,  slender,  and  ninncron-i, 
30  to  40  below  angle,  the  longest  f  eye.  Lower  jaw  with  a  few  feelilo 
teeth ;  "ome  minute  teeth  on  tongue.  Cheeks  much  longer  than  deep, 
their  '1«pth  helow  eye  |  eye.  Adipose  eyelid  well  developed.  Opordo 
with  very  faint  striir,  preoperclo  with  very  few.  Caudal  well  fork<<l, 
the  lower  lobe  as  long  as  head  and  a  little  longer  than  the  upper;  vfii- 
trals  inserted  nearly  below  middie  of  dorsal,  a  little  nearer  base  of  caudal 
than  tip  of  snout ;  pectoral  IJ  in  head,  a  conspicuous  sheath  of  scaloH  at 
base.  Color  bluish,  with  no  distinct  markings,  sides  golden  and  silvery ; 
peritoneum  dusky  ;  opercle  dusky  within.  Intestine  1^  length  of  body. 
Length  8  inches,  (iulf  of  Mexico;  abundant  about  Cuba,  and  not  ran* 
in  rather  deep  water  off  Pensacola  and  Tampa;  also  occasionally  nortii- 
ward  as  far  as  Cape  Cod;  sometimes  taken  in  abundance  at  Woods  Ifoll, 
Mass.  (William  C.  Kendall.)  Closely  allied  to  the  European  Sardine  or 
pilchard  {Chipanodon  pUchardus,  L.),  but  distinguished  by  the  absence  of 
radiating  striio  on  the  opercles,  these  conspicuous  in  the  true  Sardine. 
(ipEVfVi/c,  false;  lanaviKog,  Spanish;  the  false  Spanish  Sardine.) 

Sardinia  ineuiXohiKpanica,  ToKY,  MomoriaB,  ii,  311,  18G0,  Cuba;  QOntiieu,  Cat.,  vii,  442,  Isr.S; 

JoiiDAN  k  GiMiKiiT,  SjiKipsis,  887,  1883. 
Clupea  pseuduhiiqiaHica,  Kendall  &  Smith,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xiv,  1804,  17. 

208.  POMOLOBUS,  Raflnesque. 
(Alewives.) 

Pomohhm,  RAFlNERQrE,  Iclith.  Oli.,  38,  1820,  {chrynochloriji). 

Spmfellii,  Ciivir.n  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xx,  'dHO,  1847,  (;)Kmi7n  =  young  of  Chii'tn 

»})mlltis). 
Melelld,  CuviEH  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xx,  366,  1847  (vulgnris  =  ipratlm). 
Alatmlla,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18G1,  35,  (jtarntla  =  i>sciidoharengm). 

Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  tlie 
jaws  about  equal,  or  the  lower  projecting,  the  upper  scarcely  notciicd 
at  tip.  Teeth  feeble,  variously  placed,  probably  never  wholly  absent; 
mandibles  very  deep  at  base,  shutting  within  the  niaxillaries.  (»ill 
rakers  more  or  less  long  and  slender,  numerous.  Adipose  eyelid  present. 
Scales  thin,  cycloid,  deciduous,  entire,  rounded  posteriorly.  Cheeks 
with  the  free  portion  longer  than  deep.  Dorsal  fin  rather  short,  ne.Tily 
median,  beginning  in  advance  of  ventrals,  its  posterior  ray  not  pro- 
longed in  a  filament ;  ventral  present ;  anal  moderate.  Belly  compressed, 
strongly  serrated  before  and  behind  ventrals.  Flesh  rather  dry  and  poor. 
less  oily  than  in  Chipanodon.  Vertebrie  46  to  55  in  number,  usually  "lO. 
Species  numerous,  mostly  anadromous,  the  typical  species  confined  to 
the  northern  seas,  and  mostly  anadromous.  All  the  northern  species 
agree  in  having  a  larger  number  of  vertebrse  than  is  found  in  the  trojii- 
cal  species  which  constitute  the  genus  Sardinella.  If  this  rule  holds 
with  the  species  in  other  regions,  probably  those  tropical  forms  usually 
referred  to  Clupea,  constituting  the  subgenus  Eowala,  etc.,  should  be 
regarded  as  distinct  alike  from  Clupea  and  Pomolo'bua.    Fomolobus  is  very 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        426 


close  to  Clupea,  with  whicli  it  may  perliapR  need  to  l>e  reunited.  It 
Nccins  to  na  beHt  to  regard  the  true  herrint;,  shad,  alewife,  and  sardine  as 
(liKtiiict  generic  groups,  although  the  characters  of  the  dentition  on 
wiiich  Valenciennes  chietly  relied  for  distinction  have  scarcely  any  value. 

(t(.i/(«,  opercle;  ^o/3of,  lobe.) 

(I.  Toctli  in  jiiWH  |)r(wont,  those  on  tip  of  both  jaws  mostly  ponistont;  ndipofio  oyolid  ii)o<lorato; 
IxritonciiiM  pale.  ciibvhochlobis,  080 

m.  Tei'lli  in  JawH  (liBApiM'aring  witli  ngo, 
h.  PiTitimcnni  pnlo. 

c.  II«i»(l  lonK,  al)()Ut  4  in  length  ;  form  rather  cllii'.ticnl.  MroiocRiH,  C90. 

cc.  Ileiid  shorter  and  lieavicr,  about  4V,  in  length  ;  body  heavier  forward. 

l'8KVI>nilAI(EN(llIK,  fi!)1. 

hh.  rorifoneum  black ;  fins  low.  jebtivalis,  092. 

eSO.  POMOIiOBI'S  niRTSOCHLORIS,  nanncsque. 

(Skipjack  ;  IIlve  IIerrinq.) 

Head  3J;  depth  3f ;  eye  shorter  than  snout,  4^^  in  head.  D.  16;  A.  18; 
liiti'ial  lino  52;  ventral  scutes  20-|-13.  Body  elliptical,  highest  near  the 
uiiddlu,  much  compressed.  Head  rather  slender  and  pointed,  its  upper 
piotile  straight.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting,  its  tip  entering  the  pro- 
file; upper  jaw  emurginate;  preniaxillary,  and  often  tipof  lower  jaw,  with 
nKidt-rate-sized  persistent  teeth ;  maxillary  large,  reaching  to  opposite 
postfuior  part  of  eye.  Eye  large,  well  covered  by  adipose  eyelid.  Fins 
iiKxlprate.  Caudal  peduncle  slender,  the  caudal  widely  forked.  Gill  rakers 
coiiiparatively  few,  short,  stout,  and  coarse,  about  23  below  the  angle  of 
tiio  arch.  Opercles  with  radiating  and  branching  striae.  Brilliant  blue 
above ;  sides  silvery,  with  golden  reflections ;  no  dark  spots  behind  opercle. 
Pciitoui'um  pale.  Length  15  inches.  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mississippi 
Valli'.v ;  abundant ;  resident  in  all  the  larger  streams,  and  introduced 
tliioiigh  the  canals  into  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Michigan.  A  handsome  fish, 
but  worthless  for  food,  as  it  is  lean  and  bony.  As  ordinarily  seen,  it  is 
8tii(  tly  a  fresh-water  species,  but  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  rather  deep 
water,  specimens  of  large  size  and  excessively  fat,  are  taken.  (xpva6g, 
gold;  ;t'/w/)of,  green.) 

Vntiinhilms  chrysocMorii,  Rafinesqtte,  Ichth.  Oh.,  38,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Mfhii'i  miirii,  Ci'viER  &  Valenciennes,  liist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xx,  375, 1847,  Wabash  River. 

tViijicii  chrytoclilorit,  JORDAN  &  Gii-bert,  Synopsis,  200,  1883. 

690.  POMOLOBIJS  MEUIOCKIS  (I  itchill). 

(Hickory  Shad;  Tailob  Hehrinq;  Fall  Herring;  Mattowacca.) 

Head  1 ;  depth  3^.  D.  15  ;  A.  21 ;  lateral  line  50  ;  ventral  scutes  20  + 16. 
Head  comparatively  long,  the  profile  straight  and  not  very  steep,  form 
more  elliptical  than  in  the  others,  and  less  heavy  forward.  Lower  jaw 
cousiderably  projecting  ;  upper  jaw  emarginate.  Opercles  rather  less 
eniaifjjinate  below  and  behind  than  in  P.  paeudoharengiis.  Fins  lew ;  dor- 
sal tin  inserted  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Bluish  silvery;  sides 
^itli  rather  faint  longitudinal  stripes.  Peritoneum  pale.  Length  24 
incbos.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida ;  rather  common  ;  not  highly  valued  as  a 
food-dsh;  not  ascending  streams  to  spawn,     {mediooris,  mediocre.) 


.^ 


ss 


!^-^':|i: 


(  1 


i 


!.  ! 


■     -  1      ,        \ 

426 


Bulletin  47,  Uniti-d  States  National  Museum. 


::«;- 


1     i         ; 

\  '' 

■ 

:     % 

t  ;■■ 

i 

i  j\i 

\i 

Wt  ■. 

i  jJ: 

Clwpcrt  meiXU^tti,  MiT(  hill,  Traud.  Lit.  nnd  Plill.  Six-.  N.  Y.,  t,  1816,  4r.O,  New  York  ;  J  ii- 

DAN    k  QlMIRItT,  .Syilo]INi8,  '^I'lti,    1883. 

C7uj)ea  jii(i«()ic.icc(i,  MiTCHiLL,  X.  c,  I,  1816,  461,  jil.  6,  fig.  H,  New  York  ;  OCntiikii,  Ctic,  mi, 

4;i8,  1808. 
t  Clupea  jHirvula,  MiTniiLi,,  I.  r.,  1, 1816,  462,  New  York. 
f  Cliipeii  pimilUt,  MiTciiiM.,  I.  c,  I,  1K16,  4.')2,  New  York. 

Chijwii  fiiHiiiiia,  liKSiti'.i'it,  .Tourii.  Ac.  Niit.  Sri.  I'liila.,  i,  1818,  2:i3,  Massachusetts. 
Alomi  liiiiaia,  Stoiifu,  I'roc.  Host.  8oi'.  Nat.  IliHt.,  II,  1847,  242,  Massachusetts ;  Stokeii,  II Ut 

FiHiii'H  MnHH.,  1(;2,  18(17. 
Cltipea  virtfcent,  Dk  Ka>,  New  York  Fauna  :  FUlios,  242,  1812,  New  York. 

AOiyi'O.MOLOItrS  l>SKi:i»OIIAKK><JrS  (WilHoii). 

(Al.RWIFF.  ;     ItRANCII      IIkKIUNiI  :     CiAHI'F.RKAl' ;      WaLL-EVF.I>     IIrIIKINci;      Itlll-liYRI)      MKnillNil; 

El.l.WIFE.) 

Head  4S  ;  depth  3^  ;  eye  3^.  I).  16 ;  A.  lit ;  lateral  line  50  ;  scutes  21  +  U. 
Body  rather  deep  and  compreHsed,  heavy  forward.  Head  short,  lUMiily 
as  deep  as  long,  the  profile  somewhat  steep  and  slightly  depreHHcd 
above  the  nostrils.  Maxillary  extending  to  posterior  nuirgin  of  pu))ii. 
Lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting ;  upper  jaw  eniarginate.  Eye  hu'^c, 
slightly  longer  than  snout.  Gill-rakers  long,  30  to  40  below  the  augloof 
the  arch,  shorter  and  stouter  than  in  .1.  Nnitidiasima.  Lower  lobe  of  cuiidul 
the  longer.  Dorsal  fin  high,  a  little  higher  than  long,  its  height  )U  in 
length  of  body.  Bluish  above;  sides  silvery,  indistinct  dark  striiicH 
along  the  rows  of  scales ;  a  blackish  spot  behind  opercle.  Peritoiiciiiii 
pale.  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  Stales;  abundant;  entering  stroanm 
to  spawn;  also  landlocked  in  the  lakes  of  western  New  York  (var. 
lacusiria),  and  in  Lake  Ontario  where  it  is  excessively  abundant  ainl 
where  great  multitudes  sometimes  die  in  early  summer,  {tevdi/r,  false; 
har  iigm,  herring.) 

Clupea 2<'eiidoliartiiijm,  Wii.soN,  Roes's  Kiicycl.,  ix,  nliout  1811,  iirol)ably  Philadelphia. 
Clnpia  vmmlin*  MiTciiii.i,,  Kept.  Finlics  N.  Y.,  22, 1814,  and  in  Trans.  Lit.  &  I'liil.  Sim-.  N.  V., 

I,  1815,  454,  New  York. 
Clupea  megahpH,  Kafinesque,  Amor.  Monthly  Map.,  1818,  200,  Delaware  River. 
Melelta  venoM,  CiiviEtt  k  Vai-encienneHj  Iliht.  Nat.  I'diss.,  xx,  :!74,  ls47.  New  York. 
PomoMms  psemhihanwjm  hirustriK,  JoiiDAN,  Man.  Vert.,  Ed.  i,  2(15,  1870,  Cayuga  Lake,  New 

York;  BpociincnH  landlocki'd. 
Pomnlohm  paeudoharetKjvK,  Gii.i,,  Ropt.  V.  S.  Fish  Conini,,  I,  1871-72,  811. 
PomolohiiH  reriialiii,  floODE  &  Hean,  IJull.  Kshcx  Inst.,  24,  1879. 
Uupea  vernalU,  Jordan  &,  Giluebt,  Synopsis,  207, 1883. 

eoayPOMOLOBUS  .KSTIVALIS  (Mitchill). 
(Glut  Herring;  Bu'e-back;  Ulack-hei.ly;  Si'mmeii  IlEiiRiNn;  Kvaoii;  SAw-nEtr.v.l 
Head  5;  depth  3i.  Similar  to  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  best  dis- 
tinguished by  the  black  peritoneum.  "Body' more  elongate,  the  fins  lower 
and  the  eyes  smaller,  the  back  darker.  First  ray  of  dorsal  not  equal  to 
base  of  tin.  Atlantic  Coast,  appearing  later  than  the  preceding;  less 
abundant  northward,  and  less  valuable  as  a  food-fish,  perhaps  ranging 
farther  southward.     In  the  Southern  States,  more  abundant  than  the 


*  According  to  Dr.  Gill,  the  paper  of  Alexander  Wilson  in  Rces's  Cyclopedia,  was  piililisln'il 
b«forel814,  the  date  of  MitcbiU's  name  lemalia.  See  McDonald  in  Goodc,  Nat.  Hist.  Aquut. 
Anim.,  680,  694, 1884. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amrrica.         127 


pn-cediiiK)  fi'«">'   whicli   few   liHltorinon*   diHtitiKiiisli   it   with   coitainty. 
(ititiixHiliH,  uf  the  Hiimmor.) 

riiiif'ii  irnliniti',  MiTi'iiii.i.,  Trims.  Lit.  A  Plill.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  I,  IRir.,  4'ifi,  New  York. 
,ii  i,i ijiiiwiiiiilnii,  UTOHV.n,  Hint.  KIhIi.  Miihn,,  Hil,  lK(i7,  Provincetown,  Massachusetts, 
l;,„nli,bitiiiii>liniliii,  CiiiiiKV.ti  IlK.VN,  Hull.  KsHi'X  Inst.,  21,  IK"!». 

Cluiifii  imliritliii,  Jordan  A  (Jimieiit,  !jytu>|>i*iii,  U)I7,  18h:I;  McDonalk,  In  lllit.   Ai|imt.  Aiiiin,, 
ri79,  1884. 

209.  ALOSA,  Cnvier. 

(TlIK   SlIAD.) 

Ahi'^i,  f'rviEn,  nt'cnn  Aninml,  K<1.  2,  11.  'MO,  lH2'.i,  ((i/.)«(t), 

AI:niMi,  CuviKR  A  Valkni'IRNNkb,  IIIhI.  Nut.  rolHH.,  x.\,  .'iS!),  1847,  (fiihjnrif). 

I?(Mly  <l«cp,  conipros8«d,  deeper  than  in  related  American  genera,  the 
licad  also  deep,  the  free  portion  uf  tlio  clieeka  deeper  than  long;  jaws 
wholly  toothlees;  upi)er  Jaw  wiili  a  shar]),  de.  j  notch  at  tip,  tiie  pre- 
tiiaxillarieH  meeting  at  a  very  acnto  angle.  Vertebrn^  56  (in  Alona  alomi), 
otherwise  as  in  I'omolohux,  to  which  genus  Alona  is  very  closely  allied. 
Spt'oies  three,  of  the  North  Atlantic,  ascending  rivers;  highly  valued 
a8  food-fishes,  although  very  full  of  small  bones,  the  tlesh  white  and 
rich,  hut  not  oily.  {Alona,  Saxon  AIUh,  old  name  of  the  Enropoau  >Shad, 
A  lorn  nlova.) 

«9S^  ALOSA  KAPIIIISSIMA  (WIIboii). 
(Common  8iiAi> ;  Amf.kican  Shad  ;  Noktii  Uivkk  Shad  ;  Potomac  Shad. ) 

lle.ad  4i ;  depth  3.  D.  1.5 ;  A.  21 ;  lateral  line  60 ;  ventral  scutes  21  -f  16. 
15()(ly  comparatively  deep.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  jaws  about  equal, 
thf  lower  fitting  into  a  notch  in  the  tip  of  the  upper ;  no  teeth.  Preorbital 
iiioilerate ;  cheeks  much  deeper  than  long,  the  preoperclo  extending  little 
forw.'ird,  joining  the  mandible  at  a  point  rather  behind  the  eye.  Gill 
rakers  extremely  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than  eye,  about  60  below 
till'  angle  of  the  arch,  the  ntimber  smaller  in  specimens  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  which  perhaps  represent  a  tangible  variety.  Fins  small ;  dorsal 
miich  nearer  snont  than  base  of  caudal.  Peritoneum  white.  Hluish 
above ;  sides  white  and  silvery ;  a  dark  spot  behind  opercle,  and  sometimes 
several  along  the  line  dividing  the  color  of  the  back  from  that  of  the  sides ; 
axil  dusky.  Length  2i  feet.  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States  from 
the  Mirimachi  to  the  Alabama,  ascending  rivers  in  spring  to  spawn.  One 
of  the  most  important  of  our  food-fish,  of  most  excellent  flavor,  though 
with  many  small  bones.  Also  introduced  by  the  United  States  Fish  Com- 
iiiisHion  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  whpre  it  is  now  abundant  from  Monterey 
northward.  Specimens  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  are  smaller,  and  have 
shorter  and  fewer  gill  rakers,  constituting  a  slight  variety,  (aapidisaima, 
most  delicious.) 

*  "Tlifiir  judgment  is  by  no  moans  infallible,  for  I  havo  liad  them  frequently  sort  out  into 
tw(i)iil(s,  the  fielies  which  they  digtiuguish  under  these  names,  and  found  that  their  discrimina- 
tion was  not  at  all  reliable,  llie  features  to  whicli  they  mainly  trust  in  the  determination  of 
/'.  ■■iMitiiUf  are  the  bluer  color  of  the  back  and  the  greater  serration  of  the  ventral  ridge,"  both 
of  these  characters  varying  with  the  condition  of  the  Bpecimeu  itself.    (Qoode.) 


W 


?' 


1 


1 1 


l! 


^1  ! 


111 


■H, 


J    i 


'*^lJ'i£t    '■ 

Mi  'J 

ll 

11 

jaj-fil 

i 

i 


'is 


428 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Vlttpea  Mpiiliifimn,  Wimon,  In  I(«on'ii  Nuw  ('yRlnpcdin,  txg.,  ti<>  |>aglnatliin  nor  (Into,  Imt  priur 
to  1812, *  no  locality,  but  probably  Philadelphia;  IlAriNKNgcr,  Aiiiit.  Moiitli.  Mnir., 
Vol,  II,  1817,  'jori,  tributaries  of  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  .Ihiihan  .t  <iii.iikiit,  Syiici|i«l«,  '.!i'>7,  Im-:i. 

rVii;i<'ii  iii>/i,/>'Hii,  Mi'rriiii.i.,  TniiiN.  I.lt.  A  I'lill.  Siir.  N.  V.,  i,  lH|r>,  IM,  (vi'ry  yoiinn),  New  York. 

/|/..«.i;ir/i»M(>i/i«,  I)K  Kav,  Niw  York  Kiiiiiia:  KIhIiok,  a.W,  |>l.  Ifi,  11k.  41,  1842,  New  York. 

AUuu itipiiliimimit,  of  niuiiy  Aiiuiricitii  wrltorH, 

210.  SARDINELLA,  Ciivier  St.  VnloiinionneH. 
(8CAI.K1>  Sahdinks.) 

finnUnrlln,  f'rviFn  *  VAI.rvrirvNrs,  IIIh».  Nut.  PoIhh.,  x\,  201,  IhH,  (miriln). 
]l(irniiiiilii,  Cvwt.u  ,\c  Vai.kni'IKNnks,  IliMt.  Nut.  I'kIhm.,  \.\,  2H(t,  1X47,  (lnhilii), 
CliiiK'iiiiiii,  Ci'ViKli  .t  VAi.t.NciKNNKH,  Illfit.  Nnt.  PoixH.,  xx,  'Mfi,  1HI7,  (jiiuiiiiii), 
Kowilfi,  Ci'ViKii  .t  VAlT.NriFNNKM,  HlHt.  Niit.  roliH.,  XX,  Ilfi2,  1H47,  (Ihin-iirala  :^hiiraT). 

Lilf,  JoHDAN  A  KVKIIMANN,  lll'W  HIlllKCIIIIH,  (uliili/ini). 

Small  liurrintfM  of  the  tropical  HcaH,  with  th«  vortohni*  in  reduced  iiiini- 
ber,  nhoiit  40  to  41,  and  with  the  HcalvK  lar^e,  UHiially  firm  and  udlienni, 
often  croH8od  l»y  vertical  striae  Ventral  Bcutes  Htron^,  25  to  3."»  in  iniin- 
ber.  A'liposo  eyelid  obHolete.  Lower  Jaw  projectinj^ ;  upper  jaw  mmio- 
what  einarginate;  teeth  weak.  VentralH  inuerted  behind  front  of  dorHiil. 
Itody  coniprcHsed ;  cheeks  not  deep;  gill  rakerH  long  and  numerous; 
otherwiue  eaHentially  an  in  FomoIohuH.  The  genuH  S(ir<(hicU<f,  an  lino 
underHtood,  covers  a  wide  diversity  of  forms  and  may  be  divisible  into 
several  genera  when  the  anat«>niy  of  the  species  is  better  known.  (S(ir- 
dinclla,  diminutive  of  Sarditia,  a  sardine.) 

a.  Sliln  of  body  without  (li«tinct  Hilvcry  Iiitoriil  liiinil;  iiioutli  moilornto,  tlio  tooth  very  hiiiiII, 
hilt  iH'rnianuut  over  moot  of  tho  houoH  of  tho  mouth;  hcuIoh  hirgu  and  iiHimlly  llriii. 
Saiuunki.i.a: 
b.  VuDtriil  Hcuto8  33  to  36, 

c.  Dody  Blondor,  tho  doptb  uhoiit  V/.^  in  lonf^tli;  ii  hiack  oporciilar  siiot. 

ANCIIOVIA,  Ii'.)1. 

ce.  Itody  rather  doop,  tho  dopth  about  .'I'. J  in  IoiikIIi;  no  black  oporcnlar  8pot, 

CLUI'Kni.A,  ('.',ir>. 
bh.  Spoi'ios  linperfoctly  dcscribod,  ])n>1)ably  allied  to  SimHuMt. 

d.  Siiciiit  anil  chiu  bhu^k,  ai'Icams,  iVM. 
till,  Snout  anil  chin  not  black;  a  black  humoral  Rpot;  Hides  with  dark  strcakH, 

uiHiioi'i,  i;f)7. 
Harenodla  (diminutive  of  Jhremjuii,  horriuK): 
hhb.  Voiitral  HCiitoH  2r>  to  28;  body  short  aud  deop,  comprossod,  tho  scales  UHiially  with 
vertical  Btriii", 

e.  Scales  uot  very  firm  and  little  adherent,  so  that  manyarolotit  in  preserved  oxaiii|iNs; 

each  scale  with  four  vortical  wavy  xtriie;  ventral  scutes  about  15  i  Hi;  >|i'|itli 
;iij  in  leuKtli;  eye  2V.j  in  head;  no  liumeral  spot,  kariiina,  i'-'<x. 

ee.  Scales  firm  aud  closely  adherent  so  that  few,  if  any,  are  lost  in  preserveil  oxain|il<'s; 
UHiially  a  humeral  Hpot. 
f.  Body  moderately  elongate,  tho  ventral  outline  uot  strongly  arched,  tlie  iliptli 
3^;;  to  3g  in  length. 
(J.  Head  long,  3?  in  length;  eye  2%  In  head.  MACROHilTHAl.MrH,  ''.;i;». 

(jg.  Head  di'cp,  4  in  length;  eye  ',i  in  head.  tiiuissina,  Till, 

jr.  Body  deep,  the  ventral  outline  arched,  forming  an  even  curve  from  hiiouI  to 
vout,  the  depth  2%  to  3;  bead  3J  in  lengtli;  eye  Zy{^  in  head. 

Hl'MRRAI.18,  701. 

*  Dr,  Gill  writes  "  The  copy  I  have  before  me  ia  in  the  original  binding  and  has  '  Thuuias 
Hnnroe'a  Book  1812'  on  fly  leaf." 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


420 


l.ii.K  I  >li>t(l-lll>',  '»>  IikIIoii  liiiiii"  Kivi'ii  in  I'lihilii-tiony  In  Clufi*aUlf)  : 
.1,1.  8i<li'H  with  a  viT.v  liiNtiiii't  liitiTul  r^livcry  liumi;  Krali'H  x'ry  linn,  without  vxrtiral  iitriii>; 
iiiiiiitli  vi'ry  piiiikll,  iilnioit  vurtical;  teuth  miiuli,  iicnin  mi  vuiiior;  tip  nf  niioiit,  riiiii, 
uiiil  upper  Hum  ilimliy,  dtomikua,  7U2. 

Subgenus  SARDINELLA. 

A»4.  NAKI>IM:I.I,A  AN('IIOVIA(('iivl<'r.V  VitlitinioniieH). 

Ili'.itl  uboiit  1^;  ilepth  li.  I).  10;  A.  KS.  Hotly  oloiifrutu  ami  Nlentlor. 
Hciili-H  Hiiiuoth,  lurgtf,  Htriutiul.  Siiltuiliital  Iioiioh  tiiMtly  vtuiiiloHo  ;  teeth  uii 
toii^iio  and  palatiiivH,  none  on  voinor;  jawH  inoHtly  tttothhiNH.  DuiHal 
iirariT  Hnoiit  than  root  of  caiitlal,  tlio  vuntralH  inuertud  Im^Iow  itn  ihMiIIm, 
A  liliick  Hpot  on  operclo  above.  Martini(|iie  to  Hrazil ;  Haid  to  bt*  cloHely 
allied  to  the  Kuropean  Sardinclln  anrittt,  alHo  a  littlu  known  HiteciuH; 
!i|i|(iin*ntly  recognizable  by  the  opercular  spot.  (Cnvier  tfc  V'alencieuue';.) 
(AtH-lioi'ia,  anchovy.) 

S'lritiw III  iiiichiiria,  CuviRR  A  Valrnciennfj,  IliHt.  Nat.  l'ul8H.,  x\,  '.^fi'.),  1N47,  Rio  Janeiro;  Mar- 
tinique, 
r/iij  (.1  <iiii7iiii'iii,  QOnthbr,  Cat.,  vii,  421,  IHI>8. 

flilS.  KAItniNKLLA  ClilPKOIiA  (Ciivior  A  ValoncienueM). 
(Caillkit.) 

liciid  I  in  total  length  with  caudal;  depth  4.  D.  18;  A.  18.  Ventral 
Hi'iitrs  '.Vii.  Head  Hhort ;  proCilu  of  back  HtraightiHli ;  Hnoiit  rather  long  and 
liliiiit.  Luot  rays  of  tlorual  very  short ;  ventralu  under  seventh  dorsal  ray. 
SciiliH  very  solid,  striate;  serrations  of  belly  less  strong  than  in  some 
HpccioH.  Steel-bluo  above,  silvery  below  ;  the  back  with  traces  of  lougi- 
tiiilinal  streaks;  yellotv  blotch  in  life  behind  operclo.  (juadeloupu;  a  food- 
fiHJi  of  delicate  flavor.  (Cnvier  Ac  Valeucienues.)  A  little  known  species, 
not  rucognized  by  late  writers,  identiiietl  by  Poey  with  Sardhulla  humcr- 
iilin  and  later  by  Jordan  with  SardhivUa  Hardiiut,  but  different  from  either 
it'tlui  above  description  is  trustworthy;*  the  ventral  scutes  more  numer- 
ous.   (Diminutive  of  Cluvea,  herring.) 

Uiir,ii,jnla  vhipeota,  CuviEii  &  Yalgncienneh,  lIiHt.  Nat.  Poiw.,  x.x,  280,  1847,  Guadeloupe. 
«06.  SARDINKLLA  Al'ICALIS  (Milllor  ic  Troscliel). 

D.  IS;  A.  17.  Lower  jaw  longer  than  upper;  maxillary  reaching  first 
third  of  eye,  which  is  more  than  half  head.  Veutrals  under  middle  of 
•lui'Hal.  Scales  large,  forming  nine  rows  on  each  side  of  body.  Scales  sil- 
very, each  one  on  belly  -with  a  copper-colored  spot ;  point  of  snout  above 
and  beneath,  black;  a  small,  black,  longitudinal  band  on  front  and  a 
lilaok  Hpot  over  each  eye ;  tip  of  dorsal  and  edge  of  caudal  black.  Bar- 
badotjs.  (MUUer  &  Troschel.)  A  species  of  uncertain  relations,  {a^ncalia, 
of  the  apex,  the  tip  of  snout  black.) 

Alof'i  (ij.iVci/ui,  MI'LLER  &  Troschel,  in  Schomburglt's  HiBt.  Barbadoos,  G76,  1848,  Barbadoes. 
CUipea  uj)ici!!»,  GCnther,  Cat.,  vii,  441, 1868. 


*  Pnssilily  idouticul  with  Clupra  hrimtiemi»,  STElNDAril.NEU,  lehth.  Ueitr.,  vill,  64,  187!*,  Rio 
Janeiro;  namo  prooccupiod,  changed  to  Clupea  Janeiro,  Eiobnmann  &  lliiAif,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac. 

Nat.  ijci.,  1894,  626. 


^J     t 


1 

i 

\ 

\ 

:    I 


1 


'       > 


\      1 

i  i 

n 

i 


1   •    !, 

:1 


I  ^i 


il     w 

f    !i; 


<  I 


430 


liulUtm  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseuin. 


\  \    i 


«U7.  MAKIMNKI.I.A  IIISIIOIM  (Mllllor  .VTnwtlifl). 

Allii'il  to  SiirdimUn  iipivulix,  liiit  with  ii  Mitck  Hpot  Ituhinil  o)Mtn*iiliiiii 
mill  111)  hliick  on  (lurHitl ;  nIiIoh  witli  tiiiiit  tluik  HtioiikH;  oyt)  liir^i',  liili 
luu^lit  of  limul ;  II  ntWH  of  hciiIuh  on  uiicli  Hido.  KurliutlovH.  (Mtillci  A 
TroHcliol.)  A  doiilitfnl  H|KtciuM,  uf  nnc»i-tain  ruIiitioiiH.  (A  purHnnal 
niinio.) 

Alu4it  bulmiii,  MOl.l.Kli  A  'riiimciiiii,,  in  HrlioiiiliurKk'H  Hint.  lliirlutiliicH,  nil),  |h4m,   Uarbadoei, 
Subgenus   HAKENQULA,  CiivIit  A  Vulenciciiue*. 
«»N.  hAKIMNKLI.A  KAKIIIMA  (I'uey). 

(Ha  Hill  N  A  UK    liKY.) 

Hoa<l3};  <leptli:<Ho:U.  I).  15;  A.  IH;  noaloH  lit! ;  HontoH  Ifi-f  10.  Ilnui 
li',,  in  «l«'|ttli  of  body.  Kyo  voiy  larj(»s  k  lonj^tir  than  Hiiont,  lij  in  himl. 
Itody  rathoi' uloiiK'it«\  tho  vontml  ontlino  little  (touvHx,  fo!'iiiiii)r  a  wiiik 
urch.  ScaluH  U-hh  linn  and  Iuhh  a<Ihui'unt  than  in  othor  Hpt^ui^tH  of  llnrni- 
ijula,  many  of  thuni  hmt  in  miiHunin  or  market  HixioiinoiiH ;  oacli  acalo  with 
four  vertical  wavy  Htiiii'  on  itn  fn-o  isd^o.  Insortion  of  doiHal  iiciirlv 
midway  butwuttn  Hiiont  and  haHu  of  caudal.  Color  paUt ;  no  hlaik 
huiiiural  Hpot;  trunk  with  longitudinal  Htroakn;  an  oran^u  arua  boliiiid 
opuinlu  in  life;  tiptt  of  doiHal  and  anal  diinky.  Lon^th  K  inrlioM.  Went 
Indian  fauna;  abunilant;  north  to  Key  WuHt.     (<SV(r(/i//f(,  Haidino.) 

Uiimujiiln  luinliwi,  I'nr.Y,  MumoriaN,  ii,  ;il(),  INIU),  Cuba. 

Ildrfiiyuhi  i-iilhihiiiii,  (JiioKK,  I'roc.  I'.  S,  Nut.  Mum.,  Ik7!»,  15'J,  Bermuda. 

Htirutigulii  cUipeola,  Jurdan,  Vvuv.  V.  H.  Nat.  Mim.,  INHI),  (i4(i,  not  iif  Cuvifu  A  Vamsnciennkm. 

«0U.  SAItltlXKIiLA  MACUOniTIIAI.'HrK  (ltiuiy:unl). 

Head  3?;  depth  3» ;  «y»i2.i.  D.  17;  A.  18;  Hcalos  10-12;  vertoinic  in. 
Uody  moderately  elongate,  the  ventral  outline  little  convex,  foniiinj;  a 
weak  arch ;  length  of  head  1  to  l^  in  do|ith  of  body  ;  eye  large,  !  longer 
than  Huoiit;  iuHcrtiouof  veutralH  nearly  midway  between  Huout  and  iiime 
of  caudal.  BliiiMh  above,  sideu  Hilvery;  dark  humeral  Hpot  UHuaiiy  ovi- 
der*^,  sometimes  wanting;  above  this  u  dark  line  e.\tendH,  uounding  the 
dark  of  the  back,  above  this  a  pale  streak;  caudal  duHky.  Scaloo  Icon 
striate  than  in  .5i.  humvralin.  West  Indies,  Cuba  to  Brazil;  not  very  com- 
mon,    (/in KIWI,  large;  i)ipS(i/fwr,oytt.) 

Clupea  vtiicroplitliiihiKi,  ItANitANi,  Nuv,  Cuiiuii.  Ac.  HfA.  liuiioii.,  v,  320,  1K42,  Brazil;  (iI'MiiKii, 

Cut.,  VII,  I'il,  1«6S. 
llarcwjiilit  miiittlimi,  CiiviKii  Si  Valk.nciknnks,  Hint.  Nut.  I'oiHH.,  xx,  2'J'.i,  1S47,  Martinique. 
llnremjuUijitijHimii,  Poky,  Ko|)crt<)rii>,  i.llK),  18tWi,  Jagua,  Cuba,  near  Cienfur^os. 
Hareni'.da  iiiacrophthatmd,  Jobhan,  I'rur.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miis.,  188'J,  1140. 

7<M).  SAItlllNKI.LA  TliltlSSINA  (Jordan  it  GillM'rt). 

Head  4;  depth  3i;  eye  3.  1).  15;  A.  13;  scales  40-10,  Scutes  1(1+13. 
Body  deep,  but  less  so  than  in  S.  humcraliti.  Head  large,  rather  blunt; 
mouth  moderate,  the  lower  jaw  projecting,  the  upper  jaw  scarcely  tiiiar- 
ginate;  maxillary  2  in  head,  reaching  past  front  of  pupil.  Both  Jaws 
with  small  teeth ;  teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  tongue.  Kye 
large.     Cheeks  and  upercles  with  liue  but  distiuct  branching  stria;.    Gill 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fisfies  of  North  America. 


431 


rukorn  Mhurt,  uIomo-huI,  :U)  Itolow  an^lis  tli*^  loiigoHt  half  uyi).  S»iileH  llriii 
uml  adliui'ont,  tlio  <Ml^)t  iuii^IioiumI  ;  N(*iilfH  iM^loro  tlorHul  Niinilur  Itut 
Hinulli'i.  Ht'lly  Hliiii'|ily  roiiipruHHi'il,  willi  Htroti^  HtMitvH.  VuntriilH  1!  in 
lii'iid ;  poctorulH  U.  IMiiIhIi  iiltovo,  Hilvfiy  holow  ;  ariiuiiil  Muck  Iniiiuiral 
Npot. ;  IliiH  piilu.  LoiiKtIi  H  iiicht'M.  (Jiilf  of  ('iiliiorniii,  latliur  riiru. 
( piiiiiiiiitivu  from  Thr\Hnu,  yiiiiorn,  a  liurriii^  or  Haiitiiiu,  from  tliu  liuir-liko 
Imiiii'h;  i'>/i/;,  a  hair.) 

(7i./i"i  ilirMtiii,  JoiiiiAN   >V  Uii.iii'.iir,   I'rof.  ('.  H.  M'd.  Miin.,  1h8'J,  :\K\,  Cape  San  Lucits. 
(Ty|i«,  Nm.  U38H,  Vi'ii,  uikI  ivxw.    Coll.  XiiiitiiH.) 

7UI.  SAKIM.NKI.I.A  lirMKItAMN  (Ciivlor  .1  Vulom ieuiUM). 
(Saiiiuna   Kncami'iia  ;  \Viirr»>iiii,i. ;  I'inikim.) 

Head  H< ;  depth  2?  to  U,  th«  Kh)ri<ltt  Hpocini«UH  (var.  iwnmcoln)  uver- 
a^iiiK  -K;  Cuban  «t.\am))leH  aliont  3;  »yu  '2'i,  J).  Iti;  A.  17;  houIuh 
4(1;  Hcutes  Iti -f  l!^-  Kody  «h)up,  with  the  vuntral  outline  forminjr  au 
(>viii  curve  from  chin  to  vent.  £ye  moderate,  A  longer  than  Hiiout. 
luMiMtion  of  ventralN  nearer  tip  of  Hnotit  than  hane  of  caudal.  Teeth  iu 
jawH  Mntall ;  a  lar^e  patch  on  tonf^ue.  Scaled  very  udhorent,  each  with 
one  to  four  vertical  curvtid  Htriu-,  thoHo  before  dornal  more  or  leHH  lacini- 
iitc.  Silvery,  dark  humeral  spot  UHually  jireHent,  but  often  obNCure  or 
wanting;  Hurrounded  by  gidden  iu  life;  uHually  a  row  of  dark  pointu 
extending  backward  from  it  along  upper  partn  of  body;  no  dintinct 
longitudinal  streaks.  Length  H  inches.  West  Indies  and  (»ulf  of  Mexico. 
Abuiulunt  from  Pensacola  and  Cedar  Keys  southward ;  the  speoinieaa 
from  Florida  deeper  than  others,  representing  a  northern  variety  or  sub- 
H[ibcle8  piuHavolw.     {humeruUn,  Pertaining  to  the  shoulder.) 

Ilniewinlii  hiiiiicriiUn,  ('iiviKi<  &  Valenciknnkm,  Ilirtt.  Niit.  I'uiss.,  XX,  21)3,  1817,  Rio  Janeiro; 

Bahia;  Guadeloupe;  San  Domingo. 
Al, iiiMi »trialit,  OrviEii  it  Valencie.nnes,  /.  c,  xx,  4i;'J,  1K47,  Guadeloupe;  Bahia. 
Ihn iLjiitK  iwiiminilii;  (U>i>vr,  A  llEAN,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh,,  lh7!i,  IW,  Pensacola,  Florida. 

(Typf,  NoK.  22HM  iiiiJ  i:2HJ!l.     Coll.  Sti'uriiH.)    Jobdan  .t  (Jilukiit,  .Synojisi.s,  'JlJ8,  188;j. 
('.'"/Ml  liiimeniliK,  (iCNTllEII,  Cat.,  VII,  -f^'Ji,  1H(18. 
UamiijiiUi  tiratulu,  Juudan,  I'roc.  IJ.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1881),  040.* 

Subgenus  LILE,  Jortluii  JS:  Kvurmiinn. 

702.  MAltlUN'KLLA  STOLIKKUA,  (Jordan  .tc  Qilbert). 

Htjid  V.i;  depth  3h;  eye  2*.  D.  14;  A.  ItJ;  scales  40-11;  scutes  17  + 
12  2!t.  Vertebras  20  +  22  ;-^  42,  the  membrane  covering  the  vertebrio 
silvery.  Body  deep,  much  compressed,  the  belly  strongly  arched;  the 
grt'iitcHt  depth  Just  before  dorsal.  Head  short;  preopercle  vertical. 
MoMtii  very  small,  very  oblique,  almost  vertical,  the  maxillary  reaching 
frunt  of  pupil ;  lower  jaw  longer,  the  upper  scarcely  enmrgiuate.  Both 
jaws  with  a  few  very  small,  weak  teeth ;  a  linear  patch  on  tongue ;  none  on 
vomer  or  palatines.  Gill  rakers  slender,  numerous,  the  longest  ?  eye, 
about  29  below  angle.  Eye  large,  longer  than  snout.  Dorsal  fin  inserted 
ueartT  snout  than  base  of  caudal,  the  ventrals  under  its  first  ray;  anal 


*  This  species  ig  probably  not  identical  witli  Chipea  arcuata,  Jrnyns,  Ichth.  Voy.  Buugle,  134, 
1812,  from  Ualiia  Blauca,  Patagonia. 


^llPi 


^ 


m' 


It  1 


I 


1?U: 


432 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


short  and  low ;  pectcrals  Iji^  m  head;  ventrals  1^  Scales  smooth,  tirtn 
closely  adherent,  entire-edged,  without  striai;  a  very  narrow  sheutli  of 
scales  along  dorsal  and  anal;  caudal  scaled  half  its  length.  Voiiiml 
scutes  strongly  developed,  with  .strong  ntpines.  Translucent  greenish, 
sides  silvery,  each  scale  with  its  marginal  half  punctate;  a  dark  lino 
along  middle  of  back;  snout  and  tip  of  lower  jaw  dusky  ;  side  with  a 
very  bright,  well-defined  silvery  band,  as  in  Stolephorna,  margined  liy 
blu'sh  above;  the  band  widest  mesially,  as  wide  as  a  scale,  a  littlo  wider 
tLaiupupil ;  at  base  of  caudal  the  band  expands  abruptly;  tips  of  doisal 
and  caudal  lobes  jet-black.  Length  J  inches.  Gulf  of  California  to  Pan- 
ama; abundant  about  Mazatlan ;  a  beautiful  and  well-marked  specioH,  and 
a  very  delicate  food-fish,  allied  to  the  genus  PcUonnIa,  and  to  the  East 
Indian  species  Cl"pen  lile,  which  belongs  to  the  same  subgenus  (LiU). 
(atolifer,  bearing  a  stole,  or  white  zone.) 

Cltqieti  rtoHfera,  Jordan  &  Oilukrt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1881,  339,  Mazatlan.     (Tyi"',  No. 
28126.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 

211.  OPISTHONEMA,  Gill. 
(Threau  Herring.) 

Opitthonemi\,  Giti,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sol.  Philii.,  1861,  37,  (thriisn  =  oglinwn). 

Characters  essentially  those  of  iSardiHella,  except  that  the  last  r;iy  ot 
the  dorsal  is  produced  in  a  long  lil'i.meat  as  in  Dorosoma,  Metjalopa,  and  lar- 
pon.    Species  few,  American.     {bnia'De,  behind ;  vf/fia,  a  thread.) 

a.  Head  4  to  4i  in  length ;  depth  about  3^ ;  anal  rays  about  2',i ,  aideH  of  back  |with  dark  ppcitH. 

OOLINLM,  Tllli. 

aa.  Head  iarger,  3j(  to  3|  in  length ;  depth  3  to  3^ ;  anal  rays  about  20 ;  back  witliuiit  (l;irk 

8I)Ot8.  LIBEUTATE,  TU-l. 

703.  OPISTHONEMA  OOLINTIH  (Lo  iJucur). 
(Thp'.ad  HEnRiNO  :   Machuelo  ;  Cailieu-Tassabt  ;  Sprat.) 

Head  ii ',  depth  3h  D.  19 ;  A.  24 ;  lateral  line  50 ;  scutes  17  -f  14.  Body 
oblong,  compressed,  formed  as  in  Harenyula,  the  belly  strongly  senate. 
Tongue  with  minute  teeth ;  jaws  toothless,  lower  jaw  slightly  project- 
ing ;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  orbit.  Gill  rakers  very  long 
and  slender.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  in  front  of  ventrals,  much  nearer  unoiit 
than  base  of  caudal;  dorsal  filament  about  as  long  as  head;  anal  very 
low ;  paired  fins  small.  Scales  smooth,  rather  firm,  but  easily  detaclied, 
much  as  in  Sardinella  Hardina.  Bluish  .'^.bove,  silvery  below ;  an  india- 
tinct  bluish  shoulder  spot ;  each  scale  on  the  back  with  a  dark  Hpot, 
these  forming  longitudinal  streaks.  Length  IZ.  inches.  West  Indian 
fauna;  regularly  northward  to  Florida  and  Carolina,  occasionally  stray- 
ing much  farther  (Longport,  New  Jersey,  Beau ;  and  Fortress  Mouioe, 
Kendall).  Abundant  in  the  tropics.  (Name  uue&plaiued,  unless  lioui 
the  word  ogle,  in  allusion  to  the  large  eyes.) 

Clupea  thrista,  BaoubSONET,  Ichthyologio,  faigc.  i,  1782,  Carolina;  Jamaica;  not  of  Osbcck,  iT'i?, 

which  is  a  Chinese  species  of  Dnromma;  GUnti'er,  Cat.,  vii.  132, 1868,  and  of  many  initlimn. 
Megalops  oglina,  Le  Suevr,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  1817,  359,  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 
Megalops  notala,  Le  Suiub,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  ijci.  Phila.,  i,  1817,  369,  Guadeloupe. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        433 


Chiio'  wm  fiiitii/er,  Vk  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fiiuna:  FWioo,  264, 1842,  New  York. 
t'/iu/utMus  eumurphiii,  UossF.,  NiitiiritliMt  H  Sojourn  in  .lainnlca,  ii'JO,  1851,  Jamaica. 

704.  UPlSTIiONKMA  iJHKUTATE  (Ollnther). 
(SAimiNA  Maciietr.) 

I  load  3s  to  4 ;  depth  3  to  3A.  D.  17 ;  A.  19 ;  scales  48.  Similar  to  Opia- 
lliiiiKma  oijliuum,  tlie  head  louger,  the  gill  ralrers  longer  and  more  uum«r- 
•iiis.  IMuIhIi  above,  Hilvery  ou  Hides  and  l^low,  a  yellowish  streak  on 
level  of  orbit;  an  indistinct  dark  spot  on  opercle,  and  a  larger  humeral 
Hpot;  no  dark-spots  on  side  of  back;  caudal  tipped  with  jet-black  ;  tip  of 
Hiioiit  and  lining  of  opercle  black.  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  abundant,  especially  in  the  Gulf  of  California.  (Name  frcm 
Liliertad,  port  of  San  Salvador,  where  the  type  was  taken.) 

MliWi  lihertatiH,  UCnther,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  IStiC,  G03,  Libertad,  Central  America. 

Chilir.:  Iil„-rt,iliit,  Gi'NTHKli,  Cut.,  VII,  433,  18lib. 

0)ii>lli"nenia  Uhi'iitih;  JiiRDAN  A  (ilLliKUT,  riQC.  U.  S.  Nttt.  MilB.,  1881?,  622. 

UpMi'/nnma  Ubertatiii,  Eveumann  &  Jenkins,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18U1,  134. 

212.  BREVOORTIA,  Gill. 
(Menhadens.) 

linrnnrtia,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  T'hiln.,  1861,  37,  (^menhaden). 

Body  elliptical,  compressed,  deepest  anteriorly,  tapering  behind.  Head 
very  large ;  cheeks  deeper  than  long.  Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  included ; 
no  teeth ;  gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  densely  set,  appearing  to  lill 
the  mouth  when  it  is  opened ;  gill  urches  angularly  bent.  Scales  deeper 
than  long,  closely  imbricated,  their  exposed  edges  vertic:*,!  and  fluted  or 
pectinated.  Dorsal  fin  low,  rather  posterior ;  anal  fin  small.  Intestinal 
canal  elongate.  Vertebriii48.  Peritoneum  dusky.  Species  few ;  inhabiting 
ihe  Atlantic ;  spawning  probably  in  brackish  water  in  the  spring.  Coarse, 
iiei'liivorous  fishes,  not  valued  as  food,  but  the  young  of  the  greatest  value 
as  food  to  other  fishes.  (Dedicated  to  .James  Carson  Brovoort,  of  Brook- 
lyn, a  goutlemau  long  interested  in  the  study  of  fishes.) 

705.  BREVOOKTIA  XyRANNl'S  (Latrobe). 
(Menhaden;   Mossdunklr;  Uony-fibii  ;  Wihtekish  ;  Buofi8ii  ;  Fatback  ;  Poav.) 

Head  3^  ;  depth  3.  D.  19  ;  A.  20 ;  lateral  line  60  to  80 ;  ventral  plates 
20  4-12.  Head  rathtr  short  and  heavy.  Fins  comparatively  short,  the 
heij^ht  of  the  dorsal  less  than  the  length  of  the  maxillary;  height 
of  anal  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  maxillary.  Pectorals  not 
leaching  to  ventrals ; .dorsal  inserted  slightly  behind  ventrals,  about 
midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Scales  moderate,  strongly 
seriated,  arranged  very  irregularly,  those  before  dorsal  strongly  pecti- 
nate. Operculum  strongly  striated  or  almost  smooth  (var.  aurea).  Gill 
rakers  much  longer  than  eye.  Bluish  above ;  sides  silvery,  with  a  strong 
brassy  luster ;  fins  usually  yellowish  ;  a  conspicuous  dark  sco^pular 
blotch,  behind  which  are  often  smaller  spots.  Length  18  inches.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Brazil ;  very  abundant  southward ;   herbivoroua,  running  in 


V.  N.  A.- 


-29 


i      / 


I  i 

i 


5H 


i  f 


I 


liUII 


'■(■■ 

^^1 


434 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


achoola,  probably  spawning  in  brackish  water.     Hold  in  no  esteem  uh  a 
food-tish,  but  very  vai  jable  foroil  and  manure,  {tyranniis,  Tipavi^of  ,rult>r,") 

Chipea  lyrannvt,  Latrobb,  Trang.  Amor,  riiil.  Hoc  Pliila.,  v,  I8(l2,  77,  pi.  1,  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Olupea  menhaden,   MiTClui.i,,   Trans.   Lit.   and   Phil.   .Soc.    N    Y.,   i,   1815,  453,  New  York ; 

GONTiiEn,  Cat.,  vn,  43C,  18(i8. 
Clupea  neglecta,  IIafine8qvf.,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.,  1818,  206,  Long  Island. 
Ctiipea  caroUneiim,  Obonow,  Cat.  Fixheg,  110,  1854,  South  Carolina. 
Alalia  vieuhadeii,  .Stoiikr,  Hint.  Fishes  Mass.,  .1:17, 18C7. 
Brevoortia  liirannuK,  GooDE,   Proc.  V.  .S.  Nat.  Mus.,  I,  1878,  .5;!1  ;  GooDE,  Ropt.  U.  S.  Figli  Coniiii,, 

V,  1877  (1879),  19;  comploto  biography  ;  .Iokda.n  &  GiUiEiiT,  Synopsis,  209,  1883. 

Represented  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  by 

706a.  BRETOOITIA  TTKANNUS  AVREA  (Agassi/,). 

Opercles  almost  smooth ;  head  rather  shorter,  jaws  shorter  and  Ixidy 
deeper,  the  scales  more  regularly  arranged  than  in  Brevoortia  tyranintn. 
Coast  of  Brazil,     {aureus,  goldmi.) 

Clupanodon  anreiiH,  AoASSiz,  Spix,  Pise.  Brasil,  52,  1828,  Brazil. 
Clupea  aurea,  GOntheii,  Cat.,  vn,  437,  1868. 

Occasional  specimens  taken  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United 
States  represent 

705b.  BRETOORTIA  TTRANNIJS  ItREVICAlinATA,  Goodo. 

Similar  to  aiirea,  but  the  jaws  and  caudal  shorter,  the  latter  not  lon<;(>r 
than  pectorals.  Noank,  Connecticut,  and  south.  (Goodo.)  (hrcris 
short;  caudatus,  tailed.) 

Brevoortia  lyrannus  brevkat'  'ala,  GooPB,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  1?78,  34,  Noank,  Connecticut. 
(Type,  No.  14846,  a.  h.    Coll.  Goode.) 

The  common  form  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is 

706c.  BRETOORTIA  TIRANNUS  PATR0NU8,  Goode. 
(Gulf  Menhaden.) 

Head  3;  depth  2^.  D.  19;  A.  22;  lateral  line  50  to  65.  Head  larger 
than  in  li.  tyrannus;  fins  long,  the  height  of  the  dorsal  greater  than  the 
length  of  the  maxillary ;  that  of  the  anal  more  than  half  the  height  <»f  the 
maxillary.  Pectorals  reaching  beyond  front  of  ventrals;  insertion  of 
dorsal  in  front  of  ventrals,  just  behind  the  middle  point  between  the 
snout  and  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Scales  moderate,  with  their  margins 
en '■ire,  fluted.  Axillary  appendages  large ;  large  scales  at  base  of  i)cc- 
toral.  Operculum  delicately  striated.  Greenish-gray  above;  Hidew  nil- 
very,  with  biassy  luster ;  scapular  blotch  inconspicuous.  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
generally  abundant  on  the  Florida  Coast,  apparently  varying  into  B. 
tyrannus.  (patronua,  patron,  in  allusion  to  the  ever  present  Crustacean, 
Cymothoa  prcegustator. ) 

Brevoortia  patronKK,  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  39,  Brazos,  Santiago.  (Tyiic,  No. 
892,  a.  h.).  GooDr.,  Kept.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  v,  1877  (1879),  19 ;  Jordan  k  Gil.iiEin,  Sjn- 
opeiB,  269,  1883. 


*A  parasitic  Crustacean  (Oymothoa  priegmttUor,  Latrobe)  Is  found  in  the  mouths  of  a  very 
largo  proportion  of  the  individuals  of  this  species.  Tlio  spociflc  names  lioth  of  the  fisli  nii'l  tlio 
Crustacean  refer  to  this  peculiarity,  the  ancient  Roman  rulers  (ttjranni)  having  had  their  lii>ti'rs 
{pr«gnUatoret)  to  taste  their  food  before  them  to  prove  its  harmlessness,  thus  to  prevent  |)ui8(iiiing. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        435 


213.  CHIROCENTRODON,  Guuther. 

C*irnreH<ro(JrtM,  OPnthbb,  Cat.,  Vll,  403,  1868,  (/nuiaiiM). 

]?()(ly  oblong,  much  conipresHed,  covered  with  deciduous  scales.  Belly 
weakly  serrated,  the  serno  beginning  at  the  thorax.  Lower  jaw  project- 
in^';  teeth  strong,  a  pair  of  strong  canines  in  front  of  each  jaw  ;  evident 
teeth  on  maxillary;  narrow  bauds  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and 
t(iii{,nie.  Anal  long,  of  about  40  rays ;  dorsal  opposite  ana! ;  ventrals  very 
siiwill ;  caudal  forked.  liranchiostegals  6,  short  and  broad.  One  species. 
(|£//),  hand;  Kevrpov,  spine;  Movi;,  tooth.) 

70«.  CHIKOCKNTUODON  T.KMATUS,  GUntlier. 

Head  4i;  depth  45;  eye  3^.  D.  15;  A.  41.  Snout  compressed,  longer 
tliai  eye.  Maxillary  large,  reaching  to  behind  margin  of  eye.  Uill  rakers 
lino,  nearly  as  long  as  eye,  10+17  in  number.  Dorsal  inserted  behind 
front  of  anal,  midway  between  occiput  and  rout  of  caudal ;  ventrals  not 
lonj;»'r  than  eye;  pectorals  nearly  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Serrat- 
uic  of  abdomen  not  prominent;  11  scutes  behind  ventrals.  White,  with 
a  narrow  silvery,  lateral  b<:iid.  Jamaica.  (Giiuther.)  Not  seen  by  us. 
(taiiUtiuH,  striped.) 
CliiructntroiloH  ttcniattu,  OCntheh,  Cat.,  vii,  4C3, 18C8,  Jamaica.    (Coll.  Dr.  Purnell.) 

214.  ILISHA,  Gray. 

liiiiioinsli't;  SwAiNSON,  Classif.  Anim.,  11,  294,  1839,  (africanm);  iianio  {jrcocciipied. 

Ili.-lia  ((iiiAV)  BicHAKDBON,  Iclitliyol.  Cliliju,  ill  Troc.  Brit.  Assoc,  1845  (1846),  306,  (abuonnu); 

iKi  (li'S(ri|itioii. 
I'illoiKi*  CvMtiR  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xx,  300,1847,  {orbiynymia —Jlavipi.mis). 
Hinhii,  liLEKKF.R,  Ned.  Tydskr.  Dierlt.,  300, 186C,  (ii/dion/iin). 

Body  much  compressed,  the  thorax  and  abdomen  strongly  serrated. 
ScaicH  moderate.  Lower  jaw  prohiinent;  mouth  moderate,  with  rasp- 
like bands  of  minute  teeth  on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  tongue; 
noiio  on  vomer.  Anal  fin  very  long;  ventrals  present,  small,  inserted 
before  the  small  dorsal;  upper  ray  of  pectoral  strong;  caudal  deeply 
forked.  Tropical  coasts  of  America  and  Asia.  {Ilisha,  an  East  Indian 
uanio  of  Sardinella  Hsha.) 


KLAV.I'INNIS,  707. 
BLEEKERIANA,  708. 


II.  Anal  i-ayH  40  to  45;  anal  placod  buhiud  dorsal. 
''.  Dorsal  rays  19  or  iiO;  oyy  4  in  head. 
''''.  Dorsal  rays  13;  eye  SJ^  in  head. 
aa,  Aual  rays  about  50. 

c.  Depth  less  than  one-third  length;  the  ventral  outline  weakly  arched;  anal  placod 

behind  dorsal.  panamensis,  709. 

cc.  Depth   more  than  one-third  length,  the  ventral  outline  strongly  arched;  anal 

partly  below  dorsal.  fubtui,  710. 

707.  ILISHA  FLAVIPINNIS  (Valenciennes). 

Head  3^;  depth  3^ ;  eye  4.  D.  19  or  20;  A.  40;  scales  65-18.    Posterior 
halves  of  ridges  on  upper  side  of  head  distinctly  convergent  anteriorly, 

*/V//u,i,(is  the  Spanish  name  of  Pellona  Jiavipiimit  at  Buenos  Ayres,  apparently  from  pelon, 
balil,  ill  allusion  to  the  caducous  scales. 

If  "tyiiotiyniB,"  or  new  generic  names  based  on  the  indication  of  a  type,  without  descrip- 
tion, uiv  to  bo  rejected,  the  name  Pellona  should  take  the  place  of  Iliaha. 


I: 


i 


mfm 


I    i  i: 


436 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


very  slightly  so  posteriorly,  Insertiou  of  dorsal  midway  between  .nd 
uf  snout  and  root  of  caudal.  Base  of  anal  'd\  in  lougtli;  vuntrals  l(iii;rt;i 
than  eye.  Coast  of  Surinam  and  Brazil.  (Giiuther.)  (jlavun,  yellow 
pinna,  fin.) 

PrUtiyailer  Jhivijiiniiiii,  Valbnmbnnkh,  in  D'Orbigny,  Voy.  Aiiusr.  Mi'r.,  I'oIhh,,  \i\.  x,  fin.  'j,  |h;!<j 
Buenos  Ayrei. 

I'eUoHii  orhiijiiyiiiKi,  C'oviek  &  Yalbnciknneh,  lliHt.  Nut.  I'uihh.,  xx,  302,  1847;  Nume  ty|i<>. 

f  I'ellonii  cwili'liiicaiin,  CuviKii  &  Vai.kn('iknn?s,  IIIhI,  Nut.  PoIhs.,  xx,  30C,  1847,  Mouth  of  Ama- 
zon; (D.  19;  A.  3(i  to38). 

PcUonuJlavipimiu,  OOnthek,  Cat.,  vii,  454,  1868. 

708.  ILIKIIA  HIiKKKKKIANA  (Pix^y). 
(Anciioa  Pel'.da.) 

Depth  5Hu  length  with  caudal ;  eyeSi.  D.  15;  A.  43;  scutes  25.  Ven- 
tral line  strongly  curved.  Mouth  wide,  oblique.  Anal  placed  btiiind 
dorsal ;  length  of  anal  equal  to  its  distance  from  posterior  border  of  eye. 
Scales  very  caducous.  Silvery.  Matan/as,  Cuba;  rare.  (Poey.)  I'ei- 
haps  not  distinct  from  I.  Jlavipinnis,  (Named  for  Dr.  Pieter  van  Bluoker, 
surgeon  in  the  Dutch  Indies,  the  most  indefatigable  worker  who  Iuih  vi't 
appeared  in  ichthyology ;  author  of  very  many  papers  on  East  Indian 
fishes.) 

Pellona  hleekeriana,  I'oey,  Bupurturio,  ii,  242, 18(i7,  Matanzas. 

709.  ILI8HA  PANAMENSIS  (Stciudiuhiier). 

Head  3J;  depth  3^  to  3'-;  ;  eye  3^  to  3-^.  D.  16;  A.  50;  scales  f.s-l'l; 
scutes  22-f  12.  Ventral  line  very  weakly  curved.  Mouth  very  ol)lic|iie. 
First  ray  of  anal  uuder  last  of  dorsal,  which  is  ,?  of  the  eye's  diamt'it'i 
nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Silvery,  with  yellowish  fius.  Leii^'tb 
16  inches.  Panama;  not  rare. 
Pellona panametuis,  Steindaciiner,  Iclith.  Beitr.,  i,  14, 1874,  Panama. 

710.  ILISHA  rURTHI  (Steindaciiner). 

Head  3|  to  4;  depth  2^  to  2J' ;  eye  3  to  3?.  D.  16;  A.  50;  Scales  5,'): 
scutes  23  +  12.  Ventral  line  very  strongly  curved.  Mouth  very  obliiiue. 
First  5  to  7  rays  of  anal  below  dorsal,  which  is  inserted  an  eye's  diaiiuiter 
nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Silvery,  fins  yellow,  more  ur  Ichs 
punctate.  Length  a  foot.  Panama ;  not  rare.  ^Named  for  Ignatius  Fiiitb, 
Austrian  Consul  at  Panama.) 
Pellona /ilrthi,  STEiNDACHNEa,  Icth.  Beitr.,  i,  14, 1874,  Panama. 

215.  OPISTHOPTERUS,  Gill. 

Opisthoplenii,  GllL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1861,  31,  (tarloor). 

Body  elongate,  very  much  compressed,  with  the  abdomen  prominent 
and  strongly  serrated.  Scales  thin,  deciduous,  of  moderate  size.  Lower 
jaw  projecting;  maxillary  not  produced;  teeth  rather  small,  in  villifonu 
bands  on  both  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  tongue;  vomer  tootu- 
leas.  Dorsal  fin  small,  inserted  considerably  behind  miJdle  of  body; 
behind  front  of  anal;   anal  fin  very  long;  ventrals  wanting;  caudal 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        437 


deeply  forked.     Tropical  parts  of  the  Pacific.    (ftwiinSe,  behind;  nrepuv, 
llij,  the  dorsal  being  placed  farther  backward  than  in  Priatigntiter.) 

11.  Anal  niyuM  ;  eye  2-J4  lu  lioad.  lvtipinnih,  711. 

,!•:.  Aiiiil  rays  fili ;  «>yo  31-^  in  liuail  ;  durBal  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  xrapiila.         dovii,  712. 
iiiM.  Anal  rays  01 ,  eye  3  in  head ;  donial  midway  betw'<en  scapula  and  ruut  of  caudal. 

MACROPS,  713, 

711.  OIMSTIiOPTKRIK  LVTIPINNIS  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Head  4i;  depth  3i ;  eye  2,t  D.  13;  A.  53;  scales  U-11 ;  scutes  29. 
Body  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  anterior  profile  straight.  Mouth 
laifje,  very  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  longest;  maxillary  a  little  more  than 
half  head.  Teeth  rather  strong,  present  on  most  bones  of  the  h^iad 
except  the  vomer.  Eye  very  large.  Gill  rakers  about  18,  not  longer 
than  pupil.  Dorsal  small,  posterior,  slightly  nearer  base  of  caudal  than 
occiput;  pectorals  long,  nearly  as  long  as  head  ;  anal  moderate.  Scales 
thin,  deciduous;  ventral  scutes  very  strong.  Greenish,  sides  golden- 
silvery,  lius  mostly  yellow;  a  black  spot  on  preopercle  and  a  very  dis- 
tinct b'^nieral  spot.  Length  6  inches.  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico,  rather 
scarce  at  Mazatlnn.     {luteux,  yellow  ;  j)inna,  fin.) 

Prisliijiii.i)T  littipwiiiii,  Jordan  &  Oildkrt,  Proc.  U.  8.  Kat.  Mua.,  1881,  340,  Mazatlan.    (Typo, 
NoH.  28126,  28209,  and  28320.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 

712.  OPISTIIOPTERVS  DOYII  (GUnther). 

Head  4;^;  depth  3i;  eye  3i.  D.  11;  A.  56;  scales  51-13.  Maxillary 
leNs  than  half  head,  its  supplemental  bone  moderate,  reaching  end  of  the 
houe.  Insertion  of  dorsal  considerably  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  scapula. 
Panama.  (Giinther.)  (Named  for  Capt.  John  M.  Dow, formerly  resident 
at  Panama,  and  who  made  large  collections  of  fishes  for  the  British 
MiiMMim  and  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution.) 

Prifliijaster  dorii,  GUNTHER,  Cat.,  vii,  461,  1868,  Panama.     (Coll.  Capt.  Dow.) 
713.  OPISTHOPTERUS  MACROPS  (QUcther). 

Read  4^  ;  depth  3 ;  eye  3.  D.  13 ;  A.  61 ;  scales  53-17.  Dorsal  inserted 
midway  between  scapula  and  root  of  caudal.  Maxillary  less  than  half 
liea<i,  its  supplementary  bone  narrow,  extending  to  its  extremity. 
Silvery,  scapula  black.     Panama.     (Gunther.)    (^a«pof,  large;  (ji/;,  eye.) 

Pris(i;;.(s/,i-  »)i(icToj)s,  GCnther,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1860,  003,  and  Cat.,  vii,  461,  1868,  Panama. 
(Coll.  Salvin.) 

2i6.  ODONTOGNATHUS,  Lac^p^de. 

Odnntiynnlhus,  LACfeph^DE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poigs.,  II,  221,  1799,  {mucromam). 
(Inii'hohohs,  Ulocii  &  ScilNKiDRR,  Syst.  Ichth.,  .WO,  1801,  (muct'OHO/iis). 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  caducous  scales.  Ven- 
tral outline  not  prominent,  covered  with  sharp  scutes.  Dorsal  fin  small, 
niiu'h  Itehind  front  of  the  long  anal.  Maxillary  very  long,  in  the  adult, 
extending  beyond  eye,  shorter  in  the  young.    Teeth  small.     One  species 

known,     (odot^f,  tooth ;  yvaOog,  jaw.) 


I 


i  :l 


!       t" 


\ 


I-    J^' 


■ -5l?k?dL  VV ''Ut^  Si  L*  *.Cl 


■^ij'j_ji-?j,::£'.>^';*;^;.\:;:; 


[ffl^ri— 


438 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  NaHonal  Museum. 


a.  Anal  rayn  abotit  70  ;  ociiteB  uu  belly  8  +  12. 
oa.  Anal  rays  about  U7  ;  Bcutea  uu  belly  13  +  10. 


MUCBONATA,  714. 
PANAMINSItl,  715. 


714.  0D0NT0»XATIIU!4  MUCBONATA,  Lacep(>de. 


Head  5;  depth  4  J.  D.  11  or  12 ;  A.  74  to  82;  scuteB  8  +  12.  Eye  uh 
long  aH  snout,  3j  in  head  in  youug.  Maxillary  tapering,  extending  in  tlio 
ndult  at  louHt  a.s  far  as  interopercle,  shorter  and  truncate  in  yoiiiifr. 
Insertion  of  dorsal  twice  as  far  from  eye  as  from  base  of  caudal.  Coast 
of  Guiana,     ((jliinther.)     (»iucron<;<«M,  with  sharp  points.) 

0<iimto<jnalhm  mucronahu,  LAr'(:pKiir.,  Hi»f.  Nnt.  PoIks.,  221,  pi.  7,  flg.  2,  1799,  Cayenne. 
GiKitliolKiliiH  )Hii(T(iM(i/i(»,  Cuvir.K  A  Vai.kncik.nnes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'fiBB.,  xxi,  91,  1848. 
Prittiyaulvr  miicrvnatus,  GOntheii,  Cat.,  vii,  402,  1808. 

716.  OUONTOONATHl'S  PANAMENSIS  (Steindachner). 

Head  5|;  depth  nearly  4.  D.  12;  A.  67;  scales  55  or  56.  Eye  erinals 
snout,  'Si  in  head.  Body  very  slender  and  compressed.  Upper  prolilc.  of 
head  strongly  concave;  dorsal  line  before  dorsal  arched  ;  ventral  outline 
strongly  arched  ;  base  of  anal  straight.  Mouth  oblique ;  maxillary  pro- 
duced in  a  slender  process,  which  reaches  beyond  gill  opening;  a  tliiii 
accessory  bone,  with  a  bluntish  keel  on  the  maxillary,  half  hidden  wlien 
the  mouth  is  closed.  Teeth  small,  short,  mostly  in  one  row.  Top  of  head 
narrow,  with  five  ridges.  Pectoral  longer  than  head  by  an  eye's  diameter, 
the  first  ray  broad.  Dorsal  small,  twice  as  far  from  gill  opening  as  from 
base  of  caudal ;  caudal  as  long  as  head ;  ventral  scutes  13  + 16 ;  sculea 
caducous.    Panama.    Length  8  inches.    (Steindachner.) 

PriaWjattii-  (OJumoymUhus)  panamensin,  Stcindaciikeu,  Ichtb.  Buitr.,  v,  24,  1870,  Panama. 


217.  PRISTIGASTER,  Cuvier. 

PriMigaiiler,  Cctieh,  Regno  Animal,  Kd.  1,  170,  1817,  {cayanus). 

This  genus  difi'ers  from  Opiathopterna  in  the  deeper  body,  the  ventral 
ridge  being  very  prominent  and  convex,  and  especially  in  the  position  of 
the  dorsal.  This  fin  is  larger  in  PriHtiqaiitvr  thwa.  in  related  genera,  and  is 
inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  body,  before  the  anal.  Cue 
species  know,  from  South  America.     (irptcfTrig,  a  saw ;  yaari/p,  belly.) 

716.  PRISTIGASTER  CAYAN  US,  Cuvier. 

Head  4 ;  depth  2.  D.  15 ;  A.  46  to  52.  Front  of  dorsal  much  nearer  tip 
of  snout  than  base  of  caudal ;  upper  caudal  rays  produced  in  filaments  in 
adult,  these  longer  than  the  fin  itself.  Abdominal  profile  subcircular  iu 
the  adult.  Scutes  32.  Color  silvery.  Length  4  inches.  Coast  of  Guiana 
and  northern  Brazil.   (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.)   (Cayanus,  from  Cayenne.) 

Pristiganter  cayanus,  CuviBR,  Ri^gne  Animal,  Ed.  1,  pi.  10,  fig.  3,  1817,  Cayenne  ;  Cuvier  A  Val- 
ENCi  ENNES,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  XX,  334,  1847  ;  GOntiier,  Cat.,  vii,  403,  1808. 

PrUtigaservtarlii,  AuAsaiz,  Spix,  Pise.  BriiHil.,  5.'),  1829,  Brazil. 

Prietigai.ter phaeton,  GvviEB  &  Yalencienxis,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisB.,  xx,  338,  1847,  mouth  of  Ama- 
zon. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        439 


Family  LXII.  ENGKAULIDIDiE. 

(The  Anchovies.) 

Itody  elongate,  more  or  loss  compressed,  covered  with  thin  cycloid  scales. 
Iluad  cunipressed.  Mouth  extremely  large,  more  or  less  oblique,  usually 
overlapped  by  a  pointed,  compressed,  pig-like  snout.  Gape  very  wide, 
till!  niuxillary  very  long  and  slender,  formed  of  about  three  pieces,  extend- 
ing liackward  far  behind  the  eye;  in  some  species  beyond  the  head.  Pre- 
iiiaxillaries  not  protractile,  very  small,  firmly  joined  to  the  maxillaries. 
Teeth  usually  small,  sometimes  obsolete,  usually  fine  and  even,  in  a  single 
row  in  each  jaw ;  canines  sometimes  ^iresont.  Eye  large,  well  forward, 
witiiuut  adipose  eyelid.  Preorbital  narrow.  Opercles  thin  and  membran- 
aceous. Gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Branchiostegals  slender,  7  to  14  m 
nuinber.  Gill  membranes  separate  or  joined,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
I'neiulobranchia)  present.  No  lateral  line.  Belly  rounded  or  weakly  ser- 
rate. Fins  various ;  the  dorsal  usually  short  and  median ;  no  adipose  fin ; 
caudal  forked.  Small,  carnivorous  shore  fishes,  usually  swimming  in  large 
Hcliools  on  sandy  shores  ;  abundant  in  all  warm  seas,  occasionally  enter- 
iui;  rivers.  Genera  9 ;  species  about  80.  This  group  is  often  regarded  as 
a  .subfamily  under  the  Clupeidw,  from  which  it  differs  in  uo  character  of 
hi^h  importance. 

(I'iiil^iiitu,  group  Eugrtmliilina,  GCntiiek,  Cat.  vil,  383-40C,  1868.) 

.1.  Tcoth  ill  tho  jaw8  equally  small,  if  present ;  no  ciinincs. 
/.,  liisertiun  uf  dorsal  befuru  tbiit  of  annl. 

('.  Gill  membrani'S  nearly  or  i|uite  separate,  free  from  the  iHt^mug. 

(I.  Teeth  present  at  all  ages  ;    maxillurieg  not  greatly  produced ;  no  pectoral 
filaments, 
e.  Vertebra}  about  41  in  number  ;  bonr"  ''rm  ;  species  chiefly  tropical. 

STOLEi'iionus,  218. 
te.  Vertebra)  about  45  in  number  ;  bones  rather  feeble  ;  Bi>ecie8  of  the  tem- 
perate zones.  ENGRAULI8, 219. 

(hi.  Teeth  wanting  in  the  adult ;  minute,  but  present  in  the  young ;  body  very 
deep,  but  not  strongly  compressed.  Anchovia,  220. 

ci\  Gill  membranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus.  CETEN0RAt;Li8,  221. 

'''>.  Insertion  of  dorsal  behind  front  of  the  very  long  anal ;  gill  membranes  separate. 

I*TEREN<iBAULI§,   222. 

till.  Ti't'th  in  jaws  unequal,  some  of  them  enlarged  and  canine-like.  LycenorauUij,  223. 

2 1 8.  STOLEPHORUS,   LacdpMe. 

(SiLVBBY  ANCIIOVISS.) 

Stulephortis,  LAcfepfiDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  381,  1803,  {japotika). 

Hotly  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large,  thin,  decidnons 
scales.  Belly  rounded,  or  weakly  compressed.  Snout  conical,  com- 
presaed,  projecting  beyond  the  very  largo  mouth.  Maxillary  narrow, 
Httlo  movable,  usually  formed  of  three  pieces,  extending  backward  far 
bebiiul  the  eye,  to  the  base  of  the  mandible,  or  beyond,  not  beyond  gill 
openiug.  Premaxillaries  very  small.  Teeth  small,  subequal,  present  at 
all  a<;e8,  usually  on  the  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  pterygoids.  Anal  tin 
moderate,  free  from  caudal  (its  rays  12  to  40).    No  pectoral  filaments. 


.1 


t 


I 


■_-,^-;:-*ii5ftiiV,;i--v^--:-. 


:'  i^:,i»>^,  J^.K-J'.:'if*i'y.  ■ 


?■  i- 


i    11 


?  ,.   ti 


f  1 


f   I 


11 


A 


um^ 


I'lpflp^ 


J     i: 


U  h 


440 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Musnth. 


Dorsal  inserted  about  midway  of  body,  posterior  to  veutrals.  PeotoraU 
aud  ventrals  each  with  a  larjre  axillary  scale.  Adipose  eyelid  obsolctu. 
Vertobrnt''  about  10  (40  to  42)  iu  species  examined.  Flesh  ratlior  ]i:iIo 
and  dry,  more  or  less  translucent;  the  bones  firm.  Psendobrancliii' 
present.  lirauchiostegals  9  to  14.  Uill  rakers  long  and  slender,  (iill 
membranes  separate,  free  from  the  narrow  isthmus.  Species  about  *ii); 
small,  carnivorous  shore  fishes,  swimmin;^  in  large  schools  on  sandy  sIkhcfi 
of  all  warm  seas,  occasionally  entering  riverB.  Most  of  them  are  ninrktd 
by  a  very  broad,  distinct,  silvery  band.  ((ttoA//,  a  stole,  a  white  band 
worn  by  priests;  f^hpoi;^  bearing  ;  in  allusion  to  the  silvery  lateral  band.) 

p..  Anal  raya  12  to  14  ;  body  vi-ry  Blender,  the  depth  0  in  Icngtli ;  no  difltinrt  latcriil  liiind. 

MIAUCIIl'H,  717. 

aa.  Anal  rayn  15  to  17  ;  body  Blonder,  compresdiMl,  the  depth  6  to  0  In  length. 

b.  Maxillary  short,  nut  quite  reaching  margin  of  preopurclu  ;  lateral  ban<l  woll  dotliicil, 

•X".Vf-  I'F.UFASCIATIS,  Vl.''. 

6I».  Maxilliiry  of  moderate  lonp;«)i.  rcarhinp;  Imyoud  jin^opcrclo  nearly  to  gill  oponiiiu. 
c.  SidL'8   with   a   faint  silvery  Btreak;   gill  rukorH  Hho;-t,  the  longcHt  Y^  eye;   li'lly 
serrulate.  Kxiouvs,  71',t. 

<■(••  Sides  with  a  wcU-dcllned  lateral  silvery  band  ;  belly  not  Rerrulato. 

(/.  Kyo  4  in  head,  uh  long  as  Hnuut ;  scales  caducous.  cunANrs,  7'Jii. 

({({.  Eye  3%  iu  head,  longer  than  snout ;  axillary  Bhoaths  very  largi. 

I'KinilKCATI  s,  7J1. 

ihW.  Kyo  3%  in  head,  longer  than  snout ;  scales  not  caducous.        isuiia.m's,  722. 
aaa.  Anal  roys  1!(  to  24. 

e.  Side  with  a  distinct  silvery  lateral  band,  with  well-defined  edges. 

/.  Maxillary  long,  reaching  past  root  of  mandible,  nearly  or  quite  to  gill  opening; 
snout  projecting  considerably  boyond  lower  jaw. 
g.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  depth  4  to  4%  in  length  of  body. 

/(.  Silvery  lateral  band  very  sharply  dofine<l,  as  broad  as  oye,  not  mudi  nar- 
rowed anteriorly  ;  eye  largo,  3J^  in  head  ;  belly  serrulate;  A.  'Jd;  ^iH 
rakers  7;^  eye.  iiuhwnii,  7-3. 

A/i.  Silvery  lateral  band  narrow  anteriorly,  becoming  as  broad  hh  eye 
opposite  auul  flu  ;  belly  comi)re88ed,  nut  serrulate  ;  anal  rays  20. 

CULTBATI','*,  724. 

Wi/i.  Silvery  lateral  .band   throughout   narrower  than   eye;  anal  niyM  2:i; 

gill  rakers  neorly  as  long  as  oye.  nEi.iCATissiMit;,  'ti'i. 

gg.  Body  more  elongate,  the  depth  about   6}.^%  in   length   of  body  ;   gill  niliiTS 

as  long  OS  eye.     A.  2a  or  24  ;  eye  4|(  in  head.  (■ikkiiostomi,';,  7jn, 

ff.  Maxillary  short,  not   reaching  root   of  mandible ;   eye   small,  not   longer  lliaii 

snout,  4  in  head;  silvery  stripe  rather  dilTuse,  half  broader  than  eye;  bdily 

little  compressed,  approaching  Kiigranlin  monhix  iu  form,      auoykophanvs,  727. 

ee.  Sides  without  distinct  silvery  band,  or  with  a  faint  diffuse  streak. 

i.  Djiercles  short,  th«  distance  from  lower  posterior  angle  of  clinek  to  gill  o|ii'ninK 
much   less  than  from  the  same   point   forward  to   middle  of   eye ;   i-iinut 
bluntish,  not  produced. 
j.  Dorsal  rays  11 ;  depth  4%  in  length ;  belly  serrulate ;  anal  22  or  23. 

ctTiiTis,  728. 
jj.  Dorsal  rays  15  or  16  ;  depth  i%  in  length,  pectorals  longer  ;  anal  23  or  Jl. 

I'OEYI,  729. 
ti.  Opcrclo  unusually  long,  the  distance  from  lower  posterior  angle  of  cheek  iMck- 
ward  to  gill  opening  as  great  as  distance  from  same  point  forward  to  cpi.ter 
of  eye  ;  cheeks  very  broad  ;  snout  projecting  ;  eye  4  in  head  ;  anal  22. 

OPEUCULAUIS,  730. 

*  In  but  few  of  the  many  species  has  the  skeleton  been  examined.  In  general  the  boms  arc 
firmer,  the  vertebras  larger  and  less  uumerouB  than  iu  Engruulin,  but  the  value  of  this  cUuiucter 
is  yet  to  be  proved. 


Jordan  and  Ever  ma  nn, — Fishes  of  North  America.       441 


mina.  Anal  rayn  aliuiit  :)(l,  (!2.')  to  30). 

)t.  8ilv«ry  lutorul  Imnil  ililTuntt  or  obaolntn  ;  Ixxly  iiiiicli  <M)iii|irflMt<>(l ;  eye  3  to  3)^  iu  head. 
{,  (iill  riiknrH  HliiirtiT  tliitii  ttyi' ;  liitrriil  Imnd  iiihtdw. 

m.  BiM'  HiiKbtly  Htirrulatu;  gill  raki-rN';^.'',  «yit ;  hcuIi'd  uniliicoui;  nnal  rtiyH2Sor2n. 

MlTi'iiii.1,1,  7:il. 
mm.  Ilelly  not  wirrulate  ;  kIII  rakon  half  oyx ;  iicali'H  not  I'adui'uiii ;  anal  ruyM27. 

LUi'imiH,  732. 
/{.  Dill  rnkon  liiiii^  nml  Blomlrr,  InnRcr  thiin  <>y(> ;  liclly  tri<nchnnt,  not  norrntK  ;  ncuIsh 
40;  lateral  band  bniad  and  dinimn  or  oliHcilcte  ;  iniiiit  niiicli  proJi'i-tinK. 
n.  Snout  nioduratoly  polntod  ;  minute  teetb  In  botb  JawH  ;  lateral  band  dilTuHo. 

CLUfKoiiiEH,  7:i3. 
nn.  Snout  pointed  ;  mliiutn  toiitb  in  upper  Jaw  only  ;  lateral  band  oliKolele. 

I'BOnrr'Ti'H,  7:14. 
K'.  Silvery  lateral  band  well  deflnud  ;  Huout  Hliorl,  little  jirojectini;. 

o,  Maxillary  rearbin^  little  buliind  root  of  niandilJe  ;  nealex  40  ;  gilvery  lateral  band 
OH  broiid  UR  oyu  ;  gill  rakora  nearly  uh  long  aH  eyo  ;  anal  rayii  111. 

I'OMPHKSKUR,  7.15. 

on.  Maxillary  reaching  gill  opening  ;  acales  35 ;  lateral  band  NiWer  gray  ;    anal  raya 
31  to  llt'i,  PANAMKNaiR,  730. 

aaann.  Anal  flu  extremely  long,  itn  rayH  37  or  38. 

;i.  Lateral  band  ill  detlned  or  oliHoloto  ;  snout  pointed,  much  projerting  ;  iuRertlon  of 
dorsal  nearer  Huout  tban  bane  of  caudal  ;  Huboporcle  witb  a  Hat  triangular 
]>rominoncn.  Hi'iNircR,  737. 

717.  STOI.KIMIORUS  MIARCHIIS,  Jordan  k  Gilbert. 

Iload  4} ;  depth  f..  D.  11  to  13;  A.  12  to  It.  Very  slendor,  little  com- 
pross»Ml,  the  belly  not  trenchant;  snout  Huhconical,  projecting.  Teeth 
ovidoiit  in  both  Jaws ;  maxillary  short,  reaching  edge  of  preoporclo.  Eye 
not  very  large.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  snout  and  caudal; 
anal  very  short,  its  first  ray  under  last  of  dorsal.  Scales  caducous, 
rcrfoctly  transparenv  in  life,  with  some  black  dots;  a  ditt'uso  lateral 
silvory  shade,  but  no  stripe.  Length  2  inches.  Ma/atlau  to  Panama; 
abundant.  At  Mazatlan  it  is  not  taken  in  the  Estuary  with  other  Stole- 
j)hor:,  but  is  taken  with  dynamite  in  deep  water,  where  it  swims  near  the 
surface.  It  is  probable  that  the  types  are  immature  and  are  possildy  the 
yonujj  of  S.  cxigitiia.  Very  young  specimens  taken  at  Key  West  and  called 
the  same  by  Jordan,  are  not  this  species;  they  are  either  new  or  the 
yonu'^of  SlolephoniH  j)erfa8ciatuft.     (fietuu,  to  reduce  ;  d/>,\;«f,  anus.) 

Sliiliplmnis  tHi(iri7ii(«,  JoRMAN  A  GILBERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  344,  Mazatlan.     (Ty|)o, 
No.  iiSU'J.    Coll.  Gilbert.)    Jordan  &  Gildkrt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1882,  622. 

718.  STOLKPHORVS  PKRFASCIATUS  (Poey).  ^ 

Head  4  J ;  depth  6 ;  eye  3h  D.  12 ;  A.  14  to  16.  Body  rather  elongate ; 
snout  compressed  and  pointed,  shorter  than  eye.  Top  of  head  with  a 
sliKlit  keel.  Maxillary  and  lower  jaw  finely  toothed ;  maxillary  unusually 
short,  its  posterior  end  rounded,  not  extending  quite  to  margin  of  pre- 
oporclo ;  gill  rakers  numerous ;  pectoral  1  Jin  head,  not  reaching  ventrals ; 
in.sert;on  of  anal  below  last  rays  of  dorsal,  the  fin  short ;  origin  of  dorsal 
midway  between  root  of  caudal  and  pupil.  Color  of  S.  broiniii,  the  lateral 
band  rather  narrower,  well  defined,  its  width  about  f  eye ;  no  dark  punc- 
tulatious  except  on  b."8e  of  caudal  and  sometimes  on  anal.  Length  2  to 
3  inches.  Florida  Keys  to  Cuba ;  common,  but  much  less  abundant  than 
Siolq)horu8  hrownii.    (;perfa8ciatu8,  well-banded.) 


;|. 


I, 


I 


''t 


Pi 


t 


1 


.^MM 


,    > 


1 


(  5  '     !  ■ 


!    \    i 


if; 


■  !  1 


Pff' 


? 


i 


i  I 


442 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


Etujrmiliii  prr/dfi'ilim,  I'okv,  Mt^nmriua,  II,  lllll,  iHilo,  Cuba;  <J('NTiir.ii,  Cat,,  vii,  31(1,  Ihcm;  i,,,( 
of  Swain,  Hull.  t'.  H.  Kliili  Ciiiimi.,  ii,  1hh'2,  rtr>;  not  of  JiinKAN  A  Oiliieut,  Syuo|«i»,  i:t;| 
lH8:i. 

Ikoleiihoru*  jirr/iufiitltu,  HwAIN  it  Mrr.K,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Si'l,  riiiln.,  I8H4,  34. 

'lU.  NTOLKI'IIOItl'M  KXKM  IS,  .lordau  )c  (iilbirt. 

IToR(l3};  depth  5;  eyo  :U.  D.  12;  A.  17;  HcaleH  .'W-.').  Hody  hIoikI.  r, 
not  ({ruatly  coniproHHtMl  utid  not  oluvated  ;  liully  cuinpreHHtMl,  Ncrnilair; 
head  Hhort;  oporciihir  iiiart;in  not  v«M-y  ohli*|U» ;  chcuk  narrowly  tiiim- 
gnlar;  snout  j{  oyo,  which  Ih  hir^o;  maxillary  ahoiit  roachint;  opeKMihir 
margin,  tapering  to  an  acute  point;  teeth  in  both  jaws.  Uill  riii«i'is 
short,  the  longeHt  i  eye.  Dorsal  inserted  midway  between  middio  of 
pupil  and  base  of  caudal ;  pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals.  Scales  cadii- 
cous.  Translucent,  with  dark  dots;  sidv4  with  a  faint  silvery  streaU. 
Lengtli  2}  inches.    Maxatlan  ;  not  common,     {^fxitjiius,  thin.) 

Btoleiihonm  exiyuim,  .Toiidan  A  (ill.nBBT,  I'ruc.  U.  S.  N«t.  Mu»,,  IHttl,  'M'i,  Mazatlan.  (Tyjir,  Nn. 
2H120.     Cull.  Ollburt.) 

720.  NTOLICPHOKl'K  C'lHANUS  (I'ocy). 

(BOCON.) 

Head  .5  in  length  with  caudal ;  depth  (»J  ;  eye  4.  D.  14  ;  A.  17.  Alliod  to 
S.  h-otcnii,  but  with  the  anal  shorter.  Body  slender,  compressed.  Kyn  as 
long  as  snout.  Maxillary  with  teeth,  its  tip  extending  beyond  the  opiT- 
cular  border.  Dorsal  beginning  midway  between  front  of  caudal  ami 
posterior  edge  of  eye ;  pectoral  not  (luito  reaching  ventral.  Scales  cadii- 
oouB.  A  silvery  band  i  depth  of  body.  Length  2i  inches.  Cuba  aiid 
Porto  Eico.     (Poey.) 

Engraidit  ctihaitun,  Poey,  SyuopHls,  420,  18l!8,  Cuba.     (Coll.  Pooy.) 

721.  STOLKI'HOItUS  Pt:RTiIK<'ATl>l,  Qocxlo  A  Bean. 

Head3|;  depth  5;  eye  3h  D.  11;  A.  16;  scales  .38.  Body  somewliat 
compressed,  the  belly  not  carinated  nor  serrated.  Eye  longer  than  snout ; 
snout  conical;  teeth  minute,  in  both  jaws;  maxillary  with  acuto  tip 
almost  reaching  gill  opening;  gill  rakers  numerous,  J  eye.  DoiMal 
inserted  midway  between  center  of  eye  and  base  of  cauvlal ;  pect<Ma!8 
not  quite  reaching  ventrals;  axillary  sheaths  very  large,  almost  as  ion^ 
as  pectoral  or  ventral.  Olivaceous,  with  a  narrow  tilvery  stripe,  }  dft|itli 
of  body,  not  half  as  wide  as  eye.  Length  3jf  inches.  Pensacola,  Florida. 
(Goodo  &  Bean.)  Apparently  allied  to  S.  perfasciatiia,  but  the  maxiliury 
longer,     (perthecatus,  well  sheathed. ) 

Stolejyhoriu  perlhecatiit,  GooDE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  434,  Pensacola.  ('I'mic, 
No.  30483.    Coll.  Stoarns.) 

722.  STOLEPHORUS  ISCHAJfllS,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

Head  3f ;  depth  5.  D.  13;  A.  16;  scales  40-7.  Close  to  Stolejyliorufi 
hrotvnii,  but  slenderer  and  with  fewer  anal  rays.  Body  elongate,  not 
strongly  compressed  or  elevated;  belly  compressed,  its  edge  rounded. 
Head  long  and  slender ;  opercular  margin  very  oblique ;  cheeks  trianjiii- 
lar,  rather  broad;  teeth  evident  in   both  jaws;   maxillary  not  quile 


iitiri 


Jordan  ami  F.i'frtnapin. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


443 


ri'acliing  ^111  opening.  (Jill  rakors  nuniornuH,  lont^ent  J  ey«'.  Snout  lonf;, 
]  *>y(n  which  ih  \\\  in  httad.  I)«)rHal  itiNttrtiMl  niitiwiiy  Itotwuori  l>aie  uf 
iiiiMliiin  caiKliil  rayH  and  t'nmt  of  oyn ;  anal  Hhort;  caudal  Hhortor  than 
iii'iul;  poctoralH  Hhort,  not  nearly  machine  vuntralH.  ScaluH  thin,  nut 
ciuiiicoiiH.  Trannlncunt,  with  a  Hharply  dotlned  ailvory  Htripn  an  in  S. 
liKiiniii,  but  narrower,  confined  to  one  Herii'H  of  HcalcH  ;  many  Idaok  Hpockit 
on  hody  and  flnH.  Length  H  inchuH.  Ma/.atlan  to  Panama;  abundant, 
ri'placinK  SloltphoriiH  hroitnii  on  the  woHt  coaHt ;  a  Hlender  HpecieH,  with 
hliorttir  anal  than  .V.  hrownii.     {h \{ti]i>iir,  hUmuXot.) 

^'^.^;l/lr>rH«  itihitmiii,  Jdiiiian  tic  Oiliikht,  I'ruc.  V.  S.  N'«t.  Miu.,  1H81,  3'l(),  Mazatlan.    (Tyiio, 
N».  28-24U.    Coll.  ailburt.) 

383.  NTOLKPIIORI  M  ItltOWMI  (Cmoliii). 
(Str'prp  Anchovy;  Man.iOa.) 

Head  .3};  depth  IJ;  eye  3i.  I).  15;  A.  20;  scales  40.  Body  rather 
nldu^iitu,  compressed,  not  elevated  ;  belly  compressed,  serrulate.  Head 
laliier  short,  the  snout  5  in  head,  projecting  much  beyond  the  tip  of  the 
lower  jaw.  Teeth  pretty  strong;  maxillary  extendinjj  beyond  base  of 
mandible,  but  not  quite  reaching  to  the  ed^o  of  the  frill  opening.  Eye 
lar^iti;  cheeks  triangular,  scarcely  larger  than  eye.  (iill  rakers  long,  s 
(iiamt'tcr  of  eye,  but  shorter  than  in  S,  comprtHSHH.  Anal  ^v^tll  a  sheath 
ot  Ncales;  dorsal  inserted  nearer  caudal  than  snout.  Olivaceous,  trans- 
liict^nt,  sides  silvery  ;  the  silvery  lateral  baiul  about  as  wide  as  the  eye, 
vory  distinct.  Length  4  to  (5  inches.  Cape  Cod  to  lira/il ;  very  abundant 
Hoiitliward,  both  on  the  Florida  Coast  and  in  the  West  Indi«>s ;  the  nmst 
abundant  of  the  American  species.  (Named  for  Patrick  Browne,  author 
of  (ho  History  of  Jamaica,  ITijG.) 

/V./"i7iii;/i(,  Marcouave,  IliHt.  Bias.,  ITi!),  I(i4«,  Brazil,  * 

Miiiiiiiii,  IlitowNK,  IliHt.  .Tatimlcii,  441,  17r>ri,  Jamaica. 

Alhiriiiiihroiniii,  Gmki.in,  Sjgt.  Nat.,  i:i!l7,  17HH,  Jamaica  ;  after  Hhowne. 

Kunri'imrliiH,  HoNNATKiiiiK,  Tiibl.  Ichtli.,  llf),  17><H,  Jamaica  ;  after  Hrhwne. 

t'lajmiiliii  lemniiicuhu,  CvviKR,  lU'giiu  Animal,  Kd.  2,  n,  :)2.'),  1820,  Brazil;  after  Pinnilimja  of 

MaRC(IRAVK. 

KmjMuUn  UkoUtr,  AdAHSiz,  Spix,  Pi8c.  DniRil.,  r>l,  1829,  Bahia;  Par^. 

I'.iignii'lit pUiniliixja,  AiiASgi/,  SjiLx,  I'iw.  Krafiil.,  ]il.  2lt,  \\)^.  1,  1829;  types  of  trU-oUir. 

Ariifiiliiin  minidiii,  GuoNOW,  Cat.,  141,  1854;  iiftor  IJkownk. 

Ht'>lri,h,.nt^  hiulnid,  GooDK  A  Bkan,  I'roi-.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  :14:!,  (depth  6},-{j,  nnal  rayH  22), 

Clearwater  Harbor,  Florida.     (Typo,  No.  23t;32.     Coll.  Dr.  Velif.) 
FiiijriiuliH  broiniii,  tiONTllEU,  Cat.,  vil,  389,  1868. 
Btiilejiliunit  Irotmii  and  hiulcui,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynoiuiiH,  273,  1883. 

724.  STOLEPIIOKIIS  ('IILTIIATU8,  Gilliert. 

Head  3]};  depth  4,\.  D.  12;  A.  20;  scales  40.  Body  compressed,  of 
niodiuni  depth,  the  abdomen  compressed  to  an  edge  both  in  front  of  and 
bfliiiid  the  ventral  fins,  but  without  serrations  ;  behind  the  veutrals  the 
edf^o  is  sharply  carinate.  Head  slender  and  sharp,  the  snout  long  and 
compressed,  extending  beyond  tip  of  lower  jaw  for  a  distance  nearly 
eriualiug  diameter  of  orbit ;  maxillary  abruptly  widened  behind  angle 
of  mouth,  then  tapering  to  a  rather  sharp  point,  which  extends  beyond 


vJa^^.>y>i;?^VJ.'iV.'i-'-;*L-.»;A.'..-^,N.-J;.;ii:.-i.  '\',^: 


r 

iinii 


^  i! 


1 1 


W- 


444 


BulUtin  47,  Unit f J  States  National  Afuseum. 


niaudihiilur  urtlciilation  iionrly  to  gill  o|>uiiiii|{.  Tuoth  in  l«)Wor  Jaw 
Biiiall,  but  (llHtitictly  vlHiblu;  iii  iippur  juw  largur  toward  tip  of  iiiunII- 
lury,  wliuni  thuy  ur»  dirocttMl  torwaril.  Opoiclo  narrow,  Nonro«tly  wv, 
wide  UH  «)xpoH«Ml  |)urtion  of  prt^tperclo,  thu  margin  ni(»durutuly  oblii|iii', 
not  wavy.  Front  of  dorual  midway  liotwoun  burnt  of  cau«lal  and  front  nf 
pu;!!! ;  Imihu  of  ventralH  midway  betweun  origin  of  anal  and  artitMilatioii 
of  niandiidu;  origin  of  aual  liuliind  hiHt  ray  of  ilormil.  HoaiuH  t-loHily 
adiufront,  ratlior  tliick  and  (Irm.  OlivuciMUiN,  tlitt  dornal  rt^gion  witli  idink 
flpuoking;  a  Nilvory  band  along  niiddlu  of  HiduH,  vnry  narrow  anti^riorly, 
but  inorottHing  in  width  to  oppoaito  anal  fin,  wlii«ru  it  Ih  uh  widouHCM'; 
iinout  and  nuirgin  of  caudal  IoIimh  duaky.  Lttngth  \\k  inclieH.  Hanta  Miit- 
garita  iHiund,  howur  California.  {cHltratuH,  knife-formiMl.) 
f»i)lri>honi»  rullnUiiH,  (iiLiiERT,  Proc.  U.  8,  N«t.  Miiii.,  IHUI,  ri44,  Santa  Margarita  Island.     (I'oll. 

GlllMJft.) 

785.  HTOIiKI'IIOIU'M  DKIJl'ATIHNINI'N  (Olrurd). 

Head  4i;  depth  4}.  D.  I'.i;  A.  23;  BcaloH  -lO.  Head  Hhort,  nenrly 
aH  deep  aH  long;  eye  largo,  much  longer  than  the  blunt  Hnout,  which  jiki- 
Jects  considerably  beyon<l  the  lower  jaw.  (iill  rakers  uumorous,  slcmlfi, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  past  the  root  of  the  niiin- 
dible.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  the  longer ;  dorsal  inserted  midway  betwcin 
caudal  and  front  of  eye.  Very  pale  olivaceous,  translucent,  with  nihh*- 
dark  points,  and  a  silvery  lateral  band  not  as  wide  as  thu  eye.  Lengtii  :i 
inches.  San  Diego  Bay  and  southward  in  Lower  California ;  locally  \  *-ry 
abundant.     (delicatisHimuH,  most  delicate.) 

E»iyrniiU»  iMii'iilMmiiit,  (>tRAKi>,  Profi.  Ac.  Nat.  8cl.  Phlla.,  lHfi4,  IM,  anil  Par.  R,  H.  Siirv.,  x, 

3:)5,  18r>8,  San  Diego;    (Coll.  A.  Cawiily);    Uii.NTiir.ii,  (^ut.,  vil,  31)1,  18ft8. 
Btoltphorui  iMicaliMimiu,  Jordan  Jk  Qimieiit,  iSynoiwli,  '274,  iHH'i. 

72tt.  STOLKPHOKIIH  CHWROHTOMIS  (aoodo). 

(IIOO-MOUTII  ¥k\.) 

Head  4;  depth  5i;  eye  i}.  D.  i:^  o/  14;  A.  23  or  24;  scales  38.  Snont 
projecting  much  beyond  lower  jaw,  which  just  passes  vertical  from  front 
of  eye;  eye  as  long  as  snout.  Maxillary  tapering,  reaching  gill  openin-;. 
Gill  rakers  10  -|-  25,  as  long  as  eye.  Dorsal  inserted  before  middle  of  body ; 
anal  under  middle  of  1)ody ;  pectorals  reaching  front  of  ventrals ;  scali'H 
large.  Brownish,  with  a  lateral  silvery  baud,  as  broad  as  eye.  Length  L''f 
inches.  Bermuda  Islands;  comiix, a  in  Hamilton  Harbor.  (Goodc.)  Al- 
lied to  Stolephorua  aurinamensii ,  in  „  more  slender,  the  depth  much  less  tlinu 
length  of  bead,  (xolpog,  hog;  aofia,  mouth.) 
Engranlit  chocroitomxui.  Goods,  Aii-er.  Journ.  Sci.  Artf*,  August,  1874, 125,  Bermudas. 

727.  STOLEPHORUS  ARGTROPHANrK  (Cuvler  A  Valenci.nnis). 

Head  3| ;  depth  6 ;  eye  4.  D.  14 ;  A.  19.  Body  elongate,  much  slenderer 
than  in  S.  brownii,  and  not  so  much  compressed ;  belly  slightly  compresaod, 
not  serrated.  Head  not  so  deep  as  in  S.  brownii,  more  pointed,  the  snout 
rather  sharp,  which  is  5  in  head.  Eye  rather  small,  not  longer  than  snout. 
Maxillary  teeth  well  developed ;  mandibular  teeth  very  slender.  Gill  rakors 


•iiii 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishrs  of  North  America.        445 


vtMvlnnff,  atlonfi^  an  Niioiit.  Miixlll  ryahortcr  tlinn  in  S,  hrotenU,  not  renoh- 
iiiK'  •ttiitu  to  till)  l>iiH««  of  tli«)  iiiiiiitlililu.  S(!ul«'s  vtiry  <l<tct(luoii8.  VuntrulH 
HliDit,  very  uliKlitl.v  in  front  <»f  tlorNiil ;  caiidul  ptMlunclu  lon^  untl  Hlontlur; 
iliiiNul  iiiHertutl  Huarctily  nearttr  cundal  tliuii  Hiioiit.  Silvnry  Ntripo  hroud, 
liair  widur  tliiin  tlio«y»,  bordurtttl  abovo  by  ii  tliiHky  Htroak.  L<<ii^th  4 
incliim.  (iiilf  Htn-uni ;  occaHioniil  nortliwiitd  ;  li«ruduHcril)ud  from  iiHpooi- 
iiii'ii  from  WoodH  Iloll,  MaHH.,  tliu  typu  of  .S.  furiixtolr,  which  HconiH  to  be 
iili-nticai  with  th«  ty|»«  <»f  Sloliplinriix  unjifrophunun,  uxuniinud  by  iih  in 
I'iiiIm.     (ri^t)i7)()( ,  Hilvur;  ^d/iu,  to  uhow.) 

f.'ii.friiH/M  iir|/yn)]iAaHi«,  (Ii'viKii  A  VAi.r.Ni'ir.NNiH,  lllii.  Nat.  I'uIm.,  xxi,  4U,  1H48,  Equatorial 

Atlantic. 
tii,<ir,,h„n,>  •r.riii'tolf,  HwAiN  X  Mr.«K,  I'riic.  Ar.  Nat.  Hcl.  Pliila.,  IMM,  :U,  Wood*  Holl,  Mau. 
Sl.ilililiiituHper/uiuMlMii,  JuliliAN  ifc  UlLliKlli,  Hyiiu|iiia,  'iT.i,  lH8:t;  nut  tif  I'okt. 

72N.  HTOIiKIMIIMtl  S  t'l'ltTI'M,  Junliin  A  (>llb<  rt. 

Huad  4.\;  depth  4i| ;  nyo  L'|  to  3^.  D.  11;  A.  22  or  2:i;  hcaIuh  35-5. 
Hotly  <;oiiiproHHod  and  duup,  tiio  iippur  and  lower  oiitlinoH  little  arched ; 
lit'llv  before  ventrulH  Hharply  uouipreHHed,  Herriilate.  Head  uliort  and 
tlocp,  tiie  Hiioitt  blunt,  not  produced;  maxillary  not  iiuite  reaching  ^ill 
upfiiiii>r,  ending  in  a  Hhurp  point;  euuh  Jaw  with  minute  teeth.  Oper- 
clu  HliortiHh;  clieekn  broadly  triangular,  (jlill  rakeiH  about  ii  eye,  which 
i.s  iiir^e.  DorHal  inserted  midway  between  middle  of  pupil  and  baNo  of 
Citiiilal ;  caudal  Hhort,  the  lower  lobe  longer;  pectorak'  very  tthort,  barely 
ruiirliing  veutralH;  Hcalea  thin,  caducouH.  TranHlucunt,  with  yellow 
HhuilfH  and  dark  dots;  Hides  with  a  faint  ditl'uHe  Hilvery  Htreak.  Length 
2i  inches.    Ma/.atlan;  abundant  in  the  muddy  eutuary.     {cnrttiH,  hIiovI.) 

ik-il' i'li"niH  iiirhiH,  JonnAN  Si  QiLiiERT,  Vtuv.  IJ.  S.  Nut.  Mua.,  t881,  :MU,  Maiatlan.    (Type,  No. 
t'ili'i.    Cull.  Oilliort.) 

720.  STOLKI'HOItrS  POKTI  (Kiht  A  Stoiiulachnor). 

Head  4jt;  depth  4^;  eye  3^  to  4.  D.  16;  A.  23  or  24 ;  Hcaloa  42.  Body 
d('t>p  and  compresMed,  the  outlines  not  arched;  snout  short,  blnntish, 
lilt  1(1  prujocting;  eye  moderate ;  both  jaws  with  small  teeth;  maxillary 
nioilorate,  extending  little  beyond  joint  of  mandible;  opercles  short. 
Front  of  dorsal  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout ;  ])ectorals  rather 
Ion;;,  not  reaching  ventrals;  vontrals  small.  8cales  deciduous.  (>reeu- 
isli,  Hides  silvery,  with  no  distinct  lateral  band.  Rio  Bayano,  near 
I'iiniinui.  (Kuer  L^!^  Steindacbner.)  (Named  for  Felipe  Poey,  the  ichthy- 
olo^^iMt  «)f  Cuba,  for  nearly  a  half  century  professor  of  zoology  in  the 
I'nivcrsity  of  Havana.) 

I'lijnniliH  jxiei/i,  Knek  it  Steindaciiner,  Alili.  Baj'or,  Ak.  Wisa.,  x,  1864,  23,  with  plate,  Rio 
Bayano;  GCntiieb,  Cat.,  vii,  392, 1H68. 

790.  NTOLKPlIOItVS  OPEBCULARIS,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

Head  3;  depth  3|  to  4 ;  eye  4 ;  D.  (injured  in  specimen  examined) ;  A.  20 
to  24 ;  scales  39.  Body  elliptical,  short,  and  moderately  compressed ;  dor- 
sal outline  evenly  curved ;  belly  compressed,  not  trenchant.  Head  large, 
Compressed,  the  snout  bluntish,  projecting  beyond  lower  jaw ;  maxillary 


;  i  ' 


I  : 


^i  J 


i'^'J 


*■ 


iii^-^iiLj^sf-'i^  i  \i  '-Ai 


^«-l■.i^^A-.fti.^>K^:_ 


i 


Ml 


446 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'i: 

7'^SIIIB 

/■: 

!■;  ■ 

iliifl 

iliill 

iril 

fl 

V:'  ;■; 

ffl 

» 

short  and  Bloiidor,  not  roachinf;  joint  of  mandible;  maxillary  with  vory 
tine  teuth  ;  nmndiblo  without  teeth.  Clijuka  triangular,  the  form  lower 
and  broader  than  UHual,  its  bane  at  eye  it  length  of  other  sideH.  Kyo 
much  longer  than  Muout ;  operdes  unusually  long,  the  distance  from  ritl^M; 
of  preopercle  at  lower  ])08turior  angle  of  cheek  back  to  gill  opeiiiii|r 
equal  to  diHtanco  from  Hame  ])oint  forward  to  middle  of  eye.  InHcrtion  df 
dorsal  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  midvUeof  eye;  anal  HhortiHli, 
with  a  large  Hcaly  sheath  ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  short ;  scales  lar^ic, 
rather  adherent.  liluish  above,  silvery  below,  not  translucent ;  no  latenil 
bilvery  band.  Length  5  inches.  Gulf  of  California  to  Panama ;  not  very 
common,     (opercular in,  pertaining  to-the  opercle,  Avhich  is  very  long.) 

8lole})honiM  ojierciilnrin,  .ToitDAN  A  Gn.iiEllT,  Proc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1H81,  275,  Punta  San 
Felipe,  Gulf  of  California.     (Type,  No.  29;HiG.     Coll.  Lii-iit.  Nicliolg.) 

781.  STOI.KPIIOKITN  MITCIIILLI  (Ouvior  &  Valoncionnes). 

Head  3*  ;  depth  4 ;  eye  3.  D.  14 ;  A.  2.')  or  2«);  scales  37.  Body  rather 
short  and  deep,  strongly  compressed,  the  belly  compressed  and  slightly 
serrated.  Head  short,  compressed,  bluntish;  snout  very  short,  i.(;t 
longer  than  pupil ;  eye  very  large ;  maxillary  about  reaching  edge  of 
opercle;  both  jaws  with  teeth;  cheeks  broadly  triangular,  almost  e<jni- 
lateral,  smaller  than  eyo  ;  opercle  short,  little  obli^jue ;  gill  rakers  ratlier 
long,  S  eye.  Dorsal  inserted  midway  between  caudal  and  middle  of  eyo; 
anal  very  long;  pectorals  long,  about  reaching  ventrals.  Scales  thin, 
caducous.  Translucent  whitish,  sides  silvery,  with  an  ill-defined  narrow 
silvery  band  scarcely  wider  than  pupil ;  tins  with  yellowish ;  many  dark 
dots  on  body  and  tins.  Length  2^  inches.  Cape  Cod  to  Texas  on  sandy 
shores,  entering  rivers;  very  abundant.  The  smallest  species  of  Anchovy 
found  north  of  the  tropics.  (Named  for  Professor  Samuel  Latham 
Mitcbill,  author  of  a  valuable  early  catalogue  of  the  fishes  of  New  York.) 

Engraiilin  milchilU,  Cuvikr  <k  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  roisB.,  xxi,  50, 1848,  New  York;  Caro- 
lina; Lake  Pontchartrain. 

Engrmdia  IjuUiana,  Le  Sueue,  MS.?  CuviEii  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxi,  51,  18Ih, 
Lake  Pontchartrain. 

Engrimlig  diiodecim,  Cope,  Trans.  Amor.  Phil.  Sue,  1860,  405,  Beasleys  Point,  New  Jersey; 
(ilorsal  fln  8ai('  to  be  vntiroly  anterior  to  tlie  long  and  deejily  concave  anal,  which  in  nut 
true  in  S.  initehitli;  the  description  otherwise  agrees). 

Stolepliorua  milchiUi,  Jobuan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  248. 

732.  STOLKPHOKUS  LIICIDTIS,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 
("Sahdina.") 

Head  3| ;  depth  3* ;  eye  3.  D.  12 ;  A.  27 ;  scales  36-6 ;  B.  11.  Body 
closely  compressed,  but  not  greatly  elevated,  the  back  weakly  arched; 
belly  cariuate  before  anal,  but  not  serrato.  Head  short,  rather  pointed, 
the  margins  of  opercles  forming  an  even  curve;  maxillary  narrow- 
pointed,  reaching  little  beyond  mandibular  Joint ;  teeth  evident;  snout 
abort,  projecting,  2  in  eye ;  cheeks  oblique,  V-shaped,  the  length  more 
than  i  head;  gill  rakers  rather  few  and  short,  the  longest  2  in  eye. 
Front  of  dorsal  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  front  of  eye ;  caudal 
short,  the  lower  lobe  the   longer;    pectoral    about  reaching  ventraJH. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        A4:7 

Scales  rather  adhereut.  Translucent,  Avith  black  dots  on  body  and  fins; 
Roiiio  yellow  shades ;  uides  with  a  rather  ditViiso  silvery  liand,  narrowed 
lii'hind  and  <)xpanding  on  base  of  caudal.  Length  5  inches.  Mazatlau; 
ioiiilly  abundant.     {lucidnn,  br'ght.) 

tHuLi^hnniK  hirlibui,  JonDAN  it  GILBERT,  "roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miib.,  1881,  341,  Mazatlan.     (Type,  No. 
■MUl.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 

7S3.  STOLKPIIOItrS  (LrPKOIDKS  (Swalnxon). 

Iload  3i  to  3?;  depth  3i ;  eye  3*.  D.  14;  A.  25  to  30;  sf-vles  40-8. 
Snout  much  projecting,  blunt,  short,  about  2  in  eye ;  ir.axillary  obliquely 
ti'iiiicate,  ending  in  a  point,, just  before  joint  of  mandible.  Teeth  very 
Hiiiall,  in  both  jaws;  gill  rakers  very  tine,  setiforni,  longer  than  eye; 
alidoiiien  trenchant,  but  without  conn'MCuous  spines.  Insertion  of  dorsal 
a  little  behind  middle  of  body  ;  insertion  of  anal  before  middle  of  dorsal. 
Silvery ;  lateral  band  broad,  not  very  distinct.  Size  very  large,  length 
about  a  foor,.  Coast  of  Ciuiana  and  southward;  common,  ascending 
Htreams.  (Steindachr'^r ;  Giinther.)  {Clupea  uprattm,  the  Sprat;  dJof, 
likeness.) 

.'Bi'ir'iiiUsiliijtrouIen,  SwAlNKos,  Nat.  His*  Ficlios,  ii,  388,  18:W,  Pernambuco. 
Sl"hi'liiiniKfiiriiiiime)iKi/:,'Iihr.r.Kr.H.  Nciiicrl.  Tijiinclir.  IHltU.,  iHiKi,  178,  Surinam. 
iMjiiwli.i  .vHn'iKimeiiMi,  (it'i."  uBii,  Cat.,  vn,  393,  1808;  A.  25  or  20  ;  Steindaciinkr,  Ich.  lieitr., 
Mil,  55,  1875;  A.  30. 

784.  KTOLEPHORl'S  PRODUCTUS  (Poi  y). 
(Heciiudo:  Ghubiier  BitoAD-iiEAn.) 

Heads?;  depth  3^.  D.  13;  A.  32;  scales  40.  Body  deep,  much  com- 
preHned ;  belly  compressed,  not  serrate ;  maxillary  tapering  behind,  nearly 
reaching  gill  opening;  snout  pointed,  much  projecting  beyond  lower  jaw ; 
teeth  very  small,  in  upper  jaw  only.  Dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snont 
and  baHe  of  caudal.  Scales  caducous.  Greenish,  silvery  on  sides,  without 
distinct  lateral  band.  Cuba  and  Jamaica.  (Poey;  Gunther.)  Possibly 
not  distinct  from  Stolephorua  clupeoides.  (productua,  lengthened.) 
Kiiijnmliiprodmluii,  PoFY,  Reportorio,  380,  18C6,  Cuba  ;  Gilnthor,  Cat.,  vii,  388,  1868. 

736.  STOLEPHORUS  CONPRESSUS  (Girard). 

Iload  4i;  depth  3J.  D.  12;  A.  31;  scales  40.  Body  strorgly  com- 
pressed, deeper  than  in  most  other  species;  head  short,  nearly  as  deep 
as  long ;  eye  large,  anterior,  much  longer  than  the  blunt  snout,  which 
docs  not  project  much  beyond  the  lower  jaw.  Gill  rakers  numerous, 
slender,  nearly  »s  long  as  the  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  beyond  the  root 
of  the  mandible.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  the  longer;  anal  fin  very  long; 
dorsal  inserted  midway  between  caudal  and  front  cf  eye;  pectoral  with 
a  liiisal  sheath.  Very  pale  olivaceous,  translucent;  a  silvery  lateral 
baud  as  broad  as  the  eye.  Flesh  thin  and  dry,  the  bones  firmer  than  in 
EiigranUs  mordax.  Length  6  inches.  Point  Goncepcion  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, abundant  about  San  Diego,     (compresaus,  compressed.) 

Etigmniis  comjiramit,  GiUAnn,  Pac.  B.  K.  Surv.,  x,  336,  1858,  San  Diego.    (Coll.  A.  Cassidy); 

tii'.STiiER,  Cat.,  VJi,  395,  1868. 
Sloltphormcompreittu,  JoBDAK  <&GiLBEBT,  Synopsis,  274, 1883. 


«t 


».:' 


I 


m 


■. 


■■  ■■   i 


I      i. 


::n1 


■r  I 

i 


,^k. 


% 


■i  ■/;  t 


m 


■  ':    1 


r  4 


'  r-i;-+.^  C^Vai^'Jki'.iivi. 


f  l^j 


448 


Bulletin  -^7,  United  States  National  Miisetitn. 


\    \  I 


\\W--T      ■r^:■ 


786.  KTOLEPHORl'S  PANAIHKNSIS  ^Stoiiidachncr). 

Head  4?;  depth  3?  to  3,^;  eye  about  3*.  D  12;  A  31  to  36;  scalcH  :{r.. 
Body  strongly  compressed,  the  outlines  not  strongly  arched.  Kiinut 
short,  bluntly  conical,  not  J  length  of  the  large  eye.  Maxillary  imintid 
behind,  reaching  gill  opening;  evident  teeth  in  both  jaws;  no  procosHoii 
subopercle.  Insertion  of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  posterior  edge  of  eyu  tlum 
caudal ;  caudal  longer  than  head;  pectorals  long,  reaching  anal.  Tulc,  a 
well-marked  silvery-gray  lateral  band.  Length  (>  inches.  Panama;  notnue. 

Eiiijraulis punamerMa,  Steinuaciinsk,  Iclith.  Buitr.,  iv,  39, 187'>,  Panama. 

787.  STOLEPHORUS  SPINIFEK  (Cuvior  &  Yalciiciounus). 

Head  4 ;  depth  4i.  D.  15 ;  A.  37  or  SH.  Abdomen  compressed,  not  ser- 
rated; snout  pointed,  much  projecting;  each  jaw  with  minute  tcotli; 
maxillary  tapering,  reaching  gill  opening  ;  8uboi)ercIe  projecting  beyond 
upercle,  forming  u,  small  triangular  prominence,  (fill  rakers  sleiulci', 
longer  than  eye,  10-|-16.  Insertion  of  dorsal  considerably  nearer  tip  of 
snout  than  base  of  caudal ;  pectorals  reaching  ventra.s.  Coloration  uni- 
form, no  distinct  lateral  stripe.  Length  6  inches.  Coast  of  Guiana: 
recorded  from  Panamaby  Steindachner.  (Giinther.)  {sj^hiti,  spine  ;  J'tro 
I  bear;  in  allusion  to  the  subopercular  process.) 

Engrauliii  spinifer,  Cvwr.ii  &  Valenwennes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'uiHS.,  xxi,  3U,  1848,  Cayenne;  (ii's- 
TUEB,  Cat.,  VII,  384,  18(J8. 

219.  ENGRAuLIS,  Cuvier. 
(Anchoviks.) 

EiigrauliK,  Cuviek,  Rigno  Aniniul,  Ed.  i,  174,  1X17,  (oicraKirholiiii). 
Eucrasichotus,  FLEMiNii,  BritiBli  Auinials,  183,  1M28,  (c)icranic7(oIii«). 

We  separate  from  Stolephorus  as  a  distinct  genus,  the  typical  species  of 
Engraulia,  with  a  few  related  species,  the  anchovies  of  the  north  and 
south  Temperate  zones,  the  species  of  Stolephorus  beiii  ^j  confined  chieliy  to 
the  tropics.  The  technical  basis  of  this  division,  the  increased  number 
of  vertebrie  in  Engraulis.  is  connected  with  the  geographical  distributi  )n 
of  its  species.  EngrauUa  includes  spindle-shaped  species,  little  com- 
pressed, the  sides  rounded,  the  vertebra!  in  larger  number  (about  45*),  the 
flesh  rather  dark,  tender,  and  somewhat  oily,  not  translucent,  the  bonea 
soft,  tlie  appearance  and  flesh  resembling  that  of  the  sardines,  {lyyfxivki^, 
engraulis,  tlie  ancient  name  of  Engraulis  eucrasicholits,  the  contniou 
anchovy  of  Europe.) 

a.  Head  very  long,  the  snout  projecting  ;  gill  ralteni  very  long,  luuch  lougerthan  cyr  ;  A.  22; 
no  distiuct.Bilvuiy  lateral  band;  jaws  with  small  teeth.  MUitiiA.\,  '',W. 

/ 

738.''eNGRAVL18  MORDAX,  Girard. 
(CALiroiiNtA  Anchovy.) 

Head  3i;  depth  5^.  D.  14;  A.  22;  scales  40;  B.  14.  Vertcl.ra' 
23  +  22  =  45.  Body  spindle-shaped,  formed  much  as  in  a  sardine,  little 
compressed,  rounded  above,  slightly  carinated  below,  not  serrated ;  bead 

*  44  or  40  iu  E.  mordax  ;  4C  or  47  iu  8,  encrasicholut. 


Jordan  anii  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        449 

loiij,',  an  toriorlycompresHed,  the  snout  pointed  and  protruding;  houd  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  deep;  eye  large,  very  near  the  tip  of  the  snout ;  niax- 
illiii  y  extending  beyond  root  of  mandible ;  jaws  with  small  teeth ;  operelu 
(l(H'itor  than  long,  placed  very  obliquely.  Gill  rakers  very  long,  much 
longer  than  the  eye.  Bluish  above;  aides  and  below  silvery,  not  trans- 
luoeiit;  no  silvery  lateral  I  ad.  Young  more  compressed,  the  sides  sil- 
very, but  not  translucent  and  without  lateral  band.  Flesh  comparatively 
iliiik  and  easily  torn,  as  in  a  sardine.  Length  7  inches.  Pacific  Coast 
of  Aiiu'iicafrom  Vancouver  Island  to  Lower  California;  extremely  abun- 
dant, ill  largo  schools;  one  of  the  largest  of  our  anchovies,  and  the  most 
viilii:il)le  as  food,  ranging  farther  north  than  its  American  allies,  as  dooo 
the  related  J'JtujrauIia  encrimcholuH  in  Europe,     (mordax,  biting.) 

Kii;;i(i"/i»  i«i>n(i(j,  CiUAitii,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hilii.,  1854.  IDS,  and  in  Pac.  K.  1{.  Surv.,  x,  334, 

1H.')S,  Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington.     (Coll.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper.) 
£h.;/i((i/i>  iiiiiiiis,  (jiiitAitD,  /.  f.,  X,  3.'}.'),  Ifi.'iH,  San  Francisco;  yoiiiit;.    (Coll.  lluurinaun);  Kngh 

■V  Steim>.\(ii.nkk,  Sit/.  Ak.  Wiss.  Wii      iSiiO,  «■;.  17. 
Sl''lii')i''riiy  riiiijem,   .TuuDAN  &  (Jil.iiF.iiT,  Synoiwis,   272,   18m;!,   anil   of  rcoont  authors  gpiiurally, 

liiit  pnliiibly  not  idi^utiral   with    I^mjrtmlis  r/ii./oio,  .Iksyns,   Voyatjd  ncanlc,  Hit;,    1S12,  a 

sirTiiliir  ("pecios  from  ('hili  and  Peru,  bnt  with   anal  rays   lu,  and  fliu  liead  4  in  length. 

N'uilher  species  occurs  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico. 

220.  ANCHOVIA,  Jordan  *  Evermann. 

Aiiihniiii,  JiiRnAN  it  RvKiiMANN,  now  Konus,  (miifrolejyidola). 

The  genus  is  closely  allied  to  *S/o?e/>/jor«8, ditt'ering  in  the  form  of  the' 
body  which  is  very  deep,  but  not  strongly  compressed,  and  in  the  ab'senco 
of  teeth  in  both  jaws  in  the  adult,  although  teeth  are  developed  in  the 
young.  One  species  known.  {Anchovia,  Anchovy,  a  name  long  applied  to 
EiiijrtutUx  encrasicholus,  the  Anchovy  of  Europe.) 

739.  ANCHOVIA  MACROLEPIDOTA  (Kner  &  Steindacluior). 
(Sardina  nocoNA.) 

IleadSi;  depth  3.  D.  15;  A.  28  to  30;  scales  35-9.  Body  very  short 
and  deep,  both  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  strongly  arched ;  head  one- 
fourth  longer  than  deep ;  snout  very  short,  not  longer  than  pupil ;  not 
jnojectiug  far  beyond  lower  jaw;  jaws  toothless  in  adult;  minute  teeth 
present  in  young ;  maxillary  narrow,  rounded  behind,  extending  to  angle 
of  preopercle •  gill  rakers  line,  long,  and  very  numerous;  subopercle 
'  ith  a  slight  process,  as  in  S,  spinifer.  Abdomen  slightly  compressed. 
Sf  ies  adherent.  Origin  of  dorsal  slightly  behind  middle  of  body ;  ventrals 
'.  IV  small,  pectorals  rather  long.  Silvery,  sides  with  an  indistinct  bluish 
band.  Length  8  inches.  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Panama,  very  abundant 
about  Guaymas  where  it  is  often  cast  up  dead  on  the  beach  in  great 
numbers;  one  of  the  largest  species  of  anchovy.  (/ia/c/jo^eTruJorof,  large- 
Bcaled.) 

i'liynm/ii  macrolepiiloiux,  Kxer  <fe  STEiNnACiiNER,  Abhandl.  Bayer,  Akad.  Wigs.,  x,  18G4,  21, 
pi.  Ill,  tig.  2,  Rio  Bayano,  Panama  ;  GOntuer,  Cat.,  vii,  385, 1868  ;.STEiNDACHNeit,  Icbth. 
Ill  itr.,  IV,  37,  1875. 

Stolq  huiiis  maeruUpidotuK,  EvKUMANN  &  JENKINS^  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiv,  181)1, 134. 


F.  N.  A. 


-30 


1^ 


f 


i  '.; 


t 


'.   I 


r-! 


if;'    'f 


,  1  t.  - 

!  !  r  . 

^\% 


vl 


't'.^£c:i>i;-v,  i/  '-i-.^.ii^,'^  >. 


.\fii--^\i'.*Ji-JPf,-; 


Ifi 


fj, 

I 


if!- 


?  • 

! 

k  I 

r      1 

1        ! 

1 

/I 


,ii^^;f- 


450 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afuseitm. 


221.  CETENGRAULIS,  (Jiinther. 

C€tengrnn\i»,  Gt'NTnm,  Cat.  Fishes,  llrit.  Mus.,  vii,  38:J,  ISdS,  (edenhihtH). 

This  geuus  differs  from  Stoleifhorus  in  having  the  gill  membranes 
broadly  united.  The  gill  rakers  are  usually  long,  and  the  teeth  are  rudi- 
mentary or  wanting.  Two  species,  f/cz/rof,  whale;  En(jraul'\8\  the  Umg 
gill  rakers  suggesting  whalebone.) 


a.  Aual  rays  20  tn  22  ;  uy<'  t>%  in  liciiil. 
aa.  Aual  rays  23  tu  1!5  ;  uyu  Ay^  iu  ' 


kcud. 


M  iTSTICETtS,   710. 
EDENTUM.^i,  711. 


740.  CETENURAULIS  MYSTICETIJS  (ailuther). 

Head  2|  to  2};  depth  3.?;  eye  5J.  D.  15  to  17;  A.  20  to  22;  soalos 
42-14.  No  teeth;  maxillary  not  reaching  root  of  mandible;  gill  rakery 
very  long,  sotiform,  10  +  42.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  evo 
and  base  of  caudal ;  pectorals  extending  to  or  a  little  beyond  veiitrals. 
Coloration  uniform.  Panama.  (Giinther.)  (B«/rt7jawi^8<ict'<M8,  theKiglit 
Whale,  the  long  gill  rakers  suggesting  whalebone.) 

£iii/r(iulu)tny9(i('e<i(«,  tiONTiir.R,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Sue.  Loud.,  18GU,  604,  Panama. 
CV(«?i|/rauIt«  mynliceltu,  GUntiiek,  Cat.,  vii,  383,  1808. 

741.  CETENCIBAULIS  EDENTULUS  (Cuvier). 

(BOCON.) 

Head  3}  to  3i ;  depth  3  ;  eye  4  to  ih  D.  15  ;  A.  23  to  25 ;  scales  10-11. 
Body  deep,  not  greatly  compressed  ;  belly  compressed,  bluntly  trencliunt, 
not  serrate;  snout  short,  sharply  pointed,  l.ii  in  eye;  maxillary  slonder, 
finely  toothed  posteriorly  only  in  the  young,  not  reaching  rootof  mandilde ; 
lower  jaw  toothless.  Gill  rakers  close-set,  longer  than  eye,  3^  iu  head; 
cheeks  triangular,  longer  than  high.  Scales  not  caducous.  Insertion  of 
dorsal  midway  between  front  of  eye  and  base  of  caudal ;  pectoral  sliort, 
2  in  head,  not  reaching  ventral ;  caudal  deeply  forked,  1^  in  head ;  dor- 
sal and  anal  with  large  basal  sheaths.  Silvery,  darker  above,  a  dark 
lateral  band  concealed  by  the  silvery  scales.  Length  6  inches.  West 
Indies  to  Brazil,  common  in  Cuba,  {edentulus,  toothless,  which  is  not 
quite  true  of  young  examples.) 

Sfrat,  Sloane,  Ilipt.  Jamaica,  ii,  282, 1727,  Jamaica. 

Engraulis  cdenltdus,  CuviEB,  BegDo  Animal,  Ed.  2,  ii,  323,  1829,  Jamaica;  after  Sloane;  CuvitB 

&  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poise.,  xxi,  51,  1848. 
Ettfiravlia  brevin,  Poey,  Rejiertorio,  i,  .379,  18(iC,  Cuba. 
Celeiiyrauli*  eilentnli(s,  GUntheb,  Cat.,  vil,  383,  1868. 
CeleHgraulis  brecia,  Swain  &  Meek,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila,  1884,  35. 

222.  PTERENGRAULIS,  Gunther. 

Pterengraulig,  GOntiier,  Cat.  Fishes,  vii,  398,  1808,  {atherinoiden). 

This  genus  is  very  close  to  Stolephorus,  differinj;  chiefly  in  the  insertion 
of  the  dorsal,  which  is  a  little  behind  the  front  of  the  very  long  auul  tin. 
South  American.    (Trrcpof,  fin ;  Engraulis.) 

742.  PTERENGRAULIS  ATHERINOIDES  (Linntcus). 

Head  4i^ ;  depth  4 ;  eye  5i ;  snout  6J.  D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  31  to  33 ;  scales 
40  to  44-8.    Body  elongate,  compressed,  the  lower  profile  arched  like  tbe 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        451 


npper,  the  ventral  edge  trenchant,  not  serrate ;  snont  abort,  blnnt, 
upturned;  teeth  small;  maxillary  not  reaching  joint  of  mandible;  gill 
raktis  Hhort,  7 -f  14,  the  longest  f  eye.  Pectoral  scarcely  shorter  than 
lipud,  reaching  middle  of  length  of  ventrals;  insertion  of  dorsal  mid- 
way between  base  of  caudal  and  base  of  pectoral ;  anal  inserted  before 
(luisal ;  scales  deciduous.  Silvery  lateral  band  broad,  not  strongly 
niarkod,  narrowed  on  the  tail.  Coasts  of  Guiana  and  Brazil,  ascending 
rivers.  (Steindachner.)  (at/tmnoteies,  like  J</jmH«,  referring  to  the  sil- 
very stripe.) 

(•\mca<AherxnoUt»,  LiNN.^rs,  Syst.  Nnt.,  Ed.  xii,  5211,  17C0,  Surinam. 

r.wiraiiUi  (ilheriiwiilfH,  OI'ntiiku,  Cat..  VII,  'MS,  lsti8  ;  Steindaciineii,  Irhtli.  Ilcitr,  viii,  ."iO,  1815, 
ItinnijraulU  allterinuidei,  EiOENMAN.v  &  Brav,  Aun.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Nat.  Sti.,  1834,  C27. 

223.  LYCENGRAULIS,  Guuther. 

LyeiigmtiliK,  GONTVIEn,  Cat.  FislicB,  VII,  399,  1808,  (groKsidem). 

This  genus  dithers  from  Stolephorus  chielly  in  the  dentition,  the  teeth 
beiu^  unequal  in  size,  some  of  them  canine-like.  The  known  species  are 
South  American,    (^li-xof,  wolf ;  Engraulia.) 

743.  LYCENOBAULIS  UBOSSIDGNS  (Cuvier). 

Head  H ;  depth  4J ;  B.  13 ;  D.  14  or  15 ;  A.  25  to  28 ;  scales  40.  Body 
comiirossed ;  snout  pointed,  projecting;  npper  teeth  strong,  subequal, 
lower  still  stronger,  14  to  18  on  each  side,  between  them  a  few  smaller 
teeth  maxillary  tapering,  reaching  angle  of  lower  jaw;  gill  rakers 
very  short,  lanceolate,  about  10  -|- 12  to  15.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway 
between  middle  of  eye  and  base  of  caudal ;  anal  inserted  below  posterior 
half  of  dorsal.  Abdomen  compressed,  without  scutes.  Pectorals  reach- 
ing ventrals.  Silvery  band  broad,  not  well  defined.  Coast  of  Guiana 
and  Brazil,  very  abundant  southward ;  a  good  food-fish.  (Giiuther.) 
((/(•088US,  large ;  rfc»J8,  tooth.) 

KiitjnmlisyromdaiH  (Cv\isn)  Ao.\8Ri>!,  Spix,  Pisc.  Brasil.,  50,  1828,  Rio  Janeiro. 
En;pmiU.i Janeiro,  Aijabbi/,  Spix,  PIhc.  Brasil.,  i)l.  24,  tig.  1,  1828,  Rio  Janeiro. 
EiKinmlis  drntex,  CuviEU  &  Valenciennes,  Ilist.  Nat.  I'oisB.,  x.\i,  28,  1848,  Rio  Janeiro. 
LycemjiaulU  (jrossidens,  Eioenhann  .<i  Bray,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1894,  ti2G. 

Family  LXIII.  ALEPOCEPHALID^. 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  thin  cycloid  or  keeled  scales, 
or  with  naked  skin;  head  naked.  Lateral  line  present  or  absent.  No 
barbels.  Mouth  moderate  or  large ;  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  by 
the  preniaxillaries  and  the  maxillaries,  the  former  being  placed  along  the 
upper  anterior  edge  of  the  latter.  Teeth  feeble.  Opercular  apparatus 
complete,  its  bones  thin.  Phosphorescent  spots  none,  or  rudir.entary, 
placed  in  nodules  of  the  naked  skin.  Nr  adipose  fin;  dorsal  fin  long 
and  low,  posterior,  inserted  nearly  opposite  the  anal ;  pectorals  shoit, 
placed  rather  high ;  ventrals  usually  well  back,  sometimes  wanting. 
Gill  openings  very  wide,  the  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudo- 
brancliiie  present;  no  gular  plate;  no  air  bladder.  Stomach  curved, 
without  blind  sac ;  pyloric  cccca  in  moderate  number.    Fishes  of  the  deep 


1  ■  .1 


<:    '' 


i,i 


I 


I 


l\ 


HZ' 

M 


4^ 


J 


n 


452 


Builetin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


qeaa;  but  one  Hpeciea  known  until  recently,  when  6  genera  iind  nuiiuMoiiH 
specioH  liuvo  been  described  from  the  abyHHul  fauntit  of  the  niid-Atlumiu 
and  Pacific.    {AUpocephaUdw,  GCntiikh,  Cat.,  vii,  477,  18(i8.) 

a.  Scales  woll  dovi'loped,  cycluid;  teuth  Hinitll;  lateral  lino  prencnt. 
b.  YoDtral  flim  wull  doTuluped. 

c.  Mouth  Hniiill;  innxlllary  with  tcotl:;  liody  niflior  ilcop. 

il.  Duriuil  and  anal  rather  Hhort,  of  15  to  17  rayR,  Hlniilar  to  uuch  other;  ci|,i.|.  ulur 

fla|m  Iomk;  lioail  luriio.  Ai.ki'iicki'mai.i  >.  j;;), 

lid.  Doreul  and  anal  lonf;er,  of  'iO  to  'iJt  rayx  each,  thu  anal  tliu  lon^'cr;  iipiii  ulir 

llaiM  inodurate.  Mituiiillina,  'JiO, 

cv.  Mouth  rather  lurj^o,  moderate;  body  more  elongate. 

c.  Anal  not  longer  than  dorttal;  teeth  on  iialatiiies;  maxillary  with  toeth, 
/.  Dorsal  longer  than  anal  and  Inserted  far  in  front  of  it. 

Bathytkoitks,  fKi. 
ff.  Dorsal  scarcely  longer  than  anal  and  inserted  nearly  opposite  it. 

T.\LI.S.MANI  \,  JliT. 

('«.  Anal  twice  as  long  as  dorsal;  body  rather  elongate;  jaws  strouf;;  nopuluti": 
teeth.  Co.MiCAliA,  'JJ8. 

hh.  Ventral  tins  wanting;  body  short,  compressed;  naxillary  with  toeth;  scales  ki'clid, 

Pl.ATVTUlK  il>',  'li'). 

aa.  Scales  waiitint;;  skin  thick,  rugose,  with  nodules;  no  lateral  line;  teeth  nilnuti';  \riiiral 
flus  jtresont.  ALirosuMUti,  Z'M. 

224.  ALEPOCEPHALUS,  Risso. 

Alepiicej)halw,  R18BO,  Mem.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Turin,  xxv,  270,  1820,  {ronlralm). 

Body  oblong,  oompresHed.  Mouth  rather  Buiall,  the  snout  HoinowLat 
prolonged;  jawa  nearly  equal  in  front;  a  series  of  small  teeth  in  t-uch 
jaw  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatines.  Eye  very  large.  Gill  nioml)iaiieH 
entirely  separate.  Branchiostegals  6.  Opercular  bones  thin,  the  upt-icle 
with  extended  membranous  flaps.  Dorsal  low,  not  very  long,  with  a 
scaly  base,  similar  to  the  anal ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  moderate ;  caiidul 
moderatdly  forked.  Scales  rather  large,  thin  and  cycloid  ;  no  phoHphu- 
rescent  spots.  Color  violet  black.  Deep-sea  fishes,  found  in  mu8t  ])urta 
of  the  ocean,     (u,  privative,  without      tn-of,  scale;  Ksipn^,  head.) 

a.  Head  one-third  of  total  length  or  nearly  so  ;  scales  not  minute.     D.  15  to  17  ;  A.  17. 

h.  Scales  moderate  (in  about  67  series).     Snout  9  in  biKly;  eye  4  in  head.     I'RODucti's,  741. 
hi).  Scales  small  (in  about  90  series).    Snout  11  to  12  in  body. 

('.  Eye  3^3  in  head  ;  pectoral  ^y^  in  head,  about  aa  long  as  eye.  A(;assi/ii,  745. 

CO.  Kye  4]^^  in  head  ;  pectoral  2^^  iu  bead,  much  longer  than  eye.      TEVminosi  s,  74C. 


744.  ALEPOCEPHALVK  PR0DUCTU8,  Gill. 


Head  2§ ; 


depth  4;  eye  4;  snout  3.  D.  17;  A.  17;  scales  !M)7-12, 
Resembling  A.  agaasizii  in  form  and  proportions,  but  with  larger  Mc-aleM, 
smaller  eye,  and  longer  snout.  Body  quite  robust,  its  height  at  tlu;  pec- 
toral origin  nearly  one-fourth  length  from  snout  to  base  of  median  Liuulul 
rays.  Least  height  of  the  tail  about  one-half  length  of  body.  Posterior 
margin  of  orbit  nearly  equidistant  between  snout  and  opercular  margiu; 
upper  jaw  extending  a  little  behind  vertical  from  posterior  margin  of 
pupil ;  lower  jaw  shorter  and  included,  nearly  one-half  as  long  a^tLc  head. 
Interorbital  width  7in  head ;  width  behind  the  orbits  less  than  3.  lusortion 
of  dorsal  above  vent,  length  of  its  base  twice  diameter  of  eye;  anal 


lordiin  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        453 

hii<4o  niuler  anterior  portion  of  dorsal,  the  length  of  ita  base  about  f 
tliiit  of  (lorHal.  The  caudal  flu  has  itH  median  rays  as  long  ait  the  diameter 
(if  (ho  eye,  and  the  external  rayu  at  least  \  the  total  length  of  the  flsh. 
Till'  ]>octoral  commences  at  a  distanco  from  the  snout  equal  to  i  of  the 
hMi^tliof  the  body.  The  ventral;  are  inserted  considerably  behind  the 
niiilillu  of  the  length  (0.57),  and  appear  to  have  been  at  least  as  long  as  the 
(liaiiioter  of  the  arbit.  The  type  was  obtained  by  the  AlbatroHg  from 
Htn t ion  2035,  a\:  a  depth  of  1,1^62  fathoms.  (Goode  &.  liean.)  ( product iin, 
(iiiiwii  out.) 

/i;./"" (Vi/m/iid  prodHclim,  Oin,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Miia.,  1883,  Sfif.,  Gulf  Stream  at  Allmtross  Stii- 
liiiii  'imr>,  ill  l,:iC2  fatliomB;  (TyiM<,  No.  ILTMl.  Coll.  AlhalroHn);  (ioonE  A  Bean,  Oceoiiic 
I.  htlijology,  37,  flg.  46,  la'JS. 

745.  ALKPOCKIMIALIIS  AOASSIZII,  Gomlo  &  n<-an. 

Head  D  ;  depth  5 ;  eye  3i.  D.  15 ;  A.  17 ;  scales  10-90-11.  Body  a  little 
ilt;o|ier  than  in  MitchilUtia  hairdii.  Head  compressed,  the  snout  conically 
eliinjjato,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  produced ;  width  of  head  i^  in  length  of 
l»(i(ly  (12  in  M.  bdirdii).  Scales  parchment-like.  Dorsal  inserted  directly 
aliovo  vent,  the  distance  from  its  origin  to  base  of  caudal  jt  its  distance 
from  front  of  eye;  anal  inserted  under  second  ray  of  dorsal.  Length  of 
pf^ctoial  e<(ual  to  diameter  of  eye,  lOi  in  liody.  Ventral  about  I 
of  hoad.  Dusky  ;  head  and  fins  nearly  black.  Gulf  Stream,  latitude  30°, 
in  '.t'2L'  fathoms.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  (Named  for  Professor  Alexander 
A^^assiz,  in  whoso  deep-sea  researches  the  species  was  obtained.) 

AlittucrjilKtlu.i  wjwiKhii,  GodDK  &  Bean,  Bull.  Mus.  Coinp.  Zoiil.,  1882,  216,  Gulf  Stream  ;  Goodb 
.V  Bean,  Oceiinic  Ichlhyology,  37,  1895. 


l\ 


■  r> 


746.  ALEPOCEPHALUS  TENEBROSII!^,  Gilbert. 

Head  3;  depth  4J  to  5;  eye  4i.  D.  17;  A.  17;  P.  10;  scales  16-00-10, 
of)  tubes  in  lateral  line.  Allied  to  A.  agaaaisU.  liO'.j  compressed, 
e'.onj^ato  ;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil,  its  length  from  snout  2\  in 
head  ;  teeth  in  single  series.  Snout  short,  compressed,  3J  in  head.  Dor- 
sal ending  slightly  before  anal ;  pectoral  2i  in  head,  much  longer  than 
eyo.  Scales  of'lateral  line  much  enlarged,  forming  a  raised  ridge.  Uni- 
form blue-black.  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  California,  at  350  to  822 
fatlioms.     (Gilbert.)     (tenebroaua,  dusky.) 

Mqf.i-i'iiliiihiii  lenihromn,  Gildebt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1801,  MC,  Santii  Barbara  Channel. 
(Coll.  Gilbert.) 

225,    MITCHILLINA,   Jordan  &  Evermann. 

MiichilHiin,  Jordan  &  Evermann,  new  genua,  (hairdii). 

In  liscussing  the  species  of  Alepocephalua,  Goode  and  Bean  make  the 
following  observations: 

There  are  two  distinct  groups  in  Alepocephalua,  probably  of  snbgeneric 
value.  The  first  group  includes  the  type,  A.  roatratua,  Risso.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  somewhat  short,  compressed  body,  large  bead,  with 
extended  membranaceous  Haps,  and  by  short  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  similar 
in  Hi/e  and  shape  and  nearly  opposite  each  other. 

A.  hamUi  represents  another  type,  having  a  stout  body,  about  iis  high 
in  propurtiou  to  its  length  as  in  A.  agaaaizii,  etc.,  but  with  a  smaller  head 


%s.  :'-.4r._c^.^l'. . 


^J\.,^\  -■  >-4ai  f 


f 


1 

1 

454 


Jiulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


and  loflo  volnininons  opercular  flaps.  The  eye  is  comparatively  iinuli 
Hiimllur  (18  in  total  length),  and  is  nearer  the  npper  profile  of  the  lu-ad. 
The  vertical  fins  are  Htron|rcr  and  niuru  nuiHoular,  and  are  heavily  aculcd 
at  their  baHus.  Lateral  line  nearly  utrai^^ht.  Maxillarieu  slender,  not 
expanded  posteriorly. 

For  the  second  group  as  above  indicated  we  suggest  the  XiVkVxet  M'xichWWwa, 

(In  honor  of  the  faithful  and  enthusiastic  ichthyologist,  Hainuel  Latliuni 

Mitchill,  United  States  Senator  from  the  State  of  New  York,  1804-lNi!l, 

the  first  to  study  systematically  the  fishes  of  New  York  Harbor.) 

747.  MITCIIILIilNA  HAIBDII  (Goodo  k  Dean). 

nead4Jt;  dopthSt;  eye4i.  D.  22;  A.  25;  P.  12;  V.  I,  fl;  pyloric  r.ioa 
15;  ]{.();  scales  7-(>5-ll.  Hody  rather  elongate;  head  moderately  coin- 
pressedySubconical,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  extending  nearly 
to  below  middle  of  eye;  eye  large,  as  long  as  snout.  Dorsal  inHoittd 
slightly  in  advance  of  anal.  Uniform  indigo-blue,  the  color  extendini; 
to  the  inside  of  the  mouth  and  the  gill  membranes.  Length  24  incluH. 
Grand  Banks;  dredged  at  a  depth  of  200  fathoms.  (Uoode  &l  Ii*>aii.) 
(Named  for  Professor  Spencer  Fullerton  Baird,  then  at  the  head  of  tlio 
United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.) 

AlepiM-rjihiihiii  bair<lii,  fJooDB  &  IIean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  lH7!t,  fifi.  Grand  Banks  of  New- 
foundland ;  (Typo,  No.  224ti8.  Coll.  Christian  JuliUBon);  Jordan  &  OiLUEBT,hyiioi«iH,  jru, 
188:i ;  GooDK  A  Hkan,  Oceauic  Ichtliyology,  :t8,  Wjr>. 

226.  BATHYTROCTES,  Giinther. 

naUnjlroctcK,  G{1ntiier,  Ann.  Map;.  Nat.  Hist.,  1«78,  2\Si,{%mcro\ep'ui). 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  moderate  scales.  Month 
wide,  extending  to  l)elow  middle  of  eye,  which  is  large;  maxillary  witli 
series  of  minute  teeth,  like  those  on  preniaxillary,  mandible,  vomer,  .'iixl 
palatines ;  tongue  toothless.  Dorsal  and  anal  moderate,  the  dorsal  nota- 
bly longer  than  anal  and  inserted  considerably  in  front  of  the  latter. 
Gill  rakers  lanceokite.    Deep  sea.     (,^ai9if,  deep;  rpw/crj/f,  one  who  gnaws.) 


§\\  i 


\    M 


748.  BATHYTBOCTKS  STOXIAS,  Gill)ert. 

Head  3? ;  depth  5;i^ ;  eye  small,  6i ;  snout  3§^.  D.  17 ;  A.  14 ;  P.  9 ;  scales 
9-57-10.  Mouth  much  larger  than  in  other  species,  the  front  of  eye  over 
middle  of  upper  jaw.  Body  slender,  the  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  half  tliat 
of  body.  Premaxillaries  extended  forward,  making  a  triangular  projec- 
tion, as  in  Labidesthes;  maxillary  If  in  head;  teeth  uniform,  incurved, 
depressible.  Top  of  head  with  a  deep  lengthwise  groove  from  nape  to 
snout,  a  large  mucous  canal  which  borders  it  posteriorly  opening  above 
eye.  Gill  rakers  5  -f- 13,  long  and  slender,  the  longest  J  eye.  DovHal 
beginning  before  vent ;  the  anal  inserted  slightly  behind  its  middle ;  cau- 
dal forked.  Dark  brownish,  the  fins,  etc.,  black.  Length  13  iuclies. 
Coast  of  Oregon,  in  877  fathoms,  (atomias,  large-mouthed.) 
Batliytrocteg  gtomiaii,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1890, 53,  Coast  of  Oregon,  in  877  fathoms, 
Alb'tirot*  atation  3074.    (Type,  No.  43081.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 


Jordan  and  Ei^ertnann. — Fishes  of  North  Amerua,        4rw> 


227.  TALIS^AHIA,  Goodu  iV  Beau. 

Tiilimama,  Goonr  A  Beak,  Oceanic  Iclitliyulo);y,  41,  IROfi,  (hitnu>iilerv»). 

TliiH  guuiiH  iH  cloaoly  allied  to  litiihiftroctvH,  diftbriug  chiefly  In  the  longer 

vertical  flnH,  the  dorsal  and  anal  Iioin)^  similar  to  each  other  t;nd  nearly 

()|i|i()Hito.     Deep  sea.     (Named  fur  the  Talinmati,  one  of  the  French  vessels 

(  Ti(tr(till>ur  <t  Talinman)  employed  in  deep-sea  explorations.) 

ri.  Miixilliiiy  rnricliini;  voitiral  Truiii  iiiitcrior  iiiiir^iu  uf  (>rl>lt.  ANTil.l..\iti'M,  719 

III,  Maxillary  ruarhiii);  vt^tical  rroiii  iitwturior  inurKiii  of  tulplt.  ^:gi'*T(iRiH,  IM. 

741).  TAM««MAM\  ANTlLLAItrM,  (io<><l.)  .V:  lUan. 

Head  3i ;  depth  5;  eye  3;  pupil  largo,  L'i  in  orbit;  snout  4.  D.  20;  A. 
U'J:  15.  7;  P.  13;  V.  8.  Scales  47.  Maxillary  reaching  orbit,  and 
oNHuntially  to  tho  vertical  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  pupil ;  bones 
of  iiead  thin  ;  head  compressed,  moderately  deep,  its  depth  ut  occiput 
.;  its  length;  profile  of  head  in  advance  of  orbit,  slightly  concave;  upper 
margin  of  orbit  approaching  very  close  to  upper  profile;  supraorbital  rim 
funiiiiig  a  portion  of  dorsal  profile  of  tho  head ;  width  of  interorbital  space 
nearly  half  diameter  of  eye.  Eye  large,  conspicuous.  Infraorbital  ring 
veiy  narrow  ;  maxillary  separated  from  tho  orbit  by  a  very  narrow  strip 
of  bone.  Snout  sharply  conical,  its  upper  profile  concave,  jaws  ecjual 
in  fViint.  Dentition  feeble;  all  the  teeth  equal,  minute,  uniserial ;  inter- 
maxillary and  maxillary  toothed  throughout;  vomerine  series  transverse 
and  Nt might,  slightly  interrupted  in  the  middle;  palatine  series  nearly  as 
loni;  as  tho  vomerine ;  the  two  last-named  series  confluent.  Hranchioste- 
gals  7,  oxceodiugly  slender  and  long.  Gills  4,  the  fourth  well  developed, 
with  a  slit  behind  it;  gill  laminin  short,  especially  on  the  convex  portion 
of  tho  arches ;  gill  rakers  long,  laneceolate,  closely  set,  17  on  tho  outer 
liianeliial  arch  below  the  angle,  7  above.  Vent  equidistant  between  root 
ofrautlal  and  gill  opening;  origin  of  the  dorsal  nearer  to  the  latter  ;  dorsal 
fin  longer  than  high,  its  anterior  rays  increasing  in  length  from  eighth  to 
niiuiteenth  ray ;  origin  of  the  anal  somewhat  in  advance  of  dorsal,  which 
i.s  iiLserted  over  third  ray  at  tho  point  where  it  emerges  from  its  scaly 
siieath ;  caudal  fin  deeply  emarginate ;  pectoral  fin  inserted  in  lower 
third  of  height  of  body,  moderately  broad  at  its  base;  i.t8  upper  rays 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  lower  ones ;  its  length  half  that  of  head  ;  its  tip, 
when  extended  straight,  in  vertical  from  insertion  of  ventral,  or  opposite 
twelfth  scale  of  lateral  line;  ventrals  close  together,  not  reaching  vent, 
but  to  origin  of  the  sheath  which  incloses  both  vent  and  base  of  anal; 
tlieii  length  equal  to  that  of  lower  rays  of  pectoral,  and  to  length  of 
snout;  root  of  ventral  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  rows  above 
the  ventrals.  Lateral  line  in  a  concave  sweep  from  near  upper  angle  of 
opereulHrn  to  a  point  above  the  origin  of  basal  sheath  of  the  anal,  thence 
in  a  Htraight  line  to  base  of  caudal.  Color  of  the  specimen  (denuded  of 
scales  and  long  kept  in  alcohol)  rusty  brown  ;  head  blackish.  » 

A  single  specira'.  i  was  obtained  by  the  Albatross  at  station  2394,  lati- 
tude* 28°  38'  30^'  N.,  long'tude  87°  02'  W.,  at  a  depth  of  420  fathoms. 
(Uoodo  ».V.  Bean.)     (Antillarum,  of  the  Antilles.) 

Tatixnmiiid  anlillarum,  GoonR  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  44,  lig.  49,  1895,  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
in  4J0  fathoms.     (Typ*;,  No.  4ZTM.\ 


I     ■  l- 


:1.: 


■2>'A't.h'.:.'.'-L*t::-^-/''>t 


^f'iii''Sr.-JU^:.i  *:*i-W*e^ift.- 


(  - 


M 


/-< 


I  '  ' 


f  ■;       ' 


*  1 


I. 

n 


i 


sf 


150 


Jiullctin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


7A0.  TAIilMMAMA  ll^lATOItlS,  r.oodu  A  Bonn. 

Head  Ci  ;  depth  'M  ;  Hiioiit  ^li ;  ey»  4ii,  U  in  HDoiit.  D.  22;  A. 21 ;  K.rc; 
V.  7;  1*.  H;  HcaluH  45  to  48.  Maxillary  ntiutliiiif;  vttrtionl  fruni  poNtorior 
iimrf^in  uf  orbit.  Hoiioh  of  head  thin  ;  hoiul  larKO,  coinprusHcd,  tlKMlnjttli 
at  tlio  occiput  Jt  itH  luiifL^th,  itB  width  ulioiit  A;  itH  upper  Hiirface  lon^^j. 
tiidinal,  concave,  and  deeply  concave  between  tiie  orbitH,  witli  a  convt>\. 
ity  above  the  Huout;  width  of  interorbital  npaco  about  etpial  to  <liain- 
otor  of  eye;  infraorbital  ring  very  narrow  ;  maxillary  broad,  large,  (dii- 
Bpicuonsly  dilated  at  the  extremity,  itH  greatest  width  at  tliiu  |)oint  l)(>iii<r 
more  than  j(  diameter  of  eye.  Cleft  of  month  wide;  dentition  feeiili'; 
no  traces  of  teeth  upon  eitlier  vomer  or  palatine  (on  typical  npeciiiHii). 
BranchioHtegalH  long  and  slender;  gills  4;  gill  laminie  short,  especially 
on  the  convex  portion  of  the  arches  ;  gill  rakers  long,  strong,  broad  at 
the  base;  (>-{-  17  on  the  outer  arch.  Vent  placed  equidistant  from  root 
of  caudal  and  root  of  pectoral;  origin  of  dorsal  over  vent,  slightly  in 
advance  of  anal ;  dorsal  tin  longer  than  high,  its  anterior  rays  incrcaH- 
ing  in  length  to  the  middle  of  the  fin,  the  longest  ray  3|  in  head,  altont 
equal  to  longest  ray  of  anal ;  caudal  fin  deeply  emarginate ;  pectoral 
inserted  far  below  middle  of  body;  it  has  a  narrow  base,  and  its  Icn^'th 
in  a  perfect  specimen  is  probably  not  greater  than  diameter  of  o\e. 
Ventrals  close  together,  remote  from  the  vent,  the  root  being  nearly  mid- 
way between  the  ro  )t  of  the  caudal  and  the  tip  of  the  snout,  and  «'(|ui- 
distant  from  root  of  anal  antl  base  of  pectoral.  Sciilus  deciduous,  cycloid, 
tlie  lateral  line  beginning  from  a  point  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  eye, 
and  ascending  In  a  broad  curve  to  a  point  over  the  ventrals,  tlienco  in 
a  straight  line  to  root  of  caudal.  Color  bluish-black.  A  single  Hpeci- 
men,  14i  inches  in  length,  obtained  by  the  Albatrosn,  from  station  L'TltiJ, 
latitude  1°  03'  N.,  longitude  80°  1.5'  W.,  in  741  fathoms.  ((Soode  &-  Hcari.) 
{ivquatoriH,  of  the  eciuator.) 

TaUnmanin   iiijnntorin,   Goodk  *  Brav,  Ocomiic,  IchthyoloRy,  44,  flu.  50,   lao."),  off   coast  of 
Ecuador.     (Typo,  No.  44085.) 


ii 


228.  CONOCARA,  Goode  &  Bean. 

Conocara,  Goode  A  Dean,  Oceanic  Iclithyology,  3!),  189r>,  (mncdomildi). 

Body  elongate,  compressed;  in  the  type  species  strongly  suggestive  of 
the  Barracuda  {Sjjhyrana).  Mouth  moderate;  snout  prolonged;  Jaws 
strong  and  powerful,  the  lower  slightly  included ;  teeth  in  the  jaws 
acicular,  rather  numerous;  also  on  the  vomer,  very  small;  absent  from 
palatines.  Eye  large.  Gill  membranes  entirely  separate.  Dorsal 
moderate  in  length;  anal  very  elongate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
dorsal ;  pectoral  and  ventral  small ;  caudal  strongly  forked.  Scales 
minyte  and  deciduoub.  Branchiostegals  G,  the  membrane  of  the  i(;ft 
series  folded  conspicuously  over  the  origin  of  that  of  the  right.  Oper- 
cular bones  thin.  Gill  rakers  rather  short  and  stout,  moderate  in  num- 
ber.    Deep  sea.     (Kuvoc,cone;  /cripa,  head.) 

a.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  depth  ff)^  in  length.    1).  18;  A.  3C.  macdonaldi,  751. 

aa.  Body  very  elongate,  the  deptli  8  in  lungtli.     D.  21;  A.  40.  maoboptera,  S72. 


mf 


Jordan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America,        457 


7AI.  rONOfARA  nArilONALDI,  Oootio  A  ru>«n. 

Head  '^)i  in  totiil  luiiKtl>;  depth  r>S  to  litiHu  of  caudal;  thickiieHH  12;  oye 
5,  J  ill  Miiout;  Hiiout  •1\.  1).  IH;  A.  3«>;  V.  10;  \\.  0;  V.  «);  C.  22;  scaloB 
2(11).  Itody  vluiigatu;  Huoiit  cuiiipr«8H<>d,  and  with  an  ubtiiHu  puint;  the 
lowft'  jiiw  inoUidt'd.  Muuth  lar^o,  thii  nppor  Jiiw  about  \  length  of 
licad;  tlio  maxillary  not  ronching  to  front  of  «y(>;  niandihlo  ruachinf; 
to  liolow  niiddlo  of  oye.  Teeth  on  the  proniaxillary,  vomer,  and  palate 
v*<i,v  Hharp,  minute,  widely  Hei)arated,  in  a  Mingle  row  in  each  Jaw.  Nob- 
trilH  lateral,  posterior  very  much  larger,  their  distance  from  eye  \ 
tiio  length  of  eye.  Uill  openings  wide;  opercular  apparatus  meni- 
lir:inou8,  its  elements  being  very  imperfectly  ossitied.  Fifteen  gill 
riikors  on  the  first  urch  below  the  angle.  Scales  very  small.  Dorsal  tin 
Hlioi't,  about  \  ns  long  as  anal  tin,  its  posterior  rays  inserted  nearly 
nvt'r  last  rays  of  the  latter,  distance  of  it«  insertion  from  tip  of  snout 
alH)ut  5^  times  its  own  length ;  anal  inserted  at  a  distance  from  the 
HDoiit  equal  to  2.^  times  its  own  length  ;  ventral  inserted  nearly  midway 
1i(>t\voen  the  snout  and  the  base  of  the  caudal ;  pectoral  short,  twice 
(liaiiieter  of  eye,  and  inserted  below  median  line  of  body ;  caudal  liu 
Hlioit,  its  middle  rays  not  more  than  \  length  of  snout,  forked.  Color 
unirorm  deep  blue-bluck  in  life. 

A  Npccimen  8^  inches  in  length  was  obtained  by  the  BluVe  at  station 
(ixxii,  in  24°  StJ"  N.  latitude,  84°  \>'  VV.  longitude,  at  a  depth  of  955 
fathoms,  and  another,  6  inches  long,  from  station  clxv  in  latitude  24° 
3li'  N.,  longitude  84°  05'  W.,  at  a  depth  of  955  fathoms.  Another,  Si 
inrliPH  long,  was  taken  by  the  AlbatrosH  at  station  2392  (latitude  28°  47' 
30",  longitude  87°  270-  (tJoode  «fc  Uean.)  (Named  for  Hon.  Marshall 
McDonald,  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.) 

(.'iiwiiitm  mnrdoiiiiliU,  OoonK  &  Bean,  (Vciknic  Iclithyulugy,  :.0,  Ak.  48,  1895,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
(Tj|ie,  No.  30482.     Coll.  Albatross.) 

752.  CONOCARA  9IACR0PTERA  (Vaillant). 

Head  clonf^ate,  4 ;  depth  8 ;  thickness  11 ;  snont  2J,  compressed,  with 
an  olituse  point;  eye  large.  Sir  in  head,  5}  in  interorbital  width.  D.  21; 
A.  40;  P.  8;  y.  5;  B.  6.  Scales  more  than  100.  Mouth  moderate,  the 
nppor  jaw  extending  considerably  beyond  the  lower,  the  maxillary 
Hcarcoly  reaching  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  orbit.  Teeth  on  premax- 
illai'ies,  maxillaries,  vomer,  and  palatines,  conical,  elongated,  rather 
small,  and  in  a  single  row  in  each  jaw.  Nostrils  wide,  close  together,  the- 
anterior  near  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  snout;  gill  opening  wide; 
operculum  for  the  most  part  membranaceous,  its  elements  being'  very 
imporl'ectly  ossified ;  preoperculum  curved,  thickened  on  its  anterior  edge ; 
the  interoperculuni  and  suboperculum  not  prominent,  apparently  replaced 
in  part  by  the  branchiostegals.  Gill  rakers  about  15  below  angle.  Vent 
a  little  behind  the  middle  of  total  length.  Lateral  line  extending  from 
the  upper  part  of  the  branchial  opening  to  middle  line  of  body.  Scales 
remarkably  small,  those  of  lateral  line  very  simple. 

DorHdl  with  its  outline  a  little  convex,  lower  behind,  and  ending  at  a 
distance  from  the  caudal  equal  to  the  length  of  its  own  base,  which  is 
equal  to  about  8  in  body  ;  anal  more  than  twice  as  long,  beginning  near 


'  !     i 


t   ' 


i 


■   I 


t-n 


■  I 


;,'.( 


f  '. 


\      i; 


>  .U:i4l  i 


&. 


458 


HuUetin  y/,  Ihiitfd  States  National  Afuseuni. 


tho  voiit  and  toriiiinnting  a  little  hvliliid  tlio  dorHnI,  itH  lioiKlit  nonrly  tlio 
■ainn  aH  that  of  the  dorHal;  ciiiidul  iiiodnruttdy  \»n^,  7  in  body,  Nli^'litly 
euiar^inatu  ;  pectoral  Hniall;  v«ntralH  vory  Hhort.  Color  reddUh  Inown  ; 
head  a  hoaiitifiil  a/.iire-hlne ;  flnH  H«pia;  irln  Idaok;  pupil  a/.iirn-lilno. 
HcttleH  very  iilmplo  in  form;  thoHo  of  the  hody  rounded  in  outline  and 
nioaHuru  frimi  l.T)  to  1.(1  nun.  in  diiinuttcr.  Five  pyloric  co-cn,  niodi'iatily 
elongated.  No  truce  of  a  Hwini  ltl»<ld«M-.  Sixteen  HpecinieuH  of  tliiH  n)m- 
oieH  were  obtained  by  the  French  exiHMlition  from  the  couHt  of  Morooco 
to  Houdan,  from  the  Hanc  d'Art^nin,  and  from  the  Canarien,  at  dt'ptliM 
varying  from  433  to  l,or>K  fathonm.  A  npecimen  K  inchcH  in  leuf^Mi  w.ih 
obtained  by  the  AlhatroKH  at  Htation  2751,  latitude  Hi"  &7'  N.,  lonKitiidn 
63°  12'  W.,  in  68  fathoniH.     otuKiu'tc,  lonj?;  Trrrftw,  Hn.) 

Ahpnrejihnluii  mnrropleruii,  Vaii.i.ant,  Kx|>.  8<'i.  Tritviillli'iir  el  TaliHliiaii,  I'lilMuiim,  ITiO,    |i|.    \i, 

Akn.  i^i,  2>>,  Ur,  1NS8,  Coa«t  of  Morocco,  Soudan,  and  Canariea. 
Oonoearn  miirritplira,  GouDK  A  IlKAN,  (Hioanlc  Ii'litlijrnKitty,  'Mi,  fl)(.  i'.i,  18U0, 

329.  PLATYTROCTES,  (liinthcr. 

Ptalylrocle;  OUntiirr,  Ann.  Muk.  Nat.  IIlNt.,  il,  187H,  24!),  {iipim). 

Body  rather  abbreviated,  much  compressed,  and  covered  with  Hniall, 
keeled  scales.  Mouth  of  moderate  width;  the  nutxillary,  proniaxillai v 
and  mandible  each  armed  with  a  single  series  of  small  teeth;  pnlato 
smooth.  Kyo  rather  large.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  opposite  each  otiicr 
on  tail,  moderately  long;  adipose  tin  none;  caudal  forked;  pectonils 
small;  ventrals  none.  Humeral  arch  terminating  in  middle  of  chest  in  :i 
long,  projecting,  acute  spine.  Gill  opening  wide;  six  bran<hioste<  's; 
gills  very  na.Tow ;  psoudobranchiie  present;  gill  rakers  lancr 
Pyloric  appendages  rudimentary.  Deep  sea.  (rrAnriV,  flit;  tjk'.ik 
gnawer.) 

768.  PliATYTUOC'TKS  APHS,  atliithor. 

Head  3i ;  depth  2|;  eye  3.  D.  18 ;  A.  17 ;  V.  20 ;  scales  20.  Body  nuicli 
compressed  and  deep,  its  greatest  depth  at  about  the  middle  of  its  Ion;;!  Ii. 
Head  ciupressed,  moderate,  logitudinally  concave  above,  the  concavity 
bordered  on  each  side  by  a  perforated  muciferons  canal,  and  broadt'Nt 
behind,  tapering  to  a  point  between  the  nostrils.  Bones  of  head  rattier 
thin,  but  less  so  than  in  liathytroctiii.  Eye  large,  equal  to  snout,  and  hIIii- 
ated  close  to  upper  profile.  Infraorbital  ring  incomplete.  Mouth  ratiu-r 
small,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  broad,  short,  extending  to 
vertical  from  margin  of  orbit.  Dentition  very  feeble;  teeth  uniHtM-ial, 
'•niformly  minute,  occupying  tho  whole  extent  of  intermaxillary  and 
maxillary,  but  confined  to  the  front  part  of  mandible ;  only  a  few  rudi- 
mentary teeth  are  visible  on  the  side  of  mandible;  vomer  with  a  minute 
tooth  on  each  side ;  palatines  toothless.  Branch iostegals  extremely  hIcu- 
der,  curved.  Gills  4,  the  inner  one  very  short;  gill  lamina)  short,  especi- 
ally on  the  convex  portion  of  the  arches ;  gill  rakers  long,  lanceolate, 
closely  set,  20  -f- 10  on  the  outer  branchial  arch.  Vent  much  nearer  root 
of  caudal  than  to  gill  opening ;  dorsal  fin  commencing  immediately  above 
it,  the  anal  behind ;  these  fins  are  very  similar  in  shape  and  of  moderate 
height ;  caudal  peduncle  more  than  half  as  deep  as  long,  its  depth  being 


'^n^£^ 


-■■<■ 


r 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  0/  North  America.        469 


incifttNiMl  liy  II  folil  of  \\w  iiil«<({iiiiiont  li«tw«MUi  tli<j  vrrtiral  Hum;  riiiidal 
rather  Mhitrt  aiitl  forkud;  iinctorul  vt^iy  hIioiI,  uiily  half  tiM  lon^  iih  ey«. 
Si'iili'H  Hiiiiill,  cycloid,  ciich  with  11  Inii^itiHliiiul  kiMd,  and  not  n|)iiiiKerouM, 
U!4  ill  Af<t(ritruii,  hut  Hinii)l««,  iih  in  tli«ko<d<Ml  Hcahm  of  u  Huiikts  thi)  Ntriii- 
tiona,  iuHtoad  of  contiiiiiully  croHNiuK  tho  ncalu,  arc  interrupted  hy  th« 
riiisi-d  median  lino;  head  entirely  NculelcNH  ;  lateral  line  NtraJKht,  ninnin){ 
tilling  the  middle  of  the  liody  and  tail,  and  conipoHed  of  very  Hniall 
|iiiit'H.  Itrown  ;  head,  ]>eetoral  re);ion,  the  vent,  and  frinj^eH  of  thecaiiilal 
|ii'iliincle,  hlac.  .  Length  o^  inclieH.  Mid-Atlantio,  Challenger  Station 
l(i7,  in  l,r>(N)  fathoniN  ;  alMo  in  the  Arahian  Hea.  (/<,  without ;  miir,  foot; 
iirrrii,  without  feet,  the  ventraU  licinK  wanting;.) 

I'liitidrnileH  <i/»i<,  (ll'NTliKu,  Ann.  ami  Mui{.  Nnt.  Illxt.,  ll,  IrtTH,  24!l,  Mid-Atlantic  ;  'Coll. 
CliiiIliiiKir);  OCNVHr.B,  CliulJiiiKir  K<|Hirf,  xxii,  |il.  i.viii,  Wk-  A,  TM,  18m7  ;  Ai.rocK,  Ann. 
iitid  Mug.  N»t.  Hill.,  VI,  II,  IHIH),  :iOT  ;  (iooiiK  fi  IIkan,  Uoi-uiiic  IcIitliyoluKy,  4)1,  iHU.'t. 

230.  ALEPOSOMUS,  (Jill. 

All piMimui,  Ciiht,  Amcriraii  Niitiirallut,  xviii,  1HH4, 'IMlt,  {atpri). 

\\w\y  i^lon^ate,  .'tealoloNrt ;  Hkin  thick,  finely  ruf^OHC,  with  a  coiAHidnraldn 
nninher  of  Hinall  noduleH  upon  the  Itelly,  and  NornotinicH  alno  upon  the 
oiil'H  and  tho  lower  part  of  the  head.  Lateral  line  wanting;  M'  th  mod- 
erati',  with  minute  teeth  upon  the  inaiulihle  and  ]iremaxillary  ;  pala- 
tines, tongue,  and  pharyngeal  boneH  prohably  toothlcHs.  DorHal  and 
aiiiii  tiiiH  oppoHite,  Himilar  in  form  and  equal  in  length;  caudal  probahly 
foiki'd.  Vent  behind  the  middle  of  the  body,  will  openingM  wide.  Deep 
HCii ;  two  species  known,     ((i,  without;  ^/Tror.  ncale  or  liuuk;  (TM/ya,  body.) 

7S4.  AI.KPOKOMIIN  COPKI,  Oill. 

Ilt'ad  3};  depth  5^ ;  eye  2  in  head.  liody  coinprcHHcd,  its  ontlinea 
Hl(i|iin<r  from  head  to  middle  of  caudal  peduncle.  Snout  short,  declivous, 
its  length  i  the  horizontal  diameter  of  the  eye  and  about  I  that 
of  liciul.  Mandible  scarcely  extending  beyond  upper  jaw ;  maxillary 
extending  to  vertical  from  middle  of  orbit.  Small  teeth  upon  mandi- 
blo  iind  premaxillary.  Eye  very  large,  its  upper  outline  not  projecting 
above  the  dorsal  profile,  as  in  A.  aoc[ali»  (Vaillant).  Gill  opening 
lar<;e.  Skin  thick,  slimy;  no  lateral  line  distinguishable;  no  scales 
preHont,  but  numerous  tubercles  upon  the  sides  of  the  body;  none  per- 
ceptible on  the  head.  Vent  midway  between  origin  of  ventral  and  tip 
of  last  dorsal  ray.  Dorsal  origin  equidistant  from  the  gill  opening  and 
the  liaso  of  the  middle  caudal  rays  ;  highest  in  its  middle  portion,  round- 
ing forward  and  behind;  anal  inserted  immediately  under  the  dorsal, 
siniiiar  in  shape  and  equal  in  extent;  caudal,  though  mutilated, 
undonbtedly  emarginate,  and  proVtably  forked.  Accessory  rays  (charac- 
teiistic  not  only  of  Alepoaomua  but  of  Xenodennichthtjs)  not  conspicuous; 
pectoral  inserted  very  low  down,  close  to  the  posterior  angle  of  the  pre- 
opei'cnlar  flap,  and  appearing  to  have  been  feeble,  its  diameter  not  much 
greater  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye ;  ventral  origin  equidistant 
between  posterior  margin  of  eye  and  base  of  last  dorsal  ray.  Color 
uniform  blackish. 


H 


! 


H 


I 


h'4- 


I 


M 


i 


I,     V 

'  I       |::t 


■- 


:  ill 


■  T 

lit 


I 


460 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


A  single  specimen,  3^  inches  in  length,  was  ohtained  hy  the  Albatross  nt 
station  2099  in  37°  12'  20^'  N.  latitude,  69°  39'  W.  longitude,  at  a  depth 
of  2,949  fathoms.  (Named  for  Prof.  Edward  Drinker  Cope,  one  of  tiio 
most  able  and  productive  of  living  workers  in  ichthyology.) 

Alejiontminii  ropvi,  Qiix,  Amuricaii  NatiiraliHt,  xvir ,  IS'M,  44.1,  Gulf  Stream  ;  (Typo,  No.  .'i;i.").",l.) 
GuoDF.  Jlc  Bran.  Ocoanic  Ir)ittiyulo);y,  47,  flg.  61,  18i)5. 


I  ;J 


If 


hv 


i 


f 


Family  LXIV.  SALMONIDiE. 

(TiiK  Salmon  Family.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  covered  with  cycloid  scales.  Head  nakod. 
Mouth  terminal,  large  or  small,  varying  much  in  the  different  genera: 
maxillary  forning  the  lateral  margin  of  the  upper  jaw,  provided  with  a 
supplemental  bone ;  premaxillaries  not  protractile.  Teeth  various,  soino- 
times  wanting.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobrancliin' 
present.  Gill  rakers  various ;  gill  membranes  not  connected,  free  from 
the  isthmus;  branchiosiegals  10  to  20.  No  barbels.  Dorsal  usually 
nearly  median,  not  greatly  elongate,  its  rays  fl  to  15,  only  one  or  two  of 
the  anterior  simple  or  rudimentary,  the  others  branched;  adipose  tin 
present;  caudal  fiu  forked;  anal  fin  moderate  or  rather  long;  veutralK 
moderate,  nearly  median ;  pectorals  placed  low.  Lateral  line  proH- 
ent.  Abdomen  rounded  in  0utline.  Parietals  not  in  contact,  sepa- 
rated at  middle  by  the  intervention  of  the  supraoccipital,  which  coiinectH 
with  the  froutals;  epipleural  appendages  not  developed.  Air  bladilL-r 
large ,  stomach  siphonal ;  pyloric  ctuca  very  numerous.  Ova  lai^je, 
falling  into  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen  before  exclusion.  Genera  10. 
Species  about  70.  As  now  restricted,  this  is  no  longer  one  of  the  larj^e 
families  of  fishes,  but  in  beauty,  activity,  gaminess,  and  quality  as  food, 
and  even  in  size  of  individuals,  different  members  of  the  group  Hiaiid 
easily  with  the  first  among  fishes,  'i'he  Salmonulw  are  confined  to  tlie 
northern  regions,  and  north  of  about  40°  N.,  everywhere  abuiwhint 
where  suitable  waters  occur.  Some  of  the  species,  especially  the  ]ar<»cr 
ones,  are  marine  and  anadromous,  living  and  growing  in  the  sea,  and 
entering  fresh  waters  to  spawn.  Still  others  live  in  running  brooks, 
entering  lakes  or  the  sea  as  occasion  serves,  but  not  habitually  doiii«;  ho. 
Others  again  are  lake  fishes,  approaching  the  shore,  or  entering  brooks 
in  the  spawning  season,  at  other  times  retiring  tu  w^aters  of  considerable 
depth.  Some  of  them  are  active,  voracious  and  gamy,  while  others  are 
comparatively  defenseless  and  will  not  take  the  hook.  The  large  si/o  of 
the  eggs  and  their  lack  of  adhesiveness,  ;vith  the  ease  l)y  which  the  e^'gs 
may  be  impregnated,  render  the  Salmon  and  Trout  especially  adapted 
for  artificial  culture.  The  Salmonidw  are  of  comparatively  recent  evohi- 
tion,  none  of  them  occurring  as  fossils,  unless  it  be  in  recent  dejiosits. 
The  instability  of  the  specific  forms  and  the  lack  of  sharply  defined  Hpe- 
cific  characters  may  be  in  part  attributed  to  th'>ir  recent  origin,  as  Dr. 
Gunther  has  suggested.     ( Salmonida,  part,  Giintuer,  Cat.,  vi,  1-202,  l^ifi6.) 


UI-. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        461 


OoHKOONIN*  : 

II.  Muutli  not  deeply  cleft,  the  maxilliiry  broad,  the  ninndiblo  articiilatini;  with  the  qiiwlrate 
bone  under  or  beroro  tlie  eye.     Dentition  tiii>re  or  Iohs  feeble  or  lucoinplcte  ;  BCiiles 
moderate  or  large ;  anal  tin  rather  lonj; ;  HpeeieH  imperfectly  uiiadromons,  or  ronfined 
to  riTer8  or  lakes,  their  life  lasting  more  than  one  year, 
(i.  JawH  tuothlsBS  <ve  nearly  so  ;  Hcaleti  lurgu  ;   ma.xlllary  short  and  broutl,  with  a  broad 
eui)plomental  bone, 
c.  Proma.\lllaries  broad,  with  the  ciittiuK  edt;o  nearly  vortical  or  directed  backward, 
the  lower  jaw  short  and  more  or  Iubh  included  ;  cleft  of  mouth  Khort. 

(JollEdONW,  231. 

CO.  PremaxillarioH  with  the  cutting  edge  nearly  horizontal  uud  directed  forward  ; 
lower  jaw  long,  projecting  beyond  upper  ;  cleft  of  mouth  rather  long. 

AnoYKosoMi's,  232. 
M>.  JawB,  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue  with  (landn  of  teeth  ;  maxillary  very  long ;  lower 
jaw  prominent ;  annl  fln  elongate  ;  scales  moderate.  STKNonus,  233, 

Sai.monin.v.  : 
(Ki.  Muuth  deeply  cleft,  the  long  lower  jaw  articulating  with  the  q'ladrute  bone  behind  the 
eyes,  the  inuxillaries  rather  narrow.    Dentition  strong  und  cotiiplcle  ;  conical  teeth 
on  jiiWH,  vomer,  and  palatines ;  tongue  witli   two  serioH  of  strong  teeth  (sometimeB 
deciduous  in  very  old  si)ecimen8);  scales  small. 
(/.  Anal  fln  elongate,  of  14  to  17  rays ;  vomer  narrow,  long,  Hat,  with  weak  teeth  ;  Kpocics 
spotted  with  black,  if  at  all.  ONcouHYNCiiUS,  234. 

M.  Anal  flu  short,  of  !)  to  12  developed  rays. 

«.  Vomer  flat,  its  toothed  surface  plane  ;  teeth  on  the  shaft  of  the  vomer  in  alterna- 
ting rows  or  in  one  zigzag  row,  tho.se  on  the  shaft  placed  directly  on  the  surface 
of  the  bone,  not  on  a  free  crust;  posterior  vomerine  teeth  sometimes  deciduous; 
species  black-spotted.  Sai.mo,  23S. 

te.  Vomer  boat-shaped,  the  shaft  strongly  depressed,  without  teeth  ;  scales  very  small, 
about  200  iu  the  course  of  the  lateral  line  ;  species  not  auudronious;  spotted 
with  red  or  gray. 
/.  Vomer  with  a  raised  crest,  estending  backward  from  the  head  of  the  bone, 
free  from  its  sliaft,  this  crest  armed  with  strong  teeth  ;  hyoid  bone  with  a 
broad  band  of  strong  teeth  ;  species  Hi)otted   with   gray,  without  bright 
colors.  CniKTivoMBR,  236. 

ff.  Vomer  without  raised  crest,  only  the  head  being  toothed ;  hyoid  bone  with 
very  weak  teeth  or  none  ;  species  red-spotted,  the  lower  fins  with  bright 
edgings.  Salvelinus,  237. 


231.  COREGONUS  (Artedi)  Linnicns. 
(WHITEFI8HE8.) 

Cnrrqcinm,  ARTEni,  Qoncra  Piscium,  9,  1738. 

Ciirnjoiii,  liiNN.nus,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  310,  (l<ii;are<ii»i). 

TriiihnmoliiH,  L\ct,vtvB,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  48,  1803,  (hiwtin  —  lavarelus). 

Coriijimiis,  Lac^pkde,  llist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  2(i3,  1803,  {lavuretus). 

I'oriyoHHs,  CuviER,  Bcgne  Animal,  Ed.  i,  1C2,  1817,  {tlii/mnlhut,  lavaretm,  etc.;  restricted  iu  Ed,  2, 

to  liiearettix), 
/ViiMiijjiiim,  MiLNEB,  in  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.,  Ed.  2,  .'JGl,  1878,  (r;iiarfri7<i/er«/i(i). 

)!u(ly  oblong  or  elongate,  coDipreBB*ed.  Head  more  or  leas  conic,  com- 
prtMsed,  the  snout  more  or  less  projecting  beyond  the  lower  jaw.  Mouth 
sii'.all,  the  maxillary  short,  not  extending  beyond  the  orbit,  with  a  well- 
devoloped  supplemental  bone.  Teeth  extremely  minute,  if  present. 
ScaleH  moderate,  thin,  cycloid,  rather  firm.  Dorsal  tin  moderate ;  caudal 
lin  deeply  forked,  anal  An  sum 3what  elongate;  ventvals  well  developed. 
Pseudobranchiu)  large.    Gill  rakers  varying  from  short  and  thickish  to  long 


i    5  ■ 


s:  ji 


•f^- 


t    ' 


■t    ■■■I: 


\ 


!    * 


t 


■■"■ 

1 

m 

t   I' 


!  i  * 


I 

t      1 


i 
f 


r. 


*.5 


i! 


1 

!    t 


lit 


% 


T 


I 


M 


462 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


,, 


I 


i-i; 


and  slenilor.  Air  bladder  vory  lar^n.  Vertobrm  56  to  (50.  Stomach  horse, 
shoo-shuped,  with  many  (about  100)  pyloric  co'ca.  Ova  Hmall.  Spocios 
about  15,  inhabiting  the  clear  lakes  of  northern  Europe,  Asia,  aiitl 
America,  in  Arctic  regions  deHccnding  to  the  sea.  MoHt  of  them  spawn  in 
late  fall  or  winter  near  the  shoro.  at  other  HoaHons  often  frequenting  con- 
siderable depths.  The  number  of  distinct  species  of  oo>T(/(mHM  has  been 
overestimated  by  uuiny  writers.  Tho  geographical  range  and  rangt^  of 
variation  of  each  one  are  much  wider  than  has  hitherto  been  genentlly 
supposed.*  The  sjn-cies  are  highly  valued  for  food,  tho  ilesh  being  ^'tn- 
erally  pale  and  of  fine  flavor.  Tho  coloration  is  very  uniform;  blniHJi 
olivaceous  above;  the  sidoH  and  below  silvery.  (CoreijoiiUH,  a  name  used  by 
Artedi  for  t'he  European  lavaret,  or  whitefish,  Corvyonus  lavaretus,  from 
KopTj,  the  pupil  of  tho  eye;  yuriu,  angle;  "quia  pupilla  antoriore  paiie  in 
angulunwacutum  procurrit."    Artedi.) 

Pkusoi'Ium  (irpocruiircoi',  a  iiiiiHk,  from  tlio  lurt?"  proorbifalB): 
(I.  Qill  i'ukoi'8  Rlitirt,  thit'kisli,  iiltuut  12  tu  ir>  in  iiiinibcr  on  tli«  lower  limb  of  thi>  iirdi;  max- 
illury  Hbiirt,  broad,  not   rcao^iiiif;;  vyc,  tbu   Hii|)iilomoiiluI  bono   mostly    narrow  ami 
Bhiirply  (dllptical;  moiitli  Hmall. 
b.  Mouth  comiiarutively  InrKo,  tlio  maxillary  about  4  in  bead;  gilt  rakurH  very  Hliorl  ami 
tbiok,  10  I  Hi-  body  oblong,  tho  back  not  clcvatiMl. 
c.  ScuU'S  largo,  00  to  Gil  in  luti'ral  line;  guout  liluut  and  docurvwl.  coulteuu,  ".■5. 

I'o.  i^calus  ctmall,  72  to  'M  in  lateral  lino. 

il.  SupplonxMital  bonii  of  n\axillary  rathvr  narrow;  ficaloH  8:1  to  00. 

e.  Head  moderate,  blunt  anteriorly,  4'^  to  5  iu  body;  tip  ut'  Hnont  l.cli.w 
levol  of  eye;  gill  rakers  short,  'J  -|- 15;.  lower  lins  jisle. 

WILMAMKONI,  Tfil!. 

ee.  Head  very  short,  bVuit,  T)';,',  in  body;  gill  rakum  NUort  and  tileiider,  alMnit 
7   I  14;  linsallbhu-kiHli.  kennicotii,  T'l". 

till.  Supplemental  bono  of  maxillary  very  broad,  semicircular;  Hcalca  72  to  Hi). 

RICIIAlinSO.Ml,  V'jH. 

bli.  Mouth  small,  the  maxillary  6  to  .'>V2  >n  head;  gill  rakers  shorter  and  tliicker,  aliuut 
7  -|-  10,  about  5  in  eye,  fewer  than  iu  V.  tcilliamtioni.  Body  elongate,  the  bark  nut 
elevated  uor  much  compressed.  quaduii  ateiialis,  75'.». 

CoREaoNus: 
ail.  Gill  rakers  numerous,  long  and  slender,  17  to  20  on  the  lower  iimii  of  tho  arch;  prcdiLi- 
tal  long  and  narrow;  unixillury  rathor  long,  more  tliau  3^  head,  the  Bupiili'imntal 
bone   ovate. 
/.  Tongue  toothless  or  nearly  so;  back  elevated;  head  very  low  and  short,  ospeeiallv  in 
old  examples. 
[/.  Buck   elevated,    but    not   greatly  compressed;   supplemental  bono  of  maxillary 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  deep.  cUTPEiFoniHis,  7iiii. 

ijij.  Back  elevated  and  murh  compressed;  su])plomeutal  bono  of  maxillary  more  tliau 
^;i  as  deep  as  loiiic;  gill  raV.ei-s  about  2G.  nelsonm,  7(11. 

//.  Tongue  with  It  series  of  snnill  teeth;  body  elongate,  compressed ;  lower  jaw  slightly 
included. 
h.  Gill  rakora  short  and  few,  about  10  -(- 15,  tho  longest  about  2  in  eye. 

LABRADORICl'S,  702. 

/  Subgenus  P    OSOPIUM,  Milner. 

765.  COREflONVS  C'OULTEKII,  Eigenmann  &  Eigenmann. 
Head  4i  to  5 ;  depth  4i  to  5^  ;  eye  4  ;  snout  4^.     D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  10  or  1 1 ; 


f:  i  i    H 


scales  8-60  to  63-6.    Form  rather  heavy,  little  elevated;  the  snout  broad, 

*For  u  useful  analytical  key  to  the  8|)ecie8  of  Curegonut,  see  Bean,  in  Trans.  Auicr.   Kidb 
Cultural  Ass'u,  13th  annual  meeting,  1884,  33. 


i^i 


Si 


y>-4  i.vjtiji'SsSfc, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


463 


very  blnnt  and  tiecnrved  ;  groatcHt  iloptli  of  head  equal  t«>  itH  length  less 
tlio  oporcle.  Mouth  low,  the  Hnout  hut  little  projecting,  maxillary  reach- 
ing'eye  in  larger  BpooimonH,  further  in  the  Hnialler  ones;  Hiippleniental 
bone  a  crescent ;  gill  rnkorM  much  us  in  CortijonuH  wilUamnoin.)  scales 
liirge.  Dull  silvery.  Head  waters  of  the  Columbia  Kivcr.  A  small 
Hpocies,  not  exceeding  8  inches  in  length,  closely  relatod  to  CoratjonitH 
ir'iUiamaom,  hut  with  larger  scales.  (Named  for  Dr.  .lohn  Merle  Coulter, 
tlio  well-known  botanist.) 
CijiijdiiiiH  cDiilhrii,   EliiKNMANN   A   KiiiKNMANN,    Anioriciui    NttturalJBt,   Novi-nilicr,    1H!»2,   0(11, 

Kicking  Horse  River,  at  Field,  British  Columbia,  une  of  tlio  liuuj  HtruaiiiH  uf  tku 

Oulumbia  Uiver.     (Tj'iic,  No.    IJHT.'i.     Coll.  KiKUiiliianii.) 

;&«.  C0KK0ON1IS  WILIilAMMONI,  Uirard. 
(Roc'Kv  Mot.NiAiN  WinTKKisH  ;  "Mountain  JIckhinu.") 
I  load  ii  to  5 ;  deptli  4  to  .5 ;  eye  4i.  D.  11  to  14  ;  A.  11  to  13 ;  scales  H  to 
1()-S;{  to  87-7  to  10.  body  oblong,  rather  deeper  than  in  CoreyonuH  quadri- 
hitcmlls,  but  little  compressed.  Head  shortish,  conic,  the  profile  more 
abruptly  decnrved  than  in  the  other  species.  Snout  compressed  and 
uuiiiuwhat  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  entirely  below  the  level  of  the  eye  ;  pre- 
orbital  broad,  t  width  of  eye.  Maxillary  short  and  very  broad,  reaching 
juHt  about  to  the  anterior  margin  of  eye;  therefore,  apparently  longer 
thiiu  in  related  species,  owing  to  the  shortness  of  the  snout ;  supple- 
montal  bone  narrow  ;  maxillary  contained  4  times  in  the  length  uf  the 
head  ;  mandible  3  times.  Pectoral  1\  in  head;  ventral  Ij ;  longest  dorsal 
ray  U.  Snout  in  the  males  produced,  pig-like,  in  the  breeding  season. 
Adipose  fin  very  large,  extending  behind  anal.  Gill  rakers  short  and 
thick,  shorter  than  pux>il,  about  9  -f  15-  Color  bluish  above,  sides  silvery ; 
brooding  males  with  the  under  parts  white ;  all  the  fins  tipped  with  black, 
caudal  and  adipose  tins  steel-blue.  Scales  on  sides  strongly  tuberculate 
in  breeding  males.  Length  about  a  foot.  Clear  strea^is  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  the  easternmost  records  being  from  Chief 
Mountain  Lake  at  the  head  of  the  Saskatchewan  in  Montana  (as  type  of 
Cotrijonus  coiiesii)',  abundant  in  the  Great  liasin,  and  northwestward  on 
both  sides  of  the  Cascade  Range;  found  moro  often  in  clear  brooks  and 
rivers  than  in  lakes.  It  readily  takes  the  tly  and  is  an  excellent  food- 
tiab.  (Named  for  Lieut.  B.  S.  Williamson,  in  charge  of  one  division  of 
tbo  United  States  Pacific  Railroad  explorations.) 

G)ri<riiim  villiiimHiini,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18f>(!,  lae,  Des  Chutes  River,  Ore- 
gon ;  (U'NTiiEU,  Cat.,  VI,  187,  18CC ;  Jordan  &  Giibkut,  Syuojisis,  297,  1S83;  B.  A.  Bean, 
ill  GiMiEiiT  &  Evermann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Tinli  Coniiu.,  xiv,  18<.M,  55,  iil.  ix,  flg.  3. 
Coreijminn  coiietii,  MiLNEB,  Kopt.  U.  8.  Fish  Comm.  for  1872-73  (1874),  88,  Chief  Mountain 
Lake,  Montana  ;  (Tyim,  No.  1414G.    Coll.  Coues) ;  Jordan  &  Giliiert,  Syuopsis,  297, 1883. 
l\<»i>l)iiim  coneitii,  Mii.ner,  in  Jordan,  Man.  A'^ert.,  Ed.  2,  362, 1878. 

Represented  in  the  Madison  and  Yellowstcme  rivers  and  other  triba- 
tarios  of  the  Upper  Missouri  by 

7668.  COREGONVS  WILLIAM80MI  CI8M0NTANUS,  Jordan. 

Slenderer,  with  lower  fins.  Head  5  in  length ;  depth  5  to  5i ;  pectoral 
U  in  head;  ventral  1|^;  longest  dorsal  ray  li.  Scales  90.  Otherwise  like 
the  typical  form,    {eiamontanua,  this  side  of  the  mountains.) 


.i-^' 


f. : 


i  i 


5S 


I      < 


I 


' 


\  ■ 


'    S'' 


r 


Hiii    ■■ 


]■  \ 


.  ''  '    ' 

-I 

•   ? 


t  J 


!     f 


!   i 
(  } 


I  S  ! 


1 

.1 

i 

i 

r 
1 

i 

Ui\i 


,1.  5 


m. 


;i 


1 


I    ■■■  K 


■1^-ti 


4G4 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Oortfinniin  irilliiimiumi  rhiiioiihinuii,  Jiiriian,  Hull.  I'.  S.  VM\  Oomm.,  ix,  IHHII,  4',l,  pi.  1),  IIkh.  h,  !i, 
Horaethief  Creek,  ■  tributary  of  Madison  River,  Montana,    (('ull.  K.  11.  I.m  ox.) 

757.  t'OKKUONIW  KKNNirOTTI.  Miliior. 

(DBOAD   WlllTIiFI8ll  ;   Ml'KgVN    (IK  TIIK    Ui'MHIANH.) 

Head  Biiiall,  r>ji ;  depth  about  4g.  D.  11;  A.  11;  hcuIuh  10-K7  to  !H)-1(). 
Eye  inoderutu,  Hhorter  than  aiioiit,  5^  in  houd,  l.:|  in  intuiorhital  Npaco. 
Scales  HmaU,  udherunt,  very  regularly  inibricutud.  Head  vury  liliint, 
preniuxillarioH  wide  and  vurticully  placed.  Mouth  inferior,  with  llu> 
high  blunt  snout  but  little  projecting.  Maxillary  reaching  Hiigliily 
beyond  the  vertical  from  front  of  eye,  its  length,  nieaHured  from  itu 
anterior  articulation,  equal  to  length  of  Huout,  and  contained  4;;]  timcH 
in  the  head  (  =4  in  head  when  nieuHured  from  tip  of  Huout);  maxillary 
broadly  ovate,  apparently  slenderer  than  in  C.  richarihonli  as  figured  liy 
Giinther,  and  Avith  difl'erent  outlines.  I'reorbital  narrow,  Hh  gitalcDl 
width  contained  5  times  in  its  length,  and  8^  times  in  diameter  of  oyo; 
width  of  supraorbital  bone  I  its  length.  (Jill  rakers  (!  or  7-|- 1 '<  Kliort 
and  slender,  tapering  to  a  slender  liexible  point,  the  longest  .!f  diuiiu-iui 
of  pupil.  Ilyoid  bone  with  a  rouiul  patch  of  weak,  bristle-like  tcitli; 
these  are  very  similar  to  those  found  in  StciioduH,  and  are  disposed  in 
longitudinal  series.  Vertical  height  of  head  at  nape  lens  than  lcn<;tli  of 
head  by  i  diameter  of  eye  ;  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  nape  i  diNtancc 
from  nape  to  front  of  dorsal;  front  of  dorsal  nearer  snout  than  base  i)f 
median  caudal  rays  by  length  of  snout  and  eye.  Adipose  fin  large,  a 
wide  strip  at  base  covered  with  small,  regularly  imbricated  HcalcM; 
inserted  over  last  rays  of  anal,  extending  but  slightly  behind  last  anal 
ray ;  ventrals  reaching  half  way  to  front  of  anal ;  height  of  dorsal  e(iual  to 
length  of  head  without  snout.  Color  must  have  been  very  dark  in  life; 
fins  all  blackish,  in  spirits,  with  a  bluish  tinge;  traces  of  what  may 
have  been  blackish  spots  and  vermiculations  are  discernible  on  basal 
portion  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins.  The  above  description  from  a  spociiiieu 
obtained  by  Miss  Elizabeth  Taylor  in  Great  Bear  Lake.  The  typo  of 
C  kenniwtti  (No.  8971,  Fort  Good  Hope,  British  America)  possosMCM  tlie 
following  characters :  This  specimen  is  a  skin  21  inches  long.  Length  of 
head  3^  inches;  tip  of  snout  to  end  of  maxillary  -JS  inch;  diunietei  of 
eye  (not  orbit)  t  inch;  length  of  longest  gill  raker  ■{•'^  inch.  Maxillary 
contained  4^"^  times  in  head ;  longest  gill  raker  3^  times ;  width  of  pre- 
orbital  2f  times,  in  eye.    Number  of  gill  rakers  7  +  13.    Scales  1()-!M)-10. 

This  species  seems  closely  related  to  CoreyonuH  richardnonii,  Giiniiicr, 
with  which  it  may  prove  identical.  As  Dr.  Bean  has  already  noticed, 
Guuther's  description  includes  no  account  of  the  gill  rakers,  which  may 
be  long  and  numerous,  as  in  C.  clupeiformia,  but  indicates  a  iish  with  a 
longer  snout,  and  a  broader  supplementan-y  maxillary  bone,  ((jillieit.) 
Mackenzie  and  Yukon  rivers ;  locally  abundant.  (Named  for  Robert  Ken- 
nioott,  discoverer  of  the  species,  one  of  the  Urst  American  naturalists  to 
yisit  Alaska.) 

f  Snlmo  lavaretni,  rar.  muchmn,  Pallas,  BpIbc,  hi,  706,  about  1780. 
'  StUmo  mttkimt,  P      as,  Zoogr.  Uowo-Aeiat.,  iii,  3U8, 1811. 


I'l 


«wiyytgi»'»»g»..i.wwi'*'!»-A'-iii  w.  ■"" 


■<  "'!"."!'!W.4i"lJ   |iiilHBHijj.Mi»..in  p    iMi.  »wi|liWI|  ^piiiiii.BSftfWMBMfc^,^^''' "I 


Jordan  and  Rvfrniann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


465 


('in >/'>!! II <<  /.i'Hiii''i>''i',  Mii.NKit,  ill  .ImcuAN  k  (ii i.iiKitT,  SyiiDii^lM,  !i!9H,  lHp(,  Fort  Good   Hope, 

British  America.     (T.v|hi,  No.  8971.  Coll.  Keiiiilcott);  (Iiliikut,  KiiII.  I'.  H.  KImIi  ('iiiiiiii., 
XIV,  IKlM,  W. 

75H/('(Mti:<iOM:S  ItlMIAItUHOMI,  Oiliillmr. 

r,.!»;  D.  13;  A.  1.3;  HcalcH  10-72  t<»S(>-12.  V«iy  siinihir  iit  foriii  toC\  duim- 
j'iiyniiH.  Snout  of  inodorato  Ittngth,  oljliijiioly  truiicuttH',  with  tlio  upjmr 
jaw  projoctiiiK  Itoyond  tho  lowor;  vyu  Hhortor  than  tlio  uiiotit;  iimxillui-y 
esloiuliiif;  to  anterior  ndgo  of  th«  <iy«),  itM  leiifrtb  4  in  head.  Snpplc- 
iiiontary  bone  of  tho  maxillary  abort,  broad,  Htunicircular.  Len^^tb  of 
iiiMiidiblo  a  little  Iohh  tbaii  leant  depth  of  tail.  Pectoral  longer  than 
111. 1(1,  without  snout.  Arctie  North  America.  ((Jiinther.)  A  doubtful 
Hiiicies,  perhaps  identical  with  Corif/onim  Irnnicnlti,  or  possibly  with 
Coriiioiiua  nchoml.  (Named  for  .lohn  Uicbardson,  the  aecomplished author 
uf  the  Fatuiu  Horeali-Amerieana.) 
(Uiyiiuiin  riihardHouii,  (JCntiikk,  Cat.,  vi,  IH.'i,  IHfiO,  exact  locality  unknown 

7ri».^('0ltK(J0M  H  4;iIAI»ltll.ATKItAI,IS,  Rii  lianlm.n. 

(I'll.OT-KIRII  ;    MKNOMINEK   WlilTF.KIHli  ;  SiIAII-WaITKU  ;    l{l)IINI>    WHITKI'ISII.) 

Iload  T);  depth  4J;  eye  'A.  1).  IL;  A.  10;  -"niles  11-80  to  90-K  Hody 
elongate,  not  elevated  nor  much  compressed,  the  back  rather  broad,  tho 
fonn  more  terete  than  in  any  of  the  other  species.  Mouth  very  small 
anil  narrow,  inferior,  the  broad  maxillary  not  reaching  to  opposite  the 
cyu,  'tk  in  head.  Head  long,  the  snout  compressed  and  liluntly  pointed, 
its  tip  not  below  level  of  eye  ;  profile  not  strongly  decurved.  Preorbital 
■w'uhw  than  pupil.  Mandible  originating  under  middle  of  eye,  'Ak  i"  head. 
Adipose  fin  small.  Gill  rakers  short  and  stoutish,  about  7 -(- l^ii>  uumber, 
i  to  r»  in  eye,  but  rather  longer  than  in  C.  wilUamnoni,  Color  dark  bluish 
above,  silvery  below.  Length  a  foot  or  more.  Lakes  of  New  England 
and  the  Great  Lakes,  northwestward  to  Alaska,  as  far  south  as  Yukon 
liiver;  abundant  in  cold,  deep  waters.     (f/««f/nf«<w«ii«,  four-sided.) 

CoiniininiKiiiiuMlaletaUK,  RiriiARDSON,  Vrankliii'a  .Toiirn.,  1H2:S,  714,  Fort  Enterprise,  British 
America;  GOntheii,  <!ut.,  17t),  IHGO;  Jouuan  &  Gii.iikiit,  SyiuipBiH,  U'JH,  188:i. 

CunijtiiiiiK  iiiiiu-diKjcliii;  l'KE.si;(iTT,  Aiiit.-r.  Joiirn.  Sci.  Vrts,  xi,  1851, 342,  Lake  Winnipiseogee, 
New  Hampshire;  GdNTiiKn,  Cot.,  18(1,  18CG. 

,       Subgenus  COREGONUS. 
780.  CORK«ONUS  CLIIPKIKOKJIIS  (Mitcliill). 
(Common  Wiiitkkisii.) 

Head  .5;  depth  3  to  4;  eye  large,  4  t6  5.  D.  11;  A.  11;  scales  8-74-9. 
Vertebra-  59.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  always  more  or  less  elevated, 
and  becoming  notably  so  iu  the  adult.  Head  comparatively  small  and 
short,  tho  snout  bluntish,  obliquely  truncated ;  tip  of  snout  on  level  of 
lower  edge  of  pupil ;  width  of  preorbital  less  than  half  that  of  pupil. 
Maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  orbit,  about  4  in  head.  Gill  rakers  mod- 
erate, i  diameter  of  eye,  usually  about  10  +  17  to  19.  Color  olivaceous 
above;  8ideswhite,but  not  silvery ;  lower  fins  sometimes  dusky.  Length 
2  feet  or  more.  Great  Lakes  and  neighboring  waters,  rarely  ascending 
strcuniH;  not  in  Alaska  nor  Arctic  America;  the  best  known  and  most 
I' .  N.  A. 31 


''••^■Hu 


'^m 


---V^::, 


-J^ 


^'i    '■  ■: 


?.  "'I 


■i    I 


'mil' 


'■!  >> 


if 
ml 


if 


d 


M 


,  > 
V1 


■  "I 


u 


:       I 


\ 


T"^ 


'7 


466 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


highly  valued  of  the  American  whitefinhos.  It  feeds  on  miiiuto  oimm. 
isms.  This  species,  like  others  of  Avidu  diHtribution,  is  subject  to  con. 
siderable  variations,  dependent  on  food,  waters,  etc.  One  of  thoHo  Ih  tlie 
so-called  Otsego  Itass,  var.  o<8('90  (Clinton),  a  form  landlocked  in  Otscfro 
Lake  at  the  head  of  the  Susquehanna  River.  {Cliipea,  a  shad  or  herring; 
forma,  shape.) 

Halmo  vlupviformin,  MiTCllii.1.,  Aiiicr.  Month,  liag.,  ll,  1818,  321,  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Coregomm  alhim,  Lk  Sueiu,  Jourii.  Ai'.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliilii.,  i,  1818,  2;tl,  Lake  Erie  to  Arctic  Sua; 

G('NTiiKil,  Cut.,  VI,  184,  18li0,  aii<l  uf  iiiuny  iintliorH. 
Cbrcj/owM*  iitmyo,  tlie  "Otsego  Lnlto  Bans,"  DkWitt  Clinton,  MciI.  A  IMill.  KvgiKter,  m,  Inm, 

about  18M;  Otsego  Lake;  ii  landlocked  form. 
Coregnnuf  mpullmtimiiii,  AuA88i7,,  Lako  8u]Htrior,  344,  1850,  Lake  Superior. 
Coreijonm  hitior,  Aqashi/.,  Lake  Superior,  .348,  ISflO,  Lake  Superior. 
Ckrfegonm  chtpeiformi*,  Jokd.\n  <b  (iIi.bkht,  SynoimiH,  2!)9,  1883. 

7«1.  <'OKE(JOyrS  XKLKONII,  l»«an. 

(Hl!MI>BA('K      WlIITEFISir.) 

Head  5;  depth  4.  D.  12;  A.  12;  scales  10-S8-8.  Allied  to  ConnomiH 
chipeiformia,  but  distinguished  by  its  arched  and  compressed  back;  Hiiont 
not  very  blunt.  Maxillary  4  in  head,  reaching  front  of  eye.  (Jill  nilvcrs 
moderate,  a  little  more  than  half  eye,  about  20  in  number;  vontniis  a 
little  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Coloration  plain.  Alaska,  from 
Bristol  Bay  northward,  common ;  a  bony  species  of  inferior  flavor.  ( lU'nu . ) 
(Named  for  Edward  W.  Nelson,  its  discoverer,  the  well-known  oiiiitholo- 
gist,  who  collected  largely  in  Alaska.) 

Ooregomu  nelsunii.  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  48,  Nulato,  Alaska.  CTypo,  N<>.  'Mufi. 
Coll.  Nelson.)  / 

TAS.^COBEOONVS  LABBADORICUS,  RicliardKon. 

(Sault  WiiiTKrisii ;  Musquaw  River  Wiiitefisii  ;  WiiiTiNd  oi-  Lake  WiNNipisEoiiEK.) 

Head  5 ;  depth  3i  to  * ;  eye  large,  4^^  to  n;  snout  4^  to  5.  D.  11  or  12;  A. 
11  or  12;  scales  10-71  to  76-9.  Gill  rakers  short,  about  2  to  2k  in  eye, 
10  -j-  15  or  16.  Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated. 
Head  rather  small  and  slender,  compressed.  Distance  from  tip  of  Huoiit 
to  occiput  about  2\  in  distance  from  occiput  to  origin  of  dorsal  liu. 
Mouth  rather  small,  the  lower  jaw  short,  the  snout  projecting;  the 
maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil ;  maxillary  bone  broad,  rather  Hliuit, 
its  supplementary  piece  ovate.  Mandible  reaching  middle  of  eye.  Ton<;ue 
with  about  three  series  of  small  teeth.  Supraorbital  bone  narrow.  Doiual 
fin  high  in  front,  the  last  rays  short.  Bluish-black  above;  silvery  below; 
scales  with  dark  punctulations  on  the  edges;  fins  all  dusky,  pectorals 
and  veutrals  pale  at  base.  Length  21  inches.  Winnipeg  and  Great  Lakes 
region  to  the  lakes  of  the  Adirondacks  and  White  Mountains,  and  north- 
eastward ;  generally  abundant  in  cold,  clear  lakes  and  large  streams; 
abundant  at  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie ;  a  species  of  good  flavor,  valued  as  food. 
A  variable  species,  perhaps  containing  several  recognizable  subspoeies. 

Ooregonus  labradoricm,  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  in,  206, 1836,  Musquaw  River,  Lab- 
rador;  GVmtiier,  Cat.,  vi,  176, 1866;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  299, 1883. 

fJCoregoHut  atigtuliceps,  Cuvier  &  Valencienmen,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxi,  534, 1848,  Saskatch- 
ewan River ;  description  brief  and  erroneous. 

CoregonHsneohantonientig,  Prescott,  Amer.  Joum.  .Sci.  Arts,  xi,  1861, 343,  Lake  Winnipiseogee, 
New  Hampshire. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


467 


332.  ARGYROSOMUS,  AgattHiz. 
(C18COKS.) 


/I ((/i/mmmiM,  AnAfWiz,  Liiko  Superior,  3IJ9,  1850,  (tXnpeiformi*    ^  arleAi). 
.WlMimm,  JoKiiAN,  Manual  Verti>lii-iiti-ii,  Ktl.  2,  :ttil,  1H78,  (MWlie). 

This  genus  is  very  close  to  Corej/onuH,  from  which  it  diflFers  in  the 
lur^^or  mouth  and  mure  produced  jaws,  the  preniaxillarios  heiug  placed 
nearly  horizontally,  and  the  lower  jaw  decidedly  projecting  beyond  them. 
Oil!  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  about  30  on  lower  limb.  Vertebrae  55. 
TliuHe  characters  are  associated  with  the  greater  voracity  and,  in  general, 
greater  activity  of  the  species  of  Anjijrosomus.  The  species  are  numerous 
in  tlie  northern  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America,  and  all  are 
valued  as  food,     (apyn^oj-,  silver;  ffw/za,  body.) 

AiiiiVRosoMus: 
•I.  Kody  uluMgato,  liorrlnK-Rhnpod;  Rcalea  pmall,  uuiform,  tho  froo  edges  rnnvox. 

h.  Liiwor  fluH  pivlu  or  nioruly  tii)|)e<l  with  dusliy  ;  Hv.tli^H  punctate  with  Uitrli  pointH, 

I'.  Kyo  largo,  not  much,  if  any,  shorter  thau  snout  in  adult,  itH  length  3<  .^  to  4}^  in 
head. 
i{.  Head  long,  4  inhody;  body  slender,  its  depth  5  to  (i  in  length;  distance  from 
occiput  to  snout  2>4  iu  dixtancu  from  occiput  to  dorsal;  tuvlh  on  tongue; 
maxillary  ;S  iu  head.  osmekifiibmis,  7C3. 

dd.  Head  long,  4<<^  in  length;  distance  from  occiput  to  tip  of  snout  nearly  half  its 
distance  to  front  of  dorsal  flu;  pectorals  short,  reaching  about  half  way 
to  vsntrals. 
e.  Maxillary  3'/.^  to  3J^  in  head;  lower  jaw  projecting;  gill  rakers  long  and 
numerous,  about  16  |-  30.  arteoi,  7C4, 

ee.  Maxillary  longer,  2g  to  3  in  head;  gill  lakers  fewer,  about  14  !-  2T). 

HOYI,  705. 

ddd.  Head  shorter,  about  6  in  length;  distance  from  occiput  to  tip  of  snout  about 

j  distance  to  front  of  dorsal  fin;  pectorals  long,  reaching  more  than 

half  way  to  vontrals;  maxillary  V/(^  in  bead.  pvsillus,  766. 

CO.  Kye  small,  shorter  than  snout,  about  6  times  in  length  of  head. 

/.  Head  short,  about  6  in  length. 

!/.  Body  rather  slender,  tho  depth  equal  to  length  of  head;  distance  from  occi- 
put to  snout  iy{^  to  2];^  in  its  distance  from  dorsal;  base  of  dorsal  short. 

LUCIDU8,  767. 

gg.  Body  deep,  the  depth  iu  adult  greater  than  length  of  head;  distance  from 

occiput  to  snout  2*^  to  '1]/^  in  distance  from  occiput  to  dorsal;  base  of 

dorsal  longer.  LAURETTit':,  768. 

ff.  Head  long,  4  to  4*2  in  'jngth;  lower  jaw  strong. 

A.  Maxillary  «..ylong,  i]/^  in  head;  lower  jaw  much  projecting;  gill  rakera 
about  15  H-  28;  distance  from  snout  to  occiput  2\  iu  distance  from 
occiput  to  dorsal;  mouth  larger  than  iu  A.  artedi  or  in  related  species. 

PBOONATHUS,  709. 

U'.  Lower  fins  all  blue-black;  body  robust;  mouth  large;  gill  rakers  numerous,  18  +30; 

eye  large,  4^  in  head.  nioripinnis,  770. 

AiiosoMis  (aAAot,  different;  <7ai/xa,  body): 

an.  Itixly  short,  deep,  compressed,  the  curve  of  back  similar  to  that  of  the  belly;  scales  large, 

larger  forward  and  closely  Imbricated,  the  free  margin  little  convex. 

i.  Jaws  equal  when  closed  or  lower  slightly  projecting;  depth  3  in  length;  mouth  rather 

small;  maxillary  31-^  in  head;  eye  iy^  in  head;  gill  rakers  about  16  -|-  .11,  long  and 

Blender,  about  equal  to  eye.  tuli.ibee,  771. 


'    I 


I 

f^ 

>«v 

l'^. 

^' 

'^. 

1 

^■;i< 

'    t 

i 

Ifflll,,     jlpl^ 


468 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


.1 


Subgenua  AROYROSOMUS. 


768.  AROTRMSOMUH  UNMKItirOKMlS  (H.  M.  Sinllli). 
(Smf.i.t  ok  tiik  Nkw  YoiiK  Lakkh.) 

Head  4;  depth  5  to  0;  eye  4.  D.  D;  A.  13;  Mcales  J»-H;i-10.  Jt,„iy 
elougato,  Hleuder,  back  nut  elevated.  Head  ratlitu'  large,  itH  widtli  <ti|iial 
to  half  its  length.  Length  of  top  of  head  2i  in  distance  from  occiput  to 
dorsal;  greatest  depth  considerably  less  than  length  uf  head,  llyo 
large,  o<iual  to  snout.  Gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  as  long  mn  <  ye, 
204- 35.  Dorsal  fin  rather  high,  its  height  e<iual  to  \  depth  of  body  aiul 
1^  times  length  of  base  of  tin  ;  its  origin  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  Niunit, 
its  free  margin  nearly  vertical,  straight;  longest  anal  ray  \  leni^tli  of 
base  of  fin  ;  ventral  long,  equal  to  height  of  dorsal,  its  length  «m|iiii1  tu 
f  of  distance  from  ventral  origin  to  vent;  ventral  origin  niidwiy 
between  base  of  caudal  and  pupil ;  adipose  dorsal  long  and  Hlonder, 
of  same  width  throughout,  its  width  \  its  length.  Moutli  laifje, 
the  lower  jaw  projecting,  the  snout  straight ;  maxillary  contained  .'i  t  imes 
in  'ength  of  head,  its  posterior  edge  extending  to  line  drawn  vortically 
th  ough  the  anterior  margin  of  pupil;  mandible  \  the  len^rtli  of 
head,  its  angle  under  the  pupi!.  iejth  present  on  the  tonguo.  Color 
above  grayish  silvery,  sides  bright  silvery  ;  below  white  ;  tips  of  doiHul 
and  caudal  dark.  Length  10  inches.  Lakes  of  central  New  York,  Icnown 
from  Seneca  Lake  and  Skaneatolos  Lake.  (Smith.)  (OHmcrus,  a  Hinult, 
forma,  form  ;  in  allusion  to  the  general  shape  of  the  fish,  which  is  kuowu 
as  "  smelt"  in  parts  of  New  York.) 

O^'regotmi  hoyi.  Bean,  Pruc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  C58,  not  of  GiLi. ;   GooiiE,  Hist.  A<{iiatic 

Animalg,  pi.  197  B,  1884  ;  not  of  text. 
Ooregonna  oameri/omiin,  llvan  SI,  Smith,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  xiv,  1894,  pi.  1,  '-',  Seneca 
Lake  and  Skaneateles  Lake,  New  York..    (Type,  Nog.  32162  and  3iilU&.    Cull.  I'lijf.  II. 
L.  Smith  and  J.  C.  Willutts.) 
/ 
764.  AROTROSr  I'JS  ARTKDI  (Lo  Siienr). 

(Cisco;  Lakk  Hebbino  ;  MiciiiaAX  IIehbino.) 

Head  4i ;  depth  ii;  eye  4  to  4i.  D.  10;  A.  12;  pcales  8-75  to  1)0-7, 10 
rows  under  base  of  dorsal ;  vertebruB  about  60.  Body  elongate,  com- 
pressed, not  elevated.  Head  compressed,  somewhat  pointed,  rather  loii^^, 
the  distance  from  occiput  to  tip  of  snout  usually  a  little  less  than  liaK 
the  distance  from  occiput  to  dorsal  fin.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxil- 
lary reaching  not  quite  to  the  middle  of  the  pupil,  3i  to  3.^  in  head; 
the  mandible  2i  in  head.  Preorbital  bone  long  and  slender ;  subui  bital 
broad ;  supraorbital  nearly  as  long  as  eye,  about  four  times  as  long  as  broad. 
Gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  as  in  Clupea,  15  to  17  +  28  to  ;!4,  tiie 
longest  1}  in  eye.  Dorsal  fin  high,  its  rays  rapidly  shortened,  liluisli 
black  or  greenish  above;  sides  silvery,  scales  with  c'lrk  speckH;  line 
mostly  pale,  the  lower  dusky-tinged.  Length  12  inches.  Great  Lakes 
and  neighboring  waters,  not  in  Alaska  nor  Arctic  America  ;  very  abun- 
dant, usually  frequenting  shallow  waters.  An  active,  voracious  fish, 
valued  as  food.    (Named  for  Petrus  Artedi,  the  "  Father  of  Icht'  vology," 


ir<Md 

iiead,  n 
H  or  9-i 
Vertobi 
tlio  h. 
jaw  s 
raflior 
nearly 
slender 
Distauc 
orijriii 
lonjjft'i 
lenf,'th 
loHfj  as 
teetli. 
punefii 
under 
much  as 
very;  d 
anal  am 
little  ri( 
tbirkor , 
l^ake  Mi 
only  Hpe 
Jordan 
Commlsi 
the  Mes 


wiimmm^^^ 


Jordan  and  FAnrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


460 


tlio  iiHBOoiate  of  LinniHUH,  and  perhaps  the  ablest  Hysteinatio  zoologist  of 

tlu)  18th  century.) 

0,i<;/i»iii«  (ir<ei<t,  Li  SuEL'ii,  Jdiirn.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phll».,  i,  1818,  2.11,  Lake  Erie;  Niagara 

River;  Jorpan  k  Oii.nr.iiT,  SyimiMilH,  aoi,  1883. 
CxiM'""'"'  Wiipri/oniiio,  GCNT'ir.ii,  Cat.,   vi,   108,   IHtiR,  and   of  many  authort,  but  not  Biilmo 

,Uilii4fttniii»,  of  MiTclllM  . 
Siihiin  (I'xrigonm)  lutreitgun,  RiRiiAiinHiiN,  Kniina  nur.-Amer.,  lit,  210,  IKIO,  Lake  Huron. 
Vniiiiimimlmreugvii,  Gt'NTllKlt,  Cut.,  vi,  lOU,  iHCn. 

Koprosonted  in  nuinorous  small  lakes  in  Indiana  and  Wisconsin  (Tip- 
pei'auoe,  Geneva,  Ooonoinowoc,  La  I^elle,  etc.),  by  the  slightly  modified 

7«4a.  AR<)VIU)S0.1irH  AKTKDI  KIHCO,  .Ionian. 

(.SiscK  or  Lake  Tippecanob.) 

Sinallcr  than  the  Lake  Cisco,  bnt  Huperior  as  food ;  living  in  deep  waters, 
exoopt  in  December,  when  it  ascends  brooks  to  spawn.  (S'mco  or  Cisco,  a 
vernacular  name,  probably  Indian.) 

Arijiiri'simuD  nisei),  JoaDAN,  Amer.  Nat.,  187."(,  l.lfi,  Lake  Tippecanoe,  Warsaw,  Indiana. 
(Coll.  Jmlgo  J.  II.  Carpenter.) 

7«6.  AROTKOSOMrH  IIOTI,  Oill. 
(Moon-bye  Cisco  ;  Cisco  of  liAKKMicRiOAN;  Kirve  ok  Iiakb  Miciiioam.) 

IFoadlJ;  depth  4^;  eyo  4,1  to  4ii ;  snout  3^  to  Si-;  maxillary  22  to  3  in 
head,  reaching  to  vertical  of  middle  of  pupil.  D.  10;  A.  11  or  12;  scales 
«  or  !)-73  to  80-7.  Gill  rakers  14  -f  25  or  26,  slender,  about  2  in  eyo. 
Vortobrii*  5«;;  branchiostegals  8  or  9.  Body  rather  elongate,  compressed, 
the  back  somewhat  elevated.  Mouth  rather  large,  subterminal,  the  lower 
jaw  shorter  than  upper,  even  when  the  mouth  is  open;  tip  of  muzzle 
rathor  bluntly  truncate,  somewhat  as  in  a  true  Coregonux;  mandible 
nearly  reaching  posterior  edge  of  eye,  2^  in  head.  Head  rather  long, 
sleiidor,  and  pointed.  Supraorbital  and  preorbital  long  and  narrow. 
DiHtauco  from  tip  of  snout  to  occiput  2^  to  2}  in  distance  from  occiput  to 
ori^jiii  of  dorsal  fin.  Fins  low ;  free  margin  of  dorsal  very  oblique,  the 
lenirfi  of  the  anterior  rays  1|  in  head,  that  of  the  last  ray  less  than  half 
len<rth  of  the  first;  longest  anal  ray  21  in  head  and  more  than  twice  as 
loiifj  aw  the  last  ray.  Pseudobranchiiu  very  large;  tongue  with  traces  of 
teeth.  Color  light  iridescent  blue  on  back,  scales  with  a  few  fine  dark 
pnnctiilations  reaching  about  two  scales  below  lateral  line;  sides  and 
under  parts  t'v'.\  silvery,  brighter  than  in  any  other  of  our  Coregoninw, 
much  as  in  H?  don  and  Albula;  top  of  head  light  olivaceous;  cheeks  sil- 
very; dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectorals  with  some  dark  on  their  margins; 
anal  and  vontrals  white,  with  some  dark  dustings ;  the  male  perhaps  a 
little  richer,  more  iridescent  blue  on  back,  and  with  the  scales  a  little 
thiokor  and  less  closely  imbricated.  Length  13  inches.  Deep  watern  of 
Lake  Michigan  ;  one  of  the  smallest  and  handsomest  of  Coregoninw:  Tho 
only  Hpecimens  known  were  the  twc  sent  to  Dr.  Gill  and  the  one  to  Dr. 
Jordan  by  Dr.  Hoy,  until  recently  rediscovered  by  the  United  States  Fish 
Commission,  who  find  it  to  be  the  principal  fish  caught  in  the  gill  nets  in 
the  Avesteru  part  of  Lake  Michigan.    It  is  taken  in  large  numbers  off 


ni 


' 


I     !.f 


i       1     !; 


I  * 


■  !■ 


;  i 
:  i 


t.  ,'■ 


Jl, 


s'5 
"C' 


• 


t 

f     t 

i    , 

{ 

I 

■• 

, 

iM 

I 

> 

A 

m 

1 

i 

470 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'   I 
1   ' 


Ir 


f  ?■ 


'?■ 


KetioHlia  in  00  futhoiiiH  iu  November  during  itH  Hpawnin^  leaHon.  It  is 
a  truo  .iryifrnnnmun,  tiioiigh  approacblnti  CortijonuH.  (Naiiiud  for  Dr.  riiilo 
U.  Iluy,  of  Racine,  WiHoonHJn,  an  able  natiiraliHt,  who  early  collmitc*! 
tbe  flsbes  of  Lake  Micbigan.) 

ArgyroKniiKu  hmji,  Oii.i.  M.S.,  .loKDAN,  Amerlcnii  NalurallHt,  Mart'li,  iHTn,  l.Vi,  Lake  Michigan, 

near  Racine,  Wiaconain.    (Typo,  No.  Hy()2.    (!<.1I.  Il<.y.) 
0>riinmm  fc(..«i,  Joudan,  Mnn.  Vurt.,  Kit.  !i,  27r>,  187Hj  JonnAi*  A  <1ii.ii«ht,  Hyn(i|)iil«, 2!i!t,  \m.\; 

Hmitii,  Hull.  If.  8.  FIhIi  Oomiii.,  xiv,  1H(»4,  |il.  1,  W^.  1,   fl ;  nut    iryiintutmm  hiiji,  Mii.Ntii, 

Hopt.  r.  8.   Fldli  (^otiini.,   l87'.J-73  (lH7ri),  8fi  (wlili  h  1h  A.  i>r»oniithm),  uor  Vorrfumuo  Imin, 

BCAN,  Pruc.  U.  y.  Nut.  MllR..  1882,  058  (which  l«  A.  immeriformix). 

7ff«.  AR()YitON().1li:N  l>irNILMIM  inean). 

Head  5;  doptb  5;  oy«  iJJ  in  bead.  I).  10;  A.  12 ;  V.  11 ;  acalea  lO-Ol-It. 
Body  raibur  elongate,  comprcHHed.  Form  of  nioutb  an  in  A.  artedi,  the 
lower  Jaw  couHiderably  projecting;  maxillary  broad,  witb  ratber  bnMul 
BuppltHuontal  bone,  tbrue  times  as  long  as  wide,  extending  not  <]nito  lo 
middle  of  tbe  very  large  eye,  its  lungtb  \i^  in  bead  ;  preorbital  extremely 
narrow.  Mandible  2^  in  bead.  Teetb  none,  or  reduced  to  minute  aHpcri- 
tios  on  tbe  tongue,  (till  rakors  numerouH,  very  long  and  nlender,  -1!)  in 
all.  Dorsal  very  bigb,  mucb  bigbor  tban  long,  its  last  rays  rapidly  Nliort- 
ened,  tbe  first  rays  twice  tbe  lengtb  of  base  of  fin ;  insertion  of  dorsul 
midway  between  snout  and  middle  of  adipose  fin  ;  caudal  largo,  \v*^ll 
forked  ;  anal  small ;  ventral  inserted  under  middle  of  dorsal,  very  loii^', 
f  lengtb  of  bead  ;  pectoral  tbe  same  lengtb.  Scales  as  in  .1.  ar^^r/t.  Stcrl- 
bluisb  above,  witb  many  dark  points;  belly  wbite;  dorsal  and  caiuliil 
mostly  blaokisb;  pectorals  and  ventrals  tipped  witb  black ;  eye  blackiNli, 
the  iris  silvery.  Lengtb  a  foot  or  less.  Yukon  River  to  Bering  Sea  and 
Dortbward,  ascending  rivers,     {pimllun,  feeble.) 

Cnrfgomin  meirkii,  vur..  Beak,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mud.,  1881,  200;  Jordan  .t  Oilbrkt,  SyiuipniH,  'MHt, 

1883;  notof  Gt'NTiiKH. 
Ooregoiiiii putilho,  Bean,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Muii.,  1888,  5'2fi,  Kowak  River,  Alaska.    (Typo,  No. 

383C0.     Coll.  Chax.  H.  TowiihuikI.) 

7«7.  AIUiYROSOMrS  liUCIDUS  (Richardson). 
(CiREAT  Bear  Lake  IIerkinu.) 

Head  small,  ti  to  5^^ ;  deptb  4^^  to  4? ;  eye  5.  D.  1 1  or  12  developed  rays; 
A.  11  or  12.  Scales  85  to  87,  11  or  12  scales  in  an  obli<|ue  sciics 
downward  and  forward  from  frontof  dorsal  to  lateral  line.  Eyeslif^htly 
less  tban  lengtb  of  snout,  IJ  times  in  interorbital  widtb.  Body  Hlondt'i . 
elongate,  tbe  curve  of  back  and  belly  about  equal,  tbe  greatest  depth 
exceeding  lengtb  of  bead.  Tbe  snout  narrow,  almost  vertically  truncate 
wben  mouth  is  closed,  tbe  lower  jaw  fitting  within  tbe  upper,  but  tlie 
month  not  inferior.  Distance  from  snout  to  nape  2}  to  3  in  distance 
between  nape  and  front  of  dorsal.  Tbe  bead  is  mucb  smaller  in  one  of 
our  specimens  than  in  tbe  other.  Mouth  oblique,  with  ratber  slender 
maxillary,  which  extends  to  vertical  midway  between  front  and  middle 
of  pupil,  its  length  from  tip  to  articulation  equaling  distance  from  end  of 
snout  to  front  of  pupil,  and  contained  3|  to  31^  in  length  of  bead.  Supple- 
mental maxillary  bone  probably  broader  tban  in  J.  artedi,  froni  ?  to  a  great- 
est width  of  maxillary.     Suborbitals  very  narrow,  their  least  width  loss 


"•  "fli""  '^V^">i'"' 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        47 1 


thitii  linlf  (liainoter  of  pupil.  Supraorltitiil  1>nnn  Iiirgo,  its  width  1\  to  2} 
ill  itH  longth.  (iill  rakoru  vury  luiig  and  Hiondor,  tlie  loiiguHt  slightly 
iiioro  tliuii  ii  length  of  «ye,  l(i-f28iii  uiiiabur  in  each  Hpecini»n.  Front 
of  <l(ii'Hal  Hlightly  nearnr  tip  of  Huout  than  hnso  of  n))p«T  ruiliniontary  dor- 
till  rayH.  Tho  fins  arc  .nutilatcd,  so  that  their  huigth  can  not  bo  given. 
'AiiipoHe  fln  larg«s  inHorted  vertically  above  last  anal  rays,  its  height  from 
tip  to  posterior  end  of  base  o(iualing  vertical  diameter  of  eye.  Color  sil- 
vi'iy.  Ah  pointed  out  by  Dr.  liiinther,  this  northern  foria  diflfers  from  A. 
arliili  in  itn  shorter  liead  and  smaller  eye.  It  soenis  also  to  have  tho  pro- 
ninxiilaries  placed  at  a  greater  angle  than  in  A.  urtcili.  Mackenzie  River 
and  tributaries.  Here  describetl  from  two  specimens  from  (treat  Hear 
Liilvt)  Uiver,  each  l(t  inches  long,  collected  by  Miss  Elizabeth  Taylor. 
{binduD,  shining.) 

Mi'i''  (I'liregonuf)  lurUtiu,  KiniARnNON,  Kniina  nor.-Amcr,,  ill,  21)7,  IHiin,  with  k""'I  flRnr*',  Great 

Hear  Lake. 
('.>r.;/MMii<  ImUlu;  (irNTIlKIl,  Cftt.,  VI,  1!)8,  18)in  ;  (IilhRHT,  Hull.  H.  S.  FUh  Cuuilli.,  xiv,  1HU4,  24. 

les/ABUVItONUNl'M  liAUUKTT.K  (Douii). 

Il.ad  5;  depth  4;  eye  H  to  5.  D.  12;  A.  11;  V.  12;  scales  10-84  to 
Ori-io,  Kl  to  87  in  specimens  examined.  Body  robust,  the  back  elevated ; 
\mul  small  and  slender,  tho  small  eye  not  longer  than  snout.  Distance 
'  III  nape  to  front  of  snout  2^  times  in  its  distance  from  dorsal.  Maxil- 
lary about  reaching  middle  of  eye,  Si  in  head,  its  supplemental  bone  half 
itH  length;  lower  jaw  very  slightly  longer  than  upper;  mandible  2^  in 
lit'ad  ;  lingual  teeth  present.  Gill  rakers  long  and  numerous,  10  +  25; 
voiitial  scale  not  half  lengtli  of  fin;  pectorals  short,  not  reaching  half 
way  to  ventrals.  Scales  smaller  than  in  A.  artedi,  16  cross  series  under 
baHo  of  dorsal.  Alaska,  from  Yukon  Rivor  northward  to  Point  Harrow; 
geix'ially  common.  Apparently  very  close  to  Aryyroaumus  lucidua,  but  the 
baNi)  of  the  dorsal  longer.     (Named  for  Mrs.  Lauretta  H.  liean. ) 

Corfijnnutlauretln;  Dran,  Pror.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  IfiO,  Point  Barrow  ;  .Iorpan  Si  Gilbert 
SyuDpBiH,  890,  1>'83.     (Typo,  Nos.  27696  aiul  27915.    Coll.  Capt.  0.  L.  Hooi)or.) 

7«9.  AI{UYU<>S0.1IUS  PROUNATHVS  (II.  M.  Smith). 
(LoMn  Jaw  ;  Hloater.) 

Head  4^;  depth  3i  to  4;  eye  5.  D.  9  or  10;  A.  10  to  12.  Eye  rather 
Rmall,  U  ill  Hiiout,  1;V  in  interorbital  space,  H  in  suborbital  space.  Scales 
9-7ri-><.  Hody  oblong,  much  compressed,  Lack  elevated,  tapering  rather 
sharply  towards  the  narrow  caudal  peduncle,  the  adult  fish  having  a 
slijflit  nuchal  hump  as  in  C.  dupeij'ormiii.  Mouth  large  and  strong;  snout 
straJLjht,  its  tip  on  level  with  lower  edge  of  pupil.  Top  of  head  2k  in 
distance  from  occiput  to  front  of  dorsal.  Maxillary  reaching  to  opposite 
pupil,  2^  in  head,  the  length  3^  times  its  greatest  width ;  mandible  project- 
inj;  beyond  upper  jaw  when  mouth  is  closed,  very  long,  reaching  to  or 

*  Till'  viTtical  from  lawt  my  of  iinal  traveracg  the  posterior  third  of  Iibho  of  adipose  dorsal.  This 
is  tlic  (.Illy  rcgimct  in  which  our  specimens  fail  to  aKreo  with  lUchardson's  desci-iptioo.  The  lat- 
ter ntatiM  that  the  adipose  flu  is  located  "about  its  own  breadth  poHterior  to  the  anal,"  but  this 
can  inuliably  be  accounted  for  by  the  uaturo  of  tho  spucimeu,  BicUardsou'e  descriptiou  being 
taken  iium  a  stuffed  akin.— Gilbert. 


I 


1     1 


f 


■' r 


'  !1 1^  1 H 


I 


Hi!::t 

^  I  -  '  i  ■ 

0^    in 
• '  i    f.  I' 


■i  <  ' 


i  r 


fit  f  I 


{^'1 


\ 


"-' 


^'^. 


i:  ;. 


472 


Builetin  47^  United  States  /National  Museum, 


boyniidpoHtnriorodgeofoyfl,  1}  to  U  >n  hitad.  IIun(l(>fiii«MliuniHi/o,ratlii>r 
short  and  deep,  pointed,  oruninl  ridt{«*H  pruiniiient.  Domal  ratliir 
lii^li,  tlie  lotiKCHt  ray  i|  lonji^i'r  than  hitMtt  of  fin,  uontninod  tij  tiims 
in  grcatost  hudy  dvptli,  and  U  tini«'M  in  head;  froo  niar(;in  Hlightly  con- 
OBvo;  origin  nearer  end  of  Hnont  than  haHo  of  caudal.  LongeHt  iinitl 
ray  <<<|nal  to  Itaso  of  fin  and  ii  height  of  dorHal.  Vert<«lirii<  r>r>.  (iill 
rakora  Nli<ndor,  about  15  -f  i^^t  about  length  of  eye.  Adipone  tin  tli<' 
length  of  t^yo,  its  width  half  its  length.  Narrowest  part  of  caudal  pudiin- 
cle  contained  nearly  four  tinieH  in  greateHt  body  depth.  Ventral  an  lon^' 
an  dorsal  is  high,  its  origin  midway  between  end  of  Huout  and  fork  ot 
tail;  pectoral  as  long  as  ventral.  Lateral  line  straight  except  at  ori^'in, 
where  it  presents  a  rather  marked  curve.  Sides  of  body  unifornil.v 
bright  silvery,  with  pronounced  bluish  rellection  in  life;  the  back  dusky, 
the  under  parts  )>ure  white  without  silvery  color;  above  lateral  line,  tlit* 
npper  and  lower  edges  of  scales  are  finely  pinu-tulated,  central  piiit 
unmarked,  producing  light  longitudinal  stripes  extending  wlude  leiiutli 
of  body  ;  fins  flesh  color  or  pinkish  in  life,  the  dorsal  and  caudal  mhiiiiIIv 
showing  dusky  edges ;  postorbital  area  with  a  bright  golden  rellection. 
Iris  golden,  pupil  black.  Length  15  inches.  Lake  Ontario,  Lake  Miciii- 
gan.  Lake  Superior,  and  doubtless  the  entire  Great  Lake  Hasin,  in  d<-<-|i 
water.  (Smith.)  This  species  and  A.  oHtuvrifonnh  have  been  confoniidt'd 
under  the  name  CoregomiH  hoi/i,  though  neither  much  resembleN  liiu 
original  of  that  name.     (n-p6,  forward  ;  jwiWof,  jaw.) 

ArgiirnntiiiiiH   hotii,  MiLNr.R,  Ropt.  U.  8.  Finli  ('oium.,  ii,  1872-7:J  (1874),  8fi,   Outer   Island, 

Lake  Superior;  (Coll.  Milnor);  nut  of  Gill. 
Coreyniiiiii  prixjimthuii,  IIiwiil  M.  8mitii,  Hull.  U.  S.  FIhIi  Coiiiin.,  xiv,  1S!»4,  t,  \A.  1,  di:.  ;),  Lake 

Ontario,  at  Wilson,  New  York.     (Typf,  No.  ir>rM\.    VoU.  .r.iliii  .•<.  Wligmi.) 

J 
770.  AIMlYltOKONlIS  MMRIPINNIS,  Oill. 

(BLlT.riN;     ni.ACKFIN.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  4  ;  eye  4^.  D.  12;  A.  12  ;  scales  i)  or  10-73  to  77-7  or  «. 
Vertebrie  57.  Gill  rakers  about  18-f-30,  rather  long  and  slendor,  U 
in  eye  or  2  in  maxillary.  Lower  jaw  slightly  projecting;  the  maxillaiy 
^  greater  than  eye  and  reaching  vertical  of  front  of  pupil.  liody  Htoiit, 
fusiform,  compressed.  Head  large,  stout;  mouth  large.  Distance  from 
^ip  of  snout  to  occiput  about  3^  in  distance  from  snout  to  origin  of  dorsni 
fin.  Back  not  arched,  profile  from  occiput  to  origin  of  dorsal  very  gently 
curved.  Eye  rather  large,  longer  than  snout.  Teeth  very  minute,  but 
appreciable  on  premaxillaries  and  tongue.  Color  dark  bluish  iibove; 
sides  silvery,  with  dark  punctulations ;  fins  all  blue-black.  Lengtii  1^ 
inches.  Deep  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  and  small  lakes  of  Wisconsin 
and  Minnesota  (Madison,  Wisconsin,  and  Lake  Miltona,  Minnesota); 
locally  abundant.  Larger  than  most  of  the  other  Ciscoes,  and  with 
larger  mouth  than  any  except  A.  prognathua;  known  at  once  by  tlie 
black  fins,     (nlger,  black;  pinna,  fin.) 

ArgyrosotiiuH  vufnpmms,  Gill   MS.  in  Milngr,  Report  U.  S.  Fish  Conim.  for  1872-73   (1874),  87, 

Lake  Michigan,  otf  Racine,  Wisconsin.    (Coll.  Dr.  Uuy.) 
OoregoHiM  myripinni$,  Jobdan,  Mau.  Vert.,  Eil.  2,  275, 1878  ;  Jubdan  & Gilbebt,  Synopais,  UOl,  1><83 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fis/ies  of  North  Amerita.         473 


/" 


iubgenu*  ALLOSOMUS,  .(ofiIad. 

771.  AKiaHOHOMrN  TriXIHICK  iRirhArdiou). 

(T(i I.I.I HRK;  "MuNinirL  WiiiTrriHii.") 

ir<Mi<l  I  to  \\\  aopth  3  to  St;  eye  4^.  D.  11  or  12:  A.  11;  acalen 
s  or  !M>7  to  74-K.  (iill  lakurH  about  lU  -f  31,  \o\\^  iitul  Hlondor,  t]ie  lonK«Ht 
iiltdiit  »<|iia1  to  oyu.  Hody  Hliort,  de«<p,  coiiiprnHHed,  slmd-Iike,  tlie  doiHnl 
anil  v«Mitriil  <!urv««M  Hitiiiltti.  DiHtanoo  from  tip  of  Hiioiit  to  oooipiit  2  in 
iliiHtanoo  from  occiput  to  ori^^iii  of  dorsal.  Caudal  peduncle  nliort  and 
ilfi'p.  Head  conic,  comiircHsed,  inncli  iih  in  .(.  iiit/ripinniH,  Mouth  large, 
|ii\v«r  Jaw  projecting,  the  maxillary  aH  long  as  the  eye,  about  3^  in  head, 
ftxtoiiding  past  the  front  of  ey<-,  its  supplemental  bone  narrowly 
oviito,  with  prolonged  point;  J»W8  equal  when  closed.  Eye  large,  as 
JDM^  aH  snout.  Pt-uorbital  narrow ;  supraorbital  elongate,  rectangular. 
.SniltM  anteriorly  considorably  onlargod,  their  diameter  half  larger  than 
till*  diameter  of  those  on  the  caiidal  peduncle,  the  free  margins  less  con- 
vi-\  than  in  other  species.  Color  bluish  above ;  sides  white,  punctate 
with  lino  dots ;  each  scale  with  a  silvery  area,  these  forming  a  series  of 
iliHtinct  longitudinal  strip«*M.  Length  IK  inches.  Ureat  Lakes,  Lake  of 
the  Woods,  and  northward.  A  handsome  and  well-marked  species. 
(Tnllibee,  a  name  of  Indian  origin,  used  l>y  the  fur  traders.) 
Sfi/»in  ( ( '.irri/'iiDDi) /i(f/i7»'>',  RicHAitDHoN,  Fiiuiiii  Dor.-Aiiiur.,  in,  201,  IKIG,  Cumberland  House, 

Pine  Island  Lake. 
(■ouit;„„sl>illib,r,  OOntiif.r,  Cat.,  VI,  190,  18fif. ;  JoRnAN  A  Gimirht,  SynopHU,  :i01,  1H8.S. 

KoprnHentod  in  small  lakes  of  southern  Michigan  by 

77U.  AK»YKOSOMITS  TFLLIKKK  BISNKI.LI,  Bollmnn. 

Maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye;  lower  jaw  projecting.  Eye  4)1  in 
head  :  scales  80  to  82,  anteriorly  scarcely  larger  than  posteriorly.  Head 
4r-  depth  .3^.  Kawson  Lake  and  Howard  Lake,  Michigan.  (Named  for 
Jdliii  H.  liissell,  then  president  of  the  Michigan  Fish  Commission.) 

CoiLioiiiin  iiilliliiv  hinu'lli,  Boi.i.MAN,  liiill.  V.  S.  FIhIi  Cumin.,  viii,  1888,  223,  Rawson  Lake 
and  Howard  Lake,  Michigan.    (Typo,  Nu.  4061!).    Coll.  Uollman.) 

233.  STENODUS,  Richardson. 
(Inconnu.) 

SiiiimhiM,*  RiciiARDHON,  In  Ilat-k'H  Narrativtt  Arctic  Land  Kxpcdition,  Back  Appendix,  ri21, 1836, 

(milcAcll.;//). 

Liiriuiniitii^  UOnthkii,  Cat.,  vi,  l(i4,  1800,  {macki-nzii), 

ISody  rather  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head  long,  the  cleft  of  the 
inoiitli  wide.  Maxillary  long,  broad,  lanceolate,  extending  far  backward, 
lower  jaw  projecting  much  beyond  the  upper.  Dentition  very  feeble, 
the  teeth  extremely  small;  maxillary  toothless;  vomer,  palatines,  and 
touyue  with  narrow  bauds  of  minute  villiform  teeth.     Gill  rakers  rigid, 

*  "TliiH  flsli,  though  agreeing  with  the  trout  in  the  Btructiiro  of  thn  jawSj  ilifTerH  from  all  the 
sulip'iiiru  cstaliliohod  by  Ciivior  in  the  Kognc  Animal,  in  having  the  teeth  diHposed  in  velvet-like 
lianils,  and  hroader  on  the  vomer  and  palatine  hones.  From  th«  crowded,  minute  teeth,  the 
iiiiini-  (if  sieMo'liiK  may  Ixi  ^iven  to  the  subgenuH  of  which  the  inconnu  or  Salmo  mackemii  Is  the 
oil  ly  ascertained  species. '  '—Uichardson. 


i 


sli 


'■Iff" 


w 


F! 


I      I 


i    i 

i: 

•  ■ 

•t' 

i          t    ■ 

1        i  ' 

1 

'■;     . 

■i; 

1  ■  ■    !  .      i' 

^4 

•■       ■ 

474 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


awl-shaped,  rough  interiorly.  Branchiostogals  10.  Pyloric  cn^ca  in  great 
nr.inber.  Dorsal  fin  moderate,  over  ventrals ;  anal  rather  long;  caiidul 
forked.  Scales  moderate.  Coloration  silvery.  Migratory  fishes  of  largn 
size,  iuhahiting  the  streams  of  Arctic  America  and  Asia ;  intermediate 
between  the  Whitefish  and  the  Trout,     (irrn'fifj  iJarrow  ;  odoif,  tooth.) 

772.  STEN0DV8  MACKKNZII  (KirlmrdBoii). 

(Inconnu.) 

Head  4^ ;  eye  6.  D.  12 ;  A.  14 ;  scales  100.  Eye  less  tha!i  suont, 
nearly  equaling  the  narrow  interorbital  width.  Maxillary  reaching  u 
vortical  behind  pupil,  its  length  very  slightly  more  than  \  head.  Supple- 
mental bune  long  and  narrow,  nearly  as,  wide  as  the  maxillary,  the  ante- 
rior end  notched,  the  angle  above  the  notch  sharply  pointed,  the  lower 
angle  bluntly  rounded.  Teeth  all  weak  and  flexible,  bristle-like ;  present 
in  ft  narrow  band  in  upper  jaw,  the  band  extending  laterally'  onto  prox- 
imal fifth  of  maxillary  ;  a  similar  ua.. row  band  .anteriorly  in  lower  jaw  ; 
very  broad  patches  of  similar,  but  slightly  stiffer,  teeth  are  present  on 
tongue,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Gill  rakers  7  +  17,  the  one  in  the  angle 
reckoned  with  the  vertical  limb,  very  stiff  and  bony,  the  longest  ;j  diam- 
eter of  eye ;  they  bear  in  their  margins  two  rows  of  very  short,  weak 
teeth,  w  lich  do  not  make  them  appreciably  rough. 

Here  described  from  a  specimen  32  inches  long,  from  the  delta  of  tlie 
Mackenzie  River,  collected  by  Miss  Elizabeth  Taylor.  Mackenzie  River 
and  its  tributaries  below  the  cascades;  locally  abundant  and  reaching  a 
large  size,  usually  5  to  15  pounds,  but  sometimes  30  to  40  pounds.  A  fair 
food-fish,  but  the  flesh  is  oily."  (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Alexander 
Mackenzie,  for  whom  the  rivci.  was  also  named.) 

Salmo  marhmzii,  RieiiAunsoN,  Franklin's  .lourn.,  182:J,  707,  Mackenzie  River. 

Luciotnilta  ii'nch)L:ii,  9('Nl'liru,  Cat.,  vi,  lfi4,  18(16. 
SteiwiUis  mackvnzii,  Jordan  &  Gu.deht,  Syaopsis,  304,  188r., 

234.  ONCORHYNCHUS,  Suckley. 
(Quin:;at  Salmon.) 

Oncorhiinchm,  Sitkt.ev,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  ISfii,  :r.2,  (smuleri). 
Itiipfifarin,  GiM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilr.,  18G2,  XIO,  {kennerhii). 

Body  elongate,  subfusiform,  or  compressed.  Mouth  wide,  the  maxil- 
lary long,  lanceolate,  usually  extoi.ding  beyond  the  eye;  jaws  witli 
moderate  teeth,  which  become  in  the  adult  male  enormously  enlarged 
in  front.  Vomer  long  and  narrow,  fiat,  with  a  series  of  teeth  botii  on 
the  head  and  the  shaft,  the  latter  series  comparatively  short  and  weak  ; 
palatines  with  a  series  of  teeth ;  tongue  with  n,  marginal  series  on  each 
side;  teeth  on  vomer  and  tongue  often  lost  with  age;  no  teeth  on  tlie 
hyoid  bone..  liranchiostegals  more  cr  less  increased  in  number.  Scales 
moderate  or  small.    Dorsal  fin  moderate ;  anal  fin  comparatively  elongate, 

♦According  tu  Dr.  Bean  our  species  may  be  not  distinct  from  the  Siberiae  species,  S/niniluii 
leucichthyi  (Qulco'^stadt). 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        476 


of  14  to  20  rays.  Pyloric  appendages  in  increased  number.  Gill  rakers 
ratlier  iinmerons.  Ova  large.  Soxual  peculiarities  very  strongly  devel- 
oped ;  the  snout  in  the  idult  males  in  summer  and  fall  greatly  distorted ; 
the  premaxillaries  prolonged,  hooking  over  the  lower  jaw,  which  in  turn 
is  <;reatly  elongate  and  somewhat  hooked  at  tip  ;  the  teeth  on  these  bones 
alHo  greatly  enlarged.  The  body  becomes  deep  and  compressed  ;  a  fleshy 
liniiip  is  developed  before  the  dorsal  fin,  and  the  scales  of  the  back 
become  embedded  in  the  flesh  ;  the  flesh,  which  is  red  and  rich  in  spring, 
■|  ironies  dry  and  poor.  Salmon,  mostly  of  largo  size,  ascending  the  rivers 
:i)iitary  to  the  North  Pacific  in  North  America  and  Asia,  spawning  in  the 
.11.  Only  five  species  are  known.  The  genus  is  very  close  to  Salmo, 
dill'crlug  only  in  the  increased  number  of  certain  organs.  (I'y/cof,  hook; 
l'>iyx<ir,  snout.) 

Concerning  the  habits  and  distribution  of  the  salmon  we  quote  the 
following,  based  on  the  observations  of  Jordan  &  (iilbert,  which  has 
btcu  })ubli8hed  elsewhere.  (See  "  The  Salmon  Family,"  in  Jordan's 
Sciouce  Sketches,  3r)-82,  1887,  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.,  Chicago.)  Some 
recent  observations  of  Dr.  Gilbert  and  Dr.  Evermann  are  also  included : 

(If  tlio  ppocios  of  Oncorhiinchus,  the  Blueback  (0.  nerka)  predomliiatcN  in  Fraser  Rivor  and  in 
the  Y'lkou  River,  tlio  Silver  Salmon  (O.  kMilrh)  in  Pugot  Sound,  tlio  Quiiinat  (0.  Ischawijtfichti)  in 
tlio  riilunibiaand  tlio  Sacramento,  and  the  Silver  Salmon  in  nioRt  of  tlio  ptreaniH  along  tlinconBt. 
Alt  till!  8|iuciu8  have  been  seen  by  us  in  the  Culumbia  and  in  Fraser  River  ;  all  ))Ut  the  niueback 
iu  111!'  Sarram.-'nto  and  in  waters  tributary  to  Pnget  Sound.  Only  the  King  Salmon  lias  been 
nnticrii  Sdutli  of  San  Francisco.  Its  range  has  been  traced  as  far  as  Ventura  River.  Of  these 
si^'cifs,  the  King  Salmon  and  Blueback  Salmon  habitually  "run"  in  tho  spring,  the  others  in 
tlio  full.  The  Usual  order  of  running  in  tho  rivers  is  as  follows  :  nerka,  tufhan'iiliivha,  kimilcli,  yor- 
hiis,l,:i,  bin.    According  to  early  authors,  the  IscliairijlHchu  jirecedes  tircAit  in  Kamchatka. 

Till'  uconomic  value  of  tho  Hpring-ruuning  salmon  is  far  greater  than  that  of  the  other  Bpocicg, 
bdiuisi'  they  can  be  captured  in  numbers  when  at  their  best,  while  the  others  aro  usually  taken 
only  utter  deterioration.  To  this  fact  the  worthlossuesB  of  Oiicorhiinchnu  bin,  as  comjiared  with 
the  (itliiT species,  is  probably  chiefly  due. 

Tlic  liiiliits  of  the  salmon  in  the  ocean  are  not  eiisily  studied.  King  Salmon  and  Silver  Salmon 
of  all  sizes  aro  taken  with  the  scino  at  almost  any  season  in  Puget  Sound.  This  would  indicate 
that  tliese  specit^s  do  not  go  far  from  the  shore.  Tho  Kiug'Siilmon  takes  the  hook  freely  in 
Moiitirey  Bay,  both  near  the  shore  and  at  a  distance  of  0  to  8  miles  out.  We  have  reason 
tdliilicvo  that  these  two  Bjiecies  do  not  necessarily  seek  great  depths,  but  probably  remain  not 
very  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  in  which  they  were  spawned.  The  Blueback  and  the  Dog 
SaliiKin  probably  seek  deeper  water,  as  tho  former  ia  seldom  taken  with  the  seine  in  tho  ocean, 
anil  the  latter  is  known  to  outer  tho  Strait  of  Fuca  at  the  spawning  season,  therefore  coming 
iiit'niiiitheopensea.  Tho  run  of  the  King  Salmon  ami  tlii^  Blticlwck  begins  generally  at  the  last 
of  Murcli  ;  it  lasts,  with  various  modifications  and  interruptions,  until  tho  actual  spawning  season, 
So|it(iiitii'r  to  November,  the  time  of  running  and  the  proportionate  amount  in  each  of  thesiibor- 
diiinl"  runs  varying  with  each  difl'ereut  river.  By  the  last  of  .Tuly  only  straggling  Bliiebacks 
cii',  111'  I'cmnd  in  the  lower  course  of  any  stream  ;  but  both  in  the  Ci)lumbia  and  in  the  Sacramento 
tlio  ijiiiniiiit  runs  in  considerable  numbers,  at  least  till  October.  In  the  Sacramento  the  run  is 
gri'uti  >t  ill  the  fall,  a. id  more  run  in  the  summer  than  in  spring.  TIk^  spring  salmon  a.sceiids 
iiiily  tliose  rivers  wliicli  are  fed  bj'  Uie  melting  snows  from  tlw  mountains,  and  which  have  suf- 
flcii'iif  volume  to  send  their  waters  well  out  to  sea  Those  salmon  which  run  in  tho  spring  are 
chioily  adults  (suppo.scd  to  bo  at  least  three  years  old).  Their  milt  and  spawn  are  no  more 
develojied  than  at  tho  same  time  in  others  of  the  same  species  which  aro  not  to  enter  the  rivers 
until  full.  It  would  appear  that  the  contact  with  cold  fresh  water,  when  in  tho  ocean,  in  eomo 
way  1  MUSI'S  them  to  run  toward  it,  and  to  run  liefore  there  is  any  special  intluenco  to  that 
eiiii  r^.rtiil  by  the  d(!velopnieiit  of  tho  organs  of  generation..  High  water  on  any  of  these  livers 
ill  the  spring  is  always  follo"">d  by  an  increased  run  of  salmon.    The  salmon  canuers  think, 


;  M    ^  ;\ 


m 


!     ;         ' 


HHfl 


;    i 


i  ■ 

t  ■  \ 

\ 
I 


i   i   . 

i  !  '  ; 
)     i  > 

1     i  i 

t-  ' 

■  m 

;i 

(  i  I 


\ 


II 


! 


! 


h  ( 


i 


47C 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


and  this  is  proliably  true,  that  salmor.  which  would  not  havo  run  till  lattT  nr«  brought  up  by  tlici 
contact  with  the  cold  water.  Tho  cause  of  this  effect  of  cold  fresh  water  is  not  uiidvrHtou.l. 
Wo  may  call  it  an  instinct  of  the  salmon,  which  is  anotht-r  way  of  expressiiiKour  i^norancr.  in 
gonoral,  it  snems  to  bu  truo  that,  in  those  rivors  and  duriujj;  those  years  when  the  sprin  ^  run  is 
greatest,  the  fall  run  is  least  to  be  d<'|H>ndod  upon. 

It  varies  for  each  of  the  different  rivers,  and  for  differt.'nt  parts  of  the  same  river.  It  (Icniht- 
1(»8  extends  from  .Inly  to  December.  Tho  manner  of  spawning  is  probably  similar  for  nil  tlie 
species,  but  wu  hiive  no  data  for  any  except  the  Qniiiniit  and  the  Rcdflsh.  In  these  species  t|j,' 
fishes  pair  off;  the  male,  with  tail  and  snout,  excavates  a  broad,  shallow  "nost"  in  the  jtravelly 
bod  of  tho  stream,  in  rapid  water,  .it  a  deptli  of  1  to  4  feet ;  the  female  deposits  her  enus  in 
it,  and  after  the  exclusion  of  the  milt,  they  cover  them  with  stones  and  gravel.  They  tlii'n 
float  down  the  stream  tail  foremost.  As  already  stated,  a  great  majority  of  Micm  die.  In  t)io 
head  waters  of  tho  largo  streams,  unquestionably  all  die  ;  in  the  small  stream  ,  and  near  tlie  fun, 
an  unknown  jwrcentago  probably  survive.     TIk!  young  hatch  in  about  sixty  days. 

Tho  salmon  of  all  kinds,  in  the  spring,  are  silvery,  sjiotted  or  not,  according  to  the  speiirs, 
and  with  the  mouth  about  eijually  syiiiniotrical  in  both  sexes.  As  the  Kpawniii^  Hi'u-KJti 
approaches  the  female  loses  her  silvery  color,  becomes  more  slimy,  tho  scales  on  tho  back  piii  tly 
sink  into  the  skin,  and  the  llesh  changes  from  saltnon-red  and  becomes  variously  paler  from  tlie 
loss  of  oil,  tho  degree  of  paleness  varying  much  with  individuals  and  with  inhabitants  ot  UifTer- 
ont  rivers.  In  the  Sacramento  the  flesh  of  tho  Quinnat,  in  either  spring  or  fall,  is  rarely  ii.ilc. 
In  the  Columbia  a  few  with  pale  flesh  are  sometimea  taken  in  spring,  and  a  good  many  iti  tin' 
fall.  In  Fraser  Kivor  tho  fall  run  of  tho  Quinnat  is  nearly  worthlej-s  for  canning  purpuKcJ, 
because  so  many  are  "  whitc-moatod."  In  tho  spring  very  few  are  "  wliite-meati'd,"  but  (lie 
number  Increases  toward  fall,  when  there  is  every  variation,  some  having  red  streaks  ninnin;,' 
through  them,  others  being  rod  toward  the  head  and  pale  toward  the  tail.  The  red  nixl  pule 
ones  can  not  bo  distinguished  externally,  and  the  color  is  dependent  upon  neitlier  ago  nor  fex. 
There  is  said  to  be  no  difference  in  the  taste,  but  there  is  no  market  for  canned  salmon  uut  ef 
the  conventional  oipnge  color. 

As  the  season  advances,  the  clifferonce  between  the  males  and  females  becomes  more  ami  tnon' 
marked,  and  keeps  pace  with  tho  development  of  tho  milt,  as  is  shown  by  dissection.  The  nialeH 
have  (1)  the  jjromaxill.aries  and  tho  tip  of  tho  lower  jaw  more  and  more  prolonged,  both  ultlie 
jaws  becoming,  finally,  strongly  and  often  extravagantly  hooked,  so  that  either  they  slpit  tiy 
the  side  of  each  other  like  shears,  or  else  the  mouth  can  not  be  closed.  (2)  The  front  tiMtli 
become  very  long  and  cauino-like,  their  growth  proceeding  very  rapidly,  until  they  are  cflen 
half  an  inch  lontt.  {^)  The  tooth  on  the  vomer  and  tongue  often  disappear.  (4)  The  luidy 
grows  more  compressed  and  deeper  at  the  shoulders,  so  that  a  very  distinct  hump  is  furiru^d ; 
this  is  more  develoi)od  in  Ohcoj-Az/hc/ihs  (/orfiiisc/Ki,  but  is  found  in  all.  (.5)  The  scales  disapi"  ur, 
especially  on  tho  back,  by  the  growtli  of  spongy  skin.  (0)  Tlio  color  changes  from  silvery  te 
various  shades  of  black  and  red,  or  blotchy,  according  to  the  species.  Tho  Bluoback  turn-'  insy 
or  brick-red,  the  Dog  Salmon  a  dull  blotchy  red,  and  the  Quinnat  generally  blackish.  The  ill<- 
torted  males  are  commonly  considered  worthless,  rejected  by  the  canners  and  salmon  siillers, 
but  preserved  by  tho  Indians.  These  changes  are  due  solely  to  influences  connected  with  tlio 
growth  of  the  reproductive  organs.  Tliey  are  not  in  any  way  due  to  the  action  of  fresh  \v;iter. 
They  take  place  at  about  tho  same  time  in  the  adult  males  of  all  species,  whether  in  tlir  m-an 
or  in  the  rivers.  At  the  time  of  the  spring  runs  all  are  symmotrical.  In  the  fall  all  nmli  s,  of 
whatever  species,  are  more  or  less  distorted.  Among  tho  Dog  .Salmon,  which  run  only  in  tho 
fall,  tho  males  are  hook-jawed  and  red-blotched  when  thej'  first  enter  the  Strait  of  Fuca  fmrn 
the  outside.  The  Humpback,  taken  in  salt  water  about  Seattle,  havo  the  same  peculiiiritios. 
The  male  is  slab-sided,  hook-billed,  and  distorted,  and  is  rejected  by  the  cannors.  No  IhmiU- 
jawed  females  of  any  species  have  been  seen.  It  is  not  jiositively  known  that  any  fully  InuU- 
jawed  old  male  survives  the  reproductive  act.     If  any  do,  the  jaws  must  resume  tho  normal  Lini. 

On  first  entering  a  stream  the  salmon  swim  about  as  if  playing.  They  always  head  lnwanls 
the  current,  and  this  appearance  of  ]ilayiug  may  be  simi)ly  duo  to  facing  the  moving  tide.  Aftir- 
wards  they  enter  the  deepest  parts  of  the  stream  and  swim  straight  up,  with  f-w  interrn|ilinus. 
Their  rate  of  travel  at  Sacramento  is  estimated  by  Stone  at  about  2  miles  per  day;  on  the  ("iiliim- 
biu  at  about  3  miles  per  day.  Those  who  enter  the  Columbia  in  tho  spring  and  ascend  to  tlin 
mountain  rivers  of  Idaho,  must  go  at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  this,  as  they  must  make  an  average 
of  nearly  four  milce  per  day. 


tiT 


•  > 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         477 


Ah  iilroiidy  fitat«(l,  thoeconomic  vahioof  anyRiH'cieRdopendHin  groat  part  on  itnlMinKn  "Kpring 
Kiliiioii."  It  Ih  not  goucriilly  pciwiblo  tn  captiiru  Milmoii  of  any  specioa  in  lufKu  iiunilierB  until 
tiny  liuTu  entered  the  rivurs,  and  the  spring  Balmon  cntur  tlio  rivern  lung  l)t'fure  the  growth  of 
tlic  ori;aiiR  of  roproductiou  lion  reduced  the  rii'liueHH  of  tlio  tiesli.  Tlie  fiili  Naimun  can  not  lie 
tiiki'ii  in  ijuanllty  until  thelr'tleHh  has  deteriorated  ;  lienco,  tin;  Dog  Salmon  \%  practically  alnioHt 
Miirthless,  except  to  the  ludiaiix,  iind  the  Ilumjiback  Salmon  is  little  bettor.  The  Silver  Salmon, 
Willi  the  Kanie  breeding  habits  as  the  Dog  Salmon,  is  more  valuable,  as  it  is  found  in  the  inland 
walurs  of  Pugct  Sound  for  a  considerable  time  before  the  fall  rains  cause  the  full  runs,  and  it  may 
|m'  taken  in  large  numbers  with  Ncincs  before  the  season  for  entering  the  rivers.  The  Quinnat 
Salmon,  from  its  great  size  and  abundance,  is  more  valuable  than  all  the  other  flshes  on  our 
I'lii'llu'  Coast  taken  together.  The  Blueback,  similar  in  llesh,  but  much  smaller  and  less  abun- 
iliiiil,  is  worth  much  more  than  the  combined  value  of  the  three  remaining  species  of  nalnion. 

The  fall  salmon  of  all  spe<'ics,  but  especially  of  the  Dog  Salmon,  ascend  streams  but  a  short 
(listuJK'o  before  B|>awning.  They  seem  to  lie  in  great  anxiety  to  Iind  fresh  water,  and  many  of 
tliiiii  work  their  way  up  little  lirmiks  only  a  few  inches  deep,  where  they  perish  miserably, 
lloiiiiduring  about  on  the  stones.  Kvery  stream,  of  whatever  kind,  has  more  or  less  of  these  fall 
eilnion. 

It  is  tho  prevailing  impression  that  the  salmon  have  some  special  instinct  which  leads  them  to 
return  to  spawn  in  the  same  spawning  grounds  where  they  were  originally  hatched.  Wo  fail  to 
Iind  any  evidc^nce  of  this  in  the  case  of  the  Pacific  Coast  salmon,  and  wo  do  not  believe  it  to  be 
tnii'.  It  Kcems  more  probably  that  the  young  salmon  hatched  in  any  river  mostly  remain  in  the 
oiiaii,  within  a  railius  of  20,  30,  or  40  miles  of  its  mouth.  These,  in  their  movements  abotit  in 
the  ocean,  may  come  into  contact  with  the  cold  waters  of  their  parent  rivers,  or,  perhaps,  of  any 
other  river,  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  shore.  In  the  case  of  the  (jninnat  and  the 
Bliietiark,  their  "instinct"  seems  to  lead  them  to  ascend  thehe  fresh  waters,  and,  in  a  majority 
of  cascK,  these  waters  will  be  those  in  which  the  fishes  in  ({uestion  were  originally  spawned. 
Lull  r  ill  the  season  the  growth  of  the  reproductive  organs  leads  them  to  approach  the  shore  and 
seuri'li  for  fresh  waters,  and  still  the  chances  are  that  they  may  find  the  original  stream.  Uut 
iiudoulitedly  many  fall  salmon  ascend,  or  try  to  ascend,  streams  in  which  no  salmon  were  ever 
hatched.  In  little  brooks  about  Pugot  S-  :'.nd,  where  the  water  is  not  J  inches  deep,  are  often 
fiiiiiiil  (lead  or  dying  salmon,  which  have  entered  them  for  the  pur]io8o  of  spawning.  It  is  said 
of  tlie  Uii8.-iiun  River  and  other  California  rivers,  that  their  mouths,  in  the  time  of  low  water  in 
«uniiiier,  generally  become  entirely  closed  by  sand  bars,  and  that  the  salmon,  in  their  eagerness 
til  ascend  them,  frequently  fling  thcmselveB  entirely  out  of  water  on  the  beach.  But  this  does 
nut  |inive  that  the  salmon  are  guided  by  a  niarvcious  geograjihical  instinct,  which  leads  them 
to  tliiir  parent  river  in  spito  of  tlie  fact  that  the  river  can  not  be  found.  The  waters  of  Kus- 
liiau  Itiver  soak  through  these  sand  bars,  and  the  salmon  instinct,  we  think,  leads  them  merely 
tiiseairli  for  fresh  waters.  This  matter  is  much  in  need  of  further  investigation:  -X  present, 
however,  we  find  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  salmon  enter  the  Itogue  River  simply  because 
they  were  spawned  there,  or  that  a  salmon  liatched  in  tlie  Clackamas  River  is  more  likely,  on 
that  ai'CdUDt,  to  return  to  the  Clackamas  than  to  go  up  the  Cowlitz  or  the  Des  Chutes. 

Oncoiihvnchus: 
II.  dill  rakers  comparatively  short  and  few  (-0  to  25  in  number). 

h.  Scales  very  imiill.  more  than  200  in  a  longitudinal  series;  caudal  spots  large,  oblong. 

UORUU6CIIA,  773. 

Ui.  Scales  medium,  al     it  145  (138  to  155)  in  a  longitudinal  series  j  pyloric  ccecaabout  150. 
c.  Anal  rays  13  or  .  ! ;  black  spots  small  or  obsolete;  R.  13  or  14.  kkta,  774. 

cc.  Anal  rays  about  !  '• ;  back  and  upper  fins  with  round  olack  spots  ;  H.  15  to  lit.  ■ 

TSCIIAWYTSCIIA,  775. 

Wi.  Scales  comparatively  large,  about  130  (125  to  135)  in  a  longitudinal  series;  pyloric 

cu!ca  50  to  80.  KisuTCH,  776. 

nvi'snAiiio,  (ii^i,  high  ;  Farxo,  trout)  : 

u«.  Gill  rakers  comparatively  long  and  numerous  (30  to  40  in  number) ;  scales  largo  ;  lateral 

line  about  130;  back  in  adults  unspotted,  clear  blue  in  spring,  red  in  fall;  young 

more  or  less  spotted.  nebka,  777. 


'       v'S 


•.|3 


9s 


: 

■V 

1 

.  ■  '  5 1 


.'!   , 


'I 


i-:       i 


i  ; 


I.  ! 


•i 


\  • 


f'^ 


;  I 


^fili' 


i   ill 


if 


'i  'I 


1 

i  ^   J 

III 

:    ■ 

;  ■ 
1  ;^ 

^^|: 

•  liPi 

1  <^ 

.  i 

i.L.. 


p' 


.  i..::.,.  . 


r\ 


478 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


v«, 


Subgenus  ONCORHYNCHUS. 

773."ONt'OllHYX€lll'S  UOltltlTSdlA  (Wiill)aum). 
(HuMi'iiACK  Salmon;  Haddo  ;  Hoi.ia  ;  GomiiistiiA  ;  Duo  Salmon  of  AIbhUii.) 
B.  11  or  12.  Gill  rakors  13  -f  15.  A.  (developed  layH)  15 ;  D.  11 ;  acalfs 
215  (210-240),  those  of  the  lateral  lino  larger,  170.  Pyloric  c«i'ca  v<i y 
ulender,  about  180.  Body  rather  Blender,  in  the  I'einale  plniup  and  nviii- 
nietrical,  in  the  fall  males  very  thin  and  compressed,  with  the  lleshy  dor- 
sal hump  much  developed  and  the  Jaws  much  elongated,  strongly  hoolud, 
and  with  extravagant  canines  in  front.  Ventral  appendage  half  tlj's 
length  of  the  fin.  Color  bluish;  sides  silvery  ;  back  posteriorly,  adijxjso 
fin,  and  tail  with  numerous  black  spots;  those  on  the  caudal  fin  partic- 
ularly large  and  oblong  inform;  fall  males  red, more  or  less  blotched  witli 
brownish.  Weight  3  to  6  pounds.  Pacific  Coast  and  rivers  of  North  Amorica 
and  Asia  from  Oregon  northward;  not  rare;  occasionally  taken  in  tlio 
Sacramento*  where  it  is  called  "Lost  Salmon."  Known  at  once  by  the 
very  small  size  of  the  scales,  and  by  the  coarse  oblong  spots  on  the  tail. 
{Gorbiischa,  the  Russian  vernacular  name  in  Alaska.) 

Halvw  gorbutcha,  Waibaum,  Artodi  I'isciuin,  CU,  n!t2,  Kamchatka  ;  after  tlioGurliiiRclm  uf  I'kn- 
NANT  and  Krasciikninnikow. 

Salmo  tjibber,  Ulucii  &  Sciinkider,  Syst.  Ichtli.,  409,  1801,  Kamchatka;  after  Krasciiknin- 
nikow. 

Salmo  pvoleim,  Pallas,  Zoogr.  UosHO-Asiatifa,  in,  liTO,  1811,  Bering  Sea;  SurKLKV,  Miiiicigr. 
Salmo,  97,  18G1  (1874). 

Salmo  acoukri,  RiciiAUPSON,  Fauna  Hor.-Amer.,  in,  IfiS,  1830,  Observatory  Inlet. 

iyilmo  ttchau-ytschiformui,  Smitt,  I  RikHmuseeum  liellutliga  Saluiuuider,  101,  1880,  Port  Clar- 
ence. 

Oncorhynchna  prolens,  QVntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  157,  1800. 

Oncorhynchm  Kvouleri,  OflNTllEB,  Cat.,  vi,  loS,  1806. 

Oncorhytichus  gorbutcha,  Jubuak  &  Gilbert,  Syuopsis,  305,  1883. 

774/oNCOBHlNCHUS  KETA  (Walbaum). 
(Doo  Salmon  ;  IIay-ko  ;  Le  Kai  Salmon.) 

Head  4;  depth  4.  D.  9;  A.  13  or  14;  scales  about  28-150-30;  B.  I'?  or 
14,  rather  broad ;  gill  rakers  9  -f- 15 ;  pyloric  cceca  140-185.  General  form 
of  the  Quinnat,  but  the  head  proportionately  longer,  more  depreMsed 
and  pike-like;  the  preopercle  more  broadly  convex  behind,  and  the 
maxillary  extending  considerably  beyond  eye.  Gill  rakers  few,  coarse, 
and  stout,  as  in  the  Quinnat.  Accessory  pectoral  scale  short,  not 
half  the  length  of  fin.  Dusky  above;  sides  paler,  little  lustrous;  back 
and  sides  with  no  defined  spots,  but  only  fine  specklings,  which  are 
often  entirely  obsolete ;  head  dusky,  scarcely  any  metallic  luster  on  head 
or  tail;  caudal  dusky,  plain,  or  very  finely  maculate,  its  edge  usually 
distinctly  blackish ;  fins  all  mostly  blackish,  especially  in  males ;  breed- 
ing males  generally  blackish  above,  with  sides  brick-red,  often  barred  or 
mottled.  Weight  about  12  pounds.  San  Francisco  to  Kamchatka, 
asoending  all  streauis  in  the  fall,  and  spawning  at  no  great  distance 
from  the  sea ;  abundant  in  Bering  Straits.     At  the  time  of  its  run  the 


*  ThisBpecies  appears  in  Alaska  every  year  and  in  great  abundance.  In  Puget  Sound  it  lomcs 
each  alternate  year  only,  tlie  odd  year  (18',tl,  189.'{,  etc.).  In  the  Sacramento  each  year,  but  in 
very  small  uumbora.    Itasceudii  the  Sacramento  au  far  as  Shasta  County. 


J^JJP^ 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Nortii  America.        479 


males  of  tliia  HpucieH  are  much  distorted  and  tbe  tiesh  has  little  value. 
(Kita,  a  vernacular  nante  in  Kamchatka.) 

Sittiiii}  htn  vel  hiijhi,  Wamiai'm,  Artvdi  I'iKciiini,  72,  1702,  Rivers  of  Kamchatka;  aftor  tlio 
hill  IT  hiyho  of  Pennant  and  Kka8CIIeninniku\v|  Dlocii  k  Sviineiuku,  8yHt.  lohtli.,  407, 
1801. 

Sdiiiolwjoivplmlnn,  I'am.AB,  /uogr.  ItoHH.-ARiatlca,  ill,  1172,  1811,  Bering  Sea. 

/.Sii/iiKi./'i/KJiK'/inM,  Pam.aa,  Z(><i);r.  IluAH.-ANintiru,  iii,  382,  1811,  Curile  Islands;  Amur  River. 

Sii/i/i"  itermiiliiim,  Hii'IIauhron,  Voyiifio  Herald,  /old.,  1(')7,  1854,  Yukon  River. 

MiiKiroimiHiiii,  Riciiauiison,  VojftKc  Ilurald,  Zoid.,  108,  18.')4,  Yukon  River. 

Stilmo  canis,  SicKLEV,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1868,  !»,  aud  Mouogr.  Salino,  101, 18til  (1874),* 
Puget  Sound. 

Oiici>r//,'/»'//"i /'(;/"<''7''"i/"»,  OCntiikii,  Cat.,  vi,  101,  1800. 

Unii'iliiinclius keta,  Johdan  A  Uiluert,  Syiioimis,  lior),  188.X 

775/0NC0KllYN(Hl'S  TSCIIAWYTSOHA  (Walliaum). 

(1^1  innat  Salmon;   Tchaviciie  ;   Kino   Salmon;   Com'Miiia   Salmon;   Sachamknto   Salmon; 
Chinook  Salmon  ;  Tvee  Salmon  ;  Saw-kwey  ;  Thciiawvtsoiia.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  4.  M.  15  or  16  to  18  or  19,  the  number  on  the  two  sides 
always  unlike.  D.  11;  A.  10.  Gill  rakers  usually  9  +  14  (i.  e.,  9  above 
tlie  angle  and  14  below).  Pyloric  coica  140  to  185 ;  scales  usually  27-146- 
2!t,  the  number  in  a  longitudinal  series  varying  from  140  to  155,  aud  in 
California  specimens  occasionally  as  low  as  135.  Vertebras  66.  Head 
conic,  rather  pointed  in  the  females  and  spring  males.  Maxillary  rather 
NJeiMlor,  the  small  eye  behind  its  middle.  Teeth  small,  longer  on  sides 
of  lower  jaw  than  in  front;  vomerine  teeth  very  few  and  weak,  disap- 
])uaring  in  the  males.  In  the  males  in  late  summer  and  fall  the  jaws 
become  elongate  and  distorted,  and  the  anterior  teeth  much  enlarged,  as 
in  the  related  species.  The  body  then  becomes  deeper,  more  compressed, 
and  arched  at  the  shoulders,  and  the  color  often  nearly  black.  Preoper- 
clo  and  opercle  strongly  convex.  Body  comparatively  robust,  its  depth 
greatest  near  its  middle.  Ventrals  inserted  behind  middle  of  dorsal, 
ventral  appendage  half  the  length  of  the  fin  ;  caudal,  as  usual  in  this 
genus,  strongly  forked,  on  a  rather  slender  caudal  peduncle.  Color 
dusky  above,  often  tinged  with  olivaceous  or  bluish ;  sides  and  below 
silvery ;  head  dark  slaty,  usually  darker  than  the  body  and  little  spotted ; 
back,  dorsal  fin,  sind  tail  usually  profusely  covered  with  round  black 
Hpots  (these  are  sometimes  few,  but  very  rarely  altogether  wanting); 
»i(leH  of  head  and  caudal  fin  with  a  peculiar  metallic  tin-colored  luster; 
inalt\  about  the  spawning  s6ason  (October),  blackish,  more  or  less  tinged 
or  lilotched  with  dull  red.  Flesh  red  and  rich  in  spring,  becoming  paler 
iu  the  fall  as  the  spawning  season  approaches.  Length  2  to  5  feet. 
llNual  weight  in  the  Columbia  River  22  pounds,  in  the  Sacramento  16  to 
18  pounds;  in  smaller  rivers  still  less,  but  individuals  of  70  to  100 
pounds  have  been  taken.  Alaska,  Oregon,  and  California,  southward  to 
Ventura  River,  aud  to  northern  China,  ascending  all  large  streams; 
especially  abundant  in  the  Columbia  and  Sacramento  rivers,  where  it 
is  the  principal  salmon.     It  ascends t  the  large  streams  in  spring  and 

*Pr  Suckley's  monograph  of  the  genus  Salnio  was  written  in  1861,  but  not  actually  printed 
and  imldiHhed  until  1874. 

t  Till'  usual  order  of  salmon  running  in  the  streams  of  Oregon  and  Washington  is  nerka,  Ischa- 
KyMtu,  kisutcb,  yorbutcha,  and  kela.    Tliose  which  start  lirst  go  farthest. 


1^' 


i:  ?  » 


tv;*" 


H 

'^  .i 
1 

-:ji^ 


(  !• 


1 


J 
: 


{ 


480 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Hunimer,  moving  up,  witliout  feeding,  until  tlio  Hpuwning  HoaH<»n,  liy  wlm  h 
time  many  of  thoHO  which  Htarted  first  may  have  traveled  more  tliiui 
1,000  niilea.  It  UHcends  tlie  Snake  Hiver  to  the  neighborhood  of  Uppii 
Salmon  Falk,  where  it  spawna  in  October  and  November.  In  the  Saliiicm 
Kiver  of  Idaho  it  aacendH  to  the  Iioad  wuterH,  more  than  1,000  mileH  fnnii 
the  sea,  whore  it  8pav  nu  in  August  and  early  September  when  the  watci 
has  readied  a  tenr;»err  '  ure  of  about  54°  F.  After  Hpawnlng,  nioHt  or 
all  of  those  which  have  reached  the  upper  waters  perish  from  exhaus- 
tion. It  is  by  far  the  most  valuable  of  our  salmon,  It  has  lately  l^ctn 
introduced  into  eastern  streams.  (Tucliaivylnehu,  better  spelled  by  earlK^i 
writers  Tchaviche,  the  vernaculav  name  in  Alaska  and  Kamchatka.) 

Sahiio  tt<-hawjiliH'lia,\V  AhUAXix,  Artt'ili  I'Ui'ium,  71, 17!)2,  rivers  of  Kamchatka;  itl'tcr  tlu^  Txchim-i- 

tucha  of  KnAHOirKNiNNiKow,  Dcscr.  Kaiiicliiitkii,  17H,  17ii8,  itml  tlio  T*<hiurijln;lui  uf  1'kn.nant, 

1792;  Blocil  &,  Sciineidku,  Syst.  Iclitli.,  4(l7,  1801. 
fiiilmo  orieulnlU,  Pai.i.an,  /ougr.  ItuHit.-Asiiil.,  iii,  3(17,  1811,  Kamchatka. 
Snimo  iiuiuiiiil,  RiciiAriDKON,  Fitiiua  liur.-Ainer.,  in,  219,  IS'M,  Columbia  River;  mid  of  iiKiny 

writers. 
Fario  anjjircuii,  Girard,  True.  Ac,  Nat.  Sri.  Pliilii.,  IS.Ifi,  218,  Cape  Flattery;  Fort  Steilacoom. 
Siilmo  confliientiiH,  SucKLEV,  Aiiu.  I.yc.  Nut.  lIiHt.  N.  V.,  lieiM'iiilx^r,  18.18,  iiiid  racltic  It.  It.  .sin  v., 

XII,  Part  2,  3;i4,  18G(),  Puyallup  River,  near  Fort  Steilacoom;  (Coll.  Siu  kloj  j;  auil 

Moiiogr.  Sulmo,  109,  ISfil  (1874). 
Salmn  urijijrem,  SroKI.EY,  Piicifii:  R.  1{.  Siirv.,  xii.  Part  'J.,  li'iii,  18ti0,  ami  Monogr.  .Silmii,  lid, 

18f.l  (1874). 
OitcorhjiHclmn  <iiiiimiit,  GCntiieh,  Cat.,  vi,  l.'')8,  18Gi!;  .Iuudan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mun.,  1878,  il'.i. 
OiicirrhijnchH*  orienlitiis,  GC.ntiikk,  Cat.,  vi,  ir>9,  18(!0. 
OHCorhijHchna  cho,^icha,^[  3o\{.nAH  &  tiiLiiF.liT,  SyiioiisU,  SOfi,  l88;i. 

776.''ONCORHYNCIirS  KISl'TCII  (Walbaurii). 
(SilverSalmon;  Ki8UTCIi;Skowitz;  IIooi>id  Saimi)n;Coiii)  Salmon;  Uiki.aya  RYiiA;(irisiTsrii.) 
Head  4;  depth  4.  B.  13  or  14.  Pyloric  cu!ca  very  few  and  large,  (ili  1 15 
to  80) ;  gill  rakers  10  +  13,  rather  long  and  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  eye, 
toothed;  scales  25-127-29.  D.  10;  A.  13  or  14  (developed  rays).  Body 
rather  elongate,  compressed.  Head  short,  exactly  conical,  terminating'  in 
a  bluntly  pointed  snout,  which  is  longer  and  broader  than  the  lower  Jaw ; 
head  shorter  than  in  a  young  Quinnat  of  the  same  size.  luterorbilal 
space  broad  and  strongly  convex.  Opercle  and  preopercle  strongly  ton- 
vex  behind;  the  preopercle  very  broad,  with  the  lower  limb  little  devel- 
oped; cheeks  broad.  Eye  quite  small,  much  smaller  than  in  young 
Quinnat  of  the  same  size.  Suborbital  very  narrow,  with  a  row  of  mucous 
pores  along  its  surface;  maxillary  slender  and  narrow,  but  extemlinj; 
somewhat  beyond  the  eye.  Teeth  very  few  and  small,  only  two  or  three 
on  the  vomer;  those  on  tongue  very  feeble.  Fins  small.  Pectorals  and 
ventrals  short,  the  ventral  appendage  three-fifths  the  length  of  the  lin ; 
caudal  strongly  forked,  on  a  slender  peduncle.  liluish  green  ;  sides  hH- 
very,  with  dark  punctulatious ;  no  spots  except  a  few  rather  obscure  on 
top  of  head,  back,  dorsal  fin,  adipose  fin,  and  the  rudimentary  ui>i>oi' 
rays  of  the  caudal;  rest  of  the  caudal  fin  unspotted;  pectorals  dusiiy 
tinged;  anal  with  dusky  edging;  sides  of  head  without  the  dark  color- 
ation seen  in  the  Quinnat ;  males  mostly  red  in  fall,  and  with  the  usual 

t  An  unsuccessful  attempt  at  rcspolling  the  barbarous-luokiug  wurd  "  tecAuio^toc/ia." 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.         481 

cli.iiigeH  of  form.  Length  15  inches.  Weight  3  to  8  pounds.  A  small 
ttiiliiion,  ascending  streams  in  the  fall  to  no  great  distance.  Atmndant 
from  San  Francisco  northward,  especially  in  Puget  Sound  and  the 
Aliinkan  Qords;  south  on  the  Asiatic  coasts  to  Japan.  (Khutch,  the  ver- 
nacular name  in  Alaska  and  Kamchatka;  called  by  the  Russians  Bielaya 
Uijho,  or  whiteflsh.) 

/  Si/mii)  milkischilch,  Walbavm,  Artoili  Pincliim,  70, 1792,  Bering  Sea;  after  ililklHchiiliich  or  Milk. 

isrJiiiM'h  of  Pennant  aiul  Kiiasciieninnikow;  probably  tb«  yoiin^;  of  kiiulch. 
iSi'iH'  Umlili*  Waliiaiih,  Artudi  IMsoium,  70,  1792,  Rivers  and  Lakes  of  Kamchatka;  aftur 

ilu'  Kisulch  of  Pennant. 
f  H'lliiii'  slriiilits,  ItLocii  &  SciiNEiDEK,  SyHt.  Ichtli.,  407,  1801,  Kamchatka;  afttir  Milktuchiliiehot 

KllASOIlENINNIKOW. 

Sd/iriM  hifiiirh,  Bi.ocii  ifc  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.,  407,  1801,  Kamchatka;  after  Pennant. 

Siiliiiii  ^.imjiiiiiolntluK,  PALLA8,  Zoogr.  KoBa.-Asiat.,  111,370,  IHW,  Bering  Sea. 

S:ilmo  iiHiipilch,  RiciiARimoN,  Fauna  Bor.-Anior.,  in,  224,  1830,  Columbia  River ;  QVnther, 

I  at.,  VI,  IIK,  18Cf). 
♦  Siiliiio  mairoiitovta,  GOntiier,  Amor.  Mag.  Nat.  HiHt.,  1877,  444,  Yokohama,  Japan. 
ihir,.rli!iiichiishicao<hm,  GOnther,  Cat.,  vi,  155,  1860;  in  part. 
MmnSfdvleri,  Si'OKi.EV,  MonoBr.  Solmo,  94,  1861  (1874). 
Ouiiirli;iiichiin  mmjuinoh-nlim,  Gt'NTllElt,  Cat.,  vi,  100,  1860. 
Oiifihiiif-liu:!  (mqipUch,  Jordan,  Forest  and  Stream,  Septoiiiber  16,  1880,  139 
Oiiivrliiinchu»  kimkh,  JORDAN  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  307,  1883. 

Subgenus  HYPSIFARIO,  Gill. 

777.  ONCOBHYNCHl'S  NKRKA  (Walbaum). 

(IlM  K-iiAi'K  Salmon;  IlKnpigii ;  Fraser  Uiveb  Salmon;  Saw-Qui  Salmon  ;  Krabnaya  Rvba. 

Head  4;  depth  4.  B.  13  to  15;  D.  11;  A.  14  to  16;  scales  20-133-20; 
pyloric  c<i'ca  75  to  95 ;  vertebri«  64.  Gill  rakers  about  32  to  40,  usually 
11  or  15  +  22  or  23,  as  long  as  eye.  Body  elliptical,  rather  slender. 
Head  short,  sharply  conic,  pointed,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Maxillary 
rather  thin  and  small,  extending  beyond  eye.  Teeth  all  quite  small, 
most  of  them  freely  movable ;  vomer  with  about  6  weak  teeth,  which 
grow  larger  in  fall  males,  instead  of  disappearing.  Preopercle  very  wide 
and  convex;  opercle  very  short,  not  strongly  convex.  Preopercle  more 
free  hebiud  than  in  0.  tachaivytacha.  Ventral  scale  about  half  the  length 
of  the  fin.  Caudal  fin  narrow,  widely  forked;  anal  fin  long  and  low; 
dorsal  low.  Flesh  deep  red.  Males  becoming  extravagantly  hook-jawed 
iu  the  fall,  the  snout  being  then  prolonged  and  much  raised  above  the 
level  of  rest  of  head,  the  lower  jaw  produced  to  meet  it ;  mandible  1^ 
iu  head  iu  fall  males.  If  in  females ;  snout  2i  in  head  in  fall  males,  3t  in 
females.  Color  clear  bright  blue  above;  sides  silvery,  this  hue  overlying 
the  blue  of  the  back;  lower  fins  pale,  upper  dusky;  no  spots  anywhere 
iu  adults  in  spring;  the  young  with  obscure  black  spots  above. 

Color  of  breeding  male:  back  blood  red,  with  dark  edges  to  some  of  the 
scales;  middle  of  side  darker  red,  but  unevenly  so,  usually  darkest  at 
middle  of  body ;  under  parts  dirty  white,  with  numerous  fine  dark  dust- 
ings ;  head  above  and  on  sides  pale  olivaceous,  some  darker  mottling  on 

*  MiBiirintefl  hisutch  by  AValbaum,  the  error  corrected  in  the  errata.  The  name  milktsfhilxch 
Imsal'.w  lines  of  priority  over  kimUch,  but  wo  are  not  absolutely  sure  that  it  belongs  to  the 

same  Bpocies. 


V.  N.  A.' 


-32 


P, 


■- 

[    ! 

I ; 

) 

■ 

if r  I 


ll 


ii 


I    I 


■    -    ^'4 


1 


^ 


m 


182 


i 


i:' 


W.I ' 


■ 

Jiulietin  4jy  United  States  National  Mu$eum. 


Hides;  tip  of  nose  nnd  aides  of  jaws  dark,  iiudor  part  of  lower  Jaw  whiU'; 
dorsal  pale  red,  aual  darker  red;  adipose  tin  red;  voiitrals  and  pectunilH 
smoky,  some  red  at  base.  Color  of  i)reediug  female  essentially  the  huiiiu, 
rather  darker  on  the  sides.  Length  2  feet;  weight  'i\  to  K  poiindrt. 
IC.iamath  and  Hogue  rivers  northward  to  Kamchatka  and  Japan ;  ;;itii- 
erally  aLvndant,  especially  northward;  ascending  streams  in  spring;  lo 
great  distance:'-  aud  often  freqnonting  mountain  lakes  in  fall,  Hpii\viiiii}<; 
ill  their  small  tni>'jtaries;  one  of  the  most  graceful  of  tiie  Salminiiilii, 
scarcely  inferior  to  ( ii<>  (juinnat  when  fresh,  but  the  llesh  more  watury 
aud  less  valuable  when  canned.    The  principal  salmon  of  Alaska. 

The  Uedflsh  is  known  to  ascend  to  the  small  lakes  of  Alaska,  BritiNJi 
Columbia,  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Idaho,  and  to  spawn  in  their  iiiliMs. 
Dr.  iieau  has  observed  it  at  Karluk  Lake  in  Alaska,  Dr.  Dawson  arid 
Prof.  John  Macouu  in  liritish  Columbia,  Prof.  O.  J(.  Johnson  at  Liil<r 
Washington,  Dr.  Uilbert  at  Wallowa  Lake  in  Oregou,  while  we  have 
recently  studied  it  on  its  spawning  beds  iu  the  inlets  to  Alturas,  I'cttit, 
aud  liig  Payette  lakes  iu  Idaho.  This  species  enters  the  Columbia  Uivor 
-with  the  spring  run  of  the  Chinook  Salmon,  but  does  not  reach  the  liikcH 
of  Idaho  until  August.  We  observed  them  spawning  in  the  shallow  water 
of  the  inlets  on  beds  of  fine  gravel  and  s.ind,  which  they  scoop  up  into 
considerable  heaps.  The  temperature  of  the  water  at  Alturas  and  I't^ttit 
lakes,  September  12,  was  45°  F,,  and  the  same  temperature  was  found 
at  Big  Payette  Lake  September  27. 

Two  distinct  and  widely  different  sizes  of  the  Redfish  are  found  Nexn- 
ally  mature,  the  large  form  described  above,  aud  a  small  form  wliicli  is 
mature  at  a  foot  or  less  in  length ;  and  no  specimens  of  iutcrmediate  hv/.o 
have  been  observed.  The  average  weight  of  six  spawning  fish  of  the 
large  form  examined  at  Alturas  Lake  was  3  x)ounds  3i  ounces,  the  iniui- 
mum  and  maximum  being  2  pounds  5  ounces  (a  spent  female),  and  '6 
pounds  lOi  ounces.  The  average  weight  of  twenty-nine  individuals  of 
the  small  form  obtained  the  same  day  and  from  the  same  stream  wan  0^ 
ounces,  the  extremes  being  4^  (a  spent  female)  and  9  ounces,  respectively. 

These  little  fish,  which  have  been  known  as  the  Little  Kedtish  or  Ken- 
uerly's  Salmon,  have  been  regarded  as  being  a  landlocked  variety,  dis 
tinct  from  O.  nerka.  We  are  not  able  to  discover  any  structural  ditl'erenceti 
between  the  two.  We  have  found  them  breeding  at  the  same  time  and 
in  the  same  stream.  The  mutilations  and  fruyed-out  fins  point  to  tiio 
probability  of  their  having  made  the  long  journey  from  the  sea;  indeed, 
Dr.  Gilbert  has  traced  their  migration  from  the  mouth  of  the  ColuniMa  to 
Wallowa  Lake.  There  is  no  more  evidence  that  they  are  landlocked  tliau 
that  the  large  ones  are,  and  if  they  are  not  younger  individuals  of  the 
regular  nerka,  they  should  be  assigned  specific  rather  than  subspecitic  rank. 

The  fins  of  the  little  Redfish  were  ob.erved  to  be  frayed  out  aud  nmti- 
lated  quite  as  generally  as  were  those  of  the  large  ones,  and  many  dead 
ones  of  each  size  were  seen.  It  is  doubtful  if  any  which  ascend  to  the 
Idaho  lakes  ever  return  to  the  sea,  but  all  probably  die  after  spawnin},'. 

The  color  of  the  breeding  male  of  the  small  form  is  dirty  red,  brijilitest 
on  middle  of  side;  back  with  about  15  round  black  spots  before  the  doiHal 


— ^ 


Jordan  and  Kvertnanu. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


483 


iiiitl  an  e<|iial  number  behind  it;  lower  parts  colored  as  in  the  lar^o  Hah  ; 
top  and  Hides  of  headdurk  greenish  olive;  snout  black;  lower  Jaw  white, 
wi til  black  tip;  dorsal  pale  red;  anal  dirty  red  ;  other  (ins  dark  smoky. 
FtMiiale  darker  than  the  male ;  not  greatly  ditferont  in  color  from  the 
liliick  speckled  trout,     (mrka,  a  Russian  name.) 

ti,it„i.'  ni-rhi,  Wai.bavm,  Artiill  Plmliini,  71,  I'itl  ;  iillor  tlie   SWka  of  I'knnant,  the  Nitrkn  of 

Kkahciiimnnikow,  rivers  and  aeas  of  Kamchatka  ;  Blocii  A  HciiNKinKit,  Syiit.  Ichth., 

•117,  1801;  afttT  I'KNSANT  uiiil  Khahciiininnikdw. 
Sitlm'i  hjaioiUm,  PAI.I.A8,  ZuoKr.  R(i«h<>  -AHlut.,  Ill,  :i7n,  IKll,  Ochotsk  Sea  ;  Kamchatka 
Sil'iii  jiiiiii'ii/eii*,  RiciiARDNON,  Fiuiiia  Ilor.-Aiiior.,  in,  2'22,  IKlfi,  Columbia  River. 
Siliii"  tiiiiilUmKi,  CuviER  A  Vai.i.nciknjim,  Hint.  Nut.  I'uim.,  xxi,  3(;fi,  1848,  Kamchatka;  on  a 

(Irnwiiig. 
ivi/iii.i  nrnhiltrh,  CvviT.K  A  Valenimknneh,  Ilist.  Nut.  PolgH.,  XXI,  IHi.'i,  1848,  Kamchatka;  on  it 

clrnwinK. 
Ni/i/io  mel(imi)tiTtu>,  ('uvinn  &  Valen<;if.nnkr,  xxi,  /.  r.,  Wirt,  1848,  Kamchatka;  cm  ailrawhii;. 
Ai/m"  kniuerltii,  SrcKLKV,  Ann.  Lyr.  Nut.  llixt.  X.  Y.,  vii,  18tll,  .•!ii7,  Chiloweyuck    Lake: 

(Tjiw,  No.  2002.    Coll.  Konuerly);  Sucki.ev,  Monogr.  Siilnio,  146,  1801  (1874);  GCntheb, 

(lat.,  VI,  12(),  186(1. 
Salimi  cixijtiri,  BiCKi.KV,  Notices  Now  tipodoB  N.  A.  Snlnioii,  New  Vork,  .Juno,  1^1,  unil  Mouokp. 

Suliiio,  !)t),  18(il  (1874),  Okanogan  River.    (('oU.  (ioo.  Uihiw.) 
Saliii"  iriirn'ni,  SixKLEY,  I.  < .,  .Time,  1801,  and  /.  <•.,  147,  18r,l  (1874),  Fraser  River,  British 

Columbia.     (Typo,  Nos.  2070  and  207:1.    Coll.  Kcniicrly.) 
Ni/m-  richurili,  SrcKl.Ey,   /.  c,  .June,  1801,  and   /.  <■.,  117,  1861   (1874),   Fraser  and  Skagit 

rivers.     (Type,  No.  2005.) 
lljUm/iirio  kiumrlyi,  GlLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  330. 
(iMCiithijmhus  lijaioiloH,  GCntheii,  Cat.,  VII,  15(>,  1««6. 
(>m"rliiin(liuii  Jiiiitciileiin,  COntheb,  Cut.,  VII,  158,  1800. 
< huiiihiinchut  uirka,  Jordan  &  Gilheiit,  SvnopgiB,  .308,  1883. 
OiKorhyttdms  nerka  kennerliji,  Bean,  Forest  and  Stream,  .luly  9,  1801. 

235.  SALMO  (Artedi)  Linnwus. 

(Salmon  ani>  Trout.) 

Snlinn  (Artedi,  Genera  PlBciam)  Linn.kvh,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  .308,  (lalar,  etc). 
IhiUtt,  hiUKJKva,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  308,  (tnilta,  etc.:  "  Triiltir  coriiore  variegnlo  "). 
FiirUi,  CuviKR  &  Yalcnciennem,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxi,  277,  1848,  (iir<jniteus  =  lnilla), 

foliar,  ClIVIEB   &   VALENCIENNES,  Illst.  Nat.  PolsS.,   XXI,  314,  1848,  (lllWOIlil  =/<lWo). 

7Vi(/^i,  SlEiiOLD,  Siisgwasserflschu  Mittcl  Eiiropu,  280,  1803,  {Inilla). 

Uody  elongate,  somewhat  compressed.  Moutli  large  ;  Jaws,  palatines, 
aud  tongue  tootlied,  as  in  related  genera ;  vomer  flat,  its  shaft  not 
depressed,  a  few  teeth  on  the  chevron  of  the  vomer,  behind  which  is  a 
somewhat  irregular  single  or  double  series  of  teeth,  which  in  the  migra- 
tory forms  are  usually  deciduous  with  ago.  Scales  large  or  small,  110  to 
200  in  a  longitudinal  series.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short,  usually  of  10  to 
12  rays  each ;  caudal  fin  truncate,  emarginate  or  forked,  its  peduncle 
comparatively  stout.  Sexual  peculiarities  variously  developed;  the 
males  in  typical  species  with  the  jaws  prolonged  aud  the  front  teeth 
enlarged,  the  lower  jaw  being  hooked  upward  at  the  end  and  the  upper 
jaw  emarginate  or  perforate.  In  the  larger  and  migratory  species  these 
peculiarities  are  most  marked.  Species  of  moderate  or  large  size,  black- 
spotted,  abounding  in  the  rivers  aud  lakes  of  North  America,  Asia,  aud 
Europe;  no  fresh-water  species  occurring  in  America  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley ;  two  Atlantic  species,  marine  and  anadromous.  The  non- 
migratory  species  (subgenus  Trutta)  are  in  both  contiueuts  extremely 


\ 


I  '■'J''     ■ , 

>v;  :■■.         ,   mi- 


*?5V.'i!f-;  ,■ 


..  :i  i 


'  i 


'■^',2^Xy  ^ffct'fc^'^iS^ 


;    ^ 


i 


M1 


• 


Si 


M 


llfffflflSSr 


if 


484 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  xVational  Museum. 


closely  related,  and  ditTlonlt  to  diatiiiftuiHh,  if  indeed  nil  Ito  not  iiccvHHarily 
regarded  aH  forniH  of  u  single  one.  The  exceHoive  viiriiitioiiH  in  color  ami 
form  have  given  riHe  to  a  host  of  nominal  speoies.*  (Sulnio,  tlio  Latin 
name  of  Salmo  mlar,  originally  from  onlic,  to  leap.) 

The  fol'.  iiring  observations  on  the  species  of  trout  are  taken,  witli  Nonut 
slight  abridgment  and  alteration,  from  iJr.  (iiintlier's  account  of  tins 
family.     (Cat.  Fish.  Hrit.  Mus.,  vi,  lU^J,  IHHfi): 

There  >.i  no  other  group  of  tishes  which  otVers  ho  many  ditticultiitN  to 
the  ichthyologist,  with  regard  to  tlie  distinction  of  the  species,  as  wtll 
as  to  certain  points  in  their  life  history,  as  this  genus.  »  *  «  Tim 
almost  infinite  variations  of  these  flshes  are  dependent  on 'age,  sex,  and 
sexual  development,  food,  and  the  properties  of  tlie  water.  *  »  »  xiio 
coloration  is,  first  of  all,  subject  to  vuriati«>u,  and  conse(inently  Huh 
character  but  rarely  assists  in  distinguishing  a  species,  there  being  not 
one  which  would  show  in  all  stages  the  same  kind  of  coloration.  The 
young  in  all  the  species  of  this  genus  are  barred,  and  this  is  so  constantly 
the  case  thab  it  may  be  used  as  a  generic  or  even  as  a  family  character, 
not  being  peculiar  to  Salmo  alone,  hut  also  to  ThymaUun  and  probably  to 
CoreyonuH.  The  number  of  bars  is  not  quite  constant,  but  the  migratory 
trout  have  two  (or  even  three)  more  than  the  river  trout.  When  tlio 
Salmoncg  have  passed  this  "parr"  state  the  coloration  becomes  '..uich 
diversified.  The  .nales,  especially  during  and  immediately  after  tliu 
spawning  time,  are  more  intensely  colored  and  variegated  than  the 
females,  specimens  not  mature  retaining  a  brighter  silvery  color,  and 
being  more  similar  to  the  female  iish.  >d  appears  to  have  less  intluiMUM) 

on  the  coloration  of  the  outer  parts  than  on  that  of  the  ilesh  ;  tlniH,  tlio 
more  variegated  specimens  are  frequently  out  of  condition,  whilst  will- 
fed  individuals,  with  pinkish  flesh,  are  of  more  uniform  though  bri^'lit 
colors.  »  *  »  The  water  has  a  marked  influence  jn  the  colors.  Tront 
with  intense  ooellatod  spots  are  generally  found  in  clear,  rapid  rivt^rs 
and  in  alpine  pools;  in  the  large  lakes,  with  pebbly  bottom,  the  fish  are 
bright  silvery,  and  the  ocellated  spots  are  mixed  with  or  replnr<>(1  liy 
X-shaped  black  spots;  in  dark  holes,  or  lakes  with  peaty  bottom,  they 
often  assume  an  almost  uniform  blackish  coloration. 

The  brackish  or  salt  water  has  the  effect  of  giving  them  a  1)ri<;ht 
silvery  coat,  without  or  with  few  spots,  none  of  them  ocellated.  With 
regard  to  size,  the  various  species  do  not  present  an  equal  amount  of 
variation.  Size  appears  to  depend  upon  the  abundance  of  the  food  mid 
the  extent  of  the  water.  Thus,  the  migratory  species  do  not  appear  to 
vary  considerably  in  size,  because  they  find  the  same  conditions  in  all 
the  localities  Inhabited  by  them.  A  widely-spread  species,  however,  like 
Salmo  fario  [or  in  America,  Salmo  mykisH'],  when  it  inhabits  a  small  moun- 
tain pool,  with  scanty  food,  never  attains  a  weight  of  8  ounces,  while  in 
a  large  lake  or  river,  where  it  finds  an  abundance  of  food,  it  attains  to  a 

•  Kuropcan  writers  have  described  numeroiifi  liybrids  among  the  various  species  of  Solmo,  i vnl 
and  Doniinal,  found  in  their  waters  ;  as  also  among  the  various  Kuropean  Cyprinidiv.  We  liitvc 
thus  far  failed  to  find  the  sliglitest  evidence  of  any  hybridism  either  aii'iuti);  mir  Anieiiciiii 
Bfdmonidx  or  Otjprinidte,  in  a  state  of  nature.  Puzzling  aberrant  or  intermediate  giicciiiuQS 
certainly  occur,  but  such  are  not  necewtarily  "hybrids." 


Jon/an  and  F.vfrmann. — Fishes  of  North  Amtriea.        485 


\M  i^lit  of  It  or  lU  poiindB.  Suob  large  river  trout  are  frequently  iiam«<l 
or  (loNt'ribed  ah  Snlinon  trout,  Hull  truut,  Steulheads,  etc. 

Tlio  proportion  of  the  varioua  partH  of  the  body  to  one  anotlier  vnry 
oxctMulingly,  in  the  same  HponinH,  with  age,  aex,  and  condition. 

Tlio  flnH  Viiry  to  a  certain  degree.  The  variation  in  the  number  of  rayn 
in  :iny  one  gt>nu8  (except  (hirorh>iHchun)  i»  incouHiderablo,  and  of  no  value 
fdi  Hpecitit;  diHtinctiou.  Although  houiu  HpeciuH  appear  to  be  diMtinguiHlied 
Iiy  a  comparatively  low  dorsal  and  anal  tin,  yet  the  priiportion  of  the 
lii'i;;iit  of  thcHe  tiuH  to  their  length  is  a  rather  uncertain  charnoter.  In 
must  of  the  HpecieH  the  fin  rayn  are  longer  during  the  Mtages  of  growth 
or  (Imolopment.  The  caudal  fin  cHpeoially  undergoeH  changeH  with  age. 
Voiiiig  HpucimeuH  of  all  HpecicH  have  thiu  I'in  nutro  or  Ichh  deeply  excised, 
HO  tliatthe  young  of  a  specicH  which  has  the  caudal  emarginate  through- 
uiit  life  Ih  distinguiflhed  by  a  deeper  incision  of  the  flu  from  the  young 
(if  II  Hpecies  which  has  it  truncate  in  the  young  state.  The  iudividuuls 
(if  tile  Ham«  species  do  not  all  attain  to  maturity  at  the  same  size. 

Finally,  to  complete  our  enumeration  of  these  variable  characters,  we 
nuiMt  mention  that  in  old  males,  during  and  after  the  spawning  season, 
tli(^  skin  on  the  back  becomes  thickened  and  spongy,  so  that  the  scales 
nc  i|uite  invisible  or  hidden  in  the  skin. 

After  this  cursory  review  of  variable  characters,  we  pass  on  to  those 
wiiich  we  have  found  to  be  constant  in  numbers  of  individuals,  and  in 
wiiicli  it  is  ditlicult  to  perceive  signs  of  modification  due  to  external  cir- 
ciiiimtances. 

.Such  characters,  according  to  the  views  of  the  zoologists  of  the  present 
affo,  are  suflicient  lor  the  definition  of  species;  at  all  events,  in  every 
(locription  they  ought  to  be  noticed,  and  the  confused  and  unsatisfactory 
Mtato  of  our  knowledge  of  Salmonoids  is  chiefly  caused  by  authors  having 
piiiil  attention  to  the  more  conspicuous  but  unreliable  characters,  and  but 
ri(ii;ly  noted  one  of  those  which  are  enumerated  hero  : 

1.  The  form  of  the  preoperculum  of  the  adult  fish. 

2.  The  width  and  ntrongth  of  the  maxillary  of  the  adult  fish.  In  young 
N|>(";iiiicns  and  in  females  the  maxillary  is  proportionately  shorter  than  in 
the  adult. 

'.I  The  size  of  the  teeth,  those  of  the  premaxillai'ies  excepted. 

4.  Tlio  arrangement  and  permanence  of  the  vomerine  teeth. 

Ti.  The  development  or  absence  of  teeth  on  the  hyoid  bone.  In  old 
exuinples  these  are  often  lost,  and  their  absence  in  a  species  usually  pro- 
vi(li!(l  with  them  is  not  uncommon. 

(i.  The  form  of  the  caudal  fin  in  specimens  of  a  given  size,  age,  or  sexual 
(lev  eioiimout. 

7.  The  size  of  the  scales,  as  indicated  by  counting  the  number  of  trans- 
verse  rows  above  the  lateral  line.  The  scales  of  the  lateral  line  are  always 
moro  or  less  enlarged  or  irregular  and  the  number  of  scales  should  be 
ascertained  higher  up ;  this  is  one  of  the  most  constant  and  valuable  of 
a  1  the  specific  characters. 

8.  A  great  development  of  the  pectoral  fins,  when  constant  in  a  number 
of  specimens  from  the  same  locality. 


i 


t 


1  i 


i- 

j 

^  :1 

■V .               :    ,  ! 

i 
;    i 

I    '.  1  (.Id 

i 

■ill 

i 


f» 


■ 

l|ii 

■  ; 
.    1 

ill 

i 
1 

i 

if 

I.;' 

■'1 

,■:  i 
■                           '    1 

*    i 

i 

480 


liulUdn  4Jf  Ihiilttl  States  National  Museum. 


0.  The  iiiitnhor  of  vurt«l>rii*. 

10.  Tlio  nuiiiber  of  pylurio  cu>oa. 

11.  The  iiuinhur  uf  ^\\\  rukurii. 

Halmi).     SulriKiri;  ■pi'i'liM  Aiiiiilri>iiii>il<i  : 
II,  TIki  vomnriiiK  tmith  llltl«  ilitvi'liip«il,  tliow  on  tti<'  «linft  of  llii<  Itona  f«w  nii<l  ilnrliliioim; 
■I'ii'itii  litrgr,  alioiil  !'..'•)  Ill  ilii!  IiiIitaI  IIiiii  ;  no  liyold  txolli  ;  nxxiiiiI  ilHTcri'iicaii  itrmiK; 
lirooiliii)(  iimli'«  with  tlin  Iowit  Jaw  liodki'il  iipwiiril,  ttm  ii|i|iur  Jitw  «tii»rgliiut<<  or  imt- 
roriiln  to  ri'i'iiivii  itit  tl|i.     Hl/.n  lurK<'.  nai.\k,  TIN. 

Tbutta  (Itow  l.ntlii  7Vii//ii,  KrHiirli  TryuU ,  lifiici>  Tnnit).     Tniiil;  ii|><Tii>iiiiot  iiimilroiiiiiiiHiir  mily 
imrtiHlly  no  : 
im.  The  voiihtIiui  tooth  wrll  iliivi'lo|iiiil,  thimo  on  tho  Hhiift  of  thit  Imnn  niiiiioroilH,  |M>r''li<ti'ii(, 
arriiiiguil    in   oiio   xlg/iiK  I'ow,  or  In  two  ulturiiutliig  row*;  Nrxiinl  dllTi<ruiiri'-  I.hk 
iiiikrki'il,  lint  Hiniilnr  in  K<'»<'i'itl  cluiriuiiM  lo  tlioHO  ii'tui  in  tin*  wtliiion. 
'••  Hi-nluK  nlwiiyn  mnnll,  nmiully  ulioiil  in  \W  (ino  to  '2iN))  crowi  iii<rli>i> ;  a  largo  ileop  r"<l  i>r 
Hcnrli't  (liinh  on  I'ttili  Hiilu  roni'oaloil  liolow  tho  inner  ciIko  of  iinnh  dnntary  Imin',  thin 
raroly  oNoUito  ;  lowur  Huh  rod  or  yiiilowiiili  ;  uiiually  no  xn\  lateral  baud  ;  niniilli 
largo,  thu  umxillary  I J  to  t\  in  huad  ;  hyold  teeth  (uu  hy|H)liranchial  ufHecoiiiJ  ((ill 
aroh)  UNimlly  pruiii'iit,  hut  very  Bniall  ;  hI/o  viirioiiii.  mykish,  77!i. 

hh.  Scaled  niodei'uti-,  imnully  HlM>nt  in  I'lO  cmnm  Horiiii  (1<'U)  to  180);  no  ri'il  dnnh  on  diiila- 
rieN  ;  a  roddinh  liitorul  hand  imniilly  |irt>fl<'nt ;  form  rather  iloiit ;  mouth  modiiati', 
tho  niaxillitry  Vi  in  head  ;  hyold  teeth  wanting  no  far  an  known  ;  lizu  very  liircc 

IIAIRIINKUI,  7N(I. 

Wth.  Hcaloii  tyiiically  large,  in  ViO  to  \'M\  i  roiw  Horioii,  hut  varying  frnm  lITi  to  IM);  UHiiiilIy 
no  ml  on  doiiturioH  ;  ii  red  or  yellow  lateral  hund  ;  fiirm  Htont ;  mouth  hiiiiiII, 
tho  maxillary  2  to  V/^  in  head  ;  no  hyuid  teeth  ;  iii/e  rather  miiall. 

IRIDRIIH,  7HI, 

Subgenus  SALMO. 

778.''NAIiMO  NALAK,  Linnnmn. 
(Common  Atlantic  Salmon.) 
Head  4;  depth  4.  B.  11  ;  D.  11 ;  A.  9;  scales  23-120-21 ;  vortebrii-  <!(); 
pyloric  cti'ca  about  (55.  Botly  moderately  elongate,  symmetrical,  not 
greatly  conipresHod.  Head  rather  low.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary 
reaching  just  past  the  eye,  its  length  2\  to  3  in  head  ;  in  young  speciiiientt 
the  mnxillary  is  proportionately  shorter.  Preoperculum  with  a  diHtiiict 
lower  limb,  the  angle  rounded.  Scales  comparatively  large,  rather  lnrp'nt 
posteriorly,  silvery  and  well  imbricated  in  the  young,  becoming  enibetl- 
ded  in  adult  males.  Coloration  in  the  aduit,  brownish  above,  the  hIiIoh 
more  or  less  silvery,  with  numerous  black  spots  on  sides  of  head,  on  body, 
and  on  fius,  and  red  patches  along  the  sides  in  tho  males ;  young  speci- 
mens (parrs)  with  about  11  dusky  crossbars,  besides  black  spots  and  red 
patches;  the  color,  as  well  as  the  form  of  the  head  and  body,  varying; 
much  with  age,  food,  and  condition  ;  the  black  spots  in  the  adult  olton 
X-shapedorXX-shaped.  Weight  15  to  40  pounds.  North  Atlantic,  ascend- 
ing all  suitable  rivers  in  northern  Europe  and  the  region  north  of  Cape 
Cod  to  Hudson  Bay;  formerly  abundant  in  the  Hudson  and  occasional  iu 
the  Delaware,  its  uorthoru  limit  in  the  Churchill,  Albany,  and  Mouse 
rivers,  flowing  into  Hudson  Bay;  sometimes  perfectly  landlocked  in 
lakes  in  Maine  and  northward,  where  its  habits  and  coloration  (but  no 
tangible  specific  characters)  change  somewhat,  when  it  becomes  (in 
America)  vars.  aehago  and  ouanatiidu:  Similar  landlocked  varieties  occur 
in  Europe.    One  of  the  best  known  and  most  valued  of  food-fishes,  the 


Jori^tin  iintf  F.vermann. — Fiihfs  of  North  America.         487 


iIknIi  rich  And  uily;  or»nK«  or  "Halinuii  color"  wlittn  tlxt  fliih  ia  in  oondl- 
tiou.     (Salnr,  an  old  nnniM,  from  nalio,  to  leap.) 

Sihif  Dttiir,  I.tJtNui'H,  H>»(.  Nut  ,  K<l.  X,  ITAM,  Mm,  Sea*  of  Europe;  (JCNTiim,  ('«».,  vi,  U, 
IHOtt,  Miul  of  nearly  all  uiithori*;  Hitklky,  MomiKr.  Haliiiu,  U:i,  IMtll  (lM74);  Jdriun  ifc  Oil* 

IIKUT,  M>IU>)Nlll,  312,  IHKI. 

>>/i/i.Miiii<,  Wai.iiai'M,  Artiill  I'iw.,  AH,  170VI,  Oermany;  Ititwol  nn  "  |)«r  iUki<iilurlii"  ul' Ui.iicii. 
Si/mi«  oi/itxM  m<i//<'ii>,  Waluaum,  ArtiHll  I'iw!.,  UO,  nwi,  Hudaon  Bay,  Hrtur  I'innant,  Arctio 

/oal  ,  lii.nxl.,  llfA  \^m. 
,s.,/mm.  |//i>iyW,  OiiiAiin,  IViir.   Ar.  Nut.  Scl.   IMiiln.,   1Hi'>4,   H\   Union    River,    Maine;    ((!(ill. 

M.TowiiwiKlOlovur);  GOnticrii,  <!«(.,  vi,  IM,  \mw. 

Ki>|)r«H*Mited  in  lukvs  of  Maine,  N»w  IlanipHhire,  and  New  Ilrunitwiok 
liy  titu  landluckud 

77Ha.  HAIiMO  NAI.AK  HKHAUO  (Oiruitl). 
(liANDl KRii  Salmon.) 

SiiiaiU^r  in  hIzo,  ratlier  more  plump  in  form,  and  nonmiftratory,  not 
otliorwiHo  uvidontly  ditliMt^nt.  tiohago  I'ond  and  nortliward,  introduced 
into  lakoH  in  variouH  partH  of  the  country;  seldom  enterini{  HtroaniB ; 
rt'iiciioH  a  weight  <tf  25  i)ouiMlti, 

,s'../i».>  Hfhwjo,  (iiiiAitn,  Prix-.  Ac.  Nat.  St  I.  Pliila.,  IHM,  :iHO,  Sebago  Lake,   Maine;  (irNTiicR, 
<:at.,  VI,  153,  IHtitt. 

lixpreHentod  in  Lake  8t.  .lolin,  Saguenay  Kiver,  and  neiglihoring 
wafttrH  of  Quebec  by  the  landlocked 

77Hb.^NALSIO  SALAK  OlIANAMCHi:,  BTcCartliy  MS.,  nnw  Hiilmprrira. 

(Ol'ANANICIIB  ;  WlNNINIHH.) 

Ktill  fluiallor,  rarely  roachiiifr  a  weight  of  7^  pounds  and  averagin);  3^. 
An  oxtremely  vigorous  and  active  Huh,  smaller  and  more  active  than 
onliiiary  salmon,  but  so  far  as  known  not  structurally  ditt'erent.  Sague- 
ii;iy  Uiver,  Canada  (outlet  of  Lake  St.  John),  and  neighboring  waters. 
(OuuiKiiiiohe,*  the  Indian  name.) 

Ou,iiuwltlif,\  KiiuRNK  McCaiitiiy,  Fui'uHt  and  Stroani,  Miircli  10,  1H'»,  2u0,  Saguenay  River; 
unci  iif  itnglurH  guiiorully. 

Subgenus  TRUTTA,  MnniviiH. 

779.  HALNO  NYKI88,  Wnlhaiiin. 
(CiiT-TiiufiAT  TBOt'T ;  Br.ArK-spoTTur)  Tboi't  ;  Rocky  Mountain  Trout;  Ha-pcn-que,  or 

000l>   FI8II.) 

Scales  in  general  smaller  than  in  the  European  Trout,t  Salmo  trutta, 
the  number  of  oblique  cross  series  counted  above  the  lateral  line  varying 

*  Tlio  woni  oimnaniclio  Ih  from  tlitMlinloct  of  tli«  Moiitiif;naiN  IiidiaiiH  \v!n>  iuhalilt  the  roimti^ 
iliiiiit  Luke  St.  John.  Thoy  havo  always  heoii  familiar  with  this  flNh,  and,  undnnttandinK  ita 
ileriviition,  havo  |iro|i«rly  named  it  "oiiiitKiii,"  moaning  salmon,  and  "ic7ii,"  tho  diuiuutive— 
"till!  liltio  salmon."— MfCViWA//. 

-I  "The  Oinmiuiiche  were  lio'ro  and  fjexn  to  full  size  in  tho  roiiRh  tributaries  and  outlet  of 
Lake  St.  .John,  in  waters  thnu  which  none  ran  bo  wilder  or  more  rough.  They  are  found  whore 
tliowiiter  boils  and  tumbles  the  most,  larely  in  still  water.  ♦  *  ♦  They  aro  a  terribly  strong 
fisli,  iililo  to  ascend  through  tho  swiftest  current  ur  mount  the  wildest  fall.  *  *  •  Born  of 
lU'liiiiiK  stock,  he  flghts  his  native  element  constantly,  and  he  flghts  his  foe,  tho  flsherman,  as 
Well.  *  *  ♦  There  is  nothing  that  can  make  mo  beliovo  that  any  fish  can  exceed,  or  even 
eqniil,  (|uite,  the  king  of  fresh-water  fish,  tho  gamiest  of  all,  tho  Ouananiche  of  Lake  St.  John." 
—Mi'iirthii. 

I  S'llmn  inilln,  L.,  tho  half  migratory  Salmon  Trout,  and  its  fresh-water  representative  or  Bub- 
Bpei  ii's,  the  Urouk  Trout  or  Drowa  Trout,  Sulnio  fario,  L.  This  species,  with  some  of  its  varie- 
tli'H  (fur  example,  the  Loch  Leveu  Trout,  var.  levenetuis),  has  becu  largely  introduced  in  the 
BtreaiuD  and  lakes  of  the  Uuited  States. 


t 


'        t 


1 
i 


i 


■*-r;srf:.:.  .-A»:'!if.'ii%K;-iJ,t=;^iV'.wv'« 


i 


I 


!  \ 


imm 


' 


,  ( 


>'\ 


ll    i 


I 


i! 


w 


1-     '    <        ' 


mm 


.111. 

I 

i       ■ 

i ; 

[         ,.'       ■ 

( 

s        ' 

■      i 

•1 

;    1 

488 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


from  160  to  100.    Back  and  sides  with  dark  spots.    Candal  fin  subtrun- 
cate  or  with  sliailow  fork. 

A  very  widely  distributed  species,  found  in  all  clear  streams  of  tlie 
Kocky  Mountains  and  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Kamchatka  and  Alaska  to 
Chiluiahvta  and  northern  California,  and  often  entering  the  sea.  It  iu 
uxceedingly  variable,  being  subject  to  many  local  changes,  and  itH 
extreme  forms  show  a  degree  of  variation  rarely  met  within  the  limits 
of  a  single  species. 

Among  the  various  more  or  less  tangible  varieties  and  forms  of  Amoi  I- 
can  trout,  three  distinct  series  appear  which  we  here  provisionally 
retain  as  distinct  species;  thise  may  be  termed  the  Cut-throat  Trout 
series,  the  Steelhead  series,  and  the  Rainbow  Trout  series.  The  Sti d- 
head  series,  Stihno  ijairdmri,  is  characterized  by  moderate  scales  (laO 
to  J80  series),  moderate  month,  red  lateral  baud  and  the  a1)sence  of  md 
between  the  branches  of  the  lower  Jaw.  The  iridviis  or  Rainbow  Trout 
series  has  usually  large  scales,  small  mouth,  a  red  lateral  band  iiiid 
usually  no  red  below  the  lower  jaw.  The  Cut-throat  Trout,  Sahm 
mykiss,  in  its  various  forms,  has  smaller  scales  (150  to  190  series),  a  laij,'*! 
mouth,  always  a  distinct  red  blotch  between  the  branches  of  the  lower 
jaw,  and  usually  no  red  lateral  band. 

The  Steelhead  or  (/(lirdneri  series  is  found  in  the  coastwise  streaniH  of 
California  and  in  the  streams  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  below  the 
Great  Shoshone  Falls  of  the  Snake  River.  In  the  lower  course  of  the 
Columbia,  and  in  neighboring  waters,  they  are  entirely  distinct  Iroiii  the 
"Cut  th  oat"  or  m'lkins  foims,  and  no  one  could  question  tl  \  validity  of 
the  two  spt-,cies.  In  the  lower  Snake  and  in  other  waters  east  of  tlie 
Cascade  range,  the  two  forms  or  species  are  indistinguishable,  boiii;; 
either  undiftbrentiated  or  else  inextricably  mingled.  The  proper  inter- 
pretations cf  these  facts,  lately  discovered  by  Dr.  <,-ilbert,  is  yet  to  he 
shown.  The  irideua  forms  are  chiefly  confined  to  the  streams  of  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon.  The  mykisH  series  inhabit  the  waters  from  IIiiui- 
boldt  Bay  northward,  the  coastwise  streams  of  northern  California,  tlio 
head  waters  of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers,  and  all  the  clear  sireaiiis 
on  >iotli  sides  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  in  the  Great  Basin. 

iviong  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  there  are  also  forniH  of 
trout  with  the  general  appearance  of  i/airdneri,  but  with  scales  iutii me- 
diate in  number  (McCloud  River),  or  with  scales  as  small  as  in  the  typi- 
cal mykiss  (Kern  River).  In  these  smallor-scaled  forms  more  or  less  red 
appears  below  the  lower  jaw,  and  they  are  doubtless  in  fact  what  they 
appear  to  be,  really  intermediate  between  mykiss  and  f/airdneri.  A  .sitni- 
l&c  series  of  forms  occurs  in  the  Columbia  Basin,  the  Upper  Snake  being 
inhabited  by  mykiss,  the  lower  basin  of  the  Snake,  as  above  8tate<l,  hy 
gcm'dmri  and  mykiss,  together  with  a  medley  of  intermediate  forms. 

Concerning  the  trout  of  the  Upper  Columbia  Basin,  Gilbert  and  Kver- 
mann  observe  (Investigations  Columbia  River  Basin,  50,  1894): 

"With  every  additional  collection  of  black-spotted  trout  it  bccomts  increasingly  difliiiili  to 
roi  ognizo  any  of  tho  diktinctions,  Bpccific  or  swbspecifio,  which  liavo  been  set  up.  Tlic  prr^iiit 
collection  [from  Idaho  and  Washington]  addH  not  a  little  to  tho  difficulty.  We  mo  imu  ( ■'!- 
TiuQed  that  the  greater  number  of  the  Eubspecies  of  Salmo  mykiu  have  no  sufficient  foundatiuu, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


489 


We  find  our  spociniotm  from  tho  Upper  Snako  Uivor  (Romi  Fork  and  Mink  (y'reok  «t  Pocatello)  to  1)C 
typical  miikim  [Salmo  mijkisi  kivm  oX  the  prvsent  work;  seo  (lago  403],  having  sniallor  scales,  in 
170  til  IHO  transvorBO  rows,  ami  it  deep-roJ  dash  on  inner  side  of  miindililug.  Tho  Hpota  aro  nioet 
abundant  posteriorly,  and  the  HpeciniuuH  arc  Hoarcvly  to  be  dlHtingiiished  from  the  so-called  Salmo 
rtiiilim  pleuriliriiK  of  the  Colornclo  River.  When  taken  In  the  larger  rivei'  cliaiinels  tho  flsh  is 
lifiliter  colored,  with  finer  spots  and  fainter  rod  marks  on  lower  jaw. 

"Between  sueh  typical  miiHit  and  tho  form  represented  in  our  collection  from  such  coastwise 
ctriiiniH  [Sitlmo  iiideiiK  viaimHi  of  this  work;  see  page  5(11],  iis  the  Newankum  River  at  Chehalis, 
Wiinhington,  there  sceniH  to  bo  a  wide  dilTeronco.  The  latter  has  couspiniously  larger  scales 
(ill  li!()  to  130  croHHniws)  and  no  red  HtreaU  on  lower  jaw.  The  ?ea-riiu  individuals  of  tho  latter 
kiiiil  we  believe  to  bo  the  Steelhead  (8.  gainUieri),  and  between  It  and  the  iiiijkiKt  wo  are  now 
uniilile  til  draw  any  sharp  lino.  Tims  tho  specimens  from  Wood  River,  Idaho,  have  fine  scales 
(IfiO  to  IC.'J  transverse  rows)  and  have  usually  no  red  dash  under  tho  jaw.  h'oiiie  specimens  show 
truces  of  the  latter,  and  in  such  it  is  usually  faint  and  irregular.  From  tho  Umatilla  River  at 
I'l  iiilli'tipii,  the  Niitclu'B  River  at  North  Yakima,  and  tho  I'ataha  River  at  Starbuck,  WaHliington, 
till-  Hcalrs  are  interinediate  in  size,  ranging  from  142  to  103  in  number,  averaging  perhaps  148, 
III  tlii'se  [Salmo  miikiss  yilihiii  of  this  work;  see  page  493]  tho  lower  jaw  shows  uo  red. 

'  Siiecimens  from  the  Cieiir  d'Alene  region  have  the  red  dashes  usually  very  distinct,  but  vary 
^'reatl}  ill  tho  size  of  their  scales.  Kxaniples  from  Wanlner  look  much  like  typical  miikins,  with 
111,')  til  170  scales.  From  Cieur  d'Aleno  Lake  we  find  13(1  to  100,  with  ilio  average  about  14,1, 
while  from  tho  Little  Siiokane  IJiver  at  Dart's  Mill  spocimons  with  conspicuous  red  dash  on 
ni.inilililes  have  the  scales  averaging  125  in  number 

"Trout  from  the  Gi,icn  River  at  Hot  Springs,  '^'iiri'iington,  and  from  the  Newaukum  River  at 
(Miehalis  have  also  123  lo  130  scales.  Wo  think  it  not  unlikely  that  the  coastwise  forms  should 
111'  iiiognized  lis  Stiliiin  mijkisn  gainlneri,  though  tho  question  is  sadly  in  need  of  systematic  and 
(liNniugh  investigation," — llUberl  <!•  Enrmiiiiii. 

Since  the  above  was  written.  Dr.  Gilbert  has  verified  the  fact  Jiscoverod  by  him  in  1880,  that 
n  till'  streams  about  Astoria,  near  the  mouth  of  tho  Columbia,  Salmo  ihi/W.'W  and  S<i/i.i«  (jairdni-ri 
111  lur  together  and  aro  jiorfectly  tlistinct  and  both  (easily  and  un(|uestionably  distinguishable 
Irum  a  third  form,  hero  oallod  )iiamiii,  found  in  the  brooks  of  the  same  region  and  not  desceud- 
iii;:  ti)  the  sea.     As  already  stated,  the  interpretation  of  these  facts  is  yet  to  Ix*  given. 

It  seems  not  improhable  that  the  American  Trout  orif^inated  in  Asia, 
extended  its  ranfjc  southward  to  the  llpi)er  Columbia,  thence  to  the  Yel- 
lowKtone  and  Missouri ;  from  the  Missouri  southward  to  tlie  Platte  and  tho 
Arkansas,  thence  from  tlie  Platte  to  the  liic  Grande  and  the  Colorado,  and 
from  the  Colora<io  across  the  ^Sier^a  Nevada  to  Kern  Kiver,*  thence  north- 
ward and  coastwise,  the  sea-runninj;  fornu  passing  from  stream  to  stream, 
its  far  north  as  Frazer  River,  where  the  variety  kamloojm  would  mark  otie 
extreme  of  tho  series,  and  reentering  as  a  distinct  species  tho  waters  long 
occupied  by  typical  mykhss.  The  present  writers  have  elsewhere  t  shown 
that,  beyond  a  doubt,  the  Trout  of  the  Yellowstone  and  the  ^Ij)|K!r  Mis- 
souri is  derived  directly  from  that  of  the  Upper  Snake  Kivet.  To  this 
(lay  the  Yellowstone  and  the  Snake  are  connected  by  two  streams  cross- 
iU'^  the  main  divide  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  iiom  the  Yellowstone  to 
the  Snake  across  Two-Ocean  Pass. 

*  It  may  bo  that  tho  trout  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California  originateil  fnini  tho  Lahiiiitan 
Btnrk  (Siihiio  )ivikiss  hiiiKlnitfi),  rather  than  from  tho  Colorado  River.  Tliere  ate  localities  lietween 
the  Tnickeo  A'alley  and  that  of  the  American  River  or  the  Feather  River,  where  it  is  conceivable 
tliiil  Kucli  a  transfer  might  have  taken  place.  (Jr  it  may  be  that  the  California  trout  are 
(Ics.inilcii  through  the  Steolluad  from  the  trout  of  the  Middle  Columbia.  This  interesting 
Kiil.jii't  merits  the  fullest  investigation,  (Seo  Jordan,  on  IIow  tho  Trout  came  to  California,  in 
Itirivatioii,  Vol.  I,  No,  1,  (October,  1894,  5-11,) 

t  Kvermaii'i,  A  Reconnaissance  of  the  Streams  and  Lakes  of  western  Montana  and  northwestern 
Wy.iiiiing,  in  Hull,  U.  S   Fisli  Comm.,  xi,  1891,  24-28,  jils.  i  and  ii. 

.Ii'iili'ii,  'llio  Story  (if  a  Strange  Tiund,  in  I'op,  Sci.  Month.,  Feb.,  1892,  447-458. 

Evermann,  Two-Ocean  I'ass,  in  Proc.  Ind.  Ac.  .'*ci,,  1892,  29-;H,  pi.  I. 

Evermaau,  l'wo>Oceau  Pass,  iu  Pup.  Sci.  Month.,  June,  1896,  with  plate. 


:1' 


^m 


m 


ti 


«,  V*. 

r 
1   I. 

S     1 


i         : 

y,     I 


I- 1 


490 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Professor  Evermann  lias  elsewhere  described  the  locality  as  follows: 

Two-Oi  can  Vats  in  a  liigli  mountain  fiiradow,  about  8,200  fcft  nbovo  tlio  Hca  and  Hituutcd  just 
HDUlIi  (if  t)i<«  Yollowtfluno  Natir.nal  Park,  in  lungitinl.^  no"'l()'W.,  Intituilo  44°3'N.  It  ia  pnr- 
roundudon  all  gidon  by  rather  liigli  mountaiuH  except  wliero  tlio  narrow  valleys  of  Atlantic  iiml 
J'oiific  creeks  ojieu  out  from  It.  llunnirii;  buck  among  tlio  niouutaing  to  tho  northward  are  two 
HUiall  ranyons  down  which  cojne  two  rfmall  Btriamc .  On  tho  opposito  side  is  aniithTtanyoii  ilow  n 
which  coiMfH  another  small  Ktrcani.  Thecxtrerni;  b>iigth  of  the  meadow  from  east  to  wist  isal.ontii 
ndle,  whlli'  the  width  from  n  »rlli  to  south  is  not  niu<h  Ichw.  Tho  larger  of  the  btrc^aius  eoiiiinjj 
in  from  the  north  is  I'aeiflc  Creek,  wbirb,  after  winding  along  the  westora  side  of  the  meiiilmv, 
turns  ab.uptly  wrstwnrd,  leavlnfr  through  a  narrow  gorge.  Receiving  numurouHnnukll  alllueniH, 
I'acilic  Creek  m<ou  becomes  a  good-sized  streum,  which  finally  uuites  with  Buffalo  Creek  a  lew 
miles  above  where  the  latter  stream  llowa  into  SuaUe  Biver. 

Atlantic  Creek  was  found  to  have  two  forks  entering  the  pans.  At  tho  north  end  ol  llic 
meadow  is  a  small  wooded  eanyon  down  which  flow.i  the  North  Fork.  Tliis  stream  hugs  the  Imr- 
der  ol  the  flat  very  closely.  Tho  South  Fork  comes  down  tho  canyon  on  the  south  side,  skirting 
tho  brow  ol  the  hill  a  litt' '  less  ilosely  than  does  the  NcjitliFork.  Tho  two,  coming  togiilnT 
near  tho  niiddht  of  the  e  -n  border  of  the  meadow,  form  Atlantic  Creek  which,  after  a  cimrrto 
of  a  few  miles  Ibpws  Into  n.j  Upper  Yellowstone.  I5ut  the  remarkable  phcuomona  exhiliitiil 
here  remain  to  bo  described. 

Each  fork  of  Atlantic  Creek,  just  after  entering  the  meadow,  divides  aa  if  to  (low  around  an 
Island,  but  the  stream  toward  the  meadow,  instead  of  returning  to  the  portion  from  which  ii  liad 
parted,  continues  its  westerly  course  across  the  meadow.  Just  before  reaching  the  western  l»>r- 
derthotwo  streams  unite  and  then  pour  tlieii  eomliined  waters  into  Pacillc  Creek  (  tlius  arc 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  eieeks  united  and  a  continuous  water  way  from  the  Columbia  via  Two-Hceiiu 
Pass  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  estubli.shed. 

PacifK  'reek  is  a  stream  of  good  size  long  before  itentors  the  pass,  and  Us  idiirae  ||i|'(iii)||i  (he 
meadow  is  in  a  detliiite  channel,  but  not  bo  with  Atlantic  Creek.  The  wiist  bank  of  eac|i  I'dik  ia 
low  and  tlie  water  is  liable  to  break  through  anywiiere  and  thus  send  pill  I  of  its  water  lirioss  In 
Pacific  Creek.  It  Is  probably  true  tliat  one  or  two  branclofi  always  conneit  the  twocrci'liHI|l|i|i'| 
ordinary  conditions,  and  that  following  heavy  rains  or  when  tlie  siioWH  are  mejtilig,  a  llillnll 
greater  portion  of  the  water  of  Atlantic  Creek  crosK*»i  the  meadow  to  the  otherskle. 

llesides  tho  channels  already  mentioned,  there  are  several  more  or  less  distjlict  olUiH  thai  \v(  re 
dry  at  tho  time  of  our  visit.  As  already  stated  tho  pass  is  a  nearly  level  meadow,  covered  \>  itii  a 
heavy  growth  (d"  grass  and  many  small  willows  1  to  :ifeet  high.  While  it  is  soiiiewhat  iiiiii^ln  III 
places  it  has  nothing  of  the  nature  of  a  lake  aliout  it.  l)f  roiirse  during  wet  weather  tin  ^niiill 
springs  at  tho  borders  (d'  tho  meadow  would  lie  stronger,  liui  tho  important  facts  are  that  tlicre 
is  no  lake  or  even  marsh  there  and  that  neither  Atlantic  nor  Pacific  Creek  ha.s  its  rise  in  the 
meadow.  Atlantic  Creek  in  fact  comes  into  the  pass  as  two  good-sized  .stieams  troKi  ii|i|iosite 
directions  and  leaves  it  by  at  least  four  (  hannels,  thus  making  an  island  of  a  con.sideralile  por- 
tion of  the  meadow.  And  it  is  certain  ttiat  there  is.  under  ordinory  circnm.stancef.  ii  imi- 
tinuous  water  way  through  Two-Ocean  Pass  of  such  a  character  as  to  ])ermit  fishes  to  pass  ■  anily 
and  readily  from  Snake  River  over  to  the  Yellowstone,  or  in  the  opposite  direction.  Indeed,  it 
is  quite  possible,  barring  certain  falls  in  the  iSnake  River,  for  a  fish  so  incliucd  to  start  at  the 
mouth  of  tho  Columbia,  travel  up  that  great  river  to  its  principal  tributary,  tho  fi/like,  (Ijence 
on  through  the  long,  tortuous  course  of  that  stream,  and,  under  tlie  shadows  of  the  Cr.uid 
Teton,  enter  the  cold  waters  of  Pacific  Creek,  by  which  it  <'ould  journey  on  up  to  the  very  en  st 
of  the  tireat  Continental  Divide, — to  Two-i  icean  Pass:  through  this  pass  it  may  hav('  Si  clioiie  ef 
two  routes  to  Atlautic  Creek,  iu  which  the  <lown-stri!am  journey  is  liegun.  Soon  It  reoSchc!  (he 
Yellowstone,  down  which  it  continues  to  Yellowstone  Lake,  then  through  the  lower  Yi  il  iw- 
stone  out  into  tho  turbid  waters  of  the  Missouri;  for  many  hundred  miles  it  may  conlinin  duwii 
this  mighty  river  before  reaching  the  Father  if  Waters,  which  will  finally  carry  it  to  the  (Inlf 
of  Mexico— a  wonderful  journey  of  nearly  6,000  niilcs— by  far  thy  longest  puBsible  frcsli-wiifi  r 
journey  in  the  world. 

We  found  trout  in  Pacific  Croek  at  every  point  where  we  examined  it.     ^n  Two-t  ^Cflp  Pa.-s  we 
found  trout  in  each  of  the  Htreamsand  in  such  positions  as  would  have  permitted  thein  to  laM 
easily  from  one  side  of  the  divide  to  the  other.     We  also  found  trout  in   Atlantic  Creel;  liehnv 
the  i,..,;s,  and  in  the  upper  Yellowstone  they  were  abundant.     Thus  it  is  certilln  Ihil  (Ijere  is  ii 
obstruction,  even  iu  dry  'A'eather,  to  prevent  tho  passage  of  trout  from  the  Suako  Itivor  Iu 


i  - 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


491 


Yc>llu^^^toIlo  Lake;  it  is  quite  eviilont  tlint  trout  do  pasa  owr  in  this  war;  and  it  Is  almost  cer- 
tain  that  Yvllowstoiio  Liil<o  was   Mocked  wiili  Iruut    from  tliu  w<-st  via    Two-Ocoaii    PasH. 

The  trout  of  the  great  basin  of  Utah  (Lake  Bonneville),  is  descended 
from  the  trout  of  the  Upper  Snake  (lew'xsi)  which  is  not  evidently  differ- 
ent from  typical  mt/kixH;  the  fish  fauna  of  Lake  Bonneville  and  the  Upper 
Sii.iko  being  still  virtually  identical,  the  disappearance  of  the  outlet  of 
Laki'  i>juneville  to  the  north  having  taken  place  in  times  comparatively 
recent.  The  trout  of  the  Nevada  Basin  (Lake  Lahontan)  is  apparently 
(lesconded  from  typical  mi/kina,  the  outlet  of  that  lake  having  entered  the 
Coliiiribia  below  the  Snake  River  falls,  and  its  disappearance  being  no 
doubt  of  earlier  date.  The  faunas  of  lakes  Bonneville  and  Lahontan  at 
pr-jseiit  have  little  in  common.  Almost  nothing  is  known  of  the  Tertiary 
Lf.kc  Idaho,  now  represented  by  lakes  Malheur,  Warner,  Uoose,  etc. 

!\\  any  event,  whether  this  hypothetical  line  of  descent  be  true  or  not, 
till)  tact  remains  that  nowhere  in  the  series  can  wo  place  an  absolute  line 
of  Hoparation  between  Salmo  mifkinH  and  Salmo  nairdneri,  and  they  approach 
each  other  most  closely  in  southeastern  California,  and  iu  the  Middle 
Columbia. 

Wo  arrange  the  subspecies  in  accordance  with  the  above  suggestions, 
leaving  each  recognizable  variation,  for  the  time  being,  with  the  title  of 
8uhs|)ecie9.  Some  of  them,  as  macdonaUU  and  ayua-hoiiita,  may  ultimately 
lie  iiiiiKed  as  species,  on  account  of  their  local  isolation  and  consequently 
lietloi  ilofined  characters,  while  others  may  prove  wholly  uudetinable. 

It  JH  jiot  unlikely,  that  when  the  waters  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere 
lire  fully  explored,  it  will  be  fo  ind  that  all  the  black-spotted  trout  of 
AinerJeu,  Mil  rope,  and  Asia  are  forms  of  one  species,  for  which  the  oldest 
name  is  Satino  initta,  Linnieus. 

/  |ic  \,')fioii8  si/bspecies  or  varieties  of  the  Salmo  mykisa  group  which  we 
are  alile  to  (lisuhati|s|i  w|i>/l  l»ii/^  (ij:  /ess  certainty  are  given  iu  the  follow- 
ing analysis : 

II.  flliii  li  K|jot8  almost  as  aumorous  on  the  jieuij  i)a  on  iJio  (losterior  i>art  of  body.     (Nortbwogt- 
iTii  foniiB.) 
b.  SciiloH  iisiiiilly  ii))oiit  1 110  III  170. 

c,  Spots  rather  hirgc,  [irofii-ily  ai  nttef(M|  iiliil  (iregillftr,  VRually  none  on  tlie  belly. 
d.  Red  mnrkH  under  tbe  doutary  lioiiei  always  present. 

MVKiss;  cLAEKii;  LEWisr,  779-779b. 

(W.  Jled  marks  und'T  Juntary  bones  olisoleto  or  nearly  so.  oiiiiihii,  779c. 

cc,  spots  rather  large,  sparsoly  wnttered,  sohih  present  on  the  liolly  and  on  lower  side 

of  head;  adult  with  elongate  spots;  iiead  slender  no'  coniral.     take  Tahoe 

(iJasIn  of  f.ake  fitihiintau.)  hknsiiawi,  779d' 

DO.  Scales  1aig('f,  psually  about  14fi;  spots  numerous  Imt  rather  small.    Great  Basin  (Li^ke 


lJonnovl//6  /los/n.) 


ail.  J)Iai 


viiiuiN.\i.i.>!,  77i»e. 
Red  blotch  on  doutary  bones 


ark  spots  chletly  placed  p/l  <//P  MtttioT  half  of  Ijody 

coi'iawcuous.    ((South westet-n  rorlrtf/.) 
.Scales  not  very  sniajf/,  tii'out  Jf'i):  p/io/s  of  moderate  size.    (/Ilo  Orando  Basin 


) 


spiMrKUB,  779f. 
ee.  Scales  very  smal/,  ^}imii  f  80. 

/.  Spots  nithor  largo  ;  lower  tins  distim  tly  red,  rarely  orange. 

g.  Spots  very  nunicrotis;  a  red  lateral  band.    (('')lorado  Dasin.) 

I'i.EuniTicus,  779g. 

gg.  Spots  less  numerous,  none  anteriorly.    (Lake  Wabi,  Washington.) 

BovviSBi,  779h. 


¥)      1; 


!•(■.• 


H 


III 


ji 


'A 

i 


I 

b    !      i 

1 

>  t 

i 

1 

i 

'  ! 


1            1         :            i 

1 

:  r 

!  !; 

;                                1 

1     i 

1 

■■  If 

^It 


i 

If 


492 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


ggg.  SpatH  fow  aiitl  Iiir^o,  rhiefly  oil  thotnil;  opcTclonmorccurvnil  than  in''<'ifriVri 

(llfAil  watnrH  or  ArkuiiRiiHanil  IMnttit  rivvni.)  htomia--  77',ii 

//,  S|)otH  nit  Riiiall;  lower  fliiR  bright  ynlluw;  a  yxllow  liitural  Hhn<lo.     (Twin  !,ii|(,.|, 

Colorado.)  macdo.nai.iii,  TT'ij. 

The  typical  form  I'ruiii  Alaska,  Dorinjr  Sea,  and  Kanichutka  is 

77».  HAIiMO  NYKISS,  Wull>.-.-iiii. 
(MvKiss  ;  CliT-'l'iluoAT  Tiioi;t.) 

Head  4;  depth  1.  D.  10;  A-  K'.  Cmra  i;^.  Scales  Rtnall,  varinlilo  in 
size,  about  'tt>-ll)5  to  ITO-HO.  Hody  moderately  eloiljjute,  comjiicsscd, 
Head  rather  Hhort.  Month  moderate,  the  maxillary  uot  reauliin^^  tm- 
beyond  the  eye.  Vomerine  teeth  an  UHnal,  set  in  an  irregular  zij^/uf,' 
series;  teeth  on  the  hyoid  (second  hypobranchial)  normally  prcHein,  l)iit 
often  obsolete,  especially  in  old  examples.  Dorsal  fln  rather  low  ;  ciiiidiil 
fin  slightly  forked,  (more  so  in  young  individuals  than  in  the  adult,  as  in 
all  trout).  Back  and  caudal  peduncle  profusely  covered  with  roundiul 
black  spots  of  varying  size ;  dorsal,  caudal,  and  adipose  fin  covered  w  ith 
small  spots  about  as  large  us  the  nostril ;  a  few  spots  on  the  head ;  liclly 
rarely  spotttd ;  inner  edge  of  the  mandibles  below  with  a  decp-ri'd 
blotch.  Sea-run  specimens  are  nearly  uniform  silvery;  males  wiili  u 
lateral  band  and  patches  of  light  red  ;  lower  fins  largely  red  ;  extrcinily 
variable  in  color  and  form.  The  common  trout  of  all  the  stream.s  of 
Alaska  and  Kamchatka,  where  it  descends  to  salt  water,  and  readies  a 
considerable  size.  The  black-spotted  trotit  of  Hritish  Columbia  is  jnolia- 
bly  of  the  same  type,  and  no  character  is  known  by  which  the  .similar 
form  in  the  lower  Columbia  may  be  separated.  The  red  blotches  on  tlio 
lower  jaw  between  the  dentary  bones  on  the  membrane  joining  them  is 
usually  constant  and  characteristic.  (Mi/kiim,  a  vernacular  name  of  tlio 
species  in  Kamchatka.) 

MykiM,  I'ENNANT,  Aixtic  Zoiilo(;y,  Iiitroil.,  IJti,  1792,  Kamchatka  ;  iiftor  KnAsiMiF.NiNN'iKdw.ctc 
Sahiio  mykiss,  Wai.haum,  Artodi  Pisi-iiiiii,  50,  17!l2,  Kamchatka  ;  liiisod  on  Mi/k-ins  i>{  I'k.vnant. 
Sahito  ntiiikiKi,  Bi.ocii  Ac  Soiinkidku,  Syst.  Iclilli.,  Hi),  ISdl,  Kamchatka  ;  alter  Stei.i.fii. 
Salmo  purjmraliix,  I'allas,  Zoiil.  KosB.-Asiat.,  in,  'Mi,  1811,   Bering  Sea  ;  .Ioudan  &  (iii.i;P,i!r, 
Syuopsis,  !U4,  18,s3. 

Represented  southward  by  a  form  provisionally  recorded  as 
77&a'.  SALMO  MYKISS  CLAKKII  (Richardson). 

(COLUMIIIA    RlVEll   TUOIT.) 

Not  evidently  different  from  the  preceding.  Usually  profusely  spotted, 
with  the  red  cut-throat  mark  distinct.  Scales  small,  in  150  to  1(54  cross- 
series.  Back  profusely  spotted,  anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  the  n]i()t» 
often  extending  on  the  belly.  Coastwise  streams  from  Puget  Soniid. 
south  to  Elk  River,  Humboldt  County,  California;  locally  abundant ; 
replaced  inland  by  var,  yibbsii  and  var.  liwin.  (Named  for  Capt.  William 
Clark  (1770-1838)  of  the  famous  expeditioii  of  Licwis  and  Clark.) 

Salmo  clarkii,  Kk-iiaudson,  Ftiiiiia  Bor.-Ainer.,  in,  225,  is;ir>,  Cathlapootl  River.     (Coll.  Dr. 

Gairdner.) 
Fario  sMlalus,  QlRARD,  Ptoc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1850,  219,  Fort  Steilacoom,  Shoalwater 

Bay. 


fi,ll 

II. 1  hrf 

Kent 

^f.l/ 

,1..  ,.(.7 

Sill 

','>  iiin 

.Si/ 

imi  lire 

Kt'pr 

M 

mSOU 

Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


493 


Si/mix  hrevieaviAa,  Hiicki.ky,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Iliat.  N.  Y.,  vii,  1801,  :i08,  Puget  Sound.    (Coll. 

Kc'iiniTly,  Cooimr,  luiil  Sik'UIi'J.) 
S,/."'  •ihllntiif,  (iCnthER,  (!iit.,  VI,  117,  186(1. 

.<„; iKidrii,  (■(iNTiiKK,  Cut.,  VI,  ll'.i,  18(10. 

Itttlnui  hreeknmla,  OOntiieu,  Cat.,  vi,  120,  IHfifi. 

K*(>|iraHeiited  in  tho  head  wuturti  uf  SuakuKivur,  Yellowstoneliiver,  and 
Mi.ssdiiii  Kiver  liy 

77»b.  SALMO  IHYKISS  LEWISI  (Oirunl). 

(Yei.i.owstonr  Tkout;  (Jut-throat  Thout.) 
.Similar  to  var.  vhtrkii  in  all  lospcntH,  tho  hody  perhapH  a  little  more 
rotniHt,  with  tho  Hpotu  cncroachinj?  loss  on  tho  bolly.  St-ales  Hniall,  145 to 
17(1.  Kod  throat  mark  always  prosont.  Tho  Mnako  Kiver  Hasin  above  the 
Slid.'iliono  FallH,  and  croHuing  tho  main  divide  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  at 
Two  Ocean  Pass  to  the  head  watorH  of  tho  YollowHtone,  thence  to  other 
.allliicntH  of  tho  Upper  Missoui  i ;  common  in  all  Hoitablo  waters.  Infested 
in  Yetlowstono  Lake  by  groat  nnmbors  of  a  parasitic  worm  (Dihoth- 
rium  ninlieepti*  ,hvi'Hly).  (Named  for  Captain  Mori  wether  Lew  is,  (1774-1809), 
leaded'  of  tho  noted  exploring  expedition  of  Lewis  <Si.  Clark,  in  180;^-6.) 
Si/.»  hn-hi,  GiHABi),  rroc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  iH.li;,  2m,  Falls  of  Missouri  River.     (Coll. 

I,i-«in  .V-  Cliirk.) 
Si/iii  i  .ci)i»'i/".i,  Coi'K,  IlB.V(l(!n'H  Oool.  hurv.  Mont.,  1871  (1872),  471,  locality  unknown,  prob- 
ably Yellowstone  River. 

IvcprcHentctl   in  tributaries  of  tho  Columbia  between  Shoshone  Falls 
anil  the  (JaHcade  Range  by  the  variable  and  imperfectly  defined 

779c.  SALHO  MYKISS  OIBBSII  (Siirkloy). 

Scahfs  small,  usually  142  to  175  sorios.  No  rod  below  lower  jaw;  no 
iiyoid  teeth.  To  this  form  are  provisionally  referred  tho  varioi'sly  intor- 
uiediate  examples  from  tho  streams  of  Idaho  and  Washington,  mentioned 
by  (iilliortand  Evermann  iu  tho  paragraph  quoted  on  page  489.  Similar 
specimens  have  been  since  taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert  in  the  Dos  Chutes  and 
otlier  liveiH,  and  by  Dr.  Evermann  in  Big  Payette  Lake,  Idaho.  It  seems 
to  be  the  prevailing  form  in  the  region  between  that  occupied  by  chirkii 
near  the.  coast,  and  that  taken  by  Iiicini  above  tho  ShoHhone  Falls. 
(Named  for  Dr.  George  Gibbs,  geologist  of  the  Northwest  Boundary  Com- 
mi88i(m. ) 
f'li/M  hiiiiiiitrh,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  viii,  1«.J0,  218,  Fort  Dallas,  Oregon;  not 

uf  UlcHARDSON-. 

S,ih}i.'  ;/i7i(i.sii,  Si  CKLEY,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  IS.iS,  Fort  Dallas;  (Typo,  No.  940);  also  in 
Yakima  River,  John  Day's  River,  and  Boise  River,  and  at  The  Dalles:  Siickley, 
Slimugr.  Salnio,  141,  1801  (1874). 

Represented  in  western  Nevada  and  neighboring  parts  of  California  by 

770d.  SALMO  IMVKISS  HENSHAWl  (Gill  &  Jordan). 
(Lake  Tahoe  Tuout  ;  Truckee  Trout;  Silver  Trout.) 
Head  3| ;  depth  4.    D.  11 ;  A.  12 ;  scales  27-160-27  to  37-184-37 ;  usually 
170  in  a  longitudinal  series',   coica  50-60.     Body  elongate,  not  greatly 


*For  a  full  dieouBsion  of  this  parasite  and  its  relation  to  the  trout  of  Yellowstone  T,  iK.'  .ice 
liintoii  "(»ii  Two  Species  of  Larval  Diliotbria  from  Yello'vstone  National  Park,"  in  Bu  U.  8. 
Fish  Cumm.,  ix,  1889,  65-79,  plates  23-27. 


A 


iik 


Wi 


i 


i 


> 


1 1 


:  I 


' 


i:|i 


I  I 


i  ■ 


,..Z...., 


■'■.■,j^^.'i4-''r-:if.ah-i',-ii.-J 


'( 


$ 


nil 


i 


494 


Bulletin  y/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


compressed.  Head  comparatively  slender  and  Ion);  acuminate,  its  tipjitir 
surface  very  slightly  carinated  ;  muzzle  Homnwhat  pointed,  but  blnntiNli 
at  the  tip ;  head  not  convex  above;  maxillary  rather  uhort,  not  reacliint; 
much  beyond  the  eye.  Vomerine  teeth  as  usual ;  a  small,  ither  narmw, 
but  usually  distinct  patch  on  the  hyoid  bone.  Dorsal  ilii  mall ;  camlal 
fin  short,  rather  strongly  forked.  Scales  medium.  Culuiation  r„irk 
green  in  life,  in  the  pure  waters  of  Lake  Tahoe;  pale  green  in  the  Hiiliy 
waters  of  Pyramid  Lake;  the  sides  silvery,  with  a  strong  lateral  h\\-m\v 
of  coppery  red  ;  back  about  equally  spotted  before  and  behind  ;  the  nyiuXti 
large  and  mostly  round  ;  sides  with  rather  distant  spots;  belly  genenilly 
with  round  spots;  head  with  large  black  spots  above,  some  even  on  tlm 
snout  and  on  lower  jaw  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  also  spotted  ;  a  few  s|iotN  on 
anal;  red  dashes  on  lower  Jaw  ;  young  specimens  less  spotted.  Len^tli 
18  inches  or  more,  usually  weighing  .5  or  6  pounds,  but  occasionally  20  to 
29  pouuds.  Basin  of  the  post-Tertiary  Lake  Lahontan ;  found  in  Lake 
Tahoe,  Pyramid  Lake,  Webber  Lake,  Donner  Lake,  Independence  Liike, 
Truckee  River,  Humboldt  River,  Carson  River,  and  in  most  streams  of 
the  east  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  also  in  the  head  waters  of  Foatliur 
River,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  is  prol)ably  introduced  from 
Nevada  Related  to  Sulmo  inykinn,  but  better  distinguished  than  iiioHt 
of  the  varieties,  with  a  longer  and  more  conical  head,  and  with  the  N{)(>tH 
differently  arranged.  A  fine  trout,  now  commou  in  the  San  Fraucisco 
markets. 

In  Lake  Tahoe  there  are  two  forms  of  this  type,  (1)  the  ordinary 
Tahoe  Trout  (locally  known  to  fishermen  as  "Pogy,"  the  youn<;  as 
"  Snipe"),  weighing  from  3  to  6  pounds,  dark  in  color,  with  copjuMy 
sides,  ascending  the  streams  to  spawn,  and  (2)  the  "Silver  Trout,"  a 
large  robust  trout  profusely  spotted,  the  spots  often  obloug,  the  colora- 
tion more  silvery.  These  trout  live  in  deep  water  and  spawn  in  the  lako 
itself.  A  careful  comparison  of  specimens  convinces  us  that  there  in  no 
specific  uor  varietal  difference  between  the  one  and  the  other.  Tho 
largest  '"Silver  Trout"  on  record,  weighing  29  pounds,  was  caught  at 
Taboo  City,  about  187G,  and  sent  as  a  pres'snt  to  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant.  Tlio 
following  is  a  description  of  a  Silver  Trout  taken  near  Tahoe  City  in 
September,  1894,  and  presented  to  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University 
by  Mr.  A.  J.  Bayley,  of  Taboo  City : 

Specimen  2  feet  4  inches  long,  weighing  7i  pounds.  Head4,V,  ;  dojjtli 
3if;  eye  7|  in  head.  D.  9;  A.  12;  IJ.  10;  scales  ;J3-20ri-40  (140  pores). 
Pectoral  IJ  in  head.    Maxillary  If. 

Body  very  robust,  compressed,  unusually  deep  for  a  trout,  tho  out  lino 
elliptical.  Head  large,  rather  more  compressed  than  in  typical  Snlmn 
henahairi,  (possibly  a  character  of  tho  adult  male).  Eye  small,  silvery. 
Vomerine  teeth  in  two  long  series,  those  of  the  two  series  altematinj;  in 
position.  Hyoid  teeth  distinct,  in  a  rather  long  series.  Gill  rakers  slim  t, 
thickish,  5-|-13.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  well  beyond  the 
eye.  Preopercle  moderate,  its  lower  posterior  edge  not  evenly  rouiidt'd, 
but  with  a  slightly  projecting,  rounded  lobe  and  a  slight  concavity  ahnve 
and  below;  this  character  not  strongly  marked.  Opercle  evenly,  imt 
not  strongly,  rounded.  Scales  small,  reduced  above  and  below,  those  in 
or  near  lateral  line  largest.  Fins  moderate,  the  anal  rather  high,  "  iih 
cue  more  ray  than  usual.    Caudal  slightly  lunate,  almost  truncate  m  leu 


■":5!^ 


Joriian  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


496 


H|ii(>a<i  open.  Color  durk-greon  above,  liolly  silvery  ;  Bides  with  n  broad 
coppiMW  shade  covering  cheeks  and  oporcles ;  sides  of  lower  Jaw  yellowish  ; 
tins  olivaceous,  a  little  reddish  below.  Orange  dashes  between  rami  of 
IdwiT  Jaw  moderately  conspicuous.  Back,  from  ti])  of  snout  to  tail, 
(lowly  covered  with  large,  uue*iual  black  spots.  8pots  on  top  of  head 
Hiiil  nape  round ;  posteriorly  the  spots  run  together,  forming  variously 
sliii|ied  markings,  usnully  verticallv  oblong;  these  may  be  regarded  na 
foiined  of  three  or  four  spots  placed  in  a  series,  or  with  one  or  two  at  the 
Hi(l(t  of  the  other;  the  longest  of  the  oblong  markings  are  not  quite  as 
1(111  fi  as  eye.  Along  side  of  head  and  body  the  hpots  are  very  sparse, 
tliiiMi  on  head  round,  those  behind  vertically  oblong.  Helly  profusely 
(covered  with  small  black  spots,  which  are  nearly  round;  still  smaller 
roiiiul  spots  numerous  on  lower  Jaw  ;  all  the  spots  on  caudal  peduncle 
vertically  oblong  or  curved.  Dorsal  iind  caudal  densely  covered  with 
oMong  spots, smalier  tl.an  those  on  the  body.  Anal  with  rather  numerous 
round  spots;  pectorals  and  ventrals  with  a  few  small  spots,  the  first  ray 
in  (^ach  case  with  a  series  of  faint  small  spots  ;  adipose  tin  spotted. 

(Named  for  Henry  W.  Ilenshaw,  naturalist  of  the  (Jeological  Survey 
w(»st  of  the  100th  meridian,  who  discovered  the  species.) 

iVi/w'  kimhaiei,  Gii.i,  k  JoBiUN,  Sriiii.  Vert.,  Kd.  2,  "A'^V,,  1878,  Lake  Tahoe;  Jokpan  !i  IIknaiiaw, 
Itcit.  Oliiof  Kiig.,  Piirt;),  1.S7H,  App.  NN,  Kil'.f,  pliit(t  iv;  Johdan,  I'mc.  V.  .S.  Nut.  Mum.,  i, 
IMTS,  75;  JouDAN  k  Gilbert,  .SynopsiH,  Ulti,  18S3. 

&\\w<  UMj\\»lch,  JoKDAN  k  IIenshaw,  Kept.  Cliiff  RiiKinoTH,  Part  :t,  1878,  App.  NN.,  Itil8;  nut 

>l'   Itll'IIAUpgnN. 

Represented  in  the  lakes  and  streams  of  the  Great  liasin  (Lake  Bonne- 
ville) by 

77Ue.  SALMO  MYKISS  VIUUINALIS  (Uirard). 
(Tbout  ok  Utah  Lakk.) 

Profusely  but  rather  finely  spotted,  the  spots  being  numerous  anteriorly 
u8  well  as  posteriorly,  confined  to  the  back  rather  than  to  the  tail. 
ScaloH  !i  little  larger  than  in  other  forms,  140  to  150  in  lengthwise  series, 
anteriorly  less  crowded  than  in  spilaru»  and  atomina.  In  partially 
alkaline  or  milky  waters,  as  in  Utah  Lake,  this  form  reaches  a 
hufjo  8ize — 8  to  \2  ponnds — and  is  very  pale  in  color,  the  dark  spots  few 
.and  Hniull,  mostly  confined  to  the  back.  Similar  variations  are  shown 
by  tii(j  other  forms  of  trout  in  other  lakes.  Lakes  and  streams  west  of 
the  VVahsatch  range,  especially  in  Hear,  Provo,  Jordan,  and  Sevier 
rivers,  and  in  Utah  Lake;  locally  very  abundant  and  of  importance  as  a 
food-lish.     (ri)v/iH«//s,  like  a  virgin.) 

Sulur  ririjinalU,  GiRAUii,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliilii.,  1856,  220,  Utah   Lake. 

Sd/i/c  H((i//,  8i'CKiT.v,  Sloiiogr.  Saliiio,  1:10, 1801  (1874),  Utah  Lake  ;  piilo  HpvciinuiiH  from  the  lake. 

SiihiiLi  iiii/kiss  liiijimtlis,  .Johdan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  ('didiii.,  ix,  1881),  14,  pi.  li,  tig.  !). 

liepreseuted  in  the  Rio  Grande  Basin  by 


If- ,  ^ 


H 


I 


P'    ' 


' 


\    I 


i     ! 


11 


1 


779f,  SAL.MO  .MYKISS  SI'ILl'BUS  (Cope). 

(KlO    (illANDK    TllOUT.) 

Head  3 J ;  depth  4.  D.  11 ;  A.  10 ;  scales  .37-160-37.  Head  heavy,  but  pro- 
portionately short,  its  upper  surface  considerably  decurved ;  interorbital 
space  transversely  convex,  obtusely  carinated  ;  the  head  more  convex 
than  in  any  other  of  our  species.  Mouth  large,  maxillary  reaching 
paat  eye.    Teeth  on  vomer  in  two  distinct  series.    Dorsal  fin  low  lu 


St  v 


J 


I 


(I  I  i 


r'U  I 


49G 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


front,  high  behind,  the  last  ray  more  than  |  the  heiglit  of  the  firnt;  lust 
ray  of  the  anal  rather  long;  caudal  with  itB  middle  rays  about  as  lou^  .1-4 
the  others.  Profusely  spotted;  back  and  sides  with  round  black  spots, 
the  spots  most  dtn'elopod  posteriorly,  few  on  the  head,  nioHt  numerous  oti 
the  caudal  and  adipose  tin  ;  sides  with  pale  Itlotchos.  Length  30  inches. 
Upper  Kio  Grande  and  southward  into  the  mountains  of  Chihualiii.i ; 
abundant  in  mountain  streams.  In  all  respects  apparently  ideHtiial 
with  subspecies  pleiiriticun,  except  that  the  scales  are  less  crowded  ante- 
riorly and  the  number  in  a  longitudinal  series  is  155  to  1(>U.  (anlhii,  spot ; 
oiipd,  tail.) 

Salmo  itpilunu,  Copk,  llayiUm'a  Gool.   Siirv.  Mont.,  1871  (1872),  470,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass, 

Colorado. 
8<dmo  mykiu  ipUunu,  Jordan,  Dull.  U.  S.  KiHh  Comni.,  ix,  IHHO,  14,  pi.  :i,  Ugg.  7  and  8. 

Represented  in  the  Colorado  River  Basin  by 

•}79g.  SALMO  MYKIHS  PliKl'ltlTICl'M  (Copo). 
(Colorado  River  Trout.) 

Operole  short,  4^  to  5  in  head.  Scales  small,  185  to  190.  Close  to  tlio 
typical  mykiHH,  but  the  black  spots  chiotly  gathered  on  the  posterior  part 
of  the  body,  the  head  nearly  immaculate;  extremely  variable,  tlic 
lower  tins  usually  red,  but  sometimes  orange  ;  usually  a  red  lateral  Itaiid. 
Basin  of  the  Colorado.  A  large,  handsome,  and  variable  trout,  soim - 
times  profusely  speckled,  sometimes  with  large  spots,  and  occasionally 
with  strong  golden  shades.  Abundant  throughout  western  Colorado 
and  in  all  clear  mountain  streams  throughout  Arizona ;  speoimeiiH  Irom 
the  Colorado  Chiquito  similar  to  those  from  the  Eagle  and  the  UuuniHon, 
in  Colorado,  (pleuriticua,  from  ir'Aevphv,  side,  in  allusion  to  the  red  lateral 
band.) 

Salmo  plturiticii*.  Cope,  IIayileu'8  Oeol.  Surv.  Mont.,  1871  (1872),  471,  head  waters  of  Crcen 

River,  Wyoming. 
Balnxo  mykm pleuritkuii,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  ix,  1889,  14,  pi.  2,  flg.  C. 

Represented  in  Waha  Lake  by 


% 

:    t 


i*jj 


779h.  SALMO  MYKISS  BOUTIERI  (Bendiro). 
(Waha  Lake  Trout.) 

Head  4;  depth  4f ;  eye  4.  D.  10;  A.  11;  B.  12;  scales  175.  Max- 
illary 2^  in  head.  Size  small.  Similar  to  S.  mylhs,  but  with  dark  spots 
only  on  the  dorsal,  caudal,  and  adipose  iin,  and  on  the  tail  behind  front 
of  anal,  where  the  spots  are  very  profuse,  smaller  than  pupil.  Antoi  ior 
regions  dusky-bluish,  not  silvery;  red  blotch  on  inner  edges  of  dentary 
bones  below  very  conspicuous.  Head  shorter  and  deeper  than  in  mykiss, 
the  snout  shorter  and  blunter,  not  longer  than  eye.  Opercle  and  imc- 
opercle  less  convex  than  in  mykiss.  Caudal  moderately  forked.  A  sinj^n- 
larly  colored  local  variety,  found  in  Waha  Lake,  Washington,  a  monutuiu 
lake  without  outlet.     (Named  for  Captaiu  Bouvier.) 

Salmo  ptirpuratus  houneri,  Benimrb,  in  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Syuopsis,  315,  1883,  Waha  Lake, 

Washington.    (Coll.  Capt.  Charles  Bendiro,  U.  S.  A.) 
BuUmo  myku»  boiwien,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8.  Fiab  Comni.,  tx,  1889,  pi.  4,  flg.  10. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        497 


UupreHeuted  iu  the  Upper  ArkaiiHUH  utui  Suuth  Platte  rivers  by 

7791.  HAIiMO  M¥KIS8  HTONIAH  (Cope). 
(<iUKi'..N-iiArK  Turn  r.) 
Mouth  small;  Hcales  small,  about  180.  A  suiall  black-spotted  trout, 
rarely  reach iug  a  pound  in  weight,  close  to  var.  mykias,  dift'ering  mainly 
ill  tlie  very  large  si/o  of  its  black  spots,  which  are  mainly  gathered  on  the 
|i(iHterior  half  of  the  body.  Itack  deep  green,  sides  sometimes  red.  Flesh 
(h'up  red.  Head  waters  of  Arkansas  and  South  Platte  rivers,  in  brooks 
1111(1  Hliallow  places  in  lakes;  abundant,     (rrro/i/af,  big-mouthed.) 

SuliiKi  Klomiim,  C'oiK,  Haydoii'i  (iool.  Surv.   Wjoni.  for  1870(1871),  i'X\,  South  Platte  River, 

locality  unknown.    (Coll.  T)r.  IliimiMoiKl.) 
Siilmo  niffkiiKi  ntumiar,  Jordan,  liiill.  U.  S.  Fish.  Coinm.,  ix,  1880,  16,  i>l.  1,  flg.  2. 

Kepresented  iu  the  lakes  iu  eastern  Colorado  by 

770J.  SAL!IIO  .MYKIKS  NACnUNALDI,  .Ionian  &  Rvermann. 

(Yr.i.Low-t'iN  Tnoi  T.) 
Head  4;  depth  4  J  to.");  eye  5^ ;  snout  4^.  D.  12;  A.  11;  H.  10;  scales 
40-1W-37,  12.5  pores.  Tleud  long,  0(>ni])roH8eil,  the  snout  niod«'iiitely 
pointed;  mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  IJf  to  2  iu  head;  hyoid  teeth 
|utH(Mit;  opercle  long,  4^  in  head,  its  margin  strongly  convex.  Allied  to 
Miilispecie8j;i«'«H/jt'«8,  but  with  the  head  and  opercles  longer  and  the  color 
(litlcront.  Body  elongated,  compressed.  Gill  rakers  10 -j- 10.  Scalessmall, 
rej,'ular]y  placed.  Color  light  olive ;  a  broad  siiude  of  lemon-yellow  along 
sidoH  ;  lower  fins  bright  yellow;  no  red  anywhere  except  the  "cut-throat" 
(litijh  characteristic  of  ISubuo  mykisa.  Body  posteriorly,  and  dorsal  aud 
ciuulal  fin  profusely  speckled  with  small  pepper-like  dots,  smaller  than 
till'  nostril;  on  head  and  anterior  parts  fewer  none  of  these  spots  are 
present.  Flesh  pale.  A  very  handsome  trout,  abundant  on  gravelly  bot- 
tdiiiH  in  Twin  Lakes,*  tributary  to  the  Arkansas  River  in  the  Saguache 
Kaiigo  near  Leadville,  Colorado ;  not  found  iu  brooks.  It  reaches  a 
weight  of  nearly  9  pounds.  It  is  probably  descended  from  the  form 
ciiUi'd ])hHriticHH,  certainly  not  from  its  associate  stomias,  with  which  it  has 
very  little  in  common.  (Named  for  Col.  Marsliall  McDonald,  United  States 
FIhIi  Commissioner.) 

Siihw  iiiykins  macilomildi,  .Zordan  &  Kveiimann,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  188',»  (.Iiinmiry  20,  1890), 
■l'.:i,  Twin  Lakes,  Colorado  ;  (Tjpo,  No.  417;iO.  Coll.  Gao.  11.  Fisher);  Joudan,  Bull, 
tr  S.  Finh  Comni.,ix,  1889,  11,  pi.  1,  fi(?.  1. 

780.  SALMO  GAIRDNEIlIv  lUdianlBon. 

(Steeiiiead;  IIardiiead;  "Salmon  Tuout.") 

Wo   retain    the  name    Salmo  gairdneri  for  the  large  sea    trout  of  the 

Paciiic  Coast  and  their  derivatives;  forms  typically  with  moderate  or 

siiiali  scales,  and  without  the  strongly-marked  red  dashes  at  the  throat 

*TliiH  fon.i  of  trout  occurs  in  company  with  subspecies  stomiits,  but  in  Twin  Lakes,  the  two 
ari'  I  iitirclv  diritinct,  the  lialiits,  size,  and  coloriition  being  notably  different.  If  wo  were  to  con- 
siilcr  tlui  Arkansas  Basin  alone,  the  two  must  be  ranked  as  distinct  species,  but  these  and  all 
otlici  Aniorican  trout  soem  to  bo  connected  l)y  intergradations.  Apparently  macdmuildi  is  derived 
from  tlii^  Colorado  IVwv.rjilexoUiciis,  whicli  may  be  descended  from  tjulunii,  the  latter  in  turn  from 
ttonihii.    Sloiiuae,  virginalis,  Jiemhawi,  and  louvieri  seem  to  have  sprung  directly  from  mykiss. 


( -r  ■ 


\^.-    ^'l-il* 


m 


m 


m 


"■->, 


F.  N.  A.- 


-33 


i  ' 


.^ 


M 


( 

^; 

I 

i 

li 

1:1' 


I 


I 


•*' 


i-: 


i" 


!'   I 


408 


liull<tin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


wliich  mark  tli»  Cnt-thront  H»rieH  of  trout,  or  Salmo  mifkimi,  TIibho  torm^ 
ar»  UHually  well  Hoparatt^d  from  mi/kiiiM,  on  the  one  liaiul,  aii<l  from  tn'r/mi 
on  the  other.  Thuro  ih,  however,  a  Htran^fo  medley  of  forniH  appiirontly 
aberrant  or  intermediate,  confuNinK  any  att«)m]>t  at  Hpi'rit'H!  dntinition. 

The  following;  analytical  key  contraHtH  the  two  moHt  clearly  mariod 
varieties: 

a,  Sralci  nithur  mimll,  iivnntKinK  !'>'>  crofM  HorioM,  tlm  iiiinilior  viirylii»;  rrciiii  i:iii  to  1H(i(r<iiirit- 
inKllin  olilii|iiii  croHS  aiirioN  almvu  liitiTiil  lirii<).  Hcu-riiiiiiiiiK  foriiirt  ri'urliiiiK  u  lauu 
hI/.(i  ;  WKJKlit  of  Hoii-nin  luliilt  h  t"  ^'>  iioiiiuN  ;  IuikIIocIu'iI  ruriiiN  ihikIi  tiiiiiill<'r,  iluwn 
'"/'J  |H>iiiid.  Culciriition  |Hil«,  Willi  IVw  spoU.  C'liluriiliiu  Uivrriiinl  Houtli»iiri|  In  San 
FrnnrlHco  Huy.  (iaiiidnbui,  7mi). 

aa.  HcalM  larK<'>',  iiviirnKiiitr  ntioiit  lltricroHN  McriKH,  Dm  ininilicr  viiryiiiK  I'roin  KiOlo  MTi.  T,iiUi' 
foniiH  ;  (Miluriitiuii  vn.v  silvery  uml  willi  Tow  hikiIm  ;  wui|j;lit  :t  tn  lo  |iuiitiil8,     Krii"!'] 

Rivor,  t>t('.  KAMLOIIIW,  7HIIII. 

RepresonttMl  in  larjje  rivers  and  «'HtnarieH,«'Mpecially  from  the  Coluniliia 
aonthward  to  Monterey,  by  the  unadromoiiH  form,  the  typical 

7H0.  HAIiMO  UAIIIDNKUI,  RldiardHon. 
(Stkemiead;  IIakiiheaii;  Mai.mon   Tiioirr.) 

B.  12 or  11;  D.  11;  A.  12;  scales  nsually  about  150-28,  varying  in  Hiicri- 
mens  from  Astoria  from  137  to  177  (specimens  counted  by  Cramer  iiinl 
Otaki);  pyloric  cceca  42;  vertebrii'  38  +  20.  Hody  rather  stout,  not  very 
deep  mesially,  but  with  the  caudal  jiedunclo  thick.  Head  comparatively 
short  and  rather  slender,  in  the  females  small,  in  the  males  the  .jaws  iiKne 
or  less  prolonged ;  maxillary  rather  narrow,  the  small  eye  nearly  aliove  itn 
middle;  lower  jaw  included;  upper  jaw  in  males  emarginate  at  tip  and 
at  junction  of  premaxillary.  Teeth  rather  small,  those  on  the  voiiiei  in 
two  long,  alternating  series,  which  are  about  as  long  as  the  ]>alntiiie 
aeries.  Preopercle  rather  wide,  with  the  lower  limb  short;  opercle  mod- 
erate. Gill  rakers  short  and  thick,  8  -{-  12  (essentially  as  in  our  otlu-i' 
species).  Ventral  appendage  not  half  the  length  of  the  fin.  Tail  wide, 
squarely  truncate  in  the  adult,  somewhat  emarginate  in  the  young.  I'lesli 
rather  pale.  Bones  much  firmer  than  in  Oncorhiiiichua.  Color  olive  green 
above;  sides  silvery  ;  head,  back,  upper  fins,  and  tail  more  or  lessdeiinely 
covered  with  black  spots;  belly  usually  unspotted;  males  with  colore 
heightened,  the  back  greenish ;  lioth  sexes  in  spring  with  a  broad  ilesh-i ol- 
ored  lateral  band, deep  rosy  red  on  tbeopercles,  this  often  retained  throiiKJi- 
out  the  year;  fins  not  red:  no  red  on  the  membrane  of  lower  jaw.  Ijon^^tli 
30  inches.  Coastwise  streams  from  vSanta  Ynez  Mountains,  Santa  Hai  liani 
Connty,  California,  northward  to  British  Columbia,  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Cascade  Range,  especially  abundant  in  the  Lower  Colnniliia. 
ascending  the  Snake  River  as  far  as  Auger  Falls.  Also  common  in 
Rnssian  River  and  Klamath  River.  A  large  trout,  abounding  in  tiio 
months  of  the  rivers,  reaching  a  weight  of  20  pounds  or  more,  ini^Ma- 
tory  like  the  salmon,  and  ascending  rivers  fully  as  far.  It  spawns  li.ter 
than  the  salmon,  (in  early  spring  in  the  Snake  and  Salmon  rivers  in 
Idado),  and  is  found  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  rivers,  spent,  at  the  time  ui 
the  spring  salmon  run.    It  is  then  nearly  useless  as  food,  but  at  utlier 


i.sLi,^:  ^'■;>.tf,~yaid?il:i'..^^.v,.'a>;:*,s 


Jordan  and  R7<ermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amrritit. 


400 


tiiiicH  it  Ih  Hiinilar  in  <|iiHlity  to  otlu>i-  tiuiit.  In  Ntit'iiniH  nvIkmo  it  in  roHi- 
ilfiit,  it  rai'tfl.v  t^xreetlH  ;">  or  (>  [lonntlH.  KttHiiliMit  t'oiinH  H«vni  to  puNH  into 
'■  iriV/t'io"  Hoiithwanl  un<l  Hhoiild  lio  ciiiol'iilly  coin|iiiro(l  vvitli  tli««  liittur; 
noil  li  wind  into  '*  ktimloopx,"  wiiih;  in  tim  Lowit  .Sniii\o  Ki\i>f  it  H»'»«niH  to 
iutoi'^i'udu  witii  mjikixM,  tiiroii^h  tiiu  t'oiiii  calleil  ijiUhnii.  In  tliu  Lowor 
Colunthiu, aocordin^  to  Di.  Oilbert,  it  iH  wull  Ni'paiatod  from  »<yX'(MM  on  tlio 
one  hand  and  from  tlienon-mij^ratory  >S'.  iridiUM  niunoiii  on  tli«  otiiur.  Kotli 
young  and  old  aro  tlier«)  well  Hupnratt'd  from  iriiltiiH.  (Named  for  Dr. 
(Jiiirdnor,  itH  diHCoveror,  anomployroof  tlid  Ihidnon  Hay  Company  at  Fort 
Vancouver,  montiunod  liy  UidiardHou  uh  an  aide  and  pruiniHing  younfj; 
iiaturaliHt.) 

Stliifi  |/.iiri/iii'i'i,  Ukmiaiiuhiin,  Fniiiiii  llor.-Ami-r.,  iii,  'J'Jl,  tH:tii,  Columbia  River  at  Port 
Vancouver;   Hicklkv,  Mcnogr.  8«lmo,  114,  IHiil  (1H7I);  (K'ntiieu,  (!rtt.,  vi,  118,  iKWi. 

S.Wkio  Iniiiintim,  .Si'cKi.F.Y,  Aim.  Lyr.  Niit.  IliHt.  N.  Y.,:i,  IHM,  New  Dungeness,  Straits  of 
Fuca  ;  (iCNillKii,  Cut,  vi,  Vi2,  IHtlti. 

r.in..  .iH)-..ni,  QlUAHD,  Pmc.  Ac.  Nrtt.  Sci.riillll,,  IXAft,  -ilH  ;  (JlKAIll),  Viir.  U.  11.  Surv.,  .\,  308,  |>1. 

r,s,  18.18,  Astoria,  Orci;on.    (Ci.ll,  Tiuwhridnr.) 
J''Hri<'neivlicn7/i,  (iiiiAlti),  I'i'ih-.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilu.,  I8fi8, '.^ur,  Klamath  River;  Hpociinen  witli 

8c.iieH,  3(i-llo-;i;i. 

I'<iri»  i/iiir</ii''ri,  GlIIAHD,  I'ac,  R.  It.  Siirv.,  x,313,  1858, 
Mmn  iKirjiiiiiiliii;  (iCNTIlEil,  Cut.,  VI,  IKi,  1806. 

WrpiTHeiittMl  in  the  lakes  of  Hritish  ('olniiibia  and  northern  WiiHh- 
iii;,'ton  liy 

7N0a.  NALMO  OAIKDNKItl  KAMLOOPH  (.forduii). 

(Kami.iioi'S  Tholt;  .Stit-tse.) 

llt^ad  Ji  ;  depth  U;  eye  4*.  D.  11;  A.  11  or  12;  scalcH  30-l3.'i  to  116-26, 
(!.')  HC'ileu  before  the  dorHal.  Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the 
maxillary  extending  beyond  the  eye.  Its  length  not  quite  half  the  head; 
Hiiout  slightly  rounded  in  profile,  the  profile  regularly  ascending;  eye 
lar^e,  about  as  long  as  snout;  teeth  moderate,  some  of  those  in  the 
outer  row  in  each  jaw  moderately  enlarged  ;  opercles  striate,  uot  much 
produced  backward;  branchiostegal  rays  11  on  each  side;  dorsal  fin 
rather  low,  its  longest  ray  slightly  greater  than  the  base  of  the  tin,  lif  in 
huad;  anal  tin  rather  larger  than  usual  in  trout,  its  outline  slightly  con- 
oavo,  its  longest  ray  greater  than  the  base  of  the  iiu  and  a  little  more 
than  half  head;  adipose  fin  moderate;  caudal  tin  rather  broad,  distinctly 
forked,  its  outer  rays  about  twice  inner ;  pectoral  fins  rather  long,  1^  in 
lu'iid  ;  ventrals  moderate,  li  in  head ;  gill  rakers  comparatively  short  and 
ftw  in  number,  about  6-J-12  or  11.  Coloration  dark  olive  above, 
bright  silvery  below,  the  silvery  color  extending  some  distance  below  the 
latfral  line  where  it  ends  abruptly ;  when  fresh,  the  middle  of  the  sides  in 
luidi  Hpecimens  was  occupied  by  a  broad  band  of  bright  light-rose  pink, 
covering  about  one-third  of  the  total  depth  of  the  fish ;  back  above 
with  small  black  spots  about  the  size  of  pin  heads  irregularly  scattered 
aud  somewhat  more  numerous  posteriorly;  a  very  few  faint  spots  on 
upper  part  of  head;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  rather  closely  covered  with 
sinuli  black  spots  similar  to  those  on  back  but  more  distinct ;  a  few  spots 
oil  the  adipose  fin,  which  is  edged  with  blackish ;  lower  fins  plain ;  the 


t'i 


hi 

m 


w\ 


lf:r:-i 


*m 


li':.;- 


'■  I 


n 


»^.' 


€•,■ 


i 


:| 


i  J 

( 


h 


J, 


«l 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


^  Ui    |2.2 


M 


1 

'■25  II  U      1.6 

< ■ — 

6"     

► 

w 


^J^ 


v: 


^J^ 


^Vv 


> 


y 


'/ 


/A 


Hiotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


'^j^ 


''4^^d'' 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


•^gm^mmimw^lf-  m'^^'^^'^-i^^&^V'^'W-^^ ' 


!^ 


r~f!i» 


i 


600 


Bulletin  -^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I  '     ! 


I  1 


m 


upper  border  of  the  pectoral  dnsky  ;  a  vague  dusky  blotch  ou  the  nppor 
middle  rays  of  the  anal;  ventrals  entirely  plain.  Len<rth  of  typo  \^\\ 
incLeH.  Kaniloops  Lake,  Okanogan  Lake,  Kootenay  Luke,  and  otlur 
lakes  tributary  to  Fraser  River  or  to  the  Upper  Cohunbia ;  locally 
abundant;  a  fine  largo  trout,  slender  and  graceful,  somewhat  (littcreiit  in 
appearance  from  the  ordinary  "  Steelhead,"  but  not  distinguished  by  any 
technical  character  of  any  importance,  and  doubtless  iutergrading  fully 
with  the  latter. 

Salmo  kamloopit,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  P.  J^itt.  Muh.,  1892,  Kamloops  Lake,  British  Columbia. 
(Type,  Nu.  44238.     Coll.  A.  C.  Uasaett.) 


./ 


781.  RALIHO  IRIDErS,  Glbboni. 
(Rainbow  Trout;  Coast  Range  Trout.) 


; 


iiM 


Head  4 ;  depth  3J ;  eye  5.  D.  11 ;  A.  10;  scales  21-135-20,  varying  coii- 
Biderably.  Body'comparatively  short  and  deep,  compressed,  much  more 
elongate  in  males  than  in  females.  Head  short,  convex,  obtusely  ridged 
above.  Mouth  smaller  than  in  other  species,  the  raliier  broad  maxillary 
scarcely  reaching  beyond  eye,  except  in  old  males.  Eye  larger  than  in 
other  species.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  irregular  series.  Dorsal  fin  mod- 
erate; caudal  fin  distinctly,  though  not  strongly  forked.  Color  bluish 
above,  the  aides  silvery ;  usually  everywhere  above  profusely  but  iriefj;- 
ularly  spotted,  the  spots  extending  on  the  sides  and  on  the  vertical  finn; 
spots  on  caudal  small ;  belly  nearly  plain ;  sea-run  specimens  nearly  plain 
silvery;  with  red  lateral  band  and  blotches.  Weight  i  to  6  pcunds. 
Mountain  streams  of  the  Pacific  Coast;  the  typical  form  found  in  tiio 
brooks  of  the  Coast  Gauge  in  California,  from  the  Klamath  River  to  the 
San  Luis  Rey.  Abundant  and  variable,  probably  entering  the  sea,  and 
perhaps  growing  larger  there,  becoming  a  "  Salmon  Trout." 

This  form  differs  from  Salmo  (lamfneri  chiefly  in  the  larger  scales.  Other 
characters  are  its  small  size  and  brighter  colors;  both  sexes  with  a  red 
lateral  band.  It  is  subject  to  large  local  variations,  some  of  these  kind- 
locked  in  peculiar  brooks,  (c.  g.,  Purisima  Creek  in  San  Mateo  County, 
California,  where  the  individuals  are  small  and  brightly  colored,  popu- 
larly regarded  as  distinct  species).  Its  range  extends  from  the  coast  of 
Washington  southward  to  San  Diego  County,  California  (Rio  San  Luis 
Rey).  It  is  thought  by  some  anglers  that  the  young  fishes  hatched  in 
the  brooks  from  spawn  of  gairdneri  remain  in  mountain  streams  for 
from  six  months  to  three  years,  going  down  to  the  sea  with  the  hijili 
waters  of  spring,  after  which  they  return  to  spawn  as  typical  gairdinri. 
Those  which  are  landlocked  or  do  not  descend  remain  irideus  all  their 
lives.  As  against  this  view  we  have  the  fact  that  to  the  northward  iridcitx 
and  gairdneri  are  always  distinguishable  and  the  scales  in  gairdneri  are 
always  smaller  than  in  typical  rainbow  trout,    {iridena,  lainbow-like.) 

Balno  irideiu,  Giiibons,  Prc!.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1855,  36,  San  Leandro  Creek,  Alameda 

County,  California;  J  >rdan  &.  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  312,  in  part,  1883. 
Sdmo  rivularit,  Atbes,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1865,  43,  Martinez,  California. 


IkM- 


LIHI 


lltMl 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


501 


The  following  analytical  key  will  assist  in  the  identification  of  the 
varieties  of  Salmo  irideun,  which  we  are  at  present  disposed  to  recoguize: 

a.  Scales  well  Imbricated;  upper  ray  of  pectoral  URtiiilly  more  or  less  t)|)otted. 

b.  Scales  comparatively  large,  In  120  to  150  series;  sides  profuKuly  spotted,  both  anteriorly 
and  posteriorly,  especially  iibore  the  reddish  lateral  baud, 
c.  Scales  decidedly  large,  in  120  to  130  series.    Bodyelongate;  no  red  undpr  tlio  throat; 
eye  large;  anal  rays  11  or  12.    Ilrook  forms  mostly  of  small  size;  sea-run  examples 
occasionally  large;  confined  to  the  streams  of  the  Coast  Bauge. 
d.  Mouth  moderute;  roas'wise  streams  of  California.  iRinEvs,  781. 

(M.  Mouth  very  small;  coastwise  streams  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

HARONI,  781a. 

cc.  Scales  medium,  in  ulioiit  140  series.     Hody  rather  deep;  eye  comparatively  small, 

anal  rays  lu  or  11.     Coloration  dark,  usually  with  many  spots;  a  small  dash  of 

red  usually  present  at  the  throat.    Size  medium,  weight  2  to  8  pounds.   Streams 

of  I'pper  Sacrnniento  Ilasin,  not  rnnuiiig  down  to  the  sea,  biiasta,  781b. 

66.  Scales  small,  in  I.IO  to  IH.'i  series;  size  large. 

e.  Itack  profusely  spotted,  aiitcTiorly  as  well  as  posteriorly;  some  red  under  lower  jaw. 
Kern  Kiver,  California.  oildrrti,  781c, 

ee.  Hack  with  the  spots  chiefly  posteriorly:  no  red  under  the  lower  jaw.     Upper  Saora- 
mento  Basin.  stonei,  781d. 

an.  Scales  very  small  and  not  well  imbricated,  in  about  175  transverse  series.  Belly,  lower 
fms,  and  lateral  bai'd  yellow;  ventrals  (^dged  with  pale;  upper  ray  of  pectoral  unspot- 
ted; black  spots  numerous.     A  small  form  found  in  the  head  waters  of  Kern  River. 

AOUA-BONITA,  781e. 

781a.  SALMO  IRIDEUS  9IAS0NI  (Snckley), 
(Br.)ok  Trout  op  WrsTERV  Oreoon.) 

Tlie  common  brook  treat  of  the  tributaries  of  the  lower  Columbia  and 
of  coastwise  streams  of  Oregon  aad  Washington  is  very  similar  to  the 
typical  iridena  and  is  readily  distinguished  from  its  associates,  yairdneri 
and  iiiijkifia,  by  its  large  scales.  Compared  with  mykisa,  it  is  less  slender, 
tlie  snout  more  rounded ;  there  is  no  red  between  branches  of  lower  jaw; 
tliei'o  are  no  hyoid  teeth,  the  maxillary  is  broader  and  shorter,  the  opercle 
more  evenly  convex,  and  there  are  fewer  spots  below  the  lateral  line ;  the 
red  markings  on  sides  usually  coalesce  into  a  red  band.  Scales  120-20  to 
i;{(i-22.  Size  small,  rarely  weighing  a  pound.  Puget  Sound  to  southern 
Ort'ifon,  in  streams  of  the  Coast  Range  ;  locally  abundant.  Apparently 
nierji;ing  into  the  ordinary  iridcus  southward,  if  indeed  the  two  forms  are 
diHtin<i;ni8habie.  We  know  of  no  diagnostic  character,  but  further  com- 
pariHon  is  needed.  ("  Named  in  honor  of  my  good  friend  Govern  or  Charles 
II.  Mason  of  Washington  Territory,  who  haf  so  frequently  aided  me  in 
adding  to  my  collections  specimens  of  great  interest  and  value  in  various 
branches  of  natural  history." — SuckJey.) 

Fari„  rtiirkii,  GiRARl),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1856,  219;  not  of  RiOHABDSON. 
Sabn.i  masoni,  SuCKLET,  Pac.  U.  R.  Surv.,  xii,  part  2,  345,  1860,  Cathlapoott  River.    (Coll. 
Cpt.  Geo.  B.  McClellan.*) 


*  "  I  obtained  this  species  at  the  Cathlapootl  River,  Aug.  2,  1863,  and  am  indebted  for  it  to  the 
skill  (>r  Capt.  Ueo.  B.  McClellaa,  as  he  took  it  with  the  artificial  fly  at  a  time  when  they  did 
not  readily  bite  at  any  bait."— SitcMey. 


i.:.:^ 


v^-m^ 


i^ '  \ 


hl^Al        ' 


i 


j  : 


■  ^rv 

^ 

1         !      ! 

i       1  ■  I- 

1 

i 

^■^ 

MM 


ymim 


i'  ililmlfi' 


■1311 

w 


■w 


f 


i 


r  p: 


: 


r 


Vi. 


ii 

1^ 

1 

U 

■ 

1^; 

1 

i,       1 

1 

^■j 

IM 


502 


JBtdlletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Reprenented  in  the  upper  Sacramento  and  its  tributaries,  and  probably 
in  most  of  the  eastern  tributaries  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  by 

781b.  SALHU  IRIDEVS  8HA«4TA  (Jordan). 
(McCloud  Rivrk  Bainiiow  Tbout.) 
Head  4  ;  depth  3f  ;  D.  11 ;  A.  11 ;  scales  20  to  24-145-20,  65  before  dor- 
skI.  Body  comparatively  short  and  deep,  compressed,  varying  considt  r- 
ably,  and  much  more  elongate  in  the  males  than  m  the  females.  IltMd 
short,  convex,  obtusely  ridged  above.  Mouth  smaller  than  in  most  other 
forms  of  the  genus,  the  rather  broad  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  beyoiid 
eye  except  in  old  males;  maxillary  1^  in  head  in  males,  2  in  feniaUm. 
Eye  larger  than  in  typical  yairdneri,  5  in  head.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two 
irregular  series.  Dorsal  iin  moderate  ;  caudal  fin  distinctly  though  not 
strongly  forked,  more  deeply  incised  than  in  typical  mykifin;  pectoral  U 
to  If  in  head.  Scales  comparatively  large.  Coloration  bluish  above,  tho 
sides  silvery ;  everywhere  above  profusely  but  irregularly  spotted,  tlio 
spots  extending  on  the  sides  and  on  the  vertical  tins  ;  head  well  spotted ; 
dorsal,  caudal,  and  usually  upper  ray  of  pectoral  spotted;  spots  on  ciiii- 
dal  small ;  belly  nearly  plain  ;  tins  usually  not  red;  almost  always  a  dauh 
of  red  between  branches  of  lower  jaw ;  males  and  usually  females  also 
with  red  lateral  band  and  blotches;  much  red  on  cheeks  and  opercles; 
belly  partly  red  in  males.  Length  10  to  30  inchea.  Weight  2  to  8  pounds. 
Streams  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mount  Shasta  southward,  best  known 
i'"rom  McCloud  River;  the  limits  of  its  range  not  well  known;  .abuudant, 
and  subject  to  many  variations ;  also  inrroduced  into  Truckee  River  and 
into  many  eastern  streams,  this  form  being  the  usual  "Rainbow  Trout" 
of  fish-culturists.     (Named  for  Mount  Shasta.) 

Siihnn  irideus,  or  Kainbow  Trout  of  most  writers  and  eRpecially  of  fish-culturistB;  not  tidbmi 

iriiteim,  GiHiioNS,  wliicli  isbiuipd  on  coa£twls«  specimens. 
Snlmo  gnirihicri  sliaiitit,  .ToiinAN,  Thirteentli  Biennial  Kept.  Fisli  Conim.  Califcrnia,  189t,  142, 

with  i)late,  McCloud  River,  at  Baird,  Shasta  County,  California.    (Type,  No.  WW, 

L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Miis.    Coll.  Stone.) 

Represented  in  the  lower  waters  of  Kern  River  on  the  west  slopo  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  by 

781c.  SALMO  IRinSrS  OILBERTI  (Jordan). 
(Kern  River  Tkout.) 
Entirely  similar  to  the  McCloud  River  Trout,  except  that  the  scales  are 
smaller,  as  small  as  in  typical  mykias,  in  about  165  transverse  series.  The 
body  is  robust,  the  mouth  moderate  ;  back  and  sides  profusely  spotted ; 
old  specimens  with  more  or  less  orange  between  the  branches  of  the  lower 
jaw,  this  mftrk  faint  or  -wanting  in  the  young.  Upper  ray  of  pectoral 
spotted.  Kern  River,  California,  abundant  in  the  river  channels,  below 
the  waters  inhabited  by  subspecies  ayun-boiiita.  Large,  reaching  a  weight 
of  8  pounds.  Our  specimens  from  south  fork  of  Kern  River,  at  Soda 
Springs,  California.  (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Dr.  Charles  Henry 
Gilbert.) 

Salmo  gairdneri  gilberii,  Jokpan,  Thirteenth  Diennial  Uept.  Fish  Comin.  California,  l*^'ll,  II''' 
with  p\i>te,  South  Fork  of  Kern  River  at  Soda  Springs,  California.  (Typo,  Ho. 
1611,  h.  S.  Jr.  Uuiv.  Mus.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 


/onfnn  ana'  F.vermatm. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


503 


In  the  Sacramento  River  is  occasionally  taken 

781d.  8ALM0  IRIDEUS  STONEI  (Jordan). 
(NtssvEE  Trout;  No-siiee  TnouT.) 

Anal  rays  11.  Depth  4  in  length.  Pectoral  \\  in  head.  Eye  large,  4^ 
in  head.  Maxillary  2i^,f.  Distinguished  by  its  small  scales,  the  number 
of  scales  in  a  longitudinal  Reries  being  ab.ait  155,  82  before  dorsal,  where 
tlicyare  small  and  embedded,  25  above  lateral  line.  Teeth  fewer  and 
Kinaller  than  in  var.  ahasta,  those  on  the  vomer  in  a  single  zigzag  series. 
Axillary  scale  of  ventral  small.  ^Tpper  parts  plain  greenish;  spots  few, 
•iiid  confined  chiefly  to  posterior  part  of  body;  spots  small  and  sparse 
(in  dorsal,  adipose  tin,  and  caudal ;  a  red  lateral  band  usually  distinct; 
clieeks  and  opercles  with  red ;  no  red  between  branches  of  lower  jaw. 
Described  from  a  specimen  14  inches  in  length,  collected  by  Livingston 
Stone  in  McCloud  River  at  Baird,  California.  This  form  is  well  known 
to  Indians  and  to  fishermen  on  the  Upper  Sacramento.  According  to 
Mr.  Stone,  the  Indian  fishermen  say  that  it  is  abundant  in  the  McCloud 
Kiver,  about  8  miles  above  Baird.  They  are  larger  in  size  than  the 
ordinary  irideus,  one  having  been  taken  weighing  12  pounds.  A  second 
specimen  is  deeper  in  color,  the  red  lateral  band  very  distinct  (female 
taken  in  May).  The  scales  rather  larger  (140)  and  irregularly  placed. 
(Named  for  its  discoverer,  Livingston  Stone,  Superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Fish  Hatchery  at  Baird,  in  recognition  of  his  valuable  ser- 
vices in  the  propagation  of  salmon  and  trout.  ^ 

N.i/iii..  ijidrdwri  stoiiei,  JoBDAN,  Thirteenth  Biennial  Ropt.  Cal.  Fish  Oomm.,  1894,  142,  with 
plnU',  McCloud  River  at  Baird,  California.  (Type,  No.  900,  L.  S.  Jr.  Uuiv.  Mue. 
Ooll.  Stone.) 

Represented  in  the  mountain  streams  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ou  the  west 
MJope  of  Mount  Whitney,  by 

781e.  SALMO  IBIDEUS  AOUA>BONITA  (Jordan). 
(Golden  Tkout'of  Mount  Whitney.) 

lload  Sj  ;  depth  4Jt.  D.  12;  A.  10  ;  scales  in  160  to  180  rows,  123  pores. 
Hody  formed  as  usual.  Head  rather  long,  bluntish  at  tip  ;  mouth  moder- 
ate, tlic  maxillary  extending  a  little  beyond  the  eye,  1^  in  head;  hyoid 
teeth  not  evident;  opercle  moderate;  postorbital  bono  very  small,  its 
yreatest  length  ik  iu  head ;  its  posterior  margin  modera  ely  convex  ;  eye 
43  in  bead  ;  snout  4^  ;  gill  rakers  not  very  short,  10  +  11.  Scales  extremely 
Hiiiall,  round,  not  imbricated,  smaller  than  in  other  forms  of  Sahno. 
FinH  moderate ;  the  anal  high;  the  caudal  moderately  emarginate;  pec- 
toral 1^  in  head;  ventral  2;  caudal  1*.  Olive  above;  sides  and  belly 
li^rht  golden,  always  showing  the  dark  cross  shades,  of  immature  trout; 
niiildle  of  sides  along  lateral  line  with  a  deep  scarlet  lateral  stripe, 
broadest  under  the  dorsal,  where  it  is  about  as  wide  as  eye,  thence  nar- 
rowing to  either  end  and  not  reaching  either  head  or  caudal;  middle 
lino  of  belly  with  a  broad  scarlet  band,  extending  from  chin  to  anal  fin, 
o(iually  bright  all  the  way  ;  a  fainter  shade  along  lower  side  from  anal  fin 
to  tip  of  caudal;  no  crimson  dash  at  throat  between  branches  of  lower 


■?'■? 

■  iiit. 


'V   ■ 

•  f 


i 


i 


1'^  i 


!  ■  -  i 


1 
i 

J, . 

■' 

.'-. 

;     ■     ^  ;  i 

j; 

'  '          ! 

)  . 

i 

H 

Ik 

t 

i 

id;; 


^  JiPlU! 


IIH 


:t 


■■  I 


1 

f. 

< 

i 

:  ^:  if 

fifil^ 

1 

r     -    ■      i 

,4 ..  ■ 

;    : 

'i  iimilin 

J 

!iS 

;  fi  iUili 

i^il 


if' 
11 


h 


If 


Hii 


If 

ill 

I' 


504 


Bulletin  4j,  Untied  States  National  Museum. 


jaw;  the  whole  region  uniform  bright  orange;  operole  largely  orange; 
dark  spota  chiefly  posterior,  large  and  well  marked,  some  as  large  aspn]iil 
on  tail  and  posterior  part  of  body  ;  smaller  and  well  marked  on  dorsal ;  a 
few  small  ones  scattered  along  forT<'ard  to  the  head  in  two  specimen^ : 
none  on  body  before  adipose  fii>  in  the  other;  upper  anterior  anglo  of 
dorsal  abruptly  yellowish  white;  this  color  edged  by  a  dark  obliqim 
streak  made  by  coalcscent  spots  ;  the  rest  of  the  fin  light  olive  with  4  or 
5  rows  of  small  black  spots  ;  pectorals  light  orange  ;  ventrals  deep  oran;;e, 
with  a  faint  blackish  tip  ;  the  anterior  edge  of  the  fin  conspicuously  and 
abruptly  whitish,  as  in  Salvdinus  fonthiaUs;  anal  dusky  orange,  the  tips 
of  the  last  rays  blackish,  the  outer  anterior  corner  abruptly  white,  tlio 
white  stripe  wider  than  the  pupil  and  separated  from  the  color  uf  the  tin 
by  a  dusky  shade ;  caudal  olive,  tinged  with  orange  on  its  lower  edge, 
and  profusely  spotted  with  black;  inside  of  mouth  pink,  of  gill  cavit,\ 
light  orange.  The  small  size  of  the  scales  is  shown  in  their  lack  of  imbri- 
cation rather  than  by  their  increased  number.  Mountain  streams  on  tlio 
west  side  of  Mount  Whitney,  tributary  to  Kern  River,  locally  abun- 
dant in  Volcano  Creek,  and  South  Fork  of  Kern  River ;  also  largely  intro- 
duced into  streams  about  Owen  Lake,  on  the  east  slope  of  the  mountainN, 
streams  formerly  destitute  of  trout.  (Gilbert.)  This  form  is  apparently 
derived  from  the  Kern  river  trout,  var.  gilberti,  but  is  so  much  modiliid 
that  unless  intermediate  specimens  now  exist,  it  may  be  ranked  us  a  dis- 
tinct species.  {^^  Agua-homta"  beautiful  water,  name  of  a  cascade  on 
Volcano  Creek,  near  which  this  trout  abounds.) 

Ealmo  mykiss  agtia-boniln,  Jobuan,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mub.,  1892,  481,  Volcano  or  Whitney 
Creek,"' California.  (Typos,  No.  614,  L.  S.  .Ir.  Uuiv.  Mus.  und  44237,  T.  S.  Nat.  Mih. 
Coll.  Mr.  Harvuy  uf  Lone  Piue,  Cul.) 

236.  CRISTIVOMER,  Gill  ife  Jordan. 
(GnEAT  Lakr  Tkout.) 

OrMivomer,  Gill  &  Jobdan,  iu  Jordan,  Manual  Vertebrates  E.  U.  S.,  Ed.  2,  356,  1878,  (iKnmij- 
ctisA). 

This  genus  contains  one  or  two  species — large,  coarse  charrs,  distin- 
gnishvd  from  Salrelinua  by  the  presence  of  a  raised  crest  behind  the  head 
of  the  vomer  and  free  from  its  shaft;  this  crest  is  armed  with  teeth.  The 
liyoid  teeth  constitute  a  strong,  cardiform  band.  The  typical  species  is 
a  large  charr  or  trout,  spotted  with  gray  instead  of  red,  and  found  in  tlie 
larger  lakes  of  Eastern  North  America,     (crista,  crest;  vomer,  vomer.) 

v/ 

782.  CRISTIVOMER  NAMATCDSH  (Walbaum), 

(Qb'SAT  Lake  Tkout;  Mackinaw  Tmoit  ;  Lonoe  (Vermont);   Toque  (Maine);  Namaycish; 

Masamacusii.) 

Head  4J ;  depth  4 ;  eye  large,  4^.  B.  11  or  12 ;  D.  11 ;  A.  11 ;  lateral  line 
185  to  205.  Body  elongate,  covered  wHh  thin  skin,  there  being  no  spetiiil 
development  of  fatty  tissue.  Head  very  long,  its  upper  surface  Jlatteucd. 
Mouth  very  large,  the  maxillary  extending  much  beyond  the  eye,  the  head 

*  It  has  since  been  ascertainet'  thi\t  the  original  type  came  from  Cottonwood  Creek  on  tlie  cast 
slope  of  Mount  Whitney,  the  variety  having  been  introduced  there  from  Volcano  or  Whituiy 
Creek. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


505 


aud  jawH  proportionately  lengthened  and  pointed.  Maxillary  nearly  half 
the  lenytii  of  the  head;  interorbital  space  nearly  one-fuurth;  teeth  very 
Btiong.  Caudal  fin  well  forked ;  adipose  dn  small.  General  coloration 
dark  i^nty,  sjuietiines  pale,  somotinies  almost  black;  everywhere  with 
rounded  paler  spots,  which  are  often  reddish  tinged ;  head  usually  vermic- 
iilalo  above ;  dorsal  and  caudal  reticulate  with  darker.  Length  36  inches. 
Kciiilies  weight  of  {\0  to  1(X)  pounds,  averaging  about  17.  Great  Lake 
rejiioa  and  lakes  of  northern  New  York,  New  Hampshire,  and  Maine,  the 
Lead  wutorsof  the  Colunibiaand  Fraserrivers,streamso^  Vancouver  Island, 
and  north  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  said  not  to  enter  tidal  waters ;  very  abund- 
ant in  thelarger  bodies  of  water;  varying  in  form  and  color  in  the  different 
lakes ;  specimens  from  Lac  des  Neiges,  Canada,  said  to  be  almost  black 
((inrniau),  others  variously  paler  and  gray.  Some  in  Bn.aller  lakes  short 
and  deep  in  body.    (An  Indian  name.) 

A'(i»i(i//i-i(«/t  Sitlimm,  Pennant,  Arctic  Zoiilopy,  Iiitrod.,  191,  1792,  Hudson  Bay. 

Saliiio  u.imaiiviiiih,  WAi.nAi'M,  Artedi  PiHciinii,  08,  1792,  Hudson  Bay;  based  on  tho  Namaycush 

Siilnion  of  Pennant;  OCnther,  Cut.,  vi,  12U,  1800,  and  of  autborB  gononilly. 
Siiliii")  illiiliw,  Uafinksque,  Anier.  Motitlily  Mag.,  DeceiiibiM-,  1817,  120,  Lake  Champlain 
Hubiin  iiiiirlhyKliuiis,  MiTciiiLi.,  Jourii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1818,  410,  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Mmn  /((lorfii,  KicHAUDSoN,  App.  Ross's  Voyiige,  lviii,  18:i5,  in  part;  specimen  from  Boothia 

Felix;  Riciiardion,  Fauna  Bor.-Amor.,  iii,  174,  1836,  Mingan  River. 
E<ihno  lonjinis,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fuiina:  Fiitbus,  2M,  1842,  Louis  Lake,  Hamilton  County,  New 

York;  Silver  Lake,  Pennsylvania. 
Utihii"  w/mi/i''/n'(M«,  Pkkscott,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1851,  Vol.  xi,  340,  Lake  Winnipiseogee, 

New  Hampshire. 
SdliiiM  i<'iiii',  Hamlin,  Tbu  Togue,  ic  Hoi.meh,  2d  Annual  Report  MaIi>o  Fish  Comm.,  1862, 109, 

Lakes  of  Maine, 
Sahiui  ailiriiiidaciis,  NoRnis,  American  Angler's  Book,  255,  1805,  Adirondack  Lakes. 
Suhiiu  sisriiwet,  GOntiier,  Oat.,  VI,  123,  18Ci>;  not  uf  AoASSiz. 
Hali-iliiiiis  immniji-mh,  JoKOAN  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  317,  1883. 

Kepresented  in  Lake  Superior  by 

J 
782a.  CRISTIVOMER  NAMATCUSH  SI8C0WET  (Agassiz). 

(SiSCOWET.) 

Scales  rather  small,  about  175  in  the  lateral  line.  Body  short  and  deep, 
covorcd  with  thick  skin,  there  being  an  excessive  tendency  to  the  devel- 
opment of  fatty  tissue.  Head  very  short  and  deep,  its  upper  surface 
Iroad  and  short,  covered  by  a  skin  so  thick  as  to  completely  hide  the 
boue.s;  no  distinct  median  carina.  Mouth  very  large,  its  gape  narrower 
than  in  C.  vnmai/cush.  Teeth  weaker  than  in  C.  namaycush  ;  supplemental 
boiiii  also  shorter  and  broader.  Maxillary  a  little  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  head.  Caudal  fln  well  forked.  Coloration  as  in  C.  namay- 
ctixh,  1)ut  usually  paler;  fin  rays  the  same.  Lake  Superior ;  abundant, 
but  not  yet  found  elsewhere.  Very  close  to  the  preceding,  but  differing 
in  the  shortness  and  breadth  of  the  bones  of  the  head  and  in  the  extreme 
fatness  of  the  Hesh.  It  is  probably  a  local  variety  rather  than  a  distinct 
species.    (An  Indian  name,  probably  from  the  same  root  as  Cisco.) 

Salmo  xhrowet,  AoASSiz,  Lake  Superior,  333,  1850,  Lake  Superior. 

Snfnid  fishiwib,  Ahassiz,  in  Herbert,  Frank  Forester's  Fish  and  Fishing,  112,  with  plate,  1860, 

Lake  Superior 
Sahm  (irsmin,  Barnston,  Ropt.  Fisheries  Canada,  Iiake  Superior;  reference  uncertain. 
SalitUnim  namaycuitt  tiscowet,  Jobdav  &  OuBKBT,  Syuopeis,  318, 1883. 


f,-' 


r^ 


^  i  :. 


m 


I ':    " !. 


§ 


mi. 


i:  1 


mm 


ii.m 


ilili 


'  i  i  i  I  >'. 


u  u\ 


niiHi:},! 


'■   !, 


'    5 

■    i 


;    1 


606 


Bulletin  4j^  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


i:*J. 


m^^ 


i ! 


337.  SALVE  LINUS  (NUhhoii)  Richardson. 

(ClIAHUS.) 

SalveUni,  NlLSSON,  Prodr.  Ichth.  ScrikI.,  7,  1832,  ((i/j,(mii«);  (f;rou|i  iiiiino). 
i^itveUtiM,  RlCHAKi)i4i>N,  Fimmi  Bor.-Ainor.,  lll,  Ifl'.l,  1K3C,  (a/j)iHii«);  ikftor  N1LH8ON. 
WiiiViiie,  DbKay,  N.  Y.  Fauna;  Fislit^s,  'IW,  1H42,  (/<-ii/in((/i»i). 
■Vinhla,  IIaim>,  B'isclio  BoduiiHiH',  W'l,  IHM,  (hih/i/k   -  iiliiinii«). 

Body  moderately  elon^^ato.  Mouth  largo  or  small.  Teeth  of  Jawn, 
palatines,  and  tongue  eHHentially  as  in  Salmi),  the  hyoid  patch  present  or 
not.  Vomer  boat-shaped,  the  shaft  much  depressed,  without  rained  cicNt, 
with  teeth  ou  the  head  of  the  bono  and  nouo  on  shaft.  Scales  very  siiiall, 
200  to  250  in  a  lengthwise  series.  Fins  moderate,  the  caudal  forked  iu  the 
young,  truncate  in  some  species  in  the  adult.  Sexual  peculiaritieH  not 
strongly  marked,  the  males  with  the  premaxillarics  enlarged  and  a  il)'shy 
projection  at  the  tip  of  the  lower  .jaw.  Coloration  dark,  with  romul, 
crimson  spots,  the  lower  fins  sometimes  with  marginal  bands  of  black, 
reddish,  and  pale.  Species  numerous  iu  the  clear  streams  and  lakes  uf 
the  northern  parts  of  both  continents,  sometimes  descending  to  the  Ni>a, 
where  they  lose  their  variegated  colors  and  become  nearly  plain  and  sil- 
very. The  members  of  this  genus  are  by  far  the  most  active  and  liainl- 
somo  of  the  trout,  and  live  in  the  coldest,  clearest,  ai:d  most  seclutiud 
waters.  "No  higher  praise  can  be  given  to  a  Salmonoid  than  to  say,  it 
is  a  cbarr."  (Sahelinua,  an  old  name  of  the  charr ;  from  the  same  root 
as  Siilbling  or  Saibling.) 

a.  Back  uuBjiotted,  strougly  marbled  with  dark  olivo  ur  black;  dorsal  and  caudal  fius  niuttlej; 
body  rather  Btout,  the  head  heavy;  gill  rakeni  small,  6  h  H,  not  curled. 

roNTiNAi.rs,  783. 
aa.  Back  not  marbled  with  darker. 

b.  Back  with  red  spots,  like  those  on  the  sides,  but  smaller  and  usually  paler;  mouth  largo, 

the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye;  gill  rakers  8   ;  12.  mai.ma,  1M. 

bb.  Back  unallotted,  the  red  spots  conflned  to  the  sides;  maxillary  usually  not  reucliiug 

beyond  eye. 

c.  Gill  rakers  numerour',  0  +  12  to  IG;  head  rather  largo,  4  to  4J^  in  length;  body 

rather  stout;  belly  <irangn  in  breeding  season.  alpini's,  78S. 

cc.  Gill  rakers  fewer,  U  +  11,  small;  head  small,  434  to  5  in  length;  body  slender. 

/  0QUA88A,  780. 

788^8 ALTELINUS  FONTINALIS  (Mitchill). 
(Brook  Trout;  Speck LKBTRorr.) 

Head  ii;  depth  4^.  D.  10;  A.  9;  scales  37-230-30;  gill  rakers  about 
6  +  ll«  Body  oblong,  moderately  comi)res8ed,  not  much  elevated.  Head 
large,  but  not  very  long,  the  snout  bluntish,  the  interorbital  space  r.-ither 
broad.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  more  or  less  beyond  the  eye, 
Eye  large,  usually  somewhat  above  the  line  of  the  axis  of  the  body. 
Caudal  fin  slightly  lunate  in  the  adult,  forked  in  the  young;  adipose  fiu 
small;  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  not  especially  elongate.  Red  spotn  on 
the  sides  rather  smaller  than  the  pupil ;  back  mostly  without  spots,  more 
or  less  barred  or  mottled  with  dark  olive  or  bhackj  dorsal  and  caudal  fins 
mottled  or  barred  with  darker;  lower  fins  dusky,  with  a  pale, usually 
orange,  band  anteriorly,  followed  by  a  darker  one;  belly  in  the  males 
often  more  or  less  red ;  sea-run  individuals  (the  Canadian  ' '  Salmon  Trout") 


S-| 


Jordan  and  Ever  man  n. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


607 


aio  often  nearly  plain  bright  silvery.  Many  local  varieties  distinguished 
l>y  Hliudes  of  color,  also  occur.  Length  18  inclicH  or  loss.  The  best  known 
of  uiir  charrs,  abounding  in  all  clear,  cold  struanis  from  Maine  to  the 
.'>;iHkutchewan  and  northward  to  Labrador,  southward  in  the  Alleghanies 
to  rlio  head  waters  of  the  Savannah,  Chattahoochee,  Catawba,  and  French 
liiiiiid;  largely  introduced  into  western  streams  but  not  native  west  of 
tlif  Mississippi,     (fontinalis,  living  in  springs.) 

S.liiiK  /imtitmli;  MiTciiiLi,,  TratiH.  Lit.  and  I'liil.Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  l«ir>,  43.5,  iiuiir  New  York  City; 

,S'.i/m'<  iillr.jhaninitiii,  K.\t'i.Nr.8ut'E,  It'll.  Uli.,  44,  IH20,  Brooks  falling  into  the  Alleghanyand 
Monongahela  rivers. 

siliiio  iiiijimeuii,  Kakinebque,  Icli.  Oli.,  4.'>,  1H20,  near  the  Laurel  Hills,  Pennsylvania; 
(it'NTllER,  Cut.,   VI,  l.Vi,  ISfif),  mill  of  nearly  ul!  purly  aiitliorn. 

SiiliKi'  cniKuhiisiii,  IIamilto.n'  Smith,  in  (irifflth'H  C'livicr,  \,  474,  1K14,  Canada  ;  <li>t8  lilixxl  red, 
I'Holi  "iua  wliito  circular  spot." 

Siilmo  himilii,  ItK'iiABDSiiN,  R08S  Vojago,  Apii.  i.viii,  is:),"!,  nnil  Kuniia  B')r.-Amor.,  ui.  173,  1830, 
Fort  Enterprise,  Pine  Island  Lake,  etc . ; bam^l  in  part  on  itamaiiruHh. 

Silmi)  immnailuliis,  *  U.  R.  Stokrh,  DoHt.  Journ,  Nat.  Uist.,  vi,  is.'iO,  301,  Lower  St.  Lawrence  ; 
(Canadian  "Salmon  Trout"),  name  preoccupied ;  OI"ntiieii,  Cat.,  vi,  12fi,  1800. 

Stimo  hiiiUonkiin,  St'cKi.Ev,  Ann.  I,yc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  IHOI,  ;jlO,  Hudson  Bay  and  tribu- 
taries; Labrador  ;  Newfoundland  ;  (Cull.  Druxler,  Gill,  and  Cuuus);  GUntueb,  Cat., 

VI,  1 ->.'),  IHfiO. 
Sitlnliiiuji  foiithialu,  JORDAN,  Prof.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1878,  81,  in  part. 

Kepresented  in  certain  ponds  m  New  Hampshire  by 

788a.  SALVELINUS  FONTINALIS  AOASSiZIIf  (Garman). 

(Dublin  Pond  Trout.) 

Coloration  pale  grayish,  almost  without  red  spots,  thus  resembling  the 
lake  trout.     Otherwise  similar  to  fonthtaliH.     (Named  for  Louis  Agassiz.) 

SihiKi  itiiiiMnizii,  Oarman,  Nineteenth  Report  Mass.  Fish  (!oniin.,  1885,  20,  Dublin  Pond  (Lake 
Monadnock),  Keene,  New  Hampshire;  Center  Pond,  New  Hampshire. 

7841^  SALTGLINrS  MALMA  (Walbauin). 
(Doily  Varden  Trout;  Oreoon  Oiiark;  Hull  Trout;  Red-spotted  Trout;  Malma;  Golet.) 

Head  3J;  depth  4;  eye  4A.    D.  11;  A.  9;  scales  39-240-36 ;  pyloric  ccpca 
lar^e,  4.5  to  50 ;  gill  rakers  about  8  -\-  12.     liody  stout,  the  back  somewhat 


*  Sea-run  forms  of  this  and  other  charrs  and  trout  are  larger  in  size,  Bilver-gray  in  color  and 
without  HiK)tg,  ornearly  so.  A  silvery-gray  form  abundant  in  (Mnadian  estuaries,  and  locally 
kiiiiwn  as  Salmon  Trout,  has  been  called  var.  immacululuii,  but  this  name  is  preoccupied  by  Salmo 
iiiiiiiurHlatm,  Walbauni,  which  is  one  of  the  ChnracinUhe. 

t'riiis  form  in  thus  described  by  Mr.  Garman  : 

S,ilmo  agansizii:  D.  11  to  13;  D.  12  to  13;  A.  10  to  12;  V.  8  to  9;  P.  14  to  15;  porcB  109  to  119; 
scales  :!8  to  42-217  to  237-38  to  42;  second  dt)rsal  to  lateral  line,  28. 

A  variety  of  the  brook  trout;  ap|>arently  restricted  to  the  small  lakes  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Unlillii,  New  Hampshire.  ComiMired  with  those  of  S.  foiUinnlis,  the  young  are  rather  more  slender, 
tlii^  caudal  notch  elightly  deeper,  and  the  sides  more  silvery.  The  young  are  much  darker 
cnlmed  than  the  adults;  on  both  the  red  spots  of  the  tiaiiks  are  large  and  numerous.  On  the 
ailiill  the  brown  color  has  become  so  much  bli-ached  that  the  specimen  is  nearly  uniform  silvery; 
vi'iy  taint  indications  of  the  rod  spots  remain.  The  differences  between  the  young  of  S.  fontinnUs 
and  thode  of  this  variety  are  even  more  marked  than  those  between  adults;  side  by  Bide,  the 
cl'iiiiled  parr  marks  or  bands  at  once  distinguish  the  young  of  S.  aijoMuii.  Apparently  it  is  later 
in  attaining  sexual  development,  and  has  the  appearance  of  a  deep-water  Bpecies.  Length  1}^ 
iuclios. 

SiKiiit  longer  than  eye;  maxillary  extending  beh  ind  orbit;  in  young  the  diametet  of  the  eye  equals 
tho  length  of  the  snout,  and  the  length  of  the  bead  is  one-fourth  of  the  total,  without  caudal; 
till'  length  of  the  head  of  a  12J4-inch  specimen  (fig.  18)  equals  the  depth  of  the  liody,  and  is  con- 
tniiii'd  4'<4  times  in  the  length  of  the  body  and  head.  Dublin  Pond;  Lake  Uiouadnook,  Ketne, 
New  Uampsbire;  Center  Pond. 


w 


mm 


1. 


f 


;'i 


'  t 


;  lif 


\   I 


I! 


r 


:  ) 

■  ^ 

I 

(  : 


I 


:   ! 


!   I 


!  I 


:l- 


■P 


l!ii 


il 


i 


I 


4  ■.■;.! 


508 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


elevated,  deeper,  aud  leas  coinpreHaod  than  iu  S.  fontinalia.  Head  larf^o, 
suout  bruad,  llattened  above.  Muiith  liir^e,  the  maxillary  reacbiug  piist 
the  eye.  Fins  uhort ;  the  caudal  tin  Hli^rhtly  forked  or  almout  triincati'; 
adipose  (in  nsually  large ;  in  largo  spocimeuH  its  length  is  twice  that  of  t  liu 
eye.  (jeneral  color  olivaceouH ;  the  sides  with  round  red  spots  nearly  {\w 
size  of  the  eye,  the  back  commonly  with  smaller  pale  ones,  a  featnn-  nf 
coloration  which  distinguishes  tliis  species  at  once  from  the  others;  lower 
tins  colored  as  in  S.  J'ontinal'tH,  dusky,  with  a  pale  stripe  in  front,  followed 
by  a  dark  one;  sea-rnn  specimens  silvery,  with  the  spots  faint  or  ohso- 
lete;  fins  and  back  without  dark  reticulations.  (Jill  covers  without  con- 
centric  striie.  Length  5  to  20  inches.  Streams  east  and  westof  theCaHcado 
Range  from  the  Upper  .Sacramento  to  Montana,  Alaska,  and  Kamchatka, 
generally  abundant  northward  biscendiiig  to  the  sea,  where  it  reaches  a 
weight  of  about  12  pounds.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  end  active  of  all 
the  Salmonidw.  In  small  mountain  brooks,  dwarf  forms  occur  (as  var. 
lordii,  etc.),  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  distinguish  these  by  separate  names. 
{Mahna,  a  vernacular  name  in  Kamoliatka.) 

Oollra,  KnAsciiENiNNiKow,  Descr.  Kamcb.,  183,  IVfiH,  Kamchatka, 

Mdlma,  Pbnnant,  Arctic  Zciil.,  Introd.,  12fi,  1792,  Bering  Sea;  iiftor  Stkm.kr,  otc. 

SrJmo  vialnui,  Walbatm,  Artudi  riHciiini,  OR,  17'J2,  Kamchatka;  liiiRi'd  on  Mabna,  of  Pennant. 

Balmo  curiliid,  Pallah,  Koogr.  RiwMo-AHiat.,  ill,  '251,  1H11,  Curile  Islands. 

8<ilmo  aiUaris,  Palla8,  Zoogr.  KoBBO-Asiat.,  in,  353,  1811,  Bering  Sea;  UCntiieb,  Oat.,  vi,  1 13, 

18C6. 
Snfmojienjt/uBCTiw,  Palias,  Zoogr.  Eosso-ABiiit.,  in,  381,  1811,  Gulfof  Penshine  ;  Worofskaja 

River. 
Salmo  livvigalui,  Pallas,  Zoogr.  ItosRo.-AHlnt.,  in,  385, 1811,  Curile  Islands. 
Salmo  niimmifer,  Cuvieb  A  Valf.ncienneh,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisH.,  xxi,  366,  1848,  Kamchatka;  on  ii 

drawing  by  Mcrtena. 
Sahno  erythrorhynchofi,  CuviEii  A  Valenciknnes,  HlHt.  Nat.  Poina.,  xxi,  3(17,  1848,  Kamchatka. 
Salmo  tpectabilii,  Giraud,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  185(i,  218,  Fort  Dalles,  Oregon;   iiuiiio 

preoccupied. 
Balmojiarlei,  Suckley,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1861,  309,  Kootenay  River.     (Coll.  Gililin.) 
Salmo  bairdii,  Si'ckley,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1801,  309,  tributary  of  Flathead  River, 

Montana.     (Type,  No.  2010.     .^oll.  Keunorly.) 
Salmo  emnpbelli,  Suckley,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  IHst.  N.  Y.,  1861,  313,  Fort  Dalles,  Oregon;  siibsti- 

tilte  for  epecfabUbi;  prooccui)ied.    (Coll.  Kennerly.) 
Salmo  lordii,  GI'nther,  Cat.,  vi,  148, 1860,  Skagit  River  ;  dwarf  specimeus. 
Salmo  ludei,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1873,  24,  Captains  Harbor,  Unalaska.    ((^oll. 

Prof.  Geo.  DavidBon.) 
Salmo  bairdii,  GOnther,  Cat.,  vi,  121,  1866. 
Salmo parkii  aud  campbelli,  GVntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  121,  149, 1866. 
Salvelinut  ^ectabilin,  Jordan,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  79. 
Salvelittua  bairdii,  Johdan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  i,  1878,  82. 
SalvelinM  malma,  Jordan  ct  Gilbert,  SynopsiB,  319, 1883;  Everhann,  Bull.  U. H.  Fish  Comm.,  >:i, 

1891,  60,  pi.  XXV,  fig.  1. 


I>  i 


I 


785.  8ALYELINUS  ALPINUS  (LinnaeuB). 
(BUBOPEAN  Charr  ;  Salblinq  ;  Saiklino  ;  Ohbke  Chevalieu  :  Greenland  Charr.) 

Head  4i;  depth  5.  D.  13;  A.  12;  scales  195  to  200.  Vertebrje  59  to  (".2. 
CoBca  36  to  48.  Body  elongate,  compressed ;  head  moderate;  maxillary 
extending  little  beyond  orbit;  hyoid  teeth  usually  present,  in  a  feeble 
baud  i  teeth  moderate.    Grayish  or  greenish  above,  the  lower  parts  red, 


is 


ii 


>.*-'jjHfv;*.  ,i.»-«iu-i,r -•."■_ 


'-     -..  jTij.'.Vl?. 


^- -'i^  *\;*tAr,:.v  i  - -4  i-ilr.-V .  ,!'?bt- 


Jordan  and  F.iermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


509 


especially  In  the  male;  lower  fins  anteriorly  margined  with  white. 
SiilcH  of  bo^ly  with  round  rud  Hpotx  ;  itack  not  ninrblud.  Cjiill  rakers  6 -{-  11 
to  1^,  usually  longer  than  in  J'ontinaliH,  and  in  the  adult  more  or  less 
curled.  Cold  lakes  and  mountain  streams  of  central  and  northern  Europe 
and  northeastern  America,  abundant  in  suitable  waters  and  running  into 
iiiiiuy  varieties.  Home  of  the  nominal  species  in  Siberia  may  belong  to 
tliiH  type,  but  too  little  is  known  of  them  to  permit  their  reference, 
e'u\iOV  to SalvelinuH a1j)i»u>i  or  to  Sah'eUnnn  malma.    (Eu.)    (<i//>iHM»,  alpine.) 

S./ niphniii,  I,iN".i-;iH,  SjHt.  Niit.,  Ed.  x,  i'M,  ;ioii,  Lapland,  West  Gothland,  etc. 

SuliKomlreliiwM,  Linn.ki'h,  Syxt.  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  ITriH,  :m',t,  Lintz  in  Austria. 

Saltii"  mihiKiriuM,  l.lNN>:i'H,  8jBt.   Nat.,   Kd.    x,  I'M,  aio,    "  Tridenti   in   fluviis  frisidus 

saxosis." 
tinlnm  iimlila,  Iasnkvs,  SyHi.  Niit.,  Kd.  x,  IIM,  :ilo,  Lalces  of  Switzerland  and  Italy. 
)^,ilni<i  i-riiliimniiii,  NiLSHoN,  Prodi'oMiiis,  7,  Is:i2,  Western  Norway. 
Mill"  ntUlim,  NiiRHoN,  I'rodronniH,  In,  18Ui,  Hadeland,  Norway. 
Sahiiii  lucnnii,  ("iiviEii  ,t  V'ai.knciennks,  llift.  Nut.  roi-sH.,  xxi,  250,  1848,  Norway. 
Siiliii'i  ilinlii-huii,  IlrcKEi.,  KuiHobui'iclit,  0:t,  1H,')1,  Austria. 
Siiliiiii  immenlUhuii,  IIeckki.,  Keiuubcriilit,  'X\,  IK.M,  Austria. 
ftiiliii"  riritlif,  Gaimaki),  Voyugo  ImIiwkI,  Uni'iiliiiul,  pi.  15,  18C1,  Iceland. 
SulniiiiljiiiinaHiralin,  Fadkii,  FiHi-Jiti  Ihl.-indfi,  lUO,  Iceland. 
Sidiiiii  inlhighliii,  Gl'NTiiEB,  Proc.  /oiil.  ."^oc,  iSfVi,  40,  Lal<e  Windermere. 
Siiliii.i iirtti/i,  GCntheh,  Proc.  /oiil.  Soc,  18('i2,  .'"il,  Lough  Melvin,  Ireland. 
SiihiiiioUi,  GO.NTiiEB,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc,  180:i,  12,  Lough  Esk. 
fi,iliii"l>n-iKii,  OCntiif.h,  Ann.  Mug.  Nut.  IliHt.,  xv,  ISii.l,  "."i,  North  Wales. 
S'lhii'i  l.iiliiieiiiiii>,  OCnthku,  Proc.  Zoiil.,  1805,  09'.t,  Loch  Killin,  Inverness. 
lyiliini  riiihiiiiarii(.i,  Stro.m,  Egcrs  Iloskrivcisc,  122,  Western  Norway. 

Kepresented  in  American  waters  by  several  forms,  scarcely  differen- 
tiated from  each  other  or  from  the  parent  type.  We  provisionally  recog- 
ui/ti  tlio  following,  but  do  not  know  any  positive  character  by  which  to 
seimrato  any  of  them  from  SaJviUiiu8  al2>inun. 

Kepreseuted  in  the  inlets  of  Boothia  by  the  long-fmned 
/ 
■J 
786a.  SAIiVELINl'S  ALPINUS  ALIPES  (Riubardson). 

(liOSa-FINNEl)   ClIAUR.) 

J).  11;  A.  10;  scales  210;  B.  11 ;  ccnca  41.  Body  elongate;  head  of  mod- 
eraii-  hIzc;  snout  elongate,  pointed,  with  the  lower  jaw  projecting  beyond 
tiu>  ii]iper  in  adult  examples.  Teeth  small.  Maxillary  elongate,  narrow, 
extt'iiiling  beyond  the  eye.  Preopercle  very  short,  with  a  very  short  lower 
liiul);  opercle  and  preopercle  very  conspicuously  and  deeply  striated,  the 
BtriM^  radiating  from  the  base  of  each.  Fins  much  developed,  the  dorsal 
much  higher  than  long;  pectoral  very  long,  reaching  more  than  halfway 
to  vi'iitrals,  which  are  also  very  long;  adipose  fin  very  small ;  caudal  well 
forked.  Lakes  of  Greenland  and  Boothia  Felix.  (Giinther.)  (ala,  wing; 
j)('»,  foot). 

SiiUmi  iiliiirn,  RICHARDSON,  Nat.  Hist.  App.  Ross's  Voy.,  lvii,  1836,  and  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  iii, 
li'i,  ls;i6,  lakes  in  Regent's  Inlet,  Boothia  Felix  ;  GCnther,  Cat.,  vi,  149,  1806. 

Siihiio  iiiiiihui,  RiciiAnnsoN,  App.  Ross's  Voy.,  i.vii,  183.5,  Lake  at  Regent's  Inlet,  Boothia 
Felix;  and  Fauna  Bor.-Amcr.,  iii,  171,  1830;  GIInthf.r,  C^at.,  vi,  150,  1806.  In  nitidn$,  the 
ilorf^iil  and  pectoral  are  ropresented  as  a  little  shorter  than  in  alipes,  but  no  other  evident 
ililliri'uce. 

Sahff  ill  IIS  nil  Uhti,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  321, 1883. 

S«/ii/iiii(-i  slagjialUi,  JoRUAN  <t  Gilbert,  321,  1883. 


k 


i'  ■ 


^  M  p;-^-* 


■:■   -Ki  *';  r: 


■J     •:^  '■■iWM 

-I.        -X;  ■/■;  $'lS 

r '.*:!' pi 


1  f 


I 


t  i. 


I 


f  ■■ 


I      , 


.•: 


I      .1 


H      ! 


-«*,,!#■;, 


610 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuscum. 


Aaaociatod  with  tS,  <i/ij;rN  uiul  prutialtly  not  WiHtiiirt  frotii  it,  ami  like  it 
not  enteriug  the  Ht>u  iH 


786b.  HALVKLiNI  M  AI,PIM;m  NTAONAUN  (Fabrlciut). 

(ORKRNLANIi  (hiAKR.) 

(itill  rakors  as  in  olpiintH,  Nlendur  mid  Ntraif^iitiah,  St-j*l^  '»  number,  tlie 
lon^oHt  2^  in  oyo.  l^ody  niod«rut«Oy  uion^atit;  pecturala  nhortiHh,  Iji  in 
head,  not  I'uacIiinK  quito  iialfway  to  vontral ;  dornal  about  an  h'^U  un 
lung,  tho  longPHt  ray  I'l  in  hoad  (K.)  in  total  longtii  witli  caudal,  acciml- 
in^j;  tu  FabticuH).  Dark  green,  with  ligliter  irregular  green  Htreakn,  nil. 
very  below;  sideH  everywhere  witli  |»ale  pink  npotH,  tlie  largeHt  less  than 
eye;  upper  tins  greeniBli;  hnver  pink.  Sea-run  HpcciinonB  nearly  plain 
Hilvery.  Watern  of  (ireenland,  Kootiiia,  and  neighboring  regionu,  alum- 
dan  t ;  the  Bpecinien  examined  by  uh  (tleHoribed  in  full  by  Dresel)  fiom 
Uodhavn,  DIhco  Inland,     (utaotiiuii,  a  pond  or  tarn.) 

Umbiio  fliiyiiiillt,  Fauuiciun,  Fauiiii  (■ni'iiluiiilicu,  170,  17H(I,  Alpine  ponds  of  Qreenland;  iji>t 

iiii|{rut(iry. 
Hiiliiiii  rifiilin,  FAiiuii'irH,  1.  >-.,  17)i,  17H(),  Alpine  brooks  of  Greenland;  not  uiitcrln^'  tlirn  a. 
Halma  hiiiriiri,  Uk'IIAUHniin,  Kruiikliii'*  I'Mrnt  Voyago,  70)!,  lH'j:i,  ami  in  Kauiia  Biir.-Aini't.,  rii, 

1C7, 1830,  Bloody  Fall,  Coppernnine  River,  liit.  (17°;  tluacriptiuu  iniiwrruct ;  UCntiikk, 

Cut.,  VI,  118,1800. 
fi(i/mi>  roMii,*  RicilAlilisos,  App.  IloHii'H  Voyugc,  i.vi,  18:15;  and  lu  Fiiiiim  Dor.-Amt'r.,  in,  lfi.1, 

1830,  Regent's  Inlet,  Boothia  F<;lix. 
hdlrtliimiirdiMi,  .IciitiiAN  it  (iIMikht,  SynupHiH,  .Til,  1H8.'I. 

Kulirliitiimliiyiiiilin,  I)rknki,,  Vn  c.  V.  8.  Nut.  Mud.,  lMf4,  ao.l;  good  duscription. 
Aitmo  hootUi,  IticuAiiiiHuN,  Faiinu  lior.-Ainur.,  iii,   173,  18^0^  GCmtukb,  Cat.,  vi,  Ifil,  l8G(i. 

Represented  in  the  far  north  by 


If     .; 


I     ; 


786c.  SALTEIINUS  ALPINUS  ABCTUHUS  (GUnthor). 

Head  4^;  depth  5;  D.  11;  A.  10;  B.  11;  caica  31-44.  Dull  greenish, 
silvery  or  reddish  below ;  lower  Huh  yellowish ;  no  red  spots  (on  Hpeci- 
inens  seen).  Body  rather  elongate;  head  small,  the^nout  very  obtiiHe; 
month  moderate,  tho  maxillary  in  the  male  reachinflkbout  to  posterior 
margin  of  orbit;  teeth  smaljyii^  band  of  hyoid  teetlf;  preopercle  with  a 
distinct  lower  limb;  pectoral  little  shorter  than  head,  reaching  more  than 
halfway  to  ventral.  Caudal  moderately  forked;  scales  minute.  Lcii^'th 
12  inches.  Victorio  Lake iand  Floeberg  Beach,  Arctic  America,  lat.  ^2°  34', 
the  northernmost  Salmonotd- known,  ((iiinther.)  (Jrcturus,  d/j«r«c,  bear; 
ohpn, tail,  name  of  one  of  the  northern  stars.) 

Salvio  ofcturvs,  GCnthir,  Proc.  Zodl.  Soc.  Loud.,  1877,  294,  pi.  xxxii,  Victoria  Lake,  Floeberg 

Beach.    (Coll.  Capt.  Fioldon.) 
Salvelintts  arclunts,  Jordan  &  Gildekt,  Synopsis,  31»,  1883. 

•Tho  following  ifl  the  siibHtaneo  of  Richardson'H  nocount  of  S.  ro/uti: 

Heads.  B.  12-13  ;  D.  13  ;  A.  11 ;  P.  14  ;  V.  10.  Dorsal  flu  low  ;  pectoral  short,  odipos"  fin 
▼cry  small.  Rather  slender ;  8nout  very  obtuse ;  lower  jaw  remarkably  long,  with  a  knot)  iil  tip 
(male).  Thirty  teeth  on  tongue.  Conspicuous  porrs  on  the  face  l)ones  posteriorly.  Scolis  wry 
Bniall,  embedded.  Olive-brown  above,  the  dorsal  and  caudal  similarly  colored  ;  belly  red  ;  scat* 
tered  red  spots  near  tho  lateral  line.  (Named  fur  Captain  James  Clark  Ross,  an  Arctic  esplurci' 
by  whose  party  the  species  was  obtained.) 


Jordan  aiui  Eiermann, — Fishes  of  North  Amtrtca.        fill 


Ki'proHuntod  iii  lakeii  ul'  WuHturn  Muinu  uiul  Nuw  lIumpHliire  by 

7N6il.  HALVKI.IM'H  AI.PIM'H  AriiKOM'H  (llvaii). 
(8i'NAi'r,K   Trout.) 

II.  ad  11 ;  <loptl>  41.  D.  !»;  A.  «:  HcahiH  M.VL'KMO.  Maxillary  roaohlnR 
iniilillo  of  «\v*S  -H  i»  lieiul;  u.vo  ii  littltt  loii^ri^r  tliuti  Hiiout,  4^  in  huiid  ;  ({ill 
niUt'iH  iiMiially  *  alioiit  <i  +  l^i  M'>>ti'  Hlioit,  not  ^  diameter  of  eye,  and 
aii;;iil:irly  bent ;  (in  alitinim,  loiifjt^r,  Ntrai>;lit«'r,  7  4- 14,  and  ;;  oyr);  pec- 
toiiil  NJidi'tiHli,  Iii  in  head,  longer  in  nialeN;  doPHal  rather  low.  HrowniHh, 
Hitlt'H  Hilvor  gray,  with  Hniall  uniiigo  NpotH  on  Hitleu  above  and  below  lat- 
eral line;  caudal  grayiHli ;  bolly  orange;  anal  orange,  edged  before  with 
wliilo;  ventralH  orange,  with  a  white  band  on  outer  rayn;  no  mottlingo 
any  where.  Length  12  to  IK  incheH.  Snnapoe  Lake,  Now  HauipHliire, 
Dan  Hole  Pond,  (Carroll  County,  New  IlanipHhire;  tributary  to  Saco 
Kivcr,  and  Flood's  Pond,  Ellsworth,  Maine,  tributary  to  Union  River. 
Kvidently  ahnost  or  quite  identical  with  the  European  Cliarr,  and  con- 
Hidffied  by  (jiarman  aa  probably  introduced  into  these  pouds  from  Uormany. 

Ill  r<  I'lTiiuij;  tu  thetruiit  from  Sunii|ieo  T.iiko,  Mr.  Qnnckenbu^  writoH  :  Tlio  cxtcriinl  -  hnracter- 
iKthsiil'  the  Siitmpi'o  flfli,  liowuvcr,  (liKtiiiKUlNli  it  conHplniouHly  fruiii  tlio  three  oth(!r*cliarrN  uf 
New  KiikIi>i>'I-  It!<  Kruccl'iil  l>uilil,  Niimll  uiiil  ili'licatoly-Hliupi'il  lioml,  hiiiuII  iiioiitli,  cxrcHHivi'ly 
lUmlnpi'il  tliiH,  iiiuro  or  Ichh  nmrkiMlly  «iiiarKiiiiitu  caudal,  HpotH  without  thn  liliin  aroola,  uiid 
iiiiiiii'itli'il  Inick,  lit  oiK-c  8i>|ianito  it  t'roni  tlio  brook  trout  anil  link  it  nH  cloHoly  uh  itH  H'.riictiirul 

I iiliiiritiPH  with  AiiHtriaii,  UritiHli,  anil  S\\\»n  congeuiTS.     The  nii|itliil  ruloratlon  Jg  gorguouH 

lii'viiiiil  I'xnniplit  among  our  iiullgcnouH  Suliiioiiulip.  Tliroui;lioiit  tlip  xpring  anil  Hiimmer  the 
liiirk  iH  ilark  st'a-|j;rei-n,  lilunding  on  the  HideH  into  a  lliuiliinK  Hilvor,  which  in  turn  di'epens  Ixdow 
iiitii  a  rii'li  cri'am.  But  as  tho  OrtobiT  i>airiiig  tinio  iipproaehoH,  thn  AhIi  U  mutamorphoncd  inlu 
II  creature  of  indescrilabli^  hrilliancy.  Tin-  dcv]i  purpliHli  bluo  of  tho  bark  and  Hhoulders  now 
ei'iMiirt  tu  iIImboIvo  into  ii  droaniy  ghvuti  of  ainethyHt,  thruugh  wliicli  thu  incouBpiououH  |ialo  Icniou 
Kpi'tH  of  iiiiilHummer  flanio  out  in  points  of  yollow  or  vormllion  flro,  while  below  tho  lateral  line 
all  is  ila/./liiig orange.  The  tins  ratih  tho  hue  of  the  Hil,ia<-OMt  partN,  and  pc-otoral,  ventral,  anal, 
ami  lower  lobo  of  caudal,  arc  riliboncd  with  a  liroad  white  margin.  As  in  the  cane  of  tho  Win- 
(IfTiMciv  I'harr,  those  white  marginnof  the  fluH  arc  very  conHpicuouH  in  Rpccimena  won  Bwiinniing 
in  the  water.  There  are  great  dilTercnccH  in  inteUHity  of  general  coloration,  and  the  females  arc 
Dill  nsiiall.Y  aH  gaudily  tinted  an  thu  niales.  The  intermediate  typos  and  diflnront  depths  of  hue 
iilwTMililu  in  an  autumn  school  recall  the  pulilli;  promenade  in  a  West  Indian  city,  where  all 
nlinili'H  of  transition  are  found  from  pure  white  to  tawny  black.  Those  who  have  seen  tho  Ihish- 
iiiK  luinies  on  the  spawning  beds,  in  all  their  ^lory  of  color  and  majesty  of  action,  pronounce  it 
HKiieetacle  never  to  bo  forgotten. 

Tile  Siinapee  charr  is  undoubtedly  a  ropresentativo  of  the  European  form  ;  but  reasons  have 
lieeii  kI  veil  why  It  is  believed  to  be  a  native  of  this  continent.  It  dllTcrsnu  more  extensively  from 
llio  Kcveral  European  varieties  than  thoy  do  among  themselves.  Von  dem  Borne,  Professors 
Boiieelie,  Dalmar,  and  Wittmack,  of  Berlin,  all  speak  of  important  difTerences  in  form,  size,  and 
culor,  ai'cording  to  age,  sex,  season,  and  habitat.  All  authorities  allude  to  the  solid  sea-green  or 
(lark-liliio  of  the  back,  tho  yellowiNh  sides,  and  tho  red  or  orange  belly.  Bonocke  and  Dalmar 
refer  iili'turosiiuely  to  the  half-moon  tail.    As  to  spots,  there  is  endless  variety.    Some  forms  have 

*  The  value  of  gill  rakors  as  a  distinctive  character  is  questioned  by  Garman,  Bean,  and  Quack- 
rnlioH.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  these  structures  vary  with  age,  food,  and  condition,  and  are  sub- 
ject to  ileturioration  in  large  trout.  Uarnian  says  that  in  foreign  specimens  examined  by  him 
tlie  dentition  ditTers,  corresponding  more  or  less  nearly  with  that  of  the  Now  Hampshire  flsh 
—that  dilTerences  of  ago  imply  radical  difl'oronces  in  teeth,  fins,  stomach,  and  especially  gill 
rakers -which  latter  Qarmau  believes  to  be  "most  important  in  function  early  in  life 
ami  to  deteriorate  with  change  to  coarser  food."  Tlio  deterioration  consists  in  a  distortion  not 
alike  in  any  two  individuals ;  "the  rakers  curve  and  twist  in  every  direction  like  a  lot  of  writb- 
iug  wiirms  suddenly  become  rigid."  '-  la  old  specimens,  they  lose  their  points  and  grow  club- 
tiiniwi.  —  Quaikenbot." 


fiir. 


, 


'    'ir: 


■t^.  -:.:  :  ■  >-. 


:■  ? 


iU^l'u 


*il 


•'   i 


f  i 


,  *  »  " 

•    .    -i-  . 

'          1    '        :    : 

1 

i 

1.    I  u 

\ 

! : ',    !   ?' 

i 

■     :        ■            i. 

1 

Vi 

■1       \\ 

\ 

*  '.I 

^            i 

t 

1      i 

JU- 

.(  t 

■\ 

■■i-i 

!  '■■ 


'      I 


> 


IW 


612 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


none;  lome,  large  gpoti;  otliora,  Hinall— yuUuw,  orange,  and  rod— au<l  singularly,  In  rirtaln 
DpocimoDM,  each  spot  is  Burrouud-..  \  by  a  white  ring  or  lialo.  Tli«  fine  take  tlioir  color  rnnu  t)iu 
back  and  sides,  and  iiavo  the  broad  white  band.  The  furc-ign  sn'ibling  is  gregarious  |iki'  tlic 
Suna^  30  form  ;  lives  Blmilarl.r  on  crustaceans,  worms,  and  flsh-fnod,  and  seeks  thu  doopest  and 
coldest  waters, 

Tl.n  greater  the  altitude  the  more  intense  the  coloration  and  thu  smaller  the  fish.  In  \,\\\^. 
Zng  the  sa'iblinf  i-un  8  or  9  to  the  pound;  in  Lake  Geneva,  they  are  said  to  attain  a  »<'ii;|jt 
of  over  20  p o.inds.  The  flosh  Is  white  or  red,  whicli,  however,  makes  no  difforonco  in  tlic  linvor. 
The  forei)rn  aaibling  is  taken  in  nets,  or  with  hook  and  lino;  ''*:  U  eaten  fresh  or  Kiiiokid, 

In  Forest  and  Stream,  Jan.  22, 1891,  Dr.  Jordan  gave  his  reasons  for  thinking  with  Bean,  (,iimtk- 
enbos,  and  others  that  the  Sunapee  trout  Is  a  native  variety  of  SaU'eUiiiit  alpinus,  as  full»w8: 
"  For  some  time  pist  ichthyologists  and  ang;lers  alike  have  boon  deeply  Interested  in  thu  qiiFNtion 
of  the  name  and  orlsiu  of  the  splendid  trout  of  Sunapee  Lake.  Is  it  a  distinct  and  pcru1iar»i|io- 
cies  which  has  always  been  with  us,  or  isit  simply  tlie  Kuropuan  churr  or  saibling  which  bus  Ixcn 
lately  brought  over  from  Europe  ?  Two  of  our  highest  ichthyological  authoritins  have  e.\|)i(s(*o(l 
themselves  with  some  positiTonoss  in  regard  to  this  matter.  Dr,  TarletonH,  Bean,  of  the  InitcJ 
States  Fish  Commission,  has  doscrilied  the  flsh  in  ijueftiun  as  u  distinct  species,  under  the  namu 
of  Salvelinva  aureoltis,  while  Mr.  >Sitmuol  Carman,  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoiildtiv,  Ims 
declared  it  to  be  fully  identical  wIMi  the  European  Snhiliiws  alpimm,  the  charr,  saibling,  shilling 
or  ombre  cfteraWer  of  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  northern  Europe.  On  the  supposition  cf  the  idcntiiy 
3f  the  Sunapee  trout  with  the  European  form,  its  oocurrcice  in  the  lakes  uf  Maine  Ims  Ikm'd 
attributed  to  a  recent  plant  of  saibling  eggs  brought  from  Germany  by  thfc  United  Statos  Fisli 
Commission,  The  possibility  that  this  trout  is  a  hybrid  between  the  saibling  and  the  Euiupcati 
trout  or  brown  trout  (Salmofariv),  has  been  also  suggested. 

The  study  of  the  species  of  charr  it  a  very  liifflcult  one.  The  specffio  differences  ar:  slight 
and  the  individual  variations  surprisingly  groat.  The  prosenco  of  a  largo  amount  of  niatirial  is 
necessary  in  order  to  reacii  any  conclusion.  Those  conclusions  which  now  seem  to  me  [irnliable 
I  wish  to  present  in  the  most  modest  manner  possible,  for  they  are  liable  to  be  wholly  overturned 
when  the  waters  between  Maine  and  Greenland  are  more  fully  explored. 

For  the  purposes  of  the  present  study.  Dr.  Bean  lin.)  very  kindly  lent  me  a  ronsi.ii'riilile 
amount  of  material,  from  the  National  Mrseum  by  consent  of  Dr.  Goode,  This  consists  uf  tlie 
following  specimens: 

Salvelmva  alpimis—lO'iid,  from  Europe;  17456  (two  specimens),  Bergen;  39924,  Sterling  Lake 
New  Jersey  (introduced), 

fialvelimu  aureolus— From  Sunapee  Lake,  3 :408,  374C9,  37410,  39334,  39335,  39900, 

Salvelimu — A  hybrid  of  Salvelinus  alpinus,  male  with  Salmo  fario,  female,  2  years  old,  received 
from  Norviray,  17451, 

SalvelMu  (iittWiw)— 34384,  Disco,  Greenland. 

SalveUnui  (arc<M»-t(«)— 30097,  niouth  of  St.  Lawrence  River;  37670,  lako  near  Quebec, 

Besides  these  specimens  I  have  received  several  specimens  of  Sah'e'.inui)  aureolus  from  .Sunapee 
Lake  and  Dan  Hole  Pond,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  A,  N.  Cheney  and  others.  Frum  !)r. 
Bean  I  have  also  specimens  of  S.  oquassa  from  Rangeley  Lake,  and  of  S,  fontinalisaganshii,  from 
Monadnock  Lake,  There  is,  however,  no  present  question  of  the  distinctness  of  the  Suiiapeo 
trout  from  either /on/mah«  or  o(/ua»ta,  though  its  relations  to  the  latter  are  very  close. 

From  the  material  in  hand  the  following  conclusions  seem  justifiable,  and  I  am  pk'a.Qcd  to 
find  that  these  results  agree  in  the  main  with  the  observations  both  of  Dr.  Bean  and  cjf  Mr. 
Garman, 

1.  In  comparing  the  specimens  of  aureolus  with  those  of  alpinus  I  find  a  very  close  agrooinent 
in  all  external  respects,  some  of  the  specimens  in  1  nd  coinciding,  as  Mr.  Garman  has  noticed, 
in  almost  every  detail  with  one  of  Dr.  F.  A,  Smitt's  colored  iljures  of  alpinus  from  Sweden.  I 
find,  however,  the  following  distinctions  constant  in  these  specimens,  these  differences  l>fiiig 
guijdtantially  th'^se  already  pointed  out  by  Dr,  Bean, 

In  aureolus  the  gill  rakers,  6  +  11  or  6  +  12  in  number,  are  quite  short,  less  than  %  diauieter 
of  eye,  ond  angularly  bent  outward,  the  oldest  specimens  having  them  shortest  in  proportion  and 
most  curved. 

In  alpiuus  the  gill  rckers  are  7+15  or  7  +  14  in  number,  longer  and  straighter  than  in  aureo- 
lus, f  length  of  eye  in  specimens  of  the  same  length  as  those  of  aureolus  measured.  In  form  of 
gill  rakers  and  in  all  other  respects  the  specimen  from  Sterling  Lake  introduced  (from  Guruiauy) 
agrees  fully  with  the  Norwegian  saiblings. 


Jordan  and  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        513 


111  (iiirco/M  flio  {iccturitls  aro  Bhortor  (l>iiiii  lioad)  au-i  fbo  'lorsal  lower  timn  in  a}\nnM.  lu 
tli^'  latter  tliu  iK-ctoinl  In  \y^  to  V-/^  in  head, 

( itlie-  iipiiarent  ilifferrnces  wliicli  may  ilopenil  wliolly  or  in  part  on  tlio  condition  of  tho  mmci- 
i:ii'iiH  are  theBo:  Tliu  hyoid  (liypt  brannliial)  tcutli  in  unieohu  aro  Hniallcr  and  in  a  brooder  Horius 
tliaii  ill  (iliiintis,  tlie  stomk'^h  a  little  tliiekor  and  tlio  pyloric  cu'ca  smaller.  I  doubt  the  constancy 
hI  these  cbaractere.  The  Hpecimeus  of  aureuhii  arc  also  a  little  more  robust  in  form,  a  character 
of  tritlin^  v.tlue  ainon^;  trout. 

|ir.  l»uy  has  recently  maintained,  and  he  has  shown  Rood  cause  for  his  opinion,  'hat  the  six  or 
ckiitnoniiiialspecieHof  charriwcribed  to  tho  waters  of  Groat  ISritainareall  forniMof  one— iSVi/ivJi/iiu 
nliHiiii".  Ilecent  continental  writers  Hoeia  to  share  this  view,  long  ago  advanced  by  Anassiz,  who 
|ihii  1(1  all  the  cliarrs  of  Kuropc,  including  Iceland,  in  a  single  species,  aljiimm.  Dr.  Day  bus 
bIimw  II  that  tho  speries  is  oubjert  to  great  variatioi  in  thu  develoimient  of  the  pccti>ralH.  None  of 
till'  lOiii'iipean  writei-s  has  paid  much  attention  to  tho  gill  rakers.  Dr.  Qiiiither  Iiuk  cuuiited  in 
Eni,'li>h  specimens  9  and  11  gill  rakers  on  the  lu-.rer  limb.  If  theMO  countH  are  corrrjct,  the 
iniriiber  would  vary  from  0  +  'J  to  9  i  15.  But  this  count  may  be  i|uestioned,  as  it  is  not  unlikely 
tliat  sdiiio  of  the  smaller  ones  have  been  omitted  In  Dr.  OUnthur's  enumeration.  When  all  these 
liu'ts  are  taken  into  consideration,  tho  only  character  left  to  distinguish  tlie  8uiia|)oe  charr  from 
till'  suililiiig  is  the  curved  form  and  perhaps  lesser  number  of  its  gill  rakers. 

Tills  problem  is  complicated  by  the  existonce  of  other  Hi>ibling-liko  charrs  in  lakes  of  Canada 
iiiid  lii'i'iiland.  It  is  evident,  too,  that  some  of  these  are  evtn  more  like  tho  saibling  than  tho 
SiiiiiipBO  trout  is,  a  fac*  which  Dr.  Uoan  has  already  pointed  out  in  a  letter  to  mo. 

'I'lie  specimen  above  mentioned  froii.  "^Isco,  Greenland,  is  a  flno  trout,  15  inches  long,  wholly 
hilvc  ly  In  color,  a  fact  which  shows  that  it  was  taken  in  tho  sea.  This  specimen  has  the  gill 
riiUi'is  slender  and  straightish,  9  F  16  in  number,  tho  longest  2,'/J  iu  eye.  In  this  respect  it  agrees 
piTl'i'itly  with  the  saibling,  but  in  the  form  of  the  body  and  tho  shortish  fins  (tiio  pectoral  1% 
in  lieaill  it  more  resembles  the  Sunapee  trout.  This  Greenland  fish  represents  tho  species  called 
Sal'^eliniis  nilUhis  (Richardson).  This  liaB  been  thought  to  be  simply  the  female  of  a  long-finned 
Gri'i'iiland  trout,  called  Sahelinun  eta(inalm  (Fabricius).  Perhaps  nilhlut  is  the  female  and  slugmiliH 
tho  iiiiile,  or  perhaps  slugnalin  ft  based  on  river  and  iit7i(ii(«  on  sea-run  specimens.  Apparently 
tlie  two  are  not  distinct  species  and  I  do  not  see  how  either  can  bn  separated  from  alpiims. 
Apparently,  also,  nilidun  only  differ.,  from  aureolm  in  having  the  gill  rakei-s  of  aljiimm.  An  unpub- 
lisheil  engraving  of  another  Greenland  trout  (nilidus)  agrtes  perfectly  in  form  and  color  with 
oi(re«/»s,  but  the  gill  rakers  aro  not  shown. 

Ill  view  of  all  these  facts,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  regarding  these  Greenland  charrs  as  forms 
of  the  saibling.  That  the  saibling  should  extend  its  range  across  to  Greenland  need  not  surprise 
UB.  It  is  found  in  all  tho  mountain  lakes  of  Europe  from  Austria  to  Spitsbergen.  Itentorsthe 
nortliiTu  seas  and  swarms  in  tho  ponds  of  Iceland.  In  late  autumn,  iu  the  North  Pacific,  bhick- 
eputted  trout  {Salnio  mykiiui)  and  tho  Dolly  Varden  charr  (.S"(i/re/m'i«  »n«Jm(()  freely  enter  Itio  ocean, 
anil  tliey  iu)  abit  alike  both  sides  of  Bering  Sea.  The  saibling  could  as  easily  reach  Greenland 
from  Ireland  as  to  cross  to  Iceland  from  tho  Scottish  coasts. 

Two  other  specimens  before  us  a/e  also  of  interest  in  this  connection.  One  of  these,  a  young 
trout,  l(>':i  inches  in  length,  with  parr  marks  and  without  red  spots,  is  from  a  lake  near  Quebec. 
The  iillier,  9>'4  inches  long,  was  taken  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  This  specimen  is  very  dark 
ill  color,  almost  like  a  blueback.  It  has  no  rod  spots  and  its  scales  have  the  silvery  luster  which 
isHciiiilred  on  entering  tho  sea  [These  belong  to  the  form  since  duacribod  as  Salmo  maritoni, 
Giiriiian;  previously  recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  as  Sah-elinus  rossi.] 

Tl.fso  two  specimens  seem  to  agree  with  each  other  ic.  essentials.  They  have  straightish 
g'll  rakers  like  the  saibling,  but  their  number  of  these  appendages  (7  +  12  and  7  -f  14)  is  inter- 
nii'iliiite  between  the  saibling  and  the  Sunapee  trout.  The  pectoral  fins  are  also  intermediate  in 
li'iigtii,  1§  in  head  in  one  specimen,  Ig  in  the  othe'  Tho  opercular  bones  seem  u.ore'  straight 
tlian  ill  any  other  specimens  examined,  but  this  appearance  may  be  due  to  the  fact  of  the  partial 
(Irj'lnu:  of  the  skin  over  tho  bones  before  the  fish  was  put  into  alcohol.  TJieso  spf-cimens  are 
flpimi'i'iitly  intermediate  between  the  saibling  and  the  Sunapee  trout,  and  again  intermediate 
bctwi-cu  the  Greenland  nitidus  and  the  Sunap<;o  fish.  The  specimen  from  Quebec  agrees  iu  all 
respects,  waiving  nonessentials,  with  Dr.  GUnther's  figure  of  Salcelinus  arctnrtu,  the  "  northern- 
most Salinonoid  known,"  from  tho  northern  limit  of  British  America.  Dr.  Bean  has  suggested 
to  me  that  this  specimen  may  be  tho  unrecognized  S(dveliHui  rouiot  Bicbardson.    This  viev>  may 


F.  N.  A.- 


-U 


' 


>    '1       i 


, 


^^  MH 


■. 


(    (', '' 


!       if: 


-3  '   .   1 


^iin|:li!l 


5    I     ■    I 


li'l 


; :.: 


m 


^'^^■"(■•p 


!B    I 


514 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Iiu  corroct,  but  IlicliiinltioirH  (lu8<'riptioii  is  hu  vagmt  tliiit  wo  can  only  bo  Bure  that  hia  fluli  »:ui 
Bonit!  Olio  of  the  (ilpinns  Net,  with  red  Hpots  and  a  red  hc-lly,  iiurhupH  a  niliiliis  or  MagnalU. 

The  Sunapeu  charr  is  certainly  not  a  hylirid  between  the  eaiblini;  ami  any  other  specicB, 
European  or  American.  Tlie  hybrid  alpinns  Xfurio,  oxiiinineil  liy  me,  has  thn  scales  adherent  us  in 
(i/jh'km^,  but  almost  as  large  (135  scries)  as  in  ShIiiki  fnrio.  Its  gill  rakers,  C  )  11  or  12,  are  slif- 
fish  and  nearly  straight;  there  aro  a  f(^w  teeth  on  tho  shaft  of  the  vomer  (/(iriohas  many,  the 
species  of  Sdlrelitmn  none  at  all)  and  the  color  is  very  eccontrie.  Tlu^body  is  dark  and  isclmideil 
all  over  with  sharply  defined  yellowish  rpticnlations,  which  extend  on  the  head  •••id  tiiiH.  Its 
coloration  somewhat  resembles  that  of  a  piko.  It  has  neither  the  red  spots  of  aljtium  nor  the 
black  spots  of  fario. 

In  this  connection  wo  may  briefly  notice  the  other  nominal  spccios  of  charr  doscrilteil  from 
British  America  and  Greenland.  Salrelinuii  Krctunm  seems  to  be  a  form  or  variety  of  S.  tWyii»'i»  as 
already  noticed.  The  same  is  true  of  Sah-cliniiH  niliiliiH  and  of  Salrclinns  alagiKilix.  Siilivlinus  nlijiet 
is  the  same  as  stagnalh,  and  rossi  jjrobahly  identical  with  nitidiii,  as  is  also  SdlnliuiiH  hennili. 
SalfeliHun  lioodi  was  based  on  a  mixed  lot  of  SalnlinUK  fimtinal'nt  and  <S'.  nniiiniicish.  Snlri'liiiui  hint- 
soiiiiim,  cdnadenms,  and  im)iiiwuliilu$  aro  fimliiialui,  the  lattor  name  given  to  sea-run  speciiiiins. 
But  for  all  we  know  the  aljihins  may  run  out  to  sea  "as  w(dl  and  become  irumnciilaliiii,  too.  Sutri- 
liiiitH  viiresi,  from  the  Arctic  regions,  seems  to  be  tho  same  as  (H/inr/wa.  If  these  views  be  cdrnct, 
we  have  in  America  five  species  of  charr,  each  highly  variable  and  running  into  many  Imiil 
varieties. 

As  for  the  Sunapce  charr  itself,  wo  may  say  that  it  seems  to  be  distinguisliod  from  all  tin- 
other  forms  of  charr  by  its  gill  rakers.  It  is  probably  not  a  distinct  s])ecies,  anu  it  is  prolial^Iy 
native  to  the  waters  in  which  it  is  now  found,  and  not  an  importation  from  Europe.  Slimilil  it 
appear,  however,  that  tho  saibling  in  that  part  of  GormnKy  from  which  specimens  have  Ixpii 
brought  to  America  have  gill  rakers  like  those  of  tho  f^inapec  ti-ont,  this  opinion  would  he 
reconsidered.  Other  lakes  of  Maine,  Quebec,  Labrador,  and  Bootb.ia  must  bo  explored  before 
these  questions  can  bo  definitely  settled. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  just  as  the  right  of  tho  saibling  to  bo  regarded  as  a  iiutivi^ 
American  has  been  questioned  in  this  country,  so  lias  its  citizenship  in  England  been  also  deniid. 

Dr.  Day  tolls  us  that  in  olden  times  the  peojjlo  wcro  'taught'that  tlirco  sons  of  the  cliiinh 
introduced  these  fishbs  into  Wales  from  Home,  and  placed  two  in  each  of  tho  lak(!s  of  Llan- 
borries,  Llynumber,  and  'f  revennyn.'  Perhaps  we  aro  justified  in  supposing  that  by  tlie  siune 
persons  and  at  the  same  time  two  wore  |ilaced  in  Sunapoo  Lake,  two  in  Dan  Hole  Pond,  and  two 
in  the  sea  »t  Disco." 

Saheliiins  aureohis.  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1887,  628,  Sunapee  Lake,  New  Hampshire, 
(Type,  Nob.  .S7108  and  ;'.9;!34.     Coll.  Col.  E.  B.  Hodge  and  Dr.  ,T.  D.  Quackenbos.) 

Eahelinns  alpiiim  aureohis,  Joiidan,  Forest  and  Stream,  Jan.  22,  1891;Quackenuos,  Trans.  N.  Y. 
Ac.  Sci.,  XII,  1893,  139. 

Salmo  aljnmts,  Garman,  American  Angler,  Feb.  5,  1891. 


i8«.  SALVELINUS  OQUASSA  (Girard). 
(Oquassa  TnouT;  Blueiiack  Tuout;  Qi'Abky.) 

Head  5;  depth  5;  eye  large,  3^  in  head.  D.  10;  A.  9;  scales  230;  ^nll 
rakers  about  6  +  11'  Body  elongate,  considerably  compressed,  lesH  ele- 
vated tbun  in  the  other  species  of  this  genus,  tho  dorsal  outline  regularly 
but  not  strongly  curved.  Head  quite  small,  smaller  than  in  any  other  of 
our  trout,  its  upper  surface  flattish;  mouth  quite  small,  the  maxillary  sliort 
and  moderately  broad,  scarcely  extending  to  the  posterior  margin  of  eye. 
Jaws  about  equal.  Scales  small,  those  along  the  lateral  line  somewhat 
enlarged.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  not  elongate;  caudal  fin  well  foiked, 
more  so  than  in  the  other  species ;  preopercle  as  in  S.  fontinuUs,  but  the 
lower  limb  more  developed ;  opercles  without  concentric  striii^  Colora- 
tion dark  blue,  the  red  spots  small  and  round,  much  smaller  than  the  pupil. 
usually  confined  to  the  sides  of  the  body  ;  sides  with  traces  of  dark  burs ; 
lower  fiua  variegated,  as  in  S.  fontinalid.    Length  12  inches.    Smallest  aud 


Jordan  and  Ei'ertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


r>i5 


liiiiulHomest  of  the  charrs,  as  yet  known  only  from  the  Rangeley  LakeH  in 
wt'steru  Maine.  Although  quite  ditl'erent  in  appearance,  it  shown  no 
iiii|ioi'tant  structural  differences  from  S.  alpinun,  and  may  prove  to  he  a 
viirit'ty  of  that  species.  (Oquumia  or  Oquansuc,  name  of  one  of  the  Kauge- 
ley  Lakes.) 

Suhiiit  oi/niiBm,  Giraki),  Pruc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.,  lK'i4,  2)i'2,  Oquassa  Lake,  Maine;  (iOntiikr, 

Cut.,  VI,  154,  18f.(i. 
Si/ri7iHim  («/Haiwi«,  .Jordan,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  i,  1H78,  HI;  .Ioiidan  \-  (iii.iiKRT,  SyiiopHio,  318, 

18K1. 

Represented  in  Arctic  America  by  the  scarcely  ditfereut 

J 
78«a.  SALVKIilXL'S  (XJUASSA  XAKKSI  (Gilnthor). 

Ilead4i;  depth  5-G.  D.  11;  A.  9;  U.  11;  co'ca  42 ;  vertehra' 65.  Green- 
isli  above,  sides  silvery  or  deep  red,  with  very  small  red  spots,  much 
smaller  than  pupil ;  lower  fms  deep  red,  with  the  anterior  margins  yel- 
lowish white;  dorsal  red  posteriorly.  liody  Irng  and  slender;  head 
rather  small,  the  snout  blunt ;  the  forehead  flat;  month  not  large,  max- 
illary reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit  in  male  only;  teeth  very  small; 
teeth  on  the  middle  line  of  the  hyoid  bone;  angle  of  preopercle  much 
rounded;  gill  covers  with  scarcely  a  trace  of  the  concentric  strije  for 
which  S.  nitidua  is  distinguished ;  pectoral  not  longer  than  the  head  with- 
out snout;  reaching  halfway  to  ventrals;  ventrals  not  to  vent;  caudal 
(leei)ly  forked  :  scales  minute.  Length  10  inches.  (Giinther.)  Lakes  of 
Arctic  America,  Discovery  Bay,  and  Cumberland  Gulf.  (Named  for 
Cajnain  George  Nares,  in  charge  of  the  exploring  expedition  by  which  it 
was  taken.) 

Sulmt)  nnresi,  QCntheh,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soe.  Luiidon,  1877,  47fi,  plate,  fresh-water  lakes  near 
Discovery  Bay. 

SuhiUniis  tiarisi,  Bean,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xv,  1879,  135;  .Iordan  &.  Gii-rekt,  Syuopfjis,  ;118, 
188:';  Pkesei,,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  1884,  255;  comiiares  nnieni  with  clugudlit.  In  S.  iiaresi, 
th«  «ye  is  very  much  larRer,  tlio  snout  is  mucIi  sliorter,  the  maxilla  iloes  not  oxtoiid  hoyonil 
till' posterior  margin  of  the  eye,  anil  the  {;•"  rakers  are  longer  and  more  numerous.  In 
aliiijiiiilis,  Drerel  says  that  the  gill  rakers  are  9  I  14  or  15,  the  longest  ]/^  eye. 

Closely  allied  to  Salvelinua  oquassa,  and  perhaps  a  variety  either  of  it 

or  of  S.  alpinus  is 

/ 

786bySALVELlNUS  0(JUASSA  MARSTONI,*  Garman. 
(The  Lac  de  Marhbe  Troi't.) 
B.  11,  12;  D.  13;  A.  13;  V.  9;  P.  14;  vertebras  60.     Gill  rakers  straight, 
short,  sharp,  rough,  8-}^  14  on  the  first  arch.     The  specimen  described  is 

*Dr.  Itcau  furnishes  lis  the  following  notes  on  a  specimen,  doubtless  identical  with  S.  marstoni 
and  funnerly  referred  hy  us  to  Sati-eHnun  olpinus,  nailed  by  him 

Salvei.inus  ROSSI  (No.  37670). 

Tdwnship  of  Ducalonues,  Quehec,  70  miles  east  and  40  miles  north  of  Montreal.  Received  from 
Mr.  liliickford,  February  10,  1886;  cauglit  by  C.  Ii.  Simpson.  Length  lOV-^  inches;  sex  not  to  be 
a8certi\iiii'd.  Above  rteel  liluc.  Seven  or  eight  broad  parr  marks  along  the  sides,  very  indistinct, 
and  separated  by  very  much  narrower  yellowish  intersp.ices.  Lower  half  of  body  pink,  over- 
Inyiii?  a  yellowish  ground.  Pectoral  dusky  at  base  and  along  most  of  its  upper  half,  the  rest 
nuiiiin;^  into  orange.  Ventrals  red,  the  outer  margin  milk-white:  Anal  red,  the  outer  ante- 
rior margin  milk-white.  Lower  caudal  lobe  reddish  along  its  lower  margin.  Eye  dusky,  miu- 
gieii  with  bronze.  Gill  rakers  about  8  '  12,  rather  short  and  feeble,  longest  alraut  y^  lengtli 
of  iris.  Teeth  in  Jaws  and  on  tongue  very  strong.  Closely  related  to  aljuniis,  from  which  it 
seeniH  to  differ  in  the  shape  of  the  suboperele;  tl.is  bone  is  twice  as  long  as  deep  and  is  con- 
spicnoimly  striated.  The  byoids  are  well  develoi)ed,  in  a  long  and  unusually  broad  baud  for  the 
gemie  tsaheiimi. 


J; 


t'' 


'^-:H- 


i 


1  . 


!      i' 


fi 


\  t 


itr, 


:.S?^.i'i.'iC.  ^■,Kif\-i.Lft:-n.-'-^^ 


M: 


I 


*;   4 


1 


;    ii 


516 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  N'ational  Museum. 


'■ 


if 


about  12  'inches  in  length.  Body  Hubfuslforni,  coTiipresBed,  pointiMl  ;it 
snout,  slender  at  the  tail.  Height  of  body  near  \  of  the  total  length ;  hiatl 
i ,  crown  convex.  Snout  1  i,  and  interorbital  space  \\  times  the  eye.  Eyo 
little  loss  than  \  of  the  head,  \  of  the  space  between  the  orbits  ou  tlio 
forehead.  Mouth  largo;  maxillary  straight,  extending  backward  alinoMf, 
as  far  as  the  hinder  edge  of  the  eye,  bearing  strong  toeth  on  its  lower 
edge  for  nearly  its  entire  length.  Teeth  on  intermaxillary  and  niuiidi- 
bles  stronger.  The  tongue  bears  a  series  of  four  strong  hooked  tootli  at 
each  side,  and  behind  the  glossohyal  on  the  basibranchials  there  is  a 
band  of  several  series  of  smaller  ones.  Opercle  thin,  with  a  few  Ntri^'. 
Scales  very  small ;  apparently  there  are  about  230  in  the  series  iiiime- 
diatoly  above  the  lateral  lino,  and  more  than  250  in  a  row  5  or  (>  scaleH 
above  this.  Distance  from  first  ray  of  dorsal  to  end  of  snout  little  moro 
than  that  from  the  same  ray  to  the  tip  of  the  adipose  fin.  The  niidtUu 
of  the  total  length  falls  halfway  between  the  ends  of  the  hinder  rayn  of 
the  dorsal  and  its  base.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  slightly  'omargiiiatu  at 
the  ends  of  their  median  rays.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  small ;  ba.su  uf 
latter  slightly  behind  the  middle  of  that  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  iiedicio 
slender,  notch  very  deep,  hinder  border  sinuous,  as  in  Sahno  alpiniix, 
lobes  pointed.  The  caudal  notch  is  deeper  in  this  species  than  in  any 
other  of  the  American  forms  except  C.  namayciiah. 

Back  dark  brown,  with  an  iridescent  bluish  tint,  unspotted;  dornaU 
dark,  clouded,  without  spots  or  bands;  pectorals,  anal,  and  ventrals 
orange  in  the  middle,  yellowish  or  whitish  toward  bases  and  at  their  mar-' 
gins.  The  dark  color  of  the  back  shades  into  whitish,  tinged  with  pink 
below  the  lateral  line;  ventral  surface  white,  no  doubt  reddish  in  bicud- 
ing  season;  head  black  on  top,  silvery  on  the  cheeks,  white  beiuatli. 
Flesh  pink.  Caudal  fin  yellowish  toward  the  base,  brown  toward  tlio 
binder  border,  which  has  a  narrow  edging  of  light  color ;  faint  areas  of 
lighter  tint  suggest  a  few  spots  of  red  in  life  along  the  lateral  line;  the 
condition  of  the  specimens  is  such  that  this  may  be  left  in  question,  as 
also  the  number  of  cuica  or  presence  of  parr  bands,  of  which  there  are 
faint  indications. 

This  fish  is  evidently  allied  to  the  blueback  of  the  Rangeley  LaiceB, 
S.  oquasaa,  but  reaches  a  greater  size  than  that  species,  and  is  readily 
distinguished  by  the  maxillary  and  its  dentition,  the  caudal  fin,  and  tlie 
coloration.  Similarly  when  compared  with  S,  arctiirua,  S.  atagnaVm,  and 
S.  ro88i,  it  is  seen  to  be  quite  distinct.  With  the  saibling,  S.  alpiiinit, 
introduced  in  Sunapee  Lake  and  elsewhere,  it  has  still  less  in  conmion. 

Our  specimens  were  taken  in  Lac  de  Marbre,  Ottawa  County, 
Province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  whence  they  were  sent  by  favor  of  the 
Hon.  J.  G.  A.  Creighton.  They  reached  us  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  A.  N. 
Cheney.  (Qarman.)  (Named  for  R.  B.  Marston,  editor  of  Fishintj  G(i::dle, 
London.) 

Balmo  marstoni,  Gabhan,   Science,   July  14,   1893,   23,  Lac   de   Marbre,  Ottawa   County, 
Quebec. 


Jordan  and  FA>ermatin. —  Fishes  of  North  America.        517 


Family  LXV.  TIIYMALLID^. 

(TiiK  Gkaylings.) 

The  family  coutaiiiH  Salmoiioid  fishes,  with  ripe  ova  first  discharged 
\\  itiiiii  abdominal  cavity,  branchiostegals  8-10  (11),  pyloric  circa  in  mod- 
t  rate  unniber,  a  rather  long  dorsal  fin,  whose  anterior  half  is  composed 
of  simi)lo  unbranchod  rays,  and  posterior  half  of  bifurcate  or  little 
liianrhed  rays,  epipleural  spinoa  to  anterior  ribs,  and  the  parietal  bones 
iiii'cting  at  middle  and  excluding  frontals  from  snpraoccipital.  (Gill.) 
'\\w  graylings  agree  closely  with  the  Salmonidtn  in  external  characters 
iind  in  habits.  They,  however,  differ  notably  in  the  structure  of  the 
Hkiill,  as  above  indicated.  The  conventional  statement  that  they  are 
iiit(;rniediate  between  the  trout  and  the  whitefishes  is  not  borne  out  by 
till)  skeleton.  One  genus  with  about  five  species;  beautiful  fishes  of  the 
ri\  ei'H  of  cold  or  Arctic  regions,  active  and  gamy  and  valued  as  food. 
{ThymaUida',  Gill,  Troc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1894,  121.) 

238.  THYMALLUS,  Cuvier. 
(Gkaylings.) 

Thirii'illiin,  OiiviKK,  Ri'gne  Anim.,  Ed,  2,  ii,  30G,  1829,  {Ihymnlhiii);  not  Thymahiii*  IiATKeillr, 

Isil'J,  11  gi'ims  of  Coleoiileni. 
iii'irnjiiii,  MiNDiNii,  liohrbucb,  Tiaturgesch.  Fische,  119,  1832,  ({thymaUuH), 

Hudy  oblong,  compressed,  little  elevated.  Head  rather  short ;  mouth 
moderate,  terminal,  the  short  maxillary  extending  past  the  middle  of  the 
liurro  eye,  but  not  to  its  posterior  margin.  Teeth  slender  and  sparse  on 
"the  nmxillaries,  premaxillaries,  and  lower  jaw;  vomer  short,  with  a 
Hiiiall  patch  of  teeth ;  teeth  on  the  palatines ;  tongue  toothless,  or  nearly 
80.  (Jill  openings  Avide.  Branchiostegals  7  or  8.  Gill  rakers  short  and 
ratlier  stiff.  Suborbital  and  preorbital  bones  narrow.  Scales  small  and 
loose,  75  to  100  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line.  Dorsal  fin  very  long  and 
high,  mostly  in  advance  of  the  ventrals,  of  about  20  rays,  of  which  the 
anterior  half  are  slender  and  simple,  most  of  the  others  simply  bifid ; 
adipoHo  fin  small;  car dal  fin  forked  ;  anal  fin  small,  of  10-15  rays.  Pseu- 
ilolii  iinchiii'.  well  developed.  Air  bladder  very  large.  Pyloric  appendages 
about  15.  Coloration  brilliant,  the  dorsal  with  red  or  blue  spots.  Beau- 
tiful fishes  of  the  fresh  waters  of  northern  regions.  (ThymalluH,  an 
ancient  name  of  the  Grayling,  the  fish  having  the  odor  of  thyme,  &'v/xog.) 

II.  Portal  fin  very  bigli,  with  22  to  24  rays.  bionifkr,  787. 

nil.  Dorsal  flu  moderatfl,  of  19  to  21  rays.  ontariensis,  788. 

787.  THYMALLUS  SIGNIFER  (RicLardflon). 
(Arctic  Orayiin(!  ;  Poisson  Bleu.) 
Head  5i ;  depth  4S ;  eye  3.  D.  24 ;  A.  11 ;  scales  8-88  to  90-11 ;  copca  18. 
Hody  elongate,  compressed,  highest  under  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
dorsal.  Head  rather  short,  subconic,  compressed,  its  upper  outline  con- 
tinuous with  anterior  curve  of  the  back.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary 
extending  to  below  the  middle  of  the  eye ;  maxillary  6  in  head ;  jaws  about 

*1'liu.sc  who  think  that  the  two  namva  (Thymalu»  and  Thymailua)  conflict,  may  take  the  name 
Choregnn  in  place  of  Tkymallui.-GUl. 


I" 


m^ 


im 


I  fit 

M 


M 


1       ! 

I       ! 
I 


i    ■• 


'..i.if..;(ll-l/it  -• 


I 


t 

'i 

i«. 


■ 


'.i 


H 


i  I 


i,!    1 


1»i|e| 


,::      !:r:  ^r  i 


518 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


equal.  Tongue,  in  the  young,  with  teeth  which  are  uHually  absent  in  tlio 
adult.  Eye  quite  large,  rather  longer  than  snout,  about  equal  to  the  inttr- 
orbital  Hpiice.  Scales  moderate,  easily  detached;  lateral  line  noarly 
straight ;  a  small  bare  space  behind  isthmus.  Dorsal  tin  long  and  hi;;ii, 
its  length  rather  greater  than  the  depth  of  body,  its  height  varying,  aliout 
3i  in  length  of  body,  greatt^st  in  the  males  ;  adipose  fin  rather  sniull ; 
anal  fin  small,  (iill  rakers  slender,  s':ort,  about  12  below  the  angle,  liuck 
dark,  sides  purplish-gray;  belly  blackish-gray,  with  irregular  wliitinli 
blotches;  five  or  six  deep-blue  spots  anteriorly ;  head  brown;  a  blue  luiuk 
on  each  side  of  lower  jaw  ;  dorsal  dark  gray,  blotched  with  paler,  witli 
crossrows  of  deep-blue  spots,  edged  with  lake  red  ;  ventrals  striated  witii 
reddish  and  whitish.  Length  18  inches.  Mackenzie  Hiver  to  Alaska  and 
the  Arctic  Ocean;  Kowak  River  (C.  II.  Townsend);  abounding  in  clear  cold 
streams.    Our  specimens  from  Fort  Simpson.     (iS»V/H(/<?r,  standard  bearer.) 

0)rego)iuit  Hiijiii/er,  Riciiardhiin,  Frankliii'a  Jourii.,  1823,  711,  Winter  Lake,  near  Fort  Enter- 
prise. 

Coregnnm  ihjimnlloiden,  Riciiardron,  Fauna  Hor-Ainor.,  714,  18.30,  Winter  River. 

Salnio  {Thijmalhui)  sUjiiiffi;  Kiciiardhon,  Fauna  Hor.-Aiiinr.,  hi,  I'JO.  18;J6. 

ThyiiKilliis  »i(jni/er,  GCntiikr,  Cut.,  vi,  2()2,  1806;  Milnek,  Uupt.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  ii,  1K72-73 
(1874),  7!IK  ;  spccimiins  from  Fort  Sinipeuu,  Yukon  River,  uiid  St.  MicliaelH;  Jordan  &  li:i,- 
BERT,  SynoiisiH,  303,  1883. 

7S8:  THYMAIilillS  0NTARIKN8IS,  Cuvior  *  Valenciennes. 

(MiRIIKIAN    GkAYI,IN(S.) 

Head  rather  larger,  about  5  in  length  ;  scales  about  the  same,  93  to  98; 
dorsal  fin  lower  and  smaller  than  in  T,  a'ujnifvr,  with  21  or  22  rays. 
Coloration  brilliant,  purplish-gray ;  young  silvery ;  sides  of  head  with 
bright  bluish  and  bronze  reflections;  sides  of  body  with  small,  black 
irregular  spots,  most  numerous  posteriorly  in  young  specimens;  ven- 
tral fins  ornate,  dusky,  with  diagonal  rose-colored  lines;  dorsal  with 
a  black  line  along  its  base,  then  a  rose-colored  one,  then  a  blackish  one, 
then  rose-colored,  blackish,  and  rose-colored,  the  last  stripe  continued  as 
a  row  of  spots ;  above  these  is  a  row  of  dusky -green  spots,  then  a  row  of 
minute  rose-colored  spots,  then  a  broad  dusky  area,  the  middle  part  of  the 
fin  tippad  with  rose ;  anal  and  adipose  fins  dusky ;  central  rays  of  caudal 
pink,  outer  rays  dusky.  Streams  of  northern  Michigan,  formerly  abun- 
dant in  All  Sable  River,  Jordan  Uiver,  and  other  streams  in  the  Southern 
Peninsula.  Also  in  Otter  Creek,  near  Keweenaw,  in  the  Northern  Penin- 
sula, whence  specimens  have  been  sent  us  by  David  D.  Bauta.  These 
Michigan  localities  evidently  represent  a  detached  colony,  left  from  the 
former  or  post-Glacial  extension  of  the  range  of  T.  aignifcr,  of  which  this 
was  once  a  variety.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  gamy  fish,  but  is  being  rapidly 
exterminated  through  the  influence  of  anglers  and  sawmills. 

Thymallus  oittariensu,*  CtiviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxi,  452,  1848;giiiii  to  have 
been  brouglit  by  Mimiert,  from  Lake  Ontario. 

*Tlio  following  is  a  translation  of  Valoncionnos'  account  of  Thi/malliis  ontarieiim:  Wo  liave 
received  from  Lake  Ontario  a  Tliynuillm  very  near  to  tliat  of  tlio  lake' of  Geneva.  It  lias,  liowovcr, 
more  naked  Bpace  under  the  throat,  althouf^h  less  than  in  Thymallus  ffymiwthonue.  Tlif  head  is  ivi- 
dently  more  pointed,  the  body  more  t'lon);ato,  Uu?  dorsal  a  little  longer.  The  denticulatioiis  of 
tho  Hcalcs  are  more  pronounced.  The  colors  seem  scarcoly  to  differ  from  those  of  Thymallm,  lor 
our  epecimcna  are  greenish,  with  a  dozen  gray  lines  along  the  flanks.  The  dorsal  bos  4  or  5 
longitudinal  streaks  of  red.  Our  specimens  are  a  foot  long;  they  have  been  sent  by  M.  Mil- 
bert.— (FoIencimnM,  I.e.) 


Jonian  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


519 


thiimnXUt  Irirnhir,  CoPB,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8el.  Phllii.,  iHCi,  80,  Au  Sable  River,  Michigan  ; 

GCnthkh,  Cut.,  VI,  201, 1860;  Mii.ner,  Bi'pt.  U.  8.  FImIi  Coniin.,  u,  1872-73  (1H74),  7:itt,  aud  of 

Into  writom  on  aiii;lii>K  Ki'^'Tnlly. 
ThijmdlUui  Hiijmfer  Iriiiihir,  .Iurhan  A  Oiliik.iit,  SyiiojiHls,  303,  1883. 
'riiijmiilhi*  ntgni/er  oitUirieimin,  Johdan,  Dull.  U,  S.  l<iHli  Cdiiiiii.,  x,  180O,  40. 

Uepreseiited  in  the  head  watefH  uf  the  MisHonri  by  another  iaohited  colony, 

7HN«yTHY.llALLlIS  ONTAKIEXSIS  JMOXTAM'S  (Milner). 
(Montana  Uraylino.) 

Depth  5^  *  in  len^^th,  hh  in  other  fornis;  HcalesiH),  and  (in  apecimonB  exam- 
ined) a  little  dirt'erent  in  color.  Dorsal  dusky  green,  its  posterior  part 
with  three  rows  of  bright-orange  spots,  faintly  ocelluted,  irregular  in 
position,  some  of  the  spots  oblong  and  placed  obliquely  '  above  this  one 
regular  row  of  similar  spots,  extending  obliipiely  across  the  fin  from  end 
of  second  third  of  anterior  ray  to  tip  of  last  ray ;  tin  edged  with  bright 
orange-brown.  Entirely  similar  to  the  Michigan  Grayling,  but  the  dorsal 
a  little  smaller.  Madison  and  Gallatin  rivers,  verj'  abundant  in  springs 
and  small  streams  on  the  west  side  of  the  Yellowstone  Park,  ascending 
streams  as  far  as  Firehole  Falls  aud  Gibbon  Falls. 

Tliiimallm  moutanm,  Mll.NifR,  Kept.   U.  S.  Fisli  Coliini.,   II,  1872-73  (1874),  741,  tributary   of 

Missouri  River  at  Camp  Baker.    (Typo,  No.  13090.    Coll.  .1.  Stott  (Udmlxoii.) 
TliijiiKillin  aiyuifer  iiiuntinus,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SyiiopHis,  303,  1883. 


Family  LXVI.  AKGENTINIDiE. 

(TiiK  Smelts.) 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  moderate  or  small  scales,  which  are  usually 
cycloid.  Head  naked.  Mouth  terminal,  small  or  large,  formed  as  in  the 
Salmonulw,  the  maxillary  forming  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw.  Teeth 
various,  sharp-pointed.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Gill  mem- 
branes separate,  free  from  the  isthmus,  with  6  to  10  branchiostegals. 
No  barbels.  Stomach  a  blind  sac,  with  the  pyloric  ciBca  few  or  none. 
Dorsal  tin  short,  nearly  median ;  adipose  tin  always  present ;  caudal 
forked;  anal  moderate ;  pectorals  placed  low  ;  ventrals  moderate, nearly 
inodiau  ;  no  spines  in  the  fins.  Lateral  line  present.  No  phosphorescent 
spots.  Abdomen  rounded.  Air  bladder  large,  single.  Ova  large,  falling 
into  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen  before  extrusion  Small  fishes,  marine  or 
anadromous,  some  of  thein  inhabiting  deep  waters ;  all  but  one  genus 
contiued  to  the  waters  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  There  are  about  ten 
genera  and  perhaps  a  dozen  species ;  reduced  Salmonida' ,  smaller  and  in 
every  way  feebler  than  the  trout,  but  similar  to  them  in  all  respects 
except  the  form  of  the  stomach.  Most  of  them  are  very  delicate  *.bod- 
fiHhes,  and  the  species  of  Thaleichthya  is,  in  this  respect,  preeminent 
among  our  fishes.  {Salmonidw,  part,  Giinther,  Cat.,  vi,  166-172,  203-205, 
1H()6.) 

<i.  Branchiostegals  6  to  10;  body  not  cylindrical,  the  sides  more  or  less  compressed;  gill  mem- 
branes separate. 


*  Not  4)^  as  stated  by  Milner. 


I  i> 


' 


1 


■i  ! 


\    1 


,  '-  ■   f  i- 


'  I 
t 
! 


n 


{' 


'I 


520 


JiulieUn  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I: 


h.  Vfntrnl  fliiR  liinvrtcil  in  frcmt  of  Ww  niiildlu  of  iloniil;  mniilh  Inri;(>. 

C-.  8calu8  vi-ry  hiiiuII,  arriiiiKod  In  tlio  male  lu  villuuR  bandH;  tuctli  fonlilo;  pcrtornl  fliiM 
liroaci,  (if  IT)  to  20  riiyB;  |iyli>rli-  cii'<'a  fi.  Mai.i.iptis,  i;:i!i. 

ee.  Si'alcH  iiirKi',  nimilni'  in  both  HHXng;  iirrtoral  Hn  inor.ornt<i,  Its  rnyi)  10  to  12. 
</.  Tfvtii  feeble,  tlioHu  on  tuMKUM  very  weak;  moiiIuh  Hiiinll,  adherent. 

TllAI.FICIITItYH,  24(1. 

i(i{.  Tuoth  RtronKi  tliuHo  on  tongnii  entarK^d,  canine-like;  HcaleH  nuMlnrate,  loonely 

attaelu'd.  Okimkium,  211. 

bh.  Ventral  flna  ioflurted  under  or  behind  niiddio  of  d'.igitl;  nioiitli  ratlier  HUiall;  snileN 

liirKo, 

t.  .Iaw8  with  miniitu  teetli;  Kimlliir  toetli  on  tonKne  and  palalo;  inuxilliiry  rearliin^r 

paHt  front  of  eye.  IIyi'omkhiim,  2IJ 

<■>'.  JawH  tuothlcRH  or  very  nearly  so;  vomer  and  jialatineN  with  xniall  teeth;  inoutli 

Hniull,  the  maxillary  not  reaeliinK  ])aHt  front  of  eye, 

/.  Ton(?no  with  a  curvo<l  row  of  gniall  teeth  on  each  niile;  Brales  gmootli  or  more 

or  li'KS  spinuRi-ent.  Aiuientina.  2  I:i. 

j[.  Tongue  tooth lo88;  icaloa  thin,  caducouH,  probably  not  BidniferoiiK;  pybirii-ccrca 

about  9.  Lriihoolohsi's,  211. 


239.  MALLOTUS,  Cuvier, 
(Capeuns.) 

MaWo<iM,  Cttvinn,  Rt^gno  Anim.,  Ed.  2,  it,  305,  1820,  (rmomn). 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  minute  scales,  a  band  of  which, 
above  the  lateral  lino  and  along  each  side  of  the  belly,  are  enlarged,  and 
in  mature  mules  they  become  elongate-lanceolate,  densely  imbricated, 
with  free,  projecting  points,  forming  villous  bands.  In  very  old  males 
the  scales  of  the  back  and  belly  are  similarly  moditied,  and  the  top  of 
the  head  and  the  rays  of  the  paired  fins  are  finely  granulated.  Mouth 
rather  large,  the  maxillary  thin,  extending  to  below  the  middle  of  tlio 
large  eye.  Teeth  minute,  forming  single  series  on  the  jaws,  vomer,  palii- 
tines,  and  pterygoids ;  lingual  teeth  somewhat  enlarged,  in  an  elliptical 
patch.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Branchiostegals  8  to  10.  Dorsalinserted 
over  ventrals;  lower  fins  very  large;  pectoral  fins  large,  horizontal, 
with  very  broad  base,  their  rays  in  increased  number  (16  to  20).  Pseudo- 
branchiie  quite  small.  Uill  rakers  long,  slender.  Pyloric  cocca  6,  small. 
Ova  very  small.  Marine  species  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  some- 
times ascending  streams.     {(iqXKutm:,  villous.) 


m  ■■  ■ 


780.    MALLOTUS  TILL08US  (Mliller). 

(CAPKLIN  ;   IiODDE.) 

Head  4i ;  depth  about  6;  eye  large,  3^.  D,  12;  A.  18;  scales  about 
150.  Head  long,  pointed.  Base  of  anal  in  males  compressed  and  prom- 
inent, its  anterior  rays  simple  and  stiff;  pectorals  reaching  more  than 
halfway  to  ventrals,  the  latter  to  anal.  Mature  males  with  a  band  of 
elongate  scales  along  lateral  line  and  along  each  side  of  belly  ;  in  very  old 
examples  the  scales  of  back  and  middle  of  belly  project  beyond  the  skin  ; 
skin  of  head  and  rays  of  paired  fins  finely  gnmulated.  Dusky  olivaceous 
above,  grayish  silvery  on  sides  and  below  ;  opercles  silvery,  dotted.  Arc- 
tic America,  south  to  Cape  Cod  and  Alaska ;  abundant  northward,  on  both 
coasts,  and  in  Kamchatka.  A  delicious  little  fish  much  valued  in  the  far 
north.    The  egga  of  the  Capeliu  deposited  in  sand  along  Arctic  shores 


Jordan  and  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


521 


iti  iiicrodiblo  iinnibers.    They  are  wanlied  up  on  the  beaches,  and  in  about 

:;()  (liiys  thi'y  art)  hatcliod.    "  The  beach  then  beconieH  a  <iuiverinK  nniHs  of 

)>ir^H  an*l  Hand,"  from  which  the  litth)  flHheB  are  borne  into  the  sea  by  the 

waves.     (vUloMUH,  hairy.) 

riniwarill'iiiii,  Mi'i.i.KR,  I'rodr.  Zoiil.  Dan.,  24.'i,  1777,  Greenland. 

S:iliiiii  iiiiiirii»,  Kaiiiiicii.'m,  Kiiiiiiii  (iriiiilikiidlrii,  177,  17H0,  Qreenland, 

Suliinmn  iiliiii'iiriiH,  ni.iH'ii,  Ic'htli.,  VIII,  |il.  Of*,  17III,  Greenland. 

S'llmii   mriiilif,   I'ALi.AM,   /oo^'r.   ItoHM.-AHiiit.,   Ill,  M9,  1KII,    Islands   between    Asia    and 

America. 
(t,„ifriiii  niicrntlmi,  CliviKn  &  Vai.KnciknNKs,   Hint.  Not.  PuiiH.,  xxi,  MtCi,  IKIH,  no  locality. 

M.illi.lllH  rilliMIt,  (iCNTIIKII,  Cut.,  VI,  1711,  iHCiti;  .loHIIAN    it   (ill.BKIlT,  t<VIIO|iHlH,  2111,  IHHH;   TitRNKR, 

Coiilr.  Nut.  Ill^'l.  Aliuiku,  M2,  \,\.  10,  188(1. 

240.  THALEICHTHYS,  Girard. 

(EULACnON.) 
7'A.i/.i(7iM//ii,  OiRAKP,  Pac.  U.  11.  Siirv.,  x,  KIsIich,  ,125,  1858,  (itereiiH^  paciflcut). 

This  g(>nus  in  intermediate  between  Mallotus and  Osmerita,  differing  from 
tlii>  lattitr  in  its  rudimentary  dentition,  and  in  its  small  adherent  scales. 
All  I  lie  teeth  are  very  feeble,  slender,  and  deciduous,  although  ooc{).4ion- 
nliy  present  on  a\)  the  bones  of  the  mouth  ;  no  permanent  teeth  on  the 
t()n<;ue.  Scales  are  much  smaller  than  in  Osmerua,  and  more  closely 
iidlicront ;  larger  than  in  Mtillotus,  and  similar  in  the  two  sexes.  Color- 
ation dusky.  Small  fishes  of  the  North  Pacific,  somewhat  anadromous, 
iviiiarkable  for  their  extreme  oilinoss,  the  oil  being  of  a  very  delicate 
tliivor.     When  dried  they  have  been  used  as  candles.     {dd^.e  la,  rich',  lx0i>i, 

7no.^TIIALKICIITIITS  PACIKICrS  (Richardson). 
(EuLACiioN  ;  Canplefisii  ;  C)I,achan.) 

Head  4J;  depth  (5.  B.  8;  D.  11;  A.  21;  P.  11;  scales  75;  pyloric 
coca  11  ;  vertebral  70.  Body  rather  elongate,  slender,  an<'  less  compressed 
than  in  OsmcruH.  Head  long,  blunter  than  in  Hypomeautt  pretioaua,  less 
compressed,  broader,  and  more  convex  above.  Mouth  large,  the  max- 
illiiiy  rather  narrow  and  long,  reaching  beyond  the  middle  of  the  rather 
small  eye;  lower  jaw  pi'ojecting.  Opercle  with  strong  concentric  strise. 
(iill  rakers  numerous,  rather  long  and  slender.  Yentrals  large,  inserted 
jiiHt  in  front  of  dorsal.  Pseudobranchiw  small.  Color  white,  scarcely 
silvery;  upper  regions  rendered  dark  iron-gray  by  the  accumulation  of 
dark  punctulations.  Length  12  inches.  Oregon  to  Alaska,  ascending  the 
rivers  from  Fraser  River  northward,  in  enormous  numbers  in  the  spring. 
An  excellent  pan-fish,  unsurpassed  by  any  fish  whatsoever  in  delicacy  of 
llesh,  which  is  far  superior  to  that  of  the  trout.  The  flesh  is  very  oily, 
but  the  oil  has  a  very  attractive  flavor.  It  is  sometimes  extracted  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  cod-liver  oil.  It  is,  however,  solid  and  lard-like 
at  ordinary  temperatures. 

Siilmi,  (M'llhltu)  pacificnK,  Riciiardrom,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  111,  226,  18.16,  Columbia  River. 
TImlrirhlhijs  slevemi,  GiBARP,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  32.5,  jil.  75,  figs.  1-4,  1858,  Puget  Sound. 

(Coll.  Dr.  Buckley.) 
Thaltichthys pacificut,  OOntuer,  Cat.,  vt,  168,  1866;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  292, 1883. 


^*T 

^^^* 

w 

1    '■ 

''    '     .! 

: 

i 

i 

1 

# 


I*- 


I 


\m 


i  li 
It 


m 


n 


Ml  I  f    I.Jf 


Ih 


s 


522 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseunt. 


341.  OSMERUS  (Artu(li)  Liuiuuiiii. 
(8MKI.T8.) 

Oin»eni»  (ABTmi)  lilNN*im,  SyHt.  Niit.,  Kd.  x,  Hfth,  310,  (i-pfrhiuiii). 
F.prrliiuHt,  Oaimahii,  Viiy.  IhI'iiiiI  niiil  (irii'iiliiiiil,  IHAI,  (cjicr/nmiii). 
Hiiirimliiiii  (JoNHTiiN)  .liiiiiiAN  id  Kvkumann,  iifW  Niil)RttiiuH,  {thnlikhlhyf). 

Body  olon^atfl,  noinprcHHud.  Head  lon^r,  |)oiiit«d.  Month  wide,  tlio 
Hleiidur  maxillary  vxttMidiii^r  to  paHt  thu  middle  of  the  «yo ;  lower  Jaw 
piojcctiiiK;  proorhital  and  Hiiltorhital  lu>n«H  narrow.  MaxillarinN  ami 
proniaxillarieH  with  tiii«i  tcoth  ;  lower  jaw  with  smull  teeth,  which  arn 
Iar({er  posteriorly  ;  tongue  with  a  few  Htrong,  fang-like  teeth,  largcNt  at 
the  tip;  hyoid  hone,  vomer,  palatinoH,  and  pterygoids  with  widcvHet 
teeth,  (lill  rakors  long  and  Hhuider.  HranchioategalH  8.  SoaleH  lar^Mt, 
loose,  00  to  70  in  the  coiirHe  of  the  lateral  line.  Dorsal  small,  about  mid- 
way of  the  body,  over  the  ventrals;  anal  rather  long.  Vertehriu about  10. 
Pyloric  c(i>ca  small,  few.  Small  (Ishes  of  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  North- 
ern America,  sometimes  ascending  rivers ;  delicate  in  flesh  and  coumIiI- 
erably  vanied  as  food,  {oafjrux'if,  odorous;  the  name  is  equivalent  to  the 
English  "smelt.") 

Spirini'iii'H  (An  old  niimi-  iimmI  by  .Tonston  Tor  tho  giiudt  -,  iM|(iivalont  to  fpirling  and  rpfrlan) : 
a.  VoiiKir  witli  a  rrosH  aoricN  of  smiill  toolli  ;  niiiiiII,  weak  Bprcii'gH|iawnliiK  in  thomta. 

b.  Body  not  v*>ry  Hlundcr,  tliu  di'|itli  Ct}:^  in  lunKtli :  roniniiiiHunt  of  month  curved. 

TirAI.F.ICIITIlYN,  701. 

bh.  liody  very  slondor,  tho  dopth  6  in  leDKtli ;  comnii88uro  of  mouth  nearly  HtraJKlit. 

,  ATTBNtATI-H,  792. 

OsHBRim : 
aa.  Vomer  with  2  to  4  stroti);,  fiing-likf>  tenth  ;  gpovies  stronger  in  habit,  aacundinfi;  rivers. 

c.  Si'alcH  iiithur  Hniall,  rill  to  <iK  in  lateral  line. 

(<.  Maxillary  not  roach hiK  luMtirior  margin  of  oyo  ;  depth  0  to  0^  in  length  ;  colora- 

tiiin  plani.  moudax,  793. 

M.  Maxillary  reaching  poHturior  margin  of  eye;  depth  6%  iu  length;  colorulinn 

brilliant.  obntex,  794. 

Subgenus  SPIRINCHUS,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

70r.  OKMKItl'S  THALEICHTHYS,  Ayns. 

Head  4^;  depth  5^;  eye  longer  than  snout,  4  in  head.  D.  9;  A.  14  to 
16 ;  P.  11 ;  scales  55  to  58.  Body  comparatively  deep  and  compresHed. 
Head  rather  short  and  deep,  the  maxillary  broad,  short,  its  edge 
strongly  curved,  extending  to  opposite  posterior  margin  of  pupil;  \m'- 
maxillary  on  the  level  of  upper  part  of  pupil;  mandible  projecting,  its 
tip  somewhat  curved  upward.  Fins  high,  the  pectorals  usually  reaching 
ventrals,  and  the  ventralo  to  anal;  anal  reaching  about  to  caudal.  T(;etli 
weak;  maxillary  teeth  scarcely  visible.  Olivaceous,  sides  silvery  and 
somewhat  translucent.  Length  9  inches.  Pacific  coast  from  San  Fran- 
cisco northward  to  Bristol  Baj*  in  Alaska ;  rather  common ;  a  weak  and 
feeble  species;  its  flesh  of  excellent  flavor,  but  soft  and  not  keeping  well. 
(Thaleichthya,  the  Eulachon,  a  related  species  of  similar  flavor  as  food.) 

Otnierim  Ihaleichthyn,  Ayhes,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1860,  62,  San  Franciaco  ;  GOntheii,  Cat., 
VI,  168, 1866 ;  Joboan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  292, 1883. 


•ticiiyj';.?fii'i' .'-''>'r..W.W;tttiC'"i^v.'^',vA,.ii«'  j.i* 


Jordan  and  J'lvi-rmann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        623 


7U)!.  OMNKKIM  ATTKNirATI'N,  l.ockltiKton. 

H«a«l  I!,;  (l«|)th  (»;  ey«  large,  4  in  head.  1>.  10;  A.  lR-17;  P.  11 ; 
srfthiH  ♦>('>.  Mody  vIoiiKato,  coiiipruHHod.  Ilfiid  ratlior  loii>;,  Hoinewhat 
jioiiited;  maxillary  «txtoii«lin)r  pant  pupil;  low««r  Jaw  proJeotiiiK;  maxil- 
lary rather  narrow,  little  convex.  Outline  of  hotli  JawH  nearly  Btrai^lit, 
I.  HH  curved  than  in  O,  thaltivhthji".  Teeth  on  tongue  Htrong,  hut  much 
stiiallcr  than  in  O.  mordnjr;  teeth  oii  maxillary  couHpicuoiiH;  frontoflioth 
y.wvH  with  rather  Htrong  teeth;  pulatino  teeth  variable,  urtually  atrong. 
FiuH  low.  PuctoralH  not  reaching  ventraln,  nor  venttalH  anal,  nor  anal  to 
niinlal.  (irooniHh,  sidoH  silvery.  Length  10  inches.  Couut  of  California 
alioiit  San  Krancisco.  Very  close  to  o.  thulnvhthijH,  and  doubtfully  tlis- 
tinct;  perhaps  founded  on  very  slender  or  feehle  specimens  of  the  latter. 
(iiHenuntuK,  drawn  out  slender.) 

Csminiii  iimHiKifim,  I.ncKiNinciN,  I'l'iic.  I'.  8.  Niit.  Mim.,  1HS0,  (in,  San  Francisco ;  JonnAN  A 
UiLiiCHT,  HyuupHis,  2'j;),  \»K\. 

Subgenus  OSMERUS. 
70S.  OSMKKI'H  MOIIIIAX  (Mit(hiM). 
(Amkuii'AN  Smki.t.) 
Head  4;  depth  6*.  1).  10;  A.  1.^.;  P.  i:{ ;  scales  68.  Body  rather 
long  and  slender.  Head  large,  with  large  mouth,  and  stronger  teeth 
than  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus.  Small  teeth  along  the  edge  of 
Mm  maxillary;  strong  fang-like  teeth  on  tongue  and  front  of  vomer; 
I'unliform  teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  hyoid  bono;  mandible  with 
iiiodorate  teeth,  its  tip  projecting.  Maxillary  extending  to  or  a  little 
liuyond  middle  of  eye.  Scales  deciduous.  Dorsal  tin  rather  posterior, 
the  vcntrals  under  its  ^ront;  lower  tins  nmderate,  none  reaching  the 
next  behind  it.  Gill  rakers  J  diameter  of  eye.  Transparent  greenish 
above,  silvery  on  sides;  body  and  tins  with  some  dark  punctulations. 
Length  12  inches.  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States  from  Virginia 
northward  to  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  entering  streams  and  often  land- 
locked ;  abundant  in  Lakes  Champlain  and  Memphremagog.  Very  clost 
to  the  European  Onmerng  vperUtnun,  but  the  latter  has  larger  scales  (GO), 
sl'ortor    gill  rakers,   and  rather  weaker  teeth,     (viordax,  bitiug.) 

Athnitia  mimltijr,  MiTciiil.i.,  TriiiiH.  Lit.  A  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  1H15,  410,  New  York. 

Ominm  lirideKcenn,  Lk  Sukcr,  Juurii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  i,  IHIH,  230,  Coast  of  Maine;  GOn- 

TiiKii,  Cat.,  VI,  107,  istit;. 
Otmniis  vKiriliu,  JoKDAN  Sc  flil.liKllT,  HynojisiB,  293,  ISHIi. 

Represented  in  lakes  of  Maine  by  landlocked  forms,  as  follows: 

7tt8a.  OSMKKl'S  MORDAX  SPECTRrJI  (Cop.). 
(Wilton  Smelt.) 
Head  4J ;  depth  Sh    D.  10;  A.  15;  scales  66-10.     Eye  .3  in  head.    Slen- 
der.   Head  short,  with  very  large  eye,  and  short  mouth  and  maxillary. 
Maxillary  not  extending  beyond  middle  of  pupil.     Small.     Wilton  Pond, 
Kennebec  County,  Maine;   landlocked   in   fresh  water.     (Cope.)    (apee- 
trum,  an  image.) 
Oiii„'im  npeclrtim,  Copi,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  8oc.  Phila.,  1870,  4!tO,    <Vilton  Pond,  Kennebec 

County,  Maine.    (Coll.  Atkiua.) 
Otnienu  mordax  spectrum,  Joudan  Si  Oilbbbt,  Synopsis,  294,  1883. 


'!  il 


' ,  I  ii 


!■ 


rf  T' 


i. 


524 


JiuiUtin  ^7,  Unittd  States  Aathnni  Museum. 


imu.  ONMKUIK  MOKIIAX  AHHOTTI  ((Iu|i«). 

(roHCMK'IINTin  KMKLT.) 

Ilotod  \\\  ilopth  7;  Hcali'H  l(M-U{.  Kyo  Miiiallor,  \\  in  hoiul.  HtoiitiT. 
Maxillary  ri-acliitif{  |tt>Nt<ti'lor  iiiar<{iti  ot'  pupil,  l.aiullockt'd  in  ('hImh- 
iticontic  Lul<u,  Kuniutltoc  Cixinty,  Maiiu^  (Copo).  (NiiiiumI  for  |ii. 
CliarlcH  Coiinid  Althutt,  an  anlttnt  nutiiruliHl  who  Iiuh  Hludiud  tlio  liitliiiH 
of  tliu  llHlittH  of  DtdawarM  Kivur.) 

(hmenio  Mn.lli,  Coit:,  rnn',  Aiii.T.  IMill.  K.mv   I'lillii.,  lN7(t,  4!»o,  Cobesalcontic  Lake,  Maine. 
Omirruii  itiorihijr  iihliolli,  .liiiiHAN  A.  (ill.liKHT,  S>'Iii>|w|h,  '204,  IHK:I, 

794.  ONMKKI'K  DKKTKX,  H(<  in.lnrhiKT. 
(Uaimmw  IIkiuii.nii.) 

Head  >l|;  depth  5^.  1>.  10;  A.  l',\;  V.  8;  Hual»H  <>(i.  Kyo  largt%  it  I«mi^mIi 
of  anoiit.  Tuuth  iih  in  ihmrruH  epcrhtiiuM  and  O.  monlax;  niaxiliiity 
reaching  poHtvrior  margin  of  «)ye,  itH  length  r>  tiniuM  in  diHtance  from  tip 
of  lower  Jaw  to  dorual.  Height  of  doraal  i  length  of  head;  lieiglil  of 
anal  ^ ;  pectoral  Hhortiuh,  reaching  halfway  to  vuntralH.  Itack  pale  olive, 
the  HcaleN  edged  with  darker;  Hides  above  lateral  line  piir]ile,  ehangiii^ 
holow  to  blue,  and  then  to  violet  and  gold;  silvery  1>olow  with  rosy 
sheen,  the  belly  satin  white,  lintt  plain,  slightly  golden,  (^^oast  of  AliiHka 
and  sonth  on  the  Paciflo  Coast  to  northern  China,  abnntlaut;  a  bril- 
liantly colored  lish,  the  flesh  of  tirnier  texture  than  in  the  rest  of  t lie 
genus.  About  Itristol  I^ay  this  species  forms  an  important  ])art  of  tliu 
food  of  the  natives,     (denier,  toothed.) 

Chtmerun  denlejr,  8tkiki>ai'IINKR,  Sitxiingxli.  KiiIh.  Akiul.  WIk*.  Wiuii,  i.xi,  1870,  42!),  Northern 
China;  .ToRDAN  A  Uimirht,  Ryn'^iwiH,  2<.):i,  IKHa;  Ti  knkk,  Contr.  Nitt.  Hint.  Alankn,  Iii2, 
platulO,  1880;  Nemon,  Ropt.  Nut.  HiKt.  ('..11.  Aliwko,  :n:i,  1HH7. 


242.  HYPOMESUS,  (Jill. 
(SuuF  Smelts.) 

Mempwi,  Gitl.,  Prw.  .\r.  Nut.  Scl.  Pliilii.,  IHOU,  1(18,  (inrli.Mi).* 
HytmmeiK...,  fin.l,,  Prcc.  Ac.  Nut.  S<1.  IMiila.,  1KC.2,  Ki'.t,  {prethmi). 

Body  rather  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  covered  with  thin  scalcfl 
of  moderate  si/e.  Head  rather  pointed.  Mouth  moderate,  the  shortish 
maxillary  not  extending  (jiuite  to  middle  of  eye  its  outline  below  broadly 
convex ;  lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth  minute,  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines, 
pterygoids,  and  tongue.  Ventrals  inserted  directly  under  middle  of  dor- 
sal, midway  between  eye  and  base  of  caudal.  Branchiostegals  0  to  7. 
North  Pr.cific.  (i'jro,  below  ;  fttaoc,  middle;  in  allusion  to  the  position  of 
the  ventrals.) 

a.  SculcH  Rinall,  aliout  70  in  latorul  lino;  rolorotion  pale;  H|)awniDg  iu  mirf.        prrtionus,  T'.i'i. 
on.  Scales  inoUoratu,  abuilt  68  in  lateral  line;  coloration  dark;  R|)awningin  poniln. 

oi.inrs,  V'.ifi. 


*  By  inadvertence  'licsc  two  synonymouR  nnnien  were  applied  to  this  Ronusby  Gill.  Mm'i"n 
has  priority  of  a  page.  Its  occurrence  is  howcvur  an  error  of  the  proof  reader  as  its  aiitlior 
'ntended  to  snl.stituto  nypomcnm  for  it,  and  did  no  in  every  place  except  in  tlio  ilrst  use  (if  tlio 
word  where  MeMopua  was  inadvertently  luft.  A  slip  of  this  sort  should  apparently  bo  treated  :i-  a 
misprint  and  not  considered  in  nomenclature. 


/ortfiin  nmt  EvermoHn. — Fishfs  of  North  Amfrita. 


525 


7«A.  HVFOMKMl'H  I'HKTKmiM  (Ulrunl). 
(Bi'Rr  Smii.t.) 

Ilunil  i\  ;  <loptli  '\\ ;  oyH  aH  long  uh  Hiioiit,  4^  in  lioad.  1).  10;  A.  16;  P. 
II;  V.  H;  HcaioH  70.  FiiiH  luw,  tlin  loii);«>Ht  tlurHiil  my  8  in  length 
witliDiit  ruiulnl ;  iiuctcMiilH  Hcurcniy  rrarliinK  liull'wuy  tu  vontrulH,  7  in 
liMi^tli  of  ))o(ly ;  v«ntritiH  not  roiichiiiK  vont,  tliuir  luuKtIi  H^  in  body. 
i.i^iit  olivHCMDUH  ;  a  uilvitry  liun«l  ttloug  tlio  liitoriil  linu.  Lt^igtli  12 
iiiciit'S.  CoiiHt  of  California  and  Orttf^on.  from  Monttuey  northward; 
uliiiiulant,  Hpawuing  in  tlio  Hnrf.  A  tirni-ll«>Hhud  and  fat  littlu  HhIi  of  deli- 
catu  llavor,  acarculy  inferior  to  X\w  oulaohon.     (i>rvtiomiH,  iirttcioiiH.) 

Arijrnliiin  prilinun,  (iiUAiiii.  ri'iic.  Ar.  Nat.  Hi'l.  I'lillii.,  IHM,  ITifi,  San  Franclaco, 
iinmiruii  elniiijiilii',  Awiv.it,  I'riM%  <'ttl.  Ac.  Nut.  8rl.,  IHM,  17,  San  Kranciaco. 
()»tii<i-r(«  iii'iiiiinin,  (iiiuiii),  I'll!'.  U.  It   Biirv.,  X,  ll'.;4,  iKfiH. 
Iliiliumeiui  pitliotw,  JoiiPAN  lie  (Jii.iitiliT,  8yiiu|>«iM,  21)4,  18KI. 

7U«.  IIVI'I^MKHI'S  OI.IDIM  (PulliiH). 
(I'dNi)  Smelt.) 

HcaloH  HH  to  €)0.  Fina  niglior  than  in  Ihjponui<us  prctioHUK,  the  longest 
tliirmil  ruy  0  in  l«-nKtli  of  body  ;  poctoralH  n'acliin^  ji  the  <liHtauco  to  root 
of  vttntralM,  thuir  lon^fth  5  in  body  ;  ventralH  (>  in  Itin^tli  of  body.  Color- 
iition  diiHky,  little  translucent.  Alaska  and  Kamchatka,  Npawning  in 
fn'Nli-watur  pondH,  excoHsively  abundant  about  St.  MichaclH.  A  Hweet 
littio  fish,  oxoellent  as  food.  {oliduH,  oily.) 
tiiliiiii  {iimiienu)  otidim,  Pallah,  Zuogr.  RoHB.-AHiut.,  iii,  301.  1811,  lakes  and  rivers  of  Kam* 

chatka. 
ilo  iiiimlitliiii,  Ci(*NTiir.B,  Cut.,  VI,  ItiO,  IHi'ifi;  in  part. 
Ili{liimiiHii»  ulidnt,  JoitUAN  ic  UiLUEKv,  SytiupiiH,  296,  1883;  Turner,  Coiitr.  Nut.  III»t.  Alaska, 

10:i,  1880. 

243.  ARGENTINA  (Artedi)  Linuiuus. 
(Akokntinks.) 

Ar'jnilinn  (ARTEni)  LlKN.Ttfs,  Syst.  Nat.,  K(l.  X,  1758,  316,  (itj)hyrimn). 

Silus*  IteiNiiAKivr,  ItuniiiTkiiiRnr  Skniiiliiiaviiik  Icthtliyol.,  11,  1833,  (xiViifi).  . 

Aniuilmlfiiif,  KitiiYRK,  Duniuarkit  Fiitke,  in,  '.I8,  1840-'4B,  {filiit). 

Itody  obloug,  covered  with  rather  large  cycloid  scales,  which  are  more 
or  less  rough  with  spinous  points.  Mouth  small,  the  niaxillaries  very 
Hhurt,  not  reaching  to  the  eye ;  eye  very  large.  Jaws  toothless ;  an 
arcliud  series  of  minute  teeth  on  the  head  of  the  vomer  and  on  the  fore 
part  of  the  palatine ;  tongue  with  a  series  of  small  curved  teeth  on  each 
Hide.  Dorsal  fin  short,  in  advance  of  the  vontrals;  caudal  fin  deeply 
forl<ud.  Eggs  bmall.  Pyloric  ciuca  present.  Branchiostogals  6.  Air 
liliidder,  accordingt  to  Cnvler,  without  duct.  Fishes  of  deep  or  cold 
wuters,  never  entering  fresh  streams.     (Latin  art/cntum,  silver.) 

(I.  Scak'H  HplnigerouH;  l)oily  ileep,  the  depth  6  to  6^  in  length;  eye  longer  than  snout;  scales 
gniall,  GO  to  CO.  SILU8,  707. 


*The  pennn  BiUia  (Norwegian  8il  or  Sild,  herriiif;)  in  founded  on  a  species  with  dpinescent 
■calve.  But  it  is  not  certain  that  any  RpecieH  has  really  smootli  wales,  and  in  Arijenliua  iphyrxna, 
tlic  tyjie  of  the  genus,  according  to  Day,  the  scales  are  prorided  with  stellate  spinules. 

t  This  alleged  character  needs  verification. 


'  .;!: 


,^.:.V.  , 


! 


I 


' 


(I 

1'  ' 


il 


1-i 

t4-|* 

-  :A^   - 


\\\\ 
;■*;;■ 


fi 


i-.  ^ 


m 


■I, 


mwm^^9^ 


526 


Bulletin  42,  United  States  National  Museum. 


aa.  8t'a)PN  nearly  or  quito  siiKiot   . 

h.  Hotly  riitlisf  tUw\>,  thii  doptli  Tij.j  iii  luii^th;  hciiIub  40  to  45;  cyo  Hlmrtcr  tliiin  ntioiit. 

8IAI.IH,  7'.»8. 
bb.  no<ly  ratlier  Hieiider,  Ihu  di-ptli  ulioiit  7  in  loiigOi;  8cal»H  about  Al;  vyx  lunger  tliaii 

snout.  ^  STIIIATA,  T.KI. 

■87.  ARJJKXTIXA  SILrs.  AscaniuH. 
Head  4i;  depth  5*;  eye  2}.  1?.  {>;  D.  12;  A.  13;  V.  14;  scales 
3-r)0-t  (06,  (»ii  itlu^r).  Hotly  coinpreHHed.  Keiul  not  (piite  twice  as  lon^ 
aa  deep ;  snout  nearly  lU  in  head.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between 
snoul  and  adipose  iin ;  ventrals  under  last  ray  of  dorsal.  Scales  very 
largo,  cycloid,  covered  with  spinules,  the  points  of  which  are  turned 
backward ;  a  median  row  of  scales  along  the  back  and  ])elly.  Color 
olivaceous;  sides  silvery.  Length  17  inches.  Northern  Europe,  occa- 
sionally taken  on  the  Uraud  Banks  and  oft'  the  coast  of  Maine.  (Goodc 
&  liean.)     (Slid,  Norwegian  word  for  Herring.) 

Arijeiilimi  siht,  AscANies,  Icon.  Iti'v.  Xat.,  j)l.  in,  3,  24,  17(1:1,  Norway;  .Ioudan  .k  (Jilhkut, 

Synopsis,  294,  188.T;  (JCntiik.h,  Cat.,  vi,  202,  IfCO. 
Bihu  aacaiiii,  UKisiiAniiT,  IJcmn'rli.  Sliandinav.  Iclitli.,  11,  1833,  Norway. 
Aryi'iUimi  si/rteiifiiim,  (joonp.  &  Ukan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.,  1S78,  2(il,  off  Sable  Island  in  2(10 

fatbonis,  from  Btomach  of  Phjcin  tennis.     (Tyi)u,  No.  21C)24.     Coll.  U.  L.  Nowconib.) 


I  ■      l.i 


7»8.  AIUJKNTINA  KIAI.IS,  Gilbert. 
Head  3;  depth  5i;  eyeS^;  interorbital  width  4.  D.  11;  A.  12.  Resem- 
bling ArticHtina  elongaia,  but  with  a  nuicl-  deeper  body,  and  a  larger  eye. 
Length  of  maxillary  from  tip  of  snout  4  in  head,  Ij  in  snout.  Snout  but 
little  longer  than  eye,  3,';  in  head  ;  upper  jaw  with  a  ur  tow  baud  of  small 
teeth  borne  on  the  vomer  and  the  front  of  the  palatines,  not  on  the  very 
narrow  wesvk  premaxillaries;  lower  jaw  toothless;  edge  of  tongue  with 
a  series  of  strong,  backwardly  curved  teeth,  six  or  eight  in  number. 
Gill  rakers  numerous,  slender,  rather  short,  about  25  in  number  below 
angle  of  arch.  Front  of  dorsal  fin  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  base  of  caudal 
by  a  distance  equaling  diameter  of  pupil.  Ventrals  inserted  behind  mid- 
dle of  dorsal,  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  front  of  orbit,  extend- 
ing but  litt."!  more  than  halfway  to  front  of  anal;  caudal  forked. 
Scales  not  spinous,  the  margins  entire,  a  few  only  preserved  along  sides 
of  tail ;  40  or  45  in  a  longitudinal  series.  Eye,  streak  along  sides  and 
sides  of  head,  silvery  ;  occiput  and  snout  dusky ;  a  black  blotch  above 
eacheye;  fins  somewhat  dusky  ;  mouth  and  gill  cavity  white;  peritoneum 
black.  Length  3  inches.  Coast  of  California.  One  specimen  knuwii. 
{sialis,  a  word  first  used  by  Swainson  to  mea:.  plump,  from  aia^ui;,  plumii.) 
Artjeutina  sinlia,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18!(0;  56,  Albatross  station  3017,  in  58 
fathoms.     (Coll.  Gilbert.) 

799.  AROKNTIXA  STUIATA,  Goode  &  Bean. 
Head  3  in  total  length ;  depth  7 ;  eye  2i,  longer  than  the  conical  snout. 
D.  10;  A.  11;  P.  17;  V.  14.  Ventrals  nearly  median,  their  insertion  under 
the  penultimate  dorsal  rays.  Scales  in  lateral  line  obli(iuely  striate. 
Tongue  with  teeth.  Origin  of  dorsal  equidistant  between  snout  and 
root  of  caudal.  There  appears  to  have  been  a  silvery,  longitudinal  band 
under  the  lateral  line. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        .^27 


Tho  opociineiiH  Htiidiod  were  denuded  uf  hcuIos,  but  tiio  iuipiessiun^ 
jniUcate  that  there  wore  51  in  the  lateral  line,  \  above  and  4  beluw.  The 
H])fciMien8  (No.  43858,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  were  obtained  by  the  AlhatroH» 
fiimi  station  2402,  in  28°  36'  N.  latitude,  85°  33'  m"  W.  longitude,  at  a 
depth  of  111  fathoms.     (Ooode  *k,  Bean.)     {alriatHH,  striate.) 

Anjfiilina  Mriala,  QouuB  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyolog.",  fi,  flg.  (52,  18'J5,  Gulf  Stream 

244.  LEUROGLOSSUS,  Gilbert. 

liiiiiHjIoiimii,  OimEliT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,,  1890,  57,  {Hlilhiut). 

Appearance  of  Argentina,  but  the  snout  shorter,  the  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  eye,  and  the  tongue  toothless.  Ventrals  under  middle  of  dorsal. 
Miiiidiblo  with  a  few  weak  teeth  or  none;  premuxillaries  toothless;  a 
row  of  stronger  teeth  on  vomer  aid  front  of  palatines;  tongue  tooth- 
lesH.  Pyloric  co'ca  9.  Scales  unknown,  very  caducous.  One  species 
known.    (Xtvpof,  smooth;  y/diooa,  tongue.) 

800.  LElJROflliOSSUS  STILBU'S,  Gilbert. 

I{ead3;  depth  5^.  D.  10;  A.  11.  Snout  3f  in  head;  interorbital  width 
ii.  Eye  3.V  in  head,  equaling  maxillary,  which  reaches  front  of  orbit. 
Hody  compressed,  of  moderate  depth.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Gill  rakers 
loiifj  and  numerous.  Opercle  very  thin,  membranous.  Front  of  dorsal 
midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  front  of  pupil;  ventrals  inserted 
nearly  under  middle  of  dorsal,  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  pre- 
opurcular  margin ;  front  of  anal  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and 
base  of  ventrals.  Scales  wholly  lacking  in  the  two  specimens  obtained. 
Sides  of  head,  body,  and  abdomen  bright  silvery ;  dorsal  region  dusted 
witli  line  black  dots,  which  become  coarser  on  tail.  Snout  blue-black; 
opercle  with  steely  luster;  upper  part  of  eyeball  black.  Buccal  and  gill 
cavities,  and  peritoneum  jet-black;  fins  dusky.  Length  3  inches.  Coast 
of  California,  in  deep  water.     (aTi}.l36g,  shining.) 

Leuroijlosttis  Mbiiis,  Qiliiebt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Mat.  SIus.,  1K90,  TiT,  from  Albatross  Stations  3997 
and  2998,  in  aai  and  40  fathoms.     (Type,  No.  44283.    Coll.  Gilbort.) 

Family  LXVII.  MICROSTOMIDvE. 

Closely  allied  to  the  JrgentinidWfhnt  with  the  branchiostegals  reduced 
to  8  or  4 ;  mouth  very  small,  terminal,  with  small  teeth,  chislly  on  the 
lower  jaw  and  vomer.  Gill  membranes  separate  or  united.  Body  elon- 
gate, Hubterete.  Adipose  fin  present;  <lorsal  short,  posterior;  ventrals 
beiiiud  middle  of  body.  Three  genera  and  about  six  species  known,  all 
from  the  deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic ;  reilav-^ed  ArtjentinidcB. 

MuriosTOMiN.i-;  : 
(I.  Gill  mcmbranr«  separate  ;  mouth  very  omall ;  body  siibterete. 

('.  Dorsal  flu  inserted  before  vential.  Nanseni/,  245. 

.    riiYi.AdiNt: : 
aa.  Gill  nivmbranes  broadly  united  across  the  isthmus;  body  compressed;  mouth  small ;  cyo 
very  large  ;  dorsal  oppvMito  ventrals.  Batiiylauub,  246. 


1^     ■. 

J- 

:1 
.4 

; 

k:t 


I 


■  I'd 


M 


}  ! 


I     ' 


:'    . 


f  . 


1 

, .  * '  ■ 

,:-H: 

1    s  • 

i  '        ! 

{ 

1    ' 

< 

f 

;  i|ij 

1 

fi 


rmmmmm 


m 


I 


628 


Bulletin  ■//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


245.  NANSENIA,  Jonliin  ii,  Evonuaun. 
//una«ni(i,  Jordan  k  Kvehmann,  now  gniiuH,  (j7?-(i-H{(in({icit). 

Body  olongato,  cylindrical,  covered  with  lar>»e,  thiu,  silvery  scales. 
Head  short.  Mouth  very  small,  terininal ;  preinaxillaries  very  siiiuli ; 
maxillaries  very  short  and  broad,  not  extending  to  the  front  of  the  voiy 
large  eye,  which  forms  more  than  half  the  depth  of  the  Hide  of  the  liciid. 
Lower  jaw  and  vomer  with  a  narrow  series  of  fine  teeth  ;  no  other  tocdi. 
Dorsal  fin  short,  inserted  mostly  before  the  ventrals,  which  are  beliiml 
the  middle  of  the  body  ;  anal  fin  small ;  caudal  small,  forked,  its  cential 
part  scaly;  pectoral  rather  narrow;  adipose  fin  well  develoi)ed  in  dm 
young,  but  usually  dirappei-ring  with  ago.  Branchiostegals  3  or  I. 
Pseudobranchiie  well  developed.  Air  bladder  large,  silvery.  No  }>.vi()rio 
ccBca;  mucous  membrane  of  stomach  papillose.  Arctic  Ocean;  in  dtc}) 
waters.  An  imperfectly  known  genus,  apparently  distinguished  fiom 
Microstoma,  Cuvier,  by  the  more  anterior  position  of  the  dorsal,  whicli  is 
behind  the  ventrals  in  Microstoma,  and  apparently  by  the  stouter  Itody 
and  the  better  development  of  the  adipose  fin.  Most  of  the  other  cliar- 
acters  above  mentioned  are  drawn  from  Mierosloma  and  have  not  lucii 

verified  in  Nanscnia.     (Named  for  our  friend,  Fridtjof  Nansen  (18(51 ), 

author  of  a  study  of  the  development  of  Myxine,  and  since  noted  vlh  m\. 
intrepid  arctic  explorer.) 

HOl.^NANSKNIA  (i)R<KNLANDICA  (Ueiiiliardt). 

B.  3;  D.  11;  A.  10,  V.  10.  "This  fish  appear^  to  bo  intermediate 
between  Argentina  and  Microstoma,  having  the  dorsal  fin  inserted  for  tiic 
greater  part  in  advance  of  the  ventrals,  and  a  series  of  fine  teeth  in  the 
lower  jaw.  Teeth  on  the  vomer,  none  on  the  tongue.  Adipose  fin  con- 
spicuous. The  height  of  the  body  is  i  the  length  of  the  head  and  ,'0  of 
the  total."    (Giinther,  after  Keinhardt.)     Greenland. 

Microstomnt  griiHlamUcttH,  Beiniiardt,  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Niiturv.  Mathom.  AfliaiuH.,  viii,  ISll, 
Lxxiv,  Greenland  ;  GOntiieb,  Cat.,  ti,  205,  186G ;  Juudan  &  Giluebt,  SynopitiH,  29U,  Ksm:j, 

246.  BATHYLAGUS,  Gunther. 

Bathylaguf,  GOntiieiT,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1878,  11,  248,  {atlatUicus). 

B-»dy  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  thin,  deciduous  scales  of  mod- 
erate size.  Head  short,  compressed,  the  bones  thin  and  membranaceous. 
Month  very  narrow,  transverse,  anterior.  Maxillary  very  short,  dilated, 
forming  part  of  border  of  mouth.  No  luminous  spots.  Teeth  in  npper 
jaw  rudimentary,  those  in  lower  jaw  very  small,  on  edge  of  bone  fonn- 
ing  a  fine  serratnre ;  a  series  of  minute  teeth  across  vomer  and  along 
palatine.  Eye  very  large.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  well  developed,  the 
ventrals  with  light  rays,  opposite  dorsal,  which  is  in  middle  of  length 
of  body;  adipose  fin  small,  near  caudal;  am:!  moderate  or  long.  Gill 
opening  narrowed,  beginning  opposite  root  of  pectoral  and  extending 
across  isthmus,  the  gill  membranes  united,  free  from  isthmus.  Gill 
rakers  lanceolate,  rather  long ;  gills  small.  Pseudobranchise  well  devel- 
oped.   Docp  seas,  5  species  known. 


Jordiju  and  E^'ermann. — Fis'ies  of  North  Amerka. 


52J) 


"The  thickneHH  of  the  lioneH,  tlio  frngility  of  tlio  fin  rayH,  the  delicacy  of 
tlio  Hkin  and  HcaleH,  and  the  enormously  large  eyes,  seem  to  1)o  Hufficient 
(u  idunce  tliat  tlioHo  tishes  are  actually  inhabitautH  of  very  great  duptliH, 
altliougli  there  may  bo  reasonable  doubts  as  regards  the  exact  depth  at 
wliich  Jluthylagua  utlatiticuawna  obtained.  These  fishes  must,  therefore,  bo 
entirely  dependent  for  vision  on  the  phosphorescent  light  which  is  pro- 
duced by  other  abyssal  creatures.  Not  being  fish  of  prey  !;heniselves,  or 
(inly  to  a  slight  degree,  they  would  be  attracted  by  the  liglit  issuing  from 
llie  Pediculates  and  Stomiatids  of  the  deep,  and  thus  fall  an  easy  prey  to 
tiicHe  fishes."     (Giinther.)     (/inf^iV,  deep ;  ^aj-wr,  hare,  from  the  big  eyes.) 

ii.  Dopth  of  body  about  c(|iiiil  to  longth  of  lioad;  ficiileri  aliout  :i2.     I).  !);  A.  10.  iirnkdicti,  802. 
iKi.  Depth  of  body  liiiirh  ii'sh  than  loiif(tb  of  lioad. 

h.  Iiitcriirbital  spard  a  little  iiioro  tbaii  half  pyo;  oye  2  in  head.  kukyoph,  80.'). 

bh,  Interorbitol  Biwiro  }^  eye;  cyo  2^  in  liuad.  l-ACiFirus,  804. 

802.  ItATIIYLAUUK  KKNEDirTI,  Goode  &  Bean. 

Intermediate  between  B.  atlanticus  and  B.  antarcticuH,  Head  4A ;  depth  4  A ; 
eyo  2,  as  in  the  other  species.  The  width  of  the  interorbital  space  ia  less 
than  is  of  that  of  the  eye  (proportionately  narrower  than  in  the  other 
siH'i  ies).  Snout  very  short,  4  in  eye.  D.  9;  A.  19 ;  V.  9;  F.  10.  Mouth 
shdit,  its  angle  being  about  on  a  level  with  lower  margin  of  eye.  Bones 
of  head  thin,  seniicartilaginous ;  head  apparently  scaleless ;  no  traces  of 
NCiiles  in  the  specimens  before  us.  Gill  cavity,  membranes,  and  branchi- 
ostogals  as  in  the  other  species.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  nearer  end  of  snout 
tiiun  to  base  of  caudal,  and  equidistant  between  snout  and  adipose  fin, 
its  length  2i  in  head.  Vent  placed  farther  forward  than  in  B.  atlunticiia, 
tlie  length  of  the  postanal  portion  of  the  body  being  greater  than  that  of 
head,  and  contained  3|  times  in  the  total  without  caudal ;  ventral  fins 
opposite  posterior  portion  of  base  of  dorsal.  Scales  all  lost ;  apparently  in 
about  32  longitudinal  rows ;  and  their  size  may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that 
there  were  7  rows  between  base  of  pectoral  and  vertical  from  origin  of 
ventral.    Adipose  fin  slender  and  long,  2  in  eye. 

.Several  specimens  obtained  by  the  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatrosx  : 
One,  5}  inches  in  length,  from  statiui  20i)4,  at  a  depth  of  1,022  fathoms ; 
another,  r'>'i  inches  in  length,  from  oration  2711,  at  a  depth  of  1,344  fath- 
ohih;  a  third  specimen,  about  4^  in*  ties  in  length,  from  station  2572,  at  a 
depth  of  1,769  fathoms,  (dloode  &  Itean.)  (Named  for  James  E.  Benedict, 
A.sist.  Curator  of  Invertebrates  in  tne  U.  S.  National  Museum,  for  several 
years  resident  naturalist  on  the  Albatross.) 

Iliilhiiliujut  brtieiUcti,  OooDE  A   Bean,   Oceanic   Iclithyology,  55,  fig.   64,  1896,  Gulf  Stream. 
(Type,  No.  33510.     Coll.  AlbatroBS.) 

808.  BATHTLAGVS  EURTOPS.  Goode  &  Bean. 

Head  4 ;  depth  considerably  less  than  length  of  head,  equal  to  length 
of  head  without  snout ;  eye  2.  D.  9;  A.  16;  B.  7;  P.  9.  Width  of  inter- 
orbital space  a  little  more  than  i  eye.  Snout  very  short ;  profile  steep, 
its  angle  on  a  level  with  lower  margin  of  eye.  All  tho  bones  of  the  head 
very  thin,  semicartilaginous.  Dorsal  fin  feeble,  nearer  tip  of  snout  than 
root  of  caudal.     Vent  far  back,  the  length  of  tail  not  being  much  more 

F.  N.  A. 35 


i    ^ 


!• 


i  V-    Hi'  H 


(    ? 


m 


-frrp 


530 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


.1     i 


I 


tlia^  that  of  head ;  anal  feeble.  Several  specimens  were  obtaiued  l)y 
the  AlbatrosH  at  about  40°  N.  latitude,  70°  W.  longitude,  at  a  depth  of 
400  to  1,356  fathoms.    (Goodo  &  iiean.)    (eiiptV,  wide;  uiji,  eye.) 

liuthijlaijii*  <•»»■/;»/)«,  (JooiiK  A  Bkan,  Ocfnnii'  Iclithyolojty,  f>5,  flg.  c;j,  1805,  Gulf  Stream.    (Typo, 
No.  35420,  Coll.  Albatross;  and  No.  :!1801,  Coll.  Fish  Hawk.) 

/ 
804yBATHYLAUl'8  PACIFICUS,  Gilbert. 

Head  4 ;  depth  6| ;  eye  2i.  D.  8  or  9 ;  A.  16 ;  P.  9 ;  scales  40.  Anterior 
profile  not  decurved;  premaxiliaries  anteriorly  on  level  of  middle  of  oyt-; 
snout  short,  less  than  half  eye;  interorbital  space  narrow,  deeply  grooved, 
i  orbit ;  lower  Jaw  with  a  series  of  small  teeth;  the  very  weak  preni.ix- 
illaries  toothless ;  a  strong  series  of  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines.  Front 
of  dorsal  midway  between  adipose  fin  and  front  of  snout ;  ventrals  under 
posterior  part  of  dorsal ;  anal  far  back ;  tail  as  long  as  head.  ScalcH 
lost,  apparently  about  40  in  lateral  lino.  Head,  lining  of  mouth,  jfill 
cavity,  and  peritoneum  black  ;  fins  blackish  ;  whole  body  probably  blnck 
in  life.  Coast  of  Washington ;  two  specimens  taken  in  685  and  877 
fathoms. 

Ualhulai/iis  pacijicim,  GiLiiERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Hub.,  1890,  65,  Albatross  Stations  3071  and 
3074.     (Coll.  Gilbert.) 

Order  T.  INIOML* 
(The  Lantern  Fishes.) 

Soft-rayed  fishes,  with  the  anterior  vertebra;  simple,  unmodified,  and 
without  auditory  ossicles;  symplectic  present;  no  iuterclavicles;  opercu- 
lar apparatus  sometimes  incomplete ;  pharyngeal  bones  unmodified ;  •;ill 
openings  ample.  Mesocoracoid  arch  wanting  or  atrophied. t  Bones  of 
jaws  variously  developed,  the  maxillary  sometimes  connate  with  the  ine- 
maxillary.  Shoulder  girdle  with  its  post-temporal  not  norn»alIy  con- 
nected with  the  skull,  but  touching  it  at  or  iicar  the  nape.  Gills  l,  a 
slit  behind  the  fourih.  Air  bladder,  if  present,  with  a  duct.  Dorsal  and 
anal  fins  without  true  spines  ;  ventral  fins,  if  present,  abdominal ;  scales 
mostly  cycloid,  often  wanting ;  adipose  fin  present  or  absent.  Skeli^tou 
mostly  very  weakly  ossified.    Photophores  present  in  most  cases. 

Marine  fishes,  mostly  inhabiting  the  oceanic  abysses,  closely  allied  to 
the  laonpond^li,  but  lacking  the  mesocoracoid  and  having  the  connection 
of  the  shoulder  girdle  with  the  cranium  imperfect.  In  the  character  of 
the  mesocoracoid  these  fishes  agree  with  the  eels,  and  with  the  Ilaplixni 
and  the  spiny-rayed  fishes.  These  latter  have  the  post-temporal  differ- 
ently attached.    This  order  is  a  provisional  one,  and  its  members  may  be 


ri   :■ 


*  We  Iiave  had  no  opportunity  for  critical  study  of  most  of  the  families  of  the  Iniomi.  Our 
knowledge  of  them  is  drawn  chiefly  from  the  recent  monographic  works,  especially  the  excel  li'iit 
report  of  Dr.  Gilnther  on  the  Deep-Seu  Fishes  of  the  Challenger  Expedition,  that  of  Dr.  Viii limit 
on  the  flsheo  taken  by  the  Travailleur  et  Talisman,  and  that  of  Dr.  LUtkun  on  the  "t!i«)lia 
Atlantica"  in  the  museum  at  Copenhagen.  Even  more  important  than  these  has  been  the 
Oceanic  Ichthyology  of  Goode  &  Beau,  advance  sheets  ot  which  comprehensive  v«.^rk  have  been 
most  kindly  plac  ed  at  our  disposal. 

f  This  character,  the  most  important  by  which  the  Iniomi  are  separated  from  laotpondijli,  has 
not  beoa  Toriflod  in  several  of  the  families. 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


531 


reunited  with  the  iKospondyli  or  otberwiso  distributed  when  the  osteol- 
u^y  of  the  different  families  is  known.  In  but  few  genera  has  the 
iiiesocoracoid  or  the  post-temporal  receive'l  examination.  (Iviov,  nape; 
(liiiof;,  shoulder.) 

Giinther  divides  the  Iniomi  into  two  famiT'^s,  SiomiaUdw  and  Sternopty- 
vhidw,  according  to  the  relation  of  the  maxillary  to  the  border  of  the 
month.  Goode  and  Dean  follow  Gill  in  separating  the  group  into  many 
fiiniilies.  Ltitkeu,  who  has  made  most  valuable  studies  among  the  dtop- 
Hua  forms,  seems  inclined  to  recognize  several  families.  Ho  regards  it  as 
necessary  either  freely  to  subdivide  the  grouper  else  to  regard  the  whole 
aH  a  single  family.  The  composition  of  the  group  and  the  varied  relations 
of  its  parts  are  best  seen  by  regarding  its  principal  types  as  of  family 
value.  We  begin  the  series  with  the  family  which  contains  most  shore 
apecies,  and  whif'h  is  apparently  nearest  the  hospondyli,  from  which  group 
the  Iniomi  have  apparently  been  modified  or  degraded. 

Families*  of  INIOMI. 

(I.  Post-.,  'iiiporal  connented  with  back  of  cruniuni  near  Hides;  no  pliotopliorog  or  barbel. 

b.  Adi|M)Ne  fln  tyjiically  present  (rareiy  utropliied  (ir  iust);  liody  not  very  elongate;  anal 
iin  distinct. 
c.  Scales  present,  usually  persistent;  teeth  cardiform  or  villiforni,  usually  movable. 
d.  Maxillary  very  narrow,  rudimentary,  or  obsolete;  hypocoracoids  not  divergent; 
l>8oudobraucbiic  present.  Synovomtip.I':,  lxviii. 

dd.  Maxillary  well  developed,  dilated  behind. 

e.  Pseudubrancbiic  present;  pectorals  normal;  hypocoracoids  mostly  diver- 
gent, undivided.  Aulopid.i;,  lxix. 
ee,  Pseudobranchiic  absent;  pectorals  not  normal. 

/.  Pectorals  subhumcral.  Benthosaurida:,  lxx. 

ff.  Pectoral  rays  olungato,  arranged  in  two  groups. 

BATHYrTEROID.*:,  LXXI. 

6b.  Adipose  fin  absent. 

g.  Body  covere'i  with  icaloa  which  a'e  largo,  thin,  and  deciduous;  teeth  villiforni,  in 
bt  nds;  no  photophorcs  on  the  scales,  but  a  large,  luminous  plate  ou  the  head 
iu  place  of  eyes;  maxillary  dilated  behind;  pectorals  and  ventrals  well  devel- 
oped, approximate.  Ipkopid/I':,  lxxii. 
gg.  Body  scaleless;  teeth  granular,  in  bands;  pectorals  notmal. 

h.  Ventrals  present;  opercular  apparatus  incomplete.         RoNDGLGTiin;R,  lxxiii. 
hh.  Ventrals  absent;  opercular  apparatus  complete;  u  conspicuous  lateral  furrow; 
general  form  and  appearance  of  young  cetaceans.      Cetohimida;,  lxxiv. 
(Id.  .  ost-tempora'  impinging  upon  occiput. 

i.  Vertebra)  and  neural  spines  normal,  not  projecting  from  the  flesh  in  front  of  the  dorsal 
fin. 
J.  Photophores  present. 
k.  Barbel  wanting. 

{.  PBcudobranchia!  present. 

m.  Premaxillaries  forming  entire  margin  of  upper  jaw;    body  scaly; 

opercles  complete.  Myctoi'hid.i:,  lxxv. 

mm.  Premaxillaries  not  forming  the  whole  margin  of  upper  jaw,  the 

maxillary  entering  into  it;  body   naked;  opercular  Apparatus 

incomplete.  Mai;romcid;f.,  i.xxvi. 

n.  Pseudobranchiic  absent;  mouth  large,  with  canine  teeth;  scales  deciduous 

or  wanting.  Ciiavliuoomtidje,  lxxvii. 

kk.  Ba.bel  present,  very  long. 


*  The  analysis  of  the  families  of  InUymi  is  chiefly  token  from  Goode   &  Beau,   Oceanic 

Ichtbyology. 


i;  ] 

; "    , 

■'■f  ■  i 

S' 

1 

\ 


!    ^ 


Mr  I 


I   '! 


^  'iifi 


afl 


■.V 


™?il 


4 


I 


k 

I 


632  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


H.  Maxillarie*  furmlng  Intorul  margin  of  upjier  Jaw;  liarbul  frou  lit  tip. 

0.  AdlpiiHO  flu  preBoiit;   peclurala  presuiit;   body  uiikod;  dorual  lioliiinl 

vent,  but  in  adviincu  of  anal.  AHTBONr.HTiiiD.v:,  i..\.\viii. 

00.  AdipoKu  fln  abgont;  {lortoralH  pruaont  or  absent.    Stomiatii).>:,  ixxix. 

nM,  Blazillarics  not  forming  part  of  margin  ol   upper  ,|a\v;  pcctoraln  rmli- 

montary;  oixtrclug  mombrunaci'oiiH;  body  xrali-lcHs;  domalHlidrl,  pust- 

median;  barliol  of  jiuculiar  form,  couuecting  tliroiit  witli  HynipliVHi-i 

of  lower  jaw.  MAi.AcosTKin.i:,  i,\x\. 

i).  Photophorea  minute  or  wanting;  no  barbel. 

j>.  I'remaxillarieH  firming  n:argin  of  tipjier  Jaw;   fang-lil«'  tiiotli   In  nuimlililis 
and  palatines  ami  Bomutinx'H  on  vomer. 
7.  Domal  long,  occupying  ontlro  buck;  body  naked.     Ai.f.I'Isai  itin.K,  i,xx\i. 
!/(/.  DorHal  short,  median  or  posterior. 

r.  Body  naked.  OnoNTOSToMip.v.,  i.xxxii. 

rr.  Body  covered  with  thin,  caducous  scali-n.       Paiiai.ei'Iiud.i:,  i.xxxiii. 

ii.  Vertebral  or  neural  spines  projecting  through  skin  of  tlm  back  in  front  of  d.prsil  fin. 

>.  Body  short  and  deep,  coinpreKsed;  anterior  neural  spiiieH  abiioniially  dovelii'c.l, 

projecting  through  the  skin  of  the  back.  In  advance  of  the  dorsal;  pectoniN 

present;  photophorcs  present;  mouth  obliqiudy  cleft  or  subvertical. 

STrnNorTVcnin.i;,  i.xxxiv. 
M.  Body  elongate,  snake  like;  vertebrii-  with  spiny  jirocesBes  anteriorly  which  pni- 
joct  through  the  skin  of  the  back  in  front  of  doif  al  rayH;  jiecf orals  nbi^eiit; 
body  naked;  dorsal  long  and  low,  beginning  in  iidvance  of  the  vent. 

iDlACANTIIin.K,   I.XXXV. 

Family  LXVIII.  SYNODONTIDyK. 
(TnK  LuAKi)  F18HK8.) 
Body  oblong  or  elongate,  little  compressed,  covered  with  cycloid  scalt's, 
rarely  naked.  Month  very  wide,  the  entire  niurgiu  of  the  upper  Jaw 
formed  by  the  long  and  slender  premaxillaries,  closely  adherent  to  wliich 
are  the  slender  niaxillaries,  the  latter  mostly  rudimental  or  obsolett^, 
never  widened  at  tip.  Teeth  mostly  cardiform  on  both  jaws,  tougiii>, 
and  palatines;  canines  rarely  present;  largo  teeth  usually  depressililc. 
No  barbels.  Opercular  bones  usually  thin,  but  complete.  Gill  lueiii- 
branes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  usually  iiuinei- 
0U8.  PseudobranchijB  present.  Gill  rakers  tubercular  or  obsolete. 
Lateral  line  present.  Adipose  £iii  present,  rarely  obsolete;  dorsal  tin 
short,  of  soft  rays  only;  pectorals  and  ventrals  present ;  anal  lin  moder- 
ate or  long  ;  caudal  forked.  Skeleton  rather  well  ossified.  Air  bladder 
small  or  wanting.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Sides  sometimes  with  piiu.s- 
phorescent  spots  or  photophores.  Eggs  inclosed  in  the  sacs  of  the  ovury 
and  extruded  through  an  oviduct.  Genera  about  10,  species  about  10, 
mostly  inhabiting  shore  waters,  some  of  them  descending  to  the  depths. 
(Scopelidoi,  group  Saurina,  part,  Gunther,  Cat.,  V,  393-403,  1864.) 
a.  Scales  present,  mora  or  less  adherent. 

b.  Teeth  of  premaxillary  simple,  compressed,  not  barbed,  in  one  or  two  rowx;  a  liniiui 

baud  of  similar  teeth  on  palate. 

•   r.   Vent  slightly  nearer  base  of  caudal   than  axil   of  |iectoraI;  head  short,  blunt, 

compressed.  Traciiinocei'iiam  .*,  -I". 

cc.  Vent  much  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  base  of  ventrals;  head  depressed,  with  llat 

triangular  snout.  Svnoius,  -18. 

bb.  Ti  tith  of  premaxillary  in  a  very  broad  band,  curved,  unequal,  and  barbed  at  tho  iiid. 

a  similar  band  on  palatines.  BATiivsArRi's,  .Mit. 

aa.  Scales  very  caducous  or  wanting;  teeth  in  narrow  bands;  vent  posterior. 

Bathylauo,  '.;"iO. 


Jordan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America.         533 


247.  TRACHINOCEPHALUS,  Gill. 

7Vi  c/iiHow/i/m/im,  Oil.t,  Out.  Fish.   East  Coaat  N.  Amor.,  53,  1861,  (m;/o})ii).     (NniniMiiiIy;  first 
ilcfliu'il  by  .IiiKKAN  A  Oll.liE'iT,  Syiiop8ii,  2H1,  18«,'».) 

This  genus  iH  closely  related  to  SynoduH,  from  which  it  difVers  chiefly 
ill  fonii  and  in  the  relative  development  of  the  tins.  Hody  stout,  the 
liuatl  short,  blunt,  and  compressed,  its  form  much  ns  in  the  genus  Trachi- 
inix.  Vent  well  formed,  very  slightly  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  base  of 
vcntralK,  under  tip  of  last  dorsal  ray.  Teeth  as  in  SynoiluH,  but  slender, 
smaller,  and  closely  set.  Lower  Jaw  projecting,  Species  few,  shore 
lishes,  widely  diffused  in  the  tropical  seas.  (TrachinuH,  the  weaver-fish, 
connected  with  iVHiK'iti'a,  dragon,  the  nj.me  still  used  in  (treece;  Ke^u'/i/, 
liuad.) 

806.  TRACHINUCKPHALrS  ."BYOI'S  (Kormor). 

((illlMNI)   Si'KARINd;   LAdARTO.) 

I  lead  '^i  ;  depth  about  5.  D.  11 ;  A.  14  or  1.5 ;  scales  4-.58-7.  Vertebne  58 ; 
cd'ca  25.  Snout  very  short,  shorter  than  eye,  lower  jaw  projecting  ;  top 
(if  head  rough  ;  interorbital  space  concave.  Pectoral  very  short,  nearly 
'-'  ill  head,  scarcely  reaching  beyond  the  front  of  the  very  long  ventrals, 
wdidi  are  as  long  as  head  and  reach  vent;  anal  very  large,  its  base  li  in 
head,  ^longer  than  the  dorsal.  Light  brown;  three  or  more  lengthwise 
Ntri]ies  of  yellowish  alternating  with  brown,  the  upper  stripe  just  above 
lateral  line  and  edged  witli  darker  ;  a  pale  streak  along  lateral  line;  six 
dirtuse  brown  cross  blotches  on  back,  ceasing  just  below  lateral  line; 
hack  mottled,  a  large  black  scapular  blotch  ;  top  of  head  vermiculated  ; 
a  dark  brown  band  from  eye  across  lower  jaw  ;  fins  nearly  plain.  Tropi- 
cal parts  of  the  western  Atlantic,  abundant  and  widely  diffused  ;  common 
in  West  Indies  and  Brazil,  and  ranging  on  on^  Atlantic  Coast  to  South 
Carolina ;  originally  described  from  St.  Helena.  (//<5wi/'>  short-sighted, 
blinking.) 

fSiiliinf  iiiijopH,  FoiiKTEB  MS.,  Blocii  ct  ScHNEinER,  Syst.  Iclitli.,  421, 1801,  St.  Helena. 
(kmerm  lemnimtiliin,  IiACf:r  "IDE,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  v,  230,  1803,  Martinique;  ofter  Plmnier. 
S<iiirmlninctilit!i,  AoASsiz,  IMsc.  Briisil.,  82,  1828,  Brazil. 
ft<almo  Imchiiiiiii,  SciiEOEi,,  Fauna  .Tapon.  Poiss.,  2:il,  1842,  Japan  ;  thn  East  Indian,  Chiiu)s«, 

uiiil  .fapaneHi!  form,  IVachiuorrplialu^  limliiiluH,  is  littlo  if  at  all  differont  from  T.  mynpit. 
f  S'limisUmhiiliis,  KvDorx  &  Soui.eyet,  Voyago  Donite,  Poi8t<.,ln0,  18.13. 
S'li'i-iis  hreriroxlris,  Poey,  Memoriae,  ii,  .^05,  1861,  Cuba  ;  erroneously  stated  to  liavo  10  rays. 
Uminis  miiopii,  (ipNTiiEU,  ("at.,  V,  398,  1864. 
,s';/i("i;»s}ii;/"ii',  .TouPAN  &  Gll.liKKT,  Syiioi)BiR,  281,  1883. 
Trdtliinoiepltalmniyojis,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  18!Kl,  314. 

248.  SYNODUS*  (Gronow)  Bloch  &.  Schneider 
(Lizard  Fishes.) 

S;/mi,(»s  ((}ronow)  Bloch  &  SriiNElDER,  Syst.  Irhth.,  39(i,  1801,  ((rf/iiorf««). 

TiriK.  lUFiNKsyiE,  Caratteri,  etc.,  50,  1810,  (mnrmoralus). 

^"""S  <'uviEii,  lU'gno  Animal,  Ed.  I,  100,  1817,  (stiiinw). 

.(?)i^i,). Ill's,  Risso,  Eur.  Murid.,  ni,  458,  1820  (Alpinmaria  rism),  (very  young). 

/.'ii(Mi/ii  (AniSTOTLE)  SwAiNsoN,  Nat.  Hist.  Anim.,  11,  287,  1839,  (metlilerruneitii  =  tamuii). 


*  'I'U'-  species  of  Synmltu  have  been  critically  studied  by  Dr.  Sath  E.  Meek,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  for  1884. 


^ 


.;,       ,        .        i 


i      ', 


\ 


\ 


!   ii 


I 


t 

r 

\' 

' 

,  •     ^ 

, 

i.  '   I     1 

J 

;'.    ! 

■ 

1   ' 

1         1                ; 

i 

i 

1 

h'     I' 

^ 

^Amh 

J 

r 
I 


ip 


'f 


!I^ 


m 


634 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


First  superior  pharyngeal  cartilaginous;  second  without  teeth  ;  thinl 
and  fourth  separate,  with  teeth ;  lower  pharyngeals  separate.  Body 
elongate,  subterete.  Head  depressed,  the  snout  triangular,  rather  pointed. 
Interorbital  region  transversely  concave.  Month  very  wide;  premaxil- 
laries  not  protractile,  very  long  and  strong,  more  than  half  length  of 
head;  maxillaries  closely  connected  with  them,  very  small  or  obsolete; 
premaxillarios  with  one  or  two  series  of  large,  compressed,  kuife-shapiMl 
teeth,  the  inner  and  larger  depressible ;  palatine  teeth  similar,  sniallor, 
in  a  single  broad  band  ;  lower  jaw  with  a  band  of  rather  large  teeth,  tlio 
inner  iind  larger  teeth  depressible  ;  a  patch  of  strong,  depressible  te<«tli 
on  the  tongue  in  front,  and  a  long  row  along  the  hyoid  bone  ;  jaws  nearly 
equal  in  front.  Eye  rather  large,  anterior;  supraorbital  forming  a  pro- 
jection above  the  eye.  Pseudobranchiue  well  developed.  Gill  raketH 
very  small,  spine-like,  (iill  membranes  slightly  connected.  Top  of  head 
naked;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaled  like  the  body;  body  covered  with 
rather  small,  adherent,  cycloiJ  scales ;  lateral  line  present ;  no  InminoiiH 
spots.  Dorsal  fin  short,  rather  anterior ;  pectords  moderate,  inserted 
high ;  ventrals  anterior,  not  far  behind  pectoralR,  large,  the  inner  rayn 
longer  than  the  outer;  anal  short;  caudal  narrow,  forked.  Vent  poN- 
terior,  much  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  base  of  ventrals.  BranchioHtc- 
g<\ls  12  to  16.  Stomach  with  a  long,  blind  sac  and  many  pyloric  C(i>cii. 
Skeleton  rather  firm.  Species  numerous.  Voracious  fishes  of  moderato 
size,  inhabiting  sandy  bottoms  at  no  great  depth,  in  most  warm  seaN. 
(avvti(hvc,  ancient  name  of  some  fish,  from  awddovr,  teeth  meeting,  not 
shutting  past  each  other  like  scissors.) 

a.  Scaltm  largo,  43  to  TiO  in  tbo  lateral  linu,  wliicli  has  a  blunt  kcol  posteriorly. 

b.  Tips  of  first  rays  of  dorsal  not  rouuliinR  tipn  of  last  rays  when  depressed;  snout  short, 
hroad,  4%  In  head;  shoulder  girdle  with  a  largo  block  blotch,  anal  rays  10  or  11;* 
scales  4-48-6.  intebmedii'R,  800. 

bb.  TiiM  of  first  niys  of  dorsal  reaching  tips  of  last  rays  wlicn  depressed. 

c.  Shoulder  girdlo  chiefly  black;  snout  short,  rounded,  4  in  head;  ventrals  1}  in  head; 

anal  roys  10;  scales  4-48-5.  evermanni,  K07. 

cc.  Shoulder  girdle  with  the  black  spot  very  small  or  wanting;  snout  rather  poiiitid, 

SjVj  in  head;  ventrals  IJ^  in  head;  anal  rays  10  to  12.  i>oevi,  hii8. 

aa.  Scales  small,  58  to  08  in  lateral  lino. 

(/.  Anal  fin  very  short,  iiti  rays  8  only;  pectoral  fin  short. 

e.  Scales  modenite,  58  in  the  lateral  line;  snout  4  in  hoail;  shoulder  girdle  sllp;IitlY 

dusky;  dorsal  mottled.  synodus,  Siw. 

ee.  Scales  small,  68  in  the  lateral  line;  snout  4}/,  in  bead;  shoulder  girdle  |>ale;  dorsnl 

mottled.  lAOKIlTINUS,  sill. 

dd.  Anal  fin  moderate,  its  rays  10  to  13;  shoulder  girdle  chiefly  yellowish. 

/.  Snout  very  brood,  broader  than  long;  obout  10  scales  in  o  cross  series  from  dorsal 
to  ventral;  jaws  subequol;  scales  4-60  to  C4-6;  toil  with  a  slight  koel. 

SAJ'III'.-',  .'<11. 

//.  Snout  not  broader  than  long;  more  than  10  scales  in  a  cross  series  from  dorsal  to 

ventral;  lower  jaw  inrluded;  tail  not  keeled. 

g.  About  4  rows  of  scales  (6  counting  obliquely)  between  lateral  line  and  ndipose 

fin;  scales  on  checks  in  4  to  7  rows. 

h.  Head  very  small,  4J^  to  42  in  Icngtli;  first  ray  of  dorsal  coterminous  with 

last  ray  when  the  fin  is  depressed;  cheeks  with  4  rows  of  largo  Biales; 

ventrals  1}  in  head.    Scales  6-C1-6.  scitclicei's,  sli 


*  In  the  count  of  rays  in  the  R|)ecio8  of  %n(>(fus,  only  those  fully  develoi>ed  are  euuuieruted, 
the  radimeutary  simple  ray  being  omitted. 


"•■"»■' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        535 


!/!/■ 


hh,  Ileail  iiuxloratP,  •'V)4  to  K\,^  tii  lengtli;  Hralim  on  ilinekH  in  •!  or  7  ruwi. 

i.  Iloiid  not  v«rnili'ulat«  aliovo,  It*  lunKtli  :t',' (  to  \  in  lioily;  <>  roWH  of 

BOllll'Hon  cIll'I'liH.  .IKNKINNI,  81.1, 

ii.  IIpiuI  V(*rnilciilat«  nliovc,  itii  longlli  4  to  4'.|  in  hody;  7  rowi*  of  walci 
on  cht'i^kH.  riKTK.NH,  Hit- 

Altoiit  n  rowfl  of  bchIpn  In  ii  vertical  row  bvtwcon  Intnral  lino  anil  lulipofio  tin; 
i'lii>iikr<  with  (I  rows  of  Ncali'H;  wuli'N  l;i-UU-t)!,  tlii<  viTtiiul  rowH  ruiintci] 
obllqiK'ly.  i.ruioCKi'H,  815. 

80«.  NYNOni'H  INTRRNEDirS  (Agaioilz). 
(SANn  Divp.R.) 

Hoad  4 ;  depth  8;  «yo  4^.  D.  11;  A.  11;  scales  1-18-7.  Hody  rather 
Htout;  head  blunt,  large,  the  suont  broader  than  lung,  abuiit  equal  to 
eye.  Frontal  bones  little  striate  ;  interorbital  space  concave,  0  in  head  ; 
prominent  striiu  behind  eye;  jaws  subequal ;  premaxillary  Ijj  in  head, 
longer  than  pectoral.  Scales  large,  4  to  6  rows  on  cheeks,  3  series 
lictweeu  adipose  fin  and  lateral  line.  Dorsal  high,  as  high  as  long;  pec- 
toral 2  in  head;  ventral  IJj.  Grayish,  abruptly  paler  below;  back  and 
sides  with  8  dark  crossbands  broadest  at  lateral  line,  these  soine- 
tinicH  alternating  with  fainter  ones;  a  large  jet-black  blotch  on  upper 
part  of  shoulder  girdle,  hidden  by  opcrcle ;  membrane  of  maxillary 
hl.ick ;  dorsal  and  pectorals  finely  barred ;  lower  fins  and  brauchiostegals 
vollow ;  adult  with  an  orange  spot  on  each  scale  below.  Length  15 
inches.  Coast  of  southern  Florida  to  Brazil ;  not  rare;  the  most  brightly 
colored  of  our  species,  (intermediita,  intermediate — between  myopn  and 
f(itvn8.) 

Saiinit  iiitermtdiut,  AoAgsiz,  Spix,  Pise.  Brnsil.,  81,  1828,  Brazil. 

fidiiruH  aitolin,  CuviKu  &  Vai.enciennks.  Hist.  Nut.  I'oiiiH,,  xxn,  483, 1849,  Bahia  ;  Martinique. 

tiiiiiiia  inlennetUm,  flt'NTiiEU,  Oat.,  v,  3'JC,  18(14. 

BjiHcdui  intermediM,  Johdan  iSc  Gilbekt,  SyuopslH,  88'J,  1883. 

8«7.  SirXODl'S  KVER.1IANM,  Jonliin  &  Ilollman. 

Head  3t  to  3f ;  depth  6^  to  7.  D.  10 ;  A.  10 ;  scales  4-47  to  49-5.  Hody 
terete,  rather  robust ;  snout  short,  rounded  rather  than  pointed,  4  in 
li(«ad.  Month  large ;  maxillary  If  in  head.  Lower  jaw  barely  project- 
ing. Interorbital  area  concave,  rugose,  its  least  width  5j  in  head ; 
supraorbital  ridge  prominent,  finely  striate.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer 
adipose  fin  thau  snout  by  f  width  of  interorbital  area ;  anterior  rays 
of  dorsal  coterminous  "with  posterior  when  depressed,  the  last  rays  not 
lilameutous ;  the  free  edge  of  the  fin  little  concave ;  dorsal  fin  higher 
1  iiau  long  l)y  nearly  an  eye's  diameter,  its  length  2^  in  head ;  tip  of  ven- 
trals  reaching  halfway  to  vent  (farther  in  young);  their  length  1.^-1.^ 
in  head;  pectorals  extending  to  near  middle  of  ventrals,  I'-l*^  in  head; 
lobes  of  caudal  equal.  Lateral  line  with  ablunt  keel.  Color  dark  above ; 
J<  to  10  dusky  greenish  oblong  spots  along  lateral  line,  between  which 
iiiid  below  lateral  line  are  traces  of  smaller  spots ;  a  dusky  shade  over 
oiierclb ;  skin  lining  opercle  and  shoulder  girdle  dark,  the  black  markings 
surrounded  by  yellow ;  adipose  fin  dark,  edged  with  pale ;  caudal  not 
barred,  inner  rays  dusky ;  pectorals  and  dorsal  somewhat  dusky ;  other 


3!:  ■  ' 


Ik  i 


i  '!: 


'..  ;.  -i. 


.   .  •  hi  ■ 


u 


■#t- 


;r 


■  .■ 


i 


5- 


■  I' 

i'  1 


f    i  i.  I:    f  ii 


i 


fV,    .   I-  f-  :-  k'  X 


i     'A 


vi 


....    U 


fwrfwij"  «('?i'!"""nppi^' 


530 


Bulletin  V7.  UnittJ  States  National  Afuseum. 


§:■  I  ■ 


!!; 


ttiiH  palo;  tip  of  chin  Hcarcely  diiaky.  Maxatlan  to  coaHt  (»f  Colom- 
bia; ahiiiidant.  Lon^th  K  inohes.  (Naiiio«l  for  ])r.  l<art«)i)  Warruii  Evt-r 
munii,  I(;hthyo1«)>;iHt  of  tli»  ITnittxl  Stat»H  FIhIi  CoinmiHHion.) 

%NorfiM  errrtiiimnl,  .loBDAN  ik  llui.i.MAN,   I'roc.  U.  H.  Nat.  Mum.,  IflH!),  ]r>'.',  Pacific  Ocean,  oil 
coaat  of  Colombia,  in  33  fathoma.     (Typo,  Nn.  41141,    Coll.  Alliiitruiw.) 

NOM.  NVMODI'S  POKYI,  .r<>r.lnii. 

Head  4;  dopth  0}.  I).  10;  A.  10  to  12;  hviiIuh  1-1  t-l.  Kody  tvr«ti>, 
rather  rolniHt,  tlio  Hiioiit  rathur  long  and  pointed,  :<||  in  head;  nioutli 
largo,  thu  jtruniaxillary  1}  in  h«ad;  lo\ver,ja\v  Hlightly  projecting;  intci- 
orbital  area  concave;  Hnpraorhital  ridge  present.  Dorsal  fin  inHertiMl 
midway  between  tip  of  snont  and  front  of  adipose  tin;  the  tips  of  tirst 
and  last  rays  oqnal  when  the  (in  is  dellexed.  Ventrals  U  in  head,  reach- 
ing j|  distance  to  vent;  pectorals  reaching  base  of  vontrals,  1}  in  heud. 
Lateral  line  with  a  slight  keel  posteriorly.  v<.i]„«yig|i  above,  scalis 
punctate  M'ith  dark  ;  breast  llesh-colored  ;  sides  with  a  row  of  irregular 
black  markings;  acapnia  barred  with  black,  occasionally  with  a  small 
black  spot,  iina  not  barred,  the  caudal  with  dusky  shades.  Length  '> 
inches.     Cuba;  abundant.     (Named  for  Prof.  Felipe  Poey,  its  discoverer.) 

Syiinilnii  hileniieiUiiii,  PoKY,  Eriunienitio,  ITri,  14:),  l87r>;iiot  (>rAilA8ai/  ;  Mkkk,  Pruc.  Ac.  Nut.  .Si. 

Phlla.,  1884,  131. 
Sifnodm iioeyl,  Jordan,  Pror.  U.  8.  Nut.  Miih.,  IHmi,  520,  Havana.     (Coll.  .lonlun.) 

HOn.  MTNOIHIM  HYNOIUJN  (IJuiiii<uh). 

Head  3};  depth  5;  eye  b'k  ia  head;  snout  4;  premaxillary  1.^ ;  pectoral 
2i;  ventral  l/a;  anal  very  short.  D.  11;  A.  8;  scales  5  or  6-58-H.  Top 
of  heud  quite  warty,  marked  with  radiating  and  with  cross  streakH 
of  warts;  interorbital  space  concave,  marked  with  small  warts;  supra- 
orbital with  a  conspicuous  bony  ridge.  Palatine  teeth  long  and  slender, 
slenderer  than  teeth  of  the  jaw  and  almost  in  one  series.  Body  miicii 
mottled  and  vermiculated  with  darker,  and  crossed  by  about  15  dark 
half  bands ;  scapular  region  dusky  but  without  distinct  apot ;  dorsal  and 
anal  mottled,  other  fina  plain.  Coast  of  Brazil  and  Leaser  Antilles,  Wh 
distribution  imperfectly  known;  our  description  taken  from  two  speci- 
mens in  the  museum  at  Paria  from  Bahia,  types  of  the  description  of 
Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.  The  species  may  not  be  the  original  Sifnodua  of 
Gronow  and  Linnceus.  No  other  specillc  name  seems,  however,  ever  to 
have  been  given  to  it. 

f  E»ox  nynoduf,  liJSiijKVS,  Syst.  Nat.,  E<1.  xii,  TilO,  17C6,  America;  linsod  on  St/itodiiii  of  Oronow 

Saiirtis  tj/tioihis,  CuviER  &  Valknciennes,  HiHt.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxii,  477,  1849. 

f  Bytioihii  fattciatuH,  liActpp.or.,  Hist.  Nut.  Polss.,  v,  321,  1804;  uftor  Gbonow. 

tSaurm  rarim,  GOnther,  Cut.,  v,  ;i95,  18G4  ;  tlio  iruo  varhiii  in  a  closely  related  Bpcclca,  ponsilil.v 

identical  with  8.  nyiioditH,  reprcBonting  the  latter  in  thu  Western  Pacific  ;  itH  scalcB,  1)0  li> 

64,  api)ear  sniallur  than  in  8.  tyttodtu. 

810.  SYNUDIJ8  LACERTIMUS,  Gilbert. 

Head3J;  depth  5|;  eye  6.  D.  11;  A.  8;  scales  68.  Snout  short,  4^ 
in  head,  2|  in  premaxillary,  its  length  slightly  less  than  its  width  nt 
base.    Eye  over  middle  of  premaxillary,  which  is  If  in  head ;  interorbital 


:.l|- 


.■-it  si--ht<:A:^b:-'-^-JLfiihri{:A'ki-.ii''i6i- 


..'M 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


537 


\N  iiltli  halt'  HiKMit;  ocuipiit  witli  \vu1I-<Iov«'I<)|m'<1  rugoiiitoN.  HcuIuh  tin 
clicoks  cruwdtMl,  ill  t>  iowh;  (our  ■««rii)H  l>«>two«ui  u(li|H>He  Hit  iiiitl  latornl 
lino.  Front  of  doiNal  tuniior  tip  of  Hiioiit  than  ndipoNO  iln  l>y  u  diHtanco 
i'i|iiiilin){  diani«t««i'  of  piii>il;  tiio  tin  low,  thn  tipH  of  »nt«^riui'  rayH 
lntrt-Iy  ruuc]iin)(  bano  of  jxmtorior  rny  in  rotlexed  (in:  hnsn  of  doi-Hul  17, 
ill  lu'iid ;  npp<>r  ontlinu  of  dorHal  conv«x  ;  anal  vury  Hnnill,  itH  baMo  \, 
liii^tli  of  lioad  ;  p<>ctui-alH  v*m',v  Nliort,  bluntly  ronnd<>d,  tint  luii){<^Ht  my 
'1\  in  h»ad,not  reaching  bryond  vtuticnl  from  baHo  of  viuitralH;  vontrnls 
itachin);  halfway  to  front  anal,  \\  in  ht^nd.  Cidor  black,  with  5 
liKiad  dark  barH  nMudiin;;  to  lattMal  lino  or  below;  th«  middle  of  each 
iiitiTHpaco  with  a  faint«*r  bur  conlinod  to  back;  mandible  below  with 
alternating  brown  and  Hilvery  croHabutH;  a  black  Hpot  at  lower  angle 
of  clioekH,  with  a  Hmall  Hilvery  blotch  below  it;  inside  of  month  and  gill 
ciivity  pale;  dormil  and  candal  faintly  barred.  Length  (i^  incheH.  Aoa- 
pulco,  Mexic«»;  one  Hpecinicn  Known,     {lacfrtinim,  li/.ard-like.) 

Siiii(xl»ii  Ittrerlimm,  OlMiRIlT,  Proc.  I'.  8.  Niit.  Mili.,1KtN),  6f>,  Acapulco.     (T.vim',  Nh.  4'I:{0II.     Cull. 
AlluitrDiiri.) 

81 1.  NYNOIH'S  HAITItrMd.iniiiruN). 
(Takkntola  ;  Lackrtk;  Tiri'.) 

Head  4;  H.  ir»;  D.  12;  A.  12.  Scales  3  or  4-(K)-2.  Snout  broader  than 
litii^,  the  JawH  Hubecpial ;  teuth  small ;  upper  surface  «)f  head  corrugated. 
lioi'Hal  slightly  higher  than  long,  the  tips  of  the  first  rays  not  extending 
lii'voiid  tips  of  last ;  pectoral  reaching  ninth  or  tenth  scale  of  lateral  line. 
Scales  on  tail  faintly  keeled.  Dusky  gray,  yellow  below.  Length  17 
incheH.  ((iiinther;  Goode.)  Coasts  of  Southern  Europe  and  neighboring 
islands,  recorded  by  Dr.  (ioode  from  the  Bermudas,    {aalftoq,  lizard.)  (Eu.) 

Sii/m«  Hiimiif,  LiNN,*;i!H,  Sysf.  Niit.,  Kil.  xii,  .Ml,  ITfiO,  Mediterranean;  iiftcr  Ahtkdi. 

SiiiuiiH yriHfiiD,  IiowK,  TfHiiH.  Zoiil.  Soc,  ii,  1841,  1K8,  Madeira  ;  CJCNTiiKit,  Cut.,  v,  :\'M,  WA. 

I.imritla  meilileirtmett,  SWAINSON,  Nut.  Ilirit.  Anini.,  II,  2H7,  1H:19,  Mediterranean;  name  only. 

'nniH  iiinrmortiliiii,  UAKiNKsgi'K,  (iumttori,  60,  1810,  Palermo. 

Mimmarin  riKso,  Ris.><i),  Kur.  Morld.,  Ill,  458,  1820,  Nice  ;  very  young. 

HijHuilua  lacerla,  QooDE,  Hull.  U.  .S.  Nut.  Mub.,  v,  1870,  08,  Durmutla  Hpt'cimon  ;  not  of  Kifwo. 

812.  8YNOIHI8  SCITULICEPS,  Jordan  *  Gilbert. 

Head  4i|;  depth  {)h  D.  10;  A.  12;  scales  6-61-(5.  Allied  to  S.  feetens, 
but  with  the  head  very  small;  cheeks  with  about  4  rows  of  large  scales; 
operclcs  with  4  ;  4  rows  between  adipose  tin  and  lateral  line;  ventrals  1| 
in  head;  pectoral  2.  Coloration  brownish  olive,  scales  of  back  with  pale 
daHJics ;  head  marbled  above  ;  pectoral  and  caudal  blackish ;  adipose  fin 
Mack,  edge  pale  ;  no  yellow.  Length  7  inchts.  Cape  San  Lucas  to  Pan- 
.ania ;  not  uncommon  in  shallow  bays.     («ct<M2i(N,  slender;  -ct'j)8,  head.) 

^l/uiiiliiH  MihiUceiiH,  JoiiDAN  &  GlLUEiiT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  MuH.,  1881,  344,  Mazatlan.     (Type, 
No.  28;i92.     Coll.  Gilhort.) 

81».  HYNOniTS  JENKINSI,  Jordan  &  Bollman. 

Head  3t  to  4  ;  depth  6j^  to  7.  D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  13  ;  scales  5-62  to  65-6,  6 
rowM  un  cheeks.     Body  slender,  subterete,  depressed.     Head  moderate, 


i 


1 ' 


I 


..k.i 


I 


H  ^ 

At 


n 


•1; 


I  hi. 


v,   ■ 


■    5    \   1'  . 

il  rl 
If  1. 1 -I 


I !  Hi  ■lit  ... 

mmm 


TfTfW 


n:\A 


liulletitt  ^7,  United  Stales  National  Afuseum, 


iiiiioh  larftflr  than  in  S.  $ciluHcrp».  Hnoiit  broadly  triangular,  littlo 
pointod,  lik  in  hvud,  itH  length  uiioiit  u<|Uttl  to  itH  hritadtli  at  Iiamu.  Month 
larg«,  pronittxillary  1}  in  IhmuI.  Interorhital  ar«a  concuvc,  rngoHo, 
Hlightly  broader  than  oyu,  r>Hit  boad;  Hiipruorbitul  finely  ittriatu,  witii 
serrulato  edge.  Lower  J»\v  include«l;  teeth  moderate.  Lateral  liiu< 
witl  out  keel.  Origin  of  dorHul  midway  betwiMtn  udipomt  fhi  and  anterior 
margin  of  pnpil ;  anterior  rayn  of  dornal  not  extending  ho  far  uh  the  iiint 
when  depnwHed;  tip  (»f  ventralH  reaching  Mlightly  mure  than  halfway  to 
vent,  their  length  I'j  in  head;  pectorala  reaching  root  of  ventralH,  2  in 
head,  and  longer  than  Hnout.  and  eye  in  larger  HpeoimenH.  Color  brown- 
IhIi  olive;  HoaleH  on  back  with  paler  HpeckH;  a  few  rowH  of  snales  below 
lateral  line  with  numero.iH  black  dots;  head  not  marbled;  JawH  not 
spotted,  tip  of  lower  black  ;  inside  of  opercles  dark  ;  lining  of  shoiiidcr 
girdle  yellow;  pectorals  und  caudal  dusky,  former  tipped  with  piilo; 
adipose  fin  dark,  margined  with  paler;  lower  fins  pale,  (lulf  of  Califor- 
nia to  (talupugoH  JslandH,  in  10  to  33  fathoms;  common.  (Named  for  Dr. 
Oliver  Peebles  Jenkins,  who  obtained  the  species  ut  (iuaymas.) 

SyniiilunjndiHiii,  .Tokiian   fc  Itoi.i.HAN,  Prur.  U.  R.  Nat  Muh.,  IHHtl,  }M,  ofT  coast  ol  Colom- 
bia, Oalapago*  lalanda.    (Ty|>o,  No.  41171.    Coll.  Albatrom). 


HI4.  NYNOnrS  HKTKNM  (Linnii-im). 
(IjiJtARii  K18II ;  Oalmwahp;  IjAoarto  ;  HoAPriHii.) 

Head  4i;  depth  7;  eye  5i.  D.  9  or  10;  A.  11  or  12;  V.  8;  scaleH  7-ti() 
to  04-8  (the  vertical  rows  counted  obliquely).  Snout  long,  the  upiMi- 
jaw  li  in  head.  Scales  less  regularly  arranged,  and  the  rows  less  oblii|in< 
than  in  Synotlus  ludocepK]  those  ou  the  opercle  in  about  5  rows,  on  tint 
cheeks  in  7;  25  to  30  scales  along  back  before  dorsal,  4  in  a  vertical  row- 
between  adipose  fin  and  lateral  line,  6  in  au  oblique  row.  Pectoral  tin 
short,  2  in  head,  not  reaching  ventrals,  its  length  i  that  of  the  preniax- 
illary ;  ventral  large,  1}  in  head,  its  length  from  outer  edge  of  haHo 
greater  than  from  tip  of  snout  to  upper  edge  of  gill  opening.  Intoior- 
bital  space  considerably  concave,  with  i;<diating  ridges.  OlivaceouH  or 
sandy  gray;  yellowish  Lelow;  back  mottled;  upper  surface  of  IunuI 
brownish,  distinctly  vermiculatod  with  yellowish ;  ventral  fins,  lower 
side  of  head,  and  inside  of  month  tinged  with  yellow ;  no  scapular  Hpot; 
snout  not  black  at  tip ;  dorsal  scarcely  barred.  Length  12  inches.  Capo 
Cod  to  Brazil,  very  common  from  3outh  Carolina  southward,  on  snndy 
coasts;  not  valued  as  food,     (fcrteuit  odorous.) 

Siilmo /iiienn,  Linn^us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Kd.  xii,  n;J,  176G,  South  Carolina.    (Ooll.  Pr.  (iunlon  1 

Omnrnis  aJbiihin,  Lac(:p£de,  HiRt.  Nut.  Polsf).,  v,  229, 1803,  Carolina;  nftcr  TjINK.v.i'n. 

Coregonwi ruber,  LAc(:p£nE,  IliMt.  K.it.  PoiBo.,  v,  2C3, 180.3,  Martinique;  uftor  Plvmikk. 

Eiitx  iiutmoneiiii,  BIitciiili.,  Traus.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc,  i,  1815,  442,  Ne^v  York. 

Bmirwi  hmgiroatriH,  Aoasbiz,  Spix.  Piac.  Brasil.  pi.  43,  1828,  Brazil. 

BaurtiK  mexicamu,  Cuvier,  lUygne  Aiiiiniil,  Kd.  ii,  314,  1820,  Mexico. 

Baiirtig  ntUianut,  PoEV,  Mumorias,  ii,  304,1801,  Cuba. 

Baurutfwtemi,  OI?ntiier,  Cat.,  v,  396,  1864;  IIoLBnooK,  Ichth.  8.  Car.,  187,  I860. 

Bynoditt  npirianm,  Poey,  Enumoratio,  141, 1876;  Jordan,  Proc.  II.  8.  Nat.  MiiB.,  1884,  107. 

Synodusfirleni,  JonnAN  &  GlI.nEiiT,  Synopsis,  280,  1883. 

Bf/nodu»/oeien»  and  ipixiantu,  Meek,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1884, 135. 


Jordan  and  Et'trpnann. — Fishes  of  North  Amerita. 


iV3U 


HU.  NVMOIM'M     It'KN'Ki'HfAyrM). 

Head  4;  depth  Hf ;  (^yn  5.  D.  11;  A.  12;  H.  It;  McaloH  ia-(M'i-Ut  (the 
vtirtical  HurioH  (ionntod  oltli<|tit^ly ).  HatloH  arruii|{<'<l  in  n^Ko'ur,  vury 
iililii|ue  rowH;  tlioNn  on  tlio  opttrcluH  in  about  K,  on  tlio  olin«tkM  in  altout  U, 
■  OWN  ;  40  to  r>()  Boalt^H  alon^  tlin  liauk  Itot'oro  tlio  dorHai,  <t  in  a  vurtioal  row 
l)ntw«un  adlpoHfl  fiti  and  latural  lino,  and  10  in  an  oldiquo  row.  Pectoral 
tin  longer,  reaohing  baan  of  v<«ntralH,  itH  liMi)(tli  altoiit  (vpial  to  that  of  the 
proniaxillary ;  ventral  fln  not  ho  lon^;  nn  thn  Hpaco  between  Hnont  and 
ii|>por  edge  of  gill  opening.  Interorbltiil  aparo  little  concave,  nearly 
Ntiiooth.  Olive  brown  above,  grayiHli  below,  with  Home  golden  luHtor  on 
HidoN;  back  with  HJaty  rotioulationH;  head  not  vermicnlatod  above;  lower 
NJdo  of  head  and  ventral  tlnn  yellow.  Length  IH  inoheH,  but  nHuaily  mnch 
Niiiiiller.  Han  FranciHco  to  Santa  Karbaru,  rather  coninion  in  Huninier; 
rxNcnibleM  S,  /wtenn,  but  the  scaluH  are  Huiallor.     (luciun,  pike  ;  -cc^m,  head.) 

.siMfin  hfiiH-fff,  AvRKM,  Tror.  Cal.  Ai'.  8cl.,  \%Kt,  (ir,,  San  Pranciaco;  <irNTiir.H,  Ciit.,v, 397, 18154. 
.s'</ii'ii/iiii /la'ioc'C})*,  JuUDAN  ><c  OiLiiritT,  Syno|iRl4,  2H1,  Ihh.'I. 

249.  BATHYSAURUS,  (iuuthcr. 

/.'.i/;i//iiaHni»,  OrNTlllER,  Ann.  Mttt?.  Nut.  IJldf.,  An(t"Ht,  1H78,  1X1,  (/croj-). 

Kody  formed  an  in  Synodua,  Hubcylindrical,  elongate,  covered  with  small 
HcaloH.  Head  deprcHHed,  with  the  Huout  produced.  Hat  above.  Cleft  of  the 
nioutli  very  wide,  with  the  lower  Jaw  projecting;  premaxillary  very  long, 
Hlyliform,  tapering,  not  movable ;  nia.\illary  obnolete.  Teeth  in  the  jawH 
in  broad  bandH,  not  covered  by  lipH,  curved,  unequal  in  ui/e,  and  barbed 
at  the  end  ;  a  HerieM  of  aimiliir  teeth  along  the  whole  length  of  each  Hide  of 
tiie  ))alato;  a  few  teeth  on  the  tongue,  and  groups  of  small  teeth  on  the 
hyoid  ;  eye  moderate,  lateral.  Pectoral  moderate;  veutrals  eight-rayed, 
iiiHorted  close  behind  pectoral;  dorsal  fin  median,  of  about  18  rays; 
adipose  fin  present  or  absent;  anal  moderate;  caudal  emarginate.  Gill 
openings  very  wide,  the  gill  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
Hranohiostegals  11  or  12.  (Jill  laminie  well  developed  :  gill  rakers  tnber- 
ciihir;  pseudobranchiie  well  developed.  Scales  rather  small.  Deep-sea 
lishes.     (j(JaMf ,  deep  ;  naifini;,  Saurus  =  Synodua.) 

S18.  BATIIYSAITKUM  FKKOX,  Ollnther. 

Head  ^^,  depth  7.  B.  10;  D.  17  or  18;  A.  11;  C.  19;  P.  15;  A.  8;  scales 
H-74  to  78-8.  Body  elongate,  sabterote.  Head  alligator-like,  naked, 
except  on  cheek  and  occiput,  with  strong  nasal  and  interorbital  ridges; 
itH  greatest  width  more  than  half  its  lengtli ;  gape  of  mouth  very  wide, 
i  length  of  body,  extending  behind  eye  for  a  distance  equal  to  interor- 
bital width.  Premaxillary  with  2  irregular  rows  of  depressible  teeth* 
some  of  them  barbed,  those  of  inner  row  much  the  largest ;  lower  jaw 
enormously  strong,  its  sides  projecting  beyond  the  upper  jaw  ;  its  dentary 
edge  thickly  studded  with  depressible  teeth,  many  of  them,  especially  the 
larger  inner  ones,  strongly  barbed  ;  those  in  front,  claw-like,  recurved ; 
3  rows  of  teeth  on  the  palatines,  the  middle  ones  very  much  enlarged 
and  most  of  them  strongly  barbed,  these  being  the  largest  of  all  the  teeth; 
on  the  tongue  a  few  weaker  teeth  and  groups  of  similar  teeth  ou  the 


,;' 


1  :    , 


'    ,  I 


lMi!(ifl!iui|l|i|J|fi 


540 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


vomer.  Insertion  of  dorsal  behind  snout  at  a  distance  a  little  more  than 
its  own  base  and  about  i  the  total  length,  longest  ray  equal  to  gntat- 
est  depth  of  body.  No  adipose  dorsal  (in  the  specimens  known);  iuial 
inserted  considerably  behind  last  ray  of  dorsal,  its  base  about  half  that  of 
the  dorsal ;  ventrals  well  apart,  inserted  just  in  front  of  the  dorsal,  tlieir 
length  half  head ;  pectoral  as  long  as  lower  jaw,  its  seventh  ray  pro- 
longed to  a  length  equal  to  that  of  head;  caudal  sl.'ghtly  forked  ;  scales 
thin,  cycloid,  deciduous,  those  of  the  lateral  line  larger,  brownish  ;  lining 
of  gill  cavity  blue-black.  Atlantic  and  South  Pacific,  known  from  ort" 
New  Zealand,  Morocco,  and  the  Uulf  Stream  if,  as  supposed,  the  American 
B.  agaasizxi  is  identical  with  Ji.ferox.  (Goodo  &.  Bean.)  (ferox,  ferociouN. ) 
IMhymnrvt  ferox,  GOntiieu,  Ann.  Mn;;.  Nut.  Hint.,  187S,  182,  east  coast  of  New  Zealand. 
lUUhtiiumrHit  mjamzii,  GoonK  .fe  I)kan,Hu11.  Miih.  Ooinp.  /oiil.,  1882,  2iri,  Gulf  Stream,  33°  N.  in 
647  fathoms;  Goodr  &.  Bean,  Ocoanic  Ichth.,  58,  1895. 


250.  BATHYLACO,  Goode  &  Bean. 

Bathjlnco,  GoODF.  A  Bea.n,  Oceanic  Icbtliyology,  57,  1895,  (iiigricutui). 

Body  subcylindrical,  rsther  elongate,  stout,  similar  in  form  to  Sifnodiis. 
(Scales  absent  in  the  specimen  studied,  and  it  is  not  even  possible  to 
determine  whether  or  not  this  is  a  naked  opecies.''  Head  conical;  snout 
nhort.  Mouth  very  large,  wide,  oblique,  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting. 
Premaxillary  narrow  and  long,  with  small  teeth,  which  are  somewhat 
biserial  in  front  and  uniserial  behind,  Interrupted  at  the  symphyNiN. 
Mandible  with  a  narrow  band  of  similar  teeth;  palatine  teeth  in  a  nar. 
row  band ;  tongue  toothless.  Eye  moderately  large,  very  far  forward,  its 
upper  edge  close  to  the  dorsal  profile.  Pectoral  small,  placed  low  ;  ven- 
tral nearly  median,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  and  far  behind  tlie 
pectoral,  with  8  rays;  dorsal  origin  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  lengtli 
and  extending  to  above  the  middle  of  the  anal ;  adipose  Hn  probably 
absent ;  anal  origin  far  back,  fin  short.  Gill  opening  very  wide,  um 
in  Bathyaaurait,  the  left  membrane  overlapping  the  right,  not  attached  to 
the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  numerous.  Gill  rakers  short  and  few. 
Opercular  bones  verj  thin  and  feeble.  Deep  sea.  {i3ati'rg,  deep;  TidKuo^,  a 
hole  or  pit."> 

817.  BATHYLACO  NIGRICANS,  Goode  &  Beun. 

Head  4 ;  depth  2;  eye  ii  in  head,  equal  to  interorbltal  width.  B.  8;  D, 
20 ;  A.  10 ;  V.  8 ;  P.  6.  Snout  about  2  in  eye  and  about  8  in  head.  The 
lower  jaw  the  longer.  The  intermaxillary  is  nearly  ^  length  of  head. 
The  mandible  is  contained  3  times  in  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  origin 
of  dorsal ;  dorsal  fin  inserted  at  a  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  ecinal 
to  twice  length  of  head,  the  length  of  its  base  nearly  i  of  total  (without 
caudal) ;  origin  of  anal  under  posterior  third  of  dorsal,  the  length  of  its 
base  equal  to  half  that  of  head  ,  pectoral  small,  placed  low,  immediately 
back  of  the  branchial  opening;  apparently  few-rayed.    Color  black. 

A  single  specimen  in  very  bad  condition.  Si  inches  in  length,  taken  by 
the  Blake  off  Santa  Cruz,  e,t  a  depth  of  2,393 fathoms.  (Goode  &  Beau.) 
(nigrioani',  blackish. ) 

Baihylaeo  nigricamy  Goode  &,  Bban,  Ocpanic  Ichthyology,  57,  ftg.  69,  1895,  off  Sai.ta  Cruz, 
Mexico. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        641 


Family  hXIX.  AULOPID^E. 

Allied  to  the  Synodontidtv,  but  with  the  maxillary  separate,  well  devel- 
opod,  aud  dil&ted  behind.  HypocoracoidH  extended  downward  uh  in  many 
Hpiny-rayed  fishes.  Gill  rakers  mostly  lung  and  slender,  needle-shaped. 
Eyes  normal,  large  or  small.  No  luminous  spots  ;  jaws  without  fang-like 
teeth.  Dorsal  fin  moderate,  nearly  median  in  position,  the  body  elongate. 
Pectorals  present,  normal  in  form  and  position ;  adipose  fin  normally 
present.  Pseudobranchiu)  present.  This  family  as  here  understood 
includes  some  half  dozen  species — fishes  of  moderate  depths,  .ihielly  of 
the  Atlantic. 

(I.  Dorsal  fln  moderate,  of  li'M  than  15  raysj   tooth  iiiiiiiito  ;  kciUoo  ctenoid;  gill  rakers  very 
alouder.  Ciiloroputiialmum,  261. 

251.  CHLOROPHTH/  LMUS,  Bonaparte. 

Chhrophihahmu,  Bcnapabtb,  Fiiiiim  Italioii,  fiiMc.  xxviii,  Posci,  1840,  {ngafshii). 
Uiji>hiiU)»edrm,  Goo»E,  Proc.  U.  S.  Jsiif.  Bins.,  ill,  IrfSO,  483,  (cJtalyhrmt). 

Head  elongate :  body  subterete,  covered  with  moderate-sized,  adherent, 
pectinate,  or  ctenoid  ..calos,  which  are  arrangp'l  ii>  «t.-aight,  parallel, 
ol)li(lue  lines.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  mR.\iilary  well  developed,  dilated 
boliiud,  reaching  to  beyond  fron^;  of  orbit ;  lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth 
very  small,  sharp  on  jaw;,  vomer,  and  palatines,  usually  minute  teeth  on 
tongue ;  eye  very  large.  Dorsal  short,  inserted  before  middle  of  length 
of  body ;  adipose  fin  Hinall ;  anal  short ;  caudal  forked ;  pectorals  and 
veiitrals  well  developed,  the  ventials  inserted  under  dorsal  and  not  far 
behind  pectorals,  none  of  the  rays  forming  exserted  filaments.  Gill  open- 
ings wide;  branchiostegals  10;  pseudobranchiu;  well  developed.  Gill 
rakers  needle-shaped,  rather  numerous.  Color  silvery,  with  darker  mark- 
ings. Deep  seas ;  four  species  known,  resembling  smelt.  {x^'^P'^'^i  green ; 
'u(^Oa/ nh^ ,  eye.) 

a.  V.ye  2  in  liend;  Bcalea  60  to  03.  aoabsizii,  818. 
utt.  Eye  3  in  head;  scales  45  to  52. 

h.  Dorsal  rays  11;  deptli  fi3<i  in  length.  vkaiaiieiur,  819. 

bh.  Dorsal  rays  8;  depth  Ti]/^  in  length.  tkuculentus,  820. 


t    I 


I 


\       T 


V- 


818.  '^HliOROPHTHALMVS  AOASSIZII,  Bonaparte. 
Head  3i ;  depth  ^h ;  eye  very  large,  about  2  in  head.  D.  11  or  12 ;  A.  9; 
Hcales  60  to  (?3.  Dorsal  origin  at  ^  the  distance  from  snout  to  base 
of  caudal  rays,  its  height  about  e<iual  to  that  of  the  ventral,  .5  times  in 
total  length ;  anal  insertion  about  f  of  distance  from  snout  to  base  of 
caudal ;  ventral  inserted  under  middle  of  dorsal ;  pectorals  reaching 
nearly  to  middle  of  length  of  body.  Color  greenish  bronze,  with  silvery 
reliections.  (Goode  &.  Bean.)  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  rare  about 
Naples  and  Sicily.  It  also  occurs  at  considerable  depths  in  the  eastern 
Atlantic.  The  French  expedition  obtained  it  oft  the  Azores  in  720 
fatlionis,  also  in  the  Sargasso  Sea,  202  fathoms,  aud  off  the  Cape  Verdes,  230 
to  290  fathoms.  The  Albatross  obtained  specimens  from  various  localities 
in  the  Western  Atlantic.  (Named  for  Louis  ^gassiz,  ichthyologist  and 
teacher,  "the  best  friend  that  ever  studeht  had.")    (Eu.) 

Chhn<>iihlhalmu9  «(/a««izu,  BmAPABTE,  Fauna  Italica,  pi.  121,  1840,  Italy;  GOnthkr.  Cat.,  v,  404, 

1864;  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyol.,  60,  1895. 
Aulopm  agamUii,  CuviEB  &  Valenciennes,  Uist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxii,  521, 1849. 


p 

jk 

.it 

wfTTW'iTpr 


M 


542 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


lifM 


li  ! 


i 


i  '.Hi 

8 'it' 


810.  CIILOBOPHTHALMUK  CIIALYUEIUS*  (Ooodu). 

Depth  6i;  width  7f.  D.  11;  A.  8;  C.  16;  P.  17  or  18;  V.  9  or  lo; 
BcaleH  about  (ti-48-(>.  Body  torote.  Least  height  of  the  tuil  half  that  uf 
body.  The  Hcalcs  are  moderately  strong,  sharply  pectinated  at  the  ed^e, 
and  arranged  in  regular  transverse  rows,  overlapping  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  resemble  obli<iuo  plates  upon  the  sides.  Length  of  head  to  end  of 
liexible  ilap  of  the  operculum  slightly  more  than  i  of  the  body,  and  itHolf 
slightly  more  than  4  times  length  of  snout.  Orbit  4  times  width  of  tliu 
interorbital  space,  3  in  length  of  head.  Maxillary  broad  and  flattontid 
posteriorly,  in  length  ,'„  of  the  body;  it  extends  back  to  anterior  margin 
of  pupil.  Mandible  protruding  beyond  the  snout.  When  the  moutii  iu 
cloBCit  the  tip  of  mandible  projects  noticeably.  Dorsal  almost  midway 
between  snout  and  adipose  dorsal,  its  height  almost  equal  to  that  of  v(mi- 
tral ;  adipose  dorsal  over  middle  of  anal,  its  length  half  diameter  of  orl)it; 
distance  of  anal  from  snout  about  ^  of  the  body  length,  its  length  of  hum 
equal  to  length  of  snout ;  its  height  to  that  of  middle  caudal  rays;  cau- 
dal furcate;  pectoral  long,  subfalcate,  inserted  close  to  tlie  branchial 
cleft,  its  tip  extending  to  fourteenth  scale  of  lateral  line,  its  length  twico 
that  of  mandible ;  ventral  located  ^  of  distance  from  snout  to  base  of 
caudal,  directly  under  middle  of  dorsal.  Color  grayish,  mottled  with 
brown  ;  scales  metallic  silvery.  Gulf  Stream,  in  from  85  to  167  fathoms. 
{chalybeiu8,  iron-colored.) 

IlyphaUmeilrus  cliahjbritis,  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  N»t.  MilB.,  HI,  1880,  (Fob.  10, 1881),  484,  Gulf  Stream 
off  Rhode  Island;  (Tyi>e,  No.  26092.  Coll.  Fish  Ilawk);  Jordan  .&  Giluebt,  Syiio]iBii<,  J.H), 
1883. 

Clwrophlhalmtii  agastizii,  GOnther,  Challenger  lieport,  xxii,  132,  pi.  l,  fig.  c,  1887;  iiut  of  Bona- 
parte. 

Chlorophthalmus  chalybeius,  GoouE  &  Bean,  Oeeanic  Ichthyology,  UO,  fig.  71,  1895. 

820.  CHLOBOPHTHALMUS  TRUCIILEMTUS,  Goode  &  Bean. 

D.  I,  8;  A,  I,  7;  V.  9  or  10.  Body  snbterete,  somewhtii  compressed,  its 
height  5i  in  its  length,  its  width  about  8.  The  least  height  of  the  tail 
about  2i  in  greatest  height  o^  body  at  the  insertion  of  dorsal.  Scaieu 
moderate,  cycloid,  arranged  in  regular  transverse  rows,  overlapping  in 
such  manner  as  to  resemble  oblique  plates  on  the  sides.  Lateral  line 
rather  inconspicuous,  containing  between  40  and  50  scales;  about  6  scales 
between  lateral  line  and  origin  of  dorsal,  and  6  or  7  between  it  and  ven- 
tral. Greatest  length  of  head  from  tip  of  projecting  lower  jaw  a  little 
more  than  i  that  of  body,  or  2^  times  in  length  of  snout;  lower  jaw 
projecting  beyond  tip  of  snout  a  distance  equal  to  i  length  of  suoiit. 
Orbit  nearly  equal  to  snout,  and  about  i  length  of  head;  width  of  inter- 
orbital space  2  in  orbit.  The  maxillary  broad  and  flattened  posteriorly, 
about  8  times  in  length  of  body,  not  reaching  perpendicular  from  anteiior 
margin  of  the  orbit.    Insertion  of  the  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of 

*  ChlorophOtalmtu  chalybeiti.»  is  not  identical  with  C.  ayaatUiii,  but  is  well  separated  by  the  smaller 
eye,  longer,  more  conical  snout,  lower,  more  terete  body,  'ind  larger  scales.  It  closely  rcBein- 
bles  it,  however,  in  general  form.  Dr.  Gilnther's  diagnosis  of  C.  mjaimizii  in  the  Cball'iKjer 
volume  more  nearly  applies  to  C.  chalijbeitu,  and  his  figure  is  apparently  of  C.  chalybeinf.  Speci- 
mens were  obtained  by  the  Fixh  Hawk  in  five  localities  ranging  in  depth  from  101  tolSOfatliume, 
and  by  the  AVbairoa  from  eleven  stations  at  depths  of  from  85  to  167  fathoms.— Coode  <£  Bean, 


Jordan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


543 


Hiiont  and  adipose  dorsal,  its  height  greater  than  length  of  ventral,  which 
i8  equal  to  greatest  height  of  body  ;  the  adipose  dorsal  over  middle  of 
lia.'sc  of  anal,  its  length  },  diameter  of  orbit.  Distance  of  anal  from  snout 
iiljout  S^  length  of  body,  length  of  its  base  about  i  that  of  snout,  its  height 
i'(|ual  to  diameter  of  orbit ;  caudal  furcate;  pectoral  long  and  strong, 
itH  length  equal  to  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  posterior  margin  of  orbit, 
and  about  twice  that  of  mandible;  ventral  inserted  under  the  middle  of 
hiiso  of  dorsal,  the  distance  from  posterior  margin  of  orbit  e(|ual  to  dis- 
tiiiice  of  the  latter  from  snout.  Color  brownish.  One  specimen  about  8 
inches  in  length,  obtained  by  the  steamer  Blake,  at  Station  LII,  off  Barba- 
(iooH,  in  158  fathoms.  (Uoodo  &,  Bean.)  (trHcnlentus,  truculent.) 
Clihmtyhlhuhniit  Irurulenlui,  UoouK  &  BcAN,  Oveauic  Ichtbyulcgy,  til,  flg,  72, 1896,  off  Barbadoes 
in  158  fathoms. 

Family  LXX.  BENTHOSAURID.E. 

This  small  family  of  deep-sea  t'.  ^es  is  allied  to  the  Synodontidw  but  with 
well-developod  supramaxillaries  widening  backward  and  applied  to  the 
(lentigerous  intcrmaxillaries ;  pectorals  inserted  near  the  shoulders,  and 
very  long  veutrals.    (Gill.)    It  includes  a  single  genus,  Benthoaaurm. 

252.  BENTHOSAURUS,  Goode  &  Bean. 

lUiilhiitaunu,  OooDE  &  Bean,  Bull.  Mus.  Ooiiip.  /oiil.,  xii,  No.  5,  1C8,  1H86,  (tirallator). 

Body  long,  somewhat  compressed,  tapering  into  a  slender,  elongate, 
caudal  peduncle.  Scales  cycloid,  of  moderate  size.  Head  slightly 
depressed;  cleft  of  mouth  wide,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  projecting  at 
its  extremity  and  anteriorly  at  the  sides ;  maxillary  long,  slender,  dilated 
posteriorly ;  premaxillary  very  long,  styliform,  tapering,  inmiovable. 
'Die  intermaxillary  and  mandible  with  bands  of  small  teeth,  of  uniform 
size,  interrupted  at  the  symphysis  ;  a  short  oblong  band  of  similar  teeth 
')n  each  side  of  the  vomer,  separated  by  a  rather  wide  interspace ;  palate 
and  tongue  smooth.  Eye  very  small,  inconspicuous.  Gill  opening 
extremely  wide,  the  brauchiostegal  membrane  free  from  the  isthmus. 
Gill  rakers  long  and  slender,  numerous,  about  twice  as  many  below  the 
angle  as  above.  PseudobranchisB  absent.  Branchiostegals  eleven.  All 
the  lias  well  developed ;  no  adipose  dorsal ;  dorsal  fin  median,  anal  post- 
median  ;  caudal  forked,  with  lower  lobe  produced;  ventral  seven-rayed, 
iujorted  opposite  the  interspace  between  pectoral  and  dorsal,  the  outer 

!>  produced.     (/Jtv^of ,  deep ;  iroiYJof,  lizard.) 

821.  BENTIIOSAUBUS  UBALLATOIt,  Goode  &  Beau. 

D.  11;  A.  12;  P.  9;  V.  7;  B.  11;  scales  9-55-8  or  9.  Body  elongate, 
somewhat  compressed,  depressed  slightly  forward,  tapering  behind  into 
a  long  slender  tail,  its  greatest  height  7i  in  its  standard  length,  and 
etiualing  i  length  of  head,  its  greatest  width  i  length  of  head  ;  its  height 
at  the  origin  of  the  anal  ^  of  its  greatest  height.  Least  height  of  tail  half 
the  height  of  body  at  ventrals  ;  length  of  caudal  peduncle  6^  times  its 
least  height.  Scales  very  thin,  cycloid,  leathery,  deciduous,  oval  in  form, 
except  at  base  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  where  they  become  more  elongate ; 
the  horizontal  diameter  of  a  scale  in  the  lateral  line  equals  twice  diameter 


il 


i 


I  ■  I 


w 


;  1 


u 


in 


1 1 


f 


H 


■  I 


;    '4 


I  -     V;' 


n 


Pl 


}  I 


iff^fWWW 


544 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


of  eyo;  lateral  line  utraight,  above  the  median  line  anteriorly,  liecoiiiiii|r 
median  on  caudal  itodunclu,  the  tube-bearing  sealea  being  prominent,  iiiul 
about  55  in  number;  about  1)  rows  of  scales  between  dorsal  lin  and  latonii 
line ;  between  the  latter  and  anal  lin,  8  or  9  rows. 

Head  twice  as  long  as  greatest  height  of  body,  its  lengtl*  contaiiicd 
a  little  less  than  4  times  in  the  standard  body  length.  coiisider!il)ly 
depressed,  scaleless  except  on  the  vertex  and  the  preopercijluin-  Oper- 
culum (perhaps  accidentally)  denuded.  Snout  much  produced,  almost 
equal  to  width  of  interorbital  space,  which  is  convex.  Maxillary  extend- 
lug  far  behind  eye,  its  length  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head  ;  mandilile 
projecting  bej'ond  upper  jaw  a  distance  slightly  more  than  diameter  of 
orbit,  with  a  series  of  7  large  pores  on  its  lower  surface  ;  several  siiiiilar 
pores  under  eye.  Nostrils  situated  about  midway  between  eyo  and 
extremity  of  snout,  small,  slit-like,  the  posterior  about  twice  as  largo  as 
the  anterior  one  in  each  pair. 

Dorsal  inserted  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  middle  cau- 
dal rays,  highest  in  front,  the  len^^th  of  the  rays  diminishing  rapidly 
posteriorly ;  apparently  no  adipose  dorsal ;  anal  similar  in  shape  to 
the  dorsal,  the  anterior  rays  being  longest,  about  equal  in  leugtli  to 
mandible,  its  distance  from  the  snout  about  3  times  length  of  itn 
longest  ray  ,  cauda!  forked,  its  middle  rays  %  as  long  as  those  in  tlie 
upper  caudal  lobe;  the  lower  lobe  much  prolonged,  the  lower  ray  beini; 
moi'e  than  4  times  as  long  as  the  middle  rays;  its  extremity  bioken 
off  in  our  specimen,  but  apparently  it  must  have  been  nearly  twice  as  Iomj; 
as  the  stump  which  now  remains;  pectoral  fin  normal,  inserted  close 
to  tlie  opercular  flap,  its  length  slightly  greater  than  that  of  the  head 
(although  mutilated),  extending  beyond  origin  of  dorsal;  ventral  base 
entirely  in  advance  of  the  perpendicular  from  the  origin  of  the  dorsal 
the  inner  rays  reaching  vent,  Avhile  its  outer  ray  is  enormously  luolonged, 
extending  far  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  upper  caudal  lobe,  the  length 
of  the  prolonged  ray  fully  4  times  that  of  head  ;  ventrals  close  togetlior. 

Color  brown,  the  roof  of  the  mouth  and  inside  of  the  branchiostegal  llap 
black,  as  well  as  the  operculum  and  branchiostegal  membrane.  One  speci- 
men, 15i  inches  long  to  the  tips  of  the  prolonged  ventral  rays,  was  taken 
by  the  Blake,  at  a  depth  of  1,850  fathoms,  at  Blake  Station  CLXXIV,  iu 
latitude  24°  33'  N.,  longitude  84°  23'  W.  A  second  example  nearly  the 
same  size,  taken  by  the  Albatross,  in  latitude  39°  3'  15''  N.  and  longitude 
70°  50'  45"  W.,  at  a  depth  of  1,537  fathoms.  (Goode  &  Bean. )  (y rail <t tor, 
one  who  walks  on  stilts.) 

BetUhomtirtis  griiUator,  GoonB&1iK\ti,  Bull.  Mus.  Conil).  Zoiil.,  xil,  No.  5, 168, 18.S0;  Oooi)E&  Hkan, 
Oceauic  Ichtb.,  62,  fig.  73,  18U5,  Gulf  Stream.     (Coll.  Blake.) 

Family  LXXI.  BATHYPTEROID.E. 
Characters  of  the  family  included  below  in  those  of  its  single  genus: 

253.  BATHYPTEROIS,  Gunther. 

Bathypteroifi,  GCktheb,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1878,  5th  series,  ii,  183,  {Umgifiliii). 
SynaplereliiiuH,  Goodg  &  Bean,  Oceauic  lohthyology,  64,  189.5,  {qnmlrijiUt). 

Shape  of  the  body  like  that  of  Aiilopus.  Head  of  moderate  size, 
depressed  iu  front,  with  the  snout  projecting,  the  large  mandible  very 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica.        545 

]iruminent  beyond  the  upper  jaw.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  wide;  maxillary 
much  developed,  very  movable,  much  dilated  behind.  Teeth  in  narrow 
villiform  bands  in  the  jaws;  on  each  aide  of  the  broad  vomer  a  small 
patch  of  similar  teeth;  none  on  the  palatines  or  on  the  tongue.  Eye 
very  small.  Scaler  cycloid,  adherent,  of  moderate  size.  Rays  of  the 
pectoral  flu  much  elongate,  some  of  the  upper  being  separate  from  the 
riHt  and  forming  a  distinct  division.  Yentrals  abdominal,  8-rayed,  with 
tliu  outer  rays  prolonged.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  body 
above,  or  absent;  anal  short.;  caudal  forked.  Gill  openings  very  wide ; 
gill  laminii)  well  developed,  separate  from  each  other;  gills  rakers  long. 
Pseudobranchite  none.  Deep-sea  fishes,  the  American  species  belonging 
to  tlio  subgenus  Synaptereimiis.  {paft'vi:,  deep ;  Pteroin,  a  genus  of  Scor- 
jxiiioid  fishes,  with  pectoral  filaments.) 

SvNAPTEUETMUS  ((Tvi'ojrTd*,  joincd  together;  cpcTMot,  oar): 
(I.  Outer  YOiitral  n>ya  fllifurni,  Bimjilo,  prolonged,  apprcHscd  or  iusoiwraMy  united.     Knd  of 
durml  and  origin  of  anal  iti  same  vortical,  or  overlapping. 
h.  Anal  origin  in  nearly  same  vertical  as  end  of  dorsal.     Dorsal  origin  over  axis  of  von- 
trala  or  nearly  so.     Ventral  rays  elongate. 
<:  Ventral  outer  rays  appressod;  lower  caudal  ray  prolonged;  upper  pectoral  ray  not 
extending  boyond  upi)cr  lobe  of  caudal.     A.  9  ;  scales  59.  quadkifilis,  822. 

ce.  Ventral  with  the  outer  rays  closely  appressed;  lower  caudal  lobe  pro<luced;  upper 
pectoral  ray  as  long  as  the  whole  fish.    A.  10 ;  scales  55.  lonuipes,  823. 

Subgenus  SYNAPTERETMUS,  Goode  &  Bean. 
8'2>2.   BATHTPTEROIS  <{UADRIFITilS,  Gilnthcr. 

Head  5;  depth  7;  B.  12;  D.  14;  A.  9;  P.  II,  9;  V.  9;  scales  6-59-8. 
Evo  Hmall,  about  3  in  snout,  or  5  or  6  in  postorbitai  portion  of  head. 
Tppermost  and  lowermost  of  the  pectoral  rays  filiform,  the  former 
bitid  for  more  than  ^  its  length,  the  latter  simple.  Outer  ventral  rays 
iniich  prolonged,  not  dilated;  dorsal  inserted  close  to  root  of  ventrals; 
adipose  fin  present,  narrow.  Head  remarkably  flat  above  and  the  width 
of  the  interorbital  space  greater  than  length  of  snout.  Dorsal  fin  mid- 
way between  tip  of  upper  jaw  and  root  of  caudal ;  anal  inserted  imme- 
diately behind  dorsal,  its  origin  equidistant  from  roots  of  pectoral  and 
caudal ;  caudal  emaiginate. 

This  species  possesses  not  only  the  long  detached  upper  pectoral  roy, 
but  also  an  equally  long  lower  ray,  which,  however,  is  not  removed  from 
the  remainder  of  the  fin.  The  upper  ray  becomes  bifid  in  its  proximate 
third,  and  is  accompanied  by  an  extremely  short  rudimentary  second  ray; 
it  scarcely  reaches  the  caudal  fin  and  is  shorter  than  the  lowermost  ray, 
which  may  reach  to  the  end  of  the  caudal,  and  is  split  only  at  its  very 
extremity.  Structure  of  ventral  fins  as  in  Bathypteroia  longipea,  but  the 
strong  outer  rays  are  somewhat  curved  and  do  not  reach  the  end  of  the 
anal.  Scales  cycloid,  as  in  other  s^)ecies,  but  those  behind  tho  basal 
portion  of  pectoral  fin  are  deeply  pectinated,  provided  with  from  5  to  10 
lonj;  and  narrow  teeth,  of  which  the  middle  ones  are  the  longest.  (Gi'u- 
thcr.)    Color  blackish  or  black ;  pectoral  filaments  whitish. 

The  types  of  this  species  were  obtained  by  the  Challenger  otf  the  coast 
of  Brazil ;  two  specimens,  one  from  Station  126,  at  a  depth  of  770  fathoms, 
I.  N.  A. 36 


■fii  Kiiii^iy     'J 


11  m 


i 


I 


u      f 


I :    i 


i     i 


H: 


I   : 


t  s 


'f 


i  I 


:   •   !l! 


i 


{      1 


r 


,1 

K 
I 


1         1     . 


-' 


1 


, '  'I- 

'f ., 


<  i    I' 


I  'h-\ 


f  i, 


r 


4: 


I 


'  i    t 


1    i. 

r  *  P 


!  I 

:    f 


! 


1 1 
) 


IM 


I  '    ! 


pHiKMnnli 


i 


I 


546 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


one  from  Station  121,  at  a  depth  of  500  fathoms.  Other  specimens  obtained 
by  the  lilake  off  St.  Vincent,  and  by  the  AlbatroHH  at  Station  2385,  in  710 
fathoms,  and  at  Station  2117,  in  683  fathoms.  {quadrifiHa,  having  four 
threads.) 

DitlhiiplirniK t/imdrijUui,  GOnthkr,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1878,  ii,  184,  ofT  coast  of  Brazil,  in 
500  to  770  fathoms;  Goode  &  Bkan,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  (ifi,  fig.  76,  1805. 

82S.  BATIIYPTEROIS  LONUII'ES,  Gllnthur. 

B.  12 ;  D.  13 ;  A.  10  ;  P.  II,  7  or  8 ;  V.  8 ;  scales  6-55-8.  Uppermost  pec- 
toral ray  strongest,  about  as  long  as  the  whole  fish,  bifid  toward  its 
extremity ;  outer  ventral  rays  much  prolonged,  strong,  but  not  dilat«Hl 
at  the  extremity  ;  dorsal  fin  inserted  at  some  distance  behind  root  of  vcn- 
trals ;  adipose  iin  present  or  absent. 

Similar  to  Bathypteroia  loiKjiftlia,  differing  in  the  following  points:  Eye 
minute;  dorsal  fin  farther  backward,  its  origin  being  nearly  midway 
between  end  of  snout  and  root  of  caudal ;  consequently  the  root  of  tlit* 
ventral  is  some  distance  iu  advance  of  the  dorsal,  and  the  end  of  the  dor.sal 
is  vertically  opposite  fifth  anal  ray.  One  specimen  possesses,  the  other 
lacks,  adipose  fin.  Caudal  fin  deeply  forked,  with  the  outer  ray  inticli 
produced.  Of  the  two  branches  into  which  the  posterior  third  of  tlie 
long  pectoral  ray  is  split,  one  is  much  shorter  and  weaker  than  the  otlior. 
Two  outer  ventral  rays  aio  closely  appressed  from  the  root  to  end,  aiid 
much  stouter  and  longer  than  the  other  rays  ;  they  are  articulated  to  the 
end  and  without  soft  pads.  These  fin  rays  extend  beyond  the  end  of  tlie 
anal  fin.     (Gunther.)     Color  black,  with  white  fins. 

The  Challenger  obtained  two  specimens,  9  inches  long,  from  off  the  east 
coast  of  South  America,  Station  325,  depth  2,650  fathoms.  8e\eral 
specimens,  3  to  9  inches  long,  were  obtained  by  the  Albatroaa  and  tlie 
Blake,     (longua,  long;  pea,  foot.) 

Bathypterois  htiyijien,  Gi'NTIIKR,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  HiBt.,  1878,  ii,  184,  east  coast  of  South 
America  in  8,650  fathoms;  GpNTHEn,  Cliallonger  Reiwrt,  xxii,  188,  pi.  48,  fig.  A,  l><s7; 
Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  fi6,  fig.  7C,  18r5. 

Family  LXXII.  IPNOPID^. 

The  characters  of  this  singular  group  of  deep-sea  fishes  are  included 
below  in  the  account  of  the  single  genus. 


254.  IPNOPS,  Gunther. 

Ipnops,  GCntuer,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1878,  11,  187,  {muirayi). 

Body  elongate,  subcylindrical,  covered  with  large,  thin,  deciduous 
scales,  and  without  luminous  organs.  Head  depressed,  with  a  long,  tliiu, 
spatulate  snout,  like  that  of  Baihypteroia,  but  more  depressed,  its  whole 
upper  surface  occupied  by  a  pair  of  large,  transparent,  lamelliform  mem- 
brane bones  which  cover  a  peculiar  organ  divided  longitudinally  into  two 
symmetrical  halves.  These  organs,  which  represent  the  eyes,  were  at 
first  supposed  to  be  luminous  organs,  but  according  to  recent  investiga- 
tions of  Professor  Moseley  they  "  show  a  flattened  cornea  extending  along 
the  median  line  of  the  snout}  with  a  large  retina  composed  of  peculiar 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        547 

rods,  which  form  a  complicated  apparatus,  destined  uiidoul>t«<11y  to  pro- 
duce an  image  and  to  receive  especial  luminous  rays."  * 

Bones  of  lower  part  of  head  well  ossified,  mouth  wide,  the  lower  jaw 
projecting,  and  the  maxillary  dilated,  as  in  liathyjiteroia.  Jaws  with  nar- 
row bauds  of  villiform  teeth,  i>odc  on  vomer  or  palatines.  None  of  the 
liuH  filamentous;  pectorals  and  ventrals  near  together,  well  developed. 
Dorsal  inserted  just  behind  vent;  no  adipose  fin;  anal  moderate;  caudal 
Hubtruncate.  Ctill  rakers  needle-shaped.  No  uir  bladder,  pseudobranchiii^, 
nor  pyloric  cucca.  One  species  known,  widely  distributed.  (tVvof, lantern ; 
(JV,  eye.) 

S24.  IPNOPS  MUBRAYI,  OUuther. 

Head  6;  depth  13*.  D.  10;  A.  13;  P.  14;  V.  8;  B.  12;  scales  55,  Body 
very  slender;  head  much  broader  than  deep,  the  snout  much  depressed, 
itH  outline  obtusely  rounded ;  maxillary  extending  beyond  middle  of  head. 
Gill  rakers  10  +  22,  long  and  close-set.  Vent  between  ventral  fins,  slightly 
mure  than  a  head's  length  behind  gill  opening,  and  nearly  twice  as  far 
from  base  of  caudal  as  from  tip  of  snout.  Caudal  subtruncate;  pectoral 
roiiching  ventrals,  a  little  more  than  half  head ;  ventrals  rather  long, 
Htrouger  than  pectorals  and  placed  well  apart.  Lateral  line  faintly  indi- 
cated. Brown,  fins  colorless;  membranes  of  mouth  and  gill  cavity  black. 
Length  5i  inches.  A  bottom  fish  found  at  about  2,000  fathoms,  recorded 
from  coast  of  Brazil,  Tristan  da  Cunha,  Celebes,  aud  in  tropical  America, 
(24°  3(5^  N.,  84°  W. ),  and  off  Bequia.  (Named  for  Dr.  John  Murray,  natu- 
ralist  on  the  CAaW('W(/e»* expedition.) 

IpwijiK miinayi,  Gi^NTHKn,  Auii.  Mil);.   Nat.  Hist.,  1878,  ii,  187,   coast  of  Brazil,  etc.;  GPn- 
TiiKR,  Voyage  Cliallenf^cr,  Deup-Sca  Fisbcn,  191,  1887;  AoASSiz,  Cruises  of  tbo  BIulio,  u,  32, 
tig.  215,  1888;  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclitbyology,  67, 1896. 

Family  LXXIII.  RONDELETIID^. 

Body  more  or  less  compressed,  scaleless ;  head  naked ;  no  barbels ; 
mouth  large.  Margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  x>remaxillaries 
only.  Teeth  coarsely  granular.  Opercular  apparatus  complete,  its  bones 
very  thin,  membrane-like ;  no  adipose  fiu  ;  dorsal  fin  far  back,  short  and 
low,  inserted  opposite  the  anal;  pectorals  short,  placed  rather  low. 
Ventrals  present,  abdominal.  Gill  opening  very  wide ;  membranes  deeply 
cleft,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiu)  absent.  Deep-sea  fishes. 
One  Hpecies  known.     (Goode  &  Bean.) 

(Itmi'MetiUlH;  GoouE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1894  (1895),  454,  and  in  Oceanic  Ichthyology, 

07,  1895.) 

*  "  Tlio  cxiRtcnce  of  well-devolopod  eyes  among  flsheii  destined  to  live  in  the  darlt  abysses  of 
tlie  urcan  seems  at  first  contradictory,  but  we  must  remenibor  tbnt  tlicse  denizens  of  tlio  deep 
are  iimiiigranta  from  tlio  shore  and  from  the  surface.  In  some  cases  tlie  eyes  have  not  been 
spfciully  mHified,  but  in  others  there  have  beei  modifications  of  a  luminous  mucous  mem- 
brane, leading  on  the  one  band  topUogphorencent  organs  more  or  lessspecializetl,  or  on  the  other 
tosmh  rvmarkablestructuresastheeyes  of  Ipnops,  intermediate  between  true  eyes  nnd  specialized 
pliosiihorescent  plates.  In  fishes  that  have  been  blindnd  and  retain  for  their  guidance  only  the 
general  senHibility  of  the  integuments  and  of  the  lateral  line,  these  parts  soon  acquire  a  very 
great  delicacy.  The  same  is  the  case  with  tactile  organs  (as  in  Balhyplernit  and  Uenthntianrrtt), 
ami  experiments  show  that  barlxils  may  become  organsof  touch  adapted  to  aquatic  life,  .ensitive 
to  tli(^  faintest  movements  or  the  ulightost  displacement,  with  power  to  give  the  blinded  flshee 
lull  cognizance  of  the  state  of  the  medium  in  which  they  \\\o."—Al»xawier  Agauk. 


''™r 


548 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseum, 


I  i 


255.  RONDELETIA,  Go(h1»  ik-  liean. 

Uonileleliii,  Ooodk  .t  llKAN,  Proc.  U.  H,  N»t.  Mum.,  lwt4  (IHiiri),  454,   {liirnhn);  mid  in   Occuiiic 
Ichthyoldny,  0«,  1805. 

Body  oblong,  contproBsod,  HcaleleHS.  Mouth  large,  lower  jaw  Hliglitly 
projecting.  Teeth  in  bandH,  coarsely  granular  in  the  jawH ;  vomer  ami 
palatineH  toothleHu;  a  row  of  large  nnicouH  porea  on  the  lower  Nurfaci^  of 
the  mandible,  and  extending  upward  on  the  preoperculum.  PoHtcrioi' 
nostril  with  a  slender  filament  anteriorly.  Kyes  moderate,  near  tin- 
dorsal  profile.  Snout  rather  long,  obtuse.  Supraocoipital  bones  witli  :i 
pair  of  strong  spines  projecting  horizontally  forward  over  the  orbit,  (iill 
membranes  entirely  separate ;  gill  rakers  numerous,  rather  long  and 
slender ;  gills  4,  a  narrow  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Hranchiostegalu  7. 
Opercular  bones  thin,  membranous.  Dorsal  short,  rather  low,  oiiposiic 
and  similar  to  the  anal ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  small ;  caudal  sniiill. 
probably  forked.  No  vestiges  of  a  lateral  line.  (Dedicated  to  Cluilluiinni 
Rondelet,  "the  great  French  ichthyologist  of  the  seventeenth  century," 
one  of  the  ablest  of  the  "Fathers  of  Ichthyology.") 

H26.  KONDKIiETIA  BIC'OLOU,  Uo.mIo  fc  Ituan. 

Head  about  2  in  total  length;  depth  3;  eye  6;  snout  3.  It.  7;  D.  II: 
A.  14;  P.  9;  V.  5.  Maxillary  reaching  to  below  the  hind  margin  of  eye, 
Origin  of  dorsal  fin  nearly  opposite  vent;  origin  of  anal  immediatt-Iy 
behind  vent,  the  terminations  of  the  two  opposite.  Fins  low,  the  rays 
pointing  horizontally  backward ;  longest  dorsal  ray  5  in  head,  lonj,'t  .st 
anal  ray  4 ;  pectoral  fin  inserted  below  middle  of  body  and  under  end  of 
opercular  flap,  its  length  nearly  i  that  of  head;  ventrals  inserted 
behind  middle  of  total  length,  and  still  farther  behind  tips  of  the 
extended  pectorals,  thnir  length  about  ^  that  of  head,  and  when  extended, 
reaching  beyond  vent.  Color  purplish  black,  with  cherry-colored  mar- 
gins to  the  fins ;  whitish  in  spirits. 

A  single  specimen  4 J  inches  in  length,  was  taken  by  the  Fish  Com- 
mission steamer  AlbatrosH  at  station  2724,  at  a  depth  of  1,641  fathoms, 
(Goode  «fe  Bean.)     (bicolor,  two-colored.) 

ttotuhlelia  bii-ohr,  GooDK  &.  Bkan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  BIus.,  1894  (1895),  ir(4,  pi.  17,  fig.  1;  iiiid  in 
Oceanic  Ichthyology,  68,  flg.  77,  1895.     (Type,  No.  38202.     Coll.  AlbutroKs). 

Family  LXXIV.  CETOMIMID^. 

Body  somewhat  compressed,  scaleless ;  head  naked;  lateral  line  eon- 
spicnous.  No  barbels.  Mouth  exceedingly  large;  the  margin  of  the 
upper  jaw  formed  by  the  premaxillaries  only ;  the  lower  jaw  stroiijjly 
curved,  and  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  upper.  Teeth  in  jaws  in 
bands,  granular;  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  also  the  first  gill  arch 
and  the  lingual  bones  (which  are  greatly  enlarged),  as  well  as  the  upper 
pharyngeals,  covered  with  teeth  of  a  similar  character.  Opercular  ii]^rA- 
ratus  incomplete,  its  bones  very  thin,  membrane-like.  No  adipose  liii; 
dorsal  fin  far  back,  short,  high,  inserted  opposite  the  anal,  which  it 
resemblec*  pectorals  short,  placed  rather  low;  ventrals  absent,  (-ill 
opening  immense,  the  membranes  deeply  cleft,  free  from  the  isthmiiH. 


Jordan  ami  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Ame*;'ca.        549 


(iills  3.  PBoiuloliranohiiH  ahsent.  (Uoode  &■  Ii«an.)  Duop-Hoa  fishes  of 
iiiic«>,i'taiii  relatiuuHhip,  bearing  a  Hingular  reHeinblance  to  (litniiiiitive 
wIialeH.  Two  Hpeeios  known.  {Cetomimithv,  (4oo(1e  A-  Hean,  Proo.  U.  8. 
Nat.  Mils.,  IKIH  (1895),  451;  and  in  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  68,  1895.) 

256.  CETOMIMUS,  (ioode  &.  Bean. 

il„iminn>,  OiionR  ,t  Hean,  Proc.   U.  S.  Nut.   Miir.,  1894   (1805),  4r>2,   iuillii);  and  In  (Voanic 
IchlliyoloKy,  fi8,  189S. 

|{()dy  ohlong,  compresHed,  acalehmH;  Hiniilar  in  itn  vertical  ontlino  and 
]ii'<)p()rtion8  to  that  of  the  right  whaluH  (liahtmido;),  a  reaeniblance  which 
is  greatly  enhanced  by  the  shape  of  the  enormous  mouth,  and  in  the 
lower  Jaw,  which  is  strongly  curved,  projecting  slightly  beyond  the 
Niioiit.  Teeth  in  granular  bands,  covering  all  the  bones  of  the  mouth, 
tongue,  and  throat.  Mucous  pores  sometimes  present  on  the  back.  Nos- 
trils far  forward,  open  slits  without  Hap.  Eyes  very  small  and  placed 
far  below  the  dorsal  profile.  Gill  membranes  deeply  cleft,  not  attached 
to  the  isthmus;  gill  rakers  absent,  replaced  by  a  granular  tooth-like 
surface  upon  the  arch ;  gills  3,  no  slit  behind  the  third.  Branchioste- 
^iils  9.  Opercular  apparatus  incomplete,  bones  thin  and  membranous. 
Dorsal  short,  high,  inserted  very  far  back,  directly  opposite  the  anal, 
wiiich  it  resembles  in  shapo  and  si/e.  Caudal  peduncle  short  and  slen- 
<ler.  Ventrals  absent ;  pectorals  broad  and  short,  placed  low ;  caudal 
small,  weak,  probably  emargiuate  or  truncate.  Lateral  line  broad,  con- 
sisting of  two  furrows,  connected  vertically  by  numerous  short  cross 
grooves,     (ki/tois,  whale;  /itfiin/ini,  to  mimic.) 

(I.  Dorsitl  rnyn  1(S.  oiliji,  820. 

(Kf.  Durxal  rays  lU.  storeri,  827. 

K2«.  CETOMIMUS  UILLII,  GcmhIu  &  Bean. 

Head  about  3;  depth  a  little  more  than  4;  B.  9;  D.  16;  A.  16;  P.  16. 
Ey*)  minute,  about  23  in  head,  and  about  8  in  snout,  inserted  midway 
between  margin  of  jaw  and  dorsal  profile,  distant  from  the  former  a  space 
contained  about  2i  times  in  length  of  snout.  The  maxillary  reaches  very 
far  back,  extending  to  a  point  behind  orbit  equal  to  1^  times  length  of 
snout.  Origin  of  dorsal  directly  above  that  of  anal,  which  is  inserted  a 
short  distance  behind  vent ;  distance  from  snout  equal  to  more  than  4 
times  length  of  its  own  base,  and  distance  of  its  termination  from  root 
of  upper  rays  of  caudal  equal  to  its  own  greatest  height ;  anal  similar 
iu  shape  and  extent  to  dorsal,  but  the  thirteenth  to  the  fifteenth  rays 
the  longest,  while  the  eighth  to  eleventh  are  the  longest  in  dorsal ;  length 
of  these  longest  rays  about  equal  in  the  two  fins,  and  contained  slightly 
h-ss  than  3  times  iu  head;  pectoral  inserted  somewhat  below  middle  of 
hody,  close  to  extremity  of  opercular  flap;  broadly  lanceolate,  about  3i 
times  In  head;  ventrals  lacking.  Lateral  line  sweeping  in  a  bold 
<  luve  from  a  point  bove  the  upper  angio  of  the  gill  opening  to  a  point 
in  middle  of  body  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  and  thence  in  a 
straight  median  line  to  base  of  caudal.     Color  blue-black. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  curious  species,  5  inches  in  length,  was  taken 
by  the  Albatross,  August  20,  1884,  at  station  2206,  in  39°  35^  N.  latitude, 


rl 

lib' 


t 


1      1 


J  ri 


1; 


I   '.  I 


■       '        !  ' 

i. 


\\\ 


hi 

I 

I 
i 


I.  ?: 


K 


Ii' 


I    I 

'    Ii, 


1 


i  5  .  '  « 


I  •! 
HI 


n 

■I 


. 


w 


060 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


71°  2\'  W  W.  longitude,  at  tho depth  of  1,043  fatUouis.    (Uoode  &  Bean.) 
(Named  for  Dr.  Theodore  Oill.) 

Ctlomimut  gillii,  (looDR  A  Bran,  Proc.  IT.  H.  Nat.  Mn«.,  1804  (180n),  4A2,  pi.  17,  flg.  2;  ami  In 
OcMuio  Ichtliyulogy,  00,  (Ig.  78,  180S,  Oulf  Stream.    (Typo,  Mo.  3A620.    Ooll.  Albatrow.) 

887.  CETOMiaiim  NTORKRI,  Goodn  &  Bean. 

D.  19;  A.  16.  Head  3it',  depth  about  4  in  total  length;  eye  18  in  hond 
or  7  in  Buout,  inserted  neuter  doroal  profile  than  to  jaw,  its  position  in 
tho  vertical  being  twice  as  far  from  the  line  of  the  upper  Jaw  as  from  tiic 
dorsal  line,  and  nearly  in  tho  line  of  the  vertical  erected  from  middle  of 
npper  jaw  to  the  right  angled  of  its  edge.  Lower  jaw  strongly  curved, 
projecting  far  beyond  upper.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  a  little  in  advance  of 
that  of  anal,  which  is  inserted  at  a  distance  from  the  vent  equal  to  .3  or  I 
times  diameter  of  eye ;  dorsal  fin  longer  than  anal,  the  termination  of 
the  latter  V)eing  under  the  fifth  ray  from  the  end  of  the  dorsal ;  they  are 
about  equal  in  height,  and  the  direction  of  the  rays  when  erected  is  back- 
ward and  at  an  acute  angle  with  the  axis  of  the  body  ;  the  longest  rays 
about  2^  in  hend;  pectoral  fin  inserted  very  fur  down,  the  lower  portion 
of  its  peduncle  almost  on  the  abdominal  line;  the  fin  is  lanceolate,  und, 
although  mutilated,  is  believed  to  have  been  about  i  as  long  as  the  head ; 
lateral  line  in  a  sinuous  curve  from  a  point  above  the  upper  angle  of  ^ill 
opening  to  a  point  somewhat  in  advance  of  insertion  of  dorsal,  and 
thence  in  a  straight  lino  to  base  of  caudal.  A  line  of  mucous  pores  on 
either  side  of  the  median  dorsal  line  in  advance  of  dorsal. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  species,  4f  inches  in  length,  was  taken  l)y 
the  Fish  Commission  steamer  Albatross  at  station  2222,  on  September 
6, 1884,  at  a  depth  of  1,535  fathoms.  (Uoode  &  Bean.)  (Named  for  David 
Humphreys  Storer,  the  accomplished  author  of  the  History  of  the  Fishes 
of  Massachusetts.) 

Cetomimiu  storeri,  GoonE  &  Bran,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1894  (1895),  453,  pi.  17,  flg.  3;  and  in 
Oceanic  Ichthyology,  69,  flg.  79, 1896,  Oulf  Stream.     (Typo,  No.  35634.    Coll.  AlbatruBs.) 

Family  LXXV.  MYCTOPHIDiE. 

(Thb  Lantern  Fishes.) 

Body  oblong  or  moderately  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered 
with  scales,  which  are  usually  cycloid,  but  sometimes  ctenoid.  Moutli 
wide,  the  entire  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  long  and  slender 
premaxillaries,  closely  adherent  to  which  are  the  slender  maxillaries. 
Teeth  various,  mostly  villiform,  and  in  bands  in  the  jaws;  also  on  the 
pterygoids,  palatines,  and  tongue ;  and  on  the  vomer  in  adults.  No  bar- 
bels. Gill  membranes  separate,  free.  Branchiostegals  8  to  10.  Psendo- 
branchite  well  developed.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Lateral  line 
usually  present,  the  scales  prominent  and  often  enlarged.  Cheeks  and 
opercles  scaly.  Adipose  fin  present ;  dorsal  fin  short,  median,  of  soft 
rays ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  present ;  anal  fin  moderate ;  caudal 
forked.  Air  bladder  small.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Luminous  spots  or 
photophores  more  or  less  regularly  placed  along  sides  of  body ;  larger 
lominous  glands  often  present  on  the  head  or  on  the  caudal  peduncle. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        5.51 


i .  i:\ 


Species  about  100,  placed  in  one  KonuH  by  (jiintbor  and  Liitlien,  divided 
into  many  by  Uoodo  Hie  Hean.  Small  tlshuH,  very  widely  diHtributed  in 
tlic  open  8ea.  They  live  away  from  the  ahores,  ordinarily  at  a  conHidur- 
iililo  depth,  coming  to  the  Hurface  at  night  or  in  stormy  weather,  descend- 
ing; by  day. 

Until  the  recent  review  of  the  Mediterranean  species  by  Uaffaelo  and 
cHpccially  the  admirable  monograph  by  iJr.  Liitken  (Spolia  Atlantica, 
part  2,  1892),  the  species  were  very  imperfectly  known.  This  masterly 
jtaper  of  Dr.  Liitken  has  been  followed  by  a  very  exhaustive  account  of 
tho  Atlantic  species  by  (jloode  &.  Bean  (Oceanic  Ichthyology).  Advance 
Hlioets  of  this  paper  have  been  kindly  placed  at  our  disposal  by  its  authors, 
and  our  manuscript  has  been  entirely  recast  to  include  the  species  there 
described.  Liitken  places  the  species  in  one  genus,  Scojteliia,  but  "for 
convenience  of  study  and  comparison  "  Uoodo  <Sl  Bean  have  thought  it 
"best  to  break  up  this  great  polymorphous  genus"  into  minor  groups. 
We  find,  however,  considerable  difficulty  in  giving  these  smaller  genera 
satisfactory  definition,  but  on  the  whole  we  have  found  it  more  con- 
venient to  recognize  them  as  distinct  genera  rather  than  to  place  them 
as  subgenera  under  the  common  head  of  Myctophum.  The  extreme  ranges 
of  variation  are  greater  than  are  usually  recognized  as  occurring  within 
the  limits  of  a  natural  genus. 

NdTR.— Dr.  Raffaolo  aud  ]>r.  Liitken  linrn  shown  tho  fsxeaX  importancn  of  the  pottition  of  the 
UiiiiiiKiiiH  B{)ots  or  |i1>oto|)h(>ro8  oh  cliurnctorK  dlHtinguiNhiug  tho  si^ccioa oi  ticopdiihv.    l)r.  I.lltkon 
liiiH  propoHed  ii  system  of  nomenclature  for  thoni,  as  follows: 
Cnmliil  (or  precaudal)  spots  or  jdiotophores,  thoHo  2,  3,  or  4  in  numl)cr  ot  or  near  lioso  of  lower 

lolio  of  cuiidal,  the  flntt  sopiratcd  by  a  lircak  from  flio  iiiuil  M-ries. 
Ami  spotK,  those  forming  a  series  from  vent  along  Itase  of  iiniil  and  caiidnl  peduncle;  tliis  Mericg 

Ih  uRUiilly  interrupted  above  last  part  of  anal,  one  or  two  spnees  being  without  Hpots. 
/>>w'iro/u((Ta^ spots,  or  spots  placed  near  tho  lateral  line  above  the  break  in  the  anal  series. 
.Sii;ini-i...a;  spots,  usually  3  iu  number,  forming  an  oblique  series  or  a  triangle  between  vent  and 

lateral  line. 
Vniiriil  spots,  a  series  of  4  or  6  between  ventrals  and  vent. 
Smirarenlral,  a  single  spot  somctin'es  |>re8ent  between  ventrala  and  lateral  line. 
Thcmvir  spots,  a  series,  often  irregular,  of  about  6,  along  breast. 
Pecliirul  Hpotg,  usually  about  3,  about  base  of  pectoral. 
OlterruUir,  2  or  3  on  opercle. 
SlamUlmhir,  about  3  on  mandible. 

lU'sides  these,  preoculay,  mbociihir,  mpracaudal,  and  infracaudal  luminous  patches  often  occur. 
Tlio  luminous  glands  on  tail  are  so  aften  obsidete  as  to  lose  much  of  their  value  in  cluHsificatlon. 
Ill  this  iwper  we  have  adopted  in  the  descriptions  written  by  us,  the  numenclaturo  of  ijr.  Liitken 
UH  above  given.  In  tho  descriptions  copied  from  Goode  &  Bean  a  Homewhat  difTorent  system  is 
used,  but  we  have  preferred  not  to  alter  the  language  of  these  authors. 

Note. — Goode  &  Bean  (Oceanic  Ichthyology^  offer  the  following 

Tentative  Arrangement  of  the  Genera  of  Myctopiiid/I!. 

I.  Body  oblong,  compressed.    Teeth  in  jaws  in  villiform  bands. 
A.  Pectorals  present. 
1.  Dorsal  and  anal  flns  touching  (or  nearly  so)  the  same  vertical,  or  overlapping. 
a.  Lateral  line  not  at  all,  or  Imt  slightly,  enlarged.    Scales  cycloid,  smooth. 
i.  No  bumnotu  glamh  on  head  or  tail.     (Luminouii  scales  sometivies  jiyesent  on  tail,  above  or 
below.) 
X.  Head  short,  with  limb  of  preoperculum  nearly  vertical;  snout  more  or  less  blunt 
and  declivous.    Precaudal  pbotopbores  2. 


w^ 


I     t  I 


I  i  i 


1-1  {. 


mfwm 


m 


052 


Bullttin  47^  United  States  National  Museum, 


DorMl  Mitlrely  In  front  of  •nnl,  auil  imrroly,  or  not  at  bII,  overtapiiinK.    flii|><>r- 
•nal  plioto|ihora«  In  two  ((roup*.  Mnrroi'ni  m 

Donml  o|Mirl»|>|iluK  nual.    Hu|M>r»n»l*  In  ono  or  two  %xn\\\*.  BRNTiioiir.M«. 

cjr.  liiiiul  lonK,  liiiil)  of  |ir«o|M>r<'iiliini  ol)lli|un,  unoiit  coiiIckI  and  unitku-llliv.     I'ri 
cHMtlnl  |ihoto|>horM  4  or '2   I   1. 
Itonutl  ahoiit  ei|UHl  to  or  niiurtur  timn  •d«I,  anti  uul  ov«rl«|)|ilnR. 
No  orliltal  Miilnei.  liAMr*NvrTi  m 

Orhltnl  MplnM,  ('KHATOMnifKI.I  «, 

Dornal  much  longur  th*n  anal,  ami  ovorluppliig  It, 
PectorttU  pUci'il  nornmlljr.  Notohi'oi'ki.i  *. 

I'ertontli  pluci'il  very  low.  (!ataiii.kmkm„\. 

H,   l,nminn«i  glimih  »n  lull,  hiil  miut  on  hrail. 
X.  DorHul  nml  anal  nnarly  <M|ual,  not  tom'hhiK  mnio  viirtli'itl. 

HuHil  aoniowhat  uonU-ul,  with  llmli  of  priiup«r<'.uluiii  nllKhtly  oblli|iin. 
8adi||ii-llk«  Kland  on  tall,  above  and  IhiIow.  LAMPAOrN*. 

Ui,   Liirge  luminoiii  ytnuilii  itn  heait,  hul  tione  oM  tail, 
t,  Supuranal  photophoruH  In  twoKroupn. 
Prucautlal  photophoreH  4. 
One  largo,  irregular  gland  iH-cupying  entire  front  of  head.  ;1''Tnoi'iiciRA 

Four  lunilnoui  glaudn  on  head,  one  In  f^out  of  each  eye  and  one  on  (-lu'li  Inriu- 
orliitul.  Coi.i.k'hia. 

Precaudfil  photophoruM  non«. 
A  gland  in  front  of  each  eye  Itolow  the  nostril. 
I'hotophoreN  and  cophallc  glands  all  divided  into  lialvcs  hy  horixontnl  H>'|iin 
of  I>la4-k  pigment.  I)iai'iii  !>. 

it.  Lateral  lino  obHoloMcunt. 
i.  ATii  /HmntuNa  yUimU.     l'hulnphore$  muck  at  in  typical  genut, 
jr.  Head  long,  with  oblli|ue  preoitorcular  limb. 

Dorsal  overlapping  anal,  the  latter  much  the  longer.    Pectoral  very  high. 
Precaudal  pliotophort)  1.     Apitarontly  no  photophores  on  head. 

Tauletonbkani 
e.  Lateral  line    -ith  scales  much  enlarged;  scales  hard,  jierslstont. 
i.  Luminout  glamlii  or  tcaleii  OH  titp  of  caudal  peihiucle ;   none  on  head, 
X,  Scales  cycloid.    Anal  passing  behind  xoft  dorsal. 

Body  elongate,  fusiform ;  head  short,  with  projecting  snout. 
Anal  much  longer  than  dorsal,  but  not  overlapping.    Caudal  peduncle  sIciiiIit, 
elongate.  Stbnobracmuk. 

One  posterolateral  photnpboro  over  break  In  superanal  series. 

Stenodbaciiivs  (Ai.ysia  and  Khinoscoi-emh). 
Body  ovate,  compressed;  head  short,  profllo  decMvoiiH;  snout  not  projecting. 
Anal  somewhat  longer  than  donal  and  overlapping  it  slightly.    Caudal  pi'ihiinli' 
short  and  stout. 
'  No  posterolateral  photophore.     Superanals  in  unbroken  series.     Elrctuona. 

ccx.  Scales  ctenoid.    Anni  terminating  below  soft  dorsal. 

Body  elevated,  somewhat  compressed.    Caudal  peduncle  rather  slemler. 
Anal  longer  than  dorsal,  but  scarcely  overlapping.  Dasybcoi'ki.i  h, 

i.  Dorsal  and  anal  short,  similar,  far  apart. 
a.  Scales  large,  very  deciduous,  covered  with  minute  spines. 
i.  No  ImniuouK  glands  on  head  or  tail. 
X.  Scales  along  belly  with  luminous  centers.     Photophores  far  from  normal. 
Head  conical;  rictus  short. 
Dorsal  and  anal  equal,  the  latter  placed  with  its  center  under  soft  dorsal. 

Nkoscopeich. 
h.  Scales  (If  present)  very  deciduous. 
i.  Mouth  very  large;  maxillary  much  dilated  at  tip.  SvoPBLENtivH, 

B.  Pectorals  rudimentary. 
1.  Dorsal  and  anal  overlapping  considerably, 
a.  Lumitunu  glaad*  on  tail,  above  and  beloie.     Photophoree  miwute,  irregularlg  placed. 


r  •• 


Jordan  and  F.vfrmanu.  —  Fishes  of  North  America. 


503 


i.  IIcimI  Ioiik,  witli  ol)lii|ii«  |ir*upiirriil«r  llnili;  mioul  mnlral;  moiiih  tarmin*!,  horl- 

Xcllltlkl.  NANNlinNA<'llll'M. 

7/.  n<Hly  nliinKKti',  ('jrliiiilrlrnl.     Ti'oth  lu  lowrr  J»w  In  wrrral  arrlm.  M<'<ii>ki.ii«aiiiii>i. 

ItoHideH  tlio  H|»u<;i«>N  iii«Miti<>iio«l  Im^Iow,  v«>ry  nianv  otluTN  nrti  ki.own  fiuni 
tilt*  upon  Atliiiiti«i  uihI  I'lirilic,  uiiy  of  wliicli  art<  .'ki^ly  to  Im«  foiiii<l  on'oiir 
KiiiNtH.  DflHorlptioiiHof  inoHtof  tlio  known  N|N>4'i«>Mar«^Kiv«n  in  the  pupvi-H 
iiliovo  ni«ntiuufl<l  of  Liitki^n  and  of  (iooth^  «&  IU<iin. 

II.  DiirHul  llii  lint  I'liillriK  Miurli,  If  any,  li«furi<  frunt  nf  mial  (In. 

fc,  (!iiiiiIhI  pliiiti  .  Iiiii'i'n  4  nr  11,  iintcr  'l\  iliironl  flii  not  iniit'b,  If  nn,T,  nlmrtor  thnn  mini;  liinly 
<l('«|i  nr  nli'iKlitr,  iiiit  liiiii'li  roiilnu'lcil  Ix-liitul,  tlic  cainlul  inmIiiikIi'  rolniNt;  imIkk  of 
pr«ii|M<rrlH  iiiorn  or  Ii'In  oIiIIi|||i<;  |irctoritlH  Ioiik  or  iiliort,  |ili)i-ml  rnlliiT  low. 
r,  DorM!  nil  very  Ioiik,  iiiiii'Ii  Ioiik<'I°  tlmii  iiiiul  uml  i>vcrlH|>plii|(  tin-  liittcr;  |)f«-tiiralii 
miiull,  narrow,  pliucil  low;  h«ni|  Ioiik  nml  Iom,  »lth  oiiiull  i-y<>. 

Mai'KOMtoma,  2^)7. 
CO.  Domal  fln  not  nini'h  Ioiikit  tliiin  nnitl. 

i<.  Ili'nd  willioiil  liiriti' IiiiiiIiioiihuIiiiiiIh;  |it-otoriilii  lonK  <>r  i>liort,«vitli  iiurrow  iMtHo, 
<•,    I'i'Ctorul  lliiN  loiiK,  ri'iti'liInK  pitHt  vi-nlriili;    liiiiiiiioiiH  Kla"''*  ">■  <'nuila| 
|ii'iliiiirl)i  uliovo  or  Ih-Iow,  occaHJuiially  |iri>i»-iit, 
/,  Orlill  with  II  Hiiiall  uiitrorxu  Mplun  ur  horn  abuvn  front  of  uuch  <-y«. 

Criiatoni'i  pr.i.i'H,  2n8, 

./r.  (Miiit  willioiit  iintrorNi'  Kplmi  iihovi>.  Lampanvc-ii  i,  'iriO. 

rr.  IVt'turiil  till  niiiuII  or  iiiiniito,  not  niiicli  loii^or  than  cyi';  iiHiially  it  liinil- 

nuiiH  blotch  on  niinlul  ]i)i(lunul«  iilxivc  or  lu'low,  or  both. 

(/,  Hciili'H  In  liitoriil  liiiit  not  litr^tT  than  the  otIiorK.  liANi'AnrNA,  2<10_ 

!/f/.  Haih'H  in  lattTiil  lino  nutulily  lurKiT  than  tho  othurs. 

Nannoiihaciiiiim,  201. 

(111.  Ilttad  witli  InrKO  InniinoiiH  KlantlH  before  or      low  oyc;  pt'itoral  fln*  Mliort  iinil 

broiiil,  pliiciiil  low;  I'yo  very  hii'Ki-;  niii'ut  iliort  and  convex;  fMalvM  in  lat- 

eritl  lino  iiMiiiilly  nmrr  or  Ionm  cnlitrKi'd,  th«  porcH  lunilnoiiN. 

h.  I'liotoplioreH  and  liiniiuoiix  gliindiinioiit  of  them  dividud  into  halvci  by  crois 

purtltionH  of  black  plgniunt  givinK  tlic  funii  uf  thu  U-ttor  9;  n  liiniinoiiH 

((land  in  front  of  each  oyu  below  nontril.  I>lAl>lIti8,  2U2, 

hh.  I'hotophoreg  Hlmplo,  without  Reptu. 

i.  Lunilnoui  blotches  beforu  and  below  eye  Miparate. 

.ilCTiinpRORA,  203. 
a.  IjuniinonH  blotcheH  before  and  below  eye  coaleacent  in  one  largo  blotch 
occnpyiii);  wholn  front  of  head.  Col.Lr.TTiA,  264. 

hh.  ('audal  pliotophoreH  2,  never  3  or  4;  dorxiil  fln  notably  Bhorter  than  anal,  its  ruyH  U  to 
14;  auul  rays  10  to  2(l;  body  deep  anteriorly,  thu  caudal  pednncle  Hicnder;  edge  of 
pruopercle  nearly  vertical;  pectoraU  long,  placed  high;  no  luniiuouH  glanda  on 
head;  cyo  large. 
j.  Lateral  lino  well  developed. 
X-.  8oaleH  cycloid. 

/.  Maxillary  Hcarccly  enlarged  at  tip;  last  rays  of  dorsal  not  behind  Ant  of 

anal. 

m.  Snout  prominent,  projecting  beyond  tip  of  lower  jaw;  wales  of  lateral 

line  more  or  less  enlarged;  caudul  peduncle  very  slender;  usually 

a  luminous  gland  on  its  uppor  surface.  Rhinorcopem'S,  266. 

n.m.  Snout  little  prominent,  scarcely  projecting  beyond  tip  of  lower  jaw; 

scales  of  lateral  lino  usually  not  enlarged;  no  luminous  glands 

on  upper  edge  of  tail;  moderately  elougate.      MyctopiiijM,  266. 

{/.  Maxillary  abruptly  dilated  at  tip;  last  ray  of  dorsal  behind  flrst  of  anal; 

form  moderately  elongate  (not  broad-ovate  as  !u  the  Kiiropean  group 

Elertrima),  Bbnthosema,  267. 

kk.  Scales  otenold,  firm;  tail  with  a  Rminous  gland  above.       Dasyscopelub,  268. 

ij.  I^nteral  line  obsolete;  no  glands  on  tail;  scales  crenulate.      Tarlbtombbamia,  269 


. 


m    ! 


f 


\:  ; 


I  I 


im 


\. 


hi 


'■  \ '- 


554 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


W.!^ 


257.  MACROSTOMA,"  Risso. 

Macrntljoma,  R188O,  Europe  Murid.,  in,  447,  1826,  (anj/iurtidedii) ;    not  itfaofWomtM,  Wied,  1817,  a 

goniisuriuBccta. 
Ab(o«copeIu«,  GttNTllEn,  Cat.,  v,  400,  411,  1884,  (renplendetxi). 
CitablemeUa,  KloiMMANN  &  Eioenmann,  Pruc.  Cal.  J .( .  Sci.,  Sd  series,  ill,  1800,  24,  {brachyrhir). 

Myotophids  with  the  dorsal  fin  much  longer  than  the  anal,  and  overhip- 
ping  the  anterior  half  of  the  latter.  Body  elongate.  Snout  obtusely  con- 
ical ;  jaws  equal  in  front ;  cleft  of  mouth  nearly  horizontal ;  maxillary 
not  dilated  behind.  No  luminous  glands  on  head  cr  tail.  Arrangement 
of  photoy)hore8  irregular.  Prec&udals  2  -(- 1  or  2,  the  last  one  higb  ii]). 
(fMKfMig,  large;  arofia,  mouth.) 

a.  ModioIatoralH  3,  in  a  curved,  subvertical  series;  posterolaterals  2  or  3. 
b.  PoHterolaturals  2,  horizontally  sido  ))y  side,  under  adipose  dorsal. 

('.  Caudal  spots  3  ^2~)-l);  posterolaterals  under  soft  dorsal;  pectoral  weak  and  short. 

(I.  Dorsal  rays  21 ;  anal  20;  scales  42;  anal  photoplioros  8  -f  8.       quercinvm,  8z8. 

dd.  Porsal  rays  IC;  anul  14;  anal  pliotopborcs  0  -|- 17.  maroaritiferuh,  Hi9. 

cc.  Caudal  spots  4  (2  -}-  2);  first  i)ostorolatcral  under  adipose  dorsal,  second  behind  it. 

D.  21  to  24;  A.  17  or  18:  anal  series  8  or  7  +  6  or  7.  anuubtidens,  k:!0. 

bh.  Posterolaterals  3,  horizontally  side  uysido;  caudal  spots  3(2  f-1);  lost  posterolateral 

under  adiiH)8o  dorsal;  pectoral  short  and  weak.    D.  20  or  21;  A.  10;  scalcH  4ri;  unnl 

BcrirsO  |  4.  castaneitm,  8;!1. 

aa.  Mediolatorala  2;  posterolateral  1;  caudal  spots  3,  the  last  at  end  of  lateral  line.    D,  '2(1;  A. 

18;  scales  36.  caudisfinosi'h,  8;t2. 


,/ 


828.  MACR08T0MA  QUEBCINUM   (Ooode  &  Bean). 

Head  3J  to  4;  depth  5f.  D.  21  or  24;  A.  19  or  20;  scales  42.  Eye 
moderate,  nearly  4.  Snout  short,  about  i  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 
eye.  Mouth  oblique  and  very  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  angle 
of  preoperculnm.  Length  of  upper  jaw  about  j^  that  of  head.  Origin 
of  dorsal  much  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  root  of  caudal,  being  over  the 
twelfth  scale  of  the  lateral  line  and  immediately  above  origin  of  ventral ; 
length  of  its  base  equal  to  that  of  head,  and  longest  ray  f  as  long  as  head, 
its  end  over  seventh  ray  of  anal;  pectoral  short,  not  reaching  to  origin 
of  ventral ;  anal  origin  about  under  twenty-first  scale  of  lateral  line, 
the  length  of  the  base  equals  that  of  head  without  snout,  and  the  longest 
ray  is  about  i  as  long  as  head;  adipose  fin  very  slender,  its  distance 
from  end  of  dorsal  equaling  i  length  of  head ;  caudal  moderate,  decply 
forked.  A  large  luminous  spot  near  the  <*  igle  of  the  preoperculnm :  2 
above  the  pectoral  base  and  1  below  it;  1  just  below  the  lateral  lino 
above  the  origin  of  the  anal ;  5  or  S  between  the  isthmus  and  the  root  of 
the  ventral;  a  number  of  others  not  accurately  counted.  Color  dark 
brown. 

Mediolaterals  3,  in  curved  subvertical  line;  posterolaterals  2,  under  the 
soft  dorsal;  precandals  2  -f-  1>  the  last  below  the  end  of  the  lateral  line  I 
one  of  the  precandals  very  high  up.  Western  Atlantic,  at  700  to  800 
fathoms ;  also  in  the  Mediterranean.    (Goode  &  Pian.)    This  is  very  likely 

*By  the  rules  of  the  Amer.  Ornithol.  Union,  Notoscopehu  should  oe  used  instead  of  Maenmloma, 
M  there  is  a  prior  genua  Macrottomus.  We  regard  the  two  as  distinct,  as  they  are  spelled  difler- 
•ntly. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


555 


tlie  original  ehngatum  of  Costa,  rather  than  the  species  here  called  by  that 
name  (after  Lutken).     {quercinus,  oak-like,  from  the  tan-color.)    (Eu.) 
S^ildM-opelw  i/M«rctAiM,  GoonE  k  Bkan,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  84,  fig.  07,  1895,  Grand  Banks. 
(T.vpo,  No.  43789.    Coll.  A.batrora.) 

820.  MACROSTOMA  MARGARITIFERUM  (Goodo  &  Bean). 

Head  4;  depth  5;  eye  moderate,  about  4  iu  head.  D.  16;  A.  14.  Least 
Iieight  of  tail  i  of  greateE>t  height  of  tody.  Snout  very  short,  compressed 
into  a  ke«*l  on  its  upper  edge,  its  length  scarcely  more  than  i  diameter 
of  the  eye.  Gill  rakers  9  or  10  above  the  angle,  aboat  16  below,  the 
longest  abont  1^  the  diameter  of  eye.  Intermaxillary  reaching  almost 
to  angle  of  preoperculum.  Space  between  eye  and  hinder  edge  of  pre- 
operculum  much  less  than  diameter  of  the  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  much 
nearer  tip  of  snout  than  root  of  caudal,  about  over  ninth  scale  of  lateral 
'me,  and  in  same  vertical  with  origin  of  ventral ;  length  of  dorsal  base 
nearly  i  of  totp'  (without  caudal) ;  the  ventral  does  not  <iuite  reach  to 
origin  of  anal ;  pectoral  very  short,  its  hmgth  only  i  that  of  head ;  no 
adipose  dorsal ;  anal  origin  under  eighteenth  scale  of  lateral  line ;  base 
of  tin  as  long  as  head  without  snout;  caudal  moderately  forked.  On 
top  of  the  caudal  peduncle  a  long,  linear  mirror,  nearly  i  as  long  as  head, 
its  width  about  i  of  its  length.  Several  large  phosphorescent  spots  on 
inner  edge  of  mandible,  a  large  one  near  angle  of  preoperculum. 

Mediolaterals  3,  in  a  curved,  subvertical  line.  Posterolaterals  2,  under 
Hoft  dorsal.  Superanals  9  -f-  7.  Precaudals  2  -f  2,  the  last  below  end  of 
lateral  line.  Grand  Banks  of  Newfoundland ;  known  from  two  speci- 
mens.   (Goode  &  Bean.)    (niar^jranti/er,  bearing  pearls.) 

SotdffoiieUiii  margariti/er,  GoODR  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  85,  fig.  98, 1895,  off  Banquereau. 
(Type,  No.  43775.    Coll.  Soli.  Alice  M.  Williams  of  Gloucester.) 

880.  MACROSTOMA  AN0U8TIDENS,  Bisso. 
(Pbick  Fish  ;  Maire  d'Ahplora.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  5i ;  eye  moderate,  4»  in  head.  D.  21  to  24 ;  A.  17  or  18. 
Caudal  spots  4,  2  horizontally  placed,  2  at  base  of  caudal  rays; 
posterolateral  spots  2  or  3 ;  anal  spots  about  8  -|-  7 ;  supra-anal  spots  3,  not 
quite  in  line;  ventral  spots  5  or  6;  a  white  or  luminous  spot  on  back  of 
tail.  Preopercle  very  oblique.  Body  elongate,  the  caudal  peduncle  not 
very  slender.  Head  moderate,  snout  very  short,  low,  but  bluntish  at  tip ; 
chin  prominent ;  mouth  not  very  oblique.  Dorsal  very  high,  anal  long ; 
pectoral  slender,  narrow,  placed  low,  with  12  rays,  not  reaching  ventrals. 
A  luminons  gland  above  and  one  below  tail.  Atlantic  and  Indian  Oceans, 
Norway  and  Greenland.  (Lutken ;  here  described  from  Mediterranean 
examples.)  It  is  not  unlikely  that  several  species  are  confounded  under 
this  name.  According  to  Goode  &  Bean,  the  original  elongatum  may  be  the 
one  called  by  them  quercinu8.     (angustus,  narrow ;  dens,  tooth.)    (Eu.) 

Aldcfdsloma  mujnstidens,  Ribso,  Etxope  Meridionale,  iii,  448,  1826,  Nice  ;  P.  22  ;  A.  18. 

Scopeliis  ilongalm,  Costa,  Fauna  Napoli,  Pcsci,  i,  2,  Scopclus,  1844,  Naples  ;  LOtkkn,  Spolia 

Atlantica,  ii,  44, 1892;  Lilueboro,  Sverges  Fiskar,  vi,  25,1889. 
Laynimnyclutreeplendeng,  Richardson,  Voy.  Erebus  aud  Terror,  42, 1846,  Gulf  of  Guinea;  OCn- 

iHEB,  Cat.,  V,  416, 1864.  . 


I 


WfW 


1    : 


I 


•i  I 


,s    1 


a  si  .f 


I 


':■!:! 


I 


I-!, 


MM: 


■■i  \ 


n 


\ 


I 

1<; 


iii, 


,1 


i    \' 


»   > 


i*- 


:    ! 


IF!  I- 


556 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


BcopeliulcrHperi,  Malm,  QotolinrR  Vetonsk.  Ilam'l.,  1(10,  18i>3,  Bohuslan,  Sweden, 
Sci pelu$ piieuil  crocodilui,  MoRF.Ait  (fi(l«  LrTKEN). 

Mjctophum  brtKhj/chir,*  Eioknmann  &  Eioenmann,  West  American  ScioiitlHt,  1889,  126,  Cortez 
Banks.  / 

881/MACROSTOMA  CASTANKIIIM  (OowU- A  nean). 

Head  4;  depth  5^.  D.  20  or  21;  A.  lf>;  scaleH  about  46.  Eye  mod- 
erate, its  diameter  nearly  4  iu  head,  and  more  than  2  iu  snout.  Muiitii 
exceedingly  wide,  oblique,  with  JawH  equal;  maxillary  extending  back- 
ward almost  to  angle  of  preoperciilum.  Intermaxillary  as  long  as  max- 
illary, and  toothed  throughout  its  entire  length.  Maxillary  very  litllo 
expanded  posteriorly.  Origin  of  dorsal  flu  very  much  nearer  tip  of  snout 
than  root  of  caudal,  being  as  far  from  snout  as  from  front  of  pearl-colored 
patch  on  top  of  tail  and  somewhat  in  advance  of  origin  of  ventral ;  doiHul 
base  considerably  longer  than  head,  the  longest  ray  equaling  length  of 
postorbital  part  of  head ;  caudal  deeply  forked ;  pectoral  small  aud 
not  reaching  nearly  to  ventral,  its  length  not  much  more  than  i  that  of 
hbdd  ;  ventral  insertion  under  fourth  ray  of  dorsal,  its  length  about  i 
that  of  head;  anal  base  nearly  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Mediu- 
laterals  3,  in  curved  subvertioal  line ;  posterolaterals  3,  horizontally  side 
by  side.  Precaudals  2  -f  1>  IS'St  below  the  end  of  the  lateral  line.  LaHt 
posterolateral  under  soft  dorsal.  Number  of  superanals  9  -{-  4.  (liraud 
Hauks,  two  specimens  known.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  (caHtaneua,  chestnut- 
colored.) 

NotoKopelm  cantaneiu,  Goode  &  Bean,  Ocoanic  Ichthyology,  85,  flg.  95,  1895,  Grand  Banks, 
(Typo,  No.  3170(!.    Coll.  Str.  Kish  Hawk.) 

882.  MACROSTOMA  CAUDISPINOSUM  (.Johnson). 

Head  3J ;  depth  5i.  D.  36 ;  A.  18  or  19 ;  V.  8 ;  lateral  line  36  to  38.  Eye 
moderate.  Snout  obtusely  conical,  with  jaws  equal  in  front.  Cleft  of 
mouth  rather  oblique.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  midway  between  extremity 
of  snout  and  adipose  fin,  and  above  base  of  outer  ventral  rays,  its  last  ray 
behind  vertical  from  middle  of  anal.  A  series  of  from  6  to  9  ^niall 
spines  bent  backward,  above  and  below,  before  the  root  of  caudal,  the 
tips  of  neural  processes.  Pectoral  fins  shorter  than  ventral,  and  not 
extending  beyond  its  root.  Mediolaterals  2;  posterolaterals!;  precau- 
dals 2-^-1,  the  last  at  the  end  of  the  dorsal  line ;  the  single  postcvoiat- 
eral  in  advance  of  the  soft  dorsal ;  number  of  superanals  7  +  4  ( f ). 
(Goode  &  Bean.)  Atlantic  Ocean,  two  specimens  known,  one  from  the 
western  Atlantic  at  a  depth  of  1,78*^  fathoms,  39°  N.,  68°  W.  (cauda,  tail; 
8pino8U8,  spined.) 
Scnpeliii  caudiupmosus,  Johnson,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lend.,  1863,  42,  Madeira;  GI^ntuek,  Cat.,  r, 

416,  1864. 
Notoscopehts  caiulispinosun,  Goopk  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  85,  flg.  96,  1895. 

*Head3V,(41n8pecimenoxaniiiii'd);  depth  4%;  D.  20  to  23;  A.  18  to  20;  8cal('s40.  I.iiininmis 
spots  not  described,  probably  as  in  M.  arnjiinlideiit,  a  white  spot  on  back  of  tail ;  elontnitr.  . mii- 
pressed;  bead  long,  slender,  the  Huuiit  pointed,  the  profile  not  much  rounded;  pri'0|>rr<  iiliir 
margin  very  oblique;  mouth  large,  maxillary  not  dilated  behind,  ig  in  bead;  eye  miHi<'i.it<'.  4 
in  head.  Dorsal  falcate,  longer  than  anal;  pectorals  minute,  not  nearly  reaching  m  ntr.il''. 
Length  3)<^  inches.  Cortez  Banks,  near  San  Diego,  in 45  fathoms.  (Kigenmann.)  Not  i-vi'l'titly 
different  from  M.  angustidens  ;  a  siiecimen  examined  by  us,  iu  poor  condition,  agrees  |>erfi-('l  I  v  with 
Ltltken's  accouut  condensed  above,  bo  far  as  its  characters  can  be  ascertained.  (/Spaxi'd  ^>'u^' 
XtCp,  liaud.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


554 


258.  CERATOSCOPELUS,  Guiither. 

(VTll^wlC02«''"»l   GPnther,  Cat.,  v,  405  and  412,  1804,  (mirfeireiMw). 

Dorsal  and  anal  fins  touching  the  Haine  vertical,  but  scarcely  overlap- 
piiiff,  the  dorsal  not  greatly  elongate.  Scales  of  the  lateral  line  some- 
what enlarged.  Head  long ;  lintb  of  preoporcnluni  oblique  ;  snout  conical 
and  snake-like.  A  spine  above  or))it  on  each  side.  1  o  luminous  glands 
uu  head  or  tail.    Caudal  photophores  4.     (Ktyiar;,  horn  ;  Scopelus.) 

II.  v.  13  or  14;  A.  Hi;  eyo  largo;  anal  sories  fl  4-  C;  two  ])osterolutL-ral  g|)ot8;  four  caudal  »pot«. 

MADEIRKNSIB,  83:t. 


J 


833.  CEBATOSrOPELVS  MADEIRENSI8  (Lowo). 

Head  3  ;  depth  4|.  D.  13orl4;  A.  13;  scales  36.  Forehead  with  a  bony 
projection  or  horn  on  each  side  above  eye.  Caudal  spots  4,  the  last  at  base 
(if  middle  rays  ;  2  posterolateral  spots ;  anal  spots  about  6 -{-6,  the  series 
not  evenly  placed ;  supra-anal  spots  forming  an  obli(jue  series.  Pre- 
opercle  very  oblique.  Body  rather  elongate,  the  head  large  and  heavy ; 
t\ve  large,  twice  length  of  the  bluntish  snout,  3j^  in  head  ;  mouth  large. 
Ddroal  high,  much  shorter  than  .anal ;  pectoral  long  and  slender,  reaching 
p;iHt  front  of  anal.  (Liitken.)  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  west  to  the 
(inind  Banks,  where  it  is  rather  common  at  about  1,500  fathoms.     (Eu.) 

Sc'^)ll■ln<  tiHtiMremi:!,  LuwE,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loud.,  IKIW,  87;  1851,  250;  and  Traiix,  Zoiil.  Soc. 

li.ind..  Ill,  14,  l«3!t,  Madeira  ;  GCmiieu,  Cat.,  v,  412,  1804  ;  Raffaki.e,  Mitt.  Zool.  Stat. 

NaploH,  IX,  184,  1)1.  7,  li^.  9,  188i»;  LCtken,  Vid.  Mod.  Naturli.  Foren.,  208,  18i»l. 
Sinitiliis  hinmiinrtii,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxii,  449, 1848,  Nice. 
Cenilo)co2)dm  madcireiuit,*  GoouE  &  Bean,  Occauic  Ichthyology,  82,  1895. 


5  •':!:!;' 


\' 


259.  LAMPANYCTUS,  Bonaparte. 

Lnmpdivji'liiii,  Bonaparte,  Fauna  Italica,  fosc.  xxvii,  1840,  {crocodilus). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  slender,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  robust. 
Scales  deciduous,  cycloid,  those  of  the  lateral  line  not  enlarged,  so  far  as 
known ;  lateral  line  well  developed ;  number  of  caudal  photophores  3  or 
4,  never  2;  luminous  blotches  almost  always  piosent  on  upper  or  lower 
edf^o  of  tail,  none  on  forehead.  Head  compressed,  the  mouth  large,  with 
HubiMinal  jaws;  premaxillary  very  long  and  slender.  Eye  large;  pre- 
opercular  edge  more  or  less  oblique.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender. 
Dorsal  rin  large,  lai'ger  than  in  Myctophum,  not  notably  shorter  than 
anal,  its  insertion  little,  if  any,  behind  that  of  ventrals;  rays  of  dorsal 
11  to  24,  those  of  anal  9  to  19.  Pectoral  tins  narrow,  well  developed, 
inserted  low.  Species  numerous,  very  widely  distributed  in  the  open 
sea.    (^(ijUTr/,  lamp  ;  pif,  night.) 

11    Pectorals  long  and  falcate. 

b.  Cauilal  iilioto|)liore8  3  or  4,  in  two  series,  the  last  on  or  near  end  of  lateral  line. 
('.  Modiolaturals  2;  posterolaterals  2,  nearly  under  adipose  dorsal. 

*  Heisrlit  of  body  j^  of  total  length;  length  of  head  nearly  }/^.  Least  height  of  tail  nearly  J^ 
tri'.iii-t  lieiglit  of  body.  Snout  moderate.  Mouth  largo,  oblique;  jaws  ei|ual.  Maxillary  very 
rli-^taly  rx]>aiided  liehind.  Ventral  reaches  to  vent,  and  pectoral  almost  as  far  back  as  ventral. 
.Vnal  iiri)cin  under  about  nineteenth  scale  of  latervl  line.  D.  13;  A.  12;  scales  36. — Goode  d; 
litui, :  I'rutu  American  «pecimeDS. 


■h     I 


Iff  f 


Ufi 


'i 


I  ^  i 


!:! 


558 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


d.  Snout  Bbort,  iharp,  not  much  decurvod  aboro;  eye  Binall,  6  in  head,    SciiIih 

38  or  39;  D.  12  or  13  (soniotimos  14  or  15);  A.  14  or  15  (rarely  17  or  iHj; 

anal  Rorius  0  to  8  |  8  to  12;  oyo  mnall,  about  6  in  head;  hpad  lonp;,  Htmkc>. 

lil<o,  witli  largd  montli.  orocddilir,  s:;4. 

dd.  Snout  liluiit,  decurvod;  oyo  large,  3  tuS^  in  head;  Bcalea  32  to  36. 

e.  ScaluB  35;  I).  13  or  14;  A.  14  or  15;  pectoral  reaching  front  of  anal;  iin 

luminous  glands  on  tail.  townsenui,  K,V>. 

ee.  Scahm  :i2  or'33;  D.  13;  A.  15;  anal  8erio8  7  |-  0;  pectoral  reaching  niiiMIo 

of  anal;  tail  with  a  lumiiiouH  gland  above  and  below.      'alatus,  KIO. 

cc.  UediolateralM  3;  ])08tcrolateraU  2,  in  advance  of  adipose  dorsal;  caudal  HurieH 

3  +  1;  D.  12  or  13;  A.  13  or  14.    Scales  30;  anal  gerleH  5  i  5;  anterolaterals  2; 

pectoral  reaching  middle  of  anal;  snout  nhort;  cyo  4  in  head,    uuntiieki,  s:n. 

lb.  Caudal  photophores  4,  in  a  continuous,  nearly  horizontal  row;  the  last  not  appnuuh- 

ing  end  of  lateral  line;  mediolaterals  2;  posterolaterals  2,  nearly  under  adipoiio 

dorsal;  T>.  12;  A.  16;  scales  38;  anal  series  7  +8;  anterolaterals  3,  hori/oiititlly 

placed,  not  apjiroaching  end  of  lateral  lino.  okmmii'eh,  s:;8. 

aa.  Pectorals  comparatively  xhort,  slender;  caudal  spots  4,  in  a  low,  nearly  huri/.ontal  xiriis, 

the  last  much  below  lateral  line;  1  posterolateral  below  adipose  dorsal.     I).  12;  A. 

12  or  13.    Scales  36;  anal  series  5  to  7  |  5.  lacerta,  s;w. 


.  i  - 


.1  ^ 


834.  LAIHPANYCTUS  €B0C0DILV8  (Risso). 

Head  3nV;  depth  55.  D.  12  to  15;  A.  14  to  18;  P.  U;  scales  38  or  39.  Four 
caudal  spots,  the  lust  at  base  of  middle  rays;  2  posterolateral  spots;  uiial 
spots  variable,  about  6  -f  8 ;  supra-anals  3,  forming  an  obtuse-angled  tri- 
angle. Preopercle  extremely  oblique.  Body  elongate,  the  caudal  peduncle 
stout;  snout  very  short,  pointed;  mouth  very  large,  the  chin  projecting; 
eye  small,  5  in  head,  close  to  the  tip  of  snout.  Dorsal  high;  pectoral 
long  and  slender,  reaching  front  of  anal.  Atli*  itic  and  Mediterranean ; 
rare ;  west  to  33°  N.,  40°  W.     (Liitken.)     (Croc  Mas,  a  crocodile.)    (Eu.) 

Gcaletvpelectit  croeodilus,  Rlsso,  Ichth.  Nice,  357,  1810,  Nice. 
Scopelm  crocodilax,  LUtken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  il,  43, 18U2. 
Lampanyctua  crocodUtu,  Goode  &  Dean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  79, 1805. 

835.  LAHPANYCTUS  TOWNSEMDI*  (Eigenmanu  &  Eigenmann). 

Head  3  to  3i;  depth  4^  to  5;  eye  large,  3i.  D.  13  or  14;  A.  14  or  15; 
scales  35,  those  of  lateral  line  not  enlarged.  Caudal  spots  3,  two 
below,  with  a  third  higher  up  at  base  of  caudal ;  posterolateral  spot 
present;  anal  spots  6-}- 6  =  12;  4  between  ventrals  and  anal.  Form 
rather  elongate,  the  head  longer  than  in  Myctophum  humboldti,  the  tail 
deeper ;  preopercle  about  as  in  M.  Iiumholdti.  Pectorals  long  and  narrow, 
reaching  nearly  to  front  of  anal,  H  in  body.  Cortez  Banks,  near  Sau 
Diego,  in  45  fathoms.  (Eigenmann.)  A  specimen  examined  by  us  is  in 
poor  condition,  but  the  species  is  certainly  a  valid  one,  and  allicil  to 
Lampanyctua  alatua.  (Named  for  Charles  H.  Townsend,  naturalist  on  the 
Albatross.) 

Myclophtim  townsettdi,  Eigenmann  &  Eioenmann,  West  American  Scientist,  1889,  126,  Corte; 
Banks.     (Typo,  No.  41921.    Coll.  Eigenmann.) 

•  "  Phosphorescent  spots  of  the  head  iis  in  californieme,  the  spots  in  the  ventral  series  few  c  i'  iu 
number,  5  pairs  on  breast;  4  pairs  between  ventrals  and  anal;  6  pairs  along  base  of  niml;  0 
pairs  on  caudal  peduncle;  2  pairs  on  caudal  peduncle  above  the  spines.  Spots  of  the  sides  as  in 
calif nmienne,  with  an  additional  spot  on  base  of  middle  caudal  rays,  and  another  between  the 
last  of  the  anal  pairs  and  the  one  bctow  the  tweuy-fourth  scale  of  the  lateral  Mati." —EUjcwnmru 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        669 


88«.  LAMPANYCTU8  ALATUS,  Qoodo  k  D<'an. 

Head  3};  depth  5;  eye  3;  snout  uearly  2  in  eye.  D.  13;  A.  17  or  18; 
scales  32-33.  Least  depth  of  tail  about  \  greatest  height  of  body. 
Snout  short;  upper  and  lower  profile  deeply  curved,  and  with  a  median 
crest.  Mouth  large;  length  of  upper  jaw  eciual  to  greatest  depth  of  body. 
Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  tip  of  snout  than  to  root  of  caudal ;  pectoral 
I'lu  very  long,  reaching  to  at  leaut  middle  of  anal  buse ;  ventral  short, 
not  reaching  to  origin  of  anal ;  anal  origin  under  end  of  dorsal ;  caudal 
moderate  and  deeply  forked.  A  small  phosphorescent  body  on  the  upper 
and  lower  edges  of  the  tail  at  the  root  of  the  caudal ;  length  of  lower 
patch  a  little  greater  than  diameter  ef  eye. 

Mediolateral  pbotophores  2 ;  posterolaterals  2,  the  latter  one  above  the 
other  or  nearly  so.  Precaudals  in  two  groups,  2  -|-  1  or  3  -f  1,  the  last  at 
the  end  of  the  lateral  line.  Posterolaterals  nearly  under  soft  dorsal. 
Number  of  superanals  7  -f  6.  Three  specimens  taken  by  the  Albatroaa  from 
station  2393,  in  28°  43'  N.  latitude,  87°  14'  W.  longitude,  525  fathoms. 
(Uoode  <&  Bean.)     (a/a/us,  winged.) 

Liwipanyclua  atatuii,  Goode  &  Bkan,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  7!),  1895,  Gulf  Stream,     (Type,  No. 
43769.     Coll.  Albatross.) 

v/ 
887.  LAMPANTeiUS  OUNTHERI,  Goo<le  &  Bo»n. 

Ilead3j;  depth  5^;  eye  nearly  4.  D.  13;  A.  13;  scales  36.  Body  much 
compressed.  Least  depth  of  tail  i  greatest  depth  of  body.  Snout  short, 
about  i  diameter  of  eye.  Mouth  oblique,  very  large,  the  maxilla  extend- 
in<r  nearly  to  angle  of  preoperculum ;  maxilla  very  little  dilated  posteri- 
orly. Length  of  upper  jaw  about  i  that  of  head.  Dorsal  origin  a  little 
nearer  to  tip  of  snout  than  to  root  of  ventral,  immediately  over  origin  of 
ventral  and  eleventh  or  twelfth  scale  of  lateral  line ;  anal  origin  under 
the  sixteenth  scale  of  lateral  line,  its  base  short,  about  |-  length  of  head ; 
adipose  fin  present,  small,  entirely  behind  the  base  of  the  anal ;  nine 
rows  of  scales  between  its  posterior  margin  and  the  root  of  the  caudal; 
pectorals  very  long,  reaching  to  above  middle  of  anal ;  ventral  reaches 
almost  to  anal  origin;  caudal  moderate,  well  forked.  Mediolaterals  3; 
posterolaterals  2.  Precaudals  2  -f  1,  the  last  at  the  end  of  the  lateral  line. 
Posterolaterals  in  advance  of  the  first  dorsal,  forming  a  gently  curved 
series  continuous  with  anterior  half  of  the  broken  supra-anal  series.  O'  e 
specimen  obtained  by  the  Gloucester  fleet.  ( Named  for  Dr.  Albert  Giinther, 
Keeper  of  the  Zoological  Collections  in  the  British  Museum,  and  the  author 
of  "monumental  works,"  the  foundations  of  ichthyological  work  in  the 
last  half  of  the  nineteenth  century. ) 

Lampanijcln*  giinlheri,  GooDE  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  80,  1895,  Grand  Banks.     (Type, 
No.  43777.)  / 

J 
838.  LAMPANTCTUS  OEHMIFER,  Goodx  &  Bean. 

Head  3i ;  depth  5*.  D.  II,  12 ;  A.  II,  16 ;  V.  8 ;  P.  15, 16 ;  scales  5-38-5. 
Least  depth  of  tail  f  height  of  body.  Eye  large,  nearly  .i  length  of  head. 
Distance  between  posterior  margin  of  orbit  and  preopercular  edge  equal 
to  diameter  of  eye.    Snout  obtuse,  very  short,  its  length  less  than  half 


,y 


\ 


560 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I' J I 


n 


1: 1 . 1 


HIM^ 


'■■./. 


diameter  of  eyo.  Maxillury  scarcely  dilated  bebiud.  Origin  uf  doraal 
midway  between  tip  of  auout  and  dorsal  mirror;  base  of  dorsal  equal  to 
lengtb  of  postorbital  part  of  bead,  and  about  oqiial  to  longest  dorsal  ray; 
ventral  origin  aligbtly  in  advance  of  dorsal  origin  ;  pectoral  readies 
slightly  beyond  origin  of  anal.  Scales  smooth,  those  of  the  lateral  line 
scarcely  larger  than  others.  Mediolateral  photophorcs  2 ;  posterolaterals 
2,  the  latter  one  above  the  other,  or  nearly  so.  Precaudals  4,  in  nearly 
horizontal,  though  curved  row,  the  last  far  below  the  end  of  the  lateral 
line;  anterolaterals  3,  in  nearly  continuous  line  with  lowest  prepectoral 
and  mediolaterals  ;  numberof  superanals  Tor  8.  The  pearly  mirrorupon 
the  upper  edge  of  the  caudal  peduncle  as  long  as  the  eye,  and  much  longer 
than  the  one  extending  from  the  end  of  the  anal  to  the  root  of  the  caudal; 
slender  and  narrow,  \  as  long  as  the  head,  (liill  rakers  6  above  and  12 
below  angle  of  first  arch,  longest  J  as  long  as  eye.  One  specimen  from  39" 
40''  N.,  71°  35'  W.,  in  538  fathoms.  (Goode  &,  Bean.)  {(jemmifer,  bear- 
ing buds  or  gems.) 

Lampanycltia  gvmmiftr,  UooDK  &  Urah,  Oreuiilo  Iolithytilo);y,  81,  t'l*;.  8S,  18!iri,  Grand  Banks. 
(Type,  No.  35604.     Coll.  AlbatrosN.) 

HS».  LANPANTCTIJS  LACERTA  ((ioodu  A  lU-aii). 

Head  3^;  depth  5;  eye  moderate  3i.  D.  13;  A.  15;  scales  about  3(5. 
Greatest  depth  of  head  f  of  its  length.  Snout  somewhat  obtuse,  rounded, 
with  strong  keel ;  its  length  about  i  diameter  of  eye.  Cleft  of  mouth 
somewhat  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  to  angle  of  preoperculum  and 
somewhat  dilated.  Origin  of  dorsal  much  nearer  tip  of  snout  than 
root  of  caudal ;  pectoral  slender,  its  middle  rays  elongate ;  ventrulu 
inserted  slightly  behind  the  origin  of  dorsal,  and  reach  to  base  of  first 
anal  ray  ;  anal  inserted  behind  end  of  dorsal  base ;  caudal  large,  forked. 
Photophores  arranged  somewhat  as  in  M,  punctatuvi. 

Mediolaterals  3;  posterolateral  1;  the  former  in  an  obliquely  vertical 
row,  as  in  M.  punctatum,  the  latter  under  the  soft  dorsal.  Precaudals  in 
low  horizontal  line.  Number  of  superanals  7  +  5.  Three  large  pits  in 
the  mandibles  also  show  luminous  qualities.  Color  apparently  light 
brown,  the  scales  opalescent.  Gulf  Stream,  at  moderate  depths ;  not  rare. 
(Goode  &  Beau.)     (lacerta,  lizard.) 

Mtfctophum  lacerla,  Goonn  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  74,  fig.  83,  1895,  Gulf  Stream,  Lat. 
28°  38'  30"  N.  Long.  85°  52'  30"  W.     (TyiH!,  No.  43778.     Coll.  Albatross.) 

260.  LAMPADENA,  Goode  &  Bean. 

Lampadenn,  GooDR  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichtliyology,  85,  1895,  (speculigrra). 

This  genus  or  subgenus  is  very  close  to  Lampanyctiia,  differing  from  the 
latter  chiefly  in  the  small  pectoral.  From  Nannohrachium,  which  it 
approaches  in  this  respect,  the  fact  that  the  scales  of  the  lateral  line  are 
nz'u  enlarged,  perhaps  sufficiently  distinguishes  it.  The  anal  fin  is  rather 
short,  its  first  ray  being  not  in  advance  of  the  last  ray  of  dorsal.  As  in 
Lampanyctus  and  Nannohrachium,  the  scales  are  readily  deciduous,  and  it 
is  not  always  easy  to  find  the  character  of  those  in  the  lateral  line  from 
preserved  specimens.  Probably  Lampadena  and  Nannohrachium  should 
be  merged  in  Lampanyctus.    {Tidum),  light ;  iidf/v,  gland.) 


unt 
post 

tllO  I 

sidei 
IH  (,r 
tile 
specii 

(speci 


^'iiiitiiihr 


IS 


TJii 
in  the 
and  b( 
Scales 
of  dors 

a.  Ana 
b. 


■r\ 


line  are 


Jonian  atui  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        501 


840.  LAINPADKNA  HPECCLItiERA,  Goudo  k  lionii. 

Head  4;  depth  \\\  eye  very  large,  3.  D.  13;  A.  14;  V.  8 ;  P.  very 
Hinall;  scales  4-35-5.  Least  depth  of  tail  ?  height  of  body.  Greatest 
(1(«pth  of  head  about  f  of  its  Icugth.  Distance  between  posterior  margin 
of  orbit  and  prooperculuni  edge  about  \  diameter  of  eye.  Snout  short, 
couical,  its  length  about  \  diameter  of  eye.  Cleft  of  mouth  somewhat 
(ibliquo,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Posterior  tip  of  maxillary  distant  from 
allele  of  preoporculum  a  space  almost  equal  to  length  of  snout.  Origin 
of  dorsal  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  root  of  caudal  by  a  distance  e(iual  to  f 
the  length  of  its  own  base,  and  inserted  nearly  over  root  of  ventral,  over 
c-loveuth  scale  of  lateral  line,  its  last  ray  over  vent  in  advance  of  origin 
of  anal ;  pectoral  not  reaching  nearly  to  vertical  from  origin  of  ventral, 
iU  length  being  equal  to  \  that  of  upper  jaw,  and  a  little  greater  than 
diameter  of  eye;  ventral  not  reaching  to  vent,  its  length  equal  to  about 
\  that  of  head.  Scales  smooth,  those  of  the  lateral  line  not  larger  than 
tlio  others,  the  tubes  passing  through  them  luminous.  Eight  scales 
botween  the  adipose  fin  and  the  margin  of  the  pearl-colored  dorsal  patch ; 
there  are  35  scales  in  the  lateral  line,  4  above  and  5  below  it.  The  lumin- 
ous spot,  t  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  club-shaped,  on  the  top  of 
1  ho  tail  immediately  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  caudal  ray.  A  similar 
H])ot  on  the  lower  edge  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  a  little  in  advance  of  the 
origin  of  the  caudal  rays,  its  posterior  edge  about  in  line  with  the  center 
of  the  dorsal  patch,  its  length  about  f  the  diameter  of  the  eye  ;  a  lumin- 
ous gland  above  and  below  on  caudal  peduncle ;  no  postanal  series  of 
Hiiperanal  photophores,  these  being  replaced  by  the  subpeduncular 
ghinds ;  anterolateral  1 ;  posterolaterals  2 ;  precaudals  in  two  groups,  the 
anterior  and  lower  one  of  two  photophores  widely  separated  from  the 
posterior  and  single  one,  which  is  placed  at  tba  end  of  the  lateral  line; 
the  single  posterolateral  is  under  the  root  of  the  soft  dorsal,  and  con- 
siderably behind  the  termination  of  the  anal.  Gill  rakers  6  above  and 
13  or  14  below  the  angle,  the  longest  about  \  as  long  as  the  diameter  of 
the  eye.  Color  purplish  brown ;  very  glossy,  almost  iridescent.  One 
specimen  from  39°  48''  W.,  70°  36'  N.,  at  551  fathoms.  (Goode  &  Bean.) 
(speciilujcr,  mirror-bearing.) 

Lam]i(ultnii  gpcculigera,  GooDE  <fe  Bkan,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  86,  1896,  Gulf  Stream.     (Ty|)e, 
Nu.  43797.  Sch.  Alice  G.  Wonson.) 

26z.  NANNOBRACHIUM,  Gunther. 

Ki'mwhrachiiitti,  GOnthee,  Deep-Sea  Fishes,  Challenger,  199,  1887,  (twjrum).  ^ 

Slewihuchim,  Eiqenmann  &  EiuEXMANN,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,  iii,  1890,  5,  {Icticopmrv  i/* 

This  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Lampanydua,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly 
in  the  small  pectorals.  Caudal  peduncle  with  luminous  blotches  above 
and  below.  Photophores  small,  arranged  about  as  i:i  Lampanyctns. 
Scales  of  lateral  line  enlarged  in  all  species,  so  far  as  known.  Last  ray 
of  dorsal  more  or  less  behind  first  of  anal,    (vdvvog,  dwarf;  (ipaxiuv,  arm.) 

a.  Anal  spots  12  to  li;  anal  rays  14  or  15;  last  ray  of  dorsal  about  over  third  anal  ray. 
b.  Gill  rakers  5  +  13  to  15;  caudal  spots  3  or  4;  snout  bluntish;  photophores  moderate. 

K.  N.  A. 37 


V 


■f»«»-'*V) 


fi! 

1" 

^  •mM- 

't 

Hi 

1      ■  '■. 

i, 
'  1 

■ 

:  I' 

i! 

1 

ill- 

•i    1   ■ 

f 

:l>         ^-  •    ' 

1 

t 

\ 

^"^ 


rifm^^w^f^ 


502 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  A/ustum. 


c,  LuuitiiuuH  iiittclii'H  aliuvii  au)i  boluw  tail,  uc('U|iyiuK  iiuurly  wliulu  IciiKth  of  cuiidal 

IK'duiK'llt.  I.KUOUI'gAUItl,  HII. 

cc.  LumiiioiiN  pntchi'H  nbnvo  mid  holuw  tail  Blinrt,  NANNoriiiii,  Mi. 

h.  Olll  rukurH  G   i   10;  cuikIuI  NputH  :i,  tliii  laat  nbovu  tiiiil  of  lutoral  line;  Hiioiit  rutin  r 
acutii;  |iliiitu|ili(iri'H  iiiiuuto.  mkxicam'u,  h'l;i. 

lal  H|iotH  Hiiiall,  1)'i  tu  1H. 

Aiinl  ni)H  1!);  cyo  iiKiiluratd  or  nniall,  Ti'.j  to  fr^.^  in  hoad;  cikiidal  HpotH  3  nr  4,  tlio  h\f\ 
well  Hopitrati'd  near  <'iid  of  liitoral  lliiu;  luHt  ra.v  of  donal  uvit  nixth  of  aiiiil;  iii/« 
lurKU.  ltRIIAI,K,  Mil. 

Anal  rayH  16  ur  17;  uyu  5  in  htaU;  laHt  ray  of  durHul  uvur  llftli  of  aiiul. 

\  MAC'UONALUI,  Nl:,. 


H4iyNA!iiN0ltKAC'HII)M  LKUCUPMAUirM  (Kigciimaiiii  IH  KiKeninanii). 

IJ  to  3;,'  ;  1).  12  to  15 ;  A.  14  or  15 ;  Hcales  35  or  36.     Caudal  pedun- 

,  its  lonut  depth  about  half  that  of  body.    Luminous  xtatrlics 

id  below  tail,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length  of  caudal  pcdun- 

idal  spotH  3  or  4  ;   anteroanal  spots  usually  6 ;   ventral  spots  •'' : 

posterolateral  spots.     Body  deep   forward,  the  head  long  and 

;   maxillary  shortish,  reaching  edge  of  preopercle,  1^  in  head; 

M'oader  than  in  N.   ininnochir,  less  tapering  behind ;   eye  ratlitr 

ill  in  head.     Scales  very  thin,  those  of  the  lateral  line  much  deeper 

hers;  pectoral  very  short  and  "nrrov.     Color  rather  pale;  opcr- 

Jh  silvery  luster ;  iris  with  silvery  pigment ;  fins  not  quite  black. 

4  inches.     Alaska  to  San  Diego,  in  rather  deep  water;  not  rare. 

very  abundant  in  stormy  weather  oft'  Point   Loma.     (XevKor, 

ij'upur,  spotted,  piebald.) 

/i     :,J   '   J~~'  ^h/ctoiilmm  (Sinwbrucliiiiii)  leucopmrmii ,  Ekienmann  A  Kioknmann,   I'roc.  OuI.  Ac.  Sci.,  Maicli, 
'  1890,  r>,  off  Point   Loma,  Lower  California,  in  stuniaclis  uf  Sebatlodet.    (Tyiw,  No. 

4191C.    Cull.  Eigcuntanu.) 

842>>'ANXOnKACHIUM  NAXNOt'HIK  (Oilbort). 

Very  close  to  2^annohrachium  leucopsorum,  diftering  chieHy  in  the  longer 
body  and  head,  and  especially  iu  the  ^e.ss  development  of  the  luuiiuoiiH 
patches  on  th^  tail. 

Head  3J  to  3-;  iu  length;  depth  -».  D.  12  or  13;  A.  15  or  16;  scalesSSor 
136.  dill  rakers  5-t- 13  to  15  ;  caudal  peduncle  long  and  slender,  its  leust 
depth  }  to  i  that  of  body  ;  luminous  patches  on  tail  hort,  usually  occu- 
pying i  to  i  length  of  caudal  peduncle.  Maxillary  long,  the  preoperclo 
very  obliquely  placed  ;  the  cheek  long,  tapering  to  an  acute  angle  jto.s- 
teriorly.  Anal  spots  7  +  7.  Ventral  spots  usually  5  ;  no  spot  before  o.vo. 
Coloration  darker  than  in  ^.  leucojysarum ,  the  opercle  black,  the  iris 
^-  usually  with  silvery,  the  fins  uniformly  black.  Length  5  iuches.  Alaska 
to  San  ^'.  Barbara  Islands,  abundant  in  300  fathoms,  often  in  coni])aiiy 
with  XannL^>ravhmm  leucopsarum,  which  it  very  closely  resembles,  {vdrrnr, 
dwarf;  ;^;t('p,  hand.) 

Mycfophiim  nimnochir*  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1800,  .'il,  .Tuly.  (Typt's,  No.  lor»0,  Slan- 
ford  Univ.  Mus.,  and  44291  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.  Coll.  Albatross);  from  station  307a,  off 
coast  of  'Washington. 

*  Kcexaminntiou  of  tho  original  types  of  MyclopUnm  ii(iioiiii7/iV  sliowcd  to  Dr.  Gilbert  that  two 
B|H;cie8  V'cro  coiifouudt;d  by  liini  under  that  name.    Onn  of  thesu  was  almost  Biniultiiueoiisl.v 
duEcribvd  by  Eigenniann  under  tbe  uaiuo  of  leucopmrwn.     Tbo  name  nuiinocAir  has  been  rostricti^d 
f.^by  Gilbert  to  the  other. 

h  ■), 


Jordan  and  Kirrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


503 


M4S.  NANNOItitACIilUN  MKXlt'AM'M  ((iillx  rt). 

Hoad  3^;  <lt'pth  &};  uye  4  to  4^  in  heud  ;  BnuutB^.  1>.  12  ;  A.  14;  HoaleH 
;{()  to  33;  gill  rakern  5 -f  10.  C'luulul  HpotH  3,  thu  Inut  one  widely  Hopa- 
vatud  from  the  othci'H  and  ahove  end  of  lateral  lino;  anal  spotH  ()-f(>; 
]i(iHterolateral  HputH  preHent,  tlie  uppcrnioNt  on  lateral  line  ;  3  Hupra-anal 
hpotH  in  a  HerieH,  4  HpotH  on  course  of  lateral  line  and  about  e(|iially  diH- 
tant ;  theHe  are  the  upper  pectoral,  HUpraventral,  upper  Hupra-anal,  and 
jKisterolateral  spotH ;  no  apot  before  eye.  IMiotoplioreH  all  huuiII;  tail 
w  itli  luininouH  glantid  iibove  and  below.  Body  slender,  the  eye  rather 
rtiiiull,  the  Hnout  ooniparatively  acute;  Huout  not  projecting,  the  juwH 
(M|ual ;  maxillary  \\  in  head;  Hcales  very  dcciduoun.  Pectorals  minute, 
of  3  or  4  rayuonly.  Last  ray  of  doraal  over  fourth  of  anal.  Length  2 
iii('lu;8.     Coast  of  Lower  California. 

Mjieloiilium  vipjriainuw,  Gli.iiKKT,   Prnc.  IJ.  •'<.  Nut.  Muh.,  1HU<),  51,  Albatross  stations  3008 
and  3009,  Lower  California.     (Typo,  No.  44289.     Cull.  Albatruiui.) 

844.  NANNOBItACiflUM   UKIIALK  (Gillwrt). 

Head  3;^  ;  depth  5i  ;  eye  5i  to  55.  D.  1(5;  A.  1J> ;  scales  37;  gill  rakers 
r>  -\- 1(1.  Caudal  spots  3  or  4,  the  last  near  end  of  lateral  line,  well  sepa- 
rated from  the  others;  anal  spots  11  + ''^ ;  ventral  spots  3  ;  posterolateral 
spot  present ;  a  supra-anal  spot  halfway  between  vent  and  lateral  line ;  a 
plidsphoreBcent  streak  on  caudal  peduncle  above  and  below.  Body  rather 
elongate,  with  stout  caudal  i)eduncle  ;  snout  pointed,  lower  Jaw  project- 
ing beyond  it;  preojjercular  nuirgin  very  oblitiue  ;  eye  small,  slightly 
longer  than  snout;  teeth  on  vomer  evident.  Scales  entire,  large,  very 
(U'ciduous,  those  along  lateral  line  much  larger.  Front  of  dorsal  slightly 
nearer  adipose  fin  than  eye,  its  origin  over  axil  of  ventrals  ;  insertion  of 
anal  under  its  twelfth  ray;  last  ray  of  dorsal  over  sixth  of  anal.  Pecto- 
rals very  slender,  with  14  rays,  the  upper  filamentous  and  produced  to 
ojiposite  base  of  ventrals  ;  ventrals  reaching  vent,  lilack.  Length  5 
inches.     Santa  Barbara  Channel  in  600  to  820  fathoms.     (rcyuliH,  royal.) 

Miirlojilinm  regale,  OiLUERT,  Troc.  I'.  S.  Nut.  Mim.,1891,  544,  Santa  Barbara  Channel.     (Type, 
Nu.  44280.     Coll.  Albatruss.) 

845.  NAMNOBRACIIIl  M  MACDONALFI,  Goodo  &.  B(uu. 

Head  3i;  depth  5.  D.  13;  A.  KJ  or  17;  scales  4-35-1.  Eye  moderate, 
5  in  head,  and  considerably  greater  than  snout.  Mouth  extremely  wide, 
rather  oblique.  Premaxillary  as  long  as  maxillary  ;  both  bones  narrow 
and  rod-shaj  ed.  Gill  laminte  very  short;  gill  rakers  long,  needle- 
Bhaped,  th',  longest  a  little  longer  thau  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer 
extremity  of  snout  than  root  of  caudal,  its  last  ray  opposite  fourth  or 
fifth  ray  of  anal,  while  the  origin  of  anal  is  opposite  tenth  ray  of  dorsal ; 
the  longest  ray  of  the  latter  equal  co  length  of  head  without  snout ; 
adipose  fin  small,  opposite  penultimate  ray  of  anal ;  caudal  much  forked  : 
I)ectoral  composed  of  3  or  4  small,  t>hort,  delicate  rays;  ventral  inserted 
slightly  in  advance  of  dorsal,  and  extending  to  vent.  Phosphoresceai 
organs  arranged  much  as  in  ^V.  nifirum.  The  glandular  organ  of  white 
upon  the  top  of  the  caudal  peduncle  much  smaller  than  that  described 


m 


iSiii 


%, 


tif 


,-;.| 


'    I 


''!  f 


'I 


mm 


I  i  I  rji 


:f  ■ 


I  nw 


^W 


6M 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


!! 


:J 


for  N.  nigrum,  but  it  lian  puHHihly  buou  paitiully  ohiitorutud  ;  tlio  onn  on 
the  luwer  part  uf  the  iioditncle  in  much  lurgur.  (-ohtrntiou,  piirpliHli 
brown. 

Typu  5  inches  in  lenfftli,  obtained  by  the  Albatroitii  frotn  atation  LTifjIi,  in 
39*'  48''  N.  latitude,  70°  'AiV  W.  lunKltiide,  at  a  depth  of  r>r>l  I'litlioiim.  In 
a  second  individual  from  the  Uulf  Struam  the  poctoral  in  much  nuiin 
developed  than  in  the  type,  its  length  heinjr  )f  that  of  the  head,  and  n-adi- 
ing  nearly  to  origin  of  ventral.  The  Hpecies  is  abriidunt  in  tho  (inir 
Stream,  where  many  oxampluH  have  been  taken,     ((ioode  A  Heaii.) 

(Named  for  Marshall  McDonald,  United  States  Fish  CommisHloiior.) 

NannoliraeHutn  miicdomliU,  Ooodk  k  Ukan,  Ocuauic  Ichtliyology,  l»4,  flu.  liMi,  l8!»ri,  Gulf  Stream. 
(TyiH),  No.  36645.) 

262.  DIAPHUS,  Kigenmann  <Sc  Eigenmann. 
Diaphiu,  EiURNHANN  M  Kioenmann,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,  2(1  Hcrjcit,  in,  1H'.M),  ;t,  (lInUi). 

This  genus  is  closely  related  to  .V'Ahoprora,  its  chief  character  bcin;;  in 
the  fact  that  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  photophores  are  divided  by  a  hori- 
zontal cross  septum  of  black  pigment,  giving  them  the  form  of  the  (iieck 
letter  0,  theta.  This  septum  is  readily  injured  or  destroyed  iu  badly  pro- 
served  specimens.  Two  or  three*  species  known,  (ihii,  divided;  i,i(j(, 
light.)  / 

M4ff.  UIAPHIj'S  THKTA,  KiKoiminiiii  &  KiKeiiiimnn. 

Head  3  to  3^;  depth  3^  to  4;  eye  large,  3^  in  head,  3  in  length  uf  the 
blunt  snout.  D.  11  to  13;  A.  9  to  12;  scales  34.  Each  of  the  luminous 
spots  divided  by  a  horizontal  black  line;  4  caudal  spots;  anal  Hpots 
5 -{-5  or  6  =  10  or  11;  no  spot  on  base  of  middle  caudal  rayH;  4Hupra-aiial 
spots  iu  an  oblique  line;  2  or  3  posterolateral  spots;  a  luminouH  blutcli 
below  eye  varying  more  or  less  anteriorly  ;  a  small  detached  dot  behind 
this;  a  photophore  before  eye  above  nostril;  a  ilat,  soft,  glandular  body 
attached  by  one  side  just  above  base  of  pectoral,  ntarly  i  the  size  uf 
pupil;  no  glandular  spots  on  tail.  liody  c'dep,  compressed,  with  stoiit- 
ish  caudal  peduncle ;  head  short  and  deep,  the  profile  convex.  Scales 
entire,  those  of  the  lateral  line  somewhat  enlarged.  Pectorals  small, 
placed  low,  rather  short,  not  <juite  reaching  vontrals.  Length  2|  inclios. 
Point  Loma,  near  San  Diego,  to  Oregon,  in  deep  water;  the  Hpeciiiienst 

*  HcbMcb  Diaphiu  tlii'ta,  the  character  uf  diviiled  pliutopliuros  niipoura  hIho  in  IHnjthmmijriinhi 
(G(lnther)  and  in  Diaphua  cietiileus  (Klunziuger).  Llltken  regards  niijrimlU  um  a.  dyiiouyiii  i<t' 
cieruUwi.  Iu  Uitiphm  cierulcm  tlioro  is  a  luiiiiuoug  Motch  hclow  oyo  as  iu  DinphiiH  thetu.'  Tho  \nMy 
in  D.  cieruleiu  ia  more  elouguto,  and  tho  dursal  ends  just  before  first  ray  of  auul. 

f  Concerning  these  specimens  Pr.  Gilbert  observes: 

"  Tliey  are  identical  witli  tho  types  of  Mydophmn  protocuhu,  and  are  In  a  state  of  prcservalidn 
sufficiently  good  to  show  tho  division  of  tho  luminous  B|)ot8,  a  character  nut  Tisil)lo  in  the  t.vpi  .h 
of  M.  protocttliu.  It  is  obvious  that  tho  spots  are  divided  into  upi>ur  and  lower  hiilvos  which  arc 
Btructurcally  different,  tho  narrow  pigment  band  indicating  this  separation  on  tho  hurfacu. 

"Tho  specimens  before  us  show  great  variation  in  the  si/.e  of  tho  subocuhir  luniiuoux  blolili. 
and  indicate  how  little  dcpondunco  can  be  placed  on  that  character.  In  addition  to  tho  rdiiml- 
ish  Bupranasal  blotch  described  by  Eigenmann,  the  species  posseHses  a  niuro  or  Icxs  devcl(i|'>'<l 
subocalar  bar.  Iu  one  specimen  tho  latter  is  a  bare  lino,  with  a  minute  point  separated  frutji  it 
posteriorly.  In  others  it  is  wider,  and  in  the  oxtremo  in  this  respect  wo  find  a  bar,  the  wiillli 
of  which  is  %  the  diameter  of  tho  pupil.  There  remains  constantly  separated  from  it  the  Hiimll 
dot  already  referred  to.  A  peculiar  soft  flattish  body  J^  as  largo  as  pupil  is  attached  by  <w 
edge  to  the  shoulder  girdle  just  abovo  tho  insertion  of  tho  pectoral  fin.  It  is  constantly  liro^iiiit 
and  uniform  in  position  in  nil  specimens  seen,  including  tho  types  of  thela  and  protoculiiH.  It 
may  bo  a  luminous  organ,  though  it  has  not  strikingly  the  appearance  of  one,  and  its  nature 
may  be  considered  problematical." 


Jortfiui  athf  F.vfrtnann. — Fishes  of  North  Anifrica. 


nor. 


i>x!iiiiin«(l    by    uh    (.Uhnlromi    roll.),  fniin   oft  Point    Arniia,   Triiinboldt 
(%iiiiit,v,  ('alit'oriiia,  in   1*11')  I'athoniH.     (thrln,  from  tho  form  of  tlio  liiiiii- 

IIOIIH  NpOtH.  ) 

/<iii/i/<iiii«  (//./.(,    KiiiK.NMANv  \  Kiii»:nman<(,    I'riic.    Ciil.    Ac.  Hcl.,   Mnrvli,   INOO,    in,  4,    Point 

Loma,  near  San  Di^go.    (<'iill.  KlK«iinmiiii.) 
Mii.h'lihiim  )<ini  riiliK,  Cii.iiKiit,  I'l'iii'.  r.  H.  Nut.  MiiH.,  lM!Nj,  Jiil.v,  A'i,  coaat  of  WashinKton, 

in  384  fathomi,  Albatroaa  Station  307a;  Miii'iluifiii)  In  )Hi<>r  coiiilitioii,  imt  nIiuuIh); 

illviaiiiii  <il'|iliiitii|iliiiri')i.     (Ty|H',  No.  4I<>2'2.     <'iill.  Alliulnwii.) 

263.  iETHOPRORA,  (Jood«  A  Ikmu. 

i:ihi>iiri>fi,  (iiiiiiiK  .V  Hr.AN,  Oo'Hiilc  Iclithyology,  8(1,  WK>,  (mWojiocAirH/Mi), 

Hotly  oltlitn);,  (MtniproHHinl,  rvHoinblinK  Myclophnin  in  form;  oovnrod 
witli  liir^*'  H«;itl4'H,  thoHo  in  thu  lutiual  lino  very  Hli^litly  larger  than  tho 
iiliim'N.  Hciiil  (MMnproNm'il.  Snout  very  olituso  and  Hliort,  projeoting 
NJi^litly  beyond  orbital  mar^jin,  tlin  JawH  about  o(|ual.  Kyo  nioderato. 
DdiHai  tin  prrmodian,  entinOy  or  alnioHt  ontindy  in  advancn  of  tlie  uual, 
wliicli  it  cloHoJy  rt>Hi>inbl«>H  in  Hbapo  and  dimeuHionH;  vontrul  with  8  rayH 
i.iMt^rtcd  under  tho  anterior  portion  of  tho  dormil ;  ]ioetoralH  moderate, 
|il:u'od  low  ;  adipoHo  iin  lon^;  and  prominent.  Luminontt  gland  of  irregu- 
iiir  form  occupying  the  front  of  the  head  in  advancn  of  eye;  UHually 
another  below  eye;  thcNo  Heparate  from  their  fellows  on  tho  other  side; 
a  liitniuouH  spot  or  glandular  body  of  greater  or  less  e.vtent  upon  the 
Itoil y  at  the  angle  of  the  proopercnlum  and,  in  Honu)  HpecicH,  others  upon 
tlic  interopcrculum  and  upon  tho  Hidea  of  tho  lower  jaw.  Precaudal 
pliotophores  4,  forming  a  more  or  loss  crescent-Hhapod  line  at  the  base  of 
the  lower  caudal  lobe.  Deep  seas;  very  close  to  />i<(^)/iuM,  differing  only 
ill  the  simple  photophores.     (alflor,  glow,  and  irpij)f>ii,  prow,  front.) 

.1.  SralcH  af)  (ir  :!0. 

Ii.  Aiiterolatortil  photopliori'M  2  ;  niciliolatt>rnlH  2  ;  poHtorolntenils  nono.  mciiiA,  847. 

'>('.  Anturolateral  pliotophuroHl;  inudiululcralri  3  ur  4  ;  posturolaturalH  2.     F.m'i.fir.NH,  848. 

847.  .ETHOPIIRORA  LUCIDA,  OckmIo  .tc  Bean. 

HoadHii;  depth  4^;  eye  about  4.  D.  Ill,  14;  A.  II,  14;  scales  35.  Least 
(l('l)tli  of  tail  '2\  in  height  of  body.  Head  considerably  longer  than  high, 
ItH  height  et^ual  to  distance  from  anterior  margin  of  pupil  to  end  of 
oiicrciilar  flap.  Snout  short,  but  less  declivous  and  obtuse  than  in  ^IH, 
milopDchtmjKi.  A  pearl-colored  luminous  organ  touching  the  limb  of 
orliit,  but  separated  from  it  above  and  below,  with  posterior  lobo  not 
jimlonged  far  back,  and  with  a  space  between  its  lower  margin  and  the 
(iptMiing  of  the  jaw.  Cleft  of  mouth  oblirjue  and  curved,  the  maxillary 
reaching  to  angle  of  preoperculum  and  not  dilated.  Origin  of  dorsal  and 
ventral  nearly  in  same  vertical,  that  of  former  midway  between  anterior 
iiiiu«i;in  of  orbit  and  adipose  fin;  that  of  latter  midway  between  tip  of 
KiiDiit  and  adipose  fin ;  insertion  of  the  last  ray  of  dorsal  over  inter- 
spiico  between  third  and  fourth  rays  of  anal ;  pectoral  (unless  mutilated) 
only  half  as  long  as  ventral,  and  its  tip  does  not  approximate  the  vortical 
fiiim  its  origin  ;  dorsal  and  anal  similar,  tho  former  with  its  upper  niar- 
ii'tn  concave;  adipose  dorsal  inserted  over  interspace  between  antepe- 
uiiitiinate  and  penultimate  anal  rays,  and  as  lung  as  ultimate  dorsal  ray. 
Scales  smooth,  those  of  lateral  line  scarcely  enlarged. 


^w 

1 

i 

1 

1 

'.  I 


'i! 


\}l\ 


\n\ 


I  i 


500 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  Stntea  Xational  Afuseum. 


Typn  Hpocimnn  witli  i:<  photophoroH  In  tho  anal  RnrioH;  a  wido  brtMik 

over  rootH  of  litHt  2  luyN  of  iinal ;  no  poHtorolabMulH ;  2  nuMlioluturalN,  tlic 

antt^rior  tho  lowcHt;  two  untorolutoralM,  tho  untorior  and  hi^htrnt  vit\ 

Hmiill,  abovo  tho  axil  of  tho  poctoral  or  vory  n«Mir  tlio  lateral  lino,  the 

poHturior  ono  miniowhat  nioro  than  midway  hotwoon  tiiiH  and  thoantorim 

of  tho  niodiohitorul  ^ronp,  and  forming,  with  tho  two  photophort-H  in  thiil 

group,  an  ohtiiHo  isoHooloH  triangle,  with  tho  anterior  of  tlio  medial  Kroiip 

at  itH  apex  ;  of  the   I   itrooandal    photophoroH   tho   laHt  .'<  are   tho  nioNi 

nearly  together,  and  form  a  nearly  vortieal  lino  at  tho  ItaHo  of  tho  low*  r 

eaiidal  loho;  a  large,  apparently  lnniiin>iiH,  poarl-nolorod  npot  nnder  tip 

of  flap  of  oporele.     Ono  Hpeeiinen  about   I   ineliert  long,  obtained   by  the 

AUmtroHH  at  Htation  2127,  in  1!*°  \y  N.  latitude,  7r>°  (W  W.  longitude,  in 

1,03!)  fathouiN.     ((ioodoi.V  Hoan.)     ({((cir/Hs,  shining. ) 

AUIinprorn  hiriilii,  i',<m\tr.  .t  IIkan,  Oci-aiilc  Iclittiyulogy,  «H,  flK.ll)2,  ISltTi,  Gulf  Stream.     (T.v|.i>, 
No.  MOM.     r.,11.  AlliatroNH.) 

HIS.  ,1-;THOPK<Ht\  KKFlTliUKXH,  (So<>.|i<  A  Ilflitn. 

Tload  nearly  4;  do)»th  4;  eyo  largo,  2^  in  head.  D.  II,  IM;  A.  II,  M; 
HcaloH  3r>  or  31).  Least  depth  t>f  tail  ^  height  of  body.  Head  couHidera- 
bly  longer  than  high,  tho  flap  of  operculum  extending  abovo  and  behiinl 
axil  of  pectoral.  Snout  oxceoilingly  Hhort  and  obtuHo,  aH  in  ./•-'.  miiijut- 
damiHi',  tho  luminouH  organ  onormouH,  gland-Iiko,  overlapping  entire 
anterior  nuirgin  of  orbit,  extending  down  upon  edge  of  Jaw  and  extend- 
ing backward  almoHt  aH  far  as  in  ./!,'.  victopoclaiiqia,  (.'loft  of  month 
oblique,  Honiowhat  curved,  the  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  angle  of  jne- 
operculum.  Origin  of  dorsal  Homowhat  in  advance  of  vertical  from  that 
of  ventral,  which  touches  root  of  second  dorsal  ray  ;  last  dorsal  ray  over 
roots  of  short  spines  preceding  anal ;  insertion  of  ventrals  <-onsideruhly 
posterior  to  a  point  equidistant  front  root  of  adipose  dorsal  and  anterior 
margin  of  the  orbit;  origin  of  adipose  dorsal  over  interspace  between 
antepenultinuito  and  ultimate  anal  rays;  pectoral  stont  and  nuicli 
shorter  than  ventral,  not  reaching  much  more  than  halfway  to  its  rout. 
Scales  smooth,  those  in  the  lateral  line  somewhat  enlarged,  shiny,  ami 
conspicuous;  the  lateral  line  descending  in  a  gentle  curve  to  a  point 
above  origin  of  ventral.  Arrangement  of  the  i)hotophore8  very  peculiar. 
A  break  in  series  of  superanals,  there  being  5  on  lower  part  of  cantlal 
peduncle  behind  anal ;  apparently  2  posterolaterals,  the  posterior  and 
highest  near  lateral  lino,  and  forming  tho  beginning  of  a  series  of  S, 
arranged  in  an  arc  of  a  circle,  the  last  being  the  highest  in  the  group  ol' 
mediolaterals,  of  which  there  are  4;  but  ono  anterolateral,  which  in 
abovo  axil  of  ventrals,  slightly  behind  it  and  about  midway  between 
it  and  lateral  lino;  a  largo,  triangular,  luminons  patch  in  tho  space 
between  the  axil  of  pectoral  and  the  flap  of  opercle,  which  covers  itn 
anterior  portion,  and  is  itself  decorated  with  a  circular  photophoic; 
apparently  a  luminous  patch  along  anterior  margin  of  preopercle.  Two 
specimens  from  deep  water  m  the  Western  Atlantic.  (Goode  «fe  Bean.) 
(effiilgensy  shining  out.) 

AUIioprora  ejMgenH,  Goni>R  &  Bean,  Ocoanic  Iclithyology,  88,  flg.  103, 1895,  Brown's  Bank  and 
Albatross  Station  2127,  X9°  45'  N.,  75"  W.,  m  689  fathoms.    (Type,  No.  43770.) 


im^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  IVorlh  .hnfn'ra. 


rm 


364.  COLLETTIA,  Ooode  Sn  Bean. 

I'titlfUia,  flooDB  A  BliAN,  Ui'<tani(;  IcIitliyoloKy,  h;i,  IHOft,  (rii.rfii<-»./M(i), 

TliiH  ){uiiiiH  Ih  Hcarc«tly  <liHtiiirt  from  .I'thoproru,  <lillrriii};  only  in  the 
;;re»t«^r  (lin'ulopnient  of  tlio  liiniiiioiiH  moua  altoiit  tlio  ««y«^  Tlioso  couIuhco 
into  Olio  larKo  irrcgiilur  liiiiiinoiiH  lilotnli,  occiipyiiiK  wlioln  front  of  IhmuI, 
sii^^tiHting  thu  li(Mt«lli(;lit  of  ail  oii){iiiu.  (NaiiuMl  for  UoltHit  Collott,  tli(« 
iliHtiiigiUHliod  irlitliyoIogiHt  of  tlio  llnivorHity  of  riiriNtiaiiia.) 

,1.  Diintal  rny*  1'.^;  aiiul  I'>;  nciiUm  Wi  to  ',\T>;  liciiil  W  in  li'tif{tli;  ili'|itli  4.  iiA»'iNKN(jr»:i,  Kt!l. 

nil.  IlorHitl  riiVM  M;  itiiiil  l/i;  M'al<<H  mid  Hpots  (ux('i'|it  luiiiiiioiiH  gluml  liolow  cyi')  uiiili'DirDinil; 

head  \%  in  lotiRtli  with  ruiidal.  nih'ti'iina,  HS(). 

H4».  (OliliKTTIA  KAKIMKSqrKI  (Cocm). 

Hou(l3;  (lopthl;  oyo2g.  I).  12;  A.  15;  aoaloH  32  to  35.  Motly  Htoiit, 
wliort,  niotloratuly  coniiMUHHed  ;  witli  u  roiindiMl,  blunt  Hiiotit,  v«>i'y  largo 
iiioiitli,  anU  comparatively  Niiiall  (\vo ;  coiiiparativitly  Hhort,  triangular 
dorsal  ami  anal,  tlio  formor  untiroly  in  lulvanco  of  tliu  latter  aixl  inHurtod 
very  far  forward.  Caudal  podiincio  Htoiit,  itH  hoiglit  nearly  i  height  of 
i>(»dy.  Eye  moderately  large  ;  diHtance  between  posterior  margin  of  orbit 
iiiul  preoporciilaredge  i  diameter  of  eye.  Snout  very  Hhort,  obtiiHe,  keeled, 
with  profile  abruptly  declivous,  itH  length  i  diameter  of  eye.  Cleft  of 
mouth  Hiightly  oblique,  the  lower  Jaw  received  within  the  upper.  Mouth 
I'lither  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  angle  of  preoperciilum  and 
behind  orbit  a  diBtaiice  equal  to  i  diameter  of  eye,  itH  poHtorior  extrem- 
ity not  dilated,  and  entirely  concealed  under  the  Hcaleu  of  the  cheek. 
Origin  of  dorsal  over  that  of  ventral,  oonHiderably  nearer  to  tip  of  Hiiout 
tiian  to  root  of  caudal,  its  last  ray  in  advance  of  origin  of  anal ;  ven- 
tral Htout  and  long,  reaching  to  origin  of  anal ;  pectoral  Hmall,  reaching 
to  root  of  ventral;  anal  origin  under  the  twelfth  scale  of  lateral  line, 
itH  hint  ray  directly  under  adipose  dorsal.  Scales  in  lateral  line  Home- 
what  enlarged,  luminous.  Anterolaterals  4,  very  irregular,  the  three 
posterior  ones  forming  an  isosceles  triangle,  as  in  .li.  metopoclampa  ;  medio- 
latorals  3,  arranged  much  as  in  Myctophitm  puHctatian  :  posterolaterals  2, 
iirranged  much  as  in  .IL  iffahjinn  (perhaps  only  one  posterolateral,  if  the 
photophoro  immediately  below  it  should  be  recognized  as  belonging  to  the 
Hiiperanal  series) ;  superanals  in  two  groups,  5  or  (>  in  the  first,  4  in  the 
last ;  precaudals  4,  in  nearly  straight  line,  the  last  and  uppermost  at  or 
near  extremity  of  lateral  line,  the  others  descending  forward  at  an  angle 
ofapproximately  45  degrees  with  oxis  of  body.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  (Named 
for  Constantine  Samuel  Raflnesqne,  the  eccentric  and  gifted  naturalist, 
wiio  first  discovered  tlie  genus  Myctophum,  while  studying  the  lishes  of 
I'iilernio.) 

Mijiii'iihm  rafinemiuei,  Cocco,  Alciini  Salmon.,  etc.,  20,  1820,  Messina. 
.sVo;„7iui  ra/iii.'s</nW,  GOnthkb,  Cut.,  v,  410,  IHG4;  LCtken,  Spolia  Atliintica,  11,  30,  1892. 
''"IMia  rafiru'Hjxiei,  Goodb  &  Bran,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  8:J,  1895. 

860.  COLLETTIA  NOCTURNA  (Poey). 

Head  4|  in  total  length,  with  caudal;  depth  6;  eye  large,  3  in  head, 
D.  14;  A.  15.  Luminous  spots  nndescribed.  Body  rather  robust ;  snout 
short ;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye  for  a  distance  o(|ual  to  f  diameter 


i^^i 


ii 


t 


W  ?  ^""fif  |ii 


m  ■ 


'i  \ 


568 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


of  eye;  pectoral  small,  reaching  front  of  dorsal;  ventrals  broad;  ana) 
lower  than  dorsal ;  an  oblique,  pale  streak  below  eye.  Coast  of  Cuba, 
caught  iu  nets  at  night;  rare.  (Poey.)  Probably  a  species  of  CoUettia, 
and  apparently  related  to  C.  rajineaqnei,  but  this  is  not  certain,  {iioc- 
turnus,  nocturnal.) 

Myctophum  noctunmm,  Puey,  Memorias,  ll,  42(),  1861,  Cuba.     (Coll.  I'o«y.) 

265.  RHINOSCOPELUS,  Lutken, 

Alytin,  LowR,  Proc.  Zoill.  Soc.  London,  18,39,  87,  (f<ir»co/n=cocpoi ;  namf*  preoccupied). 
Khinofniieluf,  LCtkin,  Vid.  Selsk.  Naturv.  Coponha^eu,  vii,  1802,  2.?7,  (coccoi). 

Body  oblong,  slender,  compressed,  with  slender  and  elongate  candal 
peduncle  covered  with  smooth,  stitt' scales,  those  in  the  lateral  lino  much 
larger  than  the  others.  Head  compressed  ;  cleft  of  mouth  very  wide ;  tlio 
jaws  about  equal,  the  snout  projecting  beyond  the  tip  of  lower  jaw.  Pro- 
maxillary  long  and  slender  ;  maxillary  well  developed,  reaching  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum,  without  considerable  posterior 
diliition.  Teeth  in  villiforni  bands  in  *he  jaws,  on  the  palatines,  ptery- 
goids, and  tongue.  Eye  moderate,  its  diameter  less  than^  of  the  iengtii 
of  the  head.  Gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender.  Dorsal  fin  premediau  : 
pectoral  large ;  adipose  dorsal  small  ;  anal  fin  larger  than  dorsal ;  pec- 
toral narrow,  elongate.  Precaudals  2;  supra-anals  about  18,  m  two 
groups,  t'le  break  being  over  the  middle  of  the  long  anal  fin  and  at  tlic 
end  of  the  first  third  of  the  series,  approximately;  anterolaterals  1  or  2; 
mediolaterals  2  or  3.  Species  few,  mostly  of  the  Atlantic.  {*f'>iv,  snout ; 
ScopeUis. ) 

a.  Supra-anal  spots  forming  an  obtuse  angle;  anal  Hpota  1.5  to  20. 
(ui.  Supra-anal  spots  in  a  straight,  obliipie  series;  anal  spotH  l:i  to  17. 
aaa.  Supra-anal  spots  not  in  a  straight  line  eeries;  anal  spots  12  to  13. 


COCCOI,  8")1. 

ANnnK.i:,  K.'iJ. 
KAitt's,  8.'i;i. 


v.. 


85!.^  RHINOSCOPELUS  COCCOI  (Cocco). 
Head  5i:  depth  4i  to  5;  eye  4.  D.  10  to  12;  A.  20  or  21 ;  V.  8;  scales 
1-41-3.  Tail  blender,  elongate,  its  least  depth  f  Iteight  of  body.  Distance 
between  posterior  margin  of  orbit  and  preorpercular  edge  f  diameter  of 
eye.  Preopercular  edge  obliquely  descending.  Snout  conical,  the  ujtpcv 
part  projecting  beyond  the  lower,  the  upper  and  lower  profiles  nearly 
equally  curved;  maxillary  extending  to  the  angle  of  preoperculum  and 
scarcely  dilated.  Dorsal  origin  nearer  end  of  snout  than  to  root  of  caudal. 
and  behind  base  of  ventral ;  last  ray  of  the  dorsal  in  vertical  from  HO(M)n(l 
anal  ray  ;  pectoral  reaching  middle  of  ventral.  In  some  specimens  caoli 
of  the  scales  on  the  back  of  the  tail  has  a  pearl-colored  dot,  probably  a 
sexual  character  of  the  male;  back  and  nape  blackish;  sides  silvery, 
with  gold  and  silver  reflections;  inside  of  the  mouth  blackish;  iris  nil- 
very,  the  pupil  transparent.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  Western  Atlantic,  very 
abundant  among  the  surface  fishes  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  rare  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  ranging  from  Newfoundland  to  Ax'rica.  (Named  for  Anas- 
tasio  Cocco,  an  Italian  naturalist,  who  carefully  studied  the  deep-sea 
fishes  which  he  could  secure.)    (Eu.) 


*  Qoode  &  Bean  adopt  for  this  genna  the  name  St- nohrachiiu.  Stenobrachim,  Kigonniiuiii,  war^ 
intended  to  replace  Alysia,  butits  type,  leucopwrum,  is  a  Nannobrachium  and  ttot  closely  related  to 
the  type  of  Alytia, 


^^^ 


M4l. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        669 


ScopWud  coccai,  Cocco,  Giorn.  3ci.  LItt.  Art.  Sicllia  (No.  77),  Palermo,  1829,  143  ("Scopclo  do 
Cocco"),  Palermo;  GCntiikr,  Cat.,  v,  4i;i,  18H4;  OrNTiiKU,  Challuiiger  Bu|iort,  xxxii. 
I'elagic  FIbIich,  :iO,  1«87;  H'tkkn,  Spolia  Atlantica,  ii,  23(i,  18i»!i. 

Mij»).  I  loricala,  LowK,  Ppic.  Zoiil.  8<>o.  Lonil..  ikW,  87,  Madeira. 

Slenobrachitu  coccvi,  Goode  *  IIran,  Oceanic  Ichtliyulogy,  01,  1895. 

86S.  KHIMOSCOPELIJS  ANDRE.V  (Liitkon). 

Head  3i ;  depth  4<'.  D.  about  10;  A.  about  20.  Two  caudal  spots;  a 
posturolatoral  spot;  3  supra-anal  spots  forming  an  oblique  series;  anal 
spots  about  5  or  6 -f- 9  or  10,  the  series  slightly  interrupted;  spots  along 
holly  in  continuous  series.  Body  deep  anteriorly,  tapering  to  a  slender 
.vandal  peduncle;  snout  pointed,  projecting  beyond  lower  Jaw;  preopercle 
with  its  margin  considerably  oblique.  Pectoral  long,  falcate.  Open 
Atlantic  and  Indian  Ocean.  (Liitkcn.)  Common  in  the  (julf  Stream 
along  our  coasts  with  the  preceding,  of  which  Goode  &.  Bean  think  it  may 
1)0  a  sexual  variation.  (Named  for  Capt.  A.  T.  Andreas,  who  collected 
this  and  other  oceanic  tishes  for  the  museum  at  Copenhagen.) 
tii-oprliis  niiilreir,  Li'TKEN,  Spulia  Atlanticu,  Sco])fliiii,  2;'),  1892,  North  Atlantic. 
Sleitobrachiiu  aiulreit,  GoouE  A  Dean,  Ocoauic  I<'hlli.yology,  91,  fi)?.  104,  189r>. 

8S8.  RHINOSi'OPETiUS  RARUS  (Liitkcn). 

Head  3i;  depth  U.  D.  about  14;  A.  about  20;  scales  39.  Caudal  spots 
2;  i)osterolateral  1;  anal  spots  about  6  +  7;  supra-anal  spots  not  forming 
a  straight  line,  usually  2  in  number;  thoracic  and  ventral  spots  few,  not 
equidistant.  Body  rather  short  and  plump,  the  caudal  ])edunclo  rather 
slender;  snout  moderate,  projecting  beyond  lower  jaw ;  pectoral  short 
and  small,  not  reaching  the  small  ventral ;  preopercular  margin  not  very 
olili(iue.  Eye  moderate.  Open  Atlantic,  west  to  50°  W.,  33°  N.  (Liitken.) 
((Virus,  rare.) 

Scopettia  ranm,  LOtken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  2G,  II,  1892,  North  Atlantic. 

266.  MYCTOPHUM,  Kafinesque. 

Miirlnphuni,  Rafinesqtte,  liuiico  d'lttiuloKia  Siciliana,  5G,  ISKI,  {lumclalum). 

SivpeliiH,  CuviER,  K<'j;no  Animal,  Kd.  i,  M,  1.S17,  {Imiiiholdti). 

Kiirlophim,  Corco,  Giorn.  Sicil.,  44,  1829,  (cnicnded  ortliogra|ihy  of  Muf.Uiplmm). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  cycloid  scales,  those  in  the 
lateral  line  not  much  enlarged  ;  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  slender.  Head 
short,  compressed,  with  limb  of  preoperculum  nearly  vertical.  Mouth 
large,  the  jaws  about  equal ;  premaxillaries  long  and  slender ;  maxillaries 
well  developed.  Snout  more  or  less  blunt  and  declivous.  Teeth  in  villi- 
forni  bands  on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  tongue.  Eye  large.  Gill 
rakers  long  and  slender.  Air  bladder  small.  Dorsal  fin  entirely  in  front 
of  anal,  overlapping  it  little  or  not  at  all;  ventrals  8-rayed,  under  or 
luit  slightly  in  front  of  first  dorsal  rays ;  pectorals  well  developed ;  soft 
dorsal  slender.  Precaudal  photophores  2;  superanals  in  two  groups, 
with  one  or  two  posterolaterals  above  the  interval  between  them.  Species 
rathornumerous,  widely  distributed.  (Name  unexplained,  usually  derived 
from  I'l'f,  night,  and  itx'.tc,  light;  hence  altered  by  Cocco  to  Nyctophun 
But  we  see  no  warrant  for  this  sui)posed  etymology.  Hafineaque  did  not 
know  that  the  spots  were  luminous. ) 


m 


WS 


Vr^S 


Si 


It       > 


t 


i;  ; 


!■ 


Ii 


i.s 


!« 


t     4 

3  J 


i.       ' 


h 


w 


9R! 


570 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  JSJational  Museum. 


'•• 


I  i 


a.  Medlolateral  pliotophorcs  3,  in  obliquely  vortical  line;  anterulatcrnl  1;  ]>ofltoro1atoral  1. 
h.  Poctorul  Hliort;  candul  pliotophoreH  clogo  tot;otlier. 

c.  I'liHturolutcral  photophore  in  Tront  of  soft  donal;  D.  12;  A.  19;  Roalos  41  to  \h. 

PrNCTATUM,  «54. 
re.  PoHteruIntoral  under  lulipoHO  dorsiil. 

(/.  Soal<,'8  :!7;  anal  HpotH  7  to  10  :  4  to  (i.  akfink,  Ktti 

'hi.  Scales  40;  anal  Hpots  8  +  G  ;  D.  12;  A.  20.  opaiini'm,  «00. 

0(1.  Mediolatt-ruls  2;  poNterolaturals  2. 

«.  Posterolateral  spot  1,  over  break  in  the  anal  series. 

/.  Pectoral  long,  falcate,  reacliint;  middle  of  (lr>rsal;  caudal  spots  BC|)aratod;  postoro- 

lateral  before  adipose  dorsal,  behind  middle  of  anal;  anal  spots  7  to  U  |  4  to  <). 

(7.  1).  12;  A.  20;  scales  41.  hiimiioldti,  Hi,'. 

gg,  I).  14;  A.  22;  scales  42.  CAi.iroRNiF.NSE,  H.'iH 

/f.  Pectorals  moderate,  barely  reaching  trout  of  dorsal;  scaleB4r.  posterolateral  niinh 

before  adipose  dorsal,  over  middle  of  anal;  anal  spots  6  to  7  I  11  to  14.     I>.  12- 

A.  10.  ORACILE,  Sni). 

ee.  Posterolateral  spots  2,  over  the  break  in  anal  series. 

//.  Anterolaterals  Hide  by  side,  bnt  well  apart;  precaudals  near  together;  the  last  far 

below  end  of  lateral  line;  scales  Il'J  or  40;  I)    12  or  111;  A.  17  or  18;  anal  updl!" 

5  to  f.   I  0  to  7.  IIENOITI,  KC.d 

hli.  Anterolaterals  not  side  by  side,  the  first  above  and  before  second,  touching  latcml 

line.     Scales  3.S  to  42;  anals  r>  to  7   )   «;  I).  12;  A.  19  to  22.  HVQOMII,  8(11. 

854.  MYCTOPHUM  PUNCTATDM,  Rafinesque. 

Head  3};  depth  4^;  eye  2^.  D.  12;  A.  19;  scales  41  to  45.  Least  deptli 
of  tail  i  hei<;lit  of  body.  Greatest  depth  of  head  about  }  its  len^tli. 
Distance  between  posterior  margin  of  orbit  and  preopercular  edjje 
i[  diameter  of  eye.  Snout  very  short,  with  a  very  inconspicuous  keel  on 
upper  edge,  its  length  scarcely  ^  diameter  of  eye.  Eye  very  large.  Pro- 
maxillary  reaching  almost  to  angle  of  preoperculuni.  Origin  of  dorsal 
much  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  to  root  of  caudal,  the  fin  very  short,  tlie 
length  of  its  base  equal  to  i  that  of  head  and  less  than  ^  of  total ;  its 
origin  over  eleventh  scale  of  lateral  line,  and  vertical  with  origin  of 
ventral,  below  twelfth  scale  of  lateral  line,  its  length  equal  to  that  of 
postorbital  part  of  head;  adipose  dorsal  present,  over  antepenultimato 
ray  of  anal ;  anal  origin  under  twenty-first  scale  of  lateral  line,  its  base 
as  long  as  head,  and  its  longest  ray  equal  to  length  of  postorbital  part 
of  head  ;  caudal  rather  small  and  deoply  forked.  Modiolateral  photo- 
phores  3,  in  straight,  obliquely  ascending  line;  anterolateral  photophore 
single;  posterolateral  single,  ove:  break  in  row  of  superanals  and  placed 
considerably  in  advance  of  soft  dorsal ;  precaudal  photophores  close 
together.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  Warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic;  abundant 
oflF  the  Grand  Banks  and  from  the  Gulf  Stream  across  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean,    (punctatus,  spotted.)     (Eu.) 

Mytloiihiim  pmiitatnm,  Kafinksque,   Indico  d'lttiol.  Siciliana,  56,  pi.  ii,  fig.  5,  1810,  Palermo; 

GooDF,  &  Uean,  tlccanic  Ichthyology,  71,  fig.  80,  18!)6. 
SfopehtK  camniaimn,  Ci'vier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  .xxii,  446,  1849,  coast  of  Italy: 

GCNTiiEn,  Cat.,  v,  409,  18()4;  Baff.ki.e,  Mitt.   Zoiil.  Stat.,  Naples,   i.\,  pi.  vu,  fig.  4,  l.Si 

1889;  LiJTREN,  Vid.  Med.  Naturl..  Forh.,  207,  1891. 
Bcopelun  miillen,  UooiiE,  Hist.  Aijuatic  Animals,  Sec.  i,  pi.  203,  1884. 


D 


855.  MTCTOPHirW  AFFINE  (Liitken). 
about  14  ;  A.  about  20;  scales  43.     Caudal  spots  2;  posterolateral  1; 


anal  spots  about  S-\-G  in  a  right  line;  supra-anal  spots  3,  forming  an 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        571 


obliqiifl  series.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  liond  deep  and  blnnt,  the 
rtuuutnot  half  the  diameter  of  the  large  eye,  which  is  about  3  in  head;  pec- 
toral short,  reaching  past  front  of  dorsal ;  anal  high.  Open  Atlantic, 
west  to  63°  W.,  38°  N.  (LUtken.)  (affinis,  related,  to  M,  caninianuii-=  M. 
liiinctatum.) 
S'<'pelMnffliii«,  LOtken,  Spolia  Atliintica,  ii.  .'12,  18!l2,  open  Atlantic. 


M. 


sr>H.  MVCTOPIIHN  OPALINUM,  Ooodo  &  Henn. 

Head  4J ;  depth  4J ;  eye  about  2s.  D.  12  ;  A.  20 ;  scales  40.  Least 
height  of  tail  i  height  of  body.  Snout  very  short,  declivous,  with  a 
well-developed  median  keel,  its  length  about  k  diameter  of  eye.  Eye 
large.  Premaxillary  reaching  nearly  to  angle  of  preoperculum,  broadly 
expanded  at  its  extremity  and  partly  concealed  by  the  large  scales  of 
the  cheek.  Space  between  eye  and  hinder  edge  of  preoperculum  only  A 
diameter  of  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  much  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  to  root 
of  caudal,  midway  between  snout  and  adipose  fin,  over  eleventh  scale  of 
lateral  line  and  very  slightly  behind  vertical  through  origin  of  ventral; 
length  of  dorsal  base  s  that  of  head  ;  origin  of  ventral  under  tenth 
scale  of  lateral  line  ;  it  does  not  reach  to  vent ;  pectoral  short,  its  length 
nearly  s  that  of  head;  adipose  dorsal  present,  its  origin  over  thirtieth 
scale  of  lateral  line;  anal  origin  under  eighteenth  scale  of  lateral  line, 
the  end  of  its  base  under  thirtieth  scale;  length  of  anal  base  equal  to 
that  of  head;  caudal  rather  small,  moderately  forked.  Mediolateral 
})liotophores  3,  in  straight,  obliciuely  ascending  line  ;  anterolateral  1  ; 
posterolateral  1,  under  soft  dorsal  and  over  and  slightly  in  advance  of 
break  in  row  of  superanals,  which  is  above  root  of  last  ray  of  anal.  Num- 
ber of  superanals  8  +  6.  In  most  of  the  specimens  examined,  the  6  or  8 
scales  on  the  top  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  immediately  in  front  of  the 
caudel  tin,  are  luminous.  (Goode  «&  Bean.)  Western  Atlantic,  (opdlitiiix, 
like  opal.) 

Mildniiliiim  opaliiDiin,  GonnE  Sc  Bean,  Ocuiiiiic  Ichthyology,  72,  fig.  81, 1895,  Gulf  Stream.   (Tyii'', 
No.  43808.     Coll.  AlbatroMH.) 

H57.  .1I¥<'T»PHI;m  HIiniiOLDTI  (Risso). 

Head  3'i  ;  depth  5 ;  eye  3,  large.  D.  12  to  14  ;  A.  20  to  22 :  scales  40  to 
42.  Caudal  spots  2,  near  together  and  horizontally  placed  ;  one  postero- 
lateral spot ;  supra-anal  spots  Ii  forming  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  apex 
forward;  anal  npots  about  8  +  8,  the  series  slightly  interrupted  Body 
moderately  elongate,  with  slender  caudal  peduncle,  the  snout  rather 
blunt,  not  project  ig  beyond  the  mouth;  i)reopercular  margin  slightly 
olilique.  Pectoral  long,  reaching  middle  of  dorsal  and  middle  of 
li'Ugth  of  ventrals.  Least  depth  of  tail  ?  of  height  of  body  :  depth 
of  head  1?  in  its  length.  Distance  between  posterior  mnrgiii  of  orbit 
and  preopercular  edge  l  diameter  of  eye.  Snout  short,  obtuse,  its 
upper  profile  descending  in  strong  curve.  Maxillary  reaching  nearly 
to  angle  of  preoperculum,  and  slightly  dilated  behind.  Origin  of  dorsal 
somewhat  nearer  to  end  of  snout  than  to  root  of  caudal,  a))ove  root  of 
inner  ventral  rays  ;  its  last  ray  before  vertical  from  <»rigin  of  anal ;  pec- 
toral long,  extending  to  posterior  third  of  ventral.     Scales  smooth,  stili". 


■<i  i;i 


ill 

■¥'-H 

m 


m 


La* 


Mi 


'^mi, 


f  i 


I  : 


■■■' 


•I  ■'    ! 


II-    Hf. 


\     ^> 


:■! 


672 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Mediolateral  photophoroa  2;  anterolaterals  2;  poaterulateral  1,  (ovor 
break  in  anal  serieH)  which,  as  in  Mifctophum  puncialmn,  is  oonsiderahly 
in  advance  uf  the  vertical  connecting  the  rooi  of  the  soft  tlorsnl  witli 
those  of  the  last  rays  of  the  anal;  caudal  photophores  somewhat  apart, 
as  in  Myclophiim  pUvnyoiliH  ;  superanals  7-9  -}-  4-9.     Length  4  inches. 

Open  seas,  abundant  in  the  Mediterranean  and  in  the  Atlantic  otf  both 
coasts.  \i  Myclophum  hoops  and  Myctophnm  califortiicnite  are  the  same,  jih 
is  possible,  the  species  is  also  not  rare  in  the  eastern  and  southern  Pacitir. 
As,  however,  no  other  species  of  il/yc<o^>/uV/fi'  is  common  to  the  Atlantic  ami 
Pacific  coasts  of  North  America,  we  may  provisionally  regard  ^f.  calilo)- 
nitHHe  as  distinct  from  M.  hiimhohlli,  (Named  for  Alexander  von  Humboldt , 
1769-1859,  author  of  ''Cosmos,"  whose  interest  in  the  relations  of  life  to 
surroundings  included  some  exact  knowledge  of  lishes. )     (Eu.) 

Ganlei-npelents  ImniboUIti,  Ili88n,  Iclitli.  Nico,  35S,  1810,  Nice. 

BcnjiehiRhiiiiihohlli,  GflNTllKii,  Cut.,  V,  4l)7, 18G4;  LUtkkn,    Spolia  Atliiiilirii,  ii,  ;U,  18!t'^;  Omohk.  ,V 
Bean,  Oceanic  IchtliyoloRy,  7.1,  Hk.  82,  189.5. 

HAH.  MYCTOPHrn  CALIFOKNIKNSK,  KiKonnmiiii  .(c  RiKuiinmiin. 

HeadSJ;  dei)th  5;  eye  very  large,  3  in  head  (specimens  of  4  inches). 
D.  14;  A.  21;  scales  42.  Phosphorescent  spots  arranged  exactly  as  in  .]/. 
humboldti.  Body  compressed,  elongate,  with  long  slender  tail.  Head 
short  and  deep;  preopercular  margin  little  oblique;  maxillary  1^  to  H  in 
head.  Scales  entire.  Ventrals  retaching  beyond  vent  nearly  to  anal ; 
pectorals  short,  (not  reaching  in  the  type  to  second  third  of  ventralH). 
Cortez  Banks,  near  San  Diego.  Very  close  to  M.  huinboldli,  but  said  to 
have  shorter  pectorals.  It  is  probably  not  distinct,  as  in  one  of  Dr. 
Eigenmann's  types  examined  by  us,  the  pectorals  are  as  long  as  in  M. 
humboldti.  Both  pectorals  have  been  partly  digested,  but  the  slender  rays 
on  both  sides  reach  middle  of  dorsal  and  beyond  middle  of  ventrals. 

fMycbyphum  hoopit,  ■•'  Kichardson,  Voy.  Erubiis  iind  Ti-rror,  :il),  1S45,  open  sea  between  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand. 
Myctophnm  iiili/nrnicniie,  Kioenmann,  West  .American  Scientist,  Nov.  H,  188!>,  \'1\,  San  Diego. 
fBciipehis  hoops,  (UiNTilER,  (^at.,  v,  4(18, 18(14. 

Hf.«.  MYCTOPHII.n  (ilUCILK  (Mitkon). 

Head  5;  depth  4J  ;  eye  small, about  4  in  head.  D.  12;  A.  19;  scales  11. 
Caudal  spots  2,  very  close  together;  posterolateral  1;  anal  spots  about 
6  -f  12,  in  a  slightly  interrupted  series;  supra-anal  spots  2,  well  separated. 
Body  slender,  the  head  deep,  the  snout  not  very  blunt ;  pectoral  mod- 
erate, reaching  front  of  dorsal.  Open  Atlantic,  .west  to  48°  W.,  23°  N. 
(Liitken.)     {(/rodUn,  slender.) 

Hcnpehui  ijnu-dis,  LI'tken,  Spolia  Atlaiitica,  ,S.''),  ii,  18n2,  open  Atlantic.  ^ 

f  Myclophiim  hiaus,  Richardson,  Voy.  Krolnis  anil  Terror,  41,  pi.  27,  181.'),  open  sea,  locality 
unknoAvn. 


*  This  nominal  speciiw,  as  LUtUen  has  noted,  agrees  witli  M.  hniiihnUUiin  all  regpocta  rxft'yt 
tliat  tlio  scales  are  saiil  to  bo  fewer,  'X!  to  39  in  the  lateral  line  inntead  of  41.  The  eye  in  a  Illtlc 
larger,  about  33/,  in  head.  This  species  is  from  the  open  Pacific,  between  AiiRtralia  and  New 
Zealand.  It  has  also  been  recorded  (by  Ofjuthor)  from  Vancouver  Island,  but  doubtless  tla- 
closely  related  M.  cali/oiniensc  has  been  taken  for  it.  Forha])S  both  boops  and  caltfornietm  arc 
identical  with  humboUUi. 


!     hi 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


573 


!:!■ 


8«».  MKTOPHUIH  BENOITI  (Cocro). 

HeadSi;  depth  4.  I).  12  or  13;  A.  17  or  18;  scales  39  or  40.  Snout 
obtuse  conical ;  eye  large,  nearly  half  head.  Dorsal  inserted  nearly  mid- 
way between  snout  and  root  of  caudal  behind  ventral ;  pectoral  nearly 
reaching  tip  of  ventral.  Mediolateralspots2;  anterolaterals  2 ;  postero- 
laterals 2,  over  break  in  anal  series ;  anterolaterals  far  apart ;  caudals 
near  together,  the  lust  fur  below  end  of  lateral  line;  a  luminous  plate  on 
caudal  peduncle  ;  anal  spots  5  or  G -f- 6  or  7.  (Goode  &.  liean.)  Mediter- 
ranean to  Norway  and  Greenland.     (Named  for  M.  Benoit.)    (Eu.) 

>ropeIiif  hvnoUi,  Corco,  Lott.   Bii  Sulmoii.,  12,  pi.  ii,  fi«.  4,  1838,  Messina  ;  lit'NTiiF.ii,  Cut.,  v, 

•KKl,  1804  ;  LCtkkn,  Spoliii  Atliiiiticii,  2r>r,,  18!»'2. 
MycUiphum  IriwUi,  UooDis  &  Ugan,  Uccaiiic  Ichtliyolugy,  74, 1895. 

84(1.  MTC'TOPHITM  IITOOMII  (LiUken). 

Head  3J;  depth  4;  eye  about  2^.  D.  12;  A.  21  or  22;  scales  38  to 
12.  Least  height  of  tail  about  t  of  its  greatest  height.  Snout  very  short, 
the  upper  and  lower  profile  of  the  head  being  similar,  its  length  a  little 
less  than  i  diameter  of  eye.  Intermaxillary  reaching  as  far  back  as  max- 
illary, nearly  to  angle  of  the  preoperculum ;  maxillary  expanded  pos- 
teriorly and  concealed  under  large  scales  of  cheek.  Space  between  eye 
and  hinder  edge  of  preoperculum  ^  diameter  of  the  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  tip  of  snout  than  root  of  caudal,  being  over  eleventh  scale  of 
lateral  line,  and  nearly  over  origin  of  ventral ;  base  of  dorsal  J  as  long 
us  ht'ad,  length  of  longest  ray  equaling  length  of  head  without  snout; 
ventral  not  quite  reaching  vent ;  i)ectoral  as  long  as  head,  reaching 
tu  above  anal  origin ;  anal  origin  nearly  under  end  of  dorsal  base,  the 
length  of  anal  base  a  little  greater  than  that  of  head;  caudal  rather 
small  and  forked.  Posterolaterals  2,  over  break  in  superanal  series  and 
far  apart,  the  anterior  one  nearly  over  middle  of  anal  lin,  the  posterior  one 
about  one  scale  in  advance  of  the  vertical  from  the  root  of  the  soft  dorsal ; 
anterolaterals  widely  (separated,  the  first  obli(iuely  in  advance  of  and 
above  the  second,  and  touching  or  upon  the  lateral  line,  the  second  far 
behind  the  root  of  the  ventral  and  over  the  interval  between  the  first 
and  second  postventral  photophores;  superanals  7+6.  (Goode  &  Bean, 
ixti  M.  ri'mi(j(T.)  (Named  for  Ca])tain  V.  Hygom,  collector  of  some  of  Dr. 
Liltken's  "Spoils  of  the  Atlantic")     (Eu.) 

Siiii)diis  hygotnii,  LC'TKEN,  8polia  Atliiutioii,  Scopelini,  257,  1892,  north  Atlantic. 
Mijcliiiihum  ivmiye);  GooDK  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  75,  1895,  western  Atlantic.     (Tyi)e, 
No.  43972.    Coll.  All)atross.) 


■ '  'V 


'.^;l 


* 


'i 


, 


f 


\l 


267.  BENTHOSEMA,  Goode  &.  Bean. 

IStnlhniietiin,  GoODE  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclitliyology,  76,  189">,  {miilleri}. 

This  genus  differs  from  Myclophum  in  having  the  maxillary  dilated  at 
tip.  The  dorsal  fin  considerably  shorter  than  anal,  but  overlapping  it, 
reaching  to  the  vertical  from  the  middle.  Body  elongate;  caudal 
peduncle  somewhat  stout ;  eyes  large ;  snout  very  short,  with  declivous 
upper  profile;   maxillaries  considerably  dilated  behind;   scales  of  the 


\:M 


I  V  -.-tt 


I.  ^L^SH::iie'i^^f^:^ki^'''&kh>^i^'ii^^  i^Jii^-^J'auti^j. 


•.'!"'!'   "^',Mli>f^ 


*'  1 


!     I 


ui'   '!." 


574 


Bulletin  V7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


lateral  line  coiiHiderably  enlarged.     Northern  Bean.     (fiivOor,  the  oceun 
depths;   ar/n<t,  a  couHtellatiun  of  Htarn.) 

a.  Poaturolaturul  Njiut  1  on  cuch  Hidu;  aiinl  ipotH  iiunrly  in  u  Htrui);)it  HorteH;  cainlul  npotN  not 

close  tiinotlior,  mim.i,kui,  St!2. 

aa.   I'otitcriilittc'i'ul  nput  wnntiiiK;  raiiilal  spotN  cloNe  toKotlit'i';  anal  sputH  in  a  Hurii's  iii'urcr 

hoi'i/.ontal  tliaii  vertical;  Hiiuiit  mtlior  eliurp.  auctic'IH,  b&i. 

N((>2.  HKNTHUKKIHA  MCLLKItl  ((^mciln). 

Head4;  «lepth4.  D.  12toU;  A.  16tul«;  V.  8;  scaleH  3<»  to  40.  Depth 
of  head  equal  to  its  length.  Eye  large,  itH  diameter  more  than  ^  leiigtii 
of  head.  iSnont  very  ahort,  obtuse,  with  upper  protile  deHcending  in  a 
very  strong  curve.  Cleft  of  moiitl)  ob]ii|ue;  maxillary  reaching  to  angle 
of  preo])erculuui  and  terminating  in  triangular  dilation.  Origin  of  doiHal 
a  little  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  root  of  caudal,  and  inserted  well  beliiiid 
root  of  ventral ;  pectoral  very  small,  its  length  ecjual  to  diameter  of  eye; 
ventral  not  reaching  to  the  vent.  Hcales  smooth,  those  of  lateral  lino 
larger.  A  luminous  spot  on  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum  ;  mediolater- 
als  2,  in  subhorizontal  line  continuously  with  the  2  anterolaterals ;  pos- 
terolateral 1,  over  break  in  series  of  anals  ;  superanals  6-7  +  8-9.  (Goodu 
&,  liean.)  North  Atlantic,  occasionally  taken  in  deep  water  from  Norway 
to  (jreenland,  more  abundant  southward,  to  iSouth  Carolina,  probably 
always  in  very  deep  water.  (Named  for  Otto  Friedrik  Miiller,  an  early 
writer  on  the  fishes  of  Denmark.)  (Eu.) 
Salmo  miilUri,  (i.MEi.iN,  tiypt.  Nut.,  1^78,  1788,  Norway;  after  Stuom. 

Siopihtu  ijliiciulis,  liF.iNiiAitDT,  UvcrK,  Iltl,  ISliS,  Greenland;   M'tkhn,  l^polia  Atlantica,  liO,  1H!I2. 
Bfoin'liiH  iiiiilleii,  ("iii.LKTT,  NorBclio-Nord-IIav.s  K.xp.,  158,  1880;  LiLUEUuKU,  Svorigt'S  och  Norguii 

ITiBkar,  vi,  20, 1881). 
Blyclophmu  ylaviitle,  .loitDAN  Jk  Oilheiit,  Synopsis,  28:t,  1883. 
BenthoieiiM  iniitUri,  Uoode  &  Uean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  70,  18U5. 

8«».  I»:NTIi()SE.1IA  AKCTICrM  (Liltkon). 

Head  Sji ;  depth  4.  D.  *J;  A.  17.  Posterolateral  spot  (near  lateral  line, 
above  last  part  of  anal)  entirely  wanting,  the  anal  spots  forming  a  con- 
tinuous line,  15  or  16  in  number;  caudal  spots  2,  close  together;  supra-anal 
spots  3,  forming  an  obli(|ue  line ;  preopercular  margin  almost  vertical. 
Body  stout,  short,  the  caudal  peduncle  not  slender,  the  snout  not  project- 
ing beyond  chin;  eye  moderate;  dorsal  tin  high.  Davis  Straits,  Green- 
land.    (Liitken.) 

Scopelus  arcltcHii,  LOtken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,  29,  I8y2,  Davis  Straits. 

268.  DASYSCOPELUS,  Giinther. 

Diuyecopehis,  GOntiieb,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mils.,  v,  405,  1864,  (asper). 

Dorsal  and  anal  fins  touching  the  same  vertical,  but  not  overlappiiii^i. 
Scales  hard,  persistent,  ctenoid,  those  of  lateral  line  much  enlarged.  Anal 
terminating  below  adipose  dorsal.  Body  elevated,  somewhat  compressed  : 
caudal  peduncle  rather  slender;  luminous  scales  on  the  back  of  the  cau- 
dal peduncle.  Arrangement  of  photophores  much  as  in  Mijctophum. 
Species  few ;  remarkable  for  the  firm,  rough  scales,  {fiaa'vq,  rough  ;  Scojk- 
Ins:  Scopelus  is  an  old  naiue  of  some  large-eyed  fish,  from  aKoniu,  to  look.) 

a.  JawH  subequal;  uual  spotu  12  to  14;  siipra-aual  spots  iu  an  obIi(iiie  series.  bpinosus,  801. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        576 

864.  IIAHYNCOPELVH  SPIMUSl'S  (Htoindiichiivr). 

Head  4  to  4i^;  depth  4  to  4^.  D.  13;  A.  19;  scales  40-9.  Hody  Bhort, 
tlio  Hiiont  very  short ;  eye  large ;  scales  ctenoid  ;  caudal  spots  2  ;  ventral 
spots  more  thau  4;  posterolateral  spot  single;  Hiipra-anal  spots  H,  fonning 
iiii  ohliiine  series ;  anal  spots  12  to  14 ;  preoperculur  margin  almost  vertical. 
Open  seas,  known  from  the  mid-Atlautic,  Hawaiian  Islands,  etc.  (Liit- 
ken.)     (Mj>inoA'H«,  sitinous.) 

Sciipi'lim  »piii<iiiHii,  Stkindaciinkk,  Sit/gbi^r.  Ichth.  Nuti/..,  v,  II,  1HU7,  China;  I.diKEN,  Situlia 
Atlautica,  Scopoliui,  19,  18U2. 

269.  TARLETONBEANIA,  Eigenniann  &.  Eigenmauu. 

Tiirlitonheania,  Eiuenhann  &  Kigknmann,  I'ruc.  Cal.  Ac.  8ci.,  iv,  IKDO,  7  Uviiuii). 

This  genus  is  close  to  Mtjctophum,  ditlering  chietly  in  the  entire  absence 
of  the  lateral  line.  (Named  for  iJr.  Tarleton  Hoffman  ikau,  Ichthyologist 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  who  has  written  largely  on  deep- 
yea  fishes  and  on  the  fishes  of  the  eastern  Pacific.) 

11.  Vontriil  uutlino  iiioro  arched  tliaii  the  durDal;  vcntrulR  nhort,  nut  roachiiig  halfway  to  vent. 

CIIK.NUI.AIIIH,  H(i6. 

11(1.  Ventral  and  dorsal  outlinoH  abuut  oqually  archud;  vuutruU  reaching  halfway  to  hevoiith 
aual  ray.  tenuih,  »06. 

865.'  TABLETONBEANIA  CBENULABIS  (Jordan  &  (iilhurt). 

Head  3|;  depth  i\.  Eye  large,  3i^  iu  head.  D.  about  12;  A.  about 
l(i;  scales  about  45.  Caudal  spots  probably  2,  making  with  the  anal 
and  postlateral  spots  a  series  of  21;  6  ventral  spots.  Body  much  com- 
pressed, bluntly  convex  anteriorly,  tapering  behind.  Caudal  peduncle 
hjiig  and  very -slender ;  ventral  outline  more  arched  than  dorsal.  Head 
short  and  high,  the  snout  very  blunt.  Scales  of  sides  creuulate,  those  of 
back  with  acute  crenations,  but  no  spines;  no  lateral  lino.  Origin  of 
dorsal  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal ;  caudal  peduncle  with  2  or  3 
spiiinles  (exserted  tips  of  vertebral  processes);  ventrals  reaching  not 
halfway  to  vent ;  pectorals  to  base  of  ventrals.  Color  dark  steel-blue. 
Santa  Barbara  Channel ;  coast  of  Washington ;  two  small  specimens 
known,  one  from  the  stomach  of  an  albacore,  the  other  blown  on  a  vessel 
during  a  storm,     (crenularis,  slightly  scalloped.) 

Slijchlihiim  crcHulare,  Jobkan  &  GiLnRRT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  274,  Santa  Barbara. 

(Tyi"',  No.  27402.     Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilhort.)    Jordan  A  Gimikiit,  Synopwi.-*,  282,  1883. 
Mucloplmiii  prucellarum  (Beau  MS.)  Jordan,  /.  c,  457,  off  Straits  of  Fuca. 

8««.  TARLETONBEANIA  TENUA,  Eigcumann  &  Eigenniann. 

Head  3f;  depth  4^.  D.  12;  A.  17.  Caudal  spots  probably  2,  making 
a  series  of  16  with  the  anal  spots ;  6  ventral  spots  ;  a  posterolateral 
spot;  3  supra-anal  spots  iu  an  oblique  series;  5  thoracic  spots.  Body 
moderately  deep,  greatly  compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  very  slender, 
its  depth  4^  in  greatest  depth  of  body  ;  ventral  and  dorsal  outlines  equally 
arched.  Preopercular  margin  nearly  vertical,  the  hea'l  formed  as  in 
J/,  humboldti.  No  lateral  line  ;  scales  of  sides  much  larger  than  those  of 
back  or  belly ;  smaller  scales  denticulate,  larger  crenulate.  Origin  of 
dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal ;    anal  larger 


ij'     ' 


•I,.    I 


( •  1:; 


>■•  r 


s  7 


I:  mi 


\-lM 


•fS 


l\ 


:!■  I 


iri    I 


670 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


than  dorHttl ;  peotorulM  reaching  vontrulH,  it'hich  roach  halfway  tuHovonth 
anal  ray.  Coronado  Islanila,  near  San  Uiegu ;  onoHpeciiiinn  from  Htomacli 
of  Sehaatoih'H  miniatua.  (Eigonniaun.)  V«ry  cIohc  to  7'.  orcnulariM,  hut 
the  belly  leHH  arched,  the  anal  apota  fewer,  and  the  voutralB  slightly 
longer;  probably  identical  with  the  latter. 

Tur''li>nhe<miii  tenuu  (leniii*),  Eigrnmann  A.  Ekiknmann,  Pruc.  Cal.  Ac.  H<-i.,  iv,  iHtH),  7,  Coronu- 
doa.     C'viMii  Nu.  41882.     Cull.  KlKuumuDii.) 

Family  LXXVI.  MAUROLICIDiE. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  conipresoed,  HcaleleuH.  Darbela  none.  Mar- 
gin of  the  Tipper  jaw  formed  by  the  maxillary  and  premaxillary,  botli  of 
which  are  provided  with  teeth.  Opercnlur  apparatna  iiicoiiiplutu.  (iill 
opening  very  wide,  the  onter  branchial  arch  extending  forward  to  behind 
the  symphyaia  of  the  lower  jaw.  Paeudobranchiiu  pruaent.  Air  bladilcr 
none.  Adipoae  fin  rudimentary.  Series  of  luminoua  photophorea  proHcnt 
along  the  lower  side  of  the  head,  tail,  and  body.  A  aingle  doraal  fin  with- 
out  apinons  raya.  (Uoode  &  Bean.)  Uenera  4  or  .^),  with  aoine  8  or  ID 
speciea ;  deep-aea  fishes.  {Sternoptychidw,  group  Cocciiiia,  (jlliuther,  Cut.,  \ . 
387,  1864.) 
a.  Gill  ritkors  very  ahort;  domal  flu  on  liinder  lialf  of  body. 

b.  Donml  flii  wt-ll  forwiinl,  Hh  IunI  ru.v  iiiHertud  nearly  over  the  ArNt  orniial;  lunilnouaRiiolH 

over  anil  Ixtliind  iiniil  forminfi;  a  nearly  cotitiniiouM  RerlcH. 

c.  LuminuiiH  i-pots  appi-arinK  as  impreasions  on  thuskin,  not  jilaccd  on  black  gloliiiliir 

bodteg;  anal  rays  25  to  30;  doublt>  row  of  spots  behind  pcutoralH  ceuxing  at  mii- 

trals.  Mauuoi.k.'us,  'J7(i. 

cc.  Luminous  spots  occuring  as  "convex  pearls,  ouch  sitting  on  a  block  globular  body ;" 

anal  rays  about  11;  double  row  of  spots  behind  pectorals  reaching  aual. 

ViNi'iarKiiniA,  '^71. 

bb.  Dorsal  fln  farther  back,  nearly  opposite  anal,  its  flrst  ray  nearly  over  the  front  of  ana  I: 

luminous  spots  over  and  Keliind  anal  gathered  in  6  clusters  of  2  to  4  cucli,  tliu 

spots  on  a  black  background;  star-shaped  pigment  spots  along  lateral  line;  anal 

rays  about  24.  Valemciennellux,  27.;. 

270.  MAUROLICUS,  Cocco. 

Ifauroitctu,  CoccO,  Lett.  sn.  Salmon,,  32,  1838,  {amethyitino-putictatHn). 

Body  oblong,  corapreaaed,  covered  with  silvery  pigment ;  aeries  of  lumi- 
nous spots  along  the  lower  aide  of  the  head,  body,  and  tail,  those  over 
and  behind  anal  forming  a  nearly  continuous  series;  luminoua  spots 
appearing  as  simple  impressions  on  the  akin.  Scales  wanting,  or  perhaps 
preaent  in  life,  but  very  thin  and  caducoua.  Head  coinpresaed,  the  bunes 
thin,  but  oaaified.  Cleft  of  mouth  wide,  very  oblique,  the  lower  jaw 
prominent.  Maxillary  large,  broad,  toothed  on  its  edge,  produced  back- 
ward, receiving  the  slender  premaxillary  in  the  upper  concave  part  of  its 
margin ;  both  jaws  with  minute  teeth ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pahitinos. 
Eye  large ;  gill  rakers  very  long.  Pectorals  and  vontrals  well  develoj)ttl ; 
doraal  long,  inserted  posteriorly,  opposite  anal,  with  no  projecting  neural 
apiuea  before  it;  adipoae  fin  rudimentary  or  obaolete;  anal  rays  25  or 
30;  caudal  forked.  PseudobranchisB  well  developed.  No  air  bladdor. 
Branchiostegals  8  or  9.  Size  small.  (Named  for  Maurolico,  an  Italian 
naturalist.) 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        577 


H«7.  MAL'l{OiiH;|!N  PKNNANTI  (Walbuiim). 
Hoiul  3i;  depth  4.  D.  11  or  12;  A.  11  +1^1  tI>o  luHt  riiyH  very  fine  and 
tiut  easily  counted.  LuniinoiiH  HputH  ocnurring  as  inipreaHiuns  on  the 
Nkin,  not  sitting  on  black  globular  bodies;  twelve  pairs  of  luminous 
M|)ots  along  belly  before  ventrals;  9  in  an  u]iper  series  between  pectorals 
and  ventral  ,  this  series  not  continued  backward;  series  from  vent  to 
caudal  1 4- l'l  +  H;=2a,  with  slight  interruptions,  tlie  last  spots  close 
together;  along  shoulder  girdle  and  isthmus?;  7  about  gill  opening;  1 
liofore  eye  and  2  behind  it.  Front  of  dorsal  considerably  nearer  base  of 
ciiudal  than  tip  of  snout,  its  last  ray  over  origin  of  anal.  Length 
L'Hiiches.  (Liitken;  (iiinther.)  Open  seas,  widely  distributed,  occasion- 
ally taken  off  the  New  England  Coast.     (Nuhant,  Provincetown,  Woods 

I  loll,  etc.)  (Name<l  for  Thomas  Pennant,  author  of  early  works  on 
Arctic  Zoology  and  on  the  fishes  of  Knglcnd.)     (Eu.) 

.l)./.M«ii<i  jierm<m«,  Wai.iiai'm,  Art<dl  Pise,  47,  1792,  England;  (ifter  "Sliuiniy  Aigi'ntlno"  of 

Pfnnant. 
S. iij)c/in  fci)r«ii/(n,  Nii.ssiiN,  ObHcrv.  /ool.,  0,  18.'J5,  Norway. 

MauriiUtits  iimetliytitiim-iiHiictatiiii,  Curco,  Lett.  hii.  Siiliiinii.,  1(11,  ISHH,  coast  of  Italy. 
tiiopi-liiH  maiiroliri,  Ci',viKH  *  Vai.knciennk.h,  Mint.  Nat.  rciHH.,  xxii,  lltli,  1840;  aftur  ( "occo. 
HfiiiiriiHiitatniillfii,  KiiiiYKit,  piininark'H  Fiskt^,  in,  ll.'t,  18.'IK,  Denmark. 
SioinhiHhitmbolilll,  Hi;  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna;  FiKlien,  iV'<,  1«42. 
MiimiiliciiH  fioreiilm  nnd  iimclhjiHliiiu-piiHiiiiluK,  GOntiieii,  Cat.,V,  389,  39<),  1804. 
Miinioliam  pfiinuHli,   Storeu,  Hist.    FiHlieH  MaxN.,  328,  1807;  not  of  OuviKtt;    liOTKKN,  Hpolia 

AtlaiitiPH,  II,  47,  1892;  Lili.jeiuoru,  Hvorinus  Fiokar,  vi,  10,  188!». 
Maurolicu»borvali$,  Jorpan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  284,  1883. 

271.  VINCIGUERRIA,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

ViiiiiijiKrrin,  .TiiRDAN  &  Kverhann,  new  genus,  {atienuata). 

Tills  genus  is  close  to  MauroUcun,  from  which  it  differs,  according  to 
Liitken,  chiefly  in  the  character  of  its  luminous  spots  which  are  pearl- 
liko  and  placed  on  black  globular  bodies.  Anal  short,  of  14  rays. 
(Named  for  Dr.  Decio  Vinciguerra,  director  of  the  Actiuario  Romano,  and 
uuo  of  the  most  active  and  scholarly  of  the  naturalists  of  Italy.) 

868.  VINC'ICIUEKKIA  ATTENUATA  (Cooco). 
lload  3f ;  depth  6.    D.  12  ;  A.  14.    Last  ray  of  dorsal  just  behind  ver- 
tical from  origin  of  anal.     Luminous  spots  slightly  prominent,  ''appear- 
ing as  convex  pearls,  each  sitting  on  a  black  globular  body ;"  twelve  to 

II  pairs  of  spots  between  front  of  anal  and  base  of  caudal ;  upper  row 
from  gill  opening  to  ventrals  with  12,  11  between  ventrals  and  anal ; 
from  tip  of  isthmus  to  anal,  7 +  16-+- 10^^:33  spots.  Length  2  inches. 
Open  Atlantic,  west  to  the  Bahamas;  in  deep  water.  (Liitken,  etc.) 
{nttrnuatus,  slender.)    (Eu.) 

iiiiinilicm  altetmatwi,  Cocoo,  Lett.  su.  Salmon.,  33,  18,38,    coast   of  Italy;  Guntiier,  Cat.,  v, 

;!;)0,  1864;  LOtken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  11,  271,  1892. 
Scopei.Hs  tenorei,  Cuvier  &  Yalencibnkes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxii,  440,  1849;  after  Cocco. 

272.  VALENCIENNELLUS,  Jordan  «fc  Evermann. 

ValeucienneUiiK,  Jordan  &  Everuann,  new  genus,  {tripunctulattu). 

This  genus  is  close  to  MauroUcua  but  with  the  dorsal  fin  farther  back, 
opposite  anal,  its  first  ray  nearly  over  front  of  anal.    Photophores  above 
F.  N.  A. 38 


'•^;'i 


'(K'ff      I 


(        * 


I 


i  ■ 


i  I 


iii:  I 


A\ 


i 

i 

.•  i 

1 

M   H 

'    ■<:  _: 

w 

,  , 

_  1' 

m 


678 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museutn. 


anal  giithurml  iu  about  flvo  olusterH,  oacb  on  u  black  back^^roiind  ;  anal 
tin  lung.  ])e«i>  uea.  (Named  for  Aohillo  ValenciunnuH,  thu  aHHociatu  of 
Cuvior,  author  (»f  tlio  greater  part  of  tho  "  IliHtoire  Naturelle  di  h 
I'uiHSonH,"  u  noble  work  which  ih  thu  foundation  of  modern  ichthyology.  1 

N«».  VAI.KN(IKNNKIiIil!K  Tltll'irNCTrLATrH  (RBinnrk). 
Head  '^\  ;  depth  'A\.  D.  9  or  10 ;  A.  about  24.  LuminouH  npotH  arrangt-d 
in  and  jtlacod  on  black  bodloH,  1(1  pairH  in  the  lower  row  from  ])ectorttlH  to 
vent  rait),  5  between  ventrulo  and  anal  ;  5  black  urottH  between  vent  an  I 
caudal  about  equidiatant,  and  each  one  with  2  or  4  nniall  luminouH  Npois 
Hct  cloHe  together  (the  flrut  3  with  W  each,  the  fourth  with  2,  and  thu  hiNt 
with  4);  1  Bpot  on  preopercle,  4  near  Hhoulder  girdle,  5  in  un  upper  row 
behind  pectoral ;  head  and  region  along  lateral  line  with  a  row  of  about 
16  black  pigment  spots,  Honio  of  them  star-Hhapud,  Avitb  nuiny  radiations, 
tlieuo  largest  posteriorly ;  largo  and  small  ones  interspersud.  FiiMt 
ray  of  dorsal  slightly  before  first  of  anal.  Length  2^  inches.  Two 
specimens  known,  ono  from  Madagascar  and  one  from  Denmark  Straits,  lio- 
tween  Oreenlaud-and  Iceland.     (Lutken.)    (<Hj»Mwt'<»</«<«»,  three-spotted.) 

MiiuriiliniH  IriiiiDirtiiliitii^,   Esmakk,   Cliristiaiiia  Yhl.   Holsk.,  Furh.,  488,   1870,   Madagascur ; 
Ll'TKEN,  i^imliu  Atlantica,  gcuiieliui,  40,  1892. 

Family  LXXVII.  CHAULIODONTID^. 

(The  ViPER-FisiiKS.) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  covered  with  thin  caducous  scales,  or  soiiio- 
times  naked;  photophores  present.     M'nth  large,  the  teeth  irregular  in 
size;   maxillary  entering  margin  of   (.,<per  jaw.    No  pseudobranchia'; 
interopercle  rudimentary;  gillopouings  wide.    Dorsal  and  anal  moderatu 
or  large.    Deep-sea  .fislios  of  rather  small  size  but  voracious  habits,  sunie 
7  genera  and  about  20  species  known. 
Gonostomina;  ; 
a.  Operi'los  complete;  di'i-sal  Inserted  behind  vontrals;  teutli  modorHto,  sooio  of  themuulnt'Kol 
or  canine-like;  gill  lakorH  long. 
t).  DorHiil  inserted  on  posterior  half  of  body. 

c.  Dorsul  inserti'd  opposite  anterior  rays  of  anal;  air  bladder  absent. 

(/.  Scales  present;  adipose  flu  present;  luminous  st'uts  lar^'' and  conspicnoun;  iid 

vomerine  teeth;  suborbital  covering  tho  cheek.  Gokosdma,  -Til. 

dd.  Scales  very  caducous;  adijiose  flu  absent;  suborbital  not  covering  tho  check. 

e.  Dorsal  rays  about  20;  photophores  conspicuous.  Uonai'ABTia,  'J7I. 

ee.  Dorsal  rays  12  or  IS;  photophores  small;  vomerine  teeth  i)re8ent. 

Oyclotiionk,  2T'). 

bb.  Dorsal  nearly  median  in  its  position,  inserted  slightly  in  advance  of  anal,  its  postn  inr 

rays  overlapping  anterior  rays  of  anal;  body  rather  elongate;  teeth  in  donlilcrcws 

in  )iremaxillary  and  mandible;  vomer  with  fangs.  Yarkella,  '27i'>. 

ChauliodontinJ';  : 

aa.  Opercles  incomplete,  the  interopercle  rudimentary;  both  jaws  with  excessively  long  hng. 

like  canines;   dorsal   inserted  before  ventrals;  gill  rakers  none;  scales  larpi'.  Iliin, 

and  deciduous.  Ciiavliodis,  277. 

273.  GONOSTOMA,  Rafinesqne. 

Gonostoma,  Rafinbhque,  Indicc  Ittiol.  Sicil.,  G4,  1810,  {deimdeUum). 

Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  and  probably  all  species  ]>ro- 
vided  with  very  large,  thin,  caducous  scales;  lower  parts  with  series 


Jordan  and  F.vertnann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


579 


(iC  liiiuinoiis  HpoU.  Huntl  conical;  cleft  of  mouth  very  wide,  oblique, 
fxteiiding  behind  eye,  the  lower  Jaw  Htrongly  projecting; ;  niuxillary  lon({ 
mill  Hiender,  Hicklo-Hhapo<l,  cloHely  connected  with  the  Hhort  prennixil- 
luiy  ;  upper  jaw  with  a  Hingle  Hurien  of  rather  large,  HJiarp,  cloHe-Het  teeth, 
uliout  every  fourth  one  more  or  leHH  longer  than  the  rcHt,  and  directed 
Hlii^htly  outward  ;  lower  jaw  with  Hiniilar  teeth,  Huhe(|uul,  directed  for- 
ward, with  a  few  canineH  in  front ;  no  teeth  on  vomer.  EyeHmull.  (till 
o|M-iiiDgH  very  wide,  the  memhraneH  free  from  the  ifithnuiH.  Uill  rakern 
niiiiierouH,  long,  and  Hiender.  I'Heudohranchiiu  none;  hranchioategalH 
iiliout  U.  No  air  bladder.  Dorsal  and  anal  well  develojted,  iuHerted 
()|i|i<mite  each  other,  the  unal  the  longer;  adipoHo  tin  Huiall ;  caudal 
forked,  its  peduncle  long  and  Hiender.  Deep-ueu  HhIich  of  Hmall  Hize. 
(yjv'ui,  angle;  arofin,  mouth.) 

(I.  Aniil  ri\.vH  ftbout  11(1.  hknimiatum,  870. 

u<i.  Anal  rayH  iiliout  20.  iiiikviiikn«,  871. 

870.  MONOSTOKIA  UKMIIKTim,  Kanii<i«|ue. 

I  had  4  ;  dei)th  5i.  D.  14  «.r  15 ;  A.  .'JO  or  31 ;  P.  11  or  12 ;  V.  8  ;  HoalcH 
3t>.  .Jawa  heterodont,  the  intermaxillary  being  armed  with  2,  the 
iiwixiihiry  with  about  12  large,  diHtinct  teeth,  the  apaccH  between  them 
lu'liig  filled  with  very  small  teeth  ;  lower  jaw  nimilarly  armed  with  10  or 
11  large  teeth.  Eutire  cheek  covered  by  the  enonuouHly  enlarged  infra- 
orlfital.     (GUnther.) 

TItiH  HpecieH  in  common  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  neighboring  parts 
uf  the  Atlantic,  especially  oft'  Madeira.  Ju  1881,  it  was  trawled  by  the 
Fink  Hawk  ott'the  New  England  Coast.  It  was  also  obtained  by  the  Alba- 
tronn,  at  station  2G6.5,  in  203  fathoms, and  by  the  French  expedition,  in 
5iiO  fathoms,  off  the  coast  of  Morocco,  and  off  the  Cape  Verdes,  in  230-200 
fatlioms.     ((jioode  &.  Dean.)     ((ft'»M({a/»«,  made  naked.)     (Eu.) 

(Iiiiiiiiilimit tlennilfila,  Rafinkrqi'K,  Iiidico  Ittiul.  Slcil.,  G&,  1810,  Palermo;  Uuode  \  JIkan,  Ocvanic 

Itlithjology,  38,  flg.  llCi,  1895. 
GimleropelecuH  acanlhunm,  Coi.'co,  Oii)rii.  8c.  Lit.,  No.  77,  182'.),  Italy. 
(jonottomui  acunthunis,  Cucco,  Lett.  Hii.  Saliiion.,  1838. 

871.  C)0.>'OSTO»A  BRKVIDENS,  Kru-r  .t  Stoliidiictiuor. 

Head  4 ;  depth  6.  D.  13  or  14  ;  A.  18  or  19 ;  V.  7.  IJody  elongate,  com 
proHsed.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  and  about  I  leug^th  of  head;  interorbital 
space  about  i  diameter  of  eye.  Mouth  opening  large,  oblique,  lower  jaw 
projecting;  upper  jaw  reachinji;  back  to  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum, 
and  convex  ou  its  lower  edge.  Intermaxillary,  maxillary,  and  mandible 
provided.with  a  single  row  of  sharp  teeth,  uue(iual  in  size  ;  tongue  tooth- 
less ;  two  stronger  teeth  near  the  symphysis  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  on  the 
palatines,  and  possibly  upon  the  pterygoids,  a  few  small,  sharp-pointed 
teeth.  Gill  opening  very  wide  ;  12  short  branchiostegals,  a  luminous  dot 
at  the  base  of  each  of  the  8  anterior  ones ;  no  pseudobranchiie ;  gill 
lamiiiio  large.  Probably  the  lower  pharyngeal  bones  covered  with  teeth 
similar  to  those  in  the  jaws  but  in  several  rows.  The  dorsal  has  its 
origin  nearly  midway  between  the  ventral  and  the  anal,  and  is  composed 
of  13   or    14  rays;    adipose    flu    thread-like;    ventral  iu  front  of  the 


■m 


i\ 


i 


%f    '  >. 


I      ■ 


I 

'  •    f 


\ 


I 


\i 


M: 


■  r' 

':  j 

h 

I;. 

■   i.      -    '■■ 

1 

1^ 

i* 

!i 


080 


Bullttin  -//,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


1 1 


1^ 


I 


Diiilill»  of  tlio  l)0(ly  (not  hvliliul,  uh  Htiitutl  Ity  Knur)  with  7  riiyH,  reucliitm 
to  tliM  vunt;  unal  witli  from  17  to  lU  raytt,  lMt({iiininK  iinditr  tlio  lunt  :t  m 
4  ruys  of  tliu  dorHul,  and  tlio  fln  Hiniilar  in  lioi^^ht  to  tlio  <l(iiMal; 
cniiilul  oqiiul  in  lungth  to  thut  of  tliu  lioiid  from  Huotit  to  i>r«o|)«irtMiliiiii, 
and  utron^ly  forkud  ;  puctorul  itmail,  pointtxl,  and  nuurly  bh  lon^  uh 
tho  caudal.  Tho  thin,  cuduoouH  HoaloH  with  which  thu  body  iH  <-osi'h  i| 
exhihit  no  radiutin)(  linuH,  hut  huv«)  Himiiltt,  dt^iicato,  uonoeiitrio  riii;;>> 
On  either  HJdo  2  longitudinal  rowM  of  inconHpicnonM  phoHpliortmcnii 
■pots,  Hiirroiinded  with  black  piKniunt;  tho  lower  row  near  the  iino  df 
tlio  heily  bcginH  near  thu  throat  and  endH  at  tho  origin  of  tliu  aiiui.  In 
the  Hpiico  from  tho  pectoral  to  thu  ventral  aru  1({  HpotH ;  between  iImi 
ventral  and  thu  anal  11;  the  upper  row  commeneeH  with  li  larji^o  HjiotN 
upon  the  Huboperculum,  and  continued  back  to  the  eaudal.  Color  il:iri< 
gray  ;  the  back  and  belly  silvery  ;  all  the  finH  whitiHh,  uniform  in  (M)1iii. 
tipocimeuH  taken  by  tho  lllakif  from  otf  (jlrenada  in  101  and  4<>1  fatiiiniiN, 
in  the  old  Hahama  Channel  in  500  fathoniH,  and  olV  Itequia  in  458  fatlioniH; 
thu  original  typo  from  the  open  Atlantic.  (Uoode  dk  lioan.)  (hntiit, 
abort ;  denii,  tooth. ) 

Ooniiiloma  brifitleiu,  Knrr  U  Stkinhaciinbr,  Hit7.li.  Akiiil.   WisNciiBcli.  Wit'ii,   i.xi,    |h7m,  i|:t, 
Atlantic;  Qounc  A  Uean,  OcouiiIc  ItlithyoloKy,  U8,  IHOS. 

274.  BONAPARTIA,  Uoode  &.  Beau. 

BompnTtiii,  GnoPK  A  hr.AS,  Oceanic  Ichthyoldgy,  10'2,  1H!»5,  (imlnlidlu). 

Body  oblong,  compreHSod,  slender  behind,  aa  in  Gonostoma,  covcdmI 
with  largo  cycloid  Bcales,  nearly  efjual  in  si/o.  A  continuous  row  of  |ilio- 
tophores  on  either  side  of  the  ventral  line  upon  thu  lowest  row  of  sciiieH, 
extending  from  the  anterior  part  of  tho  lower  jaw  to  tho  extremity  of 
the  base  of  the  anal ;  others  upon  thu  caudal  puduncle.  Head  much  ((Hii- 
pressed,  cleft  of  mouth  very  wide.  Preniaxillary  short;  maxillary  long, 
curved,  forming  the  entire  margin  of  tho  upper  jaw,  extending  to  tim 
angle  of  the  preoperculum.  Jaws  armed  with  a  single  series  of  not  vfiy 
numerous,  acicular  teeth,  uniform  in  si/e;  minute  teeth  on  the  pulatincH 
and  pterygoids.  Eye  moderate.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  small ;  doiHul 
fin  on  the  hinder  half  of  the  body,  opposite  tho  anterior  portion  uf  tlio 
anal;  adipose  fin  absent;  anal  much  longer  and  higher  than  doiHiii; 
caudal  (probably)  subtruncate.  Gill  opening  exceedingly  wide,  tiie 
branchial  aperture*extending  nearly  to  the  dorsal  line  on  either  side,  and 
extending  forward  also  to  the  symphysis  of  the  lower  jaw.  (iill  rakers 
very  long.  (Named  for  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte,  Prince  of  Caiiino, 
1775-1840,  "whose  admirable  work  upon  the  tishes  of  Italy,  one  of  the 
most  essential  of  the  older  works  in  the  ichthyologist's  library,  Ih 
full  in  its  discussion  of  the  fishes  allied  to  the  one  now  under  discussion,'') 

872.  BONAPARTIA  PEDALIOTA,  Ooodo  &  Boan. 

Head  3i ;  depth  4^;  eye  5.  D.  20;  A.  30;  soales  46.  Body  elon«;ate, 
compressed.  Eye  about  equal  to  snout ;  width  of  interorbital  space  less 
than  eye.  Mouth  large,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting ;  upper 
jaw  reaching  back  to  angle  of  the  preopercle,  and  convex  on  its  lower 


Jordan  ami  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


581 


filKit  h()tw»«n  tlu)  voi'tl<!ulH  from  tlionntnrior  niicl  poHtorior  margiiiHof  tlio 
i>\i<.  IM'fopfirclH  oxt«ii<liiiK  liackwanl  in  u  Hliurp  aiiKlo.  Origin  of  <lorHal 
till  <M|iii(liHtaiit  from  root  of  ventral  aiitl  th«  axil  of  poHtcrior  anal  ray, 
111  il  ill  vtuticul  from  foiirtli  or  flftli  anal  ray;  grt'titoHt  li«M({lit  of  dornal 
aliDiit  »i|iuil  to  itH  liiiHo ;  origin  of  anal  «M|iii(liHtant  from  tlio  pontcrior 
iiiaiKin  of  tlio  orliit  and  Imiho  of  niiddio  caudal  rayH,  itH  anturior  third 
^'icatly  pr<don){rd,  falcatu  in  f<»rm ;  length  of  tliu  loii^fHt  or  third  ray 
iiliiiiit  <M|iial  to  longtli  of  hiiHti  of  iln  ;  poHtoriorly  to  rnd  of  doiHal  tlio 
till  In  low;  pectoralH  and  vontralH  Hliort  and  futdtli* ;  vcntralM  inHcrtod 
iilioiit  midway  between  tip  of  nnoiit  and  root  of  caudal  Iln.  A  Hiriglo  row 
of  iiitli«>r  conHpiouoiiH  ]dioHplioruHC«iit  npotH  from  tliu  lower  Jaw,  iHMieath 
tilt'  <\v«^  to  end  of  anal  «>n  <-itli«!r  Hido,  tliL^Me  dotH  luting  huavily  margin«td 
uiid  with  black  ahovit ;  12  of  thcau  between  branchial  opening  and  the 
(iii^in  of  ventral,  5  between  ventral  and  anal,  16  in  the  anal  Herieu,  and 
'1  upon  caudal  peduncle,  1  at  origin  of  lower  caudal  rayN,  the  other  in 
virtical  above  it  and  about  \  of  the  diHtance  from  the  dorsal  outline; 
a  series  of  veiticul,  elongated  HpotH,  apparently  phoHphorcHcent,  upon 
eillier  Hide  of  the  lower  jaw  ,  giving  it  a  pectinate  appearance.  C'olor 
hrowninh  gray  ;  the  head  v/ith  Hilvery  rellectionH. 

The  typcH  of  thiu  Hpeciea  are  two  HpecimeiiH,  about  1  and  2  inches  long 
rt'Hpectively,  (d)tained  by  the  steamer  AlbatroHn  front  Htation  2642,  at  a 
depth  of  217  fathoniH.     (TrvfSnA/tjrof ,  having  rudder-like  Huh.) 

l:uirii,n,ii,i  imliiliiilii,  GiioDK  .1^  IIkan,  Oct'ikiiic  IcIitliyoluKy,  102,  fig.  120,  1HU.5,  Oulf  Stream,  at 
25  '  ao'  30"  N.,  79°  58'  W.    (Typo,  No.  44337.    Coll.  Albatrosa.) 

275.  CYCLOTHONE,  Ooode  &.  Kean. 

(yiolhimi',  (lonnv.  A  Bean,  Hull.  Miib.  r<>nip.  Zoiil.,  x,  No.  5,  1883,  221,  {hiiu-a). 

SiijmopK,  Oll.l.,rio<'.  IT.  8.  Nut.  MilB.,  188;j,  'J.lf!,  {iili(jwttli(iii>). 

Sei'slfiiia,  Vaii.i.ant,  Exp.  Scieiit.  TriiviilUpur  ct  TitliHnian,  80,  1888,  {haUiiipliilHin). 

Itody  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  apparently  devoid  of  scales; 
lower  parts  with  inconnpicuouH  series  of  luminous  spots,  with  the  latter 
ariiinged  approximately  as  in  Gonostoma,  but  usually  much  less  couHpic- 
uoiiH.  Head  conical,  compressed;  cleft  of  mouth  very  wide,  oblique, 
extending  behind  the  eye;  the  lower  Jaw  strongly  projecting.  Maxil- 
lary long  and  slender,  sickle-shaped;  somewhat  dilated  posteriorly,  but 
covering  only  an  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  cheek.  Upper  jaw  with 
a  sin;;le  series  of  needle-like  teeth,  some  of  which  are  enlarged;  lower 
jaw  with  similar  teeth,  and  in  some  species  with  u  few  canines  in  front; 
teetii  on  vomer  sometimes  in  patches,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single  pair 
of  taiigH;  palatine  and  pterygoid  teeth  present  or  absent.  Eye  moderate, 
not  conspicuous.  Gill  opening  very  wide,  the  membranes  free  from 
iHtliiiius;  gill  rakers  numerous,  long  and  slender.  Pseudobranchiiu  none. 
No  air  bladder.  Dorsal  and  anal  moderate,  opponite,  the  latter  much  the 
loiijier;  adipose  fin  sometimes  present.     («i'«Aof,  round;  0^61^^,  veil.) 

CvcidiiroNK: 
n.  Anal  rav8l8to22. 

Ik  Hody  not  greatly  elongate,  the  dcptli  7  to  8  in  length.  MiciionoN,  873. 

I'i\  llody  elongate,  tlio  cleplli  11  in  length.  iiATiiYi"iiii,A,  874. 

SiOMipi's  ((Tiyixa,tho  letters;  ui\p,  appearance): 
iiu,  Aiiul  rays  27  to  30;  depth  7  iu  length.  klonqata,  875. 


r. 


:|.*i- 


m 


.;'  \]  I 


i  i 


II 


IS     ! 


I 


»  » 


iii 


m 


rf  ; 


■ill 


-t-F 


■■  !  ■ 


5d2 


Bulletin  47,  United' States  National  Museum. 


I  SubgenuH  CYCLOTHONE. 
878.  CfCLOTHONE  MICRODON  (GUnthor). 

Head  4°  ;  depth  7| ;  eye  as  long  as  suout,  7  \\\  head.  B.  7  to  9 ;  D.  11 
orl2;  A.16to20;  C.  17;  P.OorlO;  V.  5.  Bodyelonpate.  Cheeks iiaktd. 
Premaxillary  very  short,  extending  to  vortical  from  posterior  liml»  of 
anterior  nostril ;  maxillary  very  strongly  ciuved  downward,  with  a  slioi  r 
knob  at  its  anterior  extremity,  not  visible  without  dissection.  Most  of 
the  teeth  on  maxillary  inclined  forward.  Gill  rakers  9-f-13  or  II. 
Lower  jaw  long,  included,  with  the  exception  of  the  projecting  tip.  Eyo 
circular,  close  to  the  profile,  the  interorbital  area  being  very  narrow; 
anal  under  second  ray  of  dorsal,  its  base  half  as  long  again  as  tliat 
of  dorsal,  and  nearly  \  as  long  as  body;  its  outline  resembling  that  of 
dorsal,  its  longest  ray  a  little  longer  than  the  longest  of  tho  dorsal ;  cau- 
dal forked;  pectoral  inserted  under  tip  of  opercular  flap,  its  length 
equal  to  greatest  height  of  body ;  ventral  inserted  at  a  distance  from 
snout  equal  to  twice  the  length  of  the  head,  its  length  slightly  exceedin-,' 
that  of  the  pectoral,  7  in  body.  Color  blackish  brown,  the  luniiuoua 
pores  inconspicuous,  in  a  row  on  each  side  from  pectoral  region  to  tail,  iiiul 
another  below  ii  from  throat  to  tjio  uiigin  of  anal.     (Goode  &  Bean.) 

First  obtained  from  great  depths  near  Bermuda,  subsequently  at  numer- 
ous localities  in  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Antarctic  oceans,  at  depths  of 
from  500  to  2,900  fathon.*i.  Since  also  taken  from  numerous  localities  in 
the  Atlantic  by  the  Alhatrons  and  the  Blake.  It  is  equally  abundant  in 
deepwa  eralongthePacificCoastfromOregontotheGalapagJo.  Infacl  it 
is  every  vvhere  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  and  common  of  all  deep- 
sea  fishes.  "Although  many  hundreds  of  specimens  are  in  the  National 
Museum,  the  species  is  so  exceedingly  delicate  and  hard  to  preserve  that 
not  one  of  them  gives  satisfactory  opportunity  for  study."  (Goodo  & 
Bean.)     (/i<«p6f,  small ;  Moic,  tooth.) 

Gonostoma  viicrodon,  GUntheh,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1878,  188,  near  Bermuda;  (ii'N- 

TiiKii,  Voy.  Cliallouger,  xxii,  175,  18.-'7 ,  LCtkhn,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopolini,  (10,  Is'CJ. 
Ciiclothoue  hisca,  GoonE  k  Ukan,  Hull.  HIiis.  Coinp.  Zoiil.,  x,  No.  5,  188:i,  221.  Gulf  Struam. 
Cu/^othone  viicrodon,  Goode  U  Uean,  (icisanic  lolitliyology,  990,  fig.  114,  1895. 

874.  OTCLOTHONK  BATHTPHILA  (Vaillant). 

Head  4i ;  depth  11.  D.  12  or  13;  A.  21  or  22;  V.  7;  P.  10;  braucliios- 
tegals  13.  Body  elongate,  compressed ;  vent  midway  between  tip  of 
snout  and  end  of  caudal  rays.  Eye  moderate,  its  diameter  equal  to  half 
length  of  snout,  and  also  to  the  width  of  interorbital  space;  placed 
far  forward,  so  that  the  snout  is  very  short,  i  length  of  head.  Cleft  of 
month  exceedingly  wide,  oblique.  Maxillary  somewhiit  dilated,  but  not 
covering  any  considerable  portion  of  the  cheek,  its  tip  separated  fiuiii 
the  angle  of  the  operculum  by  a  distance  greater  than  the  diameter  of 
the  ej'c.  Teeth  of  premaxillarits  moderate  in  size ;  upon  maxillaries  and 
mandible  larger,  conical,  separated  by  moderate  intervals,  which  are  filled 
with  smaller  teeth ;  teeth  also  on  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  pharyn- 
geals. Opercular  bones  very  thin.  Origin  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins  oppo- 
site,   in'mediately  behind  veot,  the    anal    more  than    twic'3    as    long 


Jordan  and  Et'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


583 


:is  the  dorsal  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  tail,  which  is  forked;  adipose 
dorsal  small ;  pectoral  and  ventral  composed  of  weak  rays,  the  origin  of 
tlio  latter  nearly  midway  from  base  of  pectoral  to  vent,  and  tips  of 
longest  rays  reaching  to  vent.  Branchial  arches  4,  long  and  slender; 
vory  elongate  gill  rakers,  10  -|- 15  in  number,  the  longest  twice  as  long  as 
((ye.    Velvety  black,  with  a  number  of  luminous  spots. 

This  species  was  obtained  by  the  French  explorers  at  depths  of  710 
to  1,290  fathoms  in  the  Gulf  of  Gascony  and  off  the  Azores.  It  has  since 
Iteon  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  western  Atlantic  by  the 
Albatross.     (Goode  &  Bean.)    (/iJaflir,  deep;  ^t/lto),  to  love.)     (Eu.) 

Xiiiilnma  hiilliyphiliim,  Vaillant,  La  Nature,  1884,  184;  namo  and  rough  flguve  only. 
fyehthniif  hiitliypilit,  Vaillant,  Travailleur  et  Talisman,  9(i,  pi.   8,  figw.   1,   In,  1888,   Gulf  of 
Gnscony;  Azores;  Goods  A  Bkast,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  100,  fig.  118,  1895. 

Subgenus  SIGMOPS,  (iill. 
875.  CYCLOTHONK  ELOXGATA   (UUnther). 

Head  4J ;  depth  7.  D.  13;  A.  27  to  30;  P.  11;  V.  7.  Vent  midway 
between  rjot  of  caudal  fin  and  eye.  Eye  moderate,  t  of  snout,  about  i 
length  of  head,  its  diameter  less  than  v  idth  of  interorbital  space.  Mouth 
exceedingly  wide,  maxillary  extending  to  the  posterior  angle  of  the 
operculum;  with  a  number  of  largo  teeth  at  considerable  distances,  with 
interspaces  filled  with  smaller  teeth  ;  intermaxillary  with  2,  and  mandible 
with  about  10,  large  teeth.  Infraorbital  bone  diliited,  covering  only  about 
i  of  cheek ;  opercula;  bones  thin.  Gill  laminic  short;  gill  rakers  long; 
Itranchiostegals  11,  very  short.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  a  little  behind  the  ver- 
tical from  vent,  its  greatest  height  exceeding  that  of  the  body  at  the  point 
of  its  origin;  anal  fin  directly  under  the  dorsal,  much  longer,  extending 
nearly  to  root  of  caudal,  highest  in  front;  pectoral  narrow,  slender, 
placed  low,  its  length  t  that  of  the  head;  distance  of  ventral  from  vent 
contained  i  in  its  distance  from  pectoral.  Scales  have  apparently  boen 
present,  on  a  ^.^''t  at  least,  of  the  body,  namely,  the  tail  and  ventral 
lino.  Luminous  orgaiis  very  pink,  with  silvery  margins,  in  two  rows  on 
either  side  of  the  abdomen.     Color  black. 

This  species  was  obtained  by  the  Challenyrr  south  of  New  (Juinea,  in 
800  fathoms,  and  off  Banda,  in  360  fathoms.  It  has  been  found  in  consider- 
able numbers  in  the  deep  waters  off  the  American  Coast  by  both  the  lil'ike 
and  the  Chalktujcr,  hy  the  InvcUiyator  in  tiio  Indian  Ocean,  iiml  by  the 
Albatross  in  the  Gulf  Stream  at  station  2039  in  2,361  fathoms.  (Goodo  & 
Mean.)     (elontjatns,  elongate.) 

flfiuiishma  elmiijalinii,  G''»"'!fr.H,  Anu.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1878, 1> , ,  New  Guinea  ;  Banda. 
Si<j)iif,]m sllgmalicu/i,*'  GiM,,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi,  1883,  2,56,  Gult  Stream,  in38°  ig'^e"  N., 

68°  20'  20"  W.     (Type,  No.  ;mni.     Coll.  AlbatrosK.) 
Cijchlhone  ehmijiila,  GooDG  &  ISean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  101,  fig.  119,  18',1,'i. 

276.  YARRELLA,  Goode  &  Bean. 

Yiinella,  Qoo^K  &  Bean,  Oceanic-  Ichthyology,  103,  18it.">,  (hlack/onli). 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large,  thin,  deciduous 
Rcalos  ;  the  lower  parts  with  luminous  spots.     Head  conical,  compressed; 


i"),! 


ihi 


n 


\   . 


*  The  type  otSigwopt  stigmaticus  is  an  imp«irfeit  individual,  from  which  the  luminousspots  had 
becu  rubbed  off  beforo  it  waB  examined.— (»oo(/«  a-  liean. 


■'■■  n-'i^i^ 


^E 


mi 


f     \ 


584 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


oloft  of  inont}i  very  wide,  oblique,  extending  behind  the  eye.  Lower 
jaw  strongly  jrojecting.  Intermaxillary  comparatively  long,  forming 
abont  half  of  margin  of  upper  jaw.  Upper  jaw  Avith  a  single  row  of 
teeth  in  the  maxillary,  and  a  double  row  in  the  intermaxillary,  inter- 
spersed with  ocf'asional  stronger  teeth;  those  in  the  intermaxillary 
aire<!fed  downward  or  backward,  those  in  the  maxillary  somewhat  for- 
ward; mand;i)lo  with  double  row  of  small  teeth,  outer  row  with  sonie 
larger  ones;  a  row  of  short,  weak  teetii  on  the  palatines;  head  ot 
vomer  with  a  Hhort  fang  on  <'ither  side.  Eye  moderate;  gill  oponingH 
very  wide,  the  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus,  (iill  rakers  not  very 
numerous,  rather  short  and  stout.  Pseudobraucliiu;  none.  Uranchiosto- 
gals  numerous,  14.  No  air  bladder.  JJorsal  and  anjil  well  developed, 
the  former  far  in  advance,  its  posterior  rays  over  the  origin  of  anal ;  no 
adipose  fin;  caudal  oderatoly  forked.  (Named  for  William  Yarrcll, 
178n-1856,  an  emino^t  ichthyologist,  who  wrote  on  the  tishes  of 
England.) 

87«.  YARRELTiA  RLACKFORDI,  Coodo  It  tiaiM. 

Head  4i;  depth  7i;  eye  7.  D.  15;  A.  27;  V.  6.  Body  elongate.  Eyo 
moderate,  its  diameter  t  of  snout;  maxillary  extending  for  behind  the  oyo, 
its  length  e<pial  to  that  of  postorbital  part  of  the  head,  (xill  rakers 
6  +  1^)  cue  longest  about  as  long  as  the  eye.  Branchiostegals  14.  Dor- 
sal origin  a  little  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout,  nearly 
over  middle  of  space  between  ventral  and  anal,  its  posterior  ray  over 
seventh  ray  of  anal;  di.stauce  of  ventral  origin  from  tip  of  snout 
contained  2i  times  in  total  (without  caudal),  its  rays  imperfect,  the  longest 
only  about  i  length  of  heiid;  pectoral  i)laced  low,  on  a  narrow  base. 
Scales  have  evidently  been  present,  and  of  considerable  size,  Imt  their 
character  and  number  can  not  be  ascertained  from  the  specimens  examined. 

Color  purplish  brown  ;  9  phosphorescent  spots  on  the  isthmus,  LT) 
between  the  symphysis  of  the  mandible  and  the  root  of  ventral,  113 
between  the  origin  of  ventral  and  vent,  and  2(i  from  vent  to  tail :  a 
second  row  of  pearly  spots  extends  from  above  root  of  pectoral  t<i  origin 
of  anal. 

The  type  obtained  by  the  AlbatroHs  from  station  237ti,  at  a  depth  of  \\2\ 
fathoms.  Two  other  specimens,  the  larger  one  9^  inches  in  length,  taken 
at  the  same  place.  (Named  for  Eugene  G.  Blackford,  president  of  tlie 
board  of  fish  commissioners  of  the  State  of  New  York.) 

1'(IitW/.( 'i/'i-7.;r'"rrfi,  (JooDK  .V;  Hkan,   Oceanic   IditliyiilnKJ,   103,   fis.   121,  1896,  Qulf  Stream  at 
29°  03'  15"  N.,  88^  16'  W.     (Tyi>e,  No.  44242.     (bll.  Albatross.) 


?  i 
s 


iff 


277.  CHAULIODUS,  Bloch  *  Schneider. 
(V1PEK-FI8IIE8.) 

CliniiUoilm,  Bloch   &  S(niNKIDER,  Syst.  Irlith.,  4;!0,  1801,  {ulnanei). 
Leitloiles,  SwAlNSON,  Nut.  Hi«t.  Aiiiiil.,  11,  298,  1830,  (sZoanci). 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  v/ith  very  thin  deciduous  scales  of 
niodd.  a,te  size;  lower  side  of  head,  body,  and  tail  with  series  of  lumi- 
nous spots.     Head  short,  much  compressed  and  elevated,  the  bones  thiu 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


585 


but  ossified ;  lower  Jaw  projecting,  the  Huout  much  shorter  than  eye ; 
month  extremely  wide,  the  cleft  reaching  much  beyond  eye;  premaxil- 
l.iries  with  4  long,  fanj;-like  canines  on  each  side;  mandible  with  pointed, 
wide-set  teeth,  the  anterior  ones  excessively  long;  none  of  these  large 
tooth  received  within  the  month ;  maxillaries  with  fine  teeth ;  palatine 
with  a  single  series  of  small  pointed  teeth ;  no  teeth  on  the  tongue. 
Ojiorcle  very  ujirrow,  the  interopercle  rudimentary.  Eye  nioderate. 
IVctorals  moderate;  ventrals  large;  dorsal  fin  high,  placed  anteriorly, 
woll  in  front  of  the  ventrals  ;  adipose  fin  moderate,  sometimes  fimbriate, 
opposite  the  low,  short  anal ;  caudal  moderate,  forked.  Gill  openings 
vi'iy  wide ;  no  gill  rakers.  I^ranchiostogals  numerous ;  no  pseudobran- 
chiio.  Deep-sea  fishes  of  voracious  habits;  two  species  known.  (;j;au/iO(;, 
exserted ;  ofio'V,  tooth.; 


■:.  Ili'ail  7  Ml  lpii);th;  Atlantic  gpncies. 
(III.  Iload  <J  in  ItMigth.     I'acifK:  species. 


SI.OANF.I,  877. 
MACCIINI,  878. 


877.  CHAIILIODI'S  SLOANEI,  Hloch  A  Schnt-idcr. 


Iload  7;  dej)th  7.  B.  17;  D.  6;  A.  12;  V.  7;  scales  56  (Go  in  a  figure 
piihlishtd  by  Agassiz  in  Crniso  of  the  Jilakv).  Dorsal  not  far  backwiird, 
JtH  distance  from  occiput  less  tlian  length  of  liead,  its  first  ray  produced 
ifit  a  long  filament  nearly  J  length  of  body ;  pectoral  fins  short;  ventral 
tins  long,  longer  than  head,  and  nincli  longer  than  pectorals.  About  30 
luminous  dots  in  a  series  froja  tlie  chin  to  the  ventrals.  Scales  of  the 
liody  subhexagoiial.  Head  jieirly  as  deep  as  long.  Greenish  al)ove  ;  sides 
Hilvery;  belly  biackisli,  Jjength  12  inches.  (Giinther.)  Mediterranean 
and  deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic  ;  a  specimen  found  in  the  stomach  of  a 
<■(;(!  on  George's  Banks  ;  and  cisewlierc  i;i  deep  water;  also  in  the  Medi- 
temiHean.  (Named  for  Hans  Sloane,  an  early  naturalist  and  traveler, 
wiio  wrote  on  the  animnls  of  Jamaica.)     (Ku.) 

ChniiUiHliiK  fliKinci,  Ul.i)i  II  &  Srii.vEii.Kii,  .Syst.  Iclitli.,  4;!0,  isol,  Atlantic;  nftf't  Vinern  Miirina  of 

Catf.siiy;  GCNTiiKn,  t'nt.,  v,  392,  IHiSl;  JuRtiAN-  A;  Giidkut,  .^yiHp|imp,  '^8.0,  j'8l}H. 
Chvilioihis  nelinntui,  Dl.ocil  &  ScilnfHirR,  .*vst.  Ichtli.,  pi.  85;  siime  typo. 
Efor  fl,:iiii(ix,  .SnAW,  Goii.  Zoiil.,  V,  J20,  JSOI;  iiftcr  ("atesiiv. 
ChiiulioiltDt  nclnieideri,  Kisso,  Kumpi^  Merid.,  l/f,  H%,  ]82fi,   Nice. 


s/r 


Headfi;  eyeli;  Buoutii.  D.G;  A.  11;  V.7;  P.  13;  .s<:'a!**8  56.  Loi;s?e8t 
fi(ii<f  in  mandible  nearly  half  head.  Dorsal  beginning  over  Meventh  row 
ot  scales,  its  first  ray  iH  to  li  in  body,  its  base  3  in  bead  ;  base  o/  adipwe 
dorsal  i  tliat  of  anal,  which  is  fffiitei  than  half  h^ad ;  ventral  5  in  body, 
inserte<l  ui\der  seventeenth  scale  of  lateral  line.  ^'//»«t  of  Talifornia  to 
Hritisii  Columbia,  in  deep  water;  the  type  taken  off  (lumn  Charlotte 
Islands,  in  87G  fathoms;  about  4  tpftiimeuH  known;  tUmH  io /',  tUfdnei, 
the  head  a  little  longer,  the  scales  perbapM  Inr^rer ;  probaWy  not  AiiflifiH. 
(Named  for  Prof.  John  C.  Macoun,  of  the  (Jeological  Survey  of  /'anada.) 

Ch<iiiliiitlufiviacoiini,  Bean,  Vroc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1890,  41,  off  Quec  i  Charlotte  Islands,  at 
Albatross  Station  a86o,  at  51'-'  23'  N.,  130  '  34'  W.     (Type,  So.  iti'ATl.     toll.  Albatross.) 


^> 


ii 


!    ]    [.""TT'Tf^^^ 


ss 


II 


086 


Bulletin  42,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Family  LXXVIII.  ASTRONESTHID^E. 

Scomatoid  fidlies,  with  adipooo  dorsal  present,  aud  with  scaleless  body. 
Dorsal  I'm  inserted  behind  vent,  but  in  front  of  anal.  A  single  gtmiis, 
with  few  species;  fishes  of  the  deep  sea.  ( J8<roMe«//iW«',  Gill,  in  Goodo 
&  Hean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  105,1895.) 

278.  ASTRONESTHES,  Richardson. 

Anb  mentheii,  RinilAUDKON,  Tchtii.  Voy.  Sillpli.,  t)7,  1845,  (iiigei). 
Phirnoihin,  IjOWE,  I'nic  /niil.  Si)C.  Loud.,  18r)0,  2.')0,  (ringenn). 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  scaleless.  Head  compressed,  tlio 
snont  of  modorate  length,  the  mouth  wide,  lower  jaw  prominent.  Tectli 
pointed,  unequal ;  upper  jaw  with  4  long,  curved  canines ;  front  of  lower 
with  2 ;  maxillary  teeth  fine,  subequal ;  palatines  with  a  single  series  of 
small,  pointed  teeth,  similar  to  those  on  tongue.  Eye  moderate,  not  longer 
than  snout.  Throat  with  a  long  fleshy  barbel.  Dorsal  tin  rather  lonj;, 
inserted  entirely  in  front  of  anal,  behind  ventrals  ;  adipose  fin  present ; 
caudal  forked;  paired  fins  long.  Gill  rakers  minute.  Nopseudobranchia'. 
No  air  bladder.  Sides  and  belly  with  very  many  small  luminous  spots ; 
a  small  luminous  patch  below  eye.  Small  fishes  of  the  deep  seaa ;  remark- 
able for  their  strong  teeth,  the  lower  jaw  much  stronger  than  in  Mahi- 
coetsua;  4  species  known,     ((iur/wi',  star  (starfish);  taWo,  to  eat.) 

a.  Uarlicl  not  mucli  longer  than  liead;  lout  ray  of  dorsal  considerably  behind  vent,  iieuily 

over  first  ray  of  anal. 

h.  I).  17;  A.  14.  NIOER,  «70. 

bh.  U.  17;  A.  17.  aEMUii'Eit,  nso. 

aa.  Barlx^l  nini'h  lougi^r  tliiin  head;  laHt  ray  of  dorsal  in  advance  of  vont,  and  mncli  lirfdit' 

first  ray  of  anal.  kichakusoni,  8)<l. 

87ft.  ASTKONESTIIKS  NIGER,  Richardson. 

Head  4i ;  depth  5^  ;  eye  4  J.  D.  17 ;  A.  14  ;  V.  30  + 15  =  45.  Body  ratlicr 
stout,  deepest  at  the  nape.  Barbel  a  little  longer  than  head.  Doisjil 
beginning  just  behind  base  of  ventrals,  its  last  ray  considerably  behind 
vent  and  nearly  over  first  of  anal;  pectoral  not  reaching  nearly  to  v(!ii- 
trals.  Jaws  subequal.  Eye  large,  well  forward,  almost  as  long  as  suoiii. 
the  luminous  spot  below  it  very  small.  Color  black,  with  22  photophons 
between  chin  aud  ventral.  Deep  waters  of  all  seas.  One  specimen  taken 
in  the  open  sea  off  oar  coast.*     (niger,  black.) 

Ailroni'ulhi's n'lijrn,  UiciiARnRON,  Iclith.  Voy.  .Sulphur,  97,  1845,  Atlantic;  GCntiieii,  Cat.,  v,  li'i, 
18(>4;  LCtkkn,  Spulia  Atlantica,  ii,.'):57, 1892;    Joudan  .t  Gii.hkkt,  Synopsis,  287,  188:i. 

Slomias  fiehUi,  CiiviEtt  it  V.vi.enciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xviii,  378,  1840,  Mid-Atlantic. 
(Type,  No.  34538.     Coll.  Capt.  Field.) 

Pliienoiloii  7-iiiyens,  IjOWE,  Proc.  ZoiJI.  Sor.  Lond.,  1850,  251,  Madeira. 

Astronctthes  harhdluK,  IvNEll,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wias.  Wion,  1860,  xx\x\,  543,  Coast  of  Brazil. 

8H0.  ASTRONESTHES  OEMMIFER,  Goode  A-  Uean. 

Head  ii;  depth  5J  ;  eye  4.  D.  17;  A.  17;  V.  7;  P.  9.  Barbel  about 
equal  in  length  to  the  head.     Origin  of  dorsal  iin  a  little  nearer  tip  of 

♦This  species  is  represented  in  the  national  collection  by  only  u  single  specimen  (No.  34538,  ',". 
S.  National  Muse\ini),  the  typo  of  (!lr.inlii>d)ts  Jiehlii,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  obtained  by  Captiiiii 
Field,  in  May,  181  It,  on  a  voyage  from  Mogador  to  New  Yorlt,  probably  at  the  surface.  This 
specimen  passed  from  the  hands  of  Dr.  Mitchill  to  those  oi  iVIr.  J.  Carson  Urevoort,  then  to  .^Ir. 
E.  G.  Blackford,  by  whom  it  web  presented  to  the  National  Museum.    (Goode  &  Bean.) 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


687 


Hiiout  than  root  of  caudal ;  length  of  its  base  contained  nearly  4  times  in 
the  total  without  caudal,  its  longest  ray  \  length  of  head.  Ventral 
origin  directly  under  dorsal  origin;  length  of  ventral  5^  times  in  body, 
not  reaching  nearly  to  vent;  distance  of  anal  origin  from  root  of  the 
caudal  a  little  more  than  \  of  total  length  without  caudal.  Eye  longer 
♦han  Huout.     Pectoral  nearly  |  as  long  us  body  without  caudal. 

The  type  of  this  species,  about  7^  inches  in  length,  was  taken  from  a 
halibut's  stomach,  January  20,  1890,  by  the  schooner  Volar  Wave,  in 
11°  25'  N.  latitude,  53°  VI'  W.  longitude,  in  about  300  fathoms.  This 
species  may  possibly  prove  identical  with  A.  n'ujer.  The  limits  of  variation 
(if  the  fin  rays  in  this  genus  have  not  been  determined  for  lack  of  sutticient 
material.  The  specimen  has  17  anal  rays  and  numerous  gem-like  dots  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  body,  there  being  about  30  in  the  series  from  the 
symphysisof  the  mandible  to  the  ventral.  (Goode&  Bean.)  ((/«fm»Hrt,  bud 
or  gem;  /<to,  I  bear.) 

Aslroiietlhrs  ijcnimifer,  GoonB  &  ItKAN,  Orcttiiic  IcliUiyology,  105,  fig.  l'^4,  1895,  Grand  Banks. 
(Typo,  No.  24045.     Coll.  Sclir   Polar  Wave.) 

881.  Ai^TRONKSTHKS  Itll'HAKDSOM  (Poey). 
Head  4J;  depth  63  ;  eye  7.  D.  12  or  13;  A.  13  or  14.  Body  more  elon- 
gate than  in  A.  nhjer,  less  rapidly  tapering  backward  ;  barbel  much  longer 
than  head,  reaching  beyond  tip  of  pectorals;  dorsal  beginning  over  axil 
of  ventrals,  its  last  ray  in  advance  of  vent  and  far  in  advance  of  first 
of  anal;  pectorals  almost  reaching  ventrals;  lower  jaw  prominent;  eye 
small,  shorter  than  snout,  the  luminous  organ  below  it  as  long  as  pupil. 
Black,  with  the  usual  many  luminous  spots.  Deep  waters  of  West  Indies, 
Indian  and  Pacific  oceans.  (Liitken.)  (Named  for  Sir  John  Richardson 
the  discoverer  of  the  genus  Astroneathes.) 

ChiiiiU(i(luarichar(h<i}ii,  PoKY,  Metiiorias,  1,176,  1855,  Cuba,     (Coll.  Poey.) 

Attroneitliei  richardttmi,  OPntiier,  Cat.,  v,  425,  18(!4;  Lf'TKEN,  Spolia  Atluntiva,  ii,  5.5,  1892. 


"    i 


i     !: 


'■I 


1  ' 


Family  LXXIX.  STOMIATIDyE. 

Body  elongate,  tapering,  naked  or  covered  with  vory  thin  and  decidu- 
ous scales.  Head  oblong  ;  snout  short  and  rounded.  Eyes  large  and  far 
forward.  Opercular  apparatus  imperfectly  developed.  Mouth  enormous, 
with  deep  lateral  cleft;  lateral  margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  maxil- 
lary and  provided  with  teeth  along  the  edges  ;  teeth  usually  strong, 
unequal,  some  of  them  often  fang-like  or  barbed.  Gill  membranes  not 
joined,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  numerous  (12  to  17);  a 
long  barbel  at  throat.  No  pseudobranchia^  Dorsal  fin  short,  median  or 
posterior,  without  spines;  anal  free,  far  behind  and  small;  caudul  dis- 
tinct; pectorals  low  down  on  the  scapular  arch  and  narrow;  ventrals 
inserted  far  backward.  Stomach  ca^cal,  and  jiyloric  appendages  absent. 
Sides  with  phosphorescent  spots.  Skeleton  feebly  ossified.  Eggs  excluded 
through  oviducts.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  Deep  sea-fishes  of  extremely  vora- 
cious habits;  8  genera  and  about  20  species  known.  {StomiatUht',  part, 
Giinther,  Cat.,  v,  424,  1864.) 
Stomiatin.k: 


a.  Pectorals  present. 

h.  Body  covered  with  ftue  scales;  ventrals  very  fur  back. 


Stomias,  27!«. 


-*-:■  f- 


1    . 


I 


1 1 


■■■  I  '  t 


J 


)»y»tty*w<ipiM 


^WT^ 


!:i 


n 


\-i 


i 


588 


Jiulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


bb.  Uody  nnkod. 

c.  Pectui'iilH  with  ropuriitc  my;    voiiit'r  with  t<'ot)i;   tin'th  in  Juwh  Iodk,  dcproHHihli.; 
|ialatiu<>8  with  ti'oth.  KciliimTOMA,  '^.sii. 

rr.   I'lTtiiriilH  noriniil;  voiiicr  todthh'Hx;  (Idrxiil  itiid  uiiiil  Niriiilar  In  Hi/»  and  oppcmitc; 
tuctli  lant^-liko;  pigment  HpotHJn  pla>'(!  of  hitural  lino;  oyiiHn     II. 

GllAMM.'     'igTOHIAM,   2H|. 

Photon KCT I N.v. ; 
an,   I'i'i'IiiiiiIh  aliKcnl;  Ixid.v  naki'd;  ihirNal  inKcrli'd  liitliiiid  vi'nt. 


I'l 


i'niNK(!TKS,    'JK'2 


279.   STOMIAS,  Cnvior. 

SliimiuH,  (Ji  viKii,  Ki-Kn"  Animal,  Kd.  1,  1h|,  1817,  (^<>(i). 

Body  (sloiigate,  coiiipreHSfid,  covtiretl  with  exceedingly  fine,  decidii 
OUH  HcalcH^  which  are  Bcai-cely  imbricutod,  lying  in  Hiihhexagonal  dcpirN- 
sions  in  the  skin.  Head  cunipreHHcd,  the  Hnout  very  short  and  the  cleft 
of  the  mouth  extremely  large.  Mouth  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting. 
Teeth  pointed,  unequal,  those  of  the  preniaxillaries  and  mandible  very 
large;  maxillary  with  line  teeth  ;  vomer  with  a  pair  of  fangs  ;  palatines 
and  tongue  with  smaller  pointed  teeth.  Eye  moderate.  Opercnlar  por- 
tion of  the  head  short ;  a  large  lleahy  barbel  suspended  from  the  liyoid 
region.  Vent  far  back.  Dorsal  comparatively  long,  far  back,  opposito 
the  anal ;  pectorals  and  veutrals  rather  small  and  short,  the  latter  fiir 
back;  caudal  fin  moderate.  Lower  side  of  head,  body,  and  tail  witli 
series  of  luminous  spots.  Gill  openings  very  wide;  no  pyloric  cd'Cii. 
Singular  fishes  of  the  deep  sea;  3specics  now  known,  {stomiaa,  "  mouthy," 
froni  ard/xcc,  mouth.) 

n.  lU'ad  10  timeH  iu  length  of  liody;  vcntra'.M  not  ]irodufOil.  FKliox,  SK'2. 

(in.  Hoad  8  times  in  length  of  binly;  v«ntnils  much  prodiiccd.  akfinin,  8s:t. 

S.S2.^ST0.MIAS  KKIIOX,  Iteinhardt. 

Head  10 ;  depth  12.  D.  17 ;  A.  21  ;  P.  0 ;  V.  <).  Barbel  longer  than  hoiid, 
tapering  and  not  fringed  at  tip.  Pectorals  and  veutrals  not  produced: 
caudal  rounded.  Color  black.  ((Jiinther.)  Greenland  and  southward ; 
abundant  in  deep  waters  of  the  Gulf  Stream  from  Bahama  Channel  to  the 
Grand  Banks  in  500  to  GOO  fathoms,     (fcrox,  ferocious.) 

Stomias  fero.r,  Heiniiaudt,  VidcnKk.  Selsk.  Naturv.,  etc.,  x,  77,  1842,  Greenland;  Gi  ntiiei!. 
Oat.,  V,  420,  1804;  >Toiil>.\N  &  Gilhf.rt,  Synoi)sii<,  280,  1883;  Goodk  AHean,  Oceanic  lihtliv- 
ology,  l(t7,  18115. 

HS».  STO.WIAS  AFFINIS,  (Jilnther. 

Head  S;  depth  12.  D.  17;  A.  20.  Scaleless,  but  the  hexagonal  divJH- 
ions  of  the  skin  distinct.  Teeth  fixed.  Barbel  about  as  long  as  head, 
ending  in  3  filaments;  end  of  stem  of  barbel  white,  probably  luniinoiiN. 
and  with  a  black  pigment  spot.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  narrow  iind 
elongate,  the  ventrals  ending  in  a  iilanient  reaching  beyond  front  of  anal ; 
anal  higher  than  dorsal.  Each  of  the  abdominal  Kcries  of  photopliorcH 
with  43  spots  between  pectoral  and  ventral ;  0  between  ventrals  and  anal, 
and  15  or  16  between  front  of  anal  and  caudal  ;  a  parallel  series  rniiH 
below,  and  a  third  above  middle  of  side  of  body.  Fins  white;  dorsal, 
anal,  and  ventral  with  black  margins.  One  specimen  taken  south  "f 
Sombrero  Islands,  in  450  fathoms.  (Giinther.)  {affinin,  related.) 
Stomias  ({finis,  GrxTiiKii,  Dee|)-S»«  Fishes,  Ohalleugor,  xxu,  205,  jil.  liv,  fig.  A,  1887,  Sombrero 
Islands,  West  Indies. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


589 


280.  ECHIOSTOMA,  Low«. 

IHiimiimii,  Ijiiwr,,  I'nx;.  Zoiil.  8of.  I,oinl.,  XM'A,  87,  {Imrhalum). 
Uill„rclwruitiiii,  (Jll.l.,  Proi-.  IT,  8.  Nat.  Mils.,  1H8I,  2.1t!,  {luniiiTi). 

Hotly  ulon^ute,  comproHBcd,  HcalttloHH.  Head  nitlier  coinpreHHed,  the 
Hiioiit  Hhort  and  the  cleft  uf  the  inuiith  very  wide.  Teeth  pointed,  more 
or  loHM  une(|ual,  those  of  the  preniaxilhiry  and  the  front  of  the  lower  Jaw 
hi'iufi  lenient;  niaxiUary  teeth  in  a  ningle  HetieH,  those  of  tiie  lower  g 
l)ein<;  Hniall ;  teeth  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  niandihle  in  double  or  triple 
Ne^ie^4;  vomer  with  a  pair  of  fan^H ;  palatincM  with  u  Hin^rhtHerieH  (»f  Hinall 
[jointed  teeth,  two  )^rt>upH  of  similar  teeth  on  the  ton<;ne.  Eye  of  mod- 
erate si/e.  Opercular  portion  of  the  head  very  narrow  and  llexihie;  a 
lleshy  barbel  on  the  center  of  the  hyoid  region.  Dorsal  fin  far  back, 
opposite  anal;  eatidal  forked;  vent  not  far  in  advance  of  caudal  tin; 
[tectorals  and  ventrals  feeble,  the  latter  behind  the  middle  of  the  luxly. 
Series  of  luminous  spots  along  the  l')wer  side  of  the  head,  body,  and  tail, 
tlie  largest  luminous  organ  phired  behind  eye  along  maxillary,  longer  than 
eye;  a  snuiller  eye-like  one,  in  suture  between  opercle  and  interopercle. 
(!ill  openings  very  wide.  Gill  rakers  minute.  N(»  jtseudobrauchia)  nor 
air  Idadder.     Atlantic.     (f,v";,  a  viper ;  (rrd/zK,  mouth.) 

II.  Aiiitl  ni,vH  Ifi  t(i  IS  ;  ti'i'th  of  jiiwH  liirKu,  iincqiial.  riARiiATl'H,  HK4. 

nil.  Anitl  ni)'H  24;  tucth  of  juWH  Hinall,  Hubui|iml.  maboabita,  886. 

KN4.  Kt'llIONTOMA  KARHATITltl,  Lowo. 

Head  6 ;  depth  !>.  B.12;  D.12tol5;  A.16tol8;  P.3to5;V.8.  Barbel 
us  long  as  head,  fringed  at  its  tip.  Upper  ray  of  pectoral  produced  in  a 
long  and  slender  iilament  reaching  nearly  to  the  root  of  the  ventrals  ; 
ventrals  narrow,  elongate.  Color  black,  with  elongate,  club-shaped, 
iiiMiinous  spot  between  the  maxillary  and  the  eye,  rose-colored  in  life. 
Length  ',)  inches.  Deep  waters  otf  Madeira ;  also  t^ken  off  Gloucester, 
MaHsaohusetts,  and  southward  in  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  Old  Bahama 
Channel,     (harhatuti,  bearded.) 

EcUiiiflima  hiirhaluiii,  Lowe,  Proc.  /.oiil.  8or,  Loud.,  1843.  88,  Madeira  ;  GONTllEn,  Cat.,  v,  427, 

ISCI;  (iooDK  it  Bean,  Hull.  Essex  Inst.,  ]87!i,   2:1  j  .Ioiihan  &  (Jilhkht,  Synoiwis,  287,  188:i; 

(U'NTHEii,  T)ot'i)-S('»  FishtH,  Clialluiigcr,  20(i,  1887. 
Iliiiinrhorintus  Inimeri,  Gii.i,,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  188;i,  2.')t),  Gulf  Stream,  at  Albatross 

Station  2083,  at  40°  26' 40"  N.,  60"  58' W.,  in  956  fathoms.     (T.viiu,  No.  33444.     Coll. 

AlbatrobB.) 

8S5.  ECHIOSTOHA  MAIiGARITA,  Goodo  &  nenu. 

Head  H;  depth  8;  eye  8.  D.  18;  A.  24;  V.  7.  A  stout  barbel  behind 
fioin  the  tip  of  the  lower  jaw,  somewhat  more  than  i  length  of 
lioad;  at  the  extremity,  this  barbel  is  divided  into  6  fringes,  one  of 
which  is  whitish;  a  whitish  band  on  the  barbel  near  the  root  of  the 
fringes.  About  31  teeth  on  each  side  of  upper  jaw  and  36  on  each  side  of 
iiiiindiblo;  none  of  the  teeth  in  the  jaws  being  enlarged;  vomer  with  a 
pair  of  depressible  fangs  on  right  side  and  a  single  one  on  the  left ;  five 
(Icpressible  teeth  on  each  palatine;  lingual  teeth  in  about  4 rows.  Length 
<>{  upper  jaw  J  length  of  head.  Mandible  nearly  as  long  as  iiead.  Eye 
ei^ual  to  snout  and  I  as  long  as  upper  jaw.     Mandible  projecting  beyond 


{  :;! 


!  . 


!    I 


;      1     j^ 


'  "'pr^" 


590 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  AfiiMum. 


■Ji; 


upper  jaw  when  the  mouth  Ih  ch)aed,a  diHtuuoe  equal  to  \  the  eye.  Nub- 
trilH  about  midway  between  eye  unil  tip  of  unout.  (jiill  laminae  all  w«'ll 
developed,  increaHing  in  si/.e  backward,  not  entirely  concealed  by  the 
opercular  bones.  Gill  rakorH  minute  H(;atterod  Hpines.  Distance  of  vent 
from  baHo  of  caudal  (^  times  in  the  total  length ;  anal  beginning 
immediately  behind  vent  and  extending  nearly  to  base  of  tail ;  dormil 
immediately  over  anal ;  the  sixth  and  longest  ray  of  ventral  f,  length  of 
head  ;  pectorals  of  both  sides  have  been  torn  otf  in  the  type.  Two  rowH 
of  minute  photophores  similar  to  those  in  K.  hurhalum  and  similarly  situa- 
ted. Pearl-colored  spot  above  the  maxilla,  beginning  at  the  hind  margin 
of  the  eye  ;  its  length  about  f  that  of  tUe  eye.  Color  very  dark,  insido 
of  the  mouth  black.  Middle  of  thodlulf  of  Mexico  in  420  fathoms.  Tlxt 
single  type  is  in  bad  condition.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  species  in 
distinct  from  EchioHloma  hurlxilum,  as  it  has  very  small  subequal  teeth. 
Length  13J  inches.     (Goo<le  <fe  Hean.)    (//(i/j)«/«'r;/(,  pearl.) 

Echtontiima  mnrgaritii,  QooDE  &  Bean,  Oouanic  Ichtliy<ilui;y,  lO'J,  Ak.  l^tl,  18US,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
(Tyi«,  No.  39292.     Coll.  AlbatrosH.) 


281.  GRAMMATOSTOMIAS,  Goode  At  Uean. 

OramnwIoiUnmM,  ttooDB  k  Df.an,  Oct^iinlc  Iclitliyology,  lid,  189.),  ((leiituliis). 

Similar  in  general  appearance  to  Echiostoma.  Head  short,  compressed. 
Body  compressed,  moderately  elongate.  Dorsal  and  anal  with  numerous 
rays,  placed  opposite  each  other  and  close  to  the  root  of  the  caudal ; 
veutrals  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  body,  at  a  great  distance  from 
the  vent;  pectorals  placed  near  the  abdominal  outline,  consisting  of  u 
short  filament  very  slightly  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  fin,  and 
several  rays  connected  by  a  membrane.  Two  rows  of  minute  phosphor- 
escent spots  on  the  body  similar  to  those  in  EcliioHtoma.  A  very  long  and 
slender  hyoid  barbel.  Mandibular  teeth  very  unequal  in  size,  compara- 
tively fev,'  in  number,  arranged  in  2  rows,  an  outer  row  of  fixed  teeth 
and  an  inner  row  of  depressible  ones;  the  first  pair,  near  tip  of  mandi- 
ble, very  greatly  enlarged  and  passing  outside  of  the  upper  jaw  when  the 
mouth  is  closed.  Premaxillary  teeth  uniserial  or  nearly  so,  the  edge  of 
the  bone  posteriorly  with  minute  cirri;  a  pair  of  small,  fixed,  curved 
fangs  in  front,  followed  by  a  pair  of  larger  movable  ones;  vomer  tooth- 
less;  palatines  with  several  Aveak  teeth;  no  lingual  teeth.  Upper 
pharyngeals  present.  A  pearl-colored  spot  on  cheek,  similar  to  that  in 
Ech'iostoma.  Four  gills,  a  short,  narrow  slit  behind  the  fourth;  gill 
rakers  not  numerous,  short,  spine-like;  gill  laminie  increasing  in  si/c 
backward.  A  series  of  pigment  cells  along  the  median  line  of  the  body, 
so  arranged  as  to  simulate  a  lateral  line.  Eye  small,  caudal  lobes  appar- 
ently unequal-  Skin  naked,  its  whole  surface  sprinkled  with  minute 
raised  pigment  spots,  each  with  a  light  center,     (yiui/n/^tn,  a  line  ;  Stomias.) 


i    ' .  < 


886.  <1KAMMAH>ST0MI.\S  UKMATUS,  Gooilo  &.  Itean. 

Depth  7;  eye  5,  as  long  as  snout.  D.  20;  A.  24 ;  "V.  7;  P.  l-|-3;  C.  17. 
Upper  jaw  long  and  slender,  its  length  G^  times  in  the  total ;  length  of 
mandible    5|    times    in    the    total ;    nostrils    a   little  nearer  eye  than 


Jordan  and  Kvertnatm. — Fishes  of  N^orth  America. 


591 


to  tip  uf  snout;  maxillary  and  preinaxillary  cluHuly  welded,  their  separa- 
tion marked  by  a  changing  in  the  character  of  the  teeth,  those  on  the 
iiiiivillury  being  minute  cirri.  The  large  fuiign  in  the  tip  of  the  luuiidiblo  <f 
length  of  upper  juw ;  hyoid  barbel  placed  at  a  diHtance  from  the  syni- 
)ili-'uitt  of  the  mandible,  which  is  about  eiptal  to  the  enlarged  fangH  of  the 
nuindible,  or  \,  length  of  mandible ;  length  of  the  barbel  nearly  j^  of  total ; 
pectoral  close  behind  the  head  and  near  v<«ntral  outline,  its  (iriHt  ray  diH- 
ti net  from  the  other  three,  although  placed  dose  to  tht^m,  and  not  ))ro- 
«liiced;  length  of  the  pectoral  4  in  head  ;  ventrals  in  atlvance  of  mid«lle 
ol  body,  their  distance  from  origin  of  pectorals  i^  as  great  as  from  caudal 
liiiMc,  their  longest  ray  nearly  equal  to  greatest  height  of  body  ;  distance 
of  dorsal  origin  from  caudal  base  5^  in  total  length  ;  longest  dorsal  ray 
in  middle  of  fin,  half  as  long  as  longest  of  ventral;  base  of  anal  slightly 
longer  than  that  of  dorsal,  its  longest  ray  about  \  as  long  as  the  longest 
(loisal  ray  ;  caudal  lobes  in  typo  nnecpial,  the  lower  one  being  much 
longer  than  the  upper  (perhaps  result  of  accident.)  Two  rows  of  lumi- 
nons  spots,  one  close  to  the  ventral  outline,  which  becomes  obsolete 
l)ofure  it  reaches  the  origin  of  the  anal,  and  another  in  the  lower  third 
of  height  of  body,  which  becomes  indistinct  about  the  middle  of  total 
l(uigtli ;  14  of  these  spots  between  pectoral  and  ventral  in  the  lower 
NerieH  and  11  in  upper  series.  One  specimen,  6^  inches  long,  taken  by  the 
AlhairoHH  at  station  2565,  N.  latitude  38°  19'  20' ^  W.  longitude  Uy°  02' 
W ,  from  2069  fathoms.     (Goode  tfe  Bean.)     {dentatim,  toothed.) 

'■iiMiii/Ki/iWomiiM    <ltinttUu»,   Goodk    fc    Hean,   Oceanic    Ichthyology,    ll<>,   llg.    l:t3,   1895,    Qulf 
Stream.     (Type,  No.  :i7370.     Coll.  AlbiitroBS.) 

282.  PHOTONECTES,  Giinther. 

I.iii-iffi;  DiiPERLElN,  Wlogiii.  Arcliiv.  f.  Natnri;e8chich.,  1882,  2G,  {albipinnu),  (name  iireoccupied  In 

CruHtacoa). 
I'hotunciicH,  GCnther,  Challenger  lloport,  xxii,  212,  1887,  (albipiniii*). 

ISody  compressed,  rather  long,  scaleless;  vent  fur  behind  the  middle  of 
tlio  length.  Head  compressed,  with  short  snout  and  exceedingly  w  ide 
mouth.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  small,  une(iual  in  size,  in  single  series;  vomer 
and  palatine  with  a  small  group  of  teeth  on  each  side.  Eye  small. 
Opercular  portion  of  the  head  very  narrow.  A  long  hyoid  barbel.  The 
dorsal  lin  opposite  the  anal,  which  commences  behind  the  vent  ;  i)ec- 
torals  none;  ventrals  inserted  behind  the  middle  of  the  length.  A 
Hnuill  suborbital  phosphorescent  organ,  and  2  series  of  luminous  dots 
along  the  lower  part  of  the  sides,  with  numerou.s  rudimentary  similar 
organs  scattered  over  the  skin  of  the  body.  (^iV;,  light;  vi/KTrn, 
swimmer.) 

887.  PIIOTONKCTES  (iltACILIK,  Goodo  A  IJean. 

Head  8^ ;  depth  15^ ;  eye  4.  D.  18 ;  A.  21 ;  V.  7.  Much  more  slender 
than  the  Japanese  species,  P.  alhiplnnin.  Type  in  very  poor  condition. 
Ilyold  barbel  remarkably  short  and  probably  imperfect.  Fins  incomplete, 
and  the  luminous  dots  along  the  sides  so  indistinct  as  to  bo  made  out 
only  with  great  difficulty.  The  greatest  depth  of  the  head  equal  to  length 
of  its  postorbital  portion  ;  snout  very  short,  nearly  half  eye.    Below  and 


1'! 


iiHi 


:^ 


I1tt«')|('||"WW 


S 


) 


Ollli 


Hullt'tiii  ^7,  Lhiiti'ii  States  National  M tueuin. 


behind  tlio  oyo  th«r«s  ih  a  luniinoiiH  hotly,  wli'icli  Ih  luturly  uh  luu^  un  iIm' 
uyo  uiul  Hutiunvhut  chih-Hhii|K>(l ;  at  margin  of  oiMUciihiiii  i\wxyi  ih  u  Niiiall, 
ruuiidiHh,  hiiniiioiiH  tlot.  Maxillary  a  vtuy  tliin  ami  narrow  hono,  oxtoiid- 
in^  backward  aInioNt  to  the  und  of  tho  head,  vt^ry  NJi^htly  curvod  aiul 
forniin)r  a  very  obtiiHu  angle  with  the  Hliort  proniaxillary  ;  iiiaiidilile  '  "iv 
HtroiiKly  curved  upward,  like  a  hUmI  runner,  itH  leii;;th  twice  i;r*>iiti'st 
height  of  bo«ly.  Koth  JawM  armed  with  inimerouH  line  teeth  of  uiici|iiiil 
Hi/e;  only  ^t  remain  on  each  Hide  of  the  premaxillary  ;  maxillary  wiili  I'o 
true  teeth  un  itH  anterior  half,  the  pontiMior  half  with  about  lU  serni' ; 
about  !ir>  teeth  on  each  Hide  of  nnindible;  all  the  teeth  of  jawH  rake  inw  anl 
and  backward,  and  are  deprenHible;  It  teeth  on  each  Hide  of  the  hcail  oT 
the  vomer,  incroatting  in  Hi/e  backward  ;  a  pair  of  teeth  on  each  paiiitiin-; 
1  fang  near  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  3  farther  back,  (iill  lamiiiir  nni 
well  covered  by  the  operculum;  gill  rakerH  very  few,  minute  and  Hpint 
like;  gill  opening  very  wide,  the  membrane  cleft  almoHt  down  to  <)ri;;iii 
of  hyoid  barbel.  No  ])Hen(hibranchiie.  llyoid  barbel  Hituated  nearly 
under  tip  of  tongue,  evi«lently  imperfect,  itH  lengtl"  Kcarcely  \  that  of  eye 
Longent  dorHal  ray  a  little  longer  than  eye ;  anal  beginning  immedialelv 
under  the  dorual,  itn  bane  nlightly  longer  than  that  of  dorHal,  itu  ra.vH 
about  as  bnig  uh  thoHe  of  dornal ;  dintance  of  ventral  from  tip  of 
Buout  a  little  more  than  J  body;  origin  of  ventral  very  slightly  ncsart-r 
root  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout;  pectoral  wanting.  Color  very  dark; 
a  row  of  luminous  dots  along  margin  of  brauchiostegal  membrane; 
two  rows  beginning  on  the  isthmus  and  extending  back  along  edge  of 
belly,  i)assing  between  ventrals  and  slightly  above  base  of  anal,  dihap- 
pearing  rear  end  of  body;  another  row  higher  up  on  side,  which  can 
not  bo  traced  back  farther  than  the  ventral,  on  account  of  the  liad  cmi- 
dition  of  the  specimen.  Only  the  type  known.  Length  7  incheu.  (.(ioodn 
&.  Bean.)     ((jracUiii,  slender.) 

PhotoiivilfH  ijmvilis,  (Joodk  A  Ukan,  Oreaiiio  Ichthyology,  112,  flg.  137,  1805,  off  Martinique,  at 
Blake  Station  XL,  in  47a  fathoms.    ((n*ll.  iStr.  Illakc) 

Family  LXXX.  MALACOSTEIDJE. 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  scaleless.  Mouth  immense.  Snout  very 
short.  Cleft  of  the  month  exceedingly  wide,  the  ends  of  the  Jaws  extend- 
ing beyond  the  root  of  the  pectorals,  and  the  jaws  not  connected  with 
the  sides  of  the  head  back  of  the  orbit.  Tail  diphy cereal.  Lateral  mar- 
gins of  the  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  premaxillaries  only.  No  adipose  tin  ; 
pectorals  rudimentary.  No  barbel,  but  a  strap-shaped  elastic  baud  con- 
necting the  symphysis  of  lower  jaw  with  the  isthmus.  (Goode  A  Heaii.) 
Deep  sea.  Two  species  known ;  among  the  most  remarkable  known 
forms. 

283.  MALACOSTEUS,  Ayres. 

Malncfisteiii:,  Atres,  .Tourn.  Uost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  184"J,  f):t,  (fiujvr). 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  scaleless,  deepest  at  the  head  and  tapering 
backward.  Head  rather  compressed,  the  snont  extremely  short;  jaw 
bones  and  preopercles  greatly  prolonged,  forming  an  enormous  gaiif, 
extending  to  behind  the  root  of  the  pectorult)  and  large  enough  to  permit 


Jordan  and  F.x<erm(tun.      /' is/if s  of  North  America. 


51)3 


tlici  H\vall«)winj?«f  I'lNliriH  much  larjjer  timn  itself.  'IVeth  pointtnl,  iui«>qtial, 
in  hiiikI*) '^t^i >*'"**»  l>**'l>  .i<^^'^ '^ixl ''*"K<'(^'t  ixiiio  on  the  pulato.  Kyt^Nory 
lai'Kt',  al  vury  ti|»  of  tlut  blunt  hiiouI,  witli  two  liiinitioiiH  oi^auH  litilow  it, 
\\w  anttu'ior  lur^^cr  ami  |i(*ar-Hha|>tMl,  witli  tho  nttirow  «mhI  forwatil ;  HidoH 
with  liiiiiinonH  Hpotn.  ilyoid  l)arl)«ii  wanting',  u  cyliiHliical  nuim'iilar 
liaiitl  in  itH  place  connuctin^  tlm  Hynipliy«iH  of  tlio  very  tiiiii  lower  jaw 
with  thu  front  of  the  liyoid  Itonu.  TliiH  is  probaltly  contractile,  "Herving 
Id  ^ivo  the  extruniity  of  the  mandible  power  of  rt!Hifitance  when  the  iUh 
lias  Ht^i/ed  its  prey,  uh  without  nucIi  a  contrivance  h<i  lon((  and  Hlender  a 
hone  would  yield  to  the  force  of  the  Htrun^;ling  victim."  *  Thin  HtrucMire 
in  unique  ainonj;  tlHhes,  No  ^ill  rakerN.  Twu  Hpovieu  known,  in  thu  <l«!ep 
Hcas.     (/iu/<««6i;,  Boft ;  offrioj/,  bone.) 

NHS.  MAIiACOKTKlIS  NIOKK,  AyroF. 

Head  ;{ji;  depth,  T)  A.  D.  lit;  A.  20;  P.  .''>;y.r).  Lower  jaw  with  unequal 
<'!iniMCH,  four  of  them  fan^-like  and  louf^er  than  the  otherH.  Pectoral 
:;iyH  tilamentouH.  VentralH  filamentouH,  iniierted  midway  between  bauo 
of  caudal  and  posterior  luminouH  or^an.  Black,  except  the  lumitious 
N])()t.s.  (<ii\nther.)  Open  sea,  in  very  deep  water ;  rare.  Known  from 
llie  <iulf  Stream  and  southward  to  Jiarbadoes.  (ith/cr,  itlack.) 
M„l,ir<'iiiei'A  «i</«),  Ayrkh,  Jouni.  noHt.  8i)c.  Nat.  HlHt.,  )«»!»,  na,  Gulf  Stream,  42"  N.  riO"  W.; 
(lI'MHF.ii,  I'lif.,  V,  42H,  1804;  Johhan  A  Oii.iikkt,  HynopHiH,  iiH7,  I8KI;  (iCMiiiKii,  Dei'p-.Si'H 
FihIioh  ClliiilliMiKiT,  xxii,  JM,  18H7;  (JimuK  A  Ukan,  dcomiii'  IchtliyoloKy,  114,  18'J5. 

Family  LXXXI.  ALEPISAUKID^E. 

(TnK  Lanckt  Fibhks.) 

Body  elon|;ato,  rather  compressed,  scaleless.  Head  compressed,  with 
the  snout  nuich  produced,  and  with  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  very  wide. 
I'reniaxillaries  very  long  and  very  slender,  forming  the  entire  margin  of 
tiio  upper  jaw,  not  protractile;  maxillary  thin,  needle-like,  as  long  as 
the  premaxillary,  immovable,  provided  with  a  small  supplementary  bone. 
Teeth  very  unequal,  immovable,  and  subject  to  numy  variations  in  the 
name  species  ;  a  scries  of  small  teeth  the  entire  lengthof  the  premaxillary, 
tiioHc  in  front  sometimes  larger  and  curved;  palatine  teeth  compressed, 
triiiugular,  pointed,  two  or  three  of  the  anterior  ones  exceedingly  long 
iiiiil  strong,  fang-like,  the  posterior  ones  moderate;  teeth  of  the  lower 
Jaw  similar  to  those  on  the  palatines,  one  pair  in  front  and  two  or  three 
pairs  in  the  middle  being  much  enlarged;  no  teeth  on  the  tongue.  Eye 
large.  Gill  ojienings  very  wide;  the  gill  membranes  not  united,  free 
from  the  isthmus  ;  gill  rakers  stitf,  shortish,  spine-like,  liranchiostegals 
mostly  7.  Pseudobrancliiai  large.  Opercular  bones  thin,  membranaceous. 
Dorsal  fin  very  long  and  high,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  of  the  back, 
of  more  than  40  rays,  which  are  slender  and  simple,  all  of  them  depressible 
into  a  deep  groove,  the  fin  invisible  when  depressed;  ventral  fins  abdom- 
inal, nearly  median,  of  9  to  13  rays,  the  first  ray  simple,  spine-like; 
adipose  fin  present,  moderate;  anal  fin  moderate;  caudal  fin  forked.    Air 

*Si(!Gunther,  Deep-Sea  Fishes,  Challenger,  xxii,  212,1887,  for  a  full  account  of  thogtrueturo 
uf  this  roinarkablo  type  uf  flshes. 
K.  N.  A. 39 


If  wi' 


i  ( 


I 


.^^v^ 


5^  ""^^  ^\^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


4^ 


LO 

l^|2£    125 

■u  lii    12.2 

^   U£    12.0 

l^s 

i 

I.I 
(1.25 

-* 6'     

^ 

'^ 


'A 


^"^ 
"t 


/. 


w 


Sciences 
Corporation 


^^^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^^^l^^^T 


^ 
} 


h 


' 


■:r: 


594 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


bladder  iiouo.  Vertebrir  about  50.  A  system  of  abdominal  ribs  synimet- 
ricaliy  arranged  along  tlio  wbolo  lengtli  of  abdomen  to  front  of  anal  I'm. 
Large  fishes  of  tlie  deep  seas,  found  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  Species 
about  10,  usually  reforiwl  to  1  genus.  Every  part  of  the  body  is  so  fragile, 
that  it  is  extremely  diflicult  to  procure  specimens.  The  structure  of  tin 
dorsal  fin  is  so  delicate  that  it  must  be  liable  to  injury  even  in  the  watci : 
the  bones  are  very  feebly  ossified,  and  the  fibrous  lignnients  connecting  t  lie 
vertebrji)  are  very  loose  and  extensible,  so  that  the  body  nuiy  becon«itlf!i 
ably  stretched.  "This  loose  connection  of  the  single  parts  of  the  body 
is  found  in  numerous  deep-sea  fishes,  and  is  merely  the  con8e»iuence  dl' 
their  withdrawal  from  the  pressure  of  the  water  to  which  they  are  expowd 
in  the  depths  inhabited  by  them.  When  within  the  limits  of  their  natunil 
haunts  the  osseous,  muscular,  and  fibrous  parts  of  the  body  will  Inivo 
that  solidity  which  is  required  for  the  rapid  and  powerful  movement.s  of 
a  predatory  fish.  That  fishes  cf  this  genus  (Alejiinaiiriiii)  belong  totlur 
most  ferocious  of  the  class  is  proved  by  their  dentition  and  the  contents 
of  their  stomach,  but  it  is  worthy  of  notice  that  although  the  mouth  i.s 
so  deeply  clefi,  the  lower  jaw  can  not  bo  moved  from  the  uj^ier  at  ii 
greater  angle  than  about  40°."  These  fishes  have  never  been  taken  in  tlie 
deep-sea  dredge  or  trawl.  Most  of  the  specimens  known  have  been  cast 
up  by  storms  or  else  taken  on  deep-sea  lines.  (Gunther.)  {ScojHlido, 
group  Ah'pidonuurina,  Giinther,  Cat.,  v,  420-423,  1864.) 


r  i 


284.  ALEPISAURUS,  Lowe. 
(Lancet  Fishes.) 

Plagynibis*  (Stellkr  MS.)  Pai.j.as,  Zoogr.   lloBs.-Asiat.,   ill,  ;W3,  l^ll,   (nnnliinoiiiial),  (,psi-i//.i. 

pms,  110  tipecifn;  nuiiif.) 
Alepimtitni/i,  Lowe,  Troc.  !(.oiil.  Soc.  London,  1833,  104,  (ferox). 
Caulojms,  G11.1,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  l8iV2,  128,  (uUircUn). 
Phiijiiniliis,  Gr.NTiiKit,  Ann.  Blag.  Nat.  Hist.,  18fi7;  after  Pallas. 
Alepiilosaiirm,  (correctoU  orthograpliy). 

Characters  of  genus  included  above,  (a,  privative;  /ifxr/V;  aavi)or,Saurtis.) 

Alepisauuvs  : 
u.  A'ontral  fins  rather  small,  of  8  to  10  rays;  dorsal  rays  39  to  44. 

ft.  FirHt  ray  of  ventral  serrated;  pectorals  eloufrale;  doi>al  rays  31  to  44.  kekox, 

6ft.  First  ray  of  ventral  not  serrated;  pectorals  abont  IJ-  in  head;  dorsal  rays  'M'>  to  3ii. 

-T-'.sci'LArn  s, 
Cauloits  ((fauAds,  stem;  jrous,  foot,  the  ventral  of  many  rays): 

aa.  Ventral  fins  rather  large,  of  about  13  rays. 

c.  I^orsal  rays 40,  the  fin  high;  ventials  shorter  than  head.  ALTIvet.is, 

cc.  Dorsal  rays  about  34;  ventrals  as  long  as  head.  duke.u.is, 

d.  Palatine  teeth  veil  feparateci;  lower  half  of  Bubopcrcle  with  coarse,  radiating-  st 

only  2  or  3  ridges  parallel  with  the  posterior  edge  of  the  bone  present. 
dd.  Palatine  teeth  close-set;  lower  half  of  snbopcrclo  for  the  most  part  with  stri:e 
allel  with  the  posterior  edge  of  the  bone.  sehiia, 


san. 


M«). 


-111. 


par- 

,s;):i. 


*  The  name  I'lagyodm  has  l)een  lately  acc(  pted  by  Dr.  Giinther  for  this  genus.  A  specinu  ii  nf 
one  of  the  I'acific  species  was  obtained  l>y  Steller  from  the  Kwrile  Islands,  and  a  brief  deBcri|itiiin 
of  it,  under  \>icname  of  iV(((/;/(>(/ii.f,  lelt  by  him  in  manuscript,  was  afterwards  quoted  by  Pallas,  ^i-ii 
species  iinkiijwn  to  him.  Steller  wrote  before  Liniiii'us,  and  .ipparently  used  the  name  I'liKjifdus 
M  a  monouomial  designation  for  his  particular  sp<>cimeii  or  species,  rather  them  in  the  sense  via 
Liauwan  genua.     It  seems  to  us,  at  present,  best  to  rctuiii  the  uamo  Alepisaurm. 


S80. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


595 


Subgenus  ALEPISAURUS. 

889.'  ALEPISAUBl'S  KKROX,  Luwo. 
(Lancet  Fish.) 

Eyo  6  ill  head.  D.  41  to  44:  A.  14  to  17;  P.  14  or  15;  V.  9  or  10. 
Lengtl;  of  head  twice  height  ot'hody,  and  rather  leHs  than  ,■;  of  the  total. 
Eye  median,  as  wide  as  tl»o  intarorbital  space.  .  Dorsal  lin  much 
elevated;  pectorals  elongated,  but  not  reaching  i.early  to  ventrals;  first 
ray  of  dorsal,  pectoral,  and  ventral  serrated  ;  upper  caudal  lobe  produced 
into  a  long  filament.  (Giinther.)  Deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic;  occa- 
sionally obtained  off  the  coasts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Massachusetts,  and  the 
Grand  Banks,     (ferox,  ferocious.) 

Alepisaunm  ffr<ix,  Lowe,  Truns.  /oiil.  Soc.  Tond.,  I,  18;t3,  ;iy5,  Madeira;  GCntiieb,  Cut.,  v,  421, 

1804;  Jordan  .t  (!ilbeiit,  SynopsiB,  '27('i,  1883. 
Alfpinauriis  azureiti,  CuviEH  <fc  Valenciennes,  Illst.  Nat.  Poiss.,  x.xil,  630,  1849,  Canaries. 

890.  AliEPlSAUBlX  .KSCIILAPIL'S*  (Bean). 

(SUIIATKA  ;   WOLK-FIS!!.) 

Head  6;  depth  lOi;  eye  5.  D.  39;  A.  16;  P.  13;  V.  8;  B.  7.  Vertebne 
DO.  Body  stouter  posteriorly  than  iu  A.firox;  snout  twice  as  long  as 
oye  ;  preniaxillary  1^^  in  head,  extending  behind  the  eye  a  distance  equal 
to -J^  eye.  Meiian  line  wilh  a  well-marked  tleshy  keel  from  before  ven- 
trals t  caudal.  Longest  dorsal  ray  6  in  body,  |V  longer  than  head,  its 
anterior  edge  finely  t^.srraiad  (dorsal  rays  not  perfect  in  type  specimen). 
Insertion  of  dorsal  over  gill  opening  and  base  of  pectoral  ;  pectoral  about 
;l^  shortor  than  head  ;  ventral  2i  iu  head,  its  first  ray  smooth.  Dark 
gray,  sides  silvery  and  iridescent,  a  row  of  small  translucent  spots  on 
each  sido  of  lateral  line  and  keel ;  dorsal  black,  with  steel-blue  reflections ; 
adipose  fin,  pectorals,  and  caudal  black;  ventrals  and  anal  silver-gray. 
Coast  of  Alaska,  and  southward  to  California,  in  deep  water,  occa- 
sionally running  on  shore.  (Bean.)  The  type  specimen,  speared  at 
Unalaska,  by  Robert  King,  had  in  its  stomach  21  individuals  of  Eumicro- 
tirmiis  spino8un.  It  was  probably  driven  ashore  by  the  tortures  of  a 
parasite  (Tetrarhynchita)  found  in  its  flesh.     Length  over  3  feet.     Another 


*  A  fine  siieolmen  of  this  Bpeoios,  four  feet  in  length,  cnnio  iihIidi-c  on  tlio  c-ast  of  Sun  LniH 
Oliisi.o  (Jonnt.v,  California,  in  October,  1804,  and  was  sent  to  tlio  Muscnni  of  the  California 
Academy  of  Sciences  l)y  Mr.  W.  1'.  Stovenh. 

Dorsal  rays  38;  ventral  rays  9.  Verteljr:e  abont  35  ,- 20 ^r.'i.'j,  tlio  number  not  exactly  counted. 
Longest  dorsal  ray  1%  in  head;  jx  cloral  fins  about  2;  ventral  fins  2-;^  in  head.  Opercle  as  in 
the  Eureka  Bpecimei.,  with  fatrongly  marked  radiating  ridges.  Suboperclo  with  similar  ridges,  the 
uppermost  and  strongest  running  to  tliu  upper  posterior  corner  of  ♦ho  lione,  tlio  few  almve  it  siiort 
and  soon  running  out  in  tho  upper  edge  (.f  the  bono.  Lower  jaw  strongly  striated.  Shoulder 
trinllo  rugose.  Gill  rakern  sliort,  few,  and  small;  strongly  toothed,  "seudobranchiie  well 
ilcvelopeil.  Eye  2\'^  in  snout.  Upper  jaw  with  a  series  of  very  small  teeth  along  its  entire  edge. 
Vomer  witli  tlu'ee  enormous,  dagger-like  canines,  arrnnged  iu  a  triangle,  the  median  one  in 
iulvance;  three  canines  on  palatines  on  each  sido,  turned  a  little  l)ackward;  8  small  compressed 
ret rorse  teeth  behind  them.  Lower  .jaw  with  two  large  canines  in  front  on  each  side;  nine 
snmll  ones  behind  these;  then  5  largo  compressed  canines,  smaller  tlian  tlio^e  iu  front,  which 
in  turn  are  smaller  than  tliose  on  {Hilatines,  which  are  smaller  than  those  on  viuiK^r.  liehind 
these  5  canines  are  15  smaller  teeth,  compressed,  retrorse,  like  tho  teetli  of  a  saw.  Color  blackish, 
silvery  below  and  on  fin  rays  of  lower  tins.  I>orsal  mottled  with  darker.  A  description  and 
tigiiru  of  this  epecioicu  has  recently  been  publishud  by  Miss  Flora  Hartley.  (Proc.  Cal.  Ac. 
Sci.,  1895.) 


i 

M 


^ 


In 


:J 


S    ! 


«9*: 


iiaKiViauJ;/^!: 


!!iEii  I  ij.mism^^iF 


590 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\     i 


specimen  was  taken  at  Unalaska  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall ;  another*  wa\. 
obkaiued  off  Eureka,  California  (Humboldt  Bay),  by  A.  J.  Wiley  and  ,1. 
B.  Brown  ;  and  Htill  another  came  ashore  on  the  coast  of  San  Luis  Obi.s|io 
County,  California,  in  October,  1891.  Steller'u  specimen, t  "  Piscem  iiuiic 
mirabilis  structur.'M  et  format, "  seems  to  be  this  species  rather  than  J/< 
jnnaurus  horealis.  (.IJaculajnun,  the  father  of  medicine,  from  the  lancet- 
like teeth.) 

VUtijijoiUin,  Stf.i.i.ek,  ill  Pallas,  /ouf;.  UoaHo-Afliat.,  iii,38:),  1811,  Kurile  Islands. 
Alepulomnriis  HM-uUiiiiun,  IJkan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  188'2,  fifil,  Iliuliuk,  Unalapka.     (Tvp", 
No.  27705.     Coll.  llobert  King);  Flora  HarMey,  Proc.  Oal.  Ac.  Sci.,  18!).-i. 


I; 


i:  • 


'if 


f     >■ 


Subgenus  CAULOPUS,  (iill. 
m\.  ALKPISAUIllIS  AliTlVKLIS,  I'o.y. 

(CONK,IO.) 

Head  «ij  in  total  length;  depth  13^;  eye  5i.  D.  40;  A.  17;  P.  Iti;  V, 
13;  C.  30  ;  B.  7.  Maxillary  extending  beyond  eye.  Dorsal  very  his^li,  its 
height  3  times  depth  of  body  ;  pectorals  falcate,  their  length  twice  (li'ptli 
of  body;  ventrals  reaching  vent,  their  length  less  than  depth  of  body; 
caudal  forked,  with  e(jual  lobes.  Lateral  line  distinct.  Color  silvery, 
with  blue  shades.  Length  3  feet.  Cuba;  in  deep  water.  (Poey.i 
{aUun,  high;  velum,  hM.) 

AlepimmniH  alliivlis,  PoKY,  Menioriiif ,  ii,  3()2,  18(il,  Cuba;  GCntiieu,  Cat.,  v,  42:!,  18tll. 
Ale2)i(los<iurHii  (Oih/d/xih)  j»<"';/i,  t  GiM.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  18r,2,  i;U,  Cuba;  (liascd  oti  ii 
Bpeoiinon  slightly  difTerent  in  iiroportions,  the  iii)]>ur  lobe  of  tlio  caudal  loug';st). 

892.  ALKPISAUIUIS  liOKEALIS  (Gill). 
(Hand-saw  Fish.) 

Depth  of  head  4^  times  its  length;  eye  -H;  snout  2^.  D.  31;  V.  lU; 
B.  5.  Nostrils  nearer  eye  than  tip  of  snout;  operclo  with  18  prominent 
ridges;  subopercle  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  horizont-il  ridge,  tiic 
upper  part  irregularly  triangular,  with  about  9  stria-;  the  lower  part 
with  coarse  striai,  the  upper  ones  interrupted  behind  by  2  or  3  ridjjcs 
parallel  with  the  posterior  border;  lower  jaw  robust,  its  length  H  i" 
head,  its  upper  edge  slightly  convex.     Teeth   on  the  upper  jaw  very 


♦This  specimen  differs  somuwliat  from  Bean's  type,  as  the  following  description  shows: 
"Heail  r>>f,;  depth  9.  D.  IHi;  A.  Ki;  V.  10  Eye  2'/,  in  snout,  b]4  in  head;  jiectoral  long,  liil- 
catc,  and  pointed,  1V,<  in  head;  ventrals  about  '2%  in  head;  simco  between  pertorals  and  vriili;il:< 
3V<^  ill  body;  insertion  of  ventrals  slightly  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout;  dorsal  lin 
very  high,  depressiblo  in  a  groove,  the  longest  rays  (^d  to  l.'ith)  4J .',  in  li'ngth  of  l)otly  and  nl"'Ut 
J/.^  longer  than  liead:  anal  low,  but  slightly  falrnte  in  front,  the  free  edge  concave;  cau'l;il 
a'eeply  forked,  the  lobes  pointed  and  equal,  (^lor  dark  iridescent,  a  roniid  jialo  sjiot  on  boily  ;il 
base  of  each  ray  of  anterior  lialf  of  dorsal.  Description  from  photographs  taken  bv  Mr. 
Augustus  J.  Wiley  of  Eureka,  from  a  large  specimen  which  ran  iwhoro  near  Humboldt  Ha>  ni 
18'.»2.  The  specimen  was  not  jireservetl,  but  at  the  time  the  photographs  were  taken  it  was  in 
belter  condition  than  any  other  specimen  yet  seen  in  the  Pacific.  It  would  seem  to  difler  (vin 
A.  lesculapius  in  the  much  higher  dorsal,  and  perliaps  in  the  moro  sleuder  tail. 

fThis  was  a  dried  spocimeu  44  inches  long;  pectoral  0  inches;  ventral  2}^  inches;  descrlpti"!! 
chiefly  of  the  teeth. 

I  Head  7  in  length  instead  of  fi}-^,  as  in  nUivelix;  the  depth  1.").  From  base  of  pectoral  to  I'lif^'' 
of  anal  the  same  distance  as  to  the  anal,  less  }^  (instead  of  less  %);  tirst  dorsal  ray  %  the  ii''^' 
(^in  altivelis);  fourth  longer;  si.xth  to  twenty -fourth  nil  high  and  o(|nal  (2  to  22  high  and  ei|ii:il 
in  aliitelif).  D.  41.  Upper  lobe  of  caudal  prolonged,  the  loltes  separate.  Ventral  reaching  )«ist 
veut,  its  length  greater  than  depth  of  body.     Color  of  dorsal  uuiforui. — Poeij. 


T 


Jordan  and  Ever  matin. — Pishes  of  North  America.        597 


Hmall,  acnte,  ainl  iinnioronH;  vomerine  fanga  very  large,  nearly  equal, 
slender,  and  slightlj'  ctirved,  the  longest  (ij  in  head;  largo  palutino  teeth 
similar,  abont  10  in  hca  1 ;  small  trenchant  teeth  beliind  t>iein,  large  teeth 
of  lower  Jaw  12  in  head,  Hlonder,  moderately  curved.  First  doraal  ray 
rather  utoiit  and  with  a  prominent  coin])re8Nod  ridgo  anteriorly,  which  Ih 
creiiulatu  in  front;  vent  ;il  fuiH  at  least  as  long  as  head,  the  first  ray 
undivided,  cronulate. 

Alaska  to  Puget  Sound,  occasionally  cast  on  shore  I>y  storms;  only 
iiintiijited  specinrans  yt^t  seen.  The  head  in  the  typo  7-4  inches  long. 
I'lic  type  from  Puget  Sound  ;  another  taken  l>y  Prof.  (Jeorgo  Davidson 
at  CJaptain's  Harbor,  Unalaska;  ahead  from  Puget  Hound,  and  another 
from  the  Aleutian  Islan<ls,  preserved  in  collections  in  Haii  Francisco,  are 
\\w  only  specimens  known.     (borvaliM,  northern.) 

AliliidiitiiiiniH  (0(h/i);)i()i)  hmviiUf,  GiLl,,   I'roc.  Ac.   Nat.  Sci.  riiilii.,   IXt!'.',  I'lH,   Puget  Sound; 
GCntiikk,  Cat.,  V,  42;!,  1864;  Jobdan  Sc  (iiMiKiiT,  SynopHiH,  '27K,  1883. 

80S.  AliKPISAHItUS  SKltlU  (Gill). 
(.Sr-nuA.) 

Head  G  in  total  length,  ilattish  above,  its  height  ?  its  length  ;  eye  5J  in 
iicad;  snout  2i^  in  head;  V.  13;  subopercle  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
ridge,  the  upper  nearly  equally  triangular,  its  base  Innately  emarginate, 
with  10  to  14  radiating  stria*;  the  lower  portion  with  its  upper  surface 
wrinkled  parallel  with  the  obliijue  posterior  margin,  its  lower  half  with 
slight  radiating  stria';  lower  jaw  Ik  in  head,  its  upper  outline  nearly 
straight;  longest  vomerine  teeth  8  in  head;  smaller  palatine  teeth  closer 
together  than  in  A.  borealin;  fins  destroyed,  except  base  of  ventral.  This 
"species  differs  from  CaultypuH  horeaUn  by  the  oblong  operculum,  and  the 
nearly  equal  triangular  shape  of  the  coalescent  iufraopercular  bono  (sub- 
opercle and  interopercle)  above  the  dividing  ridge,  but  with  an  oblique 
excavation  at  its  base,  which  describes  nearly  the  third  of  a  circle,  as 
well  as  the  sculpture  of  the  portion  below  the  dividing  ridge.  The 
vomerine  teeth  are  stronger,  but  less  elongated,  and  the  palatine  approx- 
imated and  not  curved.  (Gill.)  Known  from  one  specimen  discovered 
at  Monterey,  California,  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Taylor,  in  1859.  It  weighed  7 
l)ouuds;  its  length  4  feet;  the  sun-dr'.ed  fragments  constituting  the 
type  of  the  description,  (serra,  saw,  the  Spanish  name,  *  which  has  the 
advantage  of  at  the  same  time  perpetuating  the  popular  name,  and  of 
Itcing  classical,  and  of  describing  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  palatine 
dentition  which  distinguishes  it  from  the  A.  (C.)  horealin.^"    (Gill.) 

Mijuihtsaiiriis  {( 'iiuluptm)  semi,  Gii.j,,  Proc.  >c.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  18C2,  12U,  "  Monterey,  Lower 
California."    (Coll.  A.  S.  Taylor.) 

Family  LXXXII.  ODONTOSTOMID^E. 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  naked  ;  mouth  very  wide,  its  margin  formed 
by  premaxillaries  only  ;  premaxillaries  with  curved  teeth  ;  large,  curved, 
lanceolate,  depressible  teeth  on  mandible,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Eye 
very  large,  the    orbital    cavity  expanded    downward.      Dorsal  short, 


W     ! 


!     i 


I    , 


.  $ 


iiirfl 


^'S.^,.^4m-'^.:-i 


n 


i'; ' 


i    ■    i   ,:r 


11      % 


508 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


median  or  posterior  ;  adipone  fin  Hnia'.l.     Pseudobrancliiiii  well  developed. 
No  air  bladder.     Deep-Hoa  IimIich  ;  two  genera  and  two  specioH  known, 
a,  Post-tciiiporiil  iif  poculiar  form,  partly  nuked;  Htomanli  very  UiHteuijlble.        UmosuiiIR,  2s,'>. 

285.  OMOSUDIS,  Gunther. 

Om(tni.i\\»,  GCntiieu,  ChallonKor  Ttoport,  xxri,  201,  1S87,  (/oicii). 

Body  oblong,  conipreHsed  ;  head  coniprcHHcd,  naked;  snout  of  mod 
erato  length;  cleft  of  mouth  very  wide;  prcmaxillary  and  niaxillarv 
boneH  slender,  the  former  with  a  series  of  very  small  teeth  of  e<(ual  size, 
only  one  or  two  anterior  ones  being  Homewhat  enlarged  ;  the  lower  jaw  , 
the  vomer,  and  palatine  bont'.J  with  a  few  very  large  and  lanceolate  ttuttii. 
Lower  Jaw  broad,  and,  like  tiie  rest  of  the  head,  formed  of  very  thin  bone. 
The  supraclavicle  and  postclavicles  form  a  long  rod  extending  from  occijmt 
on  each  side  downward  to  the  abdomen,  and  partly  free,  not  covered  by 
skin.  Ventral  fins  inserted  far  behind  the  pectorals,  below  the  origin  of 
the  dorsal ;  dorsal  fin  behind  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  body;  adi- 
pose fin  very  small ;  anal  fin  long.  Stomach  very  distensible.  HranchioH- 
tegals  8  ;  psendobranchi!'-'!  well  developed  ;  gills  4,  with  broad  gill  lamiii.i 
and  very  short  gill  rakers.     ('-Vt*  shoulder  ;  Sitdh.) 

S94.  0.«<>SrniS  LOWII,  (iUntlur. 

Head  3^  ;  depth  5  ;  ej'e  I?.  Head  strongly  compressed,  with  jather  fiat 
upper  surface  ;  snout  somewhat  pointed,  rather  longer  thavi  eye.  IJones 
of  head  extremely  thin,  the  opercle  being  smaller  than  the  subopercle. 
and  separated  by  two  or  three  ridges.  Infraorbital  ring  nearly  membran- 
aceous. Preopercuhim  terminating  below  in  a  forked  point.  Cleft  of 
mouth  extending  backward  to  angle  of  preoperculum.  Dentition  truly 
formidable  for  so  small  a  fish  ;  the  longest  tooth  is  one  anteriorly  on  ilic 
side  of  the  mandible  ;  in  the  British  Museum  specimens,  only  one  is 
present  either  on  the  right  or  left  of  tiie  jaw ;  its  length  nearly  i  of 
that  of  the  head  ;  the  next  largest  are  those  on  the  palate,  where  there 
are  two  on  each  side,  besides  several  smaller  ones  ;  smaller  teeth  are  also 
implanted  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  dentary  bono  ;  all  the  large  teeth  can 
be  laid  backward.  A  semicircular,  scale-like,  osseous  lamella  of  extrcims 
thinness  covers  lower  part  of  cheek,  it  is  marked  by  very  shallow,  con- 
centric striae  The  singular  bone  which  supports  the  side  of  the  aute.ior 
part  of  the  abdomen  is  styliform,  slightly  curved  backward;  it  starts 
from  the  top  of  the  occiput  and  descend  toward  the  median  lino  of  tiio 
abdomen,  which  it  reaches  behind  the  pectoral  fin  ;  it  is  composed  of  tiie 
two-pronged  supraclavicle,  which  is  fixed  by  ligaments  to  the  occiput,  and 
of  three  slender,  needle-shaped  postclavicles  ;  the  uppermost  postclavitle 
is  suspended  by  ligamtints  from  the  supraclavicle,  as  is  also  the  clavicle; 
the  rod  lies  immediately  below  the  thin  integument,  and  its  lower  portion 
is  quite  free.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  midway  between  root  of  caudal  and  eye, 
and  com'^osed  of  very  feeble  rays  ;  the  anal  commences  at  some  distance 
behind  the  dorsal  and  terminates  not  very  far  from  the  caudal ;  caudal 
tiusm.all,  with  a  considerablenumber  of  basal  rays  above  and  below  ;  ])»'c- 
toralfius  quite  at  the  lower  side  of  the  body  ;  ventral  fins  very  small  and 


:JL'^-^:j:<^:^. 


iiVIl 


tlio 


Jordan  and  Ej'ertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


599 


jt  •••tly  coalescent.      Liglii  browiiiHli  on  the  back,  '.vitli  nuniorouH  brown 
|iipu<>nt  spotH  on  the  sides;  abdomen  black,     ((tiinther.) 

(iiintht)!'  dcscribttd  tliis  jroniis  and  Hpecies  from  a  specimen  3^  inches 
lon<;.  obtained  soutli  of  tlio  Pbillipine  Islands,  in  500  fathoms.  Ho  had 
previously  obtained,  in  18(i8,  the  specimen  collected  Ity  Lowe  at  Magda- 
leiia.  The  J //)(»/»'o«»  obtained  a  sinj^le  specimen  from  station  23'.I2,  at  a 
depth  of  721  fathoms.  The  capacity  of  this  form  for  swallowinj;  fishes 
greater  in  size  than  itself  appears  to  bo  as  great  as  that  of  Cliiaamodus. 
((joode  &  Hean.)  (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Rev.  li.  T.  Lowe,  the  his- 
torian of  the  fishes  of  Madeira.) 

(iiii.MiiUi  liiwii,    GCntiikii,  Oliallcnger  Uopurt,  x;  ii,  2fil,  ;il.  .'■|2,   fiRS.  c,  <•',  1S87,  Philippine 
Islands;  Magdalena;  (Jouin:  A  IJeav,  Oci'unic  Ichthyology,  122,  flg.  l.'io,  I8!tr>. 

Family  LXXXIIL  PARALEPIDID.E. 

Body  olongato,  somewhat  compressed,  formed  much  as  in  a  Barracnda, 
covered  with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  or  rather  largo  size.  Head  long, 
UHually  scaly  on  the  sides.  Month  very  large,  lower  jaw  projecting.  Pre- 
inaxillary  not  protractile,  very  long  and  slender,  forming  the  entire  margin 
of  upper  ,iaw;  maxillary  long  and  slender,  clo.sely  adherent  to  premaxil- 
lary.  Teeth  rather  strong,  pointed,  in  single  series  on  the  jaws  and  pala- 
tines; some  of  them  on  lower  jaw  and  palatines  sometimes  very  long  and 
tiuig-like,  and  most  of  them  freely  depressible.  Opercular  bones  thin. 
Pseudobr.anchiie  present.  Gill  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isth- 
mus. IJranchiostegals  about  7.  Gill  rakers  short,  sharp,  spine-like.  Eye 
large.  Lateral  lire  present,  its  scales  usually  enlarged.  Dorsal  tin  short 
iuid  small,  behind  the  middle  of  the  body,  nearly  or  quite  over  the  ven- 
trals;  adipose  fin  present;  anal  fin  low,  rather  long;  caudal  (in  short, 
narrow,  forked;  pectorals  rather  small,  placed  low.  Pyloric  co'ca  none. 
No  air  bladder.  Phosphorescent  spots  few  or  none.  Genera  3  or  4,  spe- 
cies about  12 ;  voracious  fishes  of  the  open  seas  or  the  deep  seas. 

I'.UlAI.EI'IN.li  . 

(1(1.  BiHly  scaly;  Ktotnaih  not  remarkably  distongible;  hiininuuHiiixiti  tisimlly  iircscnt,  Iml  isicon- 
Bpicuoiis. 
h.  LowiT  jaw  with  It  to  r>  very  long  fang-liku  teeth  on  each  side;  siioiit  niodenitely  pointed. 

SlDlK,  280. 
hli.  Lower  jaw  without  distinct  fnng-like  teeth. 

c.  Ventrals  inserted  entirely  lichind  dorsal,  their  distance  fron   cyo  twice  the  distance 

from  base  of  candal;  sninit  attennato.  Aitcin/.KNis,  2s7. 

cc.  Voiitrala  iuserted  bolow  front  of  dorsal.  I'abalei'IS,  2s8. 

286.  SUDIS,  Rafinesque. 

Sm./is,  Rafinesque,  Caratteri  di  Alcuui  Niiovi  Genori,  etc.,  (10,  ISIO,  (hiialiini), 

Hody  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate 
si/,0.  Head  long,  scaly  on  the  sides.  Mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw 
IMdjecting,  the  cleft  turned  upward  toward  its  end.  Premaxillary  very 
Itiiig  and  slender,  forming  the  entire  upper  margin  of  the  upper  jaw; 
miixillary  long  and  slender,  closely  adherent  to  the  premaxillary.  Teeth 
raliier  strong,  pointed,  in  single  series  on  the  jaws  and  palatines,  3  to  5 
of  them  ou  lower  jaw  very  long  and  fang-like  or  dagger-shaped ;  most  of 


r 


A  I 


\'    ' 


\ 


■      ^      ' 


I      I 


r 


i 


■i '  I 


i-i;^^  i 


■''^w  1*  ■ 


fiOO 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


thorn  freely  (lepreHsible.  Opercular  bonos  tliiu.  Pseudolirancliiiii  ])rt'Hoiit. 
Gill  moinbranes  separate,  free  from  the  iHtluiiua.  HranchioHto^'als  about  7. 
(till  raknrH  short,  sharp,  spine-like.  Eyu  largo.  Lateral  lino  ]uC3»:'.c,  its 
scales  iiNiially  onlargcil.  Dorsal  fm  short  and  small,  boliintl  the  middio  of 
the  body,  nearly  or  quite  over  the  vontrals;  adipose  (in  ))reHont;  anal  tin 
low,  rather  lon^;  caudal  fin  short,  narrow,  forked;  pectorals  rather  small. 
placed  low.  Pyloric  C(i;ca  none.  Xo  air  bladder.  Luminous  spots  little 
developed,  l^eep  wateis  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific ;  resembling  Sjihiirdt,,! 
in  form  and  dentition.  Species  few.  This  genus  is  allied  to  .tln])i>«iuii(x. 
which,  in  the  structure  of  the  mouth,  it  much  resembles,  although  dill'ii 
ing  in  the  development  of  its  lins.  (SudiH,  a  stake,  an  ancient  name  of  the 
Barracuda. ) 


a.  Maxillary  not  roacliitiK  "ye;  dorsal  rays  7  or  8. 
ii((.  Maxillary  reacliiiifr  (tyc;  dursal  ruya  11. 


INTF-RMKIiU'R,  Sir.. 
niNoKNs,  8;h,. 


i 


i    > 
•X    -i 


it^i 


■f  ' '  ■. 


.  ^r 


I    ■ 


■  i1  ■  i 


SOS.  sums  INTERMKDirS  (I'oey). 

Head  ri\  in  totiil  length ;  depth  7 ;  eye  fij  in  head,  .SJ  in  snout.  D.  7  or 
8;  A.  very  long,  its  rays  not  counted;  V.  10;  P.  15;  B.  8.  Body  cctm- 
prossed.  Bones  of  snout  transparent ;  mouth  large,  its  deft  not  reacliiiif; 
eye;  jaws  equal;  maxillary  parallel  witb  premaxillary ;  premaxillary 
with  2  canines  in  front,  its  border  with  many  small  recurved  teeth  ;  lo-.vii 
jaw  with  2  similiir  canines  and  a  dozen  large  lateral  teeth  ;  those  of  tin- 
middle  largest,  curved  like  half  a  lance  head,  these  alternating  with  small 
teeth;  no  vomerine  teeth  ;  palatine  teeth  largo,  curved,  uuiserial ;  tonj^iic 
with  teeth  along  its  side  ;  uo  scales  present  when  first  seen  ;  lateral  linu 
narrow,  marked  by  elevations  of  the  skin.  Yentrals  small,  in  middio  of 
length,  before  the  dorsal;  insei'tiou  of  anal  midway  between  ventral  and 
caudal ;  dorsal  inserted  midway  between  ventrals  and  anal ;  caudal  shoi  t, 
concave  ;  no  evident  adipose  tin.  Flesh  color,  the  sides  silvery.  One 
specimen  known,  from  Matanzas,  Cuba.     (Poey.) 

Parukpis  iittennedwi,  Puey,  Ropertorio,  ii,  416,  18G7,  Matanzas. 

806.  SUDIS  KINUENS,  .Tordau  &  Gill>ort. 

Head  4 ;  depth  16.  D.  11 ;  A.  25.  Body  very  slender  and  elongate,  coin- 
prensed.  Head  rather  slender,  anteriorly  pointed  and  moderately  depreHstd . 
Mouth  large,  horizontal,  the  gape  extending  more  than  half  leii;;t)i  of 
head.  Margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  entirely  by  the  very  sleudi  r. 
nearly  straight  premaxillaries,  which  are  closely  appressed  to  the  loiif; 
and  slender  maxillaries  ;  maxillaries  extending  to  below  the  eye,  nearly 
as  far  as  the  mandibular  joint;  tip  of  upper  jaw  emarginate;  tip  of 
lower  jaw  rather  broad,  turned  up  and  fitting  in  the  notch  of  the  u\)\un- 
jaw  ;  premaxillaries  armed  with  a  series  of  small,  sharp,  subequal,  close- 
set  teeth,  which  are  hooked  backward;  a  long,  slender  canine  in  fronton 
each  side;  lower  jaw  with  about  10  sharp,  slender  teeth  on  each  side, 
these  teeth  very  unequal,  some  of  them  short,  3  or  4  very  long  and  canine- 
like;  near  the  front  a  fang-like  tooth  on  each  side,  then  a  considerable 
interspace,  behind  which  the  others  are  arranged  partly  in  2  rows; 
most  of  these  teeth,  especially  the  inner  and  larger  ones  and  the  anterior 


Jordan  atui  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Americti, 


001 


canineH.  are  frooly  dcpreHsihle ;  a  lou(?  seritis  of  tfeth  on  the  pnlntiiicH,  1 

III'  2  of  tlio  anterior  teuth  on  (•a<'h  hmIo  and  1  or  2  otlmrH  Ion;;,  Nlondur,  and 

tang-like.    Tonguo   froo   anteriorly,   rongliiHli,   Itnt  apparently   witiiout 

t(H!th.     Scales  very  large,  cycloid.     Dorual  fin  inHorted  Hoinowhat  liehind 

tlio  middle  ot*  tlio  body,  af>  a  diNtance  of  nearly  4  tinioH  itH  bane  in  front 

of  the  anal,  itn  height  a  little  greater  than  the  length  of  itn  baue  ;  anul 

tin  anteriorly  nearly  aH  high  xw  the  dorHal,  itH  poHterior  rayn  low  ;  pectoral 

IliiH  placed  low,  rather  short,  about  an  long  as  the  maxillary  ;  candal  tin 

Mliort,  narrow,  apparently  forked;  ventrals  (loHt  in  the  type)  probably 

in  front  of  the  dorsal,     (Coloration  light  olive,  the  sides  silvery,  with  dark 

imnetnlations.     Peritoneum  silvery,  underlaid  by  black  pigment.     8anta 

Iturbara  ('hannel,  California,  the  only  specimen  known  taken  from  the 

stomach  of  a  hake  ( Mirlacciiix),  itself  found  in  the  stonuich  of  a  long-tinned 

albicorc  {dcrmo  ulaUinija).     {rintjtiiH,  gaping.) 

Sii'liH  riiiiinin,  JiiniiAN  fc  OiMiniT,  I'mr.  U.  S.  Nut.  JIiis.,  188(1,  '27H,  Santa  Barbara  Channel. 
{Typo,  Nil.  '27401.     Coll.  .loitliin  &  (iilbort)j  Ji.boan  A  (iii.HKiir,  SyiKijieiH,  U77,  18n:i. 

287.  ARCTOZENUS,  Gill. 

Arrln::etii»,  Oii.l,,  Proc.  .\c.  Nat.  S«  i.  I'liild.,  18G4,  1S8,  {bi>reali»). 

Head  elongate,  conical,  the  snou*-  attenuate,  the  Jaws  straight,  the 
lower  mostly  covered  by  the  upper ;  teeth  of  lower  jaw  anteriorly  slender, 
rocurved,  and  distant ;  posteriorly  small,  acute,  and  close  together.  This 
genus  is  olosely  related  to  Sudin,  from  which  it  differs  mainly  in  the 
absence  of  fang-like  teeth.  From  Parahpis  it  differs  in  the  position  of 
the  ventral  fins,  which  are  entirely  behind  the  dorsal.  The  known  spe- 
(dos  belong  to  the  deep  waters  of  Arctic  America;  long,  slenuar  fishes 
suggesting  the  Barracuda  in  outline,     (ft/""""?!  northern  ;  l^tror,  strange.) 

a.  Tei'tli  ciimpiirBtivoIy  Btroiig  ;  Alliiiitic  spocios.  iuiRkamk,  897. 

(1(1.  Tot'tli  LOMiparutivoly  weak;  Pacific  HpccicB.  corihcan'B,  898. 

/ 

8»7.^AKCT0ZKX1'S  B0RE.4LIS  (Roinlianit). 

Head  4^;  depth  12.  B.  7;  D.  8;  A.  32;  P.  11;  V.  9.  Snout  as  long  as 
rest  of  head  ;  mandible  included,  its  upturned  tip  fitting  into  an  emargi- 
iwition  of  npper  jaw.  Teeth  as  in  J.  contscans,  but  considerably  stronger. 
Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  small,  the  latter  inserted  behind  the  dorsal. 
Color  plain.  Greenland  ;  occasionally  southward  to  Cape  Ann  ;  scarce. 
(honaUa,  northern.) 
Puntlepis horeaUs,  Kkiniiardt,  Natiirv.  Matli.  Afliaiidl.,  vii,  11."),  183'J,  Greenland;  GUnther, 

Cat.,  V,  419,1804. 
.■Url,i:.euiiKhore(iliK,  t!il,l,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilii.,  18G4,  188. 
Suthshorealis,  JORDAN  &  Gii.Bi:rt,  Synoimis,  278,  188a. 

898.  AIiriOZEXl'S  CORUSCAXS  (Jordan  &  Oilbcrt). 

Head  4 ;  depth  13.  D.  8 ;  A.  31 ;  P.  11 ;  V.  9 ;  scales  60.  Body  very 
elongate,  of  nearly  uniform  depth,  the  candal  peduncle  very  slender; 
abdomen  compressed.  Head  long;  snout  sharp,  half  length  of  head. 
Kye  large,  high.  Jaws  equal;  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  nostril ; 
tip  of  lower  jaw  fitting  into  an  emargiuatiou  of  premaxillaries ;   none 


)       / 


I 


^i  m 


'll   '  .111 


!  M* 


Pi 


I  3 


i?:'' 


I:' J 


AM; 


I 


!  i 
1 

;■    -        "•      1 

ilr  .  ; 

i 

! 

;      \ 

i<i^ti;   i 

t 

^ll 

1 

Mi:. 


lii 

I! 
I 

.1; 


(U)2 


liulletin  4jy  United  States  iVaiional  Museum. 


of  the  teeth  fuii^r-Iiko;  preiimxillaticH  hvieially  with  minute  teolh ; 
4  or  5  loiifi^or  teeth  in  front;  vomer  with  minute  teetli ;  anterior  pahitiuc 
teeth  long,  the  posterior  Hhort ;  teeth  of  lower  Jaw  HJender,  distant, 
nnecpial.  Scaler  deciduoiiH,  those  of  lateral  line  enlarged.  Fins  all  very 
HHuill ;  ventrals 'entirely  behind  dorsal,  their  distance  from  front  of  orhit 
twice  that  from  base  of  caudal ;  distance  from  front  of  dorsal  to  base  of 
caudal  half  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout;  caudal  widely  forked.  Dusky 
olivaceous;  sides  of  head  silvery  ;  bases  of  tins  generally  black;  rami  of 
mandible  each  with  a  douldo  series  of  minute  phosphorescent  spots 
I'uget  Sound;  one  specimen  known,  scarcely  ditferiug  from  the  precod 
nig,  the  teeth  u  little  weaker.     (voruHcaiiH,  sparkling.) 

I'limlfjih  cimmrnns,  Joni-w  *  Gii.iiKRT,  Proc.   V.  S.  Nat.  Mim.,  1880,  411,  Port  Townsend. 

(Type,  No.  27171.     Coll.  Urown.) 
SiiiUh  iiinimniis,  .Icriian  .t  <i:i,liKllT,  SyuopHig,  278,  188.'1. 

288.  PARALEPIS,  Risso. 

Piiralejiiii,  Hi88(),  Hint.  Nut.  Eur.  Itlt'-i'id.,  in,  472,  1820,  (corq/oMoiiJeii). 

Head  and  b(jdy  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  decidnons  acalen, 
those  of  the  lateral  line  being  the  largest.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  very 
wide;  maxillary  developed,  closely  adherent  to  the  intermaxillary. 
Teeth  nne(|ual  in  size.  Home  in  the  mandible  and  on  the  palatine  bones 
being  rather  larger  than  the  others ;  they  are  arranged  in  single  series, 
in  the  intermaxillary  and  mandible,  on  the  palatine  and  pterygoid  boneH. 
Eye  large.  Pectoral  tins  well  developed;  ventrals  small,  inserted  at  a 
groat  distance  from  the  ])ectorals,  below  or  immediately  behind  or  in 
front  of  the  dorsal  tin ;  dorsal  tin  short,  on  the  hind  part  of  the  body ; 
adipose  tin  small ;  anal  elongate,  occupying  the  end  of  the  tail ;  caudal 
emarginate.  Gill  opening  very  wide,  the  outer  branchial  arch  beset 
with  short,  spine-like  gill  rakers ;  pseudobranchiai  well  developed ; 
branchiostegals  7.  Air  bladder  none.  Pyloric  appendages  none,  {nufm, 
near;  ?.eiTi(,  scale;  scales  on  side.)  . 

S90.  PARALKPIS  COREflOXOIDES,  Risso. 

Head  4 ;  depth  12^  eye  5.  D.  10 ;  A.  23 ;  P.  13 ;  V.  9.  Body  elongate. 
Head  compressed.  Snout  long,  conical ;  cleft  of  moutli  moderate ;  max- 
illary rod-like,  adherent  to  premaxillary.  Teeth  in  a  single  row  in  the 
intermaxillary,  a  few  enlarged  anteriorly;  also  on  palatines  and  ptery- 
goids. Ventral  tin  very  short,  inserted  below  the  anterior  part  of  tlio 
dorsal.  Gill  openings  very  large,  free  from  tlie  isthmus;  gill  rakers  very 
numerous,  minute.  Color  silvery;  slightly  bluish  upon  the  back ;  blackisli 
upon  the  belly  on  account  of  the  transparency  of  the  black  peritoneum; 
along  the  lateral  line  there  are  some  blackish  dots ;  iris  silvery ;  the 
pupil  blackish,  silvery.  Rare  in  the  Mediterranean.  The  AlhatroHK 
obtained  a  specimen  (No.  37860,  U.  S.  N.  M.)  from  station  2393,  at  a  deptli 
of  525  fathoms.     (Coregonus,  the  vrhiiensh;  ehhc,  VikenesB.)     (Eu.) 

Paralepa  coregoiwiihs,  Kisgo,  Hist.  Nat.  Kuropo  M^ridionalo,  iii,  472,  pi.  vii,  fig  15,1820,  Nice; 
GUntueb,  Cat.,  419, 1864;  Goodk  &  Bean,  Oceanic  loUtUyology,  119, 1895. 


'Jordan  and  F.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


003 


Fainil.v  LXXXIV.  STERNOPTYCHIIM:. 

FiHhes  "  with  coin])reHH<Ml  v»iiti'a(lif(»riii  Ixxly,  cariiiatfld  contour,  deoply 
iind  oblitpiol.V  oloft  and  siilivflitical  inoiitliH,  wIioho  upper  iiiar^rin  Ih 
(toiistitiitod  by  the  HuprainaxilhuieH  uh  well  as  tlio  interinnxillariua; 
liruiichioHtugul  arch  iivur  and  panillul  with  h)\vtir  Jaw,  Ncapiilar  with  an 
iiifitrior  projoctioii,  and  with  one  or  more  of  the  nenral  HpineH  ahnornially 
developed,  and  projecting;  above  the  back  in  advance  of  the  dornai  lin." 
((iill.)  (jenera  'J,  HpecicH  about  10;  deep-uea  liHhes,  riuin^  toward  (l>e 
Hurfaco  at  nijjht  or  in  Htorniy  weather.  (SUrnopti/vhidw,  Giinther,  Cat.,  V, 
8M4,  1KG4,  part  group  Stcrniiplyvhhia.) 

(I.  l'ro.ji>ctiiig  lu'iiriil  H|iiuo  1i(<rori<  tlocHiil  Hiiiglc;  Rpino-liku  alMlomliuil  oiitliiiu  iicitrly  roiitiiiiioiiK 

ill  a  giKiiKiiil  I'lirvo;  lininrliioHtcKiilfi  6.  .Stkiinhi'tvx,  28it. 

<i(i.  l'rii.ji'<'tiiiK  iK'iiral  fipiiicH,  Novoral  iiniNiitiitiii);  a  saw-llko  riclgit  liuftiro  ilormil;  alHliniiiiiiil  out- 

lino  u'uru|itly  coiitractuil  liufuic  iiiutl;  braocliiuHtfKalK  !*■  AiiiiYUOi-i'.i.ix'i'M,  2!N). 

289.  STERNOPTYX,  llernuinn. 

Slirniiptyr,  IIfumann,  Nafnrforsclior,  xvi,  K,  1771,  ((Iikji/hiiki). 

Trunk  much  elevate«l  and  compresHed,  the  slender  tail  very  Hhort ; 
abdominal  outline  nearly  continuous,  in  a  Hignioid  curve;  teeth  of  the 
JawH  in  Heveral  sericH,  the  largest  teeth  in  the  inner  row  ;  a  Hingle  Hpike- 
like  neural  spine  before  dorsal  ;  branchiostegals  5.  Otherwise  essentially 
as  in  Argyropelei'iis.     {aripvov,  breast;  Trr/f,  fold  or  plait.) 

OOOySTKKNiJPTYX  DIAIMIANA,  Heiiiiium. 

B.  5;  D.  fl  ;  A.  13;  P.  10;  V.  3.  Depth  equal  to  distance  between  tip  of 
siuiut  and  base  of  the  very  short  tail.  Interorbital  space  slightly  con- 
cave;  posterior  limb  of  preopercle  bordering  hind  part  of  orbit,  and 
descending  very  obliciuely,  ending  in  two  points.  Pectoral  scarcely  reach- 
ing veutrals,  which  are  very  small.  (Giinther.)  Atlantic;  occasionally 
taken  in  the  Gulf  Stream,  from  Santa  Cruz  Island  to  the  Grand  Banks. 
(diaphanHs,  <ha<pav//i,  transparent.) 
SieruopljiJ'  iWiplimxi,  IIf.kmann,   Nutiirforsi'luT,  xvi,  8, 1771,  Jamaica  ;  Gt'NTiiEU,  Ciif.,  v,  ;i«7, 

18(54;  (iooDB  A  Ukan,  Hull.  Mils.  Ciniiii.  /oiil.,  x,  No.  5,  l88:i,  220. 
Slenioptyx  heriiimiiii,  LAcfirKiiE,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oisB.,  v,  Ci:},  1803;  aftor  IIkrmann. 

290.   ARGYROPELECUS,  Cocco. 

Arijjirfipeleent,  Cooco,  Glorii.  Sci.  .Sicil.,  fn?c.  77,  146,  1820,  (AemiV/z/niiiiio). 
I'leuriilhi/rin,  LnwK,  FiHlies  of  Mailcini,  <i4,  18(11,  iol/emi). 

Body  much  elcA^ated  and  compressed,  passing  abruptly  into  the  short 
tail ;  no  scales,  the  skin  covered  with  silvery  pigment ;  series  of  luminous 
spots  along  the  lower  side  of  the  head,  body,  and  tail.  Head  large,  com- 
pressed, and  elevated,  the  bones  thin,  but  ossified.  Cleft  of  mouth  wide, 
vertical,  the  lower  jaw  prominent.  Margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  the 
maxillary  and  premaxillary,  both  of  which  have  a  sharp  edge  which  is 
beset  with  minute  teeth  ;  lower  jaw  and  palatine  bones  with  a  series  of 
small  curved  teeth.  Eyes  large,  very  close  together,  lateral,  but  directed 
upward.    Angle  of  preoperole  with  a  spiue  usually  directed  downward. 


I 


i"  I 


M 


1, 


;    I 


t 


m 


i  . 


Iliji 


11 


OOi 


Jiulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


PeRtoraln  well  <lov<^lop«Hl ;  vtnitrulH  v«r,VNii)an.  niiineral  arch  and  pnliic 
hoiitm  proloiiK*^*!  into  Hut  poiuU'd  pritcoNNfN,  which  pi'djoct  in  tho  niciiimi 
lint)  of  tliu  Ixdl.v  ;  aNorifH  of  iiiihricatod  HcaivH  fntni  tho  ininioial  Ixmc  lo 
tlio  piiltic  Hpiiiu,  forming  a  vontral  Horraturu.  DuiHal  tin  Hh(»rt,  nunlian, 
precvdod  by  aHonatud,  ohhoouh  i'idK<s  conHiHtin);  of  Novttral  n«uirai  Npint'N 
proionjfod  hoyond  tiio  niUHcltm;  ad i poH«  lin  rudimentary  ;  anal  lin  Nlioit : 
caudal  forked,  (iill  opening  vury  wide,  the  outer  hiancliial  arch  extend- 
ing; forward  to  behind  the  Hyniphy^^iH  of  the  lower  Jaw,  and  heNct  with 
very  lonfT  gill  rakerH  ;  hranchioHtcKalH  H,  tho  arch  near  lower  Jaw  and 
parallel  with  it;  pNeiidoluanchiir  and  air  bladder  prciient.  Four  pylorir 
cii-ca.  Small  pelay^ic  HhIich  found  in  niont  HeaH,  coming  to  the  Hurface  at 
night,  deHcendiug  into  doop  water  by  day.  {Hnyv[m:,  Hilvery  ;  Tt/fXM,, 
liatchet.) 

II.  AiialrnyNlt;  no riiIiior  nlong  lower  itldeN  uf  citililul  |H'itiilirlu. 

h    riTtoriil  till  iiciirlv  ri'iirliiiiK  Hiinl.  iirmiuvmni'h,  \v\\. 

hi).  l'(>i'turul  till  rottcliiiiK  vciitrulii.  ulkkkhi,  IMij. 


I    I 


i      I 


901.  AlUlVitOPKIiKCim  IIKMKJVMNI'N,  Cocco. 

R  0;  D.  7  or  8;  A.  11;  P.  !»;  V.  5.  Depth  of  body  equal  to  distanc. 
between  gill  openingH  and  baHo  of  caudal;  |ioNterior  corner  of  nmndililit 
and  angle  of  preopercle  each  with  a  Huiall  triangular  Hpine  ;  tail  without 
apinca;  pectoral  flu  nearly  reaching  anal.  Length  2  inchea.  ((iiinther.) 
Atlantic  and  Mediterranean  in  deep  water ;  occuHional  in  tho  Gulf  Stream. 
oflf  southern  New  England.     (///</-,  half ;  ->^ji^i'(V,  naked.)     (Ku.) 

Arijiirupeln-m  hemiiiiiimim,  Ooc('o,  Glurii.  8ci.  Sicil.,  fuHc.  77,  1 10,  1821»,  Coast  of  Italy;  (.'iviku 
A  VAi,ESriKNNK«,  Hint.  Nut.  TipIsh.,  xxii,  3!I8,  IMlt;  UCntiikii,  Cut.,  v,  ;im.\  IwH;  (inohK  \ 
Hkan,  Uull.  M-.iH.  Coiiip.  Z.iol.,  N,  No.  .'),  lH.s:t,  2'2(). 
Steninpli/i  meiUUrruneiii,  Cucco,  (jiiurii.  Fiiro  ilu  MuHsinu,  iv,  7,  IHIIH,  Coast  of  Italy. 

/ 
002.^AK<lYlt01>ELK('l'H  OliFKKSI  (Cuvicr). 

B.  9;  D.  J>;  A.  11;  T*.  10;  V.  6.  Depth  nearly  or  quite  equal  todistanro 
from  shoulder  to  root  of  caudal ;  tail  as  deep  at  base  as  long.  Miindibli^ 
with  a  short,  flat  spine  at  its  posterior  corner;  preopercle  spine  directed 
downward;  tail  without  spines;  pectoral  fin  reaching  ventrals.  ((Jiiii- 
ther.)  Open  Atlantio;  coast  of  Norway  to  Brazil  and  Cape  of  Good  Iloiic, 
occasionally  taken  in  the  Gulf  Stream  from  the  (»rand  Banks  southward. 
(Named  for  J.  F.  M.  von  Olfers,  who  sent  specimens  from  Brazil  to  tlio 
Museum  of  Paris.)     (Eu.) 

Stenmjtlyx  olferti,  CtiviKn,  Rt-gno  Animal,  Kd.  2,  ii,  Ulfi,  IH'29,  near  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Arijiiropeleriia diirfillii,  CliviEii  A  Valenciknnes,  IliHt.  Nut.  ToiHR.,  xxii,  405, 18tl»,  open  Atlantic. 
Aryi/ropeleau  ol/ersi,  CtiviEU  &  Vai.enciknne(<,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  xxn,  408,  184'.t;  (JCntheb,  C.il  , 

V,  380, 1804;  LiLL-iEiinna,  Svorigcs  Fiekur,  vi,  3,  1889. 
THenrothyrii  olfersi,  Lowe,  FiBhes  Maileiru,  04,  1801. 

Family  LXXXV.  IDIACANTHIDiE. 

Fishes  eel-like  in  form  "with  spiny  processes  from  anterior  jirtiou  of 
vertebrae  projecting  through  the  skin  of  the  body.  Pectorals  absent. 
Body  naked.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  in  advance  of  the  vent."  (Gill.)  One 
genus  with  3  species  known ;  deep-sea  fishes,  eel-like  in  appearance. 


iA 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amtrua. 


005 


391.  IDIACANTHUS,  I'otflrH. 


iliaranlliii;  Pctkhn,  MoiiiiIhIwt.  Akiiit.  Winn,  norlin,  iHTfl,  H4II,  (/ikcki/h). 
;i.i//i.(/o;<Ai«,  OCnimrh,  Ann.  Matt.  Nnt.   Hint.,  1H7m,  IHI,  {/n-iiy). 

.Hody  Hii»k»-lik(>,  v«ry  Hl«'ii(ler  aiitl  ulon^iitn,  HcaloloHM.  V«iiit  very  far 
Imck.  Il^iid  litrg»,  coii)])rfHH«Ml,  tlio  Hiioiit  iiio<l«M'at(s  tlio  <;l(«rt  iih  lt»ii^  iim 
licail.  Toutli  extrciiifly  laiK^S  niiiiic  ioiih,  un«'i|iiul,  funj;;-liki),  lUtpicHHihUt, 
|iri-Munt  oil  JawN,  vuiiiur,  niid  palatiiien.  Kyo  Niiiall ;  oiMirfhtH  narrow. 
Ilyoid  lioiit)  witli  a  l<)ii>(  )iar1)(!l.  Dornal  loii^  aixl  v<<ry  low,  uxtuii<1iiif{ 
from  above  vontralH  ii«>arly  to  caudal;  tlio  rayH  Hiiniilu,  each  one  placed 
Ituliiiid  u  pair  of  Hpine-iike  proocHHCH  ;  n«»  adipoHo  lln;  no  peotoralH;  von- 
tials  median.  A  iiiniinoim  orjran  above  middle  of  up)ier  jaw  and  a  HurieH 
of  liiniinouH  dotH  alon^  Hide  of  belly  and  on  ontor  ray  of  ventral  and  on 
liiil.  (till  openings  very  wide;  branchioNtt'^alH  Hliort,  numcrouH.  (iillH 
I ;  no  pNendobrancliije.  Vertebrte  numerous,  (S7  in  Id'mcntilhuH  J'vntx.  Three 
npeeicH  known.     (Majf;,  pecnliuv;  iiKuvlla,  Hpjne.) 

ci,  DiirNiil  fin  inMortud  opfioHitx  mi.t  of  vi'iitriilH;  anal  riivH  l.'i.  rKRox,  (NIO. 

■III.  DoriMil  flu  Iniierteil  wull  in  <ii|vunvo  of  vuntruU;  anal  rayH  about  'Mi.         anthunthmuh,  itCt. 

<>0:i.  IltiACANTHI'M  KKItOX  (UUnthur). 

1).  «);  A.4r);  V.  6.     Vertebra' 67.     Vent  in  Hixth  eighth  of  total  length. 

DdiHal  iiiHerted  opposite  vontralu.     Color  black.     North  Atlantic,  nearly 

midway,   in   2,7r)()   fathuiuH.     One  upeciinen,  8  inches  long,     ((jiinther.) 

{J'lrox,  tierce.) 

lUillijiiiiihiii J'erox,  OCntmkk,  Ann.  Ma);.  Nut.  Hint.,  ii,  187H,  iHl,  North  Atlantic. 
litiiiniiiOiiii/erojr,  QOntiieh,  Do('|i-St'a  FIhIioh  Cliallcngor,  ,\xii,  21ii,  1KH7. 

004.  IDIACANTIIl'S  ANTItOSTO.Ml'S,  Uill>urt. 

Head  12;  depth  1(5.  D.  .57;  A.  about  85.  Abdomen  much  dilated, 
abruptly  constricted  immediately  behind  the  ventral  fins,  and  much  nar- 
rowed anteriorly,  the  depth  again  increasing  to  occiput.  Greatest  depth 
iimiiediately  in  front  of  ventrals.  Maxillary  reaching  edge  of  gill  cover. 
IVetli  in  a  single  series  in  each  jaw,  readily  depressib'.e,  varying  greatly 
in  length ;  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  arranged  in  groups  of  4  or  5,  the 
anterior  member  of  each  group  being  very  short,  the  others  rapidly 
increasing  backward,  the  posterior  tooth  very  long;  lateral  teeth  in 
mandible  inserted  at  the  extreme  outer  edge  of  the  jaw,  th'i  anterior  teeth 
iimerted  farther  inward;  thus  the  last  of  the  anterior  teeth  are  distinctly 
within  the  first  of  those  on  sides  of  jaw ;  a  single  small  tooth  on  each 
Hide  of  vomer,  and  2  or  3  posteriorly  on  palatines ;  3  pairs  of  teeth 
directed  backward  from  near  tip  of  tongue.  Eye  over  flrst  third  of 
length  of  maxillary ;  lower  jaw  much  longer  than  the  upper.  Barbel  k 
longer  than  the  head,  expanded  near  its  tip,  and  again  narrowed  as  in  /. 
/•rox.  Dorsal  beginning  well  in  advance  of  ventrals,  its  distance  from 
tip  of  snout  S^  in  total  length;  anterior  rays  distant,  the  membrane 
iVom  one  ray  reaching  only  to  basal  portion  of  the  succeeding  ray ;  each 
my  starting  behind  a  pair  of  short  spinous  projections  which  diverge  back- 
ward, the  fin  when  depressed  lying  in  the  groove  formed  by  these  diverg- 
ing pairs  of  spines  ;  caudal  forked,  the  rudimentary  rays  extending  well 


I  ;,  I 


I    ^ 


I  ( 


n 


1   I 


«o« 


Bulletin  4jy  United  States  National  Museum. 


foiwuid  on  cardul  i)e<liinclo,  lu'arly  meeting  poKterior  rajH  of  dorsal  and 
aitiil  ;  vont  iiiiiiiediately  in  front  of  anal  liii,  far  behind  the  dilated  ah 
donion,  itH  diHtanco  from  end  of  caudal  3-,  in  total  length  ;  anal  Himiiar  to 
dorsal;  ventialu  about  S  length  of  maxillary,  very  Hlen<ler,  apparent  I  v 
of")  orO  Hlonder  rayH,  inserted  much  nearer  front  of  anal  tlian  head,  tlieii 
diutance  from  anal  about  half  their  distance  from  tip  of  snout.  Itlack,tli<' 
mandible  lighter,  the  baso  and  termi::al  portion  of  barbel  and  the  caiidiil 
translucent.  No  evident  phosphorescent  spot  on  cheek  ;  4  series  of  minute 
phosphorescent  dots  on  abdomen,  the  lateral  series  extending  but  a  shon 
distance  behind  ventrals,  the  median  series  uniting  to  form  a  single  row 
behind  these  lius.  Length  \\  inches.  O If  the  coast  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia in  C03  fathoms.     {,u.vTi)i>v,  cavern  ;  (ttii/ui,  mouth.) 

lilMciiiilliiig  (nitfonloiiiitK,  Oii.iiKUT,  I'riii'.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mum.,  189(),  .''(4,  Albatross  Station  3980,  in  603 
fathoms,  off  southern  California.     (Type,  Nu  4428)'>.     Cull.  (illli<-i't.) 

Order  U.  LYOPOMI. 

This  group,  which  contains  the  single  family  of  llalomiirhln,  is  thus 
defined  by  Gill : 

Scapular  arch  constituted  by  proscapula,  i)osterotemi>oral  and  post- 
temporal,  the  posr-temporal  discrete  from  t'de  of  cranii'ui  and  impinging' 
on  supraoccipital ;  hypercoracoid  and  hypercoracoid  lamellar  ;  »  forauicn 
in  upper  margin  of  hypocoracoid;  mesocoracoid  absent;  actinosts  nor- 
mal; cranium  with  the  condyle  confined  to  basioccipital.  Opercular 
apparatus  characteristic,  the  prcopercle  entirely  detached  from  the  sus- 
pensorium  (rudimentary  a,nd  connected  only  with  the  lower  jaw) ;  oper- 
culum normally  connected,  subopercio  enlarged  and  partly  usurping  tlu; 
usual  position  of  the  preopercle,  in  company  with  the  suborbital  chain 
which  is  extended  bickAard  to  the  opercular  margin;  bones  of  jaws, 
palatines,  aud  pterygoid  complete  and  normal ;  anterior  vertebra-,  sepa- 
rate; ventrals  abnormal.  {Lyopomi.  iiiU,  American  Naturalist,  Novem- 
ber, 1889,  1016.)     (/('(J,  loose;  m'jfza,  operculum.) 


W 


'!  ':     < 


m 


Family  LXXXVI.  HALOSAURIDiE. 

Body  elongate,  compressed  anteriorly,  tapering  into  a  very  long  and 
Blender  tail,  which  becomes  compressed  and  narrowed  into  a  sort  of  lila- 
uient.  Abdomen  rounded.  Scales  rather  small,  cycloid,  deciduous;  sides 
of  head  scaly  ;  lateral  line  present,  running  along  the  sides  of  the  belly, 
its  scales  in  the  known  species  enlarged,  each  in  a  pouch  of  black  skin 
with  a  luminous  organ  -a,^  its  base.  No  barbels.  Head  subconical, 
depressed  anteriorly,  the  flattened  snout  projecting  beyond  the  moutli. 
Mouth  inferior,  horizontal,  of  moderate  size,  its  anterior  margin  formed 
by  the  premaxillaries,  its  lateral  margin  by  the  maxillaries,  which  arc  of 
moderate  width.  Teeth  small,  in  villiform  bands,  on  the  jaws,  the  rudi- 
mentary palatines  and  pterygoids ;  none  on  vomer  and  tongue.  Eye  ratlitsr 
larg'?.  Facial  bones  with  large,  muciferous  cavities.  Opercular  appara- 
tus peculiar,  the  preopercle  entirely  detached  from  suspensorium,  rudi- 
mentary; aud  connected  only  with  lower  jaw  ;  opercle  normally  connected ; 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  /^merica. 


007 


Huhopercle  enlarged  aad  partly  usurping  tl,e  uHual  position  of  the  pre- 
(ipt-rcle,  in  company  with  the  suborbital  cliain,  which  is  extended  back- 
ward to  the  opercular  margin.  liones  of  head  unarmed.  UHIh  ■^,  a  slit 
lichind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchiih  none ;  gill  rakers  short ;  gill  mem- 
))ranes  separate  from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  numerous  (about  11). 
Dursal  iiu  short,  rather  high,  inserted  behind  ventrals  and  before  vent; 
i.u  adipose  fin;  no  caudal  fin;  anal  fin  i^xtrenmly  long,  extending  fiom 
vent  to  tip  of  tail  (its  rays  about  200  in  number);  ventrals  mod- 
i-rate, not  very  far  back ;  i)ectorale  rather  long,  narrow,  inserted 
lii|;h.  No  axillary  scales.  Shoulder  girdle  weak,  its  uppermost  bone 
(Hupraclavicle  or  post-temporal)  touching  the  cranium  at  ^he  nuchal 
region,  but  not  cour.ected  with  it  laterally.  Air  bladder  large,  simple. 
Stomach  cu'cal ;  pyloric  ca>ca  in  moderate  number;  intestines  short. 
Ovaries  not  closed.  Vertebrse  very  niany,60-f-x-  Three  genera,  with 
about  10  known  species.  Fishes  of  the  deep  sea.  {Ualomiirida,  (jiinther, 
Cat.  VII,  482,  1868.) 

a.  Vuiitriil8  iioriiml;  no  bocoikI  donai  fin. 

h.  Vortex  covered  with  scales;  scales  of  lateral   line  scarcely  oiilnrged:  snout  olitusoly 

rou    '«>d;  annl  hi;;li.  IIauisauiuk,  ii!»2. 

lib.  Vertex  scalelesx;  bcuIph  of  liiteral   line  enlarged,  iimvideil  with   phiitophoreN;  Hnoiit 

pointed;  anal  inodercte.  Ai.dkovandia,  2<.)3. 

292.  HALOSAURUS,  Johnson. 

IhloianruK,  JoilNRO/,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  London,  IHSJ,  4(((i,  (oireni). 

Ventrals  normal;  no  second  dorsal  iiu;  anal  high.  Snout  obtnnely 
rounded.  Head  without  angular  ridges.  Vertex  covered  with  scales. 
Scales  of  lateral  line  scarcely  enlarged.  Characters  otherwise  included 
above,    (a^f,  sea;  aavpo^,  lizard.) 

11.  Prooral  portion  of  enont  enual  to  half  its  length.     Height  of  body  nearly  equal  to  half 

length  of  head  and  j^  of  total;  diameter  of  eye  g  ^ostorhital  portion  of  head  and  niuch 

greater  than  width  of  interorbital  space;  about  60  scales  in   lateral  lino  in  front  of 

vent.  owr.Ni,  905. 

ua.  Prorral  jiortion  of  snout  less  than  half  its  length;  height  of  body  alniut  |;',  length  uf  head 

end  n'5  of  total;  diameter  of  oye  half  length  of  puKtorbltal  portion  of  head  (which  is 

equal  to  that  of  snout),  and  much  greater  than  width  of  interorbital  space;  uboi.'  C7 

stales  in  lateral  line  in  front  of  vent.  guntheki,  906. 

90e.  HALOSAVKUS  OWENI,  Johnson. 

Head  7i.  B.  14;  D.  11;  A.  191;  P.  11;  V.  10;  scales  about  14-170-6. 
Height  14],  in  total  length  ;  eye  2  in  snout,  5  in  head,  reaching  to  profile; 
saout  produced,  its  preoral  portion  being  nearly  i  its  length.  Eye  rather 
large,  I  postocular  portion  of  head,  and  much  more  than  width  of  inter- 
orbital space;  niaxilHry  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  eye.  Length 
of  head  more  than  its  distance  from  ventral  lin,  the  base  of  which  is 
entirely  in  front  of  and  somewhat  remote  from  base  of  dorsal ;  pectoral 
lin  with  narrow  base,  very  long,  extending  nearly  to  root  of  ventral. 
Scales  of  lateral  line  scarcely  larger  than  the  others,  without  phospho- 
rescent organs  being  visible  in  the  only  specimen  known  ;  anterior  por- 
tion of  dorsal  fin  covered  with  small  scales ;  anal  fin  scaleless.     Brownish 


iO 


,  ■    .1  ■ 


,   !!■ 


iti  I; 


5'      , 


:....^:.i;,*-- 


ii 

! 

il 

^iii 

\i 

iiJ 

I '  '^'Cp. " 


.  1 


i! 


!i 


;^"* 


'  ' 


:   >i' 


V. 


..:.,..;.: 

ii 

n 

ii 

ywikii 

k.-     ^ 

608 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


silvery  on  abdomeu.  (Uiinther.)  Interorbital  space  less  than  long  diain- 
etor  of  eye.  Suout  scaleless.  Mouth  moderate,  uot  nearly  reaching  tip 
of  ttnout.  Dorsal  fiu  over  the  space  between  ventral  tins  and  vent ;  lungeot 
dordal  rays  (second  and  third)  twice  as  long  as  bane  of  lin ;  pectuniis 
BcalelesH,  longer  than  ventrals;  ventrals  scaly.  Vent  in  anterior  half  of 
total  length,  no  anal  papilla;  base  of  anal  scaly;  caudal  of  2  hair-likt^ 
rays.  Lateral  line  very  low  down  and  disappearing  posteriorly.  Pyloric 
c(i'ca  12,  small.  Air  bladder  5  inches  hujg  and  with  a  delicate  silvery 
coat.  Intestine  straight.  Peritoneum  black  anteriorly,  posteriorly  witli 
patches  of  black  lines  on  a  pale  ground.  The  first  individual  obtained 
was  caught  in  February,  a  female  with  eggs,  in  2  masses  lying  side  by 
side,  5i  inches  long,  not  covered  with  a  sac.  (J^^hnsou.)  Middle  Atlantic, 
the  type  from  Madeira.  Two  specimens,  16i  inches  jvnd  21  inches  in  length, 
were  obtained  by  the  AlbatroHH  at  Station  2181,  in  ()9.S  fathoms.  OtliciH 
obtained  by  the  Bhike  at  Stations  LXVII,  128-240  fathoms,  and  LXVIII, 
243-458  fathoms,  off  Guadeloupe  and  Santa  Lucia.  (Named  for  Prof. 
Richard  Owen,  the  distinguished  anatomist.) 

Uahsannis  oicnti,  Johnhov,  Proc.  Zmil.  Soc.  LuuU.,  18C3,  40G,  pi.  xxxvi,  fiii.'2,  Madeira  ;  (idcmf, 
&  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclithynlogy,  l.U,  18%. 

9U«.  IIALOSAUKl  S  UIINTHKItl,  Goodo  &  Kuan. 

D.  11;  P.  16;  V.  I,  9;  scales  15-X-5;  eye  5.  Vertex  scaly,  Suont  pro- 
duced, its  preoral  portion  contained  2i(  times  in  its  length.  Eye  large,  2 
in  snout,  2  in  postocular  portion  of  the  head,  and  much  wider  than  inter- 
orbital space;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  front  margin  of  eye.  Length 
of  head  less  than  its  distance  from  root  of  ventral,  the  origin  of  which  is 
slightly  in  front  of  that  of  dorsal,  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  being  over  pos- 
terior portion  of  root  of  ventral,  and  also  over  the  thirty-first  scale  in 
the  specialized  lateral  line ;  two  scales  between  lateral  line  and  origin 
of  ventral;  ventral  broad,  slightly  longer  than  longest  dorsal;  pectoral 
fin  moderate,  extending  less  than  halfway  from  its  own  base  to  root  of 
ventral,  2  in  bead.  Scales  on  the  lateral  line  not  much  enlarged,  67  in 
advance  of  vent ;  base  of  dorsal  and  anal  scaly.  Color  brownish ;  under 
surface  of  head  lighter.  A  single  specimen  was  obtained  by  the  AlhatroHn 
from  Station  2722,  39°  13^  N.,  72°  W.,  at  a  depth  of  594  fathoms.  ^Goodo 
&  Bean.)     (Named  for  Dr.  Albert  Giinther.) 


HtUumimis  gihitheri,  Goode  it  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclitliyulogy,  131,  IS'Mi,  Gulf  Stream. 
38070.    Coll.  Albatross.) 


(Type,  Nu. 


293.  ALDROVANDIA,  Goode  &  Bean. 

AUlrorandia,  GooDK  &  Dean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  132,  1895,  {lonlrata). 

Ventrals  normal ;  no  second  dorsal  fin  ;  vertex  scaleless ;  scales  of 
lateral  line  enlarged,  provided  with  photophores.  Head  with  pointed 
snout  and  prominent  lateral  ridges.  Anal  fin  moderate,  high,  its  heifjlit 
i^  to  i  that  of  dorsal.  (Named  for  Ulysses  Aldrovandus,  of  Bologna,  'lie 
founder  of  the  first  natural  history  museum.) 

a.  Suout  much  produced  (length  equal  to  or  greater  than  distauro  from  eye  to  root  of  pc'to- 
ral) ;  preoral  portion  of  snout  exceeds  V^  its  length  ;  diameter  of  eyo  considernlilv  Ic^b 
than  width  of  interorbital  space.    Twenty-four  scales  in  lateral  line  in  front  of  ^ ' nt. 

ROSTItATA,  .''l7, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


009 


oo.  Snout  mtxlcnitoly  iiroducotl  (its  Icntttli  not  fxcendinK  JwRtoculBr  portion  of  hoad). 

h.  I'ruorul  (portion  of  snout  contained  ."J  timeH  in  its  entire  Itngtii ;  dianiotor  of  eyo  Y^ 

widtli  of  iutcrorbltai  Ki>oco(ij  ipostocular  portion  of  lioail).    About  20  ncalus  in  lat- 

uriil  lino  in  front  of  vout.  MACiiocniiu,  'J08. 

W<.  Proonil  portion  of  snout  ;i»^  in  itHlcngtIi  ;  diameter  of  eye  les«  tlian  %  widtli  of  inter- 

orltital  Mpa<'e  (5  in  poHtocular  portion  of  head).  uoodki,  000. 

hhU.  Prooral  portion  of  nnout  '1%  in  its  lonKtli  ;  dianietor  of  eyo  exceods  widtli  of  in»er- 

orliital  n|iai-o  (  ^  27,,  in  jmstorbital  length  of  liuad).     Dorral  origin  lieliind  root 

of  ventral.     Kiglitt^eii  to  twenty  scales  in  lateral  lino  in  front  of  vent ;  slender, 

depth  203^  in  total  length.  qhacims,  i»10. 

6(i/((<.  Preoral  portion  of  snout  aliont  2  in  its  lengtii  ;   diameter  of  eye  equal  to  width  of 

interorbital  space  (2i  in  postorbital  length  of  head).     Dorsal  origin  over  base  of 

last  rays  of  ventral.     Twenty-seven  scales  in   lateral  lino  in  front  of   vent ; 

stout,  deptli  15  in  total  length.  pallida,  Oil. 

007.   iLDKOVAMlIA  ItOSTRATA  (Gilnther). 

Head  8,  much  exceeding  height  of  body.  D.  9;  V.  J);  \\.  9.  Scales 
i;i-24-().  Snout  very  much  produced,  Hpatulate,  its  preoral  portion  being 
nioro  than  \  its  length.  Eye  of  moderate  size,  its  length  being  i\  of 
jmstocular  portion  of  head,  and  consit'.jrably  less  than  width  of  interorb- 
ital space.  Maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  margin  of  eye.  Length 
of  head  a  little  more  than  its  distance  from  root  of  ventral,  which  is 
nearly  entirely  situated  before  the  dorsal.  Nearly  all  the  scales  are  lost, 
but  some  of  the  lateral  line  remain  ;  they  are  much  larger  than  the  other 
scales ;  and  on  the  tail,  where  the  lateral  line  approaches  the  lower 
profile,  these  larger  scales  till  up  all  the  space  between  the  lateral  line 
and  the  anal  fin.  I3ones  of  head  very  thin;  operculum  smooth,  covered 
with  a  very  fine  membrane.  Lower  part  of  side  of  head  occupied  from 
the  snout  to  gill  opening  by  two  exceedingly  wide  muciferous  channels, 
of  which  one  takes  its  origin  on  the  preorbital,  the  other  on  the  mandible, 
and  which  open  behind  at  the  gill  opening  by  a  common  and  very  wide 
aperture.  Branchial  apparatus  as  in  the  other  species.  Dentition  very 
similar  to  that  of  Jldrovandiamacrochir,  but  the  palatine  patches  crescent- 
shaped  and  rather  widely  separated  from  pterygoid  band.  Scales  of  lateral 
line  about  3  times  size  of  others,  and  about  24  in  number  between  gill 
opening  and  vent,  each  bearing  a  luminous  organ,  vertically  elongated 
and  rhombic,  but  not  extending  to  upper  and  lower  margins  of  scales. 
Light  colored,  lower  part  of  head  and  gill  cover  black ;  abdominal  region 
blackish.  Length  20  inches.  One  specimen,  from  Challenger  Station  63, 
mid-Atlantic.    (Giinther.)    {rostratua,  long-nosed.) 

IMosivirus  rottratiis,  Gt'jjTiiEB,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1878,  11,  '..52,  mid-Atlantic;  UCntiieii, 

Ohallengor  Report,  xxil,  241,  pi.  i,ix,  fig.  D,  1887. 
Ahlnifiindia  rostrata,  GooDE  <fc  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  lu2,  1805. 

008,  ALDROYAXDIA  HACROCHIR  (GUnther). 

B.  12 ;  D.  13 ;  V.  10 ;  P.  11-13.  Scales  14  x  5.  Snout  moderately  produced, 
tiie  preoral  portion  forming  only  ^  of  its  length.  Eye  rather  small,  i  of 
postocular  portion  of  head,  and  i  width  of  interorbital  space.  Maxillary 
reaching  to  front  margin  of  eye ;  length  of  head  more  than  its  distance 
fvom  root  of  ventral,  the  origin  of  which  is  immediately  in  front  of  that 

F.  N.  A. 40 


1"    ■  ' 

f   '  \ 

l    '  -r 

TTW^ 


r,. 


n  ■' 


i         i;] 


■  i              \ 
,  f       -     . 

1^ 

■  I           t 

i 

.    i 

"''^. 


610 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


of  dorsal;  pectoral  fin  with  narrow  base,  very  long,  exiending  nearly  to 
root  of  ventral.  Scales  of  lateral  line  larger  than  others,  more  or  Iuhh 
hidden  in  a  pouch  of  black  skin,  with  a  phosphorescent  organ  at  1>uh«  of 
free  portion;  these  large  scales  continued  for  some  length  on  the  tail 
and  cover  base  of  anal  fin,  which,  like  the  dorsal,  is  covered  in  its  ba.sal 
half  with  small  scales;  head  naked;  upper  portions  of  gill  cover  and 
cheek  covered  with  scales  similar  to  those  of  body.  Hand  of  pren  ax- 
illary teeth  broader  than  maxillary  band  ;  palatine  teeth  in  two  separate 
patches,  each  being  of  an  oval  shape,  with  the  pointed  end  directed  for- 
ward; pterygoid  teeth  in  a  very  narrow  band,  which  extends  far  back- 
ward in  cavity  of  mouth ;  basibrancbials  with  a  long  and  broad  bnnd. 
Four  well-developed  gills.  Outer  branchial  arch  with  14  widely-set  ^nll 
rakers,  of  which  the  middle  ones  are  slender  and  as  long  as  eye,  tliuothcrH 
becoming  shorter  toward  end  of  series.  Uniform  black.  Common  in 
the  central  parts  of  the  Atlantic ;  first  discovered  by  the  Challenyn-  oil' 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  Station  Y,  depth  1,090  fathoms,  one  specimen, 
21^  inches  long ;  near  Marion  Island,  Station  146,  depth  1,375  fatlionus, 
four  specimens,  18  to  20  inches  long.  Specimens  also  obtained  by  tliu 
Blake,  at  Station  cccviii,  at  a  depth  of  1,242  fathoms,  and  Station 
cccxxv,  at  a  depth  of  647  fathoms,     (fuixpui,  long;  x^'Pi  hand.) 

HaloiaHnts  macrochir,  GUnther,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  IliBt.,  ii,  1878,  251,  between  Cape  of  Good 

Hope  and  Kerguelen  Island. 
Aldrovamlia  macrochira,  Goude  <&  Bean,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  ZoOl.,  x.  No.  5,  219,  1883. 

000.  ALDROVANDIA  OOOOEI  (Gill). 

B.  12 ;  D.  I-IO,  11 ;  V.  I,  8.  Snout  moderately  produced,  its  preoial 
portion  forming  f  of  its  own  length ;  eye  small,  equal  to  about  i  of  post- 
ocular  portion  of  head,  ard  measuring  a  little  less  than  i  of  width  of 
interorbital  space.  Head  longer  than  distance  between  it  aud  root  of 
ventral.  Maxillary  reaching  vertical  of  front  margin  of  eye.  Dorsal 
entirely  behind  ventrals ;  anal  commencing  as  far  behind  root  of  ventials 
as  the  latter  are  behind  the  preoperculum ;  pectorals  nearly  reach  back- 
ward to  the  ventrals.  Squamation  similar  to  that  of  A.  viacrochh:  The 
type  of  this  description  Avas  obtained  by  the  Albatroas  at  Station  2037,  at 
a  depth  of  1,731  fathoms.  Others  were  obtained  from  Stations  2051,  l.lOt! 
fathoms;  2035,  1,362  fathoms;  2052,  1,098  fathoms.  (Goode  &  IJean.) 
(Named  for  George  Brown  Goode,  one  of  the  most  accomplished  and 
scholarly'of  contemporary  ichthyologists,  joint  author  of  the  Oceanic 
Ichthyology,  from  which  our  accounts  of  the  deep-sea  fishes  are  largely 
derived. ) 

Ualosaunu  goodci.  Gill,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mug.,  1883,  257,  Gulf  Stream,  off  Carolina.    (Typo, 

No.  :«281.) 
Aldrovaiidia  goodei,  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceauic  Ichthyology,  133,  1895, 

010.  ALDROTANDIA  GRACILIS,  Goode  &  Bean. 

Head  8i^ ;  depth  20^ ;  eye  3  in  snout,  and  about  2^  in  postorbital  i)art 
of  head.    Very  slender,  resembling  Aldrovandia  roatrata,  from  which  it 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        611 


(litterH  in  having  a  larger  eye,  a  Hinallor  number  of  niodiliod  HoaloH  in 
lattiral  line,  atid.in  having  the  vent  placed  more  posteriorly.  Diutanoe 
from  end  of  mouth  to  tip  of  snout  nearly  ),  of  head  ;  length  of  snout  a 
little  greater  than  length  of  mandible  ;  ^vidth  of  interorbital  space  about 
\  snout  and  \  length  of  eye  ;  maxilla  extending  slightly  beyond  anterior 
margin  of  eye ;  the  mandible  a  little  behind  end  of  eye.  A  few  scales  in 
several  scries  behind  the  eye.  Mouth  rather  large.  Teeth  on  the  pre- 
maxillaries  and  mandible  in  somewhat  broader  bands  than  those  on  the 
maxilla;  vomerine  patches  broad,  well  separated  in  front.  Tip  of  tongue 
free.  Integumentary  Hup  not  extending  much  beyond  margin  of  sub- 
opercle.  Hranchiostegals  10;  gill  rakers  2  above,  12  below,  the  longtsst 
scarcely  half  as  long  as  eye.  Distance  of  dorsal  from  tip  of  snout  2  in 
head,  length  of  base  \  height  of  body ;  longest  ray  2i  in  head  and  nearly 
o(iual  to  height  of  body  ;  about  34  rows  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Ven- 
tral entirely  in  advance  of  dorsal,  its  distance  from  end  of  head  (2  inches) 
ecpial  to  distance  from  tip  of  mandible  to  end  of  head.  Length  of 
ventral  (f  inch)  about  equal  to  that  of  dorsal  base,  or  twice  length  of 
eye;  origin  of  ventral  about  under  twenty-eighth  row  of  scales;  distance 
of  vent  from  origin  of  the  ventral  greater  than  length  of  head,  close 
to  anal  origin;  distance  from  the  dorsal  origin  to  that  of  the  anal  (26 
inches)  '6  times  length  of  dorsal  base.  Nino  or  ten  enlarged  scales  in  lat- 
eral line  in  front  of  the  ventral  origin  and  about  the  same  number  between 
ventral  and  vent.  Dorsal  scaly  less  than  \  its  height;  about  12  rows 
of  scales  between  the  dorsal  origin  and  lateral  line,  and  only  about  2 
rows  below  lateral  line. 

Scales  silvery,  the  light  orange-brown  body  color  showing  through 
them ;  branchiostegal  membrane  bluish ;  inner  surface  of  gill  covers 
nearly  black;  inside  of  mouth  bluish.  Three  specimens  known,  one 
obtained  by  the  Blake,  at  Station  LXX,  ort'  Guadeloupe,  769  fathoms ; 
one  at  Station  2380,  by  the  Alhat/oss,  from  which  the  present  description 
is  drawn,  and  another  at  Station  2381  by  the  same  vessel.  Station  2380 
is  in  N.  latitude  28"  02'  30'^  W.  longitude  87°  43'  45'',  from  1,430  fathoms. 
Station  2381  is  in  N.  latitude  28°  05'  00",  W.  longitude  87°  56'  15",  1,330 
fathoms.  This  species  may  be  identical  with  Aldrovaiidiu  johusoniana, 
Vaillant,  from  off  the  Canaries  and  the  coast  of  Africa,  but  the  types  of 
the  latterspecies  were  badly  mutilated.  (Goode&  liean.)  ((/racjT/s,  slender.) 

Atdrovaudia  grtwilis,  GooDE  &  Bean,  Oceiinic  Ichtliyology,  134,  1890,  off  Guadeloupe,  and  iu 
the  Gulf  Stream.     (Co-typ«,  No.  44327.     Coll.  Albatross.) 

Oil.  ALDBOVANDIA  PALLIDA,  Goodo  &  Bean. 

Head  7f ;  depth  15.  Head  naked,  with  the  exception  of  a  patch  of 
scales  beginning  behind  eye,  its  greatest  width  nearly  equal  to  i  width 
<»f  body.  Eye  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  head,  its  long  diameter 
etjual  to  i  length  of  snout,  also  equal  to  interorbital  width.  Nostrijs 
close  to  front  of  eye,  the  anterior  in  a  short  tube,  which  ends  in  a  little 
pointed  flap ;  the  posterior  larger,  nearly  elliptical  in  shape ;  distance 
from  front  margin  of  mouth  to  tip  of  snout  nearly  i  length  of  snout. 
Maxillary  extending  to  below  front  of  eye.     Teeth  in  broad,  villiforiu 


i'  j  i  5 


i  :  ;- 


ni 


-  .*  l.;fl.'ri,-?iiii,-<ol<ii''« 


.  .ilfcalJ^Vi'^'Jfcsvit' 


II  i; 


nmn 


T^TW^W 


612 


fiuUetin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum, 


bands  on  iutermaxilla,  niandiMe,  and  vomer;  in  narrower  hnndu  on  max- 
illa and  palatiueH.  End  of  tongne  barely  free.  Integumentary  Hup  ]ir()- 
jecting  beyond  margin  of  Huboperoulum.  Dorsal  beginning  about  ov*>i 
end  of  the  baHo  of  ventral,  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout  a  little  nioro 
than  twice  length  of  head  ;  length  of  its  base  nearly  eipial  to  gr«<at(!st 
depth  of  head;  basal  half  of  the  fin  profusely  covered  with  scales;  it 
consists  of  2  simple  and  9  divided  rays.  Longest  dorsal  ray  (1,^  inclitt^) 
equals  f  greatest  height  of  body,  last  ray  •■  as  long  as  third.  Ventral  <ii,s- 
taut  from  the  snout  a  space  abont  e<iual  to  twice  head;  it  consists  (if  li 
simple  and  7  divide  1  rays,  the  longest  C(iual  to  liase  of  dorsal ;  pi-ctoiiil 
placed  above  middle  of  body,  not  far  from  head,  its  length  ecpial  t'>  \ 
distance  of  its  base  from  origin  of  ventral,  and  reaching  to  about  seven- 
teenth row  of  scales.  Vent  under  sixty-third  scale  of  lateral  line;  about 
12  rows  of  scales  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  lateral  lino  and  abotit  2\ 
rows  between  lateral  lino  and  origin  of  ventral ;  lateral  line  composctl  of 
enlarged  and  modified  scales,  becoming  obliterated  about  middle  of  tail ; 
15  or  16  of  these  enlarged  scales  between  head  and  origin  of  ventral; 
about  27  between  vent  and  head ;  distance  from  origin  of  ventral  io  anus 
(3  inches)  nearly  equal  to  head.  Anal  rays  about  106,  their  origin  not  fur 
behind  veut;  caudal,  which  is  long  and  slender,  with  about 4  rays;  pec- 
toral 13.  Membrane  covering  anal  rays  scaled  throughout  almost  its  entiru 
length.  Gill  rakers  rather  short  and  few,  3  + 12.  Color  of  scales  a  ligiit 
silvery  gray,  through  which  the  body  color  appears  as  a  light  orange- 
brown;  branchiostegal  membrane  and  opercular  bones  bluish;  inside  of 
gill  covers  very  dark  blue.  The  type,  a  specimen  two  feet  long,  taken 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  21°  36^  N.,  84°  05'  W.,  by  the  Blake  at  Station  173, 
at  a  depth  of  955  fathoms.  Many  others  were  obtained  in  the  Gulf  Stream, 
in  depths  ranging  from  679  to  1,430  fathoms,  by  the  Albatross.  (Goodo 
&  Bean.)    (pairuZus,  pale.) 

AhXrovandia\w\UAa,  Goode  k  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclitliyology,  134,  18S)5,  Gulf  of  Mexico.    (Oo-tyim, 
Ko.  38140.     Coll.  AlbatroHH.) 


Order  V.  HETEROMI. 

(The  Spinv  Eels.) 

The  Notacanthidiv^  are  separated  from  the  other  physostomous  fishes  by 
Gill,  to  form  an  order  which  he  thus  defines: 


*  Somo  recpiit  American  aiitliors  have  placed  tlie  Xolacanthidii;  witii  the  pliyBOclystous  I'ainily 
of  Maslacembelida;  in  the  order  Ojiinlhotni  of  Cope,  originally  fnimed  for  the  latter.  Thoii^  hci'iiis, 
however,  to  be  no  evidence,  as  Ur.  Vaillant  has  lately  noted,  of  atlinity  l«!tween  the  Moslareinlie- 
lUie  and  the  Notacauthidie.  Vaillant  calls  attention  to  the  presence  of  uu  air  duct  in  Xol<H-(iiiihm, 
and  places  the  family  among  the  Ganoids,  between  the  Sturgeons  and  the  Gels.  According:  tu 
Vaillant  (Exped.  (<ci.  Travailleur  et  Talisman,  324)  the  dorsal  spines  in  A'o/(it<»»Wii(cdill'er  wi.lily 
from  those  of  Tcleostean  fishes  jn  having  but  a  single  nourishing  canal  insteadof  two.  llctiiuis 
these  spines  homologous  with  the  plates  of  sturgeons  or  rather  with  the  pinnules  of  the  (iarmiil 
genus  Pohiptenif,  instead  of  with  the  spines  of  the  physoclystous  fishes.  Vaillant  also  finds  iiiiiiiy 
of  the  skeletal  characterH  of  Nolacanlhiiii  very  primitive,  sugge'Jling  Ganoid  affinities.  Al  the 
same  time,  the  simple  air  bladder,  the  absence  ot  spiral  valve  in  ilio  intcstinesaud  of  iniilti|ili(!(l 
valves  in  the  heart  seem  to  ally  Noldninthun  rather  to  the  Iiim-po)i<liili  or  the  Eels.  Giintli'T 
places  it  among  the  Vhijmgiomi  betwoeu  the  Ualoiaitridx  and  the  uels,  but  docs  not  regard  it  ue 
having  close  ufflnities  with  either. 


:'m  '^^'^ 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


G13 


"  Scapular  arch  t'urniud  by  the  proticapnla  and  post-temporal,  the  latter 
iti'tachud  from  the  aide  of  the  cranium  and  inipiuKing  on  the  Hupraocoipi- 
till.  Hypercoracoid  and  hypocoracoid  coalescing  in  a  single  lanudlar 
inipt^rforate  plate ;  actinosts  normal.  Cranium  with  the  condyle  .  ontlned 
lo  til*;  has Occipital;  exoccipital  coalesced  with  epiotics  and  opisthotios. 
\'oiiier  oliHoleto  ;  opercular  apparatus  complete ;  preopercle  slightly  con- 
iioctcd  with  HuspeuHorium ;  Huborhitals  suppressed ;  Jaw  bones  com- 
plt'to  and  little  aberrant ,  palatines  and  pterygoids  well  developed  ; 
anterior  vertebrii;  separate;  ventrals  abdominal."  Air  bladder  with  a 
(liiL-t.  The  character  of  having  the  scapular  arch  free  from  the  cranium 
and  attached  to  the  anterior  vertebrii>,  shared  by  these  flshes  with  the 
eels  and  several  other  groups  may  be,  in  the  di^'erent  cases,  of  independent 
(iiigin,  and  is  probably  not  indicative,  of  any  special  afllnity.  {lrt{wq^  dif- 
I'crciit;  ''i/iof, shoulder.)  (ITi'^eroini,  Gill,  American  Naturalist,  November, 
18X9,  1016). 

II.  Jaws  normal;  dorsal  apinns  soparated;  both  Jaws  witli  tooth.         NnTACANTHin*,  lxxxvii. 
M.  .lawH  foriiiiu);  a  suctorial  nioiitli,   witli   niodifiud   rami;   no  tootli.     Dorwil  Hpiiu-s  close 
together,  uuited  by  niembrano  to  rurm  a  high  triangular  fln. 

LlPOOF.NYID.f':,  I.XXXVIII. 

Family  LXXXVII.  NOTACANTHIDvE. 

liody  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  ending  in  a  band-like,  tapering 
tail.  Scales  small,  cycloid.  Dorsal  represented  by  a  series  of  short  spines 
witii  few  or  no  soft  rays.  Anal  fin  of  many  rays,  the  anterior  ones  being 
Hpinous;  ventrals  abdominal,  with  more  than  five  soft  rays,  and  usually 
one  or  two  spines.  Jaws  normal ;  mouth  inferior,  the  snout  projecting 
beyond  it,  the  lower  Jaw  meeting  the  palate  as  in  sharks.  Jaws  and 
|)aiatines  armed  with  a  series  of  close-set  teeth;  palatines  movable; 
vomer  wanting.  A  sharp  spine  more  or  less  hidden  by  the  fleshy  folds  of 
the  lips  at  angle  of  mouth,  on  each  side.  Shoulder  girdle  loosely  sus- 
pended to  the  skull  by  ligaments.  Air  bladder  present,  with  a  pneumatic 
(Inct.*  Gills  4 ;  gill  openings  wide,  not  restricted  above,  the  membranes 
flcpavate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchia;  absent.  Gill  rakers 
lon^  and  slender.  Ovaries  without  oviducts.  Deep-sea  fishes,  found  in 
most  seas.  Genera  about  5;  species  about  12.  This  is  an  archaic  group, 
and.  as  already  stated,  its  relationships  are  atill  doubtful.  {Notacanthi, 
Giinther,  Cat.,  iii,  544,  1861.) 

Niitacantiiin.k: 
11.  Dorsal  spines  0  to  12;  teoth  in  upper  jaw  compressed  and  obliquely  triangular. 

h.  Origin  of  spinous  dorsal  far  in  advance  of  vent;  mouth  lateral  with  the  lip  continuous. 

NOTACANTHUS,  294. 

1*'  ii.y  Ao  antiionotin;k  : 
nil.  Dorsal  spines  27  to  38.     Teeth  in  jaws  erect,  fine;  ventrals  soi^rated. 

c.  Snout  not  Tory  elongate,  not  proboscis-liko;  dorsal  and  anal  spines  low  and  strong,  the 
latter  50  or  more  in  number;  lateral  line  Btraig^it.  Macdonaidia,  296. 


^According  to  Vaillant;  QUnther,  however,  does  not  find  a  duct  in  Notacanthui  »exapiiii$. 


'I '!'■!'!»' ir 


014 


Bulletin  y/,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Miy-^ 


294.  NOTACANTHUS,  liloch. 

Volncnnihxui,  Buicil,  Abliandl.*  nolimlKi^liun  GohoIIhcIi.  WiHaoiiHcliiil't,  1,  278, 17H7,  (ehtmn\i:.\t), 

Arii)illi<iHiitii»,  lii.0011,  IchthyoltiKiii,  Xll,  W'.i,  17U7,  (ii(miii), 

Caniiii/lixlim  (Fabuiciuh,  HIIH),  UKiNiiAlinT,  VId.  S<0«k.  Afli.,  120,  18:»8,  (fahririi). 

DoiHal  spines  (»  to  12.  Teoth  in  upi»«r  jaw  cnni])rRHHo«l,  olilifpioly 
triangular.  Lip  nurinal,  continuoiiH.  VuntralH  cuunato  or  oonlliient. 
Characters  otherwise  includcc?  above. 

<i.  H(>(ly  much  liif(h<>r  ovit  vciitnilH  iJmii  ovrr  jn'ctoralH,  niul  comparatlToly  aliort.     LBtcral 
liliii  following  iu'dlllo  iif  liiick  ill  front  of  ilnrHiil  niijiich,  IIixii  HitikiiiK  In  ninliiin  liiiit  nf 
body. 
h.  First  (lorHiil  Hpiiin  IkOiIimI  vitrtiral  from  iixil  of  viiitral.     1).  \  to  \I  ;  A.  Xllf  t<>  XIV. 

CilKMNIT7.il,  91J. 

III).  V\nt  (lumal  npinc  in  Trunt  uf  viTticiil  fruni  iiiixtrtiun  uf  ventral.     D.  XI ;  A.  \  VII. 

AMAI.IH,  '.11.1. 

aa.  Ihxiy  littlo  liiglivr  over  ventralx  tlian  over  pcctoralH,  and  <'(imparativcly  (dongato. 

c.  liUtural  linoBliglitly  arcliod  aliove  puctorat,  siuliliif;  to  median  line  uf  body  in  advanrn 
of  lli-Ht  doriial  BpincB.     LaHt  dorsul  Bi)iuoover  flftli  from  loBtanal  Bpino  ;  fiiiN  low;  ]i. 

X  ;   A.  XIX.  IMIASOANORl'H,  '.Il4. 

912.  NOTACANTnUH  rnKMMTZII,!  Blo<h. 

Head  8;  d«pth   10.     D.   XI;  A.   15+118;   P.   19;  V.   3  +  7,  left  Hide, 

(K  right  side).     liranchiostegals  8  or  !).     liody  elongate,  its  greatest  hoiglit 

— . i . ..^ . 

♦Concerning  tliiH  rare  and  almost  forg«tt)!ii  paper  of  Dr.  IJlocIi,  our  friend  Dr.  Fran/,  Ilil^^eu- 
dorf  of  tlie  UniverHity  of  Ucrliii,  writes  us: 

"  tjM)er  /wey  merkwilrdigen  Fiscliarten  von  Ilerrn  D.  Blocli."  "  Abhandlungon  der  IJiiiuniM- 
clion  GeBcllBchaft  der  WiHseuBrliaften,"  auf  das  Jalir  1787,  odcr  Drtttor  Theil,  I'rag  n.  Dremlcn, 
1788,  pp.  278-282. 

Der  oi'sto der beidcn  Fisciio  ist  "Der  IlackelrUckcn,  Abracati^/iH*  r/ieniHtfciii,  zchn  Ilankelnnm 
Rilcken.     fioUicaiitliiiii  aculeis  decem  dorsalibus." 

Bloidi  Bclireilit  bior,  A"/(icaii//iiM,  niclit  Naliicanlhui  (wie  in  dor  deutscben  Ausgalte  seiner 
Naturgescliiclito  der  AusliindiMcben  Fixclio,  17U6)  oder  Acaulhonotua  (wie  in  der  franzosisclicn 
Ausgabe,  1707,;  dieiter  letzon  Sclireiltweise  folgt  Blocb-Sclineider. 

Im  Texto  d>'r  Aldiandlung  Biigt  Bluch,  dtinH  er  das  Kxemplar  von  Cliomnitz  in  Kopenlia^on 
orliielt  und  dass  dor  Fiscli  "Ist  ein  Bewohner  dea  Nordmeers."  Die  farbigo  Tafol  weicht  mvlir- 
faeh  ab  von  dor  Tafel  4;U  der  Naturgesciiiidito  Autiliindiscbo  Fisclie.  So  it-t  dio  Candalis  von  der 
Analis  durch  eii>e  Liicke  getrennt.  Die  I'ectoralis  ist  kiir/crgezcichnet ;  es  Bind  Zaiilon  bei);e- 
set/t ;  boide  D.  "10,"Hnter  dor  I*.  "17,"  iintor  der  A.  ^'i,^.  Im  Tuxtu  sagt  or  "An  diescm 
Fisclio  Bielit  man  iiur  C  Flossen  wuhr,  2  tin  der  Brust ;  e)>cneioviel  am  Baucbe,  am  Alter  und 
Schwanze,  an  jedein  eino.  In  der  Pectoralen  flo8So  ziililo  ich  17, in  der  BaucbtloBse  8,  und  in  der 
ScbwanzlloHHO  9  vielverzweigto  Stralilen.  Dio  AI'tcrfloB^o  aber  bat  13  Stachliclite  und  113 
einfacbo  Strahlcn."    Dio  sonstigo  Bescbreibung  ist  kurz  und  niclits  wiclitiges  bringond. 

HerkwClrdig  ist,  dass  BIocli  in  der  Naturg.  Ausl.  Fisclio  diesoerHto  Arbeit  iiicbt  erwiihnt  iiinl 
den  Nolocanthiis  als  eiu  neues  Genus  wiedor  uulfubrt.  Ks  cntBtebt  dio  Frago  ob  Uberhaupt  Miii 
N.  clummildi  daBselbo  Beiu  Boll  wie  der  angeblleli  ails  Indieii  Btanimen  do  nniut. 

Das  Berliner  Museum  liat  nurein  Rxomplar  von  Bloch.  Ich  babe  es  uoulich  auf  Goodi''9 
Wunsch  nachuntersucbt.  Meiuo  Zahlen  siiid  Bad.  Biancli.  8-9.  D.  V;  A.  i*A  ;  0.  ? ;  1'.  I'J; 
V.  ^-8.     Dio  P.  iNt  abgcstOH»on  und  vielleiclit  rcIioii  bei  Blocb's  Lebezeiten  bo  gewesen. 

Ich  miicbto  glauben,  dass  dio  friiheio  /eichnung  miingelbafter  war,  und  dass  beiden  Publicn- 
tionen  dasselbe  Exemplar  zu  Grtinde  lag.  Violleicht  hut  Ciiemnitz  nicht  gewilnscht  dass  srine 
Bozichung  bei  Bluch  puldicirt  wiirden.  Die  Bearbeituiig  und  Abhaudlung  des  andern  FisilicB 
{Silnrus  mililaris)  erwiihnt  Bluch  (ibrigons  inseinem  grossen  Work,  auch  nicht. 

In  dcm  Ilandschriftlichc  Katalug  von  der  Sanimlung  Bloch's  steht  nur  cin  Exemplar,  nls 
Nummer  560,  und  als  LXXVIIItes  Geschlecht  mit  der  Bezeichnuug  "  NolacaMiu  chetiniilii'' 
(ohncz).     (Uilgoudorf  in  lit.,  February  10,  1894.) 

t  "  The  material  now  classed  by  autliora  under  the  name  of  N.  naKua  is  the  following:  (1)  A 
specimen  described  by  Fabricius  in  1798  under  tho  generic  name  of  Campt/lodou,  obtained  111 
1794  fronj  Greenland;  (2)  Bloch's  typo  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  believed  by  him  to  come  from  tlm 
West  Indies,  described  under  the  names  Noiacaulhiis  cheniuilzii  and  /1can(/iono(t(«  nam"'';  (II)  A 
specimen  obtained  otT  Iceland  by  Ln  liecherclie  and  brought  by  Gaimard  to  the  Paris  SIiisciiiii, 
figured  in  the  Ri^gne  Animal,  and  said  to  have  been  figured  also  in  the  Voyage  in  Scandinavia. 
This,  as  has  already  been  stated,  is  possibly  a  typical  N.  naaut;  (4)  A  specimen,  3  feet  long, 
obtained  in  South  Greenland,  and  brought  in  1877  to  the  Copenhagen  Museum.  This  also  ie 
poBsibly  not  a  characteristir,  representative  of  the  species.  Both  Canestrini  and  Giglioli  eniini' 
erate  NotacanUiut  ttoMM  among  ilediterranean  fishes,  but  entirely  without  autliority."— &oot<«  d; 
Bean. 


for  if  an  amf  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


015 


about  >}  timeo  In  diHtance  from  vent  to  tip  of  snont.  Ilund  Nhort,  coni- 
])I'chhim1,  itH  length  not  <|uit«)  3^  tintoa  in  diHtance  from  vont  tu  snout. 
Mouth  large  ;  maxillary  nearly  reaching  vertical  from  anterior  margin  of 
pupil.  Mouth  entirely  on  under  portion  of  head,  Hultlatural.  Thirty-tive 
ttM*th  in  premaxillarieH  on  each  Bide.  DiHtance  between  upper  ]irolile  of 
Iit'iid  and  eye  about  equal  to  diameter  of  eye;  and  diameter  of  eye 
between  \  and  \  length  of  snout,  and  about  K  in  bead.  Gill  cover  divided 
to  below  the  HymphyHia  of  operculum  (with  hyonuindibular),  free  from 
iHthniuH.  Scales  lacking  only  about  mouth  and  eyes;  about  10  longi- 
tudinal rows  of  small  scales  between  ventral  outline  and  lateral  line; 
HUiooth  and  imbricated.  First  d«)rHal  spine  very  snuill,  only  viHiblo  as  a 
point;  placed  close  to  this  is  the  second,  which  is  alHo  very  short  and 
feeble;  third,  though  alHo  short,  is  thicker.  The  vent  lies  behind  fifth 
Hpine.  First  anal  spine  immediately  behind  vent,  and  very  small,  not 
extending  beyond  profile;  secoi..:  and  third  btit  slightly;  the  spines 
which  are  longest  and  placed  farthest  back  Htill  bear  traces  of  a  connect- 
ing membrane  and  are  probably  only  worn-otf  rays ;  pectorals  inserted 
Homewhiit  farther  back  from  the  gill  covers  than  shown  by  lUoch,  thoir 
baue  less  than  \  the  length  of  head ;  ventral  fins  connected  behind  the 
median  lino  by  a  membrane,  terminating  considerably  in  advance  of  vent. 
Total  length  (restored)  34  inches.  Length  of  tail  about  18^  inches. 
(Ililgendorf,  in  letter  to  Goodo  «&  Hean.)  (Named  for  "Chemnitz"  of 
Copenhagen,  probably  a  collector  or  dealer  in  curiosities,  1787.) 

yoUKaiUhmfhemHitzii,  Blocii,  Abh.  BObm.  GcsolUch.  dorWiNsviixchaft.,!,  278, 1787,  Northern  Sea; 

JouPAN  A  GiLHKBT,  SynopNis,  370,  1883. 
NntDcwithisvaintK,  BLOrii,  Iclit)iyolii(;ia,  Xil,  113,  pi.  431, 1795,  "  India;  "  UCntiiek,  Cat.,  ni,  54, 

18fil    GooDE  A  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclitbyology,  104, 1895. 
(Mmpyhi<liinfabrU-ii,  Beiniiabdt,  VidenBli.  Selslc.  Afliandl.,  ViO,  1838,  Greenland. 
AiuiUhuiiutHs nuim,  Blouii,  Ichthyologia,  xii,  114,  1797,  Ed.  Kr. 

91S.  N0TACAXTHU8  ANAL18,  Gill. 

D.  XI ;  A.  XVIII.  Body  much  higher  over  ventrals  than  over  pectorals, 
and  comparatively  shorty  its  height  equal  to  i  distance  from  vent  to  tip 
of  snout  and  nearly  equal  to  head  ;  lateral  line  arcnate  in  front  of  dorsal 
Hpines,  following  profile  of  back  and  then  sinking  to  median  line  of  body. 
First  dorsal  spine  in  front  of  ventral.  Snout  compressed,  pointed,  much 
produced  beyond  mouth;  the  cleft  extends  nearly  to  vertical  through 
middle  of  eye ;  length  of  snout  1 J  times  diameter  of  eye ;  width  of  inter- 
orbital  urea  slightly  less  than  eye ;  projection  of  snout  beyond  mouth 
cijual  to  eye  or  nearly  so  ;  snout  compressed,  not  swollen.  Mouth  nar- 
row, transverse,  its  width  about  i  head.  Eye  placed  some  distance 
below  the  upper  profile  and  in  line  of  lateral  line  continued  to  the  nos- 
trils. Gill  opening  wide,  the  membranes  confluent  and  slightly  in  advance 
of  vertical  from  the  upper  end  of  gill  opening ;  not  attached  to  isthmus. 
Scales  very  minute,  imbricated,  adherent.  Dorsal  spines  short,  the  ante- 
rior very  short ;  the  second  and  first  nearly  over  the  origin  of  ventrals, 
the  fifth  above  vent,  and  the  sixth  slightly  behind  origin  of  anal;  the 
longest  about  i  as  long  as  the  eye ;  the  last  (eleventh),  which  is  followed 
by  a  single  ray  attached  to  it  by  membrane,  over  the  fifteenth  spine  of 


H 


i   . 


•-i- 


'if 


^ 


'til 


'   !  i 


iUh 


SllNiiji 


[fTTJ 


1 


T^f?!^ 


M^ 


m 


N 


r 


■i  :\ 


m 


'•ill 


ii  ^ 


0I(> 


Jiulletin  47 1  United  States  National  Museum. 


anal ;  UorHal  spiiiuH  «1iHtaiit  from  caoh  other,  aixl  behind  onoh  \a  ii  narrow 
nnguliir  nienihrune;  anal  buKinning  ininicdiutely  beliintl  vent,  and  in  itN 
middle  portion  conaiderably  elevated;  length  of  itH  longeHt  rayn  uboiit 
u*iual  to  Hnout,  from  which  point  it  nlopeH  rapidly  to  tip  of  tail,  rectunil 
placed  high  np  in  axJH  of  bod> ,  innerted  at  houio  tliHtance  behind  gill 
opcningH,  broad  and  nearly  oval  in  Hhape  ;  ventraU  continent,  Home  dJN- 
tance  in  advance  of  vent;  Htout,  Itroad,  ovate  in  form,  nut  extending  to 
vent,  but  Hoparatod  from  it  by  a  diHtunco  criuul  to  half  their  own  length. 
Color,  uniform  light  bnnvn.  TIiIh  description  in  from  the  typcH  of  <iill, 
(Type,  No.  a7Hr>f5),  from  AUxitroHH  Station  2H77,  in  478  fathoniH.  The 
typos,  two  in  number,  measure  11^  and  12^  inches,  respectively.  Another 
specimen,  (No.  44210,  U.  8.  N.  M.)  was  obtained  by  the  Alhatrona  from 
station  207(),  at  a  depth  of  407  fathoms,     (atialin,  pertaining  to  the  anal  fin. ) 

Nutaeaiillnii  ininliH,  (Jii.i,,  I'loc.  V.  H.  Nat.  Miih.,  IKK),  261,,  Gulf  Stream,  latitude  40"  N., 
longitude  tg'^  W. ;  Ooode  A  Bban,  Proc  V.  H.  Nut.  Blue.,  IH'J-I  (l»U6),  4.'iu,  and  In  Oioanic 
IcIitbyoloKy,  1<16,  IKOA. 

UI4.  NOTACANTIM'N  PlIASOANORirH,  fiood)'. 
Head  7i;  depth  0.  D.  X ;  A.  XIX,  130;  P.  about  17;  V.  !!,!»;  H.  H; 
scales  about  2()-4(X)-3r>.  Body  much  compressetl,  its  greatest  width  about 
i  its  height.  Head  everywhere  covered  with  very  small  scales,  its  bones 
very  ilexible,  but  protected  by  leathery  skin.  luterorbital  width  more 
than  length  of  snout,  4  in  head,  twice  diameter  of  eye.  Mandible  twice 
length  of  eye;  maxillary  considerably  greater.  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  slen- 
der, blunt,  close-Hot,  and  comb-like,  32  on  each  side ;  teeth  of  lower  Jaw 
shorter,  slenderer,  in  2  rows;  palatines  with  villiform  teeth,  in  about  2 
series.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  2|  times  length  of  head,  its  length 
nearly  twice  length  of  head;  anal  beginning  close  behind  vent,  its  length 
half  the  body.  Pectoral  short  and  rounded,  its  length  (uncertain)  about 
i  the  head.  Ventrals  broad,  with  peduncle-like  bases  thickly  covered 
with  scales  ;  closely  adjacent,  separated  by  u  narrow  groove.  Lengtli  3 
feet.  Grand  Banks,  Newfoundland.  (Goode.)  One  large  specimen  known, 
taken  fronr  the  stomach  of  a  iSomniusuM  microcvphtduH,  ((^(myavor,  sword ; 
6^>of,  boundary,  used  for  <>hpn,  tail.) 

Notacanthiu  phatganoriiM,  GoonE,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  MiiB.,  lu,  1880,  5116,  Grand  Banks  of  New- 
foundland; (Tyjie,  No.'J.5972.  Coll.  Cajit.  l)i'iKK'<<<lll>'>ti°i<^l^);  JonoAN  &  Gilukbt,  Symip-.i?', 
g(M),  lH8:t;  GuoDE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1894  (189S),  4<;2,  iind  in  Ocoauiu  luhtliynl- 
ogy,  107,  1895. 

295.  MACDONALDIA,  (ioode  &^  Bean. 

Macdonahlia,  Qoode  *  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mur.,  1894  (1895),  4f>7,  ami  in  Ocnanic  Iilitliyolocy, 
172,  1895,  (rontrnln). 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  minute,  imbricated  scales.  Head  scaly. 
Mouth  inferior.  Dorsal  fin  represented  by  numerous  short,  straight, 
robust,  and  disjointed  spines,  27  to  35  in  number,  the  first  in  advance  of 
the  insertion  of  the  pectoral.  Anal  as  in  Notacanthun,  but  lower  and 
with  a  longer  portion  of  low,  short,  slightly  curved,  disjoined  spincH, 
from  35  to  55  in  number,  which,  under  the  final  dorsal  spines,  pass  into 
flexible  rays.  Lateral  line  straight,  conspicuous.  Pectorals  modoratf, 
placed  far  back,  below  the  middle  line  of  the  body,  and  remote  from  the 
lateral  line.    Teeth  in  jaws  erect,  small,  and  also  in  series  on  the  vomer 


Jortitin  ami  /ivermann. — Fishes  of  North  Afnerica.         617 

iiiid  pitluto.  A  lino  of  jtorvH  on  tlio  iniior  ml^n  of  thu  niHii(libl».  VnntralH 
tiKxlorutu,  uiitiroly  st^paruto.  (Naiiiud  for  Col.  MtirHliiill  McDonald,  UntttMl 
8tiitt>H  (/onintiHHioiifr  of  KIhIi  and  FiNlinrit^H,  '*  in  commemoration  of  IiIh 
lilxtral  policy  in  fiirtlivrin^  inlitliyolo(;ii>al  r«!8t>urch."  ) 

II.  IliirHiil  xwlii;  mini  xi.ii  nr  \l.iii. 
ii.i.  Ihirmil  xxxv;  miul  ulioitt  M.. 


KOHTHATA,  Din. 
t'llAl.l.r.NllKHI,  ttltl. 


»lft.  MAntOMAMMA  KINTKATA  iColl.tt). 

1).  XXVIII;  A.  XLII  or  XLIII.  Hody  jjrcatly  coniproHH«>d,  its  ontlinos 
tapfihiK  ra])idly  in  hoMi  dircctionH  frcuii  origin  of  vi-nt,  itH  ^riMiteHt 
iioi^lit  :<i  tinicH  ill  diutanco  of  voiit  from  tip  of  Miiont,  or  nltoiit  \  \\\\\^i\\ 
of  li«Mtd,  wliich  is  9}  tiiiinH  in  the  total;  Hnout  compreHHed,  pointed 
Hiiaktt-likc,  proiliu'od  Iteyond  tlio  month  a  diHtanco  Ichh  than  diameter  of 
oyc,  W  in  head.  Mouth  Ninall,  itH  cleft  Hcaroely  reaching  to  the  anterior 
noNtril.  Each  jaw  ariiu-d  with  a  HericH  of  niinnte  teeth  and  a  Bimilur 
NoricH  on  vomer  and  palate.  Kye  moderate  in  si/e,  placed  not  far  from 
(IdiNnl  protUe,  diNtant  about  1\  diainetoiH  from  the  end  of  Hiiout,  more 
than  :i  diaiiietei'H  from  end  cf  opeide.  (Jill  opening  wide.  The  hody 
and  head  covered  hy  minute,  imbricated  hcuIch  ;  a  line  of  mncoiiH  pores 
extending  from  anterior  end  of  lateral  line  forward  under  the  eye  to 
end  of  Muixiilary.  Dorsal  HpineH  short,  diHtant  irom  one  another,  the  Ilrst 
luti'ig  over  end  of  oporcle,  fifth  slightly  l)ehind  origin  of  pectoral,  the 
twelfth  slightly  in  advance  of  origin  of  pectoral,  the  llfteenth  almost 
over  origin  of  anal,  and  the  last  (twenty-eighth)  a  little  behind  middle 
of  length  of  tail.  In  another  individual  the  fourth  spine  is  inimedir.tely 
over  the  pectoral  iiiHfcvtion,  the  thirteenth  over  the  ventral  origin;  the 
whole  number  of  spines  is  :<0,  but  there  is  behind  the  thirtieth  a  minute 
N])iiio  almost  united  by  membrane  Anal  beginning  immediately  behind 
the  vtMit;  after  the  fifth  spine  the  height  of  the  tin  remains  uniform 
until  the  length  of  the  rays  gradually  decreases  near  tip  of  tail;  pecto- 
ral  inserted  at  a  distance  from  the  gill  opening  nearly  twice  its  own 
length;  ventrals  with  a  broad  base,  not  continent,  and  reaching  to  vent 
or  slightly  beyond  it. 

Specimens  obtained  by  the  Alhalroxn  at  Station  221(5,  in  9fi.3  fathoms,  16^ 
and  16  inches  long.  Another  specimen,  17  inches  long,  was  obtained  by 
the  JlhulroKH  at  Station  2553,  in  551  fathoms.  The  IJirandelle  took  it  off 
Newfoundland,  in  633  fathoms,     (rontrata,  long-nosed.) 

K''lii(ii)iiliiii>  ronlnttuK,  Coi.i.ETT,  Hull.  Sue.  Zuiil.  Franco,  IHSit,  :i07,  off  Newfoundland. 
Mdalonalilia  ranlrula,  Ooodb  *  Bkan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miih.,  18i»4  (18i»5),  4(17,  pi.  18,  Ak.  2,  and 
In  Oceanic  Ichtlijolotty,  17,3,  IIrs.  189,  and  lit.')  \  and  B,  18'.t,'-.. 

01(i.  MA('nO\Al.niA  CHALLENiiKRI  (Vaillant). 

Head  3;  depth  5.  D.  XXXV;  A.  about  XL,  140;  B.  6;  C.  5;  P.  11;  V. 
I,  9.  (jireatost  depth  of  body  opposite  vent,  and  V  of  distance  of  vent 
from  end  of  snout;  length  of  the  long,  narrow,  compressed  head  ^  of 
llie  same  length.  Snout  com^  ssed,  pointed,  much  produced  beyond 
the  narrow  mouth,  the  cleft  of  which  laterally  extends  to  below  posterior 
nostril;  each  jaw  armed  with  a  series  of  fixed  minute  teeth;  a  similar 
palatine  series  within  the  intermaxillary  series;  the  maudibular  series 


U|' 


I  (-.     1 


I  I--I 

t- 

^        •■  ,    " 

■  '■ 

itt 


t 


■    i 


■  iiitiiiiiSiL-tJ^kai^-JcJ^^'-  A'i 


-.•s^ 


.{.'■>&litt'iife£*'  ,^:^JjJ!j.  'M^i  ,.s^:: 


:■     I 


'  m 


U18 


bulletin  ^7,  United  States  J>fatiimal  Museutn, 


IUh  lM«twu«n  tlio  upper  two  r  )wh,  Kyo  oUme  to  thn  tippor  prolile,  2  tliiini- 
»t«rH  from  end  of  hikmU,  and  l  from  extrumity  of  opercin,  itH  diumi'tn 
gr«Mit«)r  than  intunu'liitul  width,  (iill  opening  wid«);  gill  meinhruiicN 
Nupportt'd  hy  very  ohMidcr  l>runrhioMtuKal'*>  co'i'lo**''''  i»  front,  and  not 
attaoheil  to  tho  iHthmuH.  Tho  wholu  l>ody  and  h«^ad  aro  covert-d  hy 
niinnio,  Hmootli,  imhricato,  and  adh«M'i<nt  Hcal»H.  All  tlm  dorsal  NpiiioN 
Hliort,  diHtant  from  ono  anotlu^r,  thu  ih'Ht  licing  ahovo  root  of  puctorul, 
thu  hiHt  hfdilnd  midtllo  of  lungtii  of  tail ;  anal  HpinrH  coninu^ncii;);  imiiu'- 
diatidy  hehind  vunt,  and  vury  i;radnally  and  hnt  Hlightly  incrouHii.^r 
in  length  Itohind,  paNNing  finally  into  tluxihlo  rayH  of  varying  and  indt>(l- 
nito  numli»r;  jMtrtoralH  inuortod  Homo  diHtanto  hidiind  tho  gill  opening, 
with  vnry  narrow  haHo;  v«;ntralH  cIoho  to,  hut  not  nxtonding  to,  tho 
vont;  vntiroly  Hoparatu.  Color  unifoim  light  hrown,  MackiHh  ahout  thu 
gillH  and  «)n  the  Hoft  anal  tin.  Tuuth  minute,  thoao  of  the  upper  Jaw 
scarcely  ditlbrent  in  hI/.o  or  Hhapu  from  those  of  the  lower,  31  on  oacli 
Hide  of  the  upper  and  23  on  each  Hide  of  the  lower  Jaw,  21  in  each  halt' 
of  the  palatine  Heries;  each  ramun  of  the  nmndihlo  with  a  aerieH  of  porcH 
which  iH  continued  on  tho  preoperculum.  Tho  union  of  the  gill  mem- 
hranoH  takes  place  opposite  middle  of  distance  between  orbit  and  «>coi- 
put;  orbit  without  circular  fold.  Uill  cavity  and  peritoneal  sao  with 
a  thin  layer  of  black  pigment.  Air  bladder  much  smaller  than  in  ^Vo/d- 
cant/tua  stxapitih,  occupying  a  small  portion  of  middle  of  abdominiil 
cavity  ;  anteriorly  on  the  loft  side  it  is  prolonged  into  a  narrow  cylindri- 
cal horn  about  j^  length  of  its  body  ;  there  is  no  open  communication 
between  it  and  tho  intestinal  duct.  Tho  ovaries  are  a  pair  (»f  band-lil<i< 
bodies,  transvorKcly  plaited  and  without  oviduct.  The  intestine  makoH 
only  1  convolution ;  pyloric  appendages  represented  by  3  short  diver- 
ticula only.  Kidneys  contluont  into  1  short  body  which  is  situated 
between  the  muscles  of  the  tail  behind  the  vent,  ((iiinther.)  North 
Pacific.  Tho  type,  IG  inches  long,  dredged  by  the  ChalUnger  at  Station 
237,  south  of  Yedo,  in  1,875  fathoms.  A  second  specimen,  20  inches  hm^', 
obtained  by  Dr.  Oilbort  {.tlhatroHH  explorations),  ..i  Bering  Sea,  went  of 
the  Pribilof  Islands,  in  1,625  fathoms,  at  Station  3,308.  (Named  for  ITcr 
Majesty's  Ship  ChaUcnyer,  employed  in  deep-sea  research  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  Ureat  liritain.) 

NoUwimlhun  rimumiiin,  <!('ntiieh,  Fistiffl  (.liallonKcr,  xxil,  Part  i.vit,  pi.  i.xi,  flg.  B,  1887;  n<>l  nl' 
F11.LIPI  &  V(:hany,  Mi'Ui.  Acc.  ScI.  Turiiiu,  xviu,  I'JO,  IS&'.I,  wIiuhu  Hpeciiiicii  ciuiiu  from  tlio 
Moditerranoan. 

Kolaciinlhni  ehallengeri,*  Vaiixant,  Bxpetlitiou  Travuilleur  ot  TalUmun,  1888,  south  of  Yedo; 
basod  on  GOntiibr's  dfscription. 

Mdcitonalilia  chatleugtri,  Goods  &  ItEAN,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  172,  1895. 

♦"Vaillant  was  perfectly  JuBtifti'd  in  xc^piiratiiig  thin  I'aciflo  form  fr.>tr  tl>"  MctlitiTiiiiuiiii 
PiiliiariuUliimoutriMoanui,  with  M'liicL  Jiliitiiur  liad  idi'iiMtltKi  it.  Tlio  lowur  huaviur  Mpinrn  in 
liutli  dorsal  and  nnal  flnH,  tlifl  mora  anterior  origin  of  tho  dorml,  which  is  a  little  in  advuticc!  ol' 
base  of  pectoralR,  thu  very  short  robust  ventral  gpine,  and  the  lower  inHertiou  of  pectoral  tin 
aulflciently  digtinguisli  tho  ■pocics,  in  addition  to  the  peculiarities  in  tho  shapu  of  tho  Huuut  itiiil 
the  greatly  increased  number  of  anal  spines  to  which  Vaillant  callii  attentic  .. 

"GUnther's  description,  above  cited,  of  the  fish  taken  8b>.th  of  Yedo  at  a  depth  of  1,^~5 
fathoms,  agrees  so  well  with  our  specimen  that  no  doubt  can  exist  of  their  identity.  The  mux- 
illaryspino  not  showa  in  GUnther's  flguro,  is  very  evident  in  our  specimen.  The  briinchiuHt<'- 
gal  rays  are  distinctly  0  instead  of  6  in  number,  and  the  caudal  containi  6  instead  of  6  ra.v:. 
There  aro  35  dorsal  spines.  The  anal  spines  pitss  fo  gradually  into  the  rays  that  they  aro  tli*- 
tinguishablo  with  ditllcnlty.  Deflnitn  articulations  ap|)ear  before  tho  rays  have  lost  their  spii- 
OUR  character,  while  still  stiff  and  pungent.  Dividing  them  on  the  basis  of  these  articulatiuuf, 
the  anal  flu  coutaius  40  spines  and  about  140  soft  rays."    (Gilbert,  MS.) 


Jonhn  ttmf  F.vfrmttnn. — Fiihex  of  North  Amrriai. 


AlO 


Family  LXXXVIII.  MPO(JENYII)/K. 

Iloturoiiil  with  a  rutiitdiHli,  iiit'orior,  Niirtorial  mouth,  iinpnrt'uot  lower 
Juw*  with  itH  riimi  Nopnriite''  iit  iiiid«ll«\  iHHiiioctiHl  witli  tho  coirrHpoiitliiiK 
HJilfH  of  tlio  upper  jaw,  uiid  iuvcHtutl  iu  ii  thick,  trttUNvrihviy  ])lii'at«Ml, 
hoiH«mlHH>-Hhupu<l  lip,  rullc>(;to«l  upwiinl  Imhintl  on  tho  chi!i>kii ;  no  t«i«th ; 
Hliort  row  of  4  or  Ti  partially  <'oMiiuct«Ml  f;railuat»<l  (IothuI  HpiuitH  au<l  '>  to 
7  liiauchtMl  rays,  i'orniintt  a  ivkhI'^i' tin.  <(MII.)  (l.ijtodVHifidn,  C>i|],  iu 
IJo(mU)  a  Hottn,  l*ro«!.  I'.  H.  Nat.  Muh.,  IH!H  {lH!»r.).  I«H».) 

296.  LIPOGENYS,  (ioodn  A   Hoan. 

I.iimgeny;  Oonv*  k  Ur.ss,  Vrm:  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mux.,  IHIM  (IHltri),  4<ID,  iiml  in  <M'i>«iiii!  IilitliyoloKy, 
17;i,  18!».'.,  (gUlii). 

Uiiml  au*l  hody  comproHHfld,  tlin  hody  (don^ate,  an  In  Xulacttnthitii. 
8noiit  jtroducod,  conipniHHed,  olitUHo  at  tip.  CItd't  of  thu  mouth  inferior, 
suctorial,  circular  in  front,  Hurroundud  hy  ruf^oHo,  contractile  lip,  with 
cleft  jtoHtoriorly,  ilankml  hy  win^-liko  tlapn,  containing  tliomodiilud  man- 
dihular  hones,  which  articulate  with  the  tMid  of  the  nutxilla  and  are  free 
hohind.  A  concealed  Hpino  at  the  end  of  the  maxilla.  No  teeth. 
Anterior  noHtril  in  short  tuhn,  thu  pouterior  ohiong,  under  u  Hhort  flap. 
DorHal  flu  short,  hut  normal  and  well  developed,  with  a  diHtinct  soft  por- 
tion ;  anal  fln  normal  in  poMition,  high,  with  nuiny  Hpines,  antl  with 
Bomo  of  the  rays  spine-like,  though  forked;  a  diNtinct,  though  very 
aniall,  caudal  Hn  ;  ventrals  normal,  well  developed,  with  several  HpineH. 
ScalcH  minute,  very  numerous;  lateral  line  conspicuous.  (Xuku,  to 
leave  oil';  )iivi,jaw.) 

017.  MPOUKNYH  UlhUl,  <ii>u<l<>  A  Dean. 

Head  8ii  ;  depth  10  ;  eye  5;  snout  I  ;  iuterorhital  width  5  in  head.  D. 
V,  5;  A.  XLI,  8S;  V.  Ill,  7.  Body  compressed,  its  greatest  width  i  its 
height.  Postorhital  portion  of  head  tw  ice  as  long  as  snout.  Diameter  of 
circular  opening  of  mouth  uhout  i  diameter  of  eye.  Dorsal  flu  inserted 
at  a  distance  from  snout  equal  to  about  3  times  length  of  head.  It  con- 
sists of  5  graduated  spines,  of  which  the  iirst  is  minute,  and  the  longest 
as  long  as  snout,  and  5  soft  rays,  of  which  the  second  is  longest,  nearly  i 
as  long  as  head;  the  spines  and  rays  are  all  compactly  arranged  in  a 
Ktrong,  triangular  fin ;  length  of  dorsal  base  i  that  of  head ;  anal 
beginning  under  fourth  spine  of  dorsal,  of  41  spines  and  88  rays,  of 
which  the  anterior  10  are  still',  though  articulated,  and  divided  at  the 
tip;  longest  ray  longer  than  longest  spine,  about  as  long  as  snout;  ven- 
tral lins  almost  meeting  iu  the  median  line,  reaching  vent  but  discon- 
nected; distauoo  of  ventral  from  tip  of  snout  about  2^  times  length  of 
head ;   pectoral  placed  below  median  line  of  body,  at  a  distance  from 

*"Tli(>anoiiia1(>iiHnn(luii('XHinplodnio<]iflcutiun  of  tliuloworjawand  iiioiitlidoservoH  11  detailed 
unat^mical  rxaminatiun,  but  tlio  existeuco  of  oiiiy  -.'iio  H|H!cinieu— for  the  preneut,  ut  least — Is 
deemed  sufficient  tu  render  such  uu  iuvustigatiuu  inadvisable."— Cood<i  ^  Ltcm. 


TU?  1 


I 


i- 


■  I 
i 


I 


!        I 


1        » 

•■I 
ills; 


!     5' 


;  •      i  r.i 

: '  lifil 


Iffi 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


head  about  equal  to  diameter  of  eye,  its  leugth  a  little  greater  than  post- 
orbital  part  of  Lead.  Lateral  line  well  developed  anteriorly,  becoming 
obsolete  at  a  distance  from  end  of  dorsal  about  equal  to  2^  times  head. 
Color  uniform  light  brown  j  under  side  of  gill  covers  dark,  showing  dark 
at  the  edges  of  the  opercular  bone.  Type  17  inches  long.  (Named  for 
Dr.  Theodore  Uill,  to  whose  critical  insight  the  advance  of  systemutio 
ichthyology  in  America  is  largely  due.) 

Lipogetiyt  yiliii,  GooDK  &  Uf.an,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mii.i.  1H!)4  (ISO:)),  4fi0,  pi.  18,  flft.  3,  iind  in 
Ooeiiiiic.  Iclitbyology,  17:i,  IHOri,  ATuatross  Station  2743,  Gulf  Stream,  from  11  dpptli  of 
806  fatliuuiH.     (Typo  No.  :)<*-212.     Cull.  AlbatroiiH.) 

Order  W.  XENOMI.* 

Coracoids  represented  by  a  cartilaginous  plate,  imperfectly  divided ; 
pectoral  tin  without  actiuosts.  Skeleton  very  thin  and  papery.  Post- 
temporal  imperfectly  ossified.  Otherwise  essentially  as  in  tlio  Jfaplomi. 
One  family,  confined  to  the  fresh  waters  of  the  Arctic  regions,  a  primi- 
tive type,  allied  to  the  Jluplomi,  but  with  the  base  of  the  pectoral  fiv 
extremely  simple  in  structure,     (ftvoc,  strange;  (.V"i'>  shoulder.) 


tihi 


Family  LXXXIX.  DALLIID.!]. 

(TiiK  Alaska  Blackfishes.) 

Body  oblong,  covered  with  small,  partly   embedded  cycloid  scales; 
lateral  line  rudimentary;  a  lino  of  mucous  tubes  below  eye.     Eye  small; 


*Dr.  Gilbert  has  examined  tho  unatoiny  of  Iinllin,  und  innkeM  tlio  following  observations: 

"  The  cbaracters  awiitfiied  by  J)r.  Gill  to  bis  order  Xeiumii,  of  wliicli  Dnlliu  in  tlie  sole  repre- 
sentative, aeeni  to  need  Honio  modiflcatiou.    'I'bo  ^roup  is  tbiis  di'tiiicd  by  bim: 

'"TolooBtB,  witli  tlio  B('a|>ulararcb  free  from  tlie  cranium  laterally,  and  only  abnttin);  on  it 
bebind,  coracoidB  represented  by  a  simplo  eartilaKinoiis  plate  witbout  developed  actuiostM,  and 
witb  tbe  int  rmaxillary  and  supramaxillary  bones  coaleseent.' 

"Tbo  last  of  tbese  tlirco  cbaracters  we  bave  not  been  aide  to  verify,  as  tbe  premaxilla, 
Vhilo  lying  closely  a]iprussed  to  tbe  maxilla,  is  readily  EO]iarated  from  it,  tbe  two  being  in  no 
j«nse 'coalescent.'  The  expression  'scapular  arch  free  from  tbe  cranium  laterally'  refers  to 
the  v'ti;>'o  I  ature  of  tbe  jKist-temporal,  whi<-b  is  attached,  as  usual,  to  tbo  epiotie,  but  seems  at 
first  Bi^bt  to  lack  entirely  tbe  inner  fork  to  join  tbe  parotic  process  of  tbe  cranium.  CIomt 
examination  shows,  however,  that  a  strong  ligament  replaces  tbe  lacking  arm,  and  answers  to 
it  in  all  its  relations.  We  find,  fiirtliermoro,  that  while  extending'in  some  specimens  tbe  entire 
distance  between  the  opistliotic  and  the  simplo  post-temporal,  in  others  tbe  outer  i>ortiun  of  the 
ligament  ia  more  or  less  ossiHed,  the  bony  rod  thus  formed  being  an  integral  ]iart  of  the  jHist- 
teniporal,  and  representing  tbe  proximal  portion  of  the  missing  fork.  As  stated,  this  ossitica- 
tloa  invades  tlio  ligament  to  a  varying  extent  in  ditlerent  specimens.  In  at  least  two  which 
have  come  under  our  observation,  tbo  f'trk  of  Mie  post-temporal  thus  formed  has  exteiidi'd 
almost  tiie  entire  distance  across  to  the  opip'hotic,  the  shape  and  relations  of  the  bone  beuii; 
then  entirely  normal  and  usual.  It  is  evident  that  this  character  is  not  of  high  taxonoinii' 
value,  and  would  not  of  itself  warrant  any  very  wide  separation  of  Diilliii  from  what  are  ajipar- 
ently  its  nearest  relatives.  The  case  is  different,  however,  when  we  come  to  examine  tbe  coiii- 
coid  portion  of  tbo  sbonldir  girdle.  As  stated  by  l>r.  Gill,  we  deal  here  with  a  cartilaginnns 
plate  iu  which  no  ossincations  occur,  and  which  is  followed  immediately  by  the  fln  rays,  with- 
out tbo  intervention  of  actinosls.  This  coracoid  cartilage  is  an  extremely  thin  and  delicate 
imperforate  lamina,  nsually  exhibiting  very  distinct  division  into  iipper  and  lower  halves, 
which  may  be  taken  to  represent  tho  bypo-and  hypcrcoracoid  elemei'ts.  In  its  distal  tliinl. 
tbe  plate  begins  to  break  up,  by  longitudinal  sulHlivision,  into  a  fringe  of  narrow  cartilaginous 
strips.  These  approximately  equal  in  number  tbe  pectoral  rays,  and  join  tlie  latter  directly, 
the  basal  portion  of  each  jiectoral  ray  forking  slightly  to  receive  tbe  tip  of  tho  curtiluginuiis 
atrip. 

"  In  the  deep-sea  spiny  eels  of  tho  genus  Notacanthuc,  there  is  a  somewhat  similar  condition  of 
the  coracoid  elements,  iiiiismuch  as  the  hypo-  anj  hypcrcoracoid,  though  present,  are  merely 
shell-like  rudiments  surrounded  by  cartilage,  and  tho  actinosts  are  geatly  reduced.  It  seems 
probable  that  we  are  dealing  iu  the  two  case!!  with  independent  degenerations  of  the  shoulder 
girdle,  and  that  the  two  groups  are  not  really  related."    (Gilbert,  MS.,  September  20, 18M.) 


li 


•^.'"j"= 


Jordan  and  Ki'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


621 


cleft  of  month  moderate;  lower  jaw  much  projecting ;  lateral  margin  of 
uiiperjaw  formed  by  the  Blunder,  toothlcHB  maxillarles.  Teeth  villiform 
or  almost  cardiform  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatiuen,  those  on  premaxil- 
liiric:*  enlarged.  Shoulder  girdle  free  from  the  skull  laterally,  the  lower 
l>iaiicli  of  the  post^temporal  imperfectly  oHsified.  Dorsal  short,  without 
HliiueH,  inserted  before  anal ;  ventra's  abdominal,  inserted  in  front  of 
dorsal,  each  composed  of  r  rays ;  base  of  anal  about  aa  !«  ng  aa  that  of 
(Idi'siil ;  caudal  fin  rounded,  with  many  slender  rays;  pectoral  f:n 
iohimU'U,  with  a  somewhat  fleshy  base,  with  33  to  36  rays,  the  structure 
of  tlio  base  peculiar,  the  hypercoracold  and  hypocoracoid  being  nndiffer* 
oiitiated,  represented  by  a  cartilaginous  plate,  and  no  actinosts  developed. 
Voitebne  42.  Skeleton  everywhere  thin  and  papery.  Superior  phary;  - 
ireals  all  separate;  first  and  second  without  teeth;  third  and  fourth 
with  teeth.  Lower  pharyngeals  separate.  BranchiostegalsTorS.  Streams 
of  Alaska  and  Siberia,  one  species  known ;  a  very  singular  fish,  apparently 
an  ancient  type. 
{l)alliiiUi\  (iiLL,  Smithiioiiiuii  Koport  for  18h;j  (lH8f.),  72iS.) 

297.  DALLIA,  Itoan. 

liiilUu,  ItKAN,  I'nx.  r.  S.  Nat.  Miih.,  1«79,  K.IS,  {peclDntlis). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  (Named  for  Dr.  William 
Healey  Dall,  its  discoverer,  well  known  as  a  naturalist  and  explorer.) 

918.  DALLIA  PKCTORALIS,  Bean. 

(A1.A8KA   nLACKFIBII  ;    ClIORNIA    KYBA.) 

Head  4i;  depth  t  to  H  ;  eye  small,  6  or  7.  D.  12  to  14  ;  A.  14  to  16;  P. 
33  to  36;  V.  3  ;  scales  11-77-11 ;  B.  7  or  8.  Body  rather  elongate.  Pec- 
toral about  half  as  long  as  bead;  ventral  i;  anal  beginning  opposite 
front  of  dorsal  and  ending  nearly  opposite  its  last  ray.  Scales  on  belly 
very  i-iiiall.  Length  8  inches.  Streams  and  ponds  of  northern  Alaska 
aiul  Siberia;  abounding  in  sphagnum  ponds;  found  in  countless  num- 
bers "wherever  there  is  water  enough  to  wet  tha  skin  of  a  fish;"  form- 
ing the  chief  food  of  natives.  The  species  feeds  on  plants  and  worms. 
Its  vitality  is  extraordinary.  Blackfishes  will  remain  frozen  in  baskets 
for  vveeks  and  when  thawed  out  are  as  lively  as  ever.  Turner  describes 
one  fiwallowed  frozen  by  a  dog,  thawed  out  by  the  heat  of  the  stomach, 
and  vomited  up  alive.     (2>ectoralis,  alluding  to  the  broad  pectoral  fins.) 

Iialha  jnc'orolis,  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  187!»,  3r>8,  St.  Michael's,  Alaska.     (Type,  No. 

Zi4S)».    Coll.  L.  M.  Turner.)    JonnAN  &  Gilheiii,  SyiioiisiB,  351, 1883;  Turnku,  Contr.  Nat. 

Hist.  Alaska,  100,  pi.  9,  TV?? 
rmltra  delicatissima,*  Smitt,  Ofvor.  Koiigl.  Veteijgk  Akail.  Fc^rli.  Arg.  Stockholm,  38,  pi.  5,  fig. 

1,  1881,  Pittlekaj,  Sib>  ria. 
iKiVin  (leUcaHsnimd,  Smitt,  iu  Nordeiiskjold's  Voyngo  of  the  Vega,  ii,  .'■)9,  with  plate,  1881. 

*  Till'  foUowin,'  is  Dr.*Stiiitt's  original  notico  of  rhilliti  Micalisuhiia,  for  which  we  are  indebted 
to  the  kiudncBS  of  Mr.  Barton  A.  Bean  : 

"  llr.  Smitt  gaf  en  lieskrifning  af  hundflgkarnea  (iimbridernae)  hyggnad  och  lefnadmiitt,  mcd 
sarekild  hjinnyu  till  en  af  Vega-expeditioueu  fran  fiirekvatteus-laguneruu  vid  Pittlekaj  liemrord 
:iy  iirt,  Umbra  <lelicatU$ima," 


I 


'i. 


1  I 


Ml 

n 
I 
i 


ii  ^ 


i:H'!  f!^ 


n  M 


'■■'•:      -      '■ 

t 

i  1 

4 

'1 

m 

jijji 

ji\  J 

r|LL| 

iHli 

i 

m"'- 

1  7f^ 


I 


fi 


Ww 


1 
!  i  ! 


!    j 
:    j 

;  i 


V.i     II 


!!'■   I 


!f 


^11 


I    : 


T'll 


622 


Bulletin  4j,  Untied  States  National  Museum. 


Order  X.  HAPLOML* 
(The  Pike-likk  Fishes.) 

Soft-rayed  fmhes  with  the  meBucoracoid  wuuting,  the  coracuidH  nor- 
mally developed,  aud  the  post-temporal  normally  attached  to  the  cra- 
nium. Parietal  hones  separated  hy  the  supraoccipital.  Symplectio  pres- 
ent. Opercular  hones  well  developed.  Anterior  vertehne  unmoditied. 
Scapular  arch  joined  to  the  craninm  hy  a  post-temporal.  Hypocoracoid 
and  hypercoracoid  separate,  with  developed  aotinosts.  Pharyngeal  hones 
distinct,  the  superior  directed  forward,  3  or  4  in  number,  the  inferior 
not  falciform.  No  interclavicles.  Mouth  with  teeth.  Air  hladder  v  ith 
a  distinct  duct.  Ventral  fins  ahdominal,  rarely  wanting;  pectoral  fins 
placed  low ;  dorsal  fin  more  or  less  posterior,  the  first  ray  occasionally 
stiffened  and  spine-like;  no  adipose  fin.  Head  usually  covered  with 
cycloid  scales  like  those  on  the  hody.  Species  chiefly  inhabiting  fresh 
water.  This  order  is,  in  some  regards,  intermediate  between  the  InoHpon- 
ilyli  and  the  Acanthopteri.  Part  of  its  species,  at  least,  are  remnants  of  a 
more  ancient  fauna  than  now  inhabits  the  same  waters.  (uTrAoof,  simple; 
lofiog,  shoulder,  in  allus'ou  to  the  want  of  the  mesocoracoid,  in  which 
respect  these  fishes  resemble  the  more  specialized  spiny-rayed  forms, 
rather  than  the  other  soft-rayed  fishes.)  (Phyaoatomi,  part  (families  Eao- 
ddaif  Umbridw,  Cyprinodontida;  and  Heteropygii) ,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  VI,  vil.) 

a.  Lateral  margin  of  upimr  jaw  formed  )iy  the  muxillaries;  iirumaxillaries  not  jirotractile; 
vent  normal. 
6.  Teeth  villiforni,  equal;  jaws  not  produced.  rMimiDA:,  xc. 

hb.  Teetli  canliform,  unequal;  jaws  dei)reBsed  and  ])roduced;  basis  of  crani'ini  doubk. 

LUCIIUiK,  zci. 
aa.  liateral  margin  of  upper  Jaw  formed  by  the  premaxillariuM;  basis  of  cranium  simple. 
c.  Vent  normal,  abdominal;  premaxillaries  extremely  protractile. 

l'(Kcii.iiD,>;,  .;cil. 
IT.  Vent  close  l)eliind  theisthmux;  premaxillariex  little  protractile. 

Amblvopsida:,  xcin. 

Family  XC.  UMBRIDiE. 

(Thk  Mui>  Minnows.) 

Body  ohlong,  broad  anteriorly,  compressed  hehind.  Head  large,  flat- 
tened ahove.      Mouth  moderate,  with  bands   of  villiform  or  cardiforui 

*  In  Dr.  QilVs  latest  arrangement,  the  groups  or  orders  liero  called  llaphmi,  Synenlognathi,  anil 
Acanthopteri  (exclusive  of  Plectognathi)  are  united  to  form  the  order  TeleocepliaU,  As  thus  liniiti'd 
the  order  would  include  those  typical  flshes  in  which  tlie  mesocoracoid  is  absent,  and  which  do 
not  show  the  special  peculiarities  of  the.  Pedicnlati  and  the  Pkctoguathi.  In  earlier  (mpers  of  I)r. 
Gill  the  Isospowlyli  (Malacopteri)  and  tho  Ottariophtjiii  are  likewise  included.  The  removal  of  tin* 
Ottariophi/fi  is  doubtlera  a  Step  in  advance,  but  the  distinctions  between  the /sospnurfi/fi  aud  tho 
Iniomi  and  Haplomi  arc  not  of  the  most  profound  character,  nor  are  tho  Plectognathi  fundamen- 
tally diflerent  from  the  Acanthopteri.  There  t-eems  to  us  no  special  advantage  in  tho  retention  of 
a  centrsJ  order  Teleocej)hali,  from  which  tho  dive^p-^nt  branchefj  are  separated  as  distinct  orders. 

While  cur  knowledge  of  the  osteology  and  embryology  of  most  of  the  families  of  fishes  is 
very  incomplete,  it  is  evident  that  the  relationships  of  the  groups  can  not  bo  shown  in  any  linear 
series,  or  by  any  conceivable  arrangement  of  orders  and  suborders.  The  living  teleost  fishes 
have  sprung  from  n)any  lines  of  descent,  their  relationships  are  extremely  diverse,  and  their 
differences  are  of  every  possible  degree  of  value.  The  ordinary  schemes  have  magnified  tlio 
▼alue  of  a  few  common  characteis,  at  the  same  time  neglecting  other  differences  of  equal  value. 
AC  system  of  arrangement  which  throws  these  fishes  into  large  groups  can  ever  be  definite  or 
permanent. 


:1: .y-  ■-■  i^v^  --.-■  V->.v.^-. < ; 


j.\^i>'ii.<>ui.:f..^: 


Jordan  and  pA^ermatin. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


623 


tcetli  on  pretnaxillaries,  lower  juw,  vomer,  and  palatinoH ;  preinaxillaries 
not  i>rotractile  ;  lateral  margin  of  npper  jaw  formed  by  the  broad,  abort 
iiiiixillaries,  wbich  are  .  jotbleBH  and  witboutdiatiuut  supplemental  bone; 
lower  jaw  tbe  longer.  Gill  ojienings  wide,  the  membranes  scarcely  con- 
iiiH-ted  ;  gill  rakers  little  developed ;  brancbiostegals  6  to  8.  Scalea 
iiiodcrato,  cycloid,  covering  bead  and  body  ;  lateral  line  wanting.  Dor- 
tjiil  fin  moderate,  posterior,  in  advance  of  anal ;  ventrals  small,  close  to 
iiual ;  pectorals  inserted  low ;  caudal  tin  rounded.  Stomach  without 
lilind  sue;  no  pyloric  C(i;ca ;  pseudobraucbite  hidden,  glandular;  air 
liladdur  simple.  Oviparous  fishes,  the  sexes  similar.  Carnivorous  fishes 
of  isiiiall  size,  living  in  mud  or  among  weeds  at  the  bottom  of  clear,  slug- 
<;ir<li  streams  and  ponds ;  extremely  tenacious  of  life,  like  the  Pwdliidw. 
One  genus  with  3 species,  {Umbra crameri of  Anatria,  and  the  following). 
Tlu^  family  is  near  to  the  Lvciida;  differing  mainly  in  the  smaller  mouth 
and  weaker  teeth.  Like  Dallia,  Percopms,  AplircdodcruH,  Chologatiter,  and 
other  associated  American  fresh-water  forms.  Umbra  must  bo  regarded  as 
an  archaic  type,  characteristic  of  some  earlier  fish-fauna.  (UmbridtOf 
Giinther,  Oat.,  vi,  231,  232,  1866.) 

298.  UMBRA  (Kramer)  MuUer 
(Mudfishes.) 

Imbrii,  Kramer,  Aulni.  AuBtr.  Infer.,  1756;  MCheb,  Abhandl.  Akad.  WiHs.  Wioii.  Berl.,  ISS^ 

1841',  (crameri). 
Metiir.tra,  AoASSiz,  Amer.  Jourii.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  135,  (anitiiluta,  etc.,  ^=pygmwa). 

Hody  oblong,  covered  with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  size,  without 
radiating  strite;  no  lateral  line.  Head  shortish,  little  depressed.  Eye 
rather  small.  Cleft  of  mouth  moderate.  Ventral  fins  6-rayed,  below  or 
Hiightly  in  front  of  dorsal ;  anal  fin  much  shorter  than  dorsal;  T><>''^'^ral8 
rather  narrow,  rounded,  placed  low,  with  12  to  15  rays,  which  u 
much  articulated  ;  caudal  rounded.  Preopercle  and  preorbital  with 
mucous  pores.  Brancbiostegals  6.  Gill  rakers  short,  thick.  Size  small. 
Three  species,  very  similar  to  each  other,  inhabiting  the  waters  of  the 
United  States  and  Austria.     (Latin,  umbra,  a  shade.) 

Melanuba  (^c'Aaf,  black;  ovpa,  tail): 
II.  Base  <;f  caudal  with  a  dark  bar;  American  species. 

b.  Body  with  p.lo  crossbars;    coloration  dull  olive  gr<!on,  with  about  14  narrow,  pale, 
transverse  stripes;  dark  bar  at  base  of  caudal  often  faint;  lower  jaw  ]  ^l><. 

LIMI,  919. 

bh.  liody  with  lengthwise  streaks  ;  coloration  dark  olive  green,  with  about  12  palu  narrow 

length wit<e  streaks,  the  one  at  upper  angle  of  oitercle  twice  width  of  the  others; 

dark  caudal  bar  very  distinct ;  lower  jaw  black.  pvom^a,  920. 

Subgenus  MELANURA,  Agassiz. 

919.  UMBRA  LIMI  (KirtlandV 

CMuD  Minnow  ;  Poofisii.) 

Head  3i;  depth  4i.  B.  6;  P.  14;  D.  14;  A.  8;  V.  6;  scales  35-15. 
Body  oblong,  compressed.  Coloration  dull  olive  green,  mottled  with 
darker  and  with  about  14  narrow,  pale,  transverse  bars,  often  obscure  in 


I 


R     ■  1 


M 


1 

\ 

1 

'. 

'f 

' 

i  ■; 

.    I. 

\ 

i 

p-  1 


f-\ 


'i: 


Mr 

i. 

!|i « 

i 

%    ( 

i 

ill-''  %  '■ 

■  .i, 

!f?^ 


!  :  ? 


^.'         i 


N  )■ 


I    :  ! 


024 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


the  young;  dark  bar  at  baae  of  cuiulul  distinct  but  often  faint;  luwci 
jawpalo;  fma  plain.  Length  4  inchoH.  Quebec  to  MinnoHota  and  Huuth- 
ward  to  the  Ohio  River;  abundant  northward,  throughout  the  basin  o I' 
the  Great  Lakes,  in  weedy  streams  and  ditches ;  rare  in  tributaries  of  tlio 
Ohio  and  Illinois.  "  A  locality  which  with  the  water  perfectly  clear  will 
appear  destitute  of  tish  will  perhaps  yield  a  number  of  mudiish  on  stir- 
ring up  the  mud  at  the  bottom  and  drawing  a  seine  through  it.  Ditchi'H 
in  the  prairies  of  Wisconsin,  or  mere  bog  holes,  apparently  af!brdin^r 
lodgment  to  nothing  beyond  tadpoles,  may  thus  be  found  tilled  with  Mdn- 
nuraa."    (Baird.)     (limun,  mud.) 

llyilriirgyra  limi,  Kiutlanh,  Boat,    .loiirii.  Kiit.  Ilint.,    in,  IR-IO,  277,  streams  in  northern 

Ohio.    (Cull.  Kirtluiid.) 
Hj/dranji/rn  futfii,  Tiiomtson,  IliBt.  Vuniiout,  i:i7,  184'2,  Lake  Champlain. 
llydrargira  alrivHuiUi,  Dk  Kay,  Now  York  Fuiiiiu:  KIhIk's,  Tli>,  1842,  Lake  Champlain. 
Umbra  limi,  OCNTllElt,  Cat.,  vi,  2112,  l.SC(i ;  .Tokdan  A  GlLUEBT,  Syiioi)si(<,  lifiO,  l88:j ;  Ui.atchi.ki, 

Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  riiilii.,  1885,  12. 

020.  VMKKA  PV«.1I,KA  (Do  Kiiy). 

(KA8TF.RNM|'1>  >Iinnow.) 

Head  4;  depth  4 J.  D.  1.3;  A.  7;  scales  Sf).  Uody  less  compressotl 
than  in  Umbra  Jimi,  the  head  broader,  less  depressed,  with  smaller  eye; 
interorbital  space  slightly  more  convex ;  snout  shorter,  the  profile  more 
gibbous.  Color  dark  greenish,  with  about  12  narrow,  longitudinal  pale 
stripes,  the  one  beginning  at  upper  angle  of  opercle  douole  the  width  of 
any  of  the  others ;  dark  bar  at  base  of  caudal  very  distinct,  covering  IS 
scales;  lower  jaw  mostly  black.  Length  4  inches.  Lowland  streams 
and  swamps  coastwise,  from  Long  Island  to  the  Neuse  River ;  locally 
abundant.  Close  to  the  preceding  and  perhaps  a  variety  of  it,  but  no 
int     aediate  forms  have  been  noticed,     {pygnmus,  pigmy.) 

Mcifnui pijgmmut,  De  Kay,  Now  York  Fauna:  Fishes,  214, 1842,  Tappan,  Rockland  Co.,  N.Y. 
Fmiduhii  fvictm,  Ayreb,  Bost.  .Touru.  Nat.  Ilixt..  iv,  1843,  2!'i>,  Brookhaven,  Long  I:>land. 
Melauura  annxditla,  Aua8biz,  Aiiier.  Journ.  8ci.  Arte,  1854,  \'ib;  wot  Exo^losswn  animlulmn,  JtAFiN- 

E8QUE. 

Umbra  pygntaa,  Jordan,  Bull.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  x,  53,  1877. 

Umbra  hvti  pygmiea,  Blatchley,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1885, 13. 

Family  XCI.  LUCIIDiE. 

(The  Pikes.) 

Body  elongate,  not  elevated,  more  or  less  compressed  posteriorly, 
broad  anteriorly.  Head  long,  the  snout  prolonged  and  depressed.  Month 
very  large,  its  cleft  forming  about  half  the  length  of  the  head ;  lower 
jaw  the  longer ;  upper  jaw  not  protractile,  most  of  its  margin  formed  by 
the  niaxillaries,  which  are  quite  long  and  provided  with  a  supplemental 
bone;  premaxillaries,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  broad  bands  of  strong; 
oardiform  teeth  which  are  more  or  less  movable ;  lower  jaw  w  ith  stroiifj 
teeth  of  different  sizes ;  tongue  with  a  band  of  smtkll  teeth.  Head  naked 
Above ;  cheeks  and  operoles  more  or  less  scaly ;  gill  openings  very  wide ; 
gill  flembranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus ;  gill  rakers  tubercle-like, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


G25 


toothed ;  bruiichioHtegals  12  tu  2U.  Scales  small ;  lateral  line  weak,  obao- 
i»^te  ill  young  speciinens,  developed  in  the  adult.  Dorsal  ])osterior,  oppo- 
Hit»  and  similar  to  anal;  caudal  fin  emarginato;  pectoral  fins  small, 
inserted  low  ;  vcntrals  rather  posterior ;  vent  normal;  no  adipose  fin  ;  no 
barbels ;  stomach  not  c(l>c  'l,  without  pyloric  appendages ;  pseudobranchiiu 
<{landular,  hidden;  air  bladder  simple.  Basis  cranii  double  (Cope.) 
FiHliesof  moderate  or  large  size,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America.  A  single  genus  with 
0  Hpecies,  one  of  them  cosmopolitan,  the  rest  all  confined  to  America. 
The  species  are  all  noted  for  their  greediness  and  voracity ;  ''  mere 
machines  for  the  assimilation  of  other  organisms."  The  flesh  is  excellent, 
being  white  and  flaky  and  of  delicate  flavor.  The  larger  species  are  much 
valued  as  food,     (i'socirfo-,  Gunther,  Cat.,  vi,  226-230,  1866.) 

299.  LUCIUS,*   Uafinesque. 

(P1KK8.) 

''jK.j-,  AnTtni,  Genera  PiBcium,  14,  1738,  (in  part,  threoipeciefl:  The  Pike,  GarflHh,  iiiul  Oar  Pike; 

III!  typo  liidicatod,  but  tho  Piko  waH  to  Artedi  tlio  '..ost-known  Hiiccieg). 
/•,'«)/,  LiNN.v.fH,  Sj'Ht.  Nat,,  Ed.  x,  1758,  314,  (in  part,  Iticti<«,  belone,  osgetu);  (rostritttHl  by  Uafin- 

EsgUK,  1810,  to  i:»ox  belone). 
/.(« iM",  Bakinesque,  Caratteri  di  Alcuni  Nnovi  Gencri,  69,  1810,  (/«<■««). 
I'ticifUim,  t  Rakinesque,  Icli.  Oh.,  70, 18ilO,  {rillatuH,  t\  niythicul  Kpocios). 
^fasl■(lllllllJllll,  JoitDAN,  Kllpi>art'8  Report,  Oliio  Fish  Coiiim.,  02,  1878,  (iiobilior). 
AVii.oi,  Jordan  &  Evermann,  new  Hiibgonus,  (amerkaniis). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.     (LiiciuH,  the  Latin  name  of 

tho  Pike.) 

u.  Cheeks ontiroly scaly;  brauoliiostegalH  11  to  16. 
Ken'iiza  (ail  Indian  ni  mo  of  tlio  Pike,  variouHly  Hpollod  by  authors): 
h.  OpoiTles  ontiroly  er.aly;  dorsal  rays  11  to  14;  color  greenish,  barred  or  reticulated  with 
darker. 
c.  Branchiostegals  normally  12,  (11  to  13);  scales  in  lateral  lino  105  to  108;  doinal  rays  11 
or  12;  anal  rays  11  or  12;  Bi:out  Hhort,  tho  niiddl    of  eye  nearer  tip  of  lower  jaw 
tlian  posterior  margin  of  oi)erci<3.    Species  of  small  size,  the  fins  unspotted. 

*■  In  retaining  tho  generic  name  Lucius  for  tho  Piko,  in  preference  to  Eiior,  we  have  followed 
the  strict  law  of  priority.  Tho  genus  Knox  of  Linna-us,  composed  primarily  of  A',  lucius  and 
K.  heloiie,  with  a  few  associatiHl  species,  was  first  8ul>divided  by  Kaflnesque  in  1810,  the  second 
species,  Belone,  being  chosen  as  the-lype.  Later,  in  Cuvier's  arrangement,  hwma  was  left  as  tlie 
typo  oi  JCtDX  and  a  new  name,  Belnne,  given  to  Ksox  belone.  This  later  arrangement  has  received 
tlie  sanction  of  general  usage.  It  has  the  further  justification,  that  the  name  Jisox  itself  was 
ailopted  by  Artedi  and  Linnfl'us,  from  Pliny,  who  applied  it  to  the  Pike,  its  application  to  tho 
Garfish  also  having  been  taken  by  Linnaeus  from  Artedi.  It  is  true  that  Linnieus  would  liavo 
regarded  the  Pike  as  his  typo  of  t>ox.  It  is,  however,  also  true  that  Raflne8i]uo  Iiad  the  right 
to  select  either  8|)ecie8  as  the  typo  in  dividing  tho  genus,  and  in  bis  arrangement,  the  Garfish 
remains  Kmr,  and  a  new  name,  Lnciu»,  is  given  to  the  Pike. 

Itafinesquo  says  :  "II  gonero  £!8o.r  di  Linnoo  ustatodivisodaLac^p^de  in  quattro  gcneri,  £>ox, 
Sphyriena,  Sijnndus  e  Lepimtteim,  id  proixmgo  di  dividere  uuovamente  in  due  il  siio  genere  Etox. 
Lasciero  questo  nombrealle  specie  marinecho  hanno  il  corpo  tetragono  con  due  line©  laterali  da 
ogni  lato  como  nel  genero  ExociHut,  le  raascelle  lunghe  o  strette,  le  ale  dorsali  lunghc,  gi'.ingendo 
dair  ano  fino  alia  coda  0  falciformi,  etc.  Mentre  ferment  un  nuovo  genere  col  nomo  di  Lncius 
delle  specie  fluviatili  cho  lianno  il>cor])o  cilindrico,  una  sola  linca  laterale,  le  mascelle  largho  e  le 
ale  dorsali  cd  auali  corte  o  rotondate." 

t  Tho  name  Picorellns,  Bafinesque,  can  not  properly  bo  retained  for  any  section  of  this  genua, 
nn  Etox  vitlalu»,  Bafinesque,  on  which  it  is  based,  is  a  mythical  siiecics  described  by  Baflncsqun 
from  a  rudo  drawing,  perhaps  based  on  hearsay,  and  certainly  not  representing  any  knowa  , 
species. 


V.  N.  A. 


-41 


-^^ 


i 


I 


I 


i;-i 


V'\\: 


'.    ■! 


1 1 


:■      I 


I:    \-\ 


'        I 


If! 
ill 


!    :   V       ■    \ 


':\ 


Hi 


i   : 


1;  ! 


:|  Si 


;  \:  i  If". 


i; 


'irt^-.  ■      _.,i 


11!      I;'  '\ 


in  ■ 


626 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


il.  Head  Hhnrt,  3}  In  lenKtli  <>f  body;  Niioiit  23-^  In  1unf;tli  of  lipnd;  oyo  2%  In  length 

of  snout.    Color  dark  greun;  eidns  with  about  'M  dUtint-t  curved  blackUh  ban*; 

fins  plain.  amkricanur,  021. 

ilil.  Uoad  longer,  S%  In  length  of  body;  nnout  2j^  in  length  of  head;  eyo  2%  In  length 

of  Knout.    Color  light  groenlRli,  the  sldeN  with  ninny  narrow  curved  HtreakH  of 

darker;  tbeao  usually  distinct,  irregular,  and  much  rellculuttMl;  fins  plain. 

VKRMICTJLATU8,  022. 

re.  Branchiostegals  14  to  16;  dorsal  rays  14;  aiinl  13;  icalos  In  lateral  lino  about  12&; 
middle  of  eye  niidway  between  tip  of  lower  Jaw  and  posterior  margin  of  opercle; 
bond  about  3</,  in  length  of  body;  snout  2'{,  in  lieinl;  eye  3^  in  anout.  Color 
greenish,  with  many  narrow  dark  curved  lines  and  Htreaks,  mostly  horizontal  and 
more  or  less  reticulated;  flns  plain.  reticvlatuk,  02.3. 

ljlM!ll'S: 

bh.  Opereles  with  the  lower  half  bare  of  scales;  branchiostegals  14  to  16;  dorsal  rays  16  or  17; 
anal  rays  13  or  14;  scales  in  lateral  lino  alx>ut  123;  lica>l  3^^  '"  length  of  body;  snout 
2}  in  length  of  head;  eyo  3  in  snout;  middle  of  eyo  midway  between  tip  of  lower  Jaw 
and  gill  opening.  Color  grayish,  with  many  whitish  spots,  the  young  with  whitixh  or 
yellowiHh  crossbars;  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  spotted  with  block;  a  white  horixontal 
band  bounding  naked  portion  of  opercle.     Size  large.  Li'civs,  024. 

MAK(;Ai.0N<!Ufl  {manrc,  mask;  long>i»,  long):* 
an.  Cheeks  as  well  as  opercles  with  the  lower  half  naked;  branchiostegala  17  to  10;  dorsal 
rays  17;  anal  rays  15;  scales  in  lateral  lino  aliout  1.50;  middle  of  eyo  midway  between 
tip  of  lower  jaw  and  gill  opening;  head  S^iJ  in  length  of  body;  snout  2,'|',  in  head; 
eyo  more  than  4  times  in  length  of  snout.  Color  dark  gray,  the  sides  uNuitUy  with 
scattered  round  black  spots,  sometimes  immaculate,  sometimes  banded  with  dark; 
tins  spotted  with  black;  size  very  large.  hasuuinonoy,  025. 


=■  i 


■'■i  M: 


I  1:, 


Subgenus  KENOZA,  .Tordan  ft  Kvermaiin. 

021.  LUCim  AMEBIC  ANUS  (Gmelin). 
(Bandf.d  Pickebkl.) 
Head  3?  ;  depth  5f ;  eye  5.  B.  12  or  13  ;  D.  11  or  12  ;  A.  11  or  12 ;  scales 
105.  Body  short  and  robust ;  head  heavy,  with  blunt,  short  snout ;  eye 
rather  large,  its  diameter  2^  in  len^^th  of  snout,  its  posterior  margin 
scarcely  behind  middle  of  head,  its  middle  nearer  tip  of  chin  than  gill 
opening ;  snout  2^  in  head.  Cheeks  and  opercles  fully  scaled ;  upper 
branchiostegals  scaly.  Dark  green  ;  sides  with  about  twenty  distinct, 
blackish,  curved  bars,  sometimes  obscurely  marked,  but  not  distinctly 
reticulated  ;  a  black  bar  below  ey"  another  from  upper  edge  of  opercle 
through  eye  to  snout ;  fins  plain.  Length  12  inches.  A  small  pickerel, 
abundant  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  in  lowland  streams  and  swamps. 
Found  only  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  the  westernmost  record 
being  from  Escambia  River,  at  Flomaton,  Alabama. 

Eiox  bicitu  p  americamu,  Gmelin,   Systoma  Katurn>,  1300,  1788,  Long  Island,  Hew  York; 

after  SciliiPF. 
Etox  niger,  Le SuEVR,  Journ.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phlla.,  i,  1818,  41.5,  South  Carolina;  GUntheu, 

Cat.,  VI,  220, 1866. 
Eiox  tcomberiiu,  Mitchill,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  322,  Murderer's  Creek,  New  York. 
E$ox  faicialm,  Pe  Kay,  New  York  Fauna:  Fishes,  224,  1842,  Murderer's  Creek  and  other 

streams  near  New  York. 
Etoxortiatns,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  1864,  41,  Charles  River,  Massachusetts. 
Roxraveneli,  HoLBROOK,  Ichth.  South  Carolina,  201,  1860,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
E»ox  americamif,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  352,  1883. 

*  An  erroneous  etymology  of  the  word  muscalonge,  formerly  supposed  to  be  from  the  French 
Matque  allongte,  long  face.  The  word  is  now  1  nown  to  be  of  Indian  origin,  Maa-Kinotigi. 
Kinongi  is  apparently  the  saiue  word  as  Kenoza. 


'-,Vr7iir^"-i!r' 


Jordan  and  F.Termann. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


027 


9S2.  LUt'llIS  VERMICriiATUS  (L..  Siieur). 

(LlTTI.K    PlCKRRRI..) 

Iload  3i;  depth  5  to  0  ;  eye  largo,  2\  in  anoiit,  about  ('•  in  head.  \\,  12 
{11  to  13) ;  D.  11  or  12  ;  A.  11  or  12  ;  scales  105.  Bo«ly  moderately  stout, 
Hiiiiiuwhat  compressed ;  head  rather  short,  longer  than  iu  Luciua  ameri- 
ciiiiuH,  hut  shorter  than  in  L.  riticuliitnn,  the  eye  being  exactly  in  the 
middle  of  the  head  ;  middle  of  eye  nearer  tip  of  chin  than  gill  opening; 
.iiout  2Jl  in  head ;  caudal  well  forked.  Color  green  or  grayish  ;  sides 
with  many  curved  streaks,  Hometimes  forming  bars,  but  more  usually 
t'onning  marmorations  or  reticulations,  the  color  extremely  variable,  some- 
times ({uito  plaiu;  sides  of  head  usually  variegated;  a  dark  bar  down- 
ward from  eye,  and  one  forward;  base  of  caudal  sometimes  mottled; 
DtluT  fins  usually  plain.  Length  12  inches.  Mississippi  Valley,  tribu- 
taries of  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Michigan  south  to  Mississippi  and  Arkansas ; 
not  known  from  east  of  the  Alleghanies  nor  Texas  ;  a  small  species,  very 
abundant  in  the  Si.jall  streams  and  bayous  of  the  South  and  West,  (ver- 
mlciilatuii,  with  marks  like  worm  tracks.) 

fyii  vermiaiMuf,  Lk  SuKiiR,  ia  Ci'VIER  ,t  Vaikncif.nneh,  Ilixt.  Nut.  I'oUm.,  xviii,  33:1,  lS4fi, 
Wabash  River,  New  Harmony,  Indiana;  (Coll.  LoSuciir);  Mkkk  it  Nkwland,  Pruc, 
Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phlla.,  1885,  369. 

Kiiir  Unenlns,  Lk  Sleuu,  in  CuviKit  *  Vaiknciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiHS.,  xvm,  ;J35, 184<!,  Wabash 
River,  New  Harmony,  Indiana.    (Coll.  Lo  Sueur.) 

/■iiio!  crudsiiii,  AoABSiz,  Ainer.  .lourn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  308,  Tennessee  River,  Huntsville, 
Alabama. 

FjKif  umhromm,  Kiuti.and,  Proc.  Cloveluiul  Ac.  Sti.,  1854,  7!),  small  bay  of  Rocky  River, 
Rockport.  near  Cleveland,  Ohio  ;  Odpe,  Trans.  Ainer.  Philog.  Soc  Pbila.,  ISfifi,  400. 

Fjuix  njpho*  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18C5,  78,  >Vaterford,  Oakland  County,  Michi- 
gan; (Coll.  Professor  Miles);   G(1ntiieii,  Cut.,  vi,  230, 18GG. 

t^tiix  pornsut,  CoPE,  Trans.  Am  ■  PliiloH.  Soc.  Pliila.,  1806,408,  Waterford,  Oakland  County, 
Michigan;  substitute  for  cypho,  regardeil  as  an  inept  name.     (Coll.  rrofesiior  Miles.) 

Fjsox  talmoiteti;  Jobwan  A  Giliiert,  Synopsis,  352,  1883  ;  not  of  Hafinesuuk. 

/ 
928.  LUCIUS  BETICULATUS.t  (LoSuour). 

(Common  Kastbbn  Ph  kekel  ;  Green  Pike;  Jack.) 

Head  3^ ;  depth  6 ;  eye  small,  about  3}  in  snout,  8  in  head.  B.  14  to  16 ; 
D.  14;  A.  13  (counting  developed  rays  only);  scales  125.  Body  rather 
slender,  deepest  near  the  middle  and  tapering  backward  to  a  slender 
caudal  peduncle;  head  long,  the  snout  prolonged,  about  2^  times  in 
liead.  Middle  of  eye  midway  between  tip  of  chin  and  gill  opening. 
Cheeks  and  opercles  entirely  scaly ;  caudal  well  forked.  Color  green,  of 
varying  sh&des ;  sides  with  golden  luster,  and  marked  with  numerous 
ilark  lines  ^nd  streaks,  which  are  mostly  horizontal,  and  by  their  junc- 
tion with  one  another  produce  a  reticulated  appearance;  a  dark  band 

*  This  form  (qipho  =  poroauk),  distinguished  mainly  by  the  arcbed  back  and  steep  profile,  is 
pruliubly  a  variety  or  accidental  form  of  vermiculatiis. 

t  "A  solemn,  stately,  ruminant flsb,  lurking  under  tbo  rbadow  of  a  lily  pad  at  noon,  with  still, 
rir(-iiniBpect,  voracious  eye,  motionless  as  a  jewel  set  in  water,  or  moving  slowly  to  take  up  its 
position;  dashing  from  time  to  time  at  such  unlucky  fish  or  frog  or  insect  as  comes  within  its 
rant'e  and  swallowing  it  at  a  gulp.  Sometimes  a  striped  snake,  bound  for  greener  meadows 
across  the  stream,  ends  its  undulatory  progress  in  the  same  receptacle."— Tftoreau. 


.     I. 


i 


i    U,  I 


■  i 


ihmii 


.  * 

.1  M 

1  h  i 

f 

-i 

\ 

ik 

jlj 

J 

028 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'  1 


rn 


!  1 


i  a 


j 


fH 


«1 


l)>)Iow  eye ;  Huh  plain.  Length  24  iiichea.  Mainn  to  Florida  un«l  LoiiiHiuim, 
ArkauHUH,  aud  TeiinoHHou;  common  uvery where  caHt  and  Houtli  of  tlii< 
Alleghany  Moiintainu  ;  abundant  in  the  New  York  lakeH.  The  HoiitiitMn 
moHt  record  iH  from  Crooked  Lake,  Orange  County,  Florida,  (Lilunhor^M. 
The  woHternmoHt  iH  from  Mammoth  SpringH,  ArkannuH,  and  other  trilm- 
tariuH  of  White  Uiver,  it  being  common  in  the  Ozark  region.  (MiMik; 
Call.)  We  know  no  charactern  by  which  the  Southern  Pike  (phahru 
lita  =  affinin)  can  be  separated  from  Lucius  retieulatuH.     (rcthulatuH,  netted.) 

Knox  rrtUiilatun,  Lk  Bukvr,  .lourn.  Ar.  Nat.  8c'i.  I'liilu.,  i,  1818, 4t4,  Connecticut  River,  Adams, 
Mass.;  Philadelphia  ;  OrNTiiEU,  Cut.,  vi,  2'M,  INGO;  .Iohdan  \.  (iiLiiKKT,  8yiiu|iHiH,  '.\r>.\,  lMs:i. 

Fjuix  phaleraitu  (Say)  Lb  Si'KUB,  Juurn.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Tlilla.,  i,  1818,  4lf!,  St.  Augustine, 
Florida. 

Unix  Imleveniliuealuii,  MlTcillLL,  Mirror,  18*26,  3til,  Oneida  Lake,  New  York. 

t>u)x  ugluin,  IIuLBRooK,  It'htli.  South  Carolinii,  108,  imV),  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

/Subgenus  LUCIUS. 

OSii'IiUC'irS  lilinim  (Mimiunti). 
(Common  I'ikk;  Pickkhri..) 

Head  3^^ ;  depth  5 ;  eye  Git  in  head,  3j^  in  snout ;  snout  2)!  in  head.  l\.  1 1 
to  1(5;  D.  16  or  17  (developed  rays);  A.  13  or  14  (developed  rays);  HcalcH 
123.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  back  little  elevated;  head  ratiicr 
long,  the  eye  exactly  midway  in  itn  length ;  middle  of  eye  midway  betwtuMi 
tip  of  chiu  and  gill  opening.  Cheeks  entirely  scaly;  lower  half  of  opt'i- 
cles  bare.  General  color  bluish,  or  greenish  gray,  with  many  whitish  or 
yellowish  spots,  which  are  usually  smaller  than  the  eye  and  arranged  nohio- 
what  in  rows;  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  fins  with  roundiHh  or  oblong  bia('l< 
spots;  young  with  the  whitish  spots  coalescing,  forming  oblique  viohh- 
bars;  a  white  horizontal  band  bounding  the  naked  part  of  the  operculum, 
each  scale  with  a  grayish  V-shaped  speck.  Length  4  feet.  Fresh  waters 
of  the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America,  north  to  AlaHkii 
and  Siberia ;  in  the  Eastern  United  States  south  to  New  York  and  tlio 
Ohio  River ;  in  Europe,  south  to  Italy  and  Greece ;  everywhere  very  abiin 
dai  t.  We  do  not  find  any  permanent  character  by  which  the  Aniorican 
FiKe  (estor)  can  be  separated  from  the  common  htcius  of  Europe. 

&0X  hiviuK,  LiNNAUJS,  Syst.  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  1758,  314,  Europe;  GtiNTHBR,  CVt.,  vi,  220,  18t>(i;  .Ioh- 
dan &  OiLBERT,  Synoiwis,  353,  1883. 

Luccim  vnrax,  RAriNRlqvB,  ludico  d'lttiol.  Sicll.,  08,  1810,  Palermo. 

Eiox  CKlor,  Lr  SlTEVR,  Joiiru.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.,  i,  1818,  413,  Lake  Erie,  at  Buffalo; 
Dk  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  222, 1842;  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  228,  IHOO. 

tf  Etox  viUahw*  Rakinerqve,  Atncr.  Monthly  Mag.,  iii,  1818,  447,  Ohio  River. 

Eiox  auitriili',  CirviRB  &  Valenciennes,  nUt.  Nut.  Poiss.,  xvii,  323,  1K4G,  locality  unknown; 
thought  to  be  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

Eiox  depraniUii,  Le  SUBiitt,  in  Cvvieb  &  Valencirnneb,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xvii,  ICtO,  l.Mti, 
Wabash  River,  New  Harmony,  Indiana;  (Coll.  Le Sueur);  GIIntiikr,  Cat.,  vi,  229,  lsf,f,. 

Eiox  higttbroiui,  LeSueur,  in  Cuvier  &,  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poles.,  xvii,  3.38,1840,  Crab 
Orchard,  Kentucky.     (Coll.  Lo  Siiour.) 

Eiox  borem,  AoASSiz,  Lake  Superior,  317,  1850,  Lake  Superior.     (Coll.  Agassiz.) 

Eiox  lucioideif,  Aoassiz  &  Girari),  in  Herbert  Forrester's  Fish  and  Fishing,  154,  1850,  Lake 
Superior. 


•  Described  from  hearsay.  It  may  have  been  intended  for  this  s|Hjci»!H  or  for  the  MuskftlluiiKi;. 
The  drawing  of  the  species  shown  in  the  original  MS.  notebook  of  Raflnesijuu  shows  tliiit  tliiii 
is  a  mythical  species. 


y 


Jordan  and  Iiz>ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        629 


Subgenus  MASCALONOUS,  Jordan. 

eSAyiiUCIUH  NA84{VINONUT  (Mitchlll). 
(MuHKALi.i^NoR  ;  Makkinonoy  ;  MvHi'Ai.oNnr, ;  OnRAT  Pike.) 
Head  '^\ ;  «l»ptli  0;  snout  2J  in  liead ;  eyo  \  to  0  in  auoiit.  H.  17  to  li); 
|),  17;  A.  15;  sculoa  l.'iO.  Uenoral  furni  of  tho  common  |iikn,  tlio  IumuI 
II  littl««  larger  proportionally.  ClieekH  naked  helovv,  an  the  opercles  ar«^; 
Hi^aly  part  ofcheeks  varialile,  iiHually  about  as  wido  as  eye;  the  Hcaluaon 
liotli  «;h«H)kH  and  opercIeH  in  about  8  towh;  middle  of  eye  midway  between 
tip  (if  lower  jaw  and  poaterior  margin  of  oporcle.  Color  dark  gray  ;  Hides 
ill  tlie  typical  form,  with  round  or  squarish  blackish  spots  of  varying  si/o 
on  a  ground  color  of  grayish  silvery ;  these  Hometimes  obsolete  {XmnuxcuXa- 
/mh),  sometimes  coalescing  in  bands  {ohienMin)',  belly  white;  fins  spotted 
with  black.  Length  4  to  8  feet.  A  magnificent  fish,  by  fur  the  largest  of 
itN  family,  reaching  a  weight  of  100  pounds  or  more;  found  in  the  (ireat 
Lake  region.  Upper  Mississippi,  and  northward;  also  occasionally  taken 
ill  Ohio  Kiver,  fretjuent  in  Chautauqua  Lake,  Conueaut  Lake,  and  other 
(^Its'ir  lakes  outsiilo  the  Great  Lake  system.  The  typical  form,  var.  »«««- 
iiniiioiiyii,  known  by  the  black  spots,  is  confined  to  tho  (ireat  Lakes,  their 
outhitH,  and  tributaries.  "A  long,  slim,  strong,  and  swift  fish,  in  every 
way  fitted  to  the  life  it  leads,  that  of  a  dauntless  marauder."  (Hallock.) 
{MitHkhioinjc,  or  Man  Kvnonha,"  or  Maak-KinongS,  a  name  variously  spelled, 
applied  Ity  the  Ojibway  Indians  to  tho  lake  pike  and  muskallungo.) 

K«"/  iii.iw/KiHoH!/;/,  MiT(!iiiLt,  "Mirror.t  2«7, 1824,"  Lake  Erie.     SiM-ciraoii  47  InclieH  long  and 

wnigbing  ;iO  pouiidB.    D.  21;  A.  17,  including  rudimvuta;  Meek  &  Newland,  Proc.   Ac. 

Nut.  Sii.  Plilln.,  1885,  372. 
.ilio«)iinji'/i(iM(>H!/i/(MiTciiii,i.)  Kirtland,  Fislios  ofOliio,  194,  18:18,  Lake  Erie. 
Ruixmhilior,  TiioMi'goN,  Proc.  Unfit.  Soc.  Nut.  Illst.,  in,  IHW),  10;»,  Lake  Champlain;  Jordan, 

Knll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mur.,  x,  54, 1877,  and  uf  most  late  writura;  Jordan  &  Uildert,  HynoiMis,  SKi, 

1883. 
Emix  wihili',  KlUTl.ANK,  Proc.  Cleveland  Ac.  Sci.,  1854,  84,  Lake  Erie;  name  a  Hlip  of  tho  pen 

for  I'jiix  uohiliiir. 
Knox  iitronmnildln,  "Kirtland  MS."  Kiuti.and,  /.  <•.,  18.'>4,  84,  under  Hynonymy  of  Ktaje  tiubilu. 

Represented  in  the  Ohio  River  and  its  tributaries  by 

»25a.  LUCIUS  NASi^VINONOT  0HIEN8IS  (Kirtlnnd). 

Body  with  narrow,  dark  cross  shades,  which  break  up  into  vaguely  out- 
lined dark  spots.  Specimens  of  muskallunge  from  Chautauqua  Lake  sliow 
narrow,  dark  crossbars,  which  split  up  into  diffuse  spots;  fins  with  black 
Hjiots.  These  seem  to  be  allied  to  the  typical  form  maaquinongy  rather  than 
to  var.  immaculatua,  but  are  somewhat  different  from  either  in  coloration. 
No  constant  difference  in  other  respects  ia  apparent.  Tho  name  Eaox 
Hdlmoneus,  "White  with  many  narrow  transversal  brown  bands,  some- 
what curved ;  length  5  feet,"  seems  to  belong  to  this  form.  The  name 
Huhnoneua,  however,  is  not  eligible,  being  preoccupied. 

7JII..C /m/iiioHciig,  I{AFlNE.s(jVE,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.,  iii,  1818,  447,  Ohio  River;  not  K$o.r  $almotf 
eiis,  MiTt'Hii.1-,  1815,  which  ia  Syiuxliii  fwleut. 

*Sei>  Mother,  Forest  A  Stream,  March  18,  1886.  Ac(;ordlng  to  Mr.  U.  W.  Huniihaw,  mcuik  ii 
ut;ly;  kinmige,  flsh,  in  tho  Ojibwiiy  dialects. 

tThis  rofereni-e  is  given  on  the  authority  of  Re  Kay.  Wo  ha%'o  carofully  searched  tho  flies  of 
(lie  Mirror  and  do  not  find  this  description.  The  name  masquinoiij/y  will,  in  any  case,  how- 
ever, hold  from  the  account  given  by  Kirtland. 


i^'^ 


; 

1  ■ 

r 

'  i  ■ 

f             ! 

i  i 


il 


iMU! 


r  h 


\    t   i    rl 


^WtSuL- 


; 

■ 

■t 

i 

^n 

! 

r 

1 

\  ■''-■ 

m 

il 

k 

J 

630 


Bulletin  47,  United  Stairs  National  Afuseum. 


|i;' 


!    '  I 


KSh>z  nliientiii*  KiRTl.AND,  I'ruc.  ('levnluliil  Acailviny  Nat.  Hcltiiico,  Fiihriinry  7,  IHM,  8A,  Mahon< 
ing  River. 

Bopresentod  in  thu  lioiul  wuturH  of  the  MiHHiHNippi  and  itH  trihuturivH  l>y 

OSfib.  LUC'IUM  MAH(jriNOM»Y  LUNAtULATUMf  ((iurrurd). 

(Qrkat  Nortiikiin  riKR.) 

Body  nnHpottnd,  or  with  vague,  dark  croHH  HliadoH;  tail  a  little  more 

Hlunder  and  tinH  u  little  higher  than  in  the  Hpotted  or  lake  nuiHkalliin^rc. 

LakoH  aiul  riverH  of  WiHconuiu  uud  Miuneuota,  locally  abundant,    {immm- 

ulutua,  unHpottod.) 

£W)X<»imiu-M/ii/Hii,  Oariiard  MS.;  notlcml  In  dllTercnt  fliiliiiiK  Journalii;  Eagle  Lake,  northern 
Wisconsin. 

fSmj-  munptiHDiii/ji  iiitiiiiimlalun,  Jordan,  Man.  Vcirt.,  Kil.  fi,  HI),  1888. 

Family  XCII.  PCECILIII)iI<:.t 

(TH.'5   KiT.LIliBllKS.) 

Body  oblong  or  moderately  elongate,  compressed  behind,  deprosNcd 
forward,  covered  with  rather  largo  cycloid  scales,  which  are  adherent  and 

♦  Wo  or.'  iuili'htoil  to  Mr.  Itartdn  A.  IWan  for  tho  folluwiiiK  copy  of  Kirtlunil'x  (InHcriptioii  : 

"IV.  />>x  (ihietuu,  Kirtland:  Kroin  u  vury  ])«rl'u('t  Btuuco  citHt  and  u  dDwicatod  lioad  ol'  ii 
ipocinioii  titlcoii  ill  tlio  MulioninK,  a  tributary  uf  tlio  Uliio  Itlvur,  it  in  ovidunt  tliat  tliiii  Rpi-cicn  in 
diiitinct  from  any  of  tliojirocuding.  Itii  cuuiour  iii  nioro  regular,  oval,  and  elliptical  tliun  tliat  i>f 
tho  K.  tutor  and  Ichs  rugular  than  that  of  t)io  K.  nnhUiii,  Tho  head  Ih  rather  small,  fuBifurni  uml 
attenuated,  and  itfi  vortical  nimHuruuK^nt  tlirough  tho  oyo  proportlonatuly  Iohh  than  in  aiiyotlmr 
specie*.  Caudal  tin  umarginato  and  fntcato  inoru  acutely  than  tlio  AVor.  Tho  color  of  tho  liac  k 
KreeiiiHli  liruwu;  siiloH  iightur,  but  shaded  with  brown;  uiiilornoath  white.  Total  Iciigtli  :ill 
InclioH;  head  1}/y,  vurtiral  lino  tlirough  tlio  eye,  from  frontal  Hurfaco  to  bottom  of  lower  Jaw  2''^ 
inches.    ThiMspeeiessonietiniegattainsSl^^  I'"""'''' ^'''k''^-" 

f  "  ThiM  in  tho  flHli  that  has  JuHt  claims  to  tbo  name  of  Tho  Groat  Nortliorn  Pike,  as  there  U 
abundant  and  uncpK-stioualilo  toHtinioiiy  of  enormous  nI/.o,  ranging  from  4(i,  Ih,  80,  and  lln 
ponndH.  The  habitat  of  this  flub  is  the  waters  of  the  Mitutissippi  Hystem,  and  it  litis  been  well 
known  Nince  tho  eariioHt  settlement  uf  tho  West  under  various  local  names,  as  (;haiitnui|iia 
Lake  Pike,  Alleghany  Itiver  Piko,  Muskingum  Uivcr  Piko,  Kentucky  River  Pike,  Kockltivor 
(IllinoiH)  Pike,  and  is  now  found  in  tlie  greatoHt  abundance  and  of  tho  largest  si/.e,  in  tho  clear, 
cold  lakes  of  tlio  WiscoiiHin  and  MiniiCHuta  pineriex,  at  tho  lieads  of  tho  tributaries  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi.  In  early  days,  bcf'iro  tlio  streams  wero  rentlered  turbid  by  tlio  washing  of  laiids  in  ciil- 
tivation,  this  flHl'i  was  nioio  ahiindant  in  Lake  Pepin  tlian  it  now  is,  but  a  few  aro  taken  occa- 
sionally. One  of  75  jiounils  was  taken  in  tlioso  early  days  by  reputable  citizens  still  living'  at 
Lake  City.  Ono  of  40  pounds  was  taken  two  years  ago  by  a  man  who  fiHhoH  for  tho  iiiarkul, 
and  numbers  have  been  taken  ranging  from  2  ixmnds  to  2U  pounds.  This  flsh  is  generally  foiiiMl 
cither  in  these  |iinery  streams  or  near  the  mouth  of  them  in  the  Mississippi  Itivor."  (ticDerul 
Israel  Garrard,  in  a  lett<>r  dat  :d  Juno  1,  188U,  Frontenac,  Minnesota.) 

I  Concerning  thu  name  to  bo  given  to  this  family  Dr.  Gill  remarks  : 

'*  In  my  'Families  and  Subfamilies  of  FiihuH*  (18<j:i,  No.  13:t)  I  have  adopted  PoecUiUlie  inntoad 
of  OypriiwihiiUidie  for  tlio  funilly  at  present  generally  known  by  tho  latter  name, 

"  It  is  quite  true  that  Professor  Agawiiz  was  tho  first  to  rocofrnize  the  family  so  called,  hut  lie 
■imply  gave  tlio  plural  form  of  C'^nrtHodoii/cn,  and  not  a  name  with  tho  patronymic  siiflix  now 
almost  universally  uited  to  denote  families,  and  be  did  not  define  it,  but  simply  gave  it  to  the 
residuum  left  after  deflning  tho  Cypriui.  Little  later  Bonaparto  gave  a  regular  family  name 
(PvcciliuUe)  derived  from  tlio  earliest  established  nuni^  of  a  g(>nu8  of  the  family  and  tliat  nuiiio 
was  several  times om|>loyed  by  him  and  others  wliilo  l..o  name  CijpHno<U>nte»  remained  in  alicy- 
anco  ;  ho  also  regularly  defined  it.  Tho  first  regular  use  of  the  latter  name  with  a  patronymic 
BUflix  {CijprinndoHtUUe)  was  by  Sir  John  Rioliardsou  in  IS.'iG. 

"  Another  objection  to  tho  namo  CtiprinodnntUUe  wlilch  may  roconcilo  us  to  Ha  abandonment  i^ 
that  it  expresses  utaxononiicfalsehooU  and  is  even  now  eonstuntiy  misleading  persons.  In  tliu 
part  of  tho  great  'New  Knglitih  Dictionary,'  lately  published  (v.  2,  p.  130()),  a  ^  Ci/prinodnul'  is 
defined  as  'a  malacopterygious  fish  of  tlie  family  Cijprmodontldw,  of  whicli  tho  typic^ai  geniiH  in 
Ciii>riiii>doH  ;  they  dilTer  from  tho  ('yprinids  in  having  tlio  Jaws  more  projecting  and  toothed.' 
In  tho  recent  Manual  of  Moreau  (1802,  p,  479),  the  '  Ci/priaolonddei'  and  '  CyprinideK'  are 
approximated  in  an  analytical  tablo  and  simply  contrasted  on  account  of  tlie  presence  of  jaw 
teeth  ('machoircsdenteeg')  in  the  former  and  the  absence  (machoires  '  noii  dontecs ' )  in  the 
latter.  It  certainly  is  time  for  trained  ichthyologists  to  have  learned  that  there  is  no  aflinity 
between  tlietwo  ty|)es,  and  that  they  difTerso  radically  in  all  essential  features  of  organi/atieii 
that  they  should  lie  referred  to  dilTerent  orders.  Yet  Valenciennes,  in  tho  penultimate  volume 
of  his  great  work  (Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xxi,  p.  456),  attempted  to  Justify  the  retention  of  the 
Cyprinodonts  in  the  same  fnm'dij  with  tho  Cyprinids  and  theirnatiiral  allies.  The  CyprinodontH 
or  Pueciliidsaro  really  related  to  tho  Esocids  and  Umbrids,  and  to  them  tliey  should  bo  approxi- 
mated iu  the  BUbordor  UagUtmi.  "    (Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1891, 116.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


631 


rt'K'iilarly  arranged.  Lateral  line  wanting  or  repres'>nt«d  l>y  a  few  imper* 
fi'ct  poreH.  HeadNcaly.at  loaHtal>ovo.  Mouth  tui'ntiual,Hniall,  the  lower 
jitw  iiNiiuUy  projecting;  margin  of  tiie  uppor  jaw  fitrmed  by  the  preniux- 
iiliirit'H  only  ;  premaxilluiieH  Htrong,  extremely  protractile.  Teeth  inciHor- 
like  or  villiform,  HomotimeH  preueut  on  the  vomer,  hut  UHUiilly  in  the  Juwh 
only ;  lower  phnryngeulH  separate,  with  cardiform  or  rarely  molar  teeth  ; 
iliixl  upper  pharyngeal  eulargtMl,  the  fourth  wanting  or  united  to  the 
tliird.  ('ill  memhraneH  Homewhat  connected,  free  from  iHthmuH;  gill 
I'iikerH  very  short,  thick.  HranchiostegalH  4  to  6.  PHeudohranchim  none. 
Diit'Hul  tin  single,  iuHertod  posteriorly,  of  soft  rays  only,  rarely  with  a  siu- 
^\\y  Hpine  or  a  rudimentary  spinous  dorsal ;  caudal  tlu  not  forked  ;  ventral 
liiiH  abdominal,  rarely  wanting ;  pectoral  ilna  inserted  low  ;  no  adipose  flu. 
.Stomach  siphonal,  without  pyloric  appendages.  Air  bladder  simple,  often 
vMiiitiiig.  liasis  cranii  simple  (/?J(;  Cope).  Sexes  usually  unlike,  the  this 
lit'inj^  largest  in  the  mules,  but  in  some  species  the  females  are  much  larger 
ill  Ni/.o.  Many  of  the  species  are  ovoviviparous,  the  young  well  developed 
at  time  of  birth.  In  those  species  the  sexes  are  very  unlike,  the  anal  fin 
(if  tlio  male  being  developed  as  an  iutvomitteut  organ.  Fresh-water  fishes 
(it'  Houthern  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  aud  America,  some  of  them  occurring 
ill  bays  and  arms  of  the  sea.  They  are  mostly  of  small  size,  and  the  spe- 
cies are  very  difUcult  of  determination,  (jenera  30;  species  about  180. 
{VivvWiuliv,  Bonaparte  Nuovi  Ann.  Sci,  Nat.,  li,  132,  1838.) 

We  begin  the  discussion  of  this  group  with  the  largest  genus,  which 
HeeniH  at  the  same  time  to  bo  the  most  primitive  and  tho  least  specialized. 
II.  Int(wtiiiul  cuiial  cnmpariitivoly  Hliiirt,  littlo  convoluted;  toetli  littl(i  movable;  lioiiea  of  tlio 
(lontary  flriiily  connected;  tlie  lower  Juw  strong  und  iiHiially  projecting  lioyond  np|ior; 
Bliecles  chiefly  camivorouD. 
\i,  AnnI  flu  of  tho  malo  similar  to  that  of  the  fenialu  und  not  niodlQed  into  un  intromit- 
tent  orgiin.     SpociuH  oviparoux. 
('.  Tuoth  nil  poiuttid,  none  of  them  compressed  or  bicuspid  or  tricuspid. 
FuNnui.iN.t; : 
if.  Ventral  fiui  well  developed;  pharyngeal  bones  and  teeth  not  enlargisl. 
e.  Tooth  in  villiforni  bands  or  at  least  in  more  than  on(>  scrioH. 

/.  Air  bladder  wulldoveloped  (in  all  sjiecies  examined);  no  caudal  ocellus. 

g.  Gill  o|ieuings  not  restricted  above,  tho  opercular  angle  free  from 

shoulder  girdle;  body  oblong;  dorsal  various  in  hIzo  and  iiinor- 

tion.  FiNDULi's,  UUO. 

gg.  am  oiH'nings  restrictud,  the  opercle  from  up|ier  root  of  pectoral 

upward  being  adnato  to  shoulder  girdle;  body  short  and  deep. 

AlllNIA,  301. 

ff.  Air  bladder  wanting;  a  black  ocellus  at  root  ol'  caudal — iit  least  in 

males.  Hivui.om,  302. 

re.  Teeth  arranged  in  a  single  serieM;  dorsal  inserted  iu  advance  of  anal ;  mouth 

obliijue, 

j.  PorHal  and  anal  fins  short,  each  of  9  to  13  rays.  Lucania,  303. 

X)>  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  very  long,  each  of  more  than  20  ruys. 

GiRAHDINICIITIIVS,  304- 

OBESTiiNJt; : 
M.  Ventral  fins  wanting;  body  oblong. 

I.  Pharyngeal  bones  both  aliovo  and  below  greatly  enlarged,  bearing  coarse 
molar  teeth;  scales  normal,  regularly  imbricated,  none  of  them  ridged. 

Kmi'ETuioiithvs,  .106. 
Cyprinodontin^,  : 
cc.  Teeth  incisor-like,  notched,  bicuspid  or  tricuspid. 

j.  Ventral  fins  well  developed  (occasionally  lost  through  atrophy);  gill  openings 
restricted;  the  opercle  adnata  above  to  the  shoulder  girdle. 


i 


\         i 


V    \ 


\       ! 


(       i 


li 


t 

Mt 

1 

'4  i  ■ ' 

i 

1 

032 


JiuUetin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


S                                   1 

s 

i          ! 

, 

II; 

' 

r- 

H 

!^ 

1 

1       t          ' 

\$ 

^1 

\       . 

;•' 

*iH 

Ill 

ll 

jL 

i 

A.  InriRom  ltli-iiR|ilil,  with  a  bkiiil  of  Tlllirorm  tKclh  bi'lilml  Ihnn;  lioily  rniliur 
i|i'<>|i,  Ihn  vnrtlt-ul  nn*  niixlnrutuly  (Uvi>Iii|miiI,  Ciiahai'miiiin,  iiini, 

kk.  Inciiiirii  trii'iiiipltl,  In  1  row,  with  no  vlilirurin  luoth  iHihlnd  thtmi;  limjy 
iihort  iinil  ili'ti]),  <'oin|ir«>i«til. 

I.  Durml  An  aliort,  of  10  to  12  rajm,  th«  flrit  ray  iiltmilnr  ami  rnil'i'    ntiiry. 

('vriiiNoiiiiN,  ;iii7. 

II.  Itortal  nn  v«ry  lunit,  of  Id  to  18  myN,  tho  flrit  ruy  ilovxloiml  un  n  xluiii, 

Kroovml  «|iine.  Jihihankm.a,  :tii(i. 

fifi,  Aual  fln  In  tlio  inaltiH  itlnced  wrll  furwnnl  ami,  iniHlitlixl  Into  it  iiwiiril-ii|iii|ii'i|  Intro- 
nilttuiit  orgiin;   t(>i<tli  all  polnti'il,  arranK<'<l   in   liainlii.    H|>ericH  vIvijinriMiii,  the 
yoniiK  of  lur)(e  ni'M  ut  l>lrth, 
<!amiii'miin.k  : 
m.  Kyu  normal,  the  pnpll  not  dlviilotl  by  a  i)artitioti;  iloninl  InHnrtoil  nior*^  i>t  Icnx 
bohiml  front  of  anal, 
n.  Jaw*  not  prodnruil  Intoalwak,  low«r  Jaw  prominent,  longnr  than  upiuT; 
malo  AhIi  vory  nnu'h  Kmallitr  than  the  fpnialn. 
(I.  Dursal  fln  lon^,  of  14  to  ID  rayn;  anal  Hhort. 

Pgri'Doxii'iioriioHVH,  ,'wio. 

no.  Dorxal  fln  short,  of  II  to  lo  rayH;  anal  iihort.  Oamiiihia,  :ilo. 

nil.  .luwK  proiliicoil  into  a  niodi'ratii  beak,  much  an  in  iMhiilfntlirt;  ilormil  iiml 

anal  Mhurt.  Hklonkhu.x,  :)II. 

AnAIILKI'IN.V.  : 

mm.  Kyeilivlilcil  Int. i '2  portiunH  by  a  horl'/ontal  rrotw  partition;  vi'rtiial  flnNHlmrt; 
body  <>lonKal<(.  Anaiii.».I'n,  M'l. 

till.  Inti'ttinal  canal  clonKatu,  witli  nunierounconvolutionH;  dentary  boni-H  looHoly  Joined;  tciili 
movable;  Npuclos  ckletly  mud-uatinK. 

(iOOPEIN.I',  : 

;>.  Teeth  InciBur-like,  all  trIcuHpId,  In  1  iterlefi,  with  a  wirloH  of  vllllform  luetli  lnOiinil 

thuiii;  Hexnal  characterH  unknown,  the  aexug  probably  alike;  lower  Jaw  priiji'ctiii).'. 

>/.  FinH  small;  Rcaleg  largo;  form  oblong,  Ooopka,  :il.'i. 

PffiCILlIN*: 

%tp.  Teeth  all  iHilnted;  anal  fln  in  the  male  advanced  and  modlfled  into  an  intromitloiit 
organ;  lower  Jaw  Hhort  and  weak.    8|H'cleg  ovovivlparouM. 
r.  Teeth  in  a  Hinglo  Horlva;  dorwil  and  anal  both  Hhort;  Hcales  lar-re. 

«,  Uornal  fln  inserted  in  advauci'  nl'  anal.  Platviikcim's,  WW. 

an.  Dorsal  fln  InNorted  more  or  It^ss  behind  front  of  anal.  IIkthiianiiria,  3ir>. 

IT,  Teeth  in  more  than  one  steles. 

I,  Dorsal  inserted  cxore  or  Iohs  behind  Anal;  both  Ann  vory  small.      IiKiiifTex,  :iKi. 
U.  Dorsal  inserted  ovl>-  or  in  advance  of  anal,  itM  rays  much  elevated  in  tin-  tiialc. 
«.  Dorsal  fln  Hhort,  of  losti  than  7  to  11  rays. 

V.  Teeth  of  inner  series  in  l)oth  Jaws  trifld.  Acboikkcima,  :!I7, 

vv.  Teeth  of  inner  series  in  both  Jaws  entire.  Pikcilia,  iilH. 

«n.  Dorsal  fln  long,  of  12  to  16  rays. 

10.  Caudal  fln  normal,  alike   in   both    hoxos,  or   with   the  lower  aii^rle 
ic-'erely  Hhnrp  in  tho  male.  Moli.ienihia,  :il!). 

WW.  I  'i>udal  fln  in  tho  inalcH  with  its  lower  lobe  much  produiMnI  and  Hwonl. 
shaped,  in  the  adult  at  long  as  rest  of  body. 

XiPHonioKiH,  :t'J). 

300.  FUNDULUS,  Lac^pfide. 

(KiLLIFISHES.) 

Fundiihi*,  LAOfipf'.nE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  37, 1803,  (mudfi»h). 

llyilrargirti,  LA(,'ki>£»E,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  v,  378,  1803,  {Hwampitui). 

f  Aplocheilui,*  McClelland,  Ind.  Cypr.  As.  Res.,  xix,  301,  1839,  (chrymttiiimus  =  paiwhai). 


*  Wo  question  the  reference  of  Aplocheilut  and  Panchar  to  Fundu/io,  beranse  the  East  In<lj.in 
species,  Aplocheilns  panchax,  tho  type  of  both  nominal  genera,  liaH  a  long,  de^iressel  snout,  and  ii 
physiognomy  unlike  the  American  species.  According  to  GUutber,  its  vomeriuo  teeth  are 
minute  aud  radimeutal.    There  are  no  vomerine  teeth  in  the  species  of  Fundului, 


Jordan  ami  Evetmann.-  hishe$  of  North  America, 


033 


1  hmrhnf,  Cvrit*  >.  VAMNrilNNH,   llllt.  N»t.  I'oIm.,  XVIIt,  ItWI,  IMO,  ((HiNiAiur). 
'^iij.^Hiih',  \ilM»y/.,  AllHT.  JiilirtI,  Sri.  ArlN,  1H.VI,  in/S,  (o/iiwnl --.:  h<>'i<<im). 

.\im,),iiliiliilijiti,  Dlkkkkh,  Mini.  Sor.  Ilurlniii,  18A:i,  ll)>,  {iiii>i<'). 

Miintliii;  QllX,  Cuiiailliiii  Niiturullm,  AuKUot.  iHOTi,  {limjiitnltu), 

r  ihi>liiriiiiu;  (K'NTiirn,  <'«».,  VI,  :ilo,  iHt'.d,  (corrnctid  himOIIiik). 

AiHMi'Ki,  .loiiDAN,  Hull.  Iliifriilo  K<K'.  Niii.  Iliat.,  IHTO,  142,  {tltllifitn). 

lUnl..,,-!,;*  IllliM'rilDNKT  MS.,  (JoiiDK  A.  IIkan,  VtOi.  V.  8.  Nttt.  Mm.,  INHA,  1^04,  {hHrrmliltit), 

/'iJiHI".  •loHI'AN  A  KVKKMANN,  HOW  niiliKoniM,  {mtuiniillii), 

lliwiliHiiinHii,  .I(IHI>AN  \  KVKIIMANM,  liew  MUligUllll*,  (riifAtiMlit). 

Mndy  riitlicr  oIoiiKato,  littln  vlovatuil,  coinprnHMMl  Itnliind,  Month 
iiiii*U;rato,  tliu  lowor  jiiw  iir<),j«M>,tiiiK.  JuwhducIi  witli  twoor  iiioruM^ivHuf 
|iiiinl«)«l  t»etli,  iiHiially  forniiiift  a  iiarruw  band.  HunoH  of  tho  mandible 
tirinly  united.  ScaluH  moderate.  Gill  opening  not  restricted  above,  the 
oiit'i'clo  with  itH  I'largin  not  adnate  to  Hhouhler  kii'*!!*)-  Preopercle,  pre- 
orhitul,  and  niandihiu  with  niiicouH  poreH.  Dornal  and  anal  tinu  niniilar, 
Ninail,  or  rather  large,  the  dornal  inHerted  either  in  front  of,  above,  or 
lit'liiiitl,  tlio  front  of  anal ;  ventralH  well  developed.  Air  bladder  preHent. 
Sfxt'HditVuring  in  color,  ui/e,  and  development  of  the  HnH,  the  anal  fln  in  tho 
iiiiilo  normal.  InteHtinal  canal  Hhort.  FiiNt  superior  pharyngeal  with- 
out teeth;  second  with  teeth;  third  and  fourth  co-ossitied,  with  teeth. 
S]M>ci<!S  very  numerous,  mostly  American,!  inhabiting  fresh  waters  and 
iirniH  of  the  sea.  They  are  the  largest  in  size  of  the  Cyprinodonts,  and 
some  of  them  are  very  brightly  colored.  They  are  oviparous  and  feed 
(Oiit'lly  on  animals.  Home  of  them  bre  bottom  fishes,  burying  themselves 
ill  the  mud  of  estuaries;  others  swim  freely  in  river  channels  and  bays; 
Ntill  others  are  "top  minnows,"  surface  swimmers,  feeding  on  floating 
insects  in  swamps  and  streams.  Wo  here  unite  tho  nominal  genus  Xygo- 
vtilfH  to  FitHdulua,  as  there  is  a  perfect  gradation  of  the  species  from  those 
with  long  dorsal  hn  to  those  in  which  the  dorsal  An  is  small  and  posterior. 
Tlie  extremes  of  the  two  groups  are,  however,  very  diflereut,  the  distinc- 
tions being  greater  than  usually  occur  within  the  limits  of  a  natural 
geuiis.     (J'linduSf  bottom,  the  abode  of  the  "  Fumlulu8  niudjinh.) 

1.  Ji^in'-ii'M  with  thu  <U>rHaI  flu  iiiixlorato  or  rather  Inrgo,  nf  11  to  17  riiyH,  its  iiiHcrtion  above  or 
iiniially  in  frout  of  tint  inRortion  uf  thu  flrHt  ray  of  thn  aiiul  ;  Bcale«lurK«  or  biiiiiII.     Fn<o- 
Hwiinmiug  specie*,  not  feeding  at  the  surface,  Home  of  them  often  burying  tbenmelvuB  iu 
the  mud  of  bottoniH  in  shallow  water, 
a.  Dcirnal  fln  Inserted  before  origin  of  anal ;  brauehloHtogalH  C>  or  C. 
Vvumtvs: 
h.  HcalcH  liir;;e,  m  to  38  in  a  lengthwise  series. 

*  (ioodo  &,  Ilean,  who  have  examined  tho  type  of  Colu/in  heletmlilitii,  Linnn'us,  observe. 

"No.  11,  Garden,  'Anouymim,'  see  page  ',W!>,  vol.  i.  Smith's  Correspondence  of  Linne.  The 
e<lltor  of  this  volume  haH  evidently  been  misled  by  the  common  name  'mudflsh'  in  referring 
No.  11  to  Amiu  cairn,  which  was  No.  4  of  a  later  lot.     (See  jtago  312.) 

"  The  above  example  was  apparently  the  tyi)0  of  Linn^'s  description  of  Coiiitit  heleroclUui.  In 
till'  aimotnted  copy  of  edition  xil,  Linnu  wrote  that  it  was  referred  to  a  new  genus,  '  Itorhorjit' 
<<(  llruiisKonct,  with  the  following  characters:  'Corpussqiianiosura.  Finn,  dors!  anica.  Maxill. 
infer,  intr.  carin.  Caput  squamosum.'  Wo  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  whether  or  not 
IlriMittioiiet  has  publisbcil  a  description  of  this  genus. 

"The  skill  is  122  mm.  long.  The  heiid  is  i.^  of  the  total  length  without  caudal,  ami  tho  depth 
ubciiit  the  same.  I>.  12;  A.  10.  Scales  in  :i3  longitudinal  und  12  transverse  rows.  A  black 
Mntrh  is  still  apparent  on  the  posterior  part  of  tlie  dorsal."  (Uuude  &  Bean,  Pruc.  U.  S.  Mat. 
Mus.,  IgS,-),  204.) 

t  The  few  European  species  referred  to  tSmihihii  seem  allied  to  the  subgenus  Xenimna.  The 
AHJittic  und  Alrican  forms  are  allied  to  or  belong  to  the  group  Zyyonecte».  In  some  of  them  tho 
auul  fin  is  much  larger  tbau  iu  the  American  speciei. 


i      I    i 


.    ■;      ! 


m' 


634 


bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I 


I     i 


■vn 


■li  ■:'.: 


1    V. 


li; 


i    i 


i  jiili 


1:1 


c.  Scales  in  lateral  line  31  to  34, 10  to  12  in  a  crom  series ;  body  rather  oUmgatu,  tli« 

depth  4  tu  41^  in  length;  dorsal  rays  usually  12. 

il.  Body  without  itoss  Ounds;  each  scale  above  and  especially  poHtoHorly,  with  a 

vertical  purplinh  spot  in  the  center;  dorsal  with  series  of  bliu-kiHli  dots; 

anal  rays  13.  punctati's,  O'JC. 

dd.  no<ly  with  c^ross  baudN  light  or  dark,  probably  in  both  sexes;  anul  rayH  !)  to  11. 

«.  Body  witli  about  'J.'t  narrow,  undulating,  silvery  bars,  narrower  tliiin  tlio 

dark  interspaces;  iins  nearly  plain ;  head  large,  3^  in  body. 

viNcTi's,  wr,. 

M.  Btxly  in  lM>th  sexes  with  10  to  10  narrow,  dark,  vertical  burs;  am  1  I'm 

Hniall. 

/.  Snout  shortish,  shorter  than  eye;  a  black  spot  on  back  before  (lormil 

head  bluntish,  3>^  in  length.  palmdi-s,  'six 

J.  Snout  very  long,  1^  times  length  of  eye  in  adult;  no  black  spot  before 

dorsal;   nialu  with  an  ocellati-d  dorsal  spot;    head  pointi-ii  nm 

elongate,  Z%  in  body;  brancbiostegals  <>.  similih,  li'Jli. 

ee.  Scales  in  lateral  line  36  to  38. 

g.  Anal  rays  10  to  12. 

A.  Dorsal  rays  11  or  12;  depth  of  body  3^  to  4. 

i.  Female  with  two  or  three  black  horizontal  striix-s;  male  with  about  1'2 

dark  crossliars  and  a  dorsal  ocellus;   head  long,  3'^  in  Iciif^tli; 

branch iostogals  6.  ma.iams,  t):ti>. 

a.  Female  plain  or  with  dark  cross  luinds  only;  nn  bluck  hori/.cutiil 

stripeii. 

j.  Brauchiostogals  C;  coloration  dull  groonish,  nearly  plain,  tlio  male 

with  about  20  short,  blackish  crossbars,  the  female  '.vitli  lui 

oliscure  dark  lateral  shade;  no  dorsal  ocellus.    1).  i:);  A.  II. 

PAnviriNNiH,  '.):ii. 
j),  Brancbiostegals  6. 

k.  Dorsal  rays  10  or  11. 

I.  Color  groonish,  both  sexes  usually  with  dusky  or  silvery 

crossbars  and  pearly  spots,  at  least  on  the  flns  of  the 

male;  dorsal  sometimes  with  an  ocellus;  scales  3'>  or  un. 

m.  Form  robust,  the  depth 3%  in  length;  the  hriul  3-;',; 

dorsal  ocellus  faint  or  wanting;  mules  with  many 

pearly  stwts;  females  nearly  plain.' 

IIETEROCLITUS,   032. 

mm.  Form  rather  slender,  the  depth  4  in  length;  tlio 
head  3^;  dorsal  ocellus  on  female  very  con- 
spicuous; pearly  spots  fewer;  female  banded  or 

spotted.  OCELLABIS,  9113. 

tt.  Color  greenish,  in  spirits  without  bands  or  spots;  body 
dvo|);  ta'i  slender;  flns  small.  fonticola,  934. 

kk.  Dorsal  rays  12  to  14;  olivaceous,  with  about  15  dark  cru.^ 
bands.  berhud.^:,  P'i5. 

gg.  Anal  rays  16  or  17;  dorsal  rays  13  or  14;  upper  lip  thick;  scales  38-1.5  or  16. 
n.  Form  robust,  tiie  depth  in  adult  about  3  in  lengtli;  color  uniform  pale 
brown,  the  flns  unspotted.  robustus,  93C. 

nn.  Form  rather  slender,  the  depth  4%  in  length;  color  uniform  brown,  or 
.  slightly  mottled  on  tail;  flns  unspotted,  the  anal  of  male  lihick  at 
base,  yellow  distally.  labiams,  '.K!7. 

FoNTiNUs  {font,  fouutain): 
66.  Scales  comparatively  small,  44  to  60  in  lateral  line;  dorsal  fln  of  13  to  15  rays;  anal  rayH 
11  to  14. 
o.  Scales  moderate,  in  a  longitudinal  serieb,  44  to  48. 
p.  Anal  rays  11 ;  depth  4  to  6  in  length. 

q.  Body  stout,  compressed,  the   depth  4  in  length;  16  scales  in  a  cross- 
series;  olivaceous,  with. many  silvery  crossbars.  asinia,  938, 


P5,i7?fi.  ■'kfr-;iiji'S't*>  t^Vtlt^j:  '*,'.''.■ 


•'<^.^-.r«i:;  '«■'!-■ 


Jordan  and  Evertnantf. — Wishes  of  North  America. 


636 


77.  Body  rathur  nlcnder,  the  depth  \"/^  to  6  in  length;  12  acaloH  in  a  croM- 

ierios;    color  olivaceous,  with  nunieroua  crossban,  either  bluck  or 

■ilTory.  i)lAi>iiANi:8,  030. 

j)p.  Anal  rays  13;  lii>dy  elongate,  the  depth  67^;  in  length;  oliToceouH,  with  very 

faint  darli  croNsharg.  extkn8V8,  940. 

<m.  Sraie*  very  Bniall,  about  CO-21. 

r.   Dorsal  rays  14  or  15;  anal  13  or  14;  color  olivaceous,  sides  with  many  .  ;rk 
crosobars;  depth  4}<^  in  length.  /kurini's,  941. 

rr.  Dorsal  tin  very  long,  of  17  riiyH;  analray8l3;  scalcssmali,  about  52  in  lungllu- 
dinul  series;  depth  about  4;  olivaceous,  many  scales  usuiilly  with  a  ilarlc 
spot,  these  forming  longitudinal  at'  aks;  sometimes  faint  jark  cross- 
bands.  8RMIN0M8,  942. 
mi.  Dorsal  f.n  inserted  over  ur  slightly  behind  front  of  anal  fln;  branchiostegals 4  ur  5;  bright 
colored  species  with  orange  or  brown  spots,  inhabiting  mountain  springs  and  brooks. 
XcNisMA  ({(VicTMa,  a  surprise): 
«.  Scales  small,  60  to  .3  in  lateral  line;  dorsal  and  anal  large,  of  13  to  \T>  ra^  «  each, 

I.  Orange  spots  on  sides  in  regular  series,  replaced  lu  the  female  by  brown  horizon- 
tal dashes;  branchiostegals  5;  D.  14;  A.  \Ti\  depth  4^  in  length. 

CATENATU8,  043. 

U.  Orange  spots  on  sides  irregularly  scattered;  branchiostegals  4;  D.  13;  A.  13;  depth 
6  in  length.  stbllifkk,  944. 

OAMnuHiNrs  (Spanish  OanihrMno,  a  flsh  not  worth  bringing  home.    Sec  Oamhiiiiti): 
w.  Transition'xl  Kpocies.     Scales  large,  36  to  42  in  literal  line;  dorsal  and  anal  small,  each 
of  lOor  11  rays;  small  species,  intermediate  between  Xeiiisma  or  Fundtilusand  /ygo- 
necte»,  the  dorsal  fln  small,  but  not  distinctly  behind  anal, 
ti.  Anal  rnys  14;  scales  36.    Color  brownish,  finely  dotted;  li|>8,  top  of  hea<l,  and  lino 
along  middle  of  back  dark;  tail  with  faint  crosa-fltreaks;  depth  4)^  in  length. 

UNEATUS,  945. 
UK.  Anal  rays  9  to  11. 

r.  Scales  38  to  42;  body  without  block  crossbars. 

10.  Scales 38;  olivaceous,  with  horizontal  oblong  brownish  8i>ots  scattered  over 

back  and  bides;  depth  4^  in  length.  ratiiiiuni,  946. 

irir.  Scales  42;  rows  of  scales  with  whitish  streaks  in  males,  or  narrow  black 

lines  in  females,  forming  lines  along  the  row^  of  scales;  depth  4>4  in 

length.  AL1I0LINEATU8,  947. 

w.  Scales  about  45;  body  with  about  14  irregular  dark  crossbars;  rows  of  scales 

of  upiier  parts  with   longitudinal   lines.     D.   10;   A.   10;   depth  3^  in 

length.  coNt'LUENTUS,  948. 

t'l'c.  Scales   about  35,  24  before  dorsal;  body  with  about  15  well-marked  black 

crossbands,  as  in  Fundtilut  similis  or  t\  cingnlatut,  between  which  this  species 

seems  to  find  its  place;  flus  plain.    D.  9  or  10;  A.  9.  fiinduloides,  949. 

II    /.vuoNErTT.g  ((vyof,  yoke;  vc'ktik,  swimmer,  the  species  being  said  to  swim  at  the  surfaco 

iu  pairs).    Species  with  the  dorsal  fin  small,  of  7  to  11  rays,  its  insertion  distinctly  behind 

front  of  anal  flu;  small  species  with  l-.rgc  scales  (29  to  40);  surface  swimmers,  "Tup  niin- 

luiws,"  seeking  insects  at  the  surface  of  water. 

II.  Auiil  fln  lung,  of  14  to  25  rays;  vomer  sometimes  with  minute  teeth. 

li.  Anal  rays  14;  dorsal  rays  8;  scales  31-8;  depth  5  in  length;  olive,  the  body  plain;  dor- 
sal and  anal  with  dark  crossbands;  base  of  caudal  with  round  pale  spots. 

Dovii,  950. 
aa.  Anal  rays  8  to  13. 

('.  (ieneral  coloration  oliTaceous,  either  plain  or  with  pearly  or  orange  spots  paler  than 
the  ground  color,  or  blackish  spots  not  forming  distinct  series;  no  sharply  defined 
black  crossbars  or  longitudinal  black  stripes. 
d.  Anal  rays  12  or  13;  I>ody  elcnder,  the  depth  4  to  5  in  length. 

e.  Scales  35-12;  dorsal  U  or  12;  ventrals  very  small;  coloration  plain,  the  fins 

reddish.  macdonalui,  951. 

«e.  Scales  31-10;  dorsal  rays  10;  scales  bordo^M  with  orange;  fins  yellow,  edged 

with  crimaon.  flobipinnis,  962. 


I 


:xi 


;.. 


:  i 


\     i 


t  '    ! 


i  ■  I. 


fi 


\i 


;  1 


ni 


•  ■      i      i 


}i  j  , 


'  i 


1-;;  p  i    i    1 


.1 


I 


' 


■ir.     ^ 


iiii 


lii! 


63« 


Bulletin  47 ,  United  States  National  Museum. 


eee.  Scales  33-lU;  dorsal  rays  8  or  0;  body  with  flnu  speckg  wliich  urn  cliiHtorril 
together  ou  sides,  forming  irregular,  scattered,  rouud,  blackish  Hpcts. 

.IKNKIN8I,  953. 

M.  Anal  rays  8  to  11. 

/.  Scal«H  rather  largo,  about  33  to  a/i-IO;  de|)th  alraut  4  in  length  ;  anal  rayn  H  to 

n ;  head  3}^  to  ?l%  in  length. 

g.  Dorsal  rays  10  or  11 ;  buck  and  sideH  dusted  with  fine  dtrk  points  whiili  arr 

gathered  t(igeth.;r  forming  10  or  12  HcattcriMl,  round,  brown  Hpotn  im 

sides;  flns  with  minute  siMcks.  ri'i.VKitKi'R,  li.'il. 

(/(/.  Dormil  rays  7  to  9. 

h.  Dorsal  flu  iiiKerted  over  sixth  ray  of  anal  ;   anal  rayn  11  ;  body  (in 
fc'inalo)  nearly  plain  olivaceous ;  flns  plain  or  with  ii  few  Mac  k 

dots.  AUI.lNUTONIl'S,  '.l.W 

hh.  Dorsal  inserted  over  first  to  third  ray  of  anal  (in  the  male). 

t.  Body  with  many  bronze  or  orange  spots,  arranged  along  tlie  rown 

of  scales  either  regularly  or  irregularly  ;  females  dull  »;reen- 

ish  ;  young  with  greenish  cross  shades. 

j.  Anal  rays  10  or  11  ;  teeth  of  outer  series  In  upper  jaw  cvtii- 

paratively  long  and  slender,  longer  than  the  other  teeth; 

orange  spots  rather  large  and  irregular  in  position. 

IIENSIIALLI,  it.W. 

jj.  Anal  rays  8  or  9  ;   teeth  in  outer  series  B<;arcely  enlarged, 

scarcely  larger  than  others  in  the  band  ;  spots  rei;iiliirly 

placed,  somewhat  as  in  FunduUm  valennlUK. 

nuBiiiKiidNs,  ;p57. 

ii.  Body    with  rather   large  |)early  white  spots  scattered  over  the 

scales  ;  fins  plain.  'mutkr,  O.'iS. 

ff.  Scales  rather  small,  39-13  ;  btidy  deep,  the  depth  3)^  v    Ic^^i;  ;  Joiwil  aii<l 

anal  each  with  10  or  11  rays  ;  coloration  nearly  plain.         sciadici  s,  O.'ili. 

CO.  General  coloration  olivaceous,  marked  by  distinct  black  crossbars,  but  without  di.stinct 

black  longitudinal  band  or  rows  of  black  streaks  ;  dorsal  fin  much  smaller  than 

anal  and  inserted  behind  it,  its  rays  8  to  10. 

k,  Male  with  a  large  Jet-black  oeelluson  tbedorsal  fin  *  anal  rayslO  ;  dorsal  t< ;  si-ales 

36-11  ;  depth  4^  iu  length  ;  sides  in  both  sexes  with  10  to  12  black  barn. 

i.uci.i-;,  'MM). 
lik.  Male  and  female  without  black  ocellus  on  the  dorsal ;  scales  32  to  3C. 

I.  Anal  rather  long,  its  rays  11  ;  verticnl  flns  dotted  with  brown  ;  i)early  spots 

sometimes  present ;  depth  3J  in  length  ;  scales  32-12.  ciirysotis,  'MX. 

II.  Anal  moderate,  its  rays  8  or  9  ;  scales  34  to  3C-10. 

111.  Dark  cross  bauds  ir<  or  IC.   Body  rather  stout,  the  depth  about  4  in  leiif;th; 
interspaces  on  sides  orange,  with  many  dark  points  ;  fins  red. 

ClNOl'LATI-.«,  Wi2. 

mm.  Dark  cross  bands  al>out  12.     Body  slender,  the  depth  aliout  4)^  in  k'u;^th; 
dorsal  and  anal  with  streaks  of  dark  dots.  (male  of)  nottii,  'I'-'V 

ecc.  General  coloration  olivaceous,  but  crossed  by  mauy  dark  lengthwise  streaks      i  ■'. 
formed  of  many  black  spots  arranged  in  parallel  lines  along  tho  rows  of  s  ,i'  > 
sides  often  with  black  crossbars  also,  esiieciallyiu  the  male  (in  which  the  'ciu    ' 
wise  streaks  are  sometimes  obsolete) ;  a  black  area  below  eye.    Scales  35  to  40. 
n.  Body  rather  slender,  tho  depth  4*/^  to  5  in  length. 

o.  Black  spots  on  scales  in  tho  female  confluent  into  about  0  narrow  jet-hlack, 
rope-like  stripes  from  head  to  tail,  these  sometimes  alternating  with  fainter 
lines  of  dots  ;  cheeks  bright  orange  in  life,  silvery  in  spirits.  Males  with 
tho  streaks  obscure,  the  dark  cross  bands  more  distinct,  about  12  in  niiinlKr. 
Scales  36  to  40.  nottii,  9t'p3. 

oo.  Black  spots  on  scales  distinct,  not  confluent  into  lines,  the  wliolo  foiniiuj; 
longitudinal  series  of  disconnected  dots  ;  cheeks  orange.    Scales  36. 

QUTTATl'S,  'Mi- 

ooo.  Black  spots  very  small,  sprinkled  over  upper  surface,  passing  backv  urd  into 
longitudinal  streaks.  hieruoliphici:^,  965. 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


637 


Mil.  IldUy  <lct'i(,  thi'(l.i>th  a'.j     .  N-iiKtb;  ffniali- with  tlin  black  spotM  coaleocont  into 

atMiiit  10  wavy  HtreakH  aluiiR  slUtii ;  iiialu  with  the  linoH  of  dots  more  or  l(!m 

interrupteil  ;  waI»-«  Xl.  disi-ar,  060. 

ctTi'.  OeiM-ral  coloration  uliviirpoiiH,  with  a  Kinglc  lila<-l(  lateral  Mtri|Mt  from  lioa<l  to  tail. 

;i.  ItiMly  Hlfiiilur,  the  depth  A^ .,  in  length  ;  luteral  Bti'i|i«  bruad,  purplish,  its  eUgei 

wavy;  back  autl  Vertical  flnii8|i«i-kUMl.     I).  1);  A.  II.     Scalos  34-10. 

NOTATi's,  n«7. 

Ity.  Body  utoiit,  the  lioptb  Sj/;,  in  length;  Hidio  pilvery,  with  black  lateral  shiido  uIkjvo 

the  silvery  i>art.     P.  11;  A.  11.    8<aleH Ul-lO.  mklapleukuh,  !»68. 

Subgenus  FUNDULUS,  OUnther. 
02ff.  FVXDVLIIH  PUNCTATIIS,  GUnther. 

Head  4;  depth  4i.  D.  12;  A.  13;  V.  6;  scales  34-12.  Interorbital 
Bpaco  very  broad,  slightly  convex,  its  width  hftlf  head.  Snout  broad, 
olituso,  much  depressed,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the 
upper;  mandil''^  longer  than  eye.  Upper  lip  of  moderate  breadth,  not 
extending  to  angle  of  mouth.  Eye  less  than  length  of  snout,  4^  in  head, 
and  li-HS  than  half  interorbital  width.  Origin  of  dorsal  somewhat  nearer 
to  extremity  of  caudal  than  orbit,  over  nineteenth  scale  of  lateral  series; 
tlrNt  anal  ray  opposite  to  third  of  dorsal ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  subquad- 
ran<fular,  with  the  outer  margins  convex,  each  a  little  longer  than 
hi^li ;  caudal  fiu  subtruncate,  scaly  on  its  basal  half;  pectoral  fins 
shorter  than  head  (without  snout),  not  extending  to  base  of  ventrals. 
Hrownish  olive,  paler  below ;  each  scale,  especially  those  on  the  tail, 
with  a  vertical  dark  purplish  violet  spot  on  the  center;  dorsal  with  3 
ur  4  series  of  blackish  dots,  anal  with  a  whitish  margin.  Length  3^ 
inches,  (male).    Chiapas.    (GUnther);  not  seen  by  us.    (j)unc<a^UH,  dotted.) 

V\mhKlmj;i\mcla.Ua,  OOnther,  Cut..  VI,  320,  18G6,  Chiapam,  Guatemala.     (Coll.  SalTin.) 

987.  FUNDULUS  VINCTU8,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Head  3|;  depth  \\;  eye  3i.  D.  12;  A.  11;  scales  about  31-10.  Body 
little  elongate,  compressed  posteriorly.  Head  large,  very  broad,  and 
sonunvhat  depressed  above.  Mouth  moderate.  Teeth  in  nanow  bands, 
the  outer  much  enlarged.  Interorbital  space  2.  Scales  comparatively 
large.  Dorsal  inserted  moderately  in  advance  of  anal,  its  front  midway 
between  base  of  caudal  and  occiput,  the  fin  of  moderate  height ;  pec- 
toral Iff  in  head;  caudal  1^.  Coloration,  in  spirits,  olivaceous,  with 
about  23  narrow  silvery  bars  with  undulating  edges,  the  bars  narrower 
than  the  darker  interspaces ;  fins  all  plain  in  type.  Length  2^  inches. 
This  species  is  apparently  related  to  F,  heteroclitua  and  other  Atlantic 
species.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  most  of  its  relatives  by  its  com- 
paratively large  scales.  Coast  of  Lower  California ;  known  only  from 
the  original  types  collected  near  Cape  San  Lucas  by  John  Xantus. 
(vuictus,  banded.) 

Fiimlnhm  vinrlnt,  Jordan  A  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1882,  355,  Cape   San  Lucas.* 
(TyiH>,  No.  30973.     Coll.  XantuB.) 


m 


*  According  to  Mr.  Lyman  Holding  a  large  part  of  the  collection  of  John  XantUB  from  "  Cape 
San  Lucas"  wa.s  o>>tained  in  the  poolB  and  lagoons  about  La  Paz.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  theee 
slioal-wnter  sjHJciuB  come  from  the  latter  locality. 


'        I 


5  ■  r 


i  : 


'"# 


M 


i 

1 . 


\    ( 


!      1 


If 


I  :\l 


638 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


•uu 


U!!H.  FUNDUliUS  PALLIDUM,  Kvornmnn. 
Head  3J ;  depth  4;  eye  3^.  D.  12;  A.  11;  scales  31-11,  about  16  before 
dorsal.  Body  stout;  head  heavy;  caudal  peduncle  long  and  much  com- 
pressed ;  snout  short  and  blunt,  shorter  than  eye,  which  is  i  the  widtli 
of  the  interorbital  space ;  humeral  scale  not  enlarged,  2  rows  of  scales  on 
the  cheek;  mouth  rather  small,  little  obHquo,  teeth  pointed,  in  nioio 
than  1  scries,  the  outer  enlarged.  Dorsal  fi:>  over  the  anal,  its  orifjin 
midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  posterior  edge  of  opercle,  or  midway 
of  total  length,  its  rays  short,  about  1^  in  head ;  anal  rays  about  ecjiial  in 
length  to  those  of  dorsal.  Scales  medium,  not  firmly  attached.  Color 
pale  yellowish;  sides  with  about  13  narrow,  dark,  vertical  bars,  much 
narrower  than  the  pale  interspaces,  not  extending  on  the  back  or  belly; 
scales  sparsely  covered  with  fine  dark  punctulations,  few  on  the  vertical 
fins  and  head;  a  large  oblong  black  spot  on  the  back  immediately  in 
front  of  dorsal  fin.  Allied  to  Fundulua  smilia,  Baird  &  Girard,  the  head 
less  pointed,  the  snout  very  much  shorter,  it  being  shorter  than  the  eye, 
•while  \n  Fundulua  aimilia  it  is  1^  times  the  eye;  the  dorsal  has  1  nioro 
ray  and  the  anal  2  or  3  more;  the  color  paler,  the  bars  less  distinct,  no 
dark  dorsal  line  as  in  the  other,  while  the  pronounced  black  spot  in  front 
of  the  dorsal  is  not  found  on  Fundulua  aimilia.  Galveston  Bay,  near  Swan 
Lake,  Texas;  one  specimen  known,     (paliidtia,  lisde.) 

FuikMhh  jmllidiis,  Evekmann,  B\i1I.  V.  S.  FiBli  Comm.,  xi,  18!»1  (Miiy  25,  1892),  84,  ]>\.  I'.f),  lij;.  'J> 
Galveston  Bay,  near  Swan  Lake,  Galveston,  Texas.  (Typo,  No.  45504.  Coll. 
Evermaun,  Scovell  &  Gurloy.) 

920.  FUXDULUS  SIMILIS  (Baird  A  Girard). 
(Sac-a-Lait.) 

Head  3i  in  length;  depth  3i  to  4? ;  eye  5  to  5^.  D.  11  to  13;  A.  10; 
scales  33-11.  Body  slender,  the  outlines  scarcely  arched;  adults  much 
deeper  than  young ;  head  narrow,  very  long,  and  regularly  narrowed  for- 
ward; preorbital  as  wide  as  eye,  4^  to  5  in  head;  eye  small,  li  to  1|  in 
interorbital ;  mouth  small,  maxillary  not  nearly  reaching  vertical  from 
anterior  nostril;  teeth  very  small,  in  broad  villiform  bands,  the  outer 
series  not  at  all  enlarged;  interorbital  Avidth  3^^  in  head.  Dorsal  long 
and  low,  the  height  less  than  length  of  base  in  adult  males,  li  in  length 
of  base  in  females ;  in  males  the  last  rays  are  but  little  higher  than  sonio 
of  those  preceding,  in  females  the  last  are  the  lowest ;  longest  ray  (in  <?  ) 
2^  in  head;  origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  middle  of  eye  and  tip  of 
caudal;  origin  of  anal  under  third  dorsal  ray,  the  fin  much  higher  than 
dorsal,  the  longest  ray  IJ  in  head ;  posterior  margins  of  oviduct  adnato 
along  either  side  of  third  anal  ray,  covering  i  length  of  first  ^ay.  Pec- 
torals reaching  origin  of  ventrals,  1^  to  If  length  of  head ;  ventrals  not 
reaching  vent,  2i  in  head,  their  base  midway  between  pectorals  and 
origin  of  anal ;  caudal  subtruncate,  IJ  in  head.  Scales  large,  in  regular 
series.  Color:  ^ ,  olivaceous,  bronze  below;  lower  parts  of  head  strongly 
orange ;  sides  with  10  to  15  narrow,  dark  bars,  J  to  J  as  wide  as  the  inter- 
spaces, and  not  very  dark;  a  large,  diffuse,  dark  humeral  blotch,  extend- 
ing from  above  opercle  to  about  base  of  pectoral ;  each  scale  with  a  dis- 
tinct > -shaped  intermarginal  series  of  dots,  forming  conspicuous  reticu- 
lations;  dorsal  dusky,  with  black  specks,  mostly  black  at  base;  a  small 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


639 


uccllated  black  sput  behind,  diHappearing  in  adultH;  caudal  faintly 
'jloiniod  with  dusky,  especially  about  the  middle;  veutrals  pale,  some- 
what soiled.  9  >  olivaceous,  sides  paler  olive,  with  metallic  luster;  belly 
white;  7  to  15  very  narrow,  sharply  defined  black  bars  on  sides,  not 
cxtondiug  on  the  back,  scarcely  broader  than  the  pupil ;  scales  marked 
U8  in  the  males,  but  nmch  more  faintly;  lius  pale,  almost  immaculate. 
Length  6  inches.  Coast  of  the  Gulf  States,  in  brackish  waters  and  shal- 
h>w  buys ;  very  abundant  from  Florida  to  Texas.  {mniVxs^  similar,  the 
fjixos  being  nearly  alike.) 
llii'lrdnjiini  similiii,  Bairi)  &  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1853,  .380,  IndianoU,  Texas; 

(Coll.  Clark);  GiRAtiD,  U.  S.  A  Mox.  Bound.  Siirv.,  Zoiil.,  08,  j)l.  .3.'>,  figK.  1-8,  IS-'iD. 
ymi.liiltif  «imi7i»,  OOntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  .T2;J,  18fiC;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Troc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mui.,  188'2, 

2.'>'J;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopHis,  33,'t,  1883. 

980.  FIINDIILV8  DIAJALIS  (Walbanm). 
(KiLLiFiBii ;  Mayfisii  ;  Kookfihh.) 

Head  31;  depth  4.  D.  12;  A.  10;  scales  36-13.  Body  oblong,  scarcely 
olovated,  little  compressed;  head  rather  prolonged  anteriorly;  the  mouth 
small,  terminal,  and  very  oblique;  scales  rather  largo;  dorsal  fin  moder- 
ate; aual  fin  very  high  in  the  males,  moderate  in  the  females;  ventrals 
lonjj  in  the  males,  reaching  past  front  of  anal ;  eye  moderate,  shorter 
than  snout  and  than  interorbital  space ;  a  slight  angle  formed  by  the 
proiile,  in  front  of  the  eye,  duo  to  the  greater  flattening  of  the  snout. 
Males  dark  olivaceous  above;  sides  silvery  or  somewhat  golden,  with 
about  a  dozen  broad  transverse  bars  of  the  color  of  the  back ;  posterior 
part  of  the  dorsal  fin  with  a  black  patch ;  fins  yellowish  or  pale.  Females 
ulivaceous  above,  white  below,  a  narrow  black  longitudinal  stripe  along 
81  les  about  on  the  level  of  the  eye  and  as  wide  as  the  pupil ;  below  this, 
two  similar  black  stripes  anteriorly  and  one  posteriorly,  the  upper  one 
being  interrupted;  one  or  two  black  bars  at  base  of  caudal.  Females 
usually  larger  than  the  males.  A  large  male  of  this  species,  in  high  color- 
ation, taken  at  Beaufort,  N.  C,  showed  the  following  colors  in  life :  Back 
olive,  sides  and  belly  bright  salmon  yellow ;  lower  fins  clear  yellow ;  pec- 
torals and  anal  with  some  dusky  ;  posterior  edge  of  caudal  dark ;  dorsal 
nearly  all  black,  a  large  black  ocellated  spot  on  the  last  rays;  opercles 
and  underparts  of  head  with  an  inky  suffusion;  cheeks,  top  of  head, 
and  month  bronze  yellow ;  sides  with  about  18  narrow,  dusky  vertical 
bars.  Teeth  in  a  broad  baud ;  an  outer  row  of  rather  large  teeth.  Ovi- 
duct adnate  to  first  anal  ray  for  a  short  distance.  Length  6  inches.  Cape 
Cod  to  Florida;  the  largest  of  our  Pccciliida; ',  abundant  in  shallow  bays, 
especially  northward.  (»trt;ait«,pertaining  to  May,  translation  of  Mayfish.) 

Mmiihh,  ScHiiPF,  Katurforscheren  de  Freunde,  1788,  172,  Long  Island. 

Colilis  majalia,  Walbaum,  Artedi  Pise,  iii,  12,  1792,  Long  Island;  after  Maijflgh  of  Sciiiipr. 

F^'-rjlantliiK,  MiTCHitt,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  I,  18!o,  439,  New  York. 

&i.r  voimhis,  MiTciiii.L,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Pliil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  Irfl.'*,  440,  New  York;  young. 

Ilyilrimiyra  Iriftueiata,  STOREr.,  Jourti.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1837,  417,  Massachusetts. 

Uijdranjijm  vemnlU,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Hat.  Poiss.,  xviii,  206,  1846,  presented  by  M. 

IirxoNTE,  probably  from  South  Carolina. 
Uy(lrar,jyra  mnjaUn,  CuviBR  &  VALENCIENNES,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xvill,  207,  1846. 
FumhihismqjMs,  GOnther,  Cat.,  vi,  322, 1806;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  331,  1883. 


P    ! 


l-iri;H^! 


i^i^'M;! 


f    ;  i 

:  5 


■    ;  ! 


I    ;■•  !  1 


i     ! 


J  i',  i     ? 


I    M 


!t^ 


i.r : 


I  • 


ni 


T   ' 


1 

i 

i 

, 

I 

1 

II 

i* 

W'  ' 

r  :  . 

r     .■    , 

*     • 

i'  ■ 

1;  : 

if  .  .' 

- 

p..  i  \ 

i|  1  ■ 

1  ^  • 

J    ; 

f      J      ,: 

,,     *     ' 

'■  r  - 

t  4  - 

''   S  '■' 

1  ■■! 

i  ■■ 
■   1  tl 

i  k 

1^ 

im 

n| 


II!  .- 


Ji'Sl 


r\  \ 


!  np'i 


^     IL;' 


I  !i. 


m 


>  '  I 


640 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afnseum. 


OSl.  FrMirLrK  I'AUVIPINNIS,  (ilrunl. 
Head  3^ ;  aopth  HJ.  U.  13;  A.  11 ;  scalen  3K-12.  Kudy  iiiodoratuly  elon- 
gate. FinH  very  high  in  the  mule,  Hiiiall  in  the  female.  Scah^s  lar^u;  in 
the  males  in  spring  roughened  ur  ctenoid  by  Butall  graniilatiouH  and 
prickles,  similar  to  the  nuptial  excreHcences  of  aomo  r//^>ri»(V/(i' ;  fiuH  al.so 
rough.  Oviduct  forming  a  sheath  at  base  of  first  ray  of  anal.  Malt* 
light  olive  green,  mottled  with  darker;  sides  with  silvery  and  braHHv 
luster;  lower  parts  yellow;  about  20  short  blackish  crossltars  aloni; 
middle  of  sides,  broader,  plainer,  and  more  closely  set  behind;  sitloH  and 
fins  with  dark  points;  upper  fins  dull  olive;  lower  yellow.  Female  larjjjor, 
olive  green  above,  sides  not  barred,  with  an  obscure  dusky  lateral  hiind 
on  caudal  i)eduncle;  fins  plain.  Length  4  infhes.  Coast  of  Califoriiiu 
from  Point  Concepcion  southward  to  Cerros  Island;  very  abundant  in 
bays  and  lagoons,  especially  about  iSan  Diego,     {parvus,  small ;  jnnnu,  tin.) 

fHimlulits  parrijuiiHU,  GiiiAni),  I'rur.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  IH.')4,  154,  San  Diego,  California; 
GiRARi),  Par.  K.  11.  Siirv.,  x,  303,  1858;  GCntiieii,  Cut.,  vi,31!),  18t')C;  otkindachnkii,  Iclitli. 
Beitriig'j,  v,  1&6, 187G  ;  Jordan  it.  Giluriit,  SynopHiB,  333,  1883. 

»3'i.  FL'NDULVN  HKTKKOCLITVH  (LiuniiuB). 
(Common  Kii.mfibii  :  Mi'iifihii  ;  Coiiiii.kr  ;  Mvi)  Dariilkr;  Mummu'iiou.) 

Head  3  to  3«  ;  depth  3^  to  3*J.  D.  11;  A.  10  or  11 ;  scales  35  to  38-13  to 
15.  Body  thick-set,  short, and  deep;  anteriorly  broad,  posteriorly  com- 
pressed, the  back  elevated;  the  caudal  peduncle  robust;  head  rather 
short,  blunt,  broad  and  fiat  on  top ;  eye  moderate,  about  equal  to  snout, 
about  half  the  width  of  interorbital  space  and  -^  length  of  head;  iluH 
moderate,  the  dorsal  inserted  in  males  midway  between  snout  and  tip  of 
caudal;  in  females  farther  back  ;  oviduct  attached  to  anterior  ray  of  anal 
fin  for  ito'i  its  length ;  teeth  in  moderate  bands,  pointed,  the  outer  series 
enlarged ;  lower  jaw  strong,  projecting  beyond  upper.  Coloration  in  males 
dark  dull  green,  the  belly  more  or  less  orange  yellow  ;  sides  with  numer- 
ous quite  narrow,  ill-defined  silvery  bars  made  up  of  silvery  spots,  most 
distinct  posteriorly;  besides  these  are  numerous  conspicuous  white  or 
yellow  spots,  irregularly  scattered;  vertical  tins  dark,  with  nunieroii.s 
small  round  pale  spots ;  dorsal  often  with  a  blackish  spot  on  its  last  ray  ; 
anal  and  ventrals  yellow  anteriorly ;  under  side  of  head  yell.ow ;  younj; 
males  with  alternate  bars  of  dark  and  silvery,  the  former  becominj^  in 
time  the  ground  color,  the  dorsal  ocellus  more  distinct.  Females  nearly 
plain  olivaceous,  lighter  below,  without  spots  or  bars,  the  scales  tinely 
punctate ;  sides  often  with  about  15  dark  crossbars  or  shades.  Youn<r, 
especially  young  females,  with  more  or  less  distinct  dark  cross  bands; 
these  always  present  in  the  very  young,  in  females  narrower  than  the 
interspaces,  in  males  much  broader  and  less  numerous.  Length  3  to  6 
inches.  Coast  of  Maine  to  the  Rio  Grande,  everywhere  very  common  in 
brackish  waters,  often  burying  itself  in  the  mud  in  shallow  lagoons;  the 
most  abundant  of  our  Pocciliidw,  varying  considerably  in  size,  coloration, 
and  height  of  fins.*    (tTFiwKliToc,  irregular  or  unusual.) 

♦  In  the  adult  male  of  tlie  typical  heteroclUus  from  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  the  longest  dor- 
sal ray  is  1}  times  in  head  (1|  in  macrolepiilottui ;  2  in  grauui») ;  the  longest  unal  ray  IjL  (in  iiuiiro- 
lepidnlus  IJ;  in  grandU  1|) ;  caudal  3^  in  length  (in  graH<lin4);  ventrals  reaching  front  of  iiuiil,  t 
in  head  (in  grawdii  barely  to  vent,  2}  in  head) ;  base  uf  dorsal  2  in  bead  (in  grandU  22). 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        041 


bf  t  ilor- 

mdoro- 

laual,  'i 


Chiiii  heteroelUa,  hitiitJKim,  8yHt.  Nat,  Rd.  xii,  ri(H),  1700,  Charleston,  South  Carolina;  nftor 

lli«  MiulflRli  of  ]>H.  Oabdkn.  , 

i;, cilia  oniicitla,  ItLocii  &  SciiNRiDKR,  Syit.  Iclith.,  452,  1801,  Carolina  ;  HTtor  LiNN^iiVH. 
f'liwhiUumuilfliih,  Lao(:p£iik,  Hist.  Nnt.  Vnlim.,  v,  :i7, 18(1.'),  Carolina ;  uftiT  Linn.ki's. 
Ilii.hiiriiimtiriimpiim,  h\c(:vt:vv..  Hist.  Nat.  rolmi.,  v,  ;t78,  1803,  South  Carolina. 
t)iwliilin  hilvroi-'-Uu,  (iONTIIKR,  Cat.,  VI,  318,   IHfiU  ;  JuRDAN  k  GiLHRKT,  Syiiupsiit,  :i3i),  1H83;  and 

(if  iiutliora  geriorally. 

K'oproaented  uorthward,  Maine  to  Virginia,  Ity  tho  dwarflMli  furm 

/ 
992a.  FVNDUIillK  IIKTEKOCLITUH  IIIA<'KOIiKI'IIM)TI  K  (Walbanm). 

(Common  Coiiiii.er  ;  Kili.ifihii.) 

Smaller  in  size  than  the  typical  heteroclituH  (fruni  South  Carolina) ;  tho 
IliiH  lower,  scarcely  higher  than  in  var.  graiuUa.  Longest  dorsal  ray  1}  in 
litiul ;  A.  li.  Scales  on  top  of  head  rather  smaller,  hody  more  slender 
iiiid  coloration  generally  paler;  females  nearly  plain,  the  young  females 
with  dark  bands.  Maine  to  Virginia;  everywhere  very  common  in  brack- 
jhIi  waters,  apparently  passing  gradually  into  the  typical  hetvrocHtuH,  from 
wliich  it  is  scarcely  to  be  separated  even  as  a  slight  variety.  (fiaKpo?.iim- 
(!(,)ri'j( ,  large-scaled.) 

I'tidlin  vmvrolepiihta,  Waliiavm,  Artodi  FiBciuni,  iii,  11,  1792,  Long  Is^iud  ;  aftur  Yullow- 

I)olli((l  (Jobblerof  Sciiiirr,  Naturf.  Frounde.,  viii,  171,  1788. 
C'lliiiix  killijinU,  Waliiavm,  Artcdi  Piscium,   in,  11,  1792,  Long   Island  ;   after  Killifisli   uf 

Si'iiJirr,  Naturf.  Freunde,  viii,  172,  1738. 
I'm  Hill  f»sciala,Bi.0CH  ii  SoilNElDER,  SyBt.  Icbth.,  463, 1801  r  after  Yellow-bellied  Cobbler  of 

ScHiil'F, 

Ksox  jiim-icitht,  MiTCHiM,  TraDH.  Lit.  and  Pbil.  See.  N.  Y.,  i,  1815,440,  New  York. 
Fjaijr pinculetitut,  MiTCRiLL,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Pbil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  ISir),  441,  New  York. 
Iljltlriirijiira  niffrofatciala*  Le  SuEUR,   Journ.  Ac.    Nat.    Sci.   Phila.,  I,  1817,  1.33,  Newport, 

Rhode  Island. 
FmiihiUit  riridesceiis,  Db  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna  :  Fishes,  217,  1842,  New  York. 
Fm„liilm  ::tbrii,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna  :  Fishes,  218.    "42,  New  York. 
Fiiiiiliiliiipiii(idenlu.i,  Storf.r,  Fishes  Mass.,  294,  1839;  and  of  many  American  authors. 
FiiwMiii  uiijrofaH-iatH»,  Stobf.r,  Fishes  Mass.,  295, 1839;  GCntuer,  Cat.,  vi,  323,  18CC;  Joruan  & 

GiLiiEUT,  Synopsis,  335,  1883. 

Represented  along  the  Gulf  Coast  by 

032b.  FITNDULUS  HETEROCLITUH  ORANDIS  (Baird  &  Girard). 

iSize  larger  than  in  the  typical  heteroclitua,  the  coloration  brighter,  the 
palu  spots  on  the  dorsal  in  the  male  larger,  tho  dorsal  and  anal  fins  lower. 
Longest  ray  of  dorsal  2  in  head  in  males,  2i  in  females ;  anal  rayB  If  in 
iuak'8,  2  to  2^1- in  females;  tips  of  dorsal  in  males  scarcely  reaching  half- 
way  to  base  of  caudal. 

*  Tlic  nominal  species  Fundulus  uitfrofatciatut,  of  which  we  have  numerous  specimens  from 
Woods  Hull,  Mass.,  seems  to  us  the  young  female  of  Fundulus  heteroclUus  macrolepidolut.  It  is 
thus  <l™cril)cd  by  Dr.  GUnther: 

Fiiiiihdm  uigrofasciatus  (Le  Suenr):  Head  3%;  depth  4.  D.  11;  A.  9;  scales  33-11.  Body 
ratlicr  eliort  and  deep;  head  rather  long  and  depressed;  tho  snout  obtuse,  a  slight  angle  being 
foriiicil  above  the  eye,  dorsal  moderate,  well  l>ack;  anal  short  and  deep;  eye  longer  than  snout, 
1!;;  in  interorbital  space;  3%  in  head.  Olivaceous  above,  silvery  below;  fins  in  both  sexes 
iniinuinlate;  males  with  9  or  10  very  distinct  silvery  crossbars,  each  about  as  broad  as  a  scale; 
fcinalca  with  about  as  many  narrow  black  bars,  which  do  not  extend  on  the  back  orlwlly;  scales 
piiiK  tatc.  Length  2%  inches.  (GUnther.)  Atlantic  coast  cf  United  States,  recorded  from 
Maseaibusetts  and  Bhode  Island. 


K.  N.  A.- 


-42 


II 


i 


1    ' 


1 


i 


i--    i 


I,  =; 


■'   .  •  til 

Ml:)]  a  ill 

til}  uii'it 


G42 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\.\  •: 


111: 


I    ! 


\     \ 


-r  ■ 


M 


: 


m 


iSii: 


|!,l 


The  following  are  the  life  colors  of  this  fomi,  taken  from  H]>eoinu)ii8 
from  Pensacola :  Males  very  dark  green  above,  paler  posteriorly  ;  hkIoh 
with  many  small,  round,  pearly  white  spots,  some  of  them  often  in  verti- 
cal series;  posteriorly  traces  of  8  to  10  narrow,  pale  crossbars  altoriuit- 
ing  with  broader,  faint  dusky  ones;  'belly  yellowish  ;  siden  of  lu-ud 
dusky  ;  caudal  greenish,  dusky  behind,  its  basal  part  with  nunuitouH 
small  white  spots;  dorsal  olive,  anteriorly  orange,  with  many  small  wliito 
spots ;  the  white  spots  larger  and  less  numerous  than  in  the  typical  hihro 
clitus',  anal  and  ventrals  orange,  speckled  with  white ;  p^jcturalH  li^lit 
yellow.  Female  olive  and  silvery,  with  minute  speckles  Itolow  ;  a'uXvH 
usually  with  traces  of  12  to  15  narrow,  silvery  vertical  bars,  not  hblf  bo 
wide  as  the  dusky  interspaces ;  no  white  spots  on  body  or  tins  ;  iliiM 
mostly  dusky  olive,  nearly  plain.    Length  6  inches.    (;randt»,  great.) 

f\m<lulu»  grandh,  Baird  &  Oirard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phil*.,  18C3,  380,  Indianola,  Texas; 

OiBARD,  U.  8.  Hex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Ichth.,  69,  pi.  30,  1859.    (Coll.  Jiio.  H.  Cliirk.) 
Fttndulu»/lori<lm$i$,  Qirard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1860,  IST,  Charlotte  Bay,  Florida, 
Funduba  hel*roclUu»  grandii,  Jordan  A  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  230. 

088.  FVNDULV8  OCELLABIH,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

Head  3  to  3jt ;  depth  4 ;  eye  4.  D.  11 ;  A.  10 ;  V.  6 ;  P.  13.  Scales  3.")-15, 
Female  with  a  large  black  ocellus  on  the  dorsal  tin.  Head  comparutivtOy 
small  and  narrow,  with  short,  depressed  snout,  and  wenk  jaws ;  body 
rather  slender;  lower  jaw  little  longer  than  upper;  eye  small,  Ij^  in 
interorbital  width,  equaling  snout,  which  equals  length  of  mandible ; 
teeth  all  villiform,  in  narrow  bands  in  each  jaw,  the  outer  series  but  lit- 
tle enlarged ;  preorbital  narrow,  less  than  half  diameter  of  orbit.  DorHul 
iiu  (in  i  3  inches  long)  much  elevated,  reaching,  when  depressed,  beyond 
base  of  rudimentary  rays  of  caudal ;  much  shorter  than  this  in  feinak's 
and  yonng  males.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  caudal  and 
tip  of  snout,  or  slightly  nearer  snout ;  the  base  of  the  fin  1^  in  height  of 
longest  ray,  which  is  contained  li  in  head ;  outline  of  fin  rhomboid,  tlitt 
upper  edge  straight,  the  last  rays  highest;  anal  fin  similar  to  duiHal, 
but  narrower  and  slightly  lower,  not  reaching  caudal  when  depreuiscd ; 
its  origin  under  second  ray  of  dorsal  and  distant  from  caudal  half  au  far 
as  from  tip  of  snout ;  base  half  height  of  longest  ray ;  greatest  hoiglit  of 
caudal  peduncle  i  its  length  and  half  length  of  head ;  oviduct  not  attached 
to  first  anal  ray,  but  forming  a  low  sheath  along  base  of  first  six  rayH; 
caudal  short,  rounded,  li  in  head ;  pectorals  slender,  reaching  base  uf 
ventrals,  If  in  head ;  ventrals  (in  adult  ^ )  extending  beyond  front  of 
anal,  half  length  of  head.  Scales  moderate,  in  somewhat  irreguliir 
oblique  series,  a  few  imperfect  pores  in  lateral  line ;  humeral  scale  not 
enlarged;  18  scales  before  dorsal.  Female  with  somewhat  deeper  body, 
and  difierent  coloration  ;  the  fins  smaller,  the  last  ray  of  dorsal  shorter 
than  those  preceding,  and  not  reaching  halfway  from  its  base  to  rudi- 
mentary caudal  rays;  length  of  longest  ray  greater  than  base  of  tin; 
ventrals  not  nearly  reaching  vent ;  front  of  dorsal  nearer  tip  of  cautlal 
than  end  of  snout.  Color  i ,  dark  olive  brown  above,  golden  on  sides 
and  below  ;  scales  margined  with  darker ;  sides  with  13  to  15  dark  cross 
bands  of  the  color  of  the  back,  not  extending  on  the  belly,  but  almost 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fish%.s  of  North  America.        043 


roucliing  lower  median  line  behind  ventraU ;  theHo  bunda  UHually  paral- 
lel, the  anterior  onea,  at  least,  narrower  than  iutorHpaces;  aidoH  puate- 
riorly  finely  apeckled  with  aniHlI  pearly  Hpota  which  cover  both  banda 
mid  interapacoa;  doraal  and  anal  marginud  with  orange  anteriorly  ;  the 
two  tUia  tinged  with  orange  and  checked  with  black  and  pearl  color; 
ouiidal  light  orange,  indiatiuctly  barred  at  baao  with  aeriua  of  linear 
lilotohea;  pectorala  and  ventrals  plain  orange,  the  Ibrnieralightly  dnsky. 
9  dark  above,  aidea  tinely  duated  with  dark  pointa,  pale  below,  tinged 
with  ycllowiah  ;  middle  of  aidea  with  abont  13  very  narrow,  abort,  dark 
half  bara ;  back  aometinu-H  with  aniall  black  blotchua  ;  doraal  duaky,  with 
a  very  diatinct  black  apot  ocollated  with  white,  on  ita  poaterior  raya; 
cuiulal  and  anal  plain  duaky  ;  ventrala  light  yellowiah.  Length  3  inchoa. 
(jiiilf  Coast  of  Florida  to  Louisiana,"  in  bays  and  atreama;  not  rare; 
apparently  variable,     {ocellnria,  having  an  eye-like  spot.) 

f.'  t'liHiMui  Umbatm,  KniivKK,  MaturliiHt.  Tidsskr.  KJi)lM)iiliav«ii,  Vol.  2,  Mil  norittM,  ISftt,  tl4,  fiiut- 

noto  1,  New  Orleans;  murely  u  MS.  iiaiiio  of  Krilyer'H  for  a  Mpeciiiieii  in  tli«  Ruyul  Miihoiiiii 

of  (^penliagen. 
f'iiH>/ii(iiii<»'('{/an'ii,  Jordan  i(c  UiLiiKRT,  Proc.  U.S.  Nnt.  Miih.,  1HH2, '2.'>.'i,  Penaacola,  Florida, 

111  Halt  watar;  (Ty|M>,  Noh.  2nti07  ami  aim,a.     Coll.  Jonliiii);  Woulman,    Dull.  U.  S.  Fiiili 

Ooiuni.,  X,  1890,  300,  pi.  f)2,  flg.  2,  (good  flgiiro). 

034.  FUNDULVS  FONTIC'ULA,  Ouviur  .%  ValeurivnnoB. 

1).  11 ;  A.  12;  B.  5;  acalea  37.  Body  plump,  with  long  caudal  peduncle. 
Head  broad,  little  depressed;  the  tail  slenderer  and  the  body  deeper  than 
in  Fundulua  heteroclitus',  dorsal  inserted  in  front  of  anal;  doraal  and  cau- 
dal aniall  and  rounded,  the  anal  high  and  pointed,  the  paired  fins  abort. 
Tuoth  in  broad  bands,  the  outer  little  enlarged.  Uniform  green,  appar- 
ently without  spot  or  band  in  spirits.  (Color  entirely  lost  in  the  original 
type.)  Length  2  inchea.  Mountain  aprings  in  Porto  Rico;  here  deacribed 
from  the  original  type,  the  only  known  example,  as  the  other  specimens 
puHHosaed  by  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes  belong  to  a  apeoies  of  Gambuma. 
(fon8,  fountain;  colo,  I  inhabit.) 

FiimliiluH  /oiilifola,  CuviEii  &  Valkncirnneh,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poiss.,  xviii,  198,  1846,  Porto  Rico; 
Jordan,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1886,  526,  (uxainination  of  original  type). 

986.  FUNDULVM  BKRMUDJ;;,  GUnthor. 
(Manobovk  Minnow.) 

Head  3|;  depth  4.  D.  14;  A.  12;  scales  35-13.  Snout  short,  not  longer 
than  eye,  the  lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  it.  Interorbital  width  2^  in 
head;  eye  4.  Doraal  inaerted  before  anal,  midway  between  preopercle 
and  root  of  caudal ;  anal  much  higher  than  long.  Browniah  olive,  the 
male  with  faint  dark  green  cross  banda.  Length  3  inchea.  Bermudas. 
((iiiuther.) 

*  SpecimenB  from  New  OrleaoB,  in  fresh  water,  differ  in  color.  Males  with  about  15  sharply 
uulini'd  cross  bands  as  broad  as  silvery  iuterspaces;  a  few  dark  dots  above;  pearly  dots  un  dorsal 
anil  mini,  few  or  none  on  body.  Females  light  olive,  with  many  small  dark  spots  forming  oliscurc 
Horitw;  large  spots  as  large  as  pupil  scattered  over  the  body;  no  truce  of  dark  cross  bands;  dorsal 
with  a  conspicuous  black  ocellus  on  its  last  rays.  Dorsal  low  and  small,  inserted  a  little  before 
tho  Htnall  anal.  Kye  equal  to  snout,  4i  in  bead;  interorbital  with  2j>g.  Head  3};  depth  3}. 
!>■  10;  A.  10.  Scales  34>13.  Length  2}4  inches.  This  is  possibly  a  species  different  from 
t'.  ocelluru. 


r^'^'f 


I      I 


i   i 


:■  ti 


'■'i 


644 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


lii  ' 


■^  „ 


I 


;:  \ 


'i 


H^S 


hiniluluii  bermuilir,  (K'NTHKR,  Ami.  Muk>  Nut.  Iliit.,  1874,  4,  ri>|iriiit,  Bermudaa. 
^^iN<(ul<iii  rhhiiiihorii;*  OoonK,  Aiiicr.  .Iiiurii.  8<'l.  ArtR,  IH77,  'ZW,  Baaden  Pond,   Bermudas, 
111  brmcklHh  wutvr  uiiiong  tint  root*  of  lliu  iimiiKnivn  ( /I'/iuoji/roni  munylr);  locally  uliiiiiUuiit. 

»S6.  FVNDI'LI'N  K<MirMTl'H,  Ihiiii. 

Head  3i ;  depth  3 ;  eye  4J  to  5.  B.  5 ;  D.  14  ;  A.  16 ;  V.  « ;  P.  10 ;  hciiI.m 
38-lB.  Head  brond,  the  diHtuiioo  butweun  uyeu  iMiiial  to  len);th  of  »yc 
and  Biiont.  Top  of  liend  nearly  Hut ;  eye  an  lon^  aH  Hnout.  Mouth  vury 
obliquely  placed,  the  lower  jaw  louf^er  than  upper.  End  of  niuxillary 
reaching  to  below  front  of  eye;  width  of  mouth  it  head.  Teeth  in  Jiiwh 
in  narrow  bandu  or  biHorial,  the  outer  HerieH  Homewhat  enlarged,  (iilj 
rakera  short,  stout,  about  19  on  the  flrst  arch.  Thirteen  scaleu  between 
upper  angle  of  gill  opening  and  origin  of  dorsal ;  doraal  coiunienciii)r 
nearly  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  end  of  tail.  Ventral  origin 
midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal;  anal  origin  under 
middle  of  dorsal ;  in  the  female  the  first  six  rays  are  short  and  stitl',  and 
the  genital  opening  is  immediately  in  front  of,  and  disconnected  from, 
the  anal  tin ;  in  the  male  the  middle  caudal  rays  are  ^  as  long  as  heatl ; 
slightly  shorter  in  the  female.  Color  uniform  ]iale  brown  ;  tins  unspot- 
ted, and  the  opercle  with  a  golden  tint.  Length  5  inches.  Streams  of 
Guanajuato.     (robuntuti,  robust.) 

fVn(lH{Mii  rohuluii,  Bf.an,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miis.,  18»2,  285,  pi.  44,  tig.  2,  Quanajuato,  Mexico. 
(Typo,  No,  43760.    Coll.  Duge*.) 

087.  FUNDCLVH  LABIALIS,  GUntlior. 

Head  4  to  4jt;  depth  ii;  eye  about  4.  IJ.  6;  D.  13  or  14;  A.  16  or  17; 
V.  6;  scales  37  to  39-15.  Interorbital  space  broad,  slightly  convex, 
its  width  being  less  than  half  bead.  Snout  broad,  obtuse,  depresHed, 
with  the  jaws  eiiual  in  front;  mandible  very  short,  not  longer  than 
eye;  upper  lip  well  developed,  broad,  extending  to  angle  of  mouth. 
Eye  less  than  length  of  snout,  and  in  females  i  of  the  width  of  the 
interorbital  space,  whilst  in  males  the  forehead  is  somewhat  narrower. 
Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  extremity  of  caudal  and  orbit,  over 
twentieth  scale  of  lateral  line ;  first  anal  ray  opposite  first  of  dorsal ; 
dorsal  fin  as  high  as  long  in  both  sexes;  anal  fin  rounded  in  the  male, 
scarcely  higher  than  long,  much  elevated  in  the  female,  the  length  of  its 
base  being  i  only  of  its  depth.  Genital  opening  of  the  female  immedi- 
ately in  front  of,  but  disconnected  from,  the  anal  fin.  Basal  third  of  the 
caudal  fin  (which  is  subtruncate)  scaly.  Body  uniform  brownish  ulivc 
paler  below;  sometimes  irregular,  cloudy  markings  on  the  tail:  lln^ 
immaculate;  the  anal  fin  of  the  male  black  at  the  base  and  bi'i<;lit 
yellow  on  its  marginal  half;  upper  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  of  the  saine 
sex  yellowish.  Length  4  inches.  Riverc  of  Guatemala.  (Giiutlier.) 
(lahialis,  pr staining  to  the  lip.) 

\niH<{uIi»  labialis,  GOnther,  Cat.,  vi,  319,1806,  Rio  San  Geronimo,  Guatemala,  Yzabal. 
(Coll.  Salvia  &  Godmiiii.) 


*Dr.  Qoode'8  deHcription  of  Fundulm  rhimphor/e  iit  more  detailed  than  that  of  Dr.  (iiintln-r. 
The  only  important  difturcnce  shown  is  in  the  fin  rayH.  Goo<le  counts,  D.  12;  A.  11;  xcaleH'tr)  IJ 
or  13.  Color  light  tawny  yellow,  with  about  15  regular  tranverso  bands  of  greenish  brown,  eiich 
2  scales  iu  width,  most  distinct  posteriorly.    Length  'iy^  inches. 


i ;  1/  i 


i'] 


14- 


''■Ali  -'i'..'-:^-,'^;'A.!-i'  :J-iU'ji 


Jordan  ami  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  Nort/i  America. 


645 


Subgtnus  P0NTINU8,  Jordan  h  Kvormann. 
98N.  ITNOIILrN  AIHMA,  Jonliin  .t  flIllNTt. 

ir*>a<l  3}  ;  (leptli  4;  cyu  4.  D.  I'i;  A.  11;  scales  44-15.  Hod}' short, 
i1t'<>|>,  and  coiiiprttHHed  :  li»ad  moderate,  broad,  and  Hat  above,  the  inter- 
iiibitnl  Hpace  rather  more  than  half  greater  than  width  of  eye;  dorsal 
.'iiiil  anal  tins  rather  lar^e ;  dornal  inserted  almost  exactly  over  front  of 
anal ;  teeth  mostly  in  two  series,  the  outer  very  strong ;  vent  midway 
lit^ween  eye  and  base  of  caudal ;  scales  small,  closely  imbricated.  Color 
olivacHiMis,  with  15  to  20  silver  crossbars,  almost  as  wide  as  the  inter- 
s)iaceN  posteriorly,  wider  than  the  interspaces  anteriorly,  extending  over 
lilt'  belly  and  Joining  their  fellows  on  the  opposite  side;  the  bands 
\  iiiiablo,  but  usually  wider  and  more  crowded  thau  In  V.  diaphaniiH  ;  tins 
plain.  Length  2  inches.  Lower  Kio  Grande  ;  only  the  types  known,  from 
liruvvnsville,  Texas.     {Adittia,  a  related  genus.) 

t'liiiiliiliin  iitUnia,  Jordan  &  Oiliiert,  8yiio|miH,   '.VM,    1883,  Rio   Grande   at    Brownsville, 
Texaa.  / 

980.  FlINOrHS  DIAPHANI  S  (Lp  Sueur). 

Head  4  ;  depth  4j( ;  eye  large,  .3Hn  head.  D.  1.3;  A.  11;  scales  45-15. 
ISody  rather  slender,  not  elevated,  compressed  posteriorly.  Head  moder- 
iitts  <|uite  tlat  above.  Teeth  pointed,  the  outernot  much  enlarged.  Fins 
not  large;  dorsal  and  anal  rather  low;  ventrals  scarcely  reaching  vent 
ill  the  females;  somewhat  longer  in  the  males.  General  color  olivaceous; 
Hides  silvery.  Male  with  about  20  silvery  vertical  bars,  narrower  than  the 
(liirk  interspaces  ;  female  with  15  to  20  dark  transverse  bars,  shorter  than 
tho  silvery  bands  of  the  male,  the  interspaces  pale  ;  back  sometimes  spot- 
led  ;  young  always  with  black  bars;  fins  nearly  plain.  Length  4  inches. 
{Joast  of  Maine  (W.  C.  Kendall)  to  Cape  Ilatteras,  in  river  mouths,  ascend- 
hiH  streams  to  their  fountain  heads,  hence  abundant  in  lakes  throughout. 
New  York :  variety  mcnona  westward  to  northern  Illinois ;  not  found 
Koiithward.  The  typical  form  found  eastward  and  in  the  sea  has  the  back 
neaily  or  (]uite  unspotted.  Examples  from  Grand  Lake  Stream  and  Uoy- 
deii  Lake,  Maine,  have  the  back  somewhat  spotted.  In  the  Potomac  Kiver 
tills  is  the  most  abundant  species  of  the  family,  (diaphanun,  iia^ivii^, 
transparent. ) 

Uijiimiijiira  iliaiihiiuii,  LKSi'Ern,  Jonrn.  Ac.  Nat. Sri.  Pliila.,1, 1817, !."«),  Saratoga  Lake. 
Iliiilriirijyra  multi/aseiata,  Lf.  SuEUR,  Junrn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  1,  1817,  VAX,  Saratoga  Lake. 
Ilijihunjiira  twiimpina,  (iuviER  &  Yalenoienneb,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xviu,  20.3, 1845,  New  Jersey; 

iiipt  of  IiAcf:Hf;nE. 
rnmliilus  iiinllifnKfialiiK,  GCntiieh,  Cat.,  VI,  324,  IHCO,  and  of  many  writers. 
/'mi((i(/H«(Ji(i;)/inMim,  .loRPAN,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1877,  07;  Jobkan  &  Oilkert,  Syiiopslii, 

im,  IKKJ;  Huoii  M.  Smith,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  <'omni.,*  x,  WJO,  («>. 
I'liuihihis  Hwmiiiiiini,  Jordan  &  Oii.beut,  SynopHlH,  3112,  1883. 

Bpecimeus  from  west  of  New  York  belong  to  the  well-marked 
0S9s.  rUNDULUS  DIAPHANUS  HENONA  (.Tordan  &  CopelamI). 

Head  3?  ;  depth  5.  D.  12;  A.  10;  B.  5;  scales  48-12.  Teeth  pointed, 
curved,  outer  little  enlarged.      Dark  bands   very  distinct,   somewhat 


*  Specimens  of  the  typical  diaphanm  Imvo  been  examined  by  ub  from  Cayngn  Lake;  New  York 
Uui  bur;  Coast  of  Maine;  Shenandoah  Biver;  Potomac  River;  and  Elizabeth  River,  Virginia. 


I     ! 


I  ; 


m 


!    : 


i  'f 


' 


I    i 


.  '  I'? 


046 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


:■'''.!! 


I  1: 


H 


irregular  in  poHition,  the  back  alwaya  iipottfld ;  the  dark  haiuU  oftrti 
i-«t|iliicu«l  Ity  H)i«>iit  \i\  Hliining,  Hilvory,  vt^rtioiil  liniulH,  wliioh  are  imrrowor 
than  tliu  (lurk  iiit«<i'H|HU>uM ;  tliu  iiitorHpnceH  biundoHt  Iwliind ;  tliiH  pluiii. 
LttiiKtIi  3i  incliuH.  L»k«m  and  pondH  from  Oliio  wuntwurd  to  the  MiHNiH- 
Hip|>i  Hivor,  not  found  uiuoh  Houtli  <if  ('liicuKo.  (From  liiike  Mononu, 
near  MutliHun,  VViHcuuHin.) 

Kiihi(iWhiiiii>'hi>ii<i,  JiiiiDAN  A(N)l>Rl.ANi>,  I'rix',  Ar.  Nut.  Hcl.  I'liila.,  1HT7,  AM,  Catftah  Riv«r,  outlet 
of  Lake  Menona,  Madiaon,  Wiaconain;  (Coll.  |)r.  Hoy);  .Icihuan  \.  Oii.kkht,  Hynoiwlii, 
:i:iA,  iHKt. 

FHiKliiluiiiliiiiiliuMii'  mi-Hiiun,  .Iohiian,  Mum.  Vert.,  Kil.  v,Mt,  IHHM. 

V40.  ftTNIIIHirN  KXTKNNrM,  .Ionian  A  (Jllbort. 

Iload  3J  ;  dc]»th  5J  ;  oy»  IarK«,  lU.  D-  ir>;  A.  l.t;  hcmiIc^h  altnut  47-lL'. 
Ilody  unusually  ulongntc,  niodoratoly  coinpntHsed,  tiiu  oaudul  iMHluiiclt< 
long,  much  longur  than  li«ad.  Ilond  Hlunder,  not  very  broad,  the  inter 
orbital  widtli  2;{  in  heail.  Mouth  rather  large  ;  the  teeth  in  a  niodorato 
band,  the  outer  oouHiderably  enlarged.  Dornal  fin  rather  long,  «>('  niod<>r- 
ato  huiglit,  itH  inHertion  well  in  front  of  that  of  anal,  at  a  |)oint  midway 
Itetween  eye  and  baHO  of  caudal;  pectoral  Hinall,  1.1  in  head;  caudal  1'!. 
Coloration,  in  N|iiritH,  plain,  Honiewhat  translucent,  with  n«»  markings 
anywhere,  except  tracen  of  some  very  narrow  dark  bars  on  tlie  Hld*-N. 
Fins  now  plain.  This  specicH  rctiembles  somewhat  Fundiilun  diaphaiinx, 
but  it  is  more  elongate.  Coast  of  Lower  California,  know  only  from  the 
original  types.     (tsUnnuH,  drawn  out.) 

f  oiiI»/ii«  ixleimi*,  .ToRiiAN  k  Oildrkt,  I'roc.  I'.  8.  Nut.  Miik.,  IHH'i,  M  ^ape  San  Lucan. 
(Typo,  No.  :i0972.     Coll.  Xantu«.) 

041.  KlINDri.llS  /KRRIMIK,  .Tonliiii  !i  Oilhnrl. 

Head  3}  to  3K ;  depth  Ah  to  4| ;  eye  4  to4j^;  intororbitul  width  '21  in 
head;  snout  3J|.  Branch iostogals  r>.  I).  14  or  15;  A.  13  or  14;  scaioH 
(iO-21.  Head  and  body  shaped  much  as  in  Fuudulun  similia,  the  snout  Ichh 
elongate.  Width  of  preorbital  Gi  in  head;  eye  moderate,  li  in  interor- 
bital  width  ;  posterior  margin  of  orbit  in  middle  of  length  of  head ;  tectii 
in  both  Jaws  in  villiforni  bands,  with  the  external  series  much  enlarged. 
Dorsal  fin  long  and  rather  low,  the  base  longer  and  the  rays  higher  in 
males  thai:  in  females ;  origin  of  dorsal  nearly  equidistant  between  snout 
and  margin  of  caudal,  slightly  nearer  the  snout  in  males,  and  nearer  end 
of  caudal  in  females;  base  of  dorsal  in  males  6  to  6^  in  total  length,  ilio 
highest  dorsal  ray  about  half  head;  in  females  the  base  is  7^  in  total 
length;  origin  of  anal  opposite  that  of  dorsal  in  males,  behind  it  in 
females;  in  the  latter  the  anal  is  sharply  augulated,  the  anterior  rays 
more  than  thrice  the  height  of  the  posterior,  and  more  than  f  length  uf 
head.  In  males  the  margins  of  both  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  evenly 
rounded,  the  anal  the  higher,  its  rays  beset  with  minute  white  prickles. 
Oviduct  forming  a  l^w  sheath  along  base  of  anterior  half  of  anal ;  pec- 
torals not  reaching  base  of  veutrals,  equaling  distance  from  snout  to 
preopercular  margin ;  ventrals  about  reaching  vent ;  caudal  truncate,  1^ 
in  head.  Scales  very  small ;  no  enlarged  humeral  scale.  In  males  tho 
margins  of  scales  are  rough,  with  minute  tubercles.     Greenish  above, 


iillr 


Jordan  anU  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        047 

Mill*  H  and  Yinlow  iillv«r.v  whitn,  the  iii(t«s  tinged  witli  •iilplnir  yellow ; 
th«  groiitor  part  of  each  Hcale  on  hack  rendered  duHky  by  black  pointa; 
Miilfrt  with  14  to  IH  dniiky  bam  from  back  to  ventral  region,  oocaiiionally 
iiK'ctinK  on  ventral  line;  tlioae  bum  are  very  variable  in  widtli,  Heeniingly 
iiiii'tower  in  fenialeH,  in  which  half  barn  aie  frequently  inHorted  between 
t)it>  (itherN;  the  interMpuccH  are  an  wide  um  tlie  barn,  or  UNiiully  wider. 
FitiH  yellowiHh,  without  diHtinvt  markings,  in  the  nialeN  all  very  «luHky 
«\c(>pt  the  anal.  Length  W  inoheH.  KunHUH,  wentern  Iowa,  and  South 
Diikohi,  and  Houth  to  Kentucky,  Texan,  and  New  Mexico;  abundant  in 
Fiitit-(|ui-Houillo  Creek  at  I'ueblo,  and  in  muat  clear  tributarieH  of  the 
ii|i|icr  ArkanaaH.  {zehriniu,  like  a  /.ebra. ) 
)lij,lr„r,iijnt -.fhrit,  i'iiHKWt,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Hci.   I'hiln.,  18A9,  (Ml,   tributaries  of  Rio  Oranda, 

"batwecn   Port  Deflance  and   Fort  Union,  New  Mexico;"  nainn  iireoci'iipitiil  liy 

I'uhiMh*  :.i'hru,  Dk  Kat. 
I'niiiliihit  ;;tlirn,  OTnthkh,  Cat.,  VI,  'A'i4,  IHIMI,  not  of  Da  Kay  ;  Juhdan  A  (Iilnkiit,  Hyii<i|wlii,  XK\, 

IHKI. 
t'liiiiMut  srhriim;  Juhdan  A  OiLHaaT,  H]piiu|mIii,  8U1,  1(183,  (after  OiRAau);  tiiLiiKar,  Hull.  Waiili- 

Imrn   Lai).  Nat.  Hint.,  I,  1884,  \r>. 

it**.  I'UNIIlTLItN  HKMINOLIK,  fllrard. 

Head  41^  to  4j^ ;  depth  6|  to  6Jk.  I>.  17 ;  A.  13 ;  eye  4  ;  scales  62.  Body 
HliMiiler,  not  conipresHed  ;  back  not  elevated ;  caudal  peduncle  deep,  depth 
tiie  Hnnio  as  the  height  of  dorsal,  and  also  equal  to  the  distance  from  the 
oihI  of  the  Huout  to  middle  of  pupil;  head  long  and  pointed,  somewhat 
pyianiidal ;  depth  of  body  (ual  to  distance  from  end  of  snout  to  hinder 
inar<;iii  of  prooporcle ;  eye  of  medium  size,  j^  the  Interorbital  space.  Teeth 
ill  two  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  in  tlie  lower  jaw  much  enlarged ;  all 
pointed,  movable,  and  curved  inward.  Dorsal  tin  longer  than  anal,  the 
rays  growing  gradually  shorter  from  the  flfth  to  the  last,  giving  the  top 
of  the  tin  u  gentle  convex  curve ;  origin  of  dorsul  above  the  termination  of 
tlio  vontrals ;  anal  short,  lengthof  longest  raysl^  tbatof  base  of  fln,  fourth 
ruy  longest,  growing  rapidly  shorter  to  the  last ;  posterior  margin  below 
posterior  margin  of  the  dorsal ;  ventrals  small  and  short,  not  reaching 
vont ;  pectorals  broad^  barely  reaching  ventrals.  Uround  color  olive  green 
in  the  larger  specimens,  brighter  in  the  males,  or  of  a  somewhat  yellow- 
iHli  brown,  caused  by  the  scales  having  dark  edges ;  male  specimens  usually 
with  several  longitudinal  stripes  formed  of  dark  spots  in  the  angles  of  the 
Hcah;8,  making  knots  in  the  net  which  is  formed  by  the  dark  borders  of 
tlio  Ncales;  these  spots  larger  on  the  back;  these  markings  wanting  in 
Honic  specimens ;  all  of  the  young,  and  the  older  females,  crossed  by  12 
or  14  faint  dark  bars;  fins  often  plain,  but  in  developed  males  the  dorsal 
and  caudal  have  large  dark  spots  arranged  on  bars ;  outer  part  of  caudal 
iiiustly  black  in  males ;  ventrals  and  anal  orange,  the  outer  edge  black. 
Rivers  and  swamps  of  Florida;  locally  abundant.  A  handsome,  sleek- 
looking  species,  well  distinguished  from  all  the  others.  (Named  for  the 
Seminole  Indians,  in  whose  domain  it  is  found.) 

I'lmUulut  nemimtu,  GiRABD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Set.  Phila.,  1859,  69,  Palatka,  Florida ; 
OCntiieb,  Cat.,  vi,  326, 1866;  Jobdan  A  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  334,  1883;  Woolman,  Bull.  U.S. 
Fiali  Coium.,  x,  1890,  297,  pi.  62,  flg.  3,  (good  figure);  LUmnbibo,  cifvers.  Kong.  Vet.  Akad. 
Fiirh.,  116, 1894. 


<    t 


:i   rl 


i 


i 


n 


hi 


1 ' 
.i . 


:;i 


'.'M   \ 

:  1    - ' 

1 

■  !      ■  ■ 
!.    -i- 

;    ; !  . 

:  j:  ;;; 

ilii, 

1^ 

\K' 


'n 


m 

rr 


.i   !  I   1 


W' 


i 

■    ■ 

;■ 

648 


bulletin  4jy  United  States  National  Museum. 


Subgenus  XBNISMA,  Jordan. 
948.  FUNOULUS  CATEMATV8  (Storor). 

(STUnFISH.) 

Head  4;  depth  4^  to  5.  B.  5;  D.  14;  A.  15;  scales  50.  Similar  iu 
form  to  FunduluH  ittelli/er,  but  larger,  with  lower  fins  and  different  color- 
ation ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  even  in  the  males,  falling  short  of  tiie caudal; 
dorsal  inserted  above  anal ;  anal  prickly  in  spring  males.  Teutli  in 
broad  bands,  thoouter  somewhat  enlarged.  Color  bluish  or  greenish ,  wit  Ii 
a  round  orange  spot  (in  the  male)  on  each  scale,  thus  forming  seriott  of 
regular  lines  of  dots ;  females  with  smaller  brown  spots  on  the  scaloH. 
aho  forming  lines.  Length  6  or  7  inches.  Tennessee  and  Cumberland 
rivers,  and  in  clear  streams  of  the  Ozark  Mountains  ;  locally  abundant ; 
one  of  the  largest  and  handsomest  of  the  Cyprinodonts.  (catenatun, 
chained. ) 

r<ieciliit  citlenata,  Stop5P,  SynopsiH  Fish.  N.  A.,  430  (178  of  repriut),  184n,  Tennessee  River, 

Florence,  Alabama;  GC.ntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  322, 1866. 
Fimdiihig  catetiatiis.  Cope,  Jo<iru.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1868,  2.TS;  Jordan  &  Git.bert,  Syiio|miH, 

337,  1883. 
Xeninna  calenala,  Jordan,  Aun.  Lye.  Kat.  Hist.  N.  T.,  1870,  322. 

044.  FUNDULVS  KTELLIFGR  (.Tordan). 
(Studfish.) 

Head  3| ;  depth  5 ;  eye  4.  B.  4 ;  D.  13 ;  A.  13 ;  V.  6 ;  scales  53,  Body  rather 
long,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  broad  and  flattened  above.  ScalcH 
closely  imbricated,  deeper  than  long.  Dorsal  iin  beginning  slightly  behind 
anal,  its  last  rays  in  the  adult  males  highly  elevated,  reaching  thi.  base  of 
caudal,  their  height  equal  to  the  depth  of  the  body  ;  anal  similar,  morti 
elevated  in  front  and  less  so  behind,  the  last  rays  falling  juHti  short  of 
caudal ;  fins  lower  in  females  and  young ;  pectorals  reaching  ventrals,  tlio 
latter  to  anal  iu  the  males.  Oviduct  not  extending  on  first  anal  ray. 
Teeth  in  a  narrow  band,  the  outer  somewhat  enlarged,  blunt  and  curved. 
Coloration  brilliant;  livid  blp-  above,  somewhat  silvery  below;  body 
and  cheeks  with  large,  bright,  dark  orange  spots,  irregularly  placed,  not 
following  the  rows  of  scales,  and  not  always  in  the  middle  of  tlio  scales; 
these  spots  not  uniform  in  size;  females  with  olive  brown  spots  hori- 
zontally, oblong  and  smaller  than  the  orange  spots  of  the  males  and 
more  regularly  placed;  a  blue  loral  blotch,  with  a  green  one  below  it ;  a 
pale  yellow  blotch  on  the  back  in  front  of  the  dorsal,  very  conspicuous 
when  the  fish  is  in  the  water.  Length  4  inches.  Alabama  Riv^r  and 
tributaries,  in  clear  streams  and  spnugs;  a  most  beautiful  fish,  (stella, 
star  ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

Xenisma  stell^fera,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  HUt.  S.  Y.,  1876,  322,  Etowah  and  Oostanaula 

rivers,  Rome,  Georgia.     (Coll.  Jordan.) 
l\tHdiUu»  iUUtfer,  Jordan  &  Qilbebt,  Synopsis,  337, 1883. 


.    ,.-';Si;^atiiL'-i-i!Pfr**ri^v!.. 


h.'^kf^i:sA)ii.uM,.*^',-: 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        049 


Subgenus  QAMBUSINUS,  .ronlaii  A  Kvermaiiii. 

045.  FUNDUL1IS  LINKATUS*  (aarinan). 

iroad  nearly  3;  depth  4i.  D.  11;  A.  14;  V.  6;  P.  15;  scales  3fi-12. 
liody  moderately  stout,  compressed.  Crown  flat.  Eye  large,  as  long  as 
Hii.iiit,  If  in  interorbital  width.  Lower  ,jaw  slightly  longer.  Outer  teeth 
loiif;,  slender,  curved.  First  ray  of  dorsal  almost  opposite  first  of  anal, 
\  tilt)  distance  from  bastt  of  caudal  to  front  of  eye ;  r*audal  truncate, 
r.iownish,  finely  punctate  with  brown;  white  below;  lips,  top  of  head, 
mid  a  line  along  middle  of  back,  dark;  tail  with  faint  transverse  bands. 
Noitlioastern  Wyominff.     (Garnian.)    ({(»c<i/mm,  streaked.) 

///./o/irt/M  tinealun,  UaicMan,  Hull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  vui,  No.  3,  88,  1881,  northeastern  Wy- 
oming; Jordan  &  Gimieiit,  SyiiuiwiH,  3:)'J,  188:). 

049.  FUNDULUS  KATHBUNf,  Jonlan  Jt  Meek. 

Head  3i?;  depth  4i;  eye  3J.  D.  11;  A.  11;  scales  38-12,  Body 
moderately  elongate,  rather  robust,  little  compressed ;  the  back  broad, 
nut  elevated.  Head  moderately  broad  and  depressed  abovo;  snout 
intbor  sharp,  as  long  as  eye;  scales  of  medium  size,  the  humeral  scale 
not  enlarged;  2  rows  of  scales  on  cheek.  Fins  all  low  and  small;  dorsal 
innerted  jjosteriorly,  its  first  ray  opposite  first  of  anal  or  slightly  behind 
it;  longest  ray  of  dorsal  If  in  head;  anal  larger  than  dorsal;  pec- 
toral short,  li  in  head;  ventrals  very  short,  reaching  vent.  Coloration 
ill  life  pale  green,  with  small,  irregular,  horizontally  oblong  dark  brown 
spots  scattered  over  head  and  body.  Sexes  not  very  different.  Males 
with  scales  of  body  edged  with  black  and  with  a  pale  lengthwise  streak 
along  upper  part  of  each  row  of  scales.  Young  with  very  obsnire  dark 
crossbars.  Fins  plain,  yellowish  in  male,  speckled  at  base  only.  Length 
2i  inches.  Eastern  North  Carolina;  abundant  in  spring  brooks,  not 
descending  to  saltwater;  a  pretty  little  fish,  representing  a  transition 
fiom  Fundulun  to  Zygonectes.  (Named  for  Richard  Kathbun,  Chief  of  the 
Division  of  Scientific  Inquiry  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission.) 

FiiHihihta  mlhbuin,  .loiiDAN  &  Mkkk,  Proc.  U.  8.  N:;t.  Mus.,  1888,  .Tlfi,  Reedy  Fork,  Alle- 
tnance  Creek,  Buffalo  Creek,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Cape  Fear  River, 
about  Greensboro,    North   Carolina.     (Ty^ie,   No.   39860.    Coll.   Jordan,   Joukius  <& 

Mei'k.) 

947.  FUNDULIJ8  ALBOLINKATIIS,  Gilbert. 

Head  3J^  to  3f ;  depth  4  to  4^ ;  least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  equals 
snout  and  t  eye.  Scales  42;  D.  10  or  11;  A.  10  or  11;  B.  .'i.  Teeth 
Hliarp,  wide  set,  in  a  broad  band  on  premaxillaries,  a  narrow  band  on 
mandible.  Snout  i  length  of  head.  Width  of  interorbital  space  2i  to  2J 
in  head.  Doreal  and  anal  opposite,  or  the  dorsal  slightly  in  advance, 
their  bases  equal  and  short,  equaling  length  of  snout  and  half  eye ;  in 
males  both  fins  become  elevated,  the  longest  anal  ray  equaling^  heat^, 
and  the  anai  rays  become  covered  with  prickles ;  in  males  the  pectorals 


■  This  s|i«cieB  auii  the  four  which  follow  seem  to  be  entirely  Intermediate  between  the  typi- 
cal spci  ics  of  Fiimbibts  and  the  species  called  Zi/gouecten.  Their  presence  makes  it  apfiarcntly 
iiupussiljje  to  maintain  Ziiyonecles  as  a  distinct  genus,  notwithstanding  the  great  difference 
between  such  species  as  F.  dixpar  and  F.  majalit. 


'     .1 


I      ■  ! 


;      I 


!s;Mi;i:':| 


i  ( 


H 


I '  i  ■' 
'       1 


■'.^ipB^ 


650 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


reach  the  ventrals,  and  the  ventrals  to  or  nearly  to  vent;  both  fiim 
mnch  shorter  in  femalea.  Males  blackish  brown,  the  sides  plunibeouH, 
the  rows  of  scales  with  interrupted  whitish  streaks,  most  conspicuous 
on  hinder  half  of  body;  a  black  streak  along  middle  line  of  back;  ver- 
tical fins  dusky,  the  caudal  becoming  translucent  on  distal  half,  its  mar- 
gin abruptly  and  narrowly  black-edged.  Females  olivaceous,  dusky  on 
back,  silvery  below,  the  T>ack  and  sid«58  with  narrow  black  lines  follow 
ing  the  rows  of  scales;  fins  translucent,  the  dorsal  sometimes  with  fine 
black  Hpecks  at  base,  the  caudal  black-edged.  Length  3^  inches.  Ten 
nesseo  Basi".  in  Alabama ;  not  rare.     (a{/;uM,  white  ;  liHcatutt,  lined.) 

hMnilnhig  albnlinealiiii,  GiLBEHT,  Bull.  U.  S.  Figh  Comm.,  ix,  1889  (18".>1),  pi.  43,  Jig.  1, 149,  Spriny 
Creek,  Huntsville,  Alabama.    (Coll.  KirBch.) 

948.  FUNDULIIS  C0NFLUKNTU8,  Gowlo  A  Bean. 

Head  3J;  depth  3^;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  10;  A.  10;  V.  6;  B.  probably  r.: 
scales  45.  Head  lovv,  flat.  Snout  not  produced,  as  long  as  eye.  Interor 
bital  space  2  in  length  of  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  ti]) 
of  caudal  and  middle  of  eye ;  first  ray  of  anal  under  second  ray  of  dor 
sal;  anal  higher  than  long.  Scales  crowded.  Yellowish  gray,  with  a 
longitudinal  streak  along  each  row  of  scales  and  about  14  distinct  irreg- 
ular vertical  dark  bands.  Appearance  of  F.  majalis.  Eastern  Florida. 
One  specimen  known.  (Goode  «&  Bean.)  (confluent iih,  flowing  together.) 
FuHilulm  conflitetUu.i,  Ooodk  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Not.  Muh.,  1870,  118,  Lake  Monroe,  Florida; 
(Typo,  No.  ISOK).     Coll.  ProfesBor  Baird) ;  Jordan  &  Gilhert,  Synopsis,  334,  1883. 

949.  FUNDCLUS  FUNDULOIDES  (Evormann). 

Head3i^;  depth  4^;  eye  3i.  D.  9  or  10;  A.  9;  scales  35-11,  24  before 
the  dorsal.  Body  moderately  robust,  width  at  pectorals  a  little  greater 
than  greatest  depth  of  head;  snout  rather  blunt,  equal  to  eye;  inter- 
orbital  width  If  times  diameter  of  eye ;  caudal  peduncle  deep  and  com- 
pressed ;  mouth  not  largo  nor  greatly  oblique ;  teeth  pointed,  the  outer 
series  being  somewhat  enlarged ;  peritoneum  pale.  General  color  in  spiritH, 
dark  olivaceous ;  sides  with  10  to  14  dark  vertical  bars,  which  are  usually 
2  to  3  times  as  wide  as  the  intervening  silvery  ones ;  in  one  specimen  the  bars 
extending  from  the  dorsal  to  the  anal  are  about  equal  in  width  to  the  sil- 
very interspaces;  whole  body,  including  all  the  fins,  profusely  dusted  over 
with  minute  brownish  spots,  which  are  very  numerous  on  back  and  top  oC 
head ;  a  narrow,  dark  line  extending  from  nape  to  origin  of  dorsal.  Dor- 
sal fin  small,  slightly  in  front  of  anal,  its  origin  midway  between  posterior 
edge  of  opercle  and  base  of  caudal  fin,  the  longest  rays  about  equal  t<> 
base  of  fin,  or  half  length  of  head.  Length  li  inches.  Coast  of  Texas ; 
two  specimens  known.     (Fundulua;  drSof,  likeness.) 

Zijgoneitis  fuudnloUlcK,  Evermann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xi ,  1891  (May  25, 1892),  85,  pi.  :V<,  fi? 
3,  Dickinson  Bayou,  Dickinson,  Texas,— on  Galveston  Bay.  (Tyiw,  No.  4,Wfi:i. 
Coll.  Evormann,  Scovell  &.  Gnrloy.) 

Subgenus  ZYGONECTES,  .\ga88iz. 
960.  FUNDULUS  DOVH  (GUnthor). 
Head  3J;  depth  5;  D.  8;  A.  14;  V.  6;  scales  31-8.     Head  elongate,  lovr^ 
depressed,  the  snout  much  produced,  the  upper  jaw  somewhat  longer 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        651 


than  lower;  eye  exactly  in  middle  of  length  of  head,  itH  diameter  4^  in 
Iit>a(1,  and  more  than  \  width  of  the  interorbital  space,  which  is  flat. 
Ori^nn  of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than  to  gill  opening,  over 
twenty-third  scale  of  lateral  series;  anal  iin  entirely  before  dorsal; 
pectoral  extending  to  ventral,  which  reaches  vent ;  caudal  rounded;  all 
the  lins  well  developed.  Light  bro  -nish  olive;  posterior  half  of  dorsal 
nii<l  anal  flns  with  black  cross  bands ;  basal  half  of  caudal  with  round 
ijirlit  Hpots.  Coast  of  Costa  Rica.  (Named  for  Capt.  John  M.  Dow,  its 
discoverer.) 
lh\AMh\ln»  <'mi.  Q(!ntiikr,  Cat.,  vi,  Sltl,  1866,  Punta  Arenas,  Costa  Rica.    (Cdll.  Cnpt.  Dow.) 

Of.1.  rilNDIILUS  iMACDONALIlI  (M«.k). 

Head  3f ;  depth  4^  to  5 ;  dorsal  11  or  12 ;  anal  12  to  14 ;  scales  largo,  34 
to  8(J-12.  Body  rather  long  and  slender,  not  much  compressed ;  top  of 
head  Hat ;  back  slightly  arched.  Teeth  rather  large,  in  a  narrow  band 
above,  those  in  the  outer  series  enlarged  and  curved  inward.  Ventrals 
very  small,  and  situated  midway  between  pectoral  and  anal  fins ;  dorsal 
fin  small;  anal  larger;  origin  of  dorsal  behind  origin  of  anal;  caudal 
(in  rather  large,  rounded.  Color  greenish  in  spirits,  no  distinct  markings, 
darker  on  upper  portion  of  body;  both  jaws  more  or  less  edged  with 
hlackiHh.  Closely  allied  to  Fundulus  sciadicuft,  but  with  larger  anal  fin, 
more  slender  body,  and  rather  stronger  teeth.  Length  2^  inches.  Trib- 
utaries of  the  Gasconade  and  Neosho  rivers,  in  southern  Missouri.  (Named 
for  Marshall  McDonald,  United  States  Fish  Commissioner,  under  whose 
direction  the  explorations  of  the  Ozark  region  were  made.) 

'/.ijijowHes  macdouaUli,  Meek,  B\i11.  U.  S.  Fish  Comin.,  ix,  1880  (1891),  122,  j)!.  42,  flg.  1,  Jones 
Creek,  Dixon,  Missouri;  Osage  Fork  of  Gasconade  River  at  Mansfield;  Neosho 
River,  Missouri,    (Coll.  Meek,  Drew  &  Rottger.) 

952.  FUNDULUS  FLOKIPINNIS  (Copo). 

TToad  4i;  depth  5;  eye  large,  3^^  in  head.  D.  10;  A.  13;  scales  29-10. 
(ieneral  form  of  Fundulus  xntatus)  lower  Jaw  somewhat  projecting; 
external  series  of  teeth  in  both  jaws  enlarged.  Olive  gray,  scales  with 
ochor  borders;  fins  yellow,  broadly  edged  with  crimson.  Length  2i 
inches.  Platte  River  and  Arkansas  River  in  Colorado ;  our  specimens 
from  Denver,  where  it  is  rare ;  also  recorded  from  Cherry  Creek,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Arkansas.    A  very  pretty  little  fish.    {JIoh,  flower;  pinna,  fin.) 

IliililuiliUtin  jloripinnin,  CopK,  ZoijI.  Whoolor  Survey,  69.5,  pi.  28,  ftgn.  4,  4a,  mid  •lli,  187.1  (1876), 
Cherry  Creek,  Arkansas  River,  Colorado,  and  Platte  River  at  Denver.  .CoII.  H. 
W.  Hensliaw  and  .1.  M.  Keasbcy.) 

Xijiiniifctcsfloripbinis,  Jordan  &  Giluert,  Syuopsis,  ,139, 1883. 

96S.  FUNDULUS  JENKINSI  (Evermann). 

Head  3i ;  depth  4^  (4^^  to  5) ;  eye  3i  (3^  to  3?).  D.  8  or  9 ;  A.  12  (11  to 
13) ;  Hcales  33-10,  18  before  the  dorsal.  Body  moderately  elongate,  head 
de])res8ed,  wide  between  the  eyes,  pointed,  the  snout  about  i  greater  than 
eyo,  which  is  contained  li  times  in  interorbital  width ;  mouth  rather 
hu'iro,  little  oblique ;  teeth  in  more  than  one  series,  the  outer  enlarged, 
pointed,  and  slightly  curved  inward  ;  humeral  s<'ale  small,  three  rows  of 


11,') 


is 


i 


Rl>    ■ 


;; 


I 


n 


»   ■    I 


i    I 


f:  I 


r^- 


i;':!: 


5 


JB:      , 


-o4     ■ 

■••W\ 


1.  li  ■ 

i:'! 


652 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


aoales  on  cheek.  Fins  medium,  dorsal  slightly  behind  anal,  midway 
between  tip  of  caudal  and  posterior  rim  of  orbit,  the  distance  from  tip  ot' 
snout  to  origin  of  dorsal  being  twice  the  distance  from  that  point  to  Iiaso 
of  caudal  iin  ;  dorsal  and  anal  low,  their  longest  rays  half  length  of  head  ; 
baHu  of  unul  2^  in  head;  pectorals  If  in  head  ;  ventrals  short,  1}  in  pec- 
toral;  caudal  fin  truncate,  about  as  long  as  head;  peritoneum  black. 
Color  palo  olivaceous,  covered  except  on  breast  with  numerous  niinuto 
dark  brown  specks,  arranged  chiefly  along  the  edges  of  the  scales,  tliiiH 
giving  tliu  sides  and  back  a  checkered  or  crosshatched  appearance;  in 
addition  to  these  fine  punctulations,  there  are  usually  15  to  30  larger  spotH 
more  or  less  definitely  arranged  in  two  rows  lying  along  or  above  the  ax  in 
of  the  body;  in  some  examples  these  spots  are  absent  or  blended  so  aH  to 
form  short,  indistinct  vertical  bars ;  in  most  specimens  there  is  a  very 
obscure  lateral  band  about  1  scale  in  width  ;  fins  plain  or  with  few  very 
minute  punctulations  ;  top  of  head  dark.  Coast  of  Texas ;  not  rare  in 
brackish  water.  (Named  for  Dr.  Oliver  Peebles  Jenkins,  who  studied  with 
Dr.  Evermann  the  fishes  of  the  Gulf  of  California.) 

Ziigoneclcs  jenkimi,  Gvekmann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xi,  1891  (May  25,  1892),  8C,  pi.  :;«, 
flK.  2,  Dickinson  Bayou,  Galveston  Bay,  Texas.  (Type,  No.  465C2.  Coll.  Ev  I'liiiinii, 
Scovoll  A  Gurloy.) 

064.  FUNDULU8  PULTEUEVS  (Evormann). 

Head  3i ;  depth  ii ;  eye  3^.  D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  10  (occasionally  9) ;  scales 
35-11,  about  22  before  the  dorsal.  Body  stout,  heavy  forward;  head 
broad  and  flat,  the  snout  short  and  blunt;  caudal  peduncle  long,  deep, 
and  greatly  compressed  ;  eye  moderate,  1^  in  interorbital  width,  greater 
than  snout ;  humeral  scale  not  enlarged,  four  rows  of  scales  on  cheek ; 
mouth  rather- small,  but  little  oblique;  teeth  pointed,  in  more  than  one 
series,  the  outer  enlarged  and  canine-like ;  peritoneum  pale.  DorNiil 
slightly  in  advance  of  anal,  its  origin  midway  between  tip  of  caudal 
and  anterior  rim  of  orbit,  or  about  midway  between  base  o^  caudiil  sind 
opercular  opening ;  anal  small,  its  longest  rays  1^  in  head.  Coloi  in 
alcohol,  olivaceous,  profusely  sprinkled  or  dusted  all  over  except  ou 
breast  with  very  fine  brown  punctulations,  so  abundant  on  back  aa  to 
obscure  the  individual  specks ;  median  line  of  back  with  a  black  stripe  from 
occiput  to  dorsal  fin ;  sides  with  10  to  12  or  more  brown  spots  of  lar^'er 
size,  these  sometimes  arranged  somewhat  definitely  in  two  longitudinal 
lines,  in  the  upper  one  of  which  the  spots  are  confluent  in  some  examples, 
forming  large,  oblong  blotches ;  all  the  fins  except  the  ventrals  with 
numerous  very  small  brown  specks.  Length  2  inches.  Coast  of  Texas  in 
brackish  water;  not  rare.     (p«?»ereM8,  powdery.) 

Zygonecles  pulvereiio,  Evebmann,  Bull.  IT.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xi,  1891  (May  25,  1892),  80,  Dickin- 
son Bayou,  Buffalo  Bayou  at  Houston,  and  Oso  Creek  at  Corpus Christi,  Texas. 
(Type,  No.  46561.    Coll.  Kvormann,  Scovell  &  Gurloy.) 

965.  FUNDULUS  ABLINGTONIUS  (Qoodo  &  Bean). 

Head  3^ ;  depth  4 ;  eye  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head.  D.  9;  A.  11 :  V. 
6 ;  scales  33-11.  Snout  broad.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Dorsal  inserted 
midway  between  posterior  margin  of  eye  and  tip  of  tail,  opposite  sixth 


-^^r^^y 


Dickin- 
i,  Texas. 


11:   V. 
useited 
sixth 


Joriian  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


053 


ray  of  anal;  puctorals  reaching  ventralB;  vontralstovent.  Maleuiikuown; 
feiiialo  uiiiforiu  browniah  olive  ;  fins  in  Bume  ^peoiinons  with  2  or  3  series 
of  liliicklHh  (lota.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  Arlington  River,  a  tributary  of  St. 
JoIiii'h  Uivor;  known  from  young  females  only;  most  likely  a  Zytfonectva 
ratliiM  than  a  Gamhusia,  though  it  may  possibly  ])rove  to  be  the  female  of 
(Itimhiinid  aftnia. 

dmiii'Hfid  iiiliiiijtimia,  GnoDE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miih.,  1870,  118,  Arlington  River, 
Florida;  (Typo,  No.  2l;J08.     Coll.  Dr.  Goodf) ;  Jori.an  A  Gii.hkrt,  Syiiopgis,  ;i45,  1883. 

9r>«.  FIIM>ITLUS  lIKNSII.ilJJ  (Jonliin). 

Ilciul  3J;  depth  4.  B.  5;  D.  7  or  8;  A.  10  or  11;  scales  33-10.  Body 
rut  Ik  r  Htout,  deep,  and  compressed,  the  profile  nearly  straight,  the  back 
lilllo  olovated,  and  the  caudal  peduncle  deep;  head  moderate;  mouth 
rat  licr  large ;  jaws  each  with  a  series  of  long  and  rather  slender  canine-like 
tiH'tli,  behind  which  is  a  baud  of  small  teeth;  the  canines  larger  in  the 
lower  jaw;  eye  large;  scales  rather  large;  dorsal  flu  short  and  high, 
inserted  slightly  behind  the  anal  in  the  males,  exactly  opposite  it  in  the 
feiiiale8 ;  caudal  large;  anal  fin  larger  and  rather  lower  than  dorsal; 
veulrals  (][uite  small;  pectorals  moderate.  General  color  olivaceous; 
yides  covered,  especially  posteriorly,  with  rather  largo,  irregularly  placed 
orange  spots,  which  also  extend  on  the  vertical  fins ;  dorsal  dusky,  with 
a  (lark  bar;  head  without  red;  caudal  and  anal  more  or  less  yellow; 
females  obscurely  marked ;  young  with  diffuse  greenish  vertical  bars. 
Length  3  to  4  inches.  Rivers  and  swamps  of  southern  Florida.  The 
largest  species  of  the  group  called  Zygonectea.  We  cannot  always 
separate  young  specimens  from  F.  rubrifrons,  and  perhaps,  as  Dr.  Beau  has 
suggested,  the  two  are  not  really  ditferent.  It  is  barely  possible  that 
/'.  (irHiigtoniua  is  the  young  of  F.  henahalli,  but  the  insertion  of  the  dorsal 
is  apparently  different.  (Named  for  Dr.  James  A.  Henshall,  its  discoverer, 
well  known  as  a  writer  on  angling.) 

y.ijijomrtii  hcmhalU,  JORDAN,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1879,  237,  San  Sebastian  River,  Florida; 
(Type,  No.  23449.  ^^11.  Dr.  Henshall);  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SyiiopBiH,  33S,  188.'$;  Jordan, 
I'roe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  322. 

967.  FUNDULUS  RUBRIFRONS  (Jordan). 

Head  3J;  depth  3f ;  eye  large,  3i  in  head.  D.  7  or  8;  A.  8  or  9;  scales 
32-11  or  12;  B.  5.  Body  moderately  stout,  little  com  >rea8ed,  not  ele- 
vated, the  caudal  peduncle  deep ;  head  rather  long,  broad  between  the 
eyeH,  flat  above;  mouth  rather  large.  Teeth  small,  nearly  even,  in  a 
narrow  band.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal  fin  very  short  and  small,  placed 
a  little  behind  the  anal  or  about  even  Avith  it,  its  position  in  the  males 
rather  more  posterior ;  anal  short,  high  in  the  males ;  ventrals  very  small ; 
(leetorals  small.  Color:  males,  dark  olivaceous,  with  a  dark,  bronze- 
orange  spot  on  each  scale  posteriorly,  much  as  in  Fundulua  catenatua; 
below,  these  spots  are  bright  orange;  faint,  narrow,  vertical  orange 
bars  along  the  lower  and  posterior  part  of  the  bodj^ ;  vertical  fins  with 
orange  spots;  jaws  and  space  in  front  of  eyes  bright  orange  red;  paired 
tin.s  dusky.  Females  almost  uniform  brassy  olivaceous,  without  evident 
spots  or  red  markings.    Length  2 1  to  3  inches.     Streams  and  swamps  of 


I 


i 


i     • 

I    i  -  .    ■' 


b  ■  'it-' 


! 


m 


i1 


i.  ;!•    I'   i 


664 


H! 


M-i^: 


■  , !  m 


1      !    :■■) 


IM: 


Jiulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


eiMtern  Flurida;  a  larger  HpeoieH  thiin  inoHt  in  tli«  genuH,  and  with  tho 
dorHal  liu  lesH  puHterior.     (ru/'tr,  rod;  /ron«,  forehead.) 

Xyijoiieelen  riihrifrnm,  JORDAN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Miiii.,  187!),  237,  San  Sebastian  Kiver,  Floridu. 

(Tyi«t,  No.  2M'<iK     Coll.  HoiirIiuII);  .Tobdan  ii  (}ii.iikut,  SyiiupwiH,  3.'>8,  IKS,*). 
/l/ijiiHiTirii  iwroijiiiliiluii,*  Hav,  I'roc.  XL  8.  Nat.  Mm.,  lH8r>,  r>riti,  Weatville,  Florida.    ('I'yiM', 

No.  :i7302.     Coll.  Mann  &  Davison.) 

UfiH.  vrNUITIil'S  K^AHTKH,  M(h<I(. 

Head  Hit;  doptli  4;  eye  3^,  abuut  ec^nal  tu  snunt.  1).  H;  A.  lU  or  11; 
B.  4;  HcaluH3(>-ll.  KodyconipreBHod,  back  Hlightly  arched,  hoiidduproMsid 
in  usual  way.  Moutli  Hinull,  Bubtormiiial,  lower  Jaw  jirojectin^  Hli^htly. 
Interorbital  apace  1}  eye.  Doraal  (in  uhort,  beginning  slightly  buhind 
anal ;  neither  tin  reaching  caudal.  Teeth  in  narrow  bandH,  outer  row 
enlarged.  Scales  large,  closely  imbricated  and  minutely  spotted  witli 
black.  Color  dark  green  above,  becoming  lighter  below  ;"  belly  yell(»\v- 
ish ;  large  8i)ots  of  white  on  some  of  tlie  scales  giving  appearance  of  n<>v- 
eral  ill-defined  silver  bars  on  sides.  Two  small  K])ecimens,  the  longest  1) 
inches  long,  from  St.  Francis  Kiver,  Dig  Bay,  Arkansas. t     ((T/cf)/>rr/(,  oiiu 

who  leaps.) 

t'liiiilnhiH  KdiliH,  Mekk,  Bull.  V,  8.  Fish   Coram.,  xv,  IHOn,   St.    Francis  Kiver,    Big   Bay, 
Arkannas.     (Typo,  No.  47301;  co-typo,  No.  2277,  L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mu«.     Coll.  Motk.) 

050.  FVNDULUg  SCIAOICI'S,  Coiw. 

I  lead  3i  to  3i ;  depth  4 ;  eye  3J ;  snout  3i  to  3|.  D.  10 ;  A.  12 ;  scalen  ."i  l- 
12.  Interorbital  width  1^  times  eye.  Body  short  and  stout.  Fins  sni.ill ; 
origin  of  dorsal  behind  that  of  anal  and  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than  occi- 
put. Color  uniform  olivaceous,  without  spots  or  lines,  in  spirits;  pro- 
fusely covered  with  fine  brownish  punctulations;  belly  paler;  in  life, 
rosy  olivaceous  on  back  and  sides;  median  line  of  back  darker.  Abun- 
dant in  ponds  and  sluggish,  grassy  creeks  in  eastern  Nebraska  and  south- 
eastern South  Dakota,  where  our  specimens  were  collected  by  Everniunii 
and  Cox  in  1893.  Length  2Huches.  (ff«t(i,  shade ;  (TK«(i<5>/f,  name  of  some 
dusky  fish.) 
Ftmdulint  sviailiciis,  Coi-K,  rroc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  18ti.5,  78,  Platte  River,  Nebrasica;  (Cull, 

Dr.  Haniniund);  Kvekmann  &  Cox,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coram.,  xv,  1895. 
Haph)Mh<ii  nfMiUrim,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  31(1,  1806. 
Zyyouectci  tciadicuii,  JoBDAN  &  Qii^bkkt,  Synopsig,  342,  1883. 

060.  FUNDUIiUS  LUCI;!':  (Bairtl). 

Head  3^ ;  depth  4i  to  4^;  eye  3.  D.  8 ;  A.  10 ;  scales  34  or  35-10.  Dor- 
sal fin  inserted  behind  front  of  anal  and  lower  than  the  latter;  whrii 
flexed,  its  extremity  is  opposite  tip  of  anal;  ventral  fins  small,  alioiit 
equal  to  head  behind  eye,  or  half  the  length  of  pectora  ;,  tli*-ii' 
extremity  reaching  anus.    Vertical  bars  10  to  12  in  number,  sharply 

♦Wo  placo  nurognttnhui  in  the  synonymy  of  nibri/rons  on  tho  authority  of  Dr.  Benii,  wlm  liiis 
compared  the  types. 

t  "The  8|iecie8  is  very  abundant  in  tlio  St.  Francis  River.  I  got  none  in  the  net,  however,  but 
caught  the  two  typo  specimens  in  my  hand.  They  keep  close  to  the  surface  of  the  water  wln-re 
vegetation  ia  so  thick  that  it  is  difficult  to  propel  a  dugout.  These  little  flshcs  jump  out  ot  iIk' 
water  and  remain  a  short  time  perched  on  the  weeds.  They  are  very  (]uick.  They  are  ;isuiilly 
much  emaller  in  size  than  the  two  typo  specimons." — Meek  in  lit. 


Jordan  and  F.vcrmann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


G55 


iU'IiikhI,  their  width  boiu^;  fn\\\a\  to  tlio  interapaces  and  ulightly  iiicreaH- 
in;;  toward  the  tail;  th«He  baru  begin  and  end  abruptly,  not  roaobing 
tho  inodian  line  above  or  below  by  about  half  the  width  of  the  eye; 
iilicicluH,  chuoka,  and  ohin  thickly  covered  with  dark  upotH,  largeat  ou 
tli(t  (lieekH  and  opercles,  and  luaat  nunierouH  on  the  cheeks ;  upper  parta, 
in  lite,  of  u  dark-groen  color,  which  fadva  into  ruddiah  yellow  on  aidoa 
and  abdomen;  inferior  fuiH  pale  yellowiah;  the  vertical  bura  rich 
lilack,  with  a  bluiab  reflection;  doraal  with  a  pale  tip  and  a  dark  baae 
aiit<  riorly ;  ou  doraal  behind  a  jot-black  rounded  ocollate  apot  about  ^ 
width  of  eye  and  involving  rather  more  than  half  width  of  fin,  margined 
anteriorly  and  inferiorly  by  a  pure  white  apot.  Atlantic  Coaat  from 
L(iii|r  iHland  to  Virginia ;  rare ;  a  pretty  little  liah  only  lately  rediacovercd 
liy  Dr.  Hugh  M.  Smith,  from  whoae  account  the  above  denoription  ia  com- 
piled. (Named  for  Miaa  Lucy  Baird,  daughter  of  ProfoHHor  Kaird.) 
llijilrarijiiriilttiitt,  IUiRl>,  Ninth  SmitliHoii.  lU'|i.,  1854  (IHoft),  344,  BcRsIey's  Point,  New  Jer- 
sey. (Cull.  Prof.  Bulrd.) 
Ilai'li'-liiluslmiii;  (JCnTHER,  Cat,  vi,  ai6,  18t',fi. 
/if./i/Hii7ijii'iiii/u/(i/Nti,  Jordan  tV  Oii.heut,  SynuiwiH,  'M'i,  18KI. 

/y,j,.,„,h»  lurii.,  IIuoii   M.  Smith,  Hull.  U.  S.  Fish  Cuiimi.,  x,  IHlKt  (18!»J),  G«,  i>l.  IH,  lig.  »; 
(dcKcriptiuii  uiitl  flgiiri!  fruiii  ii|iu«-iiiiL-nH  takun  in  tlin  J'ntiiniiii'). 

»«1.  KUNUULITN  t'HBYNOTIJS,  Ilolbrnok. 

Ilead3i;deptb3^.  D.O;  A.  11;  8cale8  32or.13-12.  Body  abort  and  robuat; 
caudal  peduncle  bigh  and  compreaaed,  its  leaat  height  If  in  head;  head 
Hhort,  wide,  and  flat,  the  interorbital  width  i  its  length.  Teeth  in  jaws 
in  a  narrow  band,  the  outer  aeries  much  enlarged,  those  in  the  lower  jaw 
larger  and  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  upper.  Snout  very  short 
and  blunt,  the  jaws  nearly  equal  iu  closed  mouth;  length  of  snout 
nearly  I  diameter  of  orbit,  which  ia  contained  "* }  times  in  interorbital 
width,  and  3j^  times  in  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of 
caudal  and  posterior  rim  of  orbit,  its  distance  from  base  of  caudal  i  dia- 
taiico  from  front  of  orbit ;  base  of  dorsal  2^  in  head,  its  height  1^  in  head, 
and  its  origin  opposite  the  nineteenth  scale  of  lateral  line  and  the  third  ray 
ut°  the  anal  fin ;  base  of  anal  fin  rather  leaa  than  half  length  of  head,  its 
greateat  height  somewhat  more  than  half;  dorsal  and  anal  not  nearly 
reaching  caudal  when  depressed ;  caudal  broadly  rounded ;  pectorals 
reaching  vpiit'-als,  If  in  head ;  ventrals  short,  not  nearly  reaching  vent, 
2  in  hr~i  .  *jolor  in  spirits :  light  olive  brown,  top  of  head  and  a  narrow 
median  streak  in  front  of  dorsal  fin  darker;  middle  of  sides,  especially 
behind,  with  rather  indistinct  pearl-colored  dots ;  middle  of  aidea  of 
trunk  and  tail  with  about  14  not  clearly  defined,  narrow  half-bars;  an 
elongate  dark  area  above  base  of  pectorals;  vertical  fina  with  small, 
black  specks,  less  numerous  on  caudal  fin;  other  fins  plain.  Length  2 
Indies.  This  description  from  a  specimen  from  Black  River,  South  Caro- 
lina; others  from  New  Orleans  agree  closely.  In  specimens  from  Peace 
River,  Florida,  Woolman  counts  35  to  38  scales,  and  these  may  be  identi- 
cal with  F.  scartea.  Coastwise  swamps,  South  Carolina  to  Florida ;  rather 
common ;  known  from  F.  cingulatus  by  the  longer  anal  fin.  (,^/jDffur(>f , 
gilded.) 


! 


r  k 


ana 


Bulletin  47 ^  United  States  National  Museum. 


'\  1- 


ri  \ 


i 


n 


i  S\i 


If, 


4|.> 


ij!'!' 


ISmduhi  I'lirfiiiltu,  IIdlbHoiik,  MS.,  ISflO. 

Uaphchilic  ihri/miluH,  (irNTiiKH,  Cat.,  VI,  317,  iHOti,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Zj/yomclit  chrynitHf,  JuuDAN  •&  UlLUBHT,  SyiiopMiH,  M'i,   18X3;  .Iiikiian,  I'rui'.   U.   8.   Nat.   tlux,, 

1HH4,  310. 
Xngouti-tvt  cingnlatHK,  JdRIiAN  /c    UiMiKnT,   I'ror.    V.  S.   Nut.   Mum.,  1H82,  5811;  imt  iif  OvviiEu  i. 

Valbnoienmch. 

062.  ITNDUIirS  CINia'LATrS,  Ciiviurit  Viilt-iu'U-iiiicH. 

Huad  3i ;  depth  3};  oj'eu  inodurate,  3^  ia  bead.  D.  7;  A.  K;  hcuIih 
34-10.  liudy  latLer  eliurt  aud  deep,  coiiipresHed  posteriorly ;  back  olt- 
vated;  cutidal  peduncle  deep.  Head  not  large,  Hat,  broad  between  tbu  eyi>H ; 
mouth  moderate ;  outer  row  of  teeth  long  and  slender,  behind  whicli  \n  a 
baud  of  smaller  teeth ;  large  teeth  nearly  equal  in  each  jaw.  ScalcH 
large.  Dorsal  fin  short,  its  rays  moderate,  2^  in  head ;  anal  larger  than  t  In^ 
dorsal,  its  rays  long,  2  in  huad  ;  vuntrals  »hort,  2\  in  h«>.'Ml ;  pectoralH  r,'  in 
head.  General  color  olivaceous;  scales  edged  with  dusky,  forming  a  tVw 
faint  longitudinal  stripes;  about  15  faint  dark  vortical  bars,  interHpaccil 
with  light  orange,  which  is  more  plain  posteriorly;  almost  every  wheio 
numerous,  small,  black  points;  belly  orange;  fins  nil  blood  red,  fading  to 
dusky  in  alcohol.  South  Carolina  to  Florida,  in  coastwise  swamps;  not 
rare  ;  here  described  Irjm  the  specimens  taken  by  Itollman  in  Escuniliiu 
River  at  Flomaton,  Alabama.     {dngulatuH,  belted.) 

P\m(Mm  ciniju\abi»,  Cv\\v.ii  k  Vai.kncif.nne8,  HiHt.  Nut.  I'uiws.,  .win,  197,  184ti;  (D.  8;  A.  Kii; 

"United  States." 
Zygoitectei  cimjnlaliiii,  JORDAN,*  Pror.  U.S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1880,  527,  riHlewription  of  typr;  Diii.i.man, 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nttt.  MuH.,  1880,  403. 

9«8.  FIJNDULUS  NOTTII  f  (AKaxaiz). 
(Star-heaved  Minnow.) 

Head  3S ;  depth  4^;  eye  large,  2i  in  head.  D.  7  or  8;  A.  9  or  lo; 
pcales  36-10.  Form  (f  body  much  like  that  of  Fundulua  dUpar,  compressed 
behind.  Head  broar!  and  somewhat  concave  above,  narrow  below  ;  in  tor- 
orbital  space  fuV  ,  i  the  length  of  head,  li  the  diameter  of  eye;  snout 
obtuse,  shorter  chan  eye;  outer  row  of  teeth,  above  and  below,  enlarged 
and  recurved.  Pectoral  tin  1^  the  length  of  the  head ;  ventrals  slightly 
shorter,  attaining  the  vent ;  dorsal  and  anal  low,  little  higher  than  i  the 
length  of  the  head;  first  ray  of  dorsal  situated  slightly  behind  the  tirst 
anal  ray,  and  over  about  the  seventeenth  scale  in  the  longitudinal  sericH ; 
distance  from  the  snout  to  the  first  dorsal  ray  passing  beyond  the  tii>s 
of  the  caudal  rays;  distance  from  the  first,  dorsal  ray  to  the  baue  of 
the  caudal  reaching  forward  to  the  insertion  of  the  pectoral.  Belly 
and  ground  color  on  lower  half  of  body  silvery ;  sides  with  6  narrow 


*  Fimdu'im  cimjulalui,  CvylKK  &  Valenciennes.  In  tlio  original  typo,  head  broail  and  lliil ; 
eye  large,  3  in  head.  Distanco  from  front  of  dorsal  to  caudal  half  the  distance  to  front  of  cvi'. 
Teeth  rather  strong.  Caudal  long.  D.  7;A.8.  Scales  about  33-10,  hut  as  sonic  are  lottt,  tliis 
count  is  uncertain.  Ilead  3%  in  length;  depth  4J4.  i.ody  crossed  by  (about  10)  narrow  cmss 
bands,  which  are  quite  distinct,  and  narrower  thuirthe  inter8|)aceK.  Region  below  eye  s<ilvc'iy, 
not  dark. 

f  The  following  is  the  scanty  original  degcriptlon  of  this  species: 

ZygonecUii nollii,  AOAnare:  "The  darker  continnuus  longitudinal  lines  alternate  with  faiiitir 
interrupted  ones.  Males  with  distinct  transverse  bands;  dark  olive  above,  fading  upon  thesiilcs; 
silvery  below.  Oi)erculuin,  throat,  and  space  in  advance  of  the  t^  j  orange  color.  Collected  by 
Dr.  Nott  at  Kobile,  Alabama." 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America,       057 


loti^'ituiliual  black  atripeH  rnuuitig  from  tho  head  to  thu  tail;  those 
stiipuH  u  littlu  narrowur  than  tho  intorapacos  and  perfoctly  distinct  oven 
nil  I  lie  caudal  peduuclo,  tho  upper  Htripe  rather  faint  and  Hucceodod 
iilgl'er  up  by  1  or  2  other  obsolete  stripes;  interspaces  of  the  stripes 
ucciipiod,  especially  above,  by  a  row  of  black  dots  forming  tho  fainter 
iiiti'irupted  stripes  of  Professor  Agassiz's  description  ;  on  the  back  those 
rowH  of  dots  are  rather  more  distinct  than  the  continuous  stripes ;  i- 
iiitMliaii  dorsal  stripe  present;  about  10  transverse  bars  of  tho  width  of 
till)  longitudinal  stripe,  but  fainter,  and  placed  about  2  scales'  width 
apiiit,  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  body  ;  lower  surface  of  caudal  pedun- 
cio  (lotted  with  black,  a  black  streak  behind  the  edge  of  the  opercle; 
upper  surface  of  tho  head  dusky  and  also  tho  snout  and  tip  of  lower  jaw  ; 
II  liroud  black  mask  covering  the  eyes  and  extending  downward  over  tho 
ciiuukH ;  upper  half  of  the  operculum,  the  space  in  front  of  tho  eye,  and 
iiKiHt  of  the  lower  jaw,  orange  red;  lower  half  of  the  operculum  and 
uiiterior  half  of  breast  yellowish  orange.  Swamps  and  streams  of 
Florida  and  neighboring  States ;  not  rare.  Length  lH"chcs.  (Ciilbcrt.) 
A  beautiful  and  strikingly  colored  little  flsh.  Wo  follow  Dr.  Hay  in 
identifying  Zyijonecten  craticnla  with  Fundiilui  nottii.  According  to  Dr. 
(tilbert,  Zi/donectea  zoni/cr  is  the  male  of  FiiHiluUm  nottii.  (Named  for  Dr. 
Nott,  its  discoverer.) 

7.!i,jii)U'clf»  nottii,  AuARSiz,  Aincr.  Jouni.  8ri.  <tc  Art8, 1864,  IVi'i,  Mobile,  Alabama  ;  Jordan  A 
OiMiEUT,  SynopBis,  341,  ISSJ ;  Hay,  Prof.  U.  S.  Niif.  Muh.,  188r>,  657. 

y.ii,j(mi(ii't  lineolatui,  AaA88iz,  Amor.  Jouru.St^i.  &  ArtH,  1854,  .'i63,  Augusta,  Georgia. 

rmidiilns  r.nH<Uui,  CuviEii  &  Vai.knciknneh,  IliHt.  Nut.  Poiss.,  XVIII,  l!iri,  184t),  interior  of  South 
Carolina  ;  not  Ernx  zotiatm,  Hitciiiij.,  with  which  it  hu8  hooii  ideiitillt'il. 

/.ijijonedi'n  milienla*  GooDE  k  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muk.,  1882,  AX\,  Elbow  Creek,  a  tribu- 
tary of  Indian  River,  eastern  Florida.  (Typo,  No.  31439.  Coll.  Iluuslmll.)  Johdan 
k  (iiLDERT,  SynopHix,  8U2,  1883. 

/.ijijnniclii  eotii/er,  f  JoBDAN  &  Mkkk,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1H84,  48'2,  Allapaha  River,  Nash- 
ville, Georgia.     (Typo,  No.  28505.    Coll.  W.  J.  Taylor.) 


*  Tlio  foUowinK  is  a  doRcription  of  tho  types  of  Xiignnecteit  craticnla  : 

Ileatl  H'rii;  dejjth  6.  D.  8;  A.  0;  scales' 40-10.  Body  romparatlvoly  lonp;  and  slender,  littlo 
niuiIiri'SHcd.  Caudal  ]ic'duncle  long,  rather  slender.  Head  Ion;;,  broa<l  and  deprcsHed  alH>vo. 
Eyi!  litrKe,  about  ei|uul  to  snout,  V|  interorldtul  width,  3^  in  head.  Lower  jaw  heavy.  Teeth 
small,  tho  outerscareoly  enlarReu.  Fi.isallsmall.  Olivarcous;  sides  with  about  0  sharply  d  'lined, 
jct-blai'k  Ion|{itudiiml  striiKJs  following  tho  rows  of  scales,  tho  stri|icH  a  littlo  narrower  than  the 
int(.'rs|>acc8;  a  large  blackish  blotch  below  cyo;  fius  nearly  ]ilain,  tho  upper  sumewhat  dusky; 
yoiiii;;  with  fuint  dark  bars. 

t  Tlio  following  is  a  description  of  tho  types  of  Fiindnlux  znnifer  (Jordan  !c  Meek): 
ilcad3J-u;  depth  4?.  I).  7;  A.  0.  Scales  3(>-ll.  Body  moderately  olongato,  coinprcescd,  the 
lii'ud  broad  and  dcptossed,  the  anterior  i)roHlo  somewhat  concavu  above  eyes.  Head  rather 
|ininti'd  in  proftlo,  snout  nearly  e.s  long  us  eye,  wliich  is  about  half  tho  broad  iiiterorbital  spaco 
and  :ij  in  head.  Teeth  quito  email,  tho  outer  littlo  enlarged.  Scales  rather  small.  Dorsal  fin 
iiiiich  Hiualler  than  onul,  and  inserted  nearly  over  the  end  of  t'.e  first  third  of  that  fin.  Anal 
lii^'luTthan  dorsal,  as  well  as  louKcr,  both  ilns  liigh(!Bt  in  tho  male,  in  whicli  they  reach  very 
nearly  to  base  of  caudal.  In>«ortiou  of  doraal  midway  between  front  of  oyo  and  tip  of  caudal. 
<'aii<)al  rounded,  about  as  long  as  head.  Least  depth  of  caudal  peduuclo  half  length  of  head. 
I'lM orals  H  in  head,  reaching  slightly  past  front  of  ventrals.  Ventrals  nearly  reach inganul,  IJ 
in  lii'ad.  Male  dark  olive  above,  with  tho  edges  of  tho  scales  a  liUle  darker;  sides  somewjiat 
silvery,  witli  12  sharply  defined  black  crossbars,  not  half  as  wide  as  the  interspaces,  nearly  ver- 
tiiiil,  tlioso  near  the  middle  of  the  body  a  littlo  farther  apart  and  a  litll.j  more  distinct  than  tho 
otliers;  no  longitudinal  streaks;  fins  without  ocelli ;  caudal  entirely  plttiii ;  dorsal  and  anal  with 
distinct  cross  streaks  of  dark  dots.  Other  specimens  (perhaps  females)  with  tho  color  a  littlo 
darker ;  tho  black  cross  bands  broader  and  more  sharply  defined  ;  a  conspicuous  black  blotch 
bel.jw  the  eye;  fins  coloved  as  in  the  others.  Length  2%  inches.  Swamps  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  tho  3  types  from  Allapaha  River,  Nashville,  Georgia,  a  tributary  of  tho  Suwannee. 


F.  N.  A.- 


-43 


i 


■  I 


mmm 


658 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\  m 


li' 


m. 


,i:,j,;,: 


•f 4.  FCIfDITLVS  GVTTATITH  (Agutli). 

Iload  3f ;  depth  nearly  5;  eye  large,  3  in  head.  D.  6  or  7;  A.  8  or  0: 
HcaluH  36-12.  Kody  elongate,  moderately  Htoiit,  compresaeil  posteriorly  ; 
l»uok  Hlightly  elevated ;  caudal  peduncle  moderate.  Head  modorutc, 
(lut  above,  broad  between  the  eyes;  mouth  moderate;  Jaws  armed  with 
an  outer  Bories  of  rather  long  and  slender  teeth,  behind  which  \n  a  butnl 
of  MMiullor  teeth.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal  fln  short  and  snmll,  its  hui^lii 
2  in  head.  Its  insertion  opposite  vhat  of  the  anal  in  the  female,  but  » 
little  more  posterior  in  the  male;  anal  short,  rather  high,  \}t  in  h«>a(l; 
ventrals  Just  reaching  vent,  nearly  2  in  head;  pectorals  H  iu  lioad. 
Ooneral  color  in  life  orange  brown  ;  each  scale  Avith  a  black  edge,  tlirno 
forming  dintinct  longitudinal  stripes;  upper  surface  of  bead  dark;  Jaw.s, 
oporcles,  and  area  in  front  of  eyes  bright  orange  ;  suborbital  region  Jt-t 
black;  area  above  opercle  extending  across  back  orange,  suffused  witli 
dusky ;  under  parts  orange ;  all  the  flns  dusky.  In  the  females  the  NpotH 
(Ml  the  scales  are  more  snffused.  Swamps  and  streams,  Florida  to  Te\uH; 
not  rare;  here  described  from  HoUman's  types  of  ZygonectcH  encamhiw. 
((jiitlatua,  spotted.) 

7,ijifoHPdi»  yutlattu,  AoABBiz,  Anier.  Joiirn.  Scl.  k  Artx,  1854,  :i5.'),  Mobile,  Alabama;  Jorpan  k 

Gii.iir.nT,  Syiioiwia,  341,  1883. 
/.yyoitictit  ei-amhiiv,  Bol.i.MAN,  Proc.  U.S.  Nut.  Mill*.,  188!1,  40.1,  Escambia  River,  Flomaton, 

Alabama;  (Tyi>e,  Nu.  37990.    Coll.  Bollman);  Kvkumann,  UuII.  U.  8.  Fish  Oumm.,  l^.U 

(1802),  87. 

0«6.  FVNDVLlTg  HIEROtiLYPHICUS  (Agoniz). 

This  species  is  thus  described :  "Anterior  and  upper  parts  of  the  boilv 
sprinkled  with  dark  dots,  passing  into  longitudinal  rows  backwiud. 
Light  olive  above ;  silvery  on  the  sides  and  below."  (Agassiz.)  Moltilu, 
Alabama.  It  has  not  been  recognized  by  subsequent  collectors,  but  may 
be  distinct,  (hieroglyphicua,  bearing  marks  like  hawk  tracks;  <>>»>, 
hawk  ;  yXv<p(j,  cut  out.) 

Xjlijimevles  hieroglyphicuii,  AoASSir,,    .mor.  Journ.  8^'..  oc  Arta,  ISM,  ."163,  Mobile,  Alabama;  .Imi- 
i)AN  Jfc  GiLBBBT,  Synopeis,  341,  188.1. 

9««.  FUNDULV8  DI8PAR  (Agasaiz). 

Head  3f ;  depth  3^.  D.  7 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  35-10.  Body  short  and  deep, 
much  compressed.  Head  short  and  very  broad,  the  flat  interorbitpl  s])!ico 
being  f  of  its  length,  and  barely  twice  the  diameter  of  the  eye ;  the  dis- 
tance between  the  eyes  above  greater  than  the  distance  between  tiicia 
below.  Snout  broadly  rounded.  Fins  moderate;  dorsal  much  smaller 
than  anal.  Outer  series  of  teeth  somewhat  enlarged.  Coloration  p.ilo 
olive,  bluish  in  life;  a  very  distinct  brownish  line  along  the  edgcH  of 
each  row  of  scales,  appearing  wavy  or  serrated  as  it  follows  the  scalers; 
about  10  of  these  longitudinal  stripes  are  present;  males  with  the  lines 
interrupted,  appearing  as  series  of  dots,  and  further  marked  by  about  9 
dark  crossbars;  adults  with  a  black  blotch  below  the  eye,  sometimes 
confluent  with  it.  Oviduct  free  from  anal.  Length  2^^  inches.  Lakes 
and  sluggish  streams  from  northern  Ohio  to  Missouri,  and  south  to  Miis^iiH- 
sippi ;  locally  abundant ;   recorded  from  the  Maumee,  Wabash,  Illiuuis, 


/  iV*  M5ri..  Wac>.;  -."-.4.:^*;:- .. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


050 


Hi;;  IMiick,  and  Poarl  rivoiH.     A  chubby  llttl«  HhIi,  vory  prettily  t'oluretl. 

(itixixir,  iliHBiinilar.) 

/ui/.iiif'M  <lii"ir,  AiiAiuiix,  Anitr.  Joiirii.  Hcl,  ifc  Arti,  18M,  WM,  creeks  opposite  St.  Louis,. 

Heardstown,  Illinois;  Jordan,   Hull.  I'.  H.  Nut.  Mux.,  No.  i),  M),  1K77;  Hay,  Hull.  V.  H. 

fiab  Cuiuui.,  18H'i,  IK);  JuliDAN  A  OiLlir.HT,  Hyiio|i«li,  a41,  1N83. 

9«7.  I'UNDULim  NUTATim  (R«flnuH.|u.). 
(Top  Minnow.) 

Headi;  depth  4i;  eye  large,  Iohh  than  itnout,  about  li  in  head.  I).  0; 
A.  11;  McaltiH  34-11.  Itody  rather  slender,  conipreHHed  behind.  Head 
I'lW,  depreHHed,  and  rather  elungiite,  the  unuut  Huniewhut  produced,  the 
lowtT  juw  Hcarcoly  projectiug;  interorbital  upMce  broud,  its  width  about 
liiilf  length  of  head.  Fins  moderate,  the  dorsal  and  anal  elevated  in  the 
niuluH.  Teeth  in  a  broad  bund,  the  outer  series  considerably  enlarged 
ami  cttnin«-like.  Colorotion  brownish  olive,  with  a  broad,  dark,  pur- 
(ihiili-ltlack  lateral  band  running  from  tip  of  snout  through  eye  to  base 
uf  caudal ;  darker  in  males  than  in  females ;  young  specimens  have  the 
(>(l<rL>H  of  the  band  serrated ;  a  few  series  of  small  black  dots  along  the 
HiiU>H  of  the  back ;  dorsal,  caudal,  and  anal  tins  dotted  with  black ;  top 
of  liead  with  a  conspicuous  translucent  spot  in  life;  concentric  strite  on 
HCiilcs  strong.  Southern  specimens  often  larger  and  darker  in  color. 
Lt'iigth  2  to  3i  inches.  Michigan  to  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Te.xas; 
generally  abundant  in  ponds  and  canals.  A  pretty  little  fish,  swimming 
at  the  surface  in  quiet  waters,  feeding  on  insects;  recognizable  in  the 
water  by  the  translucent  spot  on  the  head,  also  found  in  related  species. 
(nolatun,  spotted.) 

ScmolilM  notatiu,  RAriNEsqvE,  Idith.  Ohionsig,  80,  1820,  tributaries  of  Ohio  River  in  Ky. 
Pivcilid  olimina,  STUBsn,  Proc.  BoBt.  Soo.  Mat.  Hiat.,  ii,  July,  1846,  SI,  Florence,  Alabama. 

(Coll.  C.  A.  Ilentz.) 
t'lmiluliu  tenellm,  Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Ar.  Nnt.  Sci.  Pbilii.,  18.')3,  289,  Prairie  Mer  Rouge, 

Louisiana,  and  RussellviUe,  Kentucky. 
Zyijiini'Hen  lateralin,  AoASSiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  &.  ArtH,  1H64,  353,  Mobile,  Alabama. 
'/ijijiiHi'cli'i  ::i>iiiitiii,  A(iA88iz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  ic.  Arts,  1854,  3.'i:l,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 
'/jiijmuclei imlihelluB,  QiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  I'liila.,  1850,  113,  Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  Ark. 
FiiwMHt  aureiit.  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  18r>5,  78,  Detroit  River,  Grosse  Isle,  Mich. 
'/.ijijoutfkn  notattu,  Coi'E,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  xvii,  34,  188U;  Jordan  A  Gilukkt,  SynopsiR,  3.39, 

1883. 
IliiphnhUiiHpnlchnni,  GOntiikb,  Cat.,  VI,  314,  1860. 
Ihlilochilui  aureuK,  GCntiieh,  Cat.,  VI,  315,  1866, 

»«8.  VUNDULUS  MKLAPLKVRL'S  (Gosse). 

(TiCKY-TICKY.) 

Head  SJ;  depth  3i.  D.  11;  A.  11 ;  V.  5;  scales  31-10.  Snout  broad  and 
obtuHe,  the  mandible  being  directed  obliquely  upward;  the  diameter 
of  the  eye  equals  the  length  of  the  snout,  3  in  head  and  IS^  in  interorbital 
space.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  of  moderate  size ;  the  origin  of  the  dorsal 
midway  between  the  extremity  of  the  caudal  and  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  orbit,  over  the  sixteenth  scale  of  the  lateral  line,  and  opposite  the 
middle  of  the  base  of  the  anal.  Free  portion  of  the  tail  rather  short,  its 
depth  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  dorsal  and  caudal  fins.     Sides 


i 


I  t 


'I 


ill  !-l 


Hi 


<MM> 


BniUttH  4j^  United  States  National  Museum. 


,  i 


...  i  if 


:.-U 


mi 


'  i  t 


lii»   ';' 


s  \V 


MV,' 


o(  tlio  aluloiiieu  silvery,   the   jturtiuu    abuvu    tliu   Hilvory    purt  hiaok. 
Streams  of  Jaiiiaioa ;  locally  voniiiiuii.    (/i^AH(;,  black;  Tr/lrtyioi',  huIo.) 
Puriliii  mrliiiilfiirii,  (iuMi,  Nntiiritllial't  H<iJourii  in  .luiiiaica,  H4,  IHSI,  Jamaica. 
•  tlaplwhUtu  mrliutojikunu,  QCNTiiBn,  Cat.,  vi,  :il7,  18fl«t. 

301.  ADINIA,  (lirard. 

AiUhUi,  OiRAnn,  rri>c.  Ac  Nat.  8ci.  Phlla.,  IHAO,  117,  imnlUfttDriala). 

Tliitt  genus  contains  species  agreeing  in  K<'noruI  respects  witli  FumhihtH, 

but  having  the  aspect  of  Cyprinodon.    The  gill  openings,  as  in  CypriiiiHhm, 

are  restricted,  the  operole  being  adnate  to  the  shoulder  girdle  as  far  ilown 

as  the  upper  edge  of  the  base  of  the  pectoral.    The  body  is  Hhort,  (h-tp, 

and  compressed.     Besides  the  two  species  known  to  belong  to  thiH  gomm, 

muUifttHciata  and  dugciti,  we  provisionally  place  in  it  two  othoPH,  wliirii 

seem  to  agree  in  external  characters,  though  the  restriction  of  tlie  frill 

openings    has    not    been    noticed.      (Adinia,    a    coined    name    witlioiit 

meaning.) 

n.  Anal  witli  lA  ray*;  body  ohluiig,  tlm  (leptli  S}^  to  4;  culoration  plain  or  niottlttil,  wItliDiit 

(lark  cruM  banili. 

6,  Head  rather  liuavy,  about  4  In  lonKtIi;  dopth  of  iMxiy  altoiit  4;  i<ye  rntliur  Hliurtur  tliuii 

Knuiit,  alMiiit  4  ill  liuiiii;  hcuIum  'M  to  .'ir>-12;  dumiil  riiyit  12.  iiitATKMAi.i'.NHiK,  !I8!). 

bl>.  Head  very  thick  and  lieuvy,  about  :i';',  in  loMKth;  dt-pth  3J  to  .'t^l;  u.vu  Hl.ortiT  tljiiii 

Buout,  4  in  head;  HcnlcH  35-12;  dorxal  ray*  i:i  or  14.  I'AciiYcei'tui.A,  liTn. 

ail.  Anal  with  11  or  12  rays;  Rcaloa  very  Inrgr;  biMly  de<>p  anil  coni|ir«M<id. 

c.  Dorml  rays  l.'i;  body  iToa84>d  by  5  or  0  black  crow  bando;  depth  U  In  loiiKlh;  lu'mi  ;t; 

HcaU>«  30-11.  iii'UKKi,  W71. 

cc.  Doroal  rayH  0  or  10;  body  cromod  by  10  to  14  narrow  ixiarly  baiidM;  dupth  'J  tn  '.!<,j  in 

length;  head  3;  mrulog  25-10.  multiiahciata,  !)72, 

069.  ADIMA  UUATRMAIiKNKIS  (OUnther). 

Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  12  (13);  A.  14or  15  (16) ;  scales  32  to  35-12.  IUymI 
thick  and  broad;  interorbital  space  broad,  slightly  convex,  its  width 
being  a  little  less  than  half  length  of  head.  Suout  broad,  obtuse ;  lower 
jaw  slightly  projecting  beyond  upper;  mandible  longer  than  eye;  (>.vo 
equal  to  or,  in  the  larger  specimens,  less  than  length  of  snont,  4  in  lu-ad, 
and  2  in  interorbital  space;  origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  ciiii- 
dal  and  posterior  margin  of  orbit,  over  nineteenth  scale  of  the  luloral 
series ;  first  anal  ray  corresponding  to  second  of  dorsal.  Doruul  and  uiial 
fins  subquadrang^ular,  rather  low,  longer  than  high  in  male,  and  an  loug 
as  high  in  female;  two-thirds  of  caudal  covered  with  small  HCiiieu. 
Brown  above  and  on  the  sides,  pale  below;  females  with  a  very  iiulio- 
tinct  dark  band  along  the  side ;  fins  immaculate ;  anal  with  a  light  mur- 
gin.  Sexual  opening  of  the  female  not  attached  to  the  anterior  anal  layH. 
Rivers  of  Guatemala,  and  southward,  to  western  Ecuador.  (Giintlu'i.) 
I\mdulu$  gu(Uemalen$i$,  GCnther,  Cat,  vi,  321,  1866,  Lake  of  Dueftas;  Lake  AmaCitlan; 
Rio  Quacalate  ;  western  Ecuador.    (Coll.  Salvin  &,  Fnuior.) 

970.  ADINIA  PACHTCEPHALA  (GUnther). 

Head  3i ;  depth  3^  to  3|  -  D.  13  or  14 ;  A.  15 ;  V.  6 ;  scales  35-12.  Head 
very  thick  and  broad ;  interorbital  space  very  broad,  slightly  convex,  its 
width  being  i  length  of  head;  snout  broad,  obtuse;  lower  jaw  slightly 
projecting  beyond  upper;  mandible  longer  than  eye.     Eye  less  than 


■t  ; 


Jordan  and  Rvfrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        681 

loii^'Hi  of  Hiiont,  4  in  hAnd,  and  2  in  width  of  inteTorbital  ipaoe.  OriglD 
of  (lorial  midway  Itetweon  tip  of  caudal  and  po«terior  margin  of  orbit, 
ovor  Nixt«i«nth  aoale  of  lateral  line;  flrst  anal  ray  under  third  of  doraalj 
(Iiii'HJil  and  anal  flna  HuhquadranKular,  of  moderate  height,  the  latter  fln 
W\\\^  Hcarouly  higher  than  lung;  oaudul  tin  Hubtrunoate.  Brownish 
aliovo  and  on  Hides,  each  aoalo  darker  on  tip;  an  indiHtinct  dark  baud 
hIi)II(;  middle  of  tail ;  fluH  immaoulate,  anal  with  the  lower  margin  whit- 
ish. Ouiitemala.  ((iiinther.)  (TraY^c,  thick  ;  k>^(iX;/,  heoil.) 
niHi/nliK  ;i(I('%i])Au/m,  OCntubb,  Cat.,  vi,  321,  I80(),  Lake  Atitlan.    (Cull,  telvlu.) 

V71.  ADINIA  DUOKHII  (Ihaii). 

licaii  !<;  depth  nearly  3;  eye  \  in  head,  i|  width  of  interorbital  apace. 
1).  l.'i;  A.  11 ;  HculeH:iO-ll.  Kody  abort  and  deep,  robuat;  head  depreaaed 
altove;  Hnout  abort,  ahorter  than  eye;  Jawa  abort,  the  upper  being  freely 
liMitractilo.  Toetl)  slender,  conical,  in  a  double  series,  those  of  the 
(iiit(<i'  enlarged.  Opercle  counectod  by  membrane  to  the  shoulder  girdle, 
li«^)(inning  at  a  point  in  line  of  lower  margin  of  eye.  Anal  very 
Hliort ,  itH  base  half  aa  long  aa  doraal  baae ;  insertion  of  dorsal  very  alightly 
in  advance  of  anal  ut  a  diatauce  from  the  front  of  the  eye  e(|ualing  about 
t\vie»  the  length  of  the  head,  its  rays  slender,  not  very  long,  the  long- 
est Noniowhat  shorter  than  base  of  fin  and  less  than  half  head ;  baae  of 
(ioiHal  2  in  heail;  anal  inserted  under  third  ray  of  doraal,  its  longest  ray 
\  to  \  tiead ;  anal  baae  very  abort,  \  aa  long  as  the  doraal  base,  and  very 
iittht  longer  than  the  eye ;  pectoral  half  head  ;  caudal  slightly  rounded ; 
ventral  in  middle  of  length  of  body,  excluding  caudal,  its  tip  not  reach- 
ill);  vont,  30  in  bead.  Light  brown;  sidea  with  5  broad  distinct  bands 
or  (>  duHky  bands,  the  widest  somewhat  greater  than  eye ;  one  of  these 
bandH  placed  under  anterior  half  of  the  dorsal;  sides  and  bead  with 
Hjlver.  Length  3  inches.  Guanajuato,  Mexico.  (Bean.)  Evidently  a 
spociea  of  Adinia,  aa  is  shown  by  the  form  and  by  the  restriction  of 
tilt)  ^111  openings.  (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Prof.  Alfredo  Dugds,  of 
(iiianajnato.) 

f^iH<(H/iifi  dutihii,  Dkan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1887,  37.3,  pi.  20,  flg.  A,  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
(Typo,  No.  37831.    Coll.  ProfeHBor  Diigfiii.) 

978.  ADINIA  MVLTIFAHCIATA/nintrd. 

Hoad  3 ;  depth  2  (2 J  to  2/t  in  9  ) ;  eye  large,  3  in  head,  1^  in  interorbital 
Hpace.  D.  9  or  10;  A.  11  or  12;  V.  6;  P.  14;  B.  5;  scales  25-10.  Body 
very  deep,  much  compressed,  much  as  in  Cyprinodon ;  caudal  peduncle 
very  deep ;  head  depressed,  rapidly  tapering  to  a  sharp,  conical  snout ; 
the  anterior  profile  somewhat  concave ;  females  and  young  with  the  back 
IcHH  elevated.  Teeth  very  small.  In  a  villiform  band,  those  of  the  outer 
sorles  wide-set  and  considerably  larger ;  opercle  adnate  to  shoulder  girdle 
above  base  of  pectoral  (as  in  Cyprinodon  and  Jordanelld).  Dorsal  inserted 
in  advance  of  anal,  its  origin  midway  between  caudal  and  middle  of 
eyo,  the  longest  rays  in  males  reaching  base  of  caudal,  l|f  in  head ;  anal 
lower;   veutrals  li  in  head.    Intestinal  canal  as  long   as   body.     Male 

'  If  tlio  geuuB  Adinia  !■  not  recognized,  this  species  shoiild  itand  aa  f^tndtdut  xenietu. 


h 


i     \\ 


i  ■ 


':5»W?#»R^!S»W!'tH1T,«ll!l',»'^,!B11WW- 


III   ,li. «; 


662 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


•.'\ 


ml 


mw 


■ 


dark  green ;  sides  with  10  to  14  narrow,  pearly  bands,  slightly  oblique, 
and  mostly  narrower  than  the  interspaces;  a  diffuse,  dusky  blotch  below 
and  behind  eye ;  lower  jaw  orange ;  belly  yellow^ ;  dorsal  and  anal  black- 
ish, with  many  round,  pale-blue  spots;  orange  spots  near  base  of  lin; 
caudal  baried,  with  some  pale  spots ;  vontrals  dusky,  tipped  with  yellow, 
female  greenish,  with  a  faint,  dark  lateral  shade  and  some  pale  cross  bamlH ; 
lower  fins  largely  yellow ;  upper  mostly  dusky.  Length  2  inches.  Gulf 
Coast,  West  Florida  to  Texas;  locally  very  abundant  in  sliallow  lagoouH* 
an  extremely  beautiful  little  fish,  here  described  from  specimens  inn- 
Pensacola.     [muUiftuciaUia,  many-banded.) 

AilinM  viuUi/iix.iaItt,   GikaiU),  Proc   Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  118,   Galveston;  St.  Jc 
Island,  Indiauola,  "^exas. 

l/'uHttulun renicus,  Jordan  &  Gimieui,  i'ruo.  IJ,  8.  Hat.  Mus.,  1882,  265,  Laguna  Grande,  Pen- 
sacola, Florida;  not  Itijtlvanjijra  niuWfasciata,  Le  Sueur,  nor  F'Hduliit  adinm,  Johdax  .t 
Qiihert;  tbo  namo  mtiUifiineiulitf  preoccupied  in  Pmi<hihii',  Imt  not  in  Adiuia.  (Typo,  Nos. 
29G68,  .30821,  and  30841.    Coll.  Jordan);  Jordan  &  Gilueht,  Synopsis,  546, 1883. 

302.  RIVULUS,  Poey. 

itivulas,  Poey,  Memoriae,  ii,  307, 18(10,  (qilmdraceus). 

Body  rather  elongate,  subterete,  covered  with  moderate-sized  scales. 
Mouth  small,  the  upper  jaw  little  protractile ;  snout  not  produced.  Each 
jaw  with  a  band  of  villiform  teeth  and  an  outer  series  of  curved  teetli. 
Male  with  the  anal  fin  not  modified ;  oviparous.  No  air  bladder.*  Snuill 
fishes  of  the  brooks  of  tropical  America,  the  known  species  having  in  ouo 
sex  at  leact  a  large  ocellated  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Some  of  the  specicH 
recorded  from  Venezuela,  Colombia,  and  Trinidad,  may  occur  within  our 
limits.  (rivuluH,  n  rivulet.) 
a.  Scales  small,  about  40  in  a  longtbwiso  series;  dorFal  rays  8;  an.il  12. 

h.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  caudal  and  center  of  eye;  a  black  spot  on 

operdo,  besides  the  caudal  ocellus  of  tbo  male.  ovlindrackiis,  'i7;i. 

bb.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  l)etween  tip  of  caudal  and  edge  of  oporcle;  body  marlili'il 

with  light  and  aark  spots;  nip.le  with  a  candal  ocellus.  biarhorati's,  974. 

978.  BJVULUS  (;YLINDB.iCEUS,t  Poey. 

Head  3J  in  total  length;  depth  5^;  eye  1^  in  snout,  3^^  in  head.  D.  8; 
A.  12;  scales  40.  iiody  slender, nearly  terete;  head  broader  than  trunk. 
Mouth  small,  little  protractile,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit ;  teetli  in 
a  band  with  an  outer  row  of  stronger  ones.  Dorsal  well  backward,  behind 
front  of  anal,  its  insertion  midway  between  tip  of  caudal  and  center  of 
eye;  ventrals  short.  Green, v/itli  violet  shades;  a  large,  black,  oye-liko 
spot  at  base  of  caudal  in  male ;  cheek  with  a  green  band,  ending  in  a  black 
spot;  fins  plain  greenish  or  dull  orange  ;  female  with  a  black  ocellus  on 
opercle,  none  on  the  tail ;  sexes  otherwise  similar.  Length  2  inches. 
Havara.     (Poey.)    (cj/ZiwrfracPMfc,  like  a  cylinder.) 

Rimilua  cylindracewi,  PofcY,  Mcmorias,  ii,  308,  1801,  stream  at  Mordazo,near  Havana  ;  (ii'N- 
THER,  Cat.,  VI,  327,  ■'Sfifi :  Poey,  Anal.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist,  Nat.,  247,  1880. 

*Tlio  character  of  the  absence  of  the  air  bladder  has  not  been  verified  in  either  of  the  fdllow- 
ing  species. 

t  In  Poey's  figure  of  R.  cylindraceuK  (ISSOI,  thi  mouth  is  represented  as  short  and  oliliqiu'.  1" 
the  figure  iu  the  Enumeratio  (V,  flg.  4)  which  Puey  refers  to  liivulus  nutrmoralus,  the  uioutli  is 
huger  and  nearly  horizontal. 


,li 


N  .' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


974.  RIYULUS  MABH0RATU8,  Poey. 


063 


Diners  from  ^{vvXhs  cylindraceua  in  having  the  dorsal  farther  back,  the 
(liHtanco  of  its  insertion  from  the  tip  of  caudal  beingeqnal  to  its  distance 
fioiii  edge  of  opercle ;  the  anal  appearing  more  advanced.  Body  dashed 
witli  light  and  dark  spots;  a  black  caadal''  ocellus.  Cuba.  (Poey.) 
(iiKirworafiia,  marbled.) 
UiniliiH  marmoratits,  PuKY,  Aualea  de  Hist.  Nat.  Espana,  ix,  248,  1880,  Cuba. 

303.  LUCANIA,  Girard. 

iitiaiiiit,  GiBAnp,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pbila.,  1859,  118,  (venusta);  not  Liwamu,  a  gonuit  of  l)potle8. 
Mody  oblong,  compressed;  lower  jaw  prominent,  the  cleft  of  the  mouth 
Kliort  and  very  oblique.  Mouth  moderate,  the  snout  not  produced ;  each 
JiMv  with  a  single  series  of  conical  teeth.  Scales  very  large.  Gill  open- 
iii<;H  not  restricted.  Dorsal  and  anal  rays  in  moderate  number,  the  dorsal 
iihove  or  slightly  in  advance  of  the  anal ;  anal  flu  not  modified  in  the 
iiiiilcH ;  oviparous.  Very  small  fishes  of  the  coastwise  swamps  of  the 
rnitod  States,  all  of  them  very  prettily  colored.  (A  coined  name,  with- 
out meaning.) 

>i.  Body  coinpurativoly  ulongato,  the  depth  4%  to  5  in  length,  the  form  approaching  tliat  of 

JUrnhin. 

h.  Ilody  without  blacic  longitudinal  l)and  in  either  sex,  the  female  with  a  caudal  ocellus 

as  in  lliviiht»;  an  otHtlluR  alKivo  front  of  anal;  cleft  of  mouth  vi'ry  nhort  and  nearly 

vertical;  dorsal  rays  7;  anal  8;  depth  6  in  length.  ohmata,  07.5. 

hh.  Body  in  both  sexes  with  a  black  longitudinal  band  from  eye  to  the  black  caudal  spot; 

male  with  the  basal  half  of  dorsal  and  anal  black,  the  flns  with  red  in  life.   Depth 

414  in  length.    D.  9;  A.  9;  scales  30-7.  ooodf.i,  970. 

(Id.  H(i<ly  comparatively  short  and  deep,  the  depth  3J4  to  Z%  in  length,  the  form  approaching 

that  of  Cjfprinodou;  body  in  both  sexes  without  black  longltu<liuaI  band  or  black  ocelli; 

the  fins  in  male  with  orange,  the  dorsal  in  male  with  a  large  black  spot  at  biise  in 

front. 

<■.  Body  more  oblong,  the  depth  3%  to  3J^  in  length.     D.  11  or  12;  A.  9  or  10;  scales  26-8. 

VENUSTA,  977. 
IV'.  Body  deep,  the  depth  314  '»  length.     D.  10;  A.  10;  scales  2G-8.  parva,  978. 


I 


075.  LUCANIA  OMMATA  (Jordan). 

Mead  3i ;  depth  5 ;  eye  2i.  D.  6  or  7 ;  A.  9  or  10 ;  scales  26  to  2»-9. 
Hoily  fusiform,  slender,  somewhat  compressed.  Premaxillary  very  pro- 
friictile;  teeth  small,  pointed,  in  one  row,  the  tips  not  colored.  Mouth 
very  small,  its  cleft  almost  vertical ;  ventral  surface  of  lower  jaw  directed 
forward  so  that  the  fish  seems  truncated.  Eye  large,  twice  length  of 
Miiout,  equal  to  the  flat  iuterorbital  space.  Gill  membranes  narrowly 
connected,  free  from  isthmus.  Scales  large.  Anal  inserted  slightly  in 
advance  of  dorsal,  not  modified  in  the  male;  insertion  of  dorsal  mid- 
way between  edge  of  opercle  and  base  of  caudal;  pectorals  and  ventrals 
sniiill.  Intestine  not  longer  than  body.  Straw  color,  a  dark  vertebral  line ; 
male  with  5  or  6  dark  bars  and  no  caudal  ocellus ;  female  with  a  jet-black 
Hp  )t  as  large  as  pupil  on  side  just  in  front  of  origin  of  at-  il ;  Cv  larger  ocel- 
lated  spot  at  upper  part  of  base  of  caudal,  a  dark  band  of  minute  points 

*  Misprinted  "pectoral"  in  Poey's  description. 


■)  I 


1  t--  \ 


<:    I.' 


!»<irf!Jra!W**f^S9P^ 


S  ^  I  i 


664 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


!     .     •      i't; 


\\\ 


H   . 


m 


m 


i     !;;| 


l;^:!i 


nearly  connecting  the  two  spoto,  the  band  forking  before  the  caudal  Bput 
and  sending  a  branch  above  and  below  it ;  a  dark  streak  from  base  of 
ventrals  along  each  side  of  anal  to  base  of  caudal ;  a  dark  streak  from 
eye  covering  lower  jaw;  another  faint  streak  from  eye  to  lateral  spot. 
forking  to  form  an  ocellus,  as  is  the  case  with  the  caudal  spot.  Length  '\  to 
1  inch.  Swamps  of  Florida ;  8  specimens  now  known ;  2  obtained  by  K, 
Edward  Earll  in  Indian  River,  the  original  types  of  the  species ;  2  obtaiiicil 
by  Mann  and  Davison  in  western  Florida,  and  described  by  Professor  Hay 
an  Zygotiecten  maiinii;  the  others  obtained  in  the  Santa  F(5  River  and  itn 
tributaries  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Woolman,  who  alone  has  seen  the  male.  In  form 
and  color,  the  species  resembles  the  genus  liirnlua.  It  apparently  difl'orn 
in  dentition  and  seems  on  the  whole  nearer  to  Lucanta,  It  can  not  be  an 
ally  of  Heteraudria.  The  largest  specimens  are  barely  an  inch  in  lengtli, 
so  that  the  species  may,  in  the  words  of  Dr.  Hay , "  contend  with  Iletcrandr'm 
formosa  for  the  honor  of  being  the  smallest  known  vertebrate."  {limiarur, 
eyed,  in  allusion  to  the  caudal  ocellus  of  the  female.) 

Ueteranihia  ammata,  .ToniiAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1884,  323,  Indian  River,  Florida.  (Typ.', 
No.  25331(2).    Coll.  B.  Edward  Kuril);  Woolman,  Hull.  V.  S.  Fisli  ''uinni.,  x,  1k<H>,  3(i2. 

ZtjgonciIeK  ■>iiamiii,  IIay,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  55.5,  Yellow  Water  River,  Florida. 
(Coll.  II.  T.  Mann.) 

076.  LUCANIA  GOODKI,  Jordan. 

Head  4;  deptlid};  eye  2i  to  2|.  D.9;  A.  9;  scales  29  to  32-7.  Body 
elliptical,  rather  elongate,  the  back  considerably  elevated  to  a  point 
just  in  front  of  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin ;  caudal  peduncle  rather  doop 
and  compressed.  Head  short,  comparatively  narrow,  and  bluntly  pointed; 
mouth  small,  terminal;  both  jaws  with  rather  large,  conical,  cauim;- 
like  teeth,  apparently  in  a  single  series.  Eye  large,  near  the  niiddli' 
of  the  side  of  the  head,  about  equal  to  interorbital  space.  Scales  laro;o; 
humeral  scale  like  the  others.  Fins  large,  especially  in  the  males; 
origin  of  dorsjil  about  midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  con- 
spicuously in  advance  of  anal ;  height  of  dorsal  fin  in  the  males  ^  leiio;tli 
of  head,  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  fin;  anal  tin 
similar  and  nearly  as  high  and  long,  beginning  nearly  under  the 
middle  of  the  dorsal;  caudal  moderate,  subtruncate;  ventrals  lonjf, 
in  the  males  reaching  the  front  of  the  anal,  in  the  females  reacliing  tlic 
vent ;  pectorals  reaching  past  front  of  ventrals  in  both  sexes.  Color 
olivaceous,  the  scales  with  dark  edgings ;  a  very  distinct  black  band  in 
both  sexes  running  through  eye  and  snout  straight  to  the  base  of  tlio 
caudal,  where  it  ends  in  a  round  black  spot ;  this  band  about  as  wide  as 
a  series  of  scales,  although  developed  on  parts  of  2  series ;  a  conspicuonn 
black  band  in  both  sexes  along  lower  edge  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  from 
root  of  the  caudal  to  vent,  dividing  and  passing  on  each  side  of  the  anul 
fin ;  fins  in  the  female  plain ;  in  the  male,  basal  half  of  dorsal  and  anal  jet 
black,  outer  half  pale  with  a  black  edge;  pectorals,  and  especially  ven- 
trals, also  dark-edged;  caudal  fin  faintly  mottled;  vertical  fins  witli 
more  or  less  red  in  life.  Length  IJ  inches.  Rivers  of  the  Everglade 
region ;  locally  abundant.     Known  from  the  Alligator,  Arlington,  Peace, 


t 


:i;i:.T; 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


665 


and  Withlacoochee    rivers.      A  very  small    but    prettily  colored   flsh. 
(Named  for  Dr.  George  Brown  Goode,  its  discoverer.) 

Iwaiii'iijofiiki,  .TnnnAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miib.,  1879,  240,  Arlington  River,  Florida,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  St.  John's.  (Typo,  No.  ZitM.  CoM.  Dr.  GuiMle.)  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  8yn- 
opsiH,  343,  18H3;  Wooi.man,  Bull.  U.  8.  FiHh  Comtn.,  x,  ISIK),  21)4,  iil.  .'>2,  fig.  2. 

977.  LUCANIA  VKNUSTA,  Giranl. 
TIead  3A ;  depth  3 J  ;  eye  3.  D.  11  or  12 ;  A.  9  or  10 ;  scales  26-8.  Body  fusi- 
fonn,  rather  strongly  compressed,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  ontlines  about 
(((|iiully  arched  ;  head  narrow,  compressed,  flattened  above  the  eyes,  the 
upper  profile  of  snout  both  longitudinally  and  transversely  convex ;  snout 
compressed,  conspicuously  shortened,  and  vertically  rounded,  its  height 
(Tioator  than  its  width ;  caudal  peduncle  long  and  rather  slender,  its 
greatest  height  1|  in  head,  its  length  slightly  less  than  head  ;  mouth  very 
Hiiiall,  protractile  forward,  the  lower  jaw  very  much  projecting  in  open 
mouth;  mandible  heavy,  short,  and  strongly  convex,  less  than  diameter 
of  orbit;  teeth  small,  but  firm  and  strong,  conical,  in  a  single  series  in 
ciich  jaw,  or  forming  an  irregular  double  series  anteriorly;  no  villiform 
teeth  behind  this  outer  series;  eye  large,  slightly  shorter  than  inter- 
orbital  width,  and  greater  than  length  of  snout.  Intestinal  canal 
rather  lews  than  length  of  body.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  nearly  midway 
between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  the  longest  ray  (in  <?  )  equaling 
tlio  length  of  its  base  ;  origin  of  anal  fin  under  middle  of  dorsal ;  ovi- 
duct not  attached  to  first  anal  ray,  but  produced  backward,  forming  a 
low  sheath  on  both  sides  at  base  of  first  6  rays ;  length  of  anal  base 
I  head;  longf'st  ray  (^)i  head;  caudal  If  in  head;  pectorals  long, 
reaching  beyond  base  of  ventrals.  If  in  head ;  ventrals  reaching  slightly 
beyond  vent,  1*  in  head.  Color  ( <?  )  lightolive,  pale  on  belly ;  sides  with 
Homo  silvery  luster  and  with  indistinct  trace  of  an  obsolete  dusky  lateral 
Hti'ipe;  scales  conspicuously  dark-edged;  opercles  and  cheeks  bright 
HJlvcry;  dorsal  and  caudal  light  yellow,  and,  as  well  as  the  anal,  nar- 
rowly iiiagined  with  black ;  dorsal  with  an  elongate,  vertical  black 
l)lotch  at  anterior  margin,  a  yellow  spot  bebmd  it ;  a  vertical  dusky 
streak  behind  each  dorsal  ray,  composed  of  fine  blai^.k  points;  anal 
orange  or  translucent,  white  at  base ;  ventrtils  similar  jO  anal ;  pectorals 
pale  yellowish  ;  a  dark  vertical  streak  through  iris.  $  similar,  fins  all 
plain.  Length  about  2  inches.  Lagoons  and  inlets  of  the  coast  of  the 
(Jnlf  of  Mexico,  exceedingly  abundant  about  Pensacola,  and  westward 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande;  a  pretty  little  fish,  here  described  from 
r  macola  specimens.  (ir>»M8<M.s,  pretty.) 
I.ii,      yemwtu,  GiiiAni),  U.  S.  Mex.  Hound.  Surv.,  Iclitli.,  71,  jil.  3!),  fiRS  20-23,  1850,  Indianola, 

Texas.     (Coll.  Clark.) 
l.iirm,     aiVniin,  GiRARD,  Pror.  Ao.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18,">!),  118,  Matamoras. 
l-uciiiifi  renusia,  GiRARl),  Proc.   Ac.   Nat.  Sci.   Phila.,  ISf)!),   118;   Gt'NTilKR,  Cat.,  vi,  310,   18fi6; 

Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopRis,  343,  803,  1883;  Jordan,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Miib.,  1882,  2.'>7. 

978.  LI'CANIA  I'ARVA  (Baird  &  Girartl). 
(Rainwater  Fish.) 
Head  3i ;    depth  3} ;    eye  3.     D.  10  to  12 ;    A.  10  or  11 ;    scales  26-8. 
Body  much  deeper  than  in  Lucania  venuata,  the  form  resembling  that  of 


Ml 


I 


3    ■ 

it' 

w 

I    V. 

■  iiWI; 

■Tjj^niiwjp'Bfni^.'wwp-' 


666 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


r 


'  ■  }■ 


. 


Adinia.  Females  larger  than  males ;  both  sexes  plump.  Color  iu  life : 
Males  olive,  with  bluish  reflections;  edges  of  the  scales  darker ;  dorsal 
dusky  orange,  with  a  large  black  spot  at  the  base  in  front,  ocellated 
with  orange;  caifdal  orange  yellow,  tipped  with  black;  ventrals  and 
anul  orange  red,  tipped  with  dusky;  pectorals  translucent.  Females 
with  the  fins  pale  olive,  without  black  spot  or  edgings.  Length  1^  to  L' 
inches.  Atlantic  Coast  from  Connecticut  to  Key  West;  very  common 
at  Kuy  West,  in  shallow  waters  and  tide  pools  close  to  the  shore,  especially 
where  fresh  waters  soak  in  the  sea ;  here  described  from  Key  West  spei'i 
mens;  equally  abundant  about  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac  in  brackish 
ponds  and  tide  ditches.     (H.  M.  Smith.)     {parvim,  small.) 

GiipriiKuhm  parruii,   Daird  .fc  Girard,   Ninth   SmitliH.     Report,   IS.'H  (ISSS),  346,  Qreenport, 

Long  Island;  (Coll.  Bainl);  GOnther,  Cat.,  vi,  :»07, 1866. 
LitcaitUi  jinrivi,  .Jordan  <fe  GliiBEUr,  SynopsiK,  893,  1883;  Joriian,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  IHKl, 

lOO;  IIuQH  M.  Smith,  Bull.  U.  S.  FUh  Comm.,  .x,  1890,  08. 

304.  GIRARDINICHTHYS,  Bleeker. 

(UriirdinichlhtjK,  Bi.eeker,  Cyprin.,  481,  18G0,  (tHit«min(i/H«). 
LimmirgiiH,  GI'ntiier,  Oat.,  Vi,  309,  18G(),  {rnrirgalun). 

Body  stout.  Mouth  small,  its  cleft  nearly  vertical ;  the  upper  jaw  very 
protractile.  Teeth  small,  pointed,  in  a  single  series  in  each  jaw.  Scalcn 
rather  small.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  long,  each  with  20  or  more  rays,  nearly 
opposite  each  other  ;  anal  fin  not  modified  iu  the  male.  Intestinal  canal 
short,  about  as  long  as  body.  Gill  membranes  partly  united,  free  from 
isthmus.  Very  small  fishes,  differing  from  Lucania  in  the  long  dorsal  and 
anal.  Mexico.  {Girardinus]  /;t^''f>  fish;  named  for  Dr.  Charles  tiirard, 
1822-1895,  who  studied  the  fishes  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey.) 

U70.  OIUARDIMCHTHTS  INNOMINATUS.  Blueker. 

Head  4;  depth  3i;  eye  5  in  head,  2  in  interorbital  width.  D.  20; 
A.  22 ;  scales  44.  Head  thick,  the  snout  obtuse,  the  mandible  bein^ 
directed  vertically  upward  ;  neck  arched,  so  that  the  upper  profile  of  tiio 
head  is  concave.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  occiput  and  bnsu 
of  caudal.  Olivaceous,  with  irregular  dark-brown  cross  bands,  whicli 
are  sometimes  confluent.  Sexes  similar.  •  Length  21  inches.  Vicinity 
of  City  of  Mexico ;  not  rare.  Our  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Amos  W. 
Butler.  (innominatu8,  unnamed,  Girard  having  omitted  to  attach  a  specific 
name  when  describing  the  species.) 

Lucania,  «p.,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  118,  City  of  Mexico. 

Oirardiiikhthi/s  innominalnn,  Bleeker,  Cypriu.,  484,  1800,  after  Girakd;   .Jordan  A  Ciii.nKiiT, 

Synopsis,  343,  1883. 
LimnurgHS  rivieijalus,  GCnther,  Cat.,  vi,  309,  1860;  after  Girard;  tlie  name  kIvoii  by  Bi.ekkk.k 

being  regarded  as  barbarous. 

305.  EMPETRICHTHYS,  Gilbert. 

Empelrichthjs,  Gilhert,  Death  Valley  Exped.,  Fishes,  233,  1893,  (merriami). 

Body  rather  elongate,  the  form  approaching  that  of  Fundulm.  Intes- 
tine short,  li  times  length  of  body.  Teeth  conic,  fixed,  in  each  jaw 
arranged  iu  a  baud  cousisting  of  two  or  three  rows,  the  outer  series 


''i' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


6G7 


Huniewhat  enlarged.  Ventrals  absent.  Branchiostegals  Ave.  Both  upper 
und  lower  pharyngeals  greatly  enlarged  and  bearing  niular  teeth,  tuber- 
(Milar  in  shape ;  lower  pharyngeals  iirmly  attached  to  the  ceratobranchiala 
of  the  fourth  arch,  while  the  massive  epibranchials  of  the  same  arch 
Hcrvo  to  connect  them  firmly  at  the  sides  with  the  pharyngobranchials 
above;  fourth  branchial  arch  bearing  normal  gills,  its  median  portion 
|)ro(luced  anteriorly,  forming  a  triangular  extension  of  the  lower  pharyn- 
geals in  the  middle  line;  on  the  oral  surface  this  is  indistinguishable 
from  the  pharyngeals  proper,  and  like  them  bears  molar  teeth.  Scales 
normal,  large,  regularly  imbricated,  nowhere  tubercular  or  ridged.  This 
genus  seems  to  be  allied  to  Orintian,  a  genus  likewise  devoid  of  ventral 
fins,  inhabiting  the  mountain  lakes  of  the  Andes.  It  diifers  from  Orestiaa, 
as  from  all  other  Cyprinodontu,  in  the  singular  development  of  the  pharyn- 
geals, (tr,  within ;  'Kerpog,  rock  ;  /.v'^/f ,  fish,  in  allusion  to  the  stony 
pharyngeals.) 

080.  EMPETRICIITHY8  MKKRIAMI,  Gilbert. 

Head  3? ;  depth  3-!  ;  eye  5.  D.  11  or  12  (13  in  one  specimen);  A.  14 
(from  13  to  15).  Scales  30  or  31,  counted  to  base  of  caudal  rays,  33 
or  31  iu  all.  Head  compressed,  its  upper  surface  slightly  convex.  Mouth 
very  oblique,  with  a  distinct  lateral  cleft,  the  maxillary  free  at  tip  only, 
reaching  slightly  behind  front  of  eye.  Length  of  gape  (measured  from 
tip  of  snout  to  end  of  maxillary)  3i  in  head;  interorbital  width  2i; 
length  of  snout  (from  front  of  orbit  to  middle  of  upper  jaw)  3J.  Eye 
email,  its  greatest  oblique  diameter  5  to  5}  in  head.  Distance  from  front 
of  dorsal  to  middle  of  base  of  tail  i  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout. 
Dorsal  beginning  slightly  in  advance  of  anal,  and  ending  above  its 
posterior  third,  its  greatest  height  equal  to  length  of  snout  and  eye; 
caudal  truncate  when  spread;  pectorals  broadly  rounded,  reaching  half 
way  to  vent.  Color  dark  brown  above,  sides  and  below  lighter,  often 
irregularly  blotched  with  brown  and  white;  the  belly  often  appears 
checkered,  having  centers  of  scales  brown  and  margins  white,  or  the 
reverse;  fins  all  dusky,  the  basal  portions  of  dorsal  and  caudal  with 
elongated  brown  spots  on  the  interradial  membranes.  In  form  and  gen- 
eral appearance  this  singular  fish  much  resembles  the  mud  minnow 
(  rmhra  limi),  though  somewhat  deeper  and  more  compressed.  Springs  of 
the  desert  about  Death  Valley  in  eastern  California,  a  depressed  desert 
tract,  intensely  hot  and  almost  rainless.  (Named  for  Dr.  C.  Hart  Mer- 
riam,  the  well-known  mammalogist,  in  charge  of  the  Death  Valley 
explorations.) 

F.iiipilrichlhysmcrriami,  GlLi!EKT,  Doatli  Valley  Exped.,  Fislies,  in  North  Anioricau  Kiuina,  No.  7, 
234,  ])I.  5,  May  31, 189^,  Ash  Meadows,  Amargosa  Desert,  on  the  boundary  between 
California  and  Nevada.     (Typo,  No.  4ti,101.     Coll.  Mcrriaiii  A  Uailoy.) 

306.   CHARACODON,  Gunther. 

rhnracodoii,  GCnther,  Cat.,  vi,  308,  18G6,  {hUeralix). 

Body  rather  deep  and  compressed,  (iill  openings  restricted,  as  in 
('yprinodon.*    Mouth  small,  the  teeth  small,  fixed,  bicuspid,  or  Y-shaped, 

*  This  character  not  verifled  in  Oharacodon  laieralw  or  C.  furcidem. 


f 


i'H: 


1  I 
.  5 


i 


i   i ) 


5  • 


M' 


hi 


608 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


in  a  single  aeriea,  witli  a  baud  of  villiform  teeth  beliind  them.  SoaleH 
moderate.  Insertion  of  dorsal  nearly  opposite  that  of  anal.  Intestinal 
oanal  short ;  bones  of  jaws  well  united.  Small  fishes  of  the  fresh  waters 
of  Mexico  and  Central  America,     ixnfm^y  a  sharp  stake ;  Mo'v^,  tooth.) 

1.  Hcalea  ratlier  large,  32  to  3n  in  Iniigitudliial  Heriea. 

h.  Dontal  All  Bmall,  of  10  or  11  rays;  anal  rays  13  to  16;  tcaloa  36-12;  a  dark  lateral  Itaml, 
aomctinieH  Itrokeu  iuto  Hpots.  i.aterai.ih,  OkI. 

Ml.  Doraal  On  largo,  of  13  to  10  rays;  depth  3  to  3^/,  in  length. 

c,  Donal  niyH  10;  anal  10;  scales  32-11;  body  with  two  lateral  stripoR,  tho  Hecond 

beginning  with  front  of  anal.  niLiNKATim,  '.)S2. 

cr.  Dorsal  rays  13  or  14;  anal  15  or  10;  scales  36-15;  males  with  a  faint  dark  lateral 

stripo  made  of  dark  blotches;  female  without  stripe,  irregularly  blotched  or 

■potted.  VARIATUS,  08:i. 

aa.  Scales  rather  small,  about  60  in  a  longitudinal  series;  dorsal  rays  Hi;  anal  13;  depth  3J  in 

longth;  sides  mottled  or  Inrred,  tho  flns  with  dark  bars.  fvrcidkns,  itSI. 

OSt.  CHAKACODON  LATERALIS,  Giinther. 

Head  3jt ;  depth  3 ;  eye  4.  D.  10  or  11 ;  A.  13  in  female,  15  or  16  in 
male;  scales  35-12.  Body  rather  elevated,  with  the  neck  somewhat 
arched.  Head  thick  and  broad,  with  the  snout  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  eye. 
Mandible  ascending  obliquely,  longer  than  eye.  About  20  smallish  teetli 
in  each  jaw,  their  apex  indistinctly  notched.  Interorbital  space  fiat, 
its  width  being  2^  in  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  a  little  nearer  end 
of  caudal  than  to  occiput,  a  little  behind  that  of  the  anal ;  both  fiuM 
small  and  rounded ;  in  the  male  the  six  anterior  rays  are  of  nearly  equal 
length,  but  considerably  shorter  than  the  following,  forming  a  very  dis- 
tinct portion  of  the  fin;  all  these  rays  are  very  closely  set;  caudal  fin 
small,  truncate,  or  slightly  convex ;  distanCv^  between  dorsal  and  caudal 
somewhat  more  than  least  depth  of  tail,  and  equal  to  distance  between 
eye  and  gill  opening ;  pectoral  obtuse,  not  quite  reaching  ventral ; 
ventral  small,  not  quite  extending  to  the  vent.  Brownish  olive 
(in  spirits),  with  a  darker  band  running  from  the  eye  to  the  root  of 
the  caudal ;  this  band  sometimes  broken  up  into  a  more  or  less  regular 
series  of  brownish-black  spots.  In  general  habits  very  similar  to  a 
Cyprinodon.  Central  America.  (Giinther);  not  seen  by  us.  (Interalh, 
pertaining  to  the  side.) 

Characodtnt  laieraUx,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  308,  1800,  Central  America;    (Coll.  Pr.   Seemaiin); 
GOmther,  Fishes  Central  Amor.,  480,  pi.  82,  fig.  2,  1880. 

982.  CHARACODON   ItlLINEATlIS,  Bean. 

Head  3$  ;  depth  3;  eye  4.  D.  16;  A.  16;  scales  32-11.  Head  broad  and 
depressed,  the  interorbital  space  being  nearly  fiat,  the  nape  moderately 
arched.  Snout  short,  rather  shorter  than  eye ;  the  lower  jaw  somewhat 
prominent ;  upper  jaw  moderately  protractile.  About  20  bicuspid  teeth 
in  the  outer  series  of  each  jaw  ;  villiform  teeth  behind  the  incisors  evi- 
dent ;  mandible  nearly  vertical  when  the  mouth  is  closed,  nearly  reach- 
ing eye.  Eye  scarcely  more  than  i  interorbital  width.  Scales  on  top  of 
head  somewhat  enlarged.  Opercle  connected  by  membrane  to  the  shoul- 
der girdle,  beginning  at  a  point  slightly  above  upper  edge  of  pectoral. 
Insertion  of  the  dorsal  midway  between  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eyo 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


669 


iiiul  uud  of  tlie  acalea ;  longest  doroal  ray  \\  in  head ;  base  of  dorsal  5  times 
in  budy ;  aual  inserted  nnder  third  rayof  dorual;  pectoral  5  in  length 
(if  body ;  length  of  head  coutaiued  3|  times  in  the  total  without  caudal, 
and  nmoh  less  than  the  depth  at  dorsal  origin  ;  ventral  reaching  about  to 
vtmt,  its  length  nearly  \  head.  Upper  parts  brown  ;  lighter  below,  prob- 
iilily  orange  in  life;  the  operculum  silvery;  a  purple  stripe  along  the 
middle  of  tlie  body,  its  greatest  width  about  ecjual  to  the  length  of  the 
eye;  abdomen  silvery,  this  color  extending  up  to  the  purple  stripe ;  a  pur- 
ItliHh  stripe  ou  the  edge  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  from  the  end  of  the  aual 
to  the  caudal.  Length  2  inches.  Rio  Lerma,  Guanajuato  ;  one  specimen 
kuuwu.    (Bean.)     (btlinrntuo,  two-lined.) 

ChnriirtMlon  bitiiientiiK,  Dean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1H87,  371,  p!.  20,  flg.  2,  Rio  Lerma, 
Guanajuato,  Mexico.     (Ty]H<,  No.  37832.    Coll.  Ditgott.) 

988.  CHARACODON  TARIATIJ8,  Bean. 

Head  3J^;  depth  3i;  eye  3i.  D.  13  or  14;  A.  15  or  16;  scales  35-15. 
lieadbrooil  and  depressed;  the  nape  moderately  arched.  Snout  short, 
the  lower  jaw  strongly  projecting.  Thirteen  or  fourteen  bicuspid  teeth 
ill  outer  series  of  upper  jaw  and  16  to  18  in  lower  jaw ;  band  of  villiform 
teeth  behind  the  incisors  fully  developed  in  both  jaws;  mandible  not 
extending  back  to  front  of  orbit,  its  length  about  equal  to  that  of  orbit. 
Jaws  moderately  protractile.  Mandible  almost  vertical  when  mouth  is 
closed.  Snout  shorter  than  eye,  which  is  about  f  interorbital  space. 
Scales  on  top  of  head  little  enlarged.  Opercle  united  by  membrane  to 
tbo  shoulder  girdle  to  slightly  above  the  upper  edge  of  the  pectoral. 
Insertion  of  the  dorsal  about  midway  between  the  end  of  the  scales  and 
the  hinder  margin  of  the  orbit ;  longest  dorsal  ray  in  male  1^  in  head ; 
unal  inserted  under  seventh  or  eighth  ray  of  dorsal,  its  longest  ray  about 
i  head ;  pectoral  5J^  to  6  in  length ;  ventral  midway  between  tip  of 
nnout  and  end  of  scales.  Head  i  total  length  including  caudal,  and 
equaling  depth  of  body  at  the  dorsal  origin.  Male  chestnut  brown,  with 
an  indistinct  dark  lateral  stripe  made  up  of  a  series  of  interrupted  dark 
blotches ;  opercle  silvery ;  abdomen  yellowish.  Female  olive  brown  above, 
lighter  below ;  the  opercle  silvery,  overlaid  below  with  orange;  the  abdo- 
men with  a  yellowish  tinge;  lips  dusky ;  iris  pale ;  scales  of  upper  half  of 
body  dusky  at  base ;  lower  half  of  body  with  numerous  dark  spots,  the 
largest  about  as  long  as  the  pupil.  Length  2  to  3  inches.  Tributaries  of 
Rio  Lerma,  about  Guanajuato  and  City  of  Mexico ;  locally  common,  {var- 
intus,  variegated.) 

Churacixlon  variattm.  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  370,  pi.  20,  Bg.  1,  foinalx,  Guanajuato, 
Mexico.     (Typo,  No.  37808.     Coll.  Duges.) 

Chamnxhn  /erruyiiieiis,  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  372,  pi.  20,  tigs.  3  and  4,  Guana- 
juato, Mexico.     (Type,  No.  37810.     Coll.  Dugi-s.) 

Chiimmdon  variiUus,  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1892,  285;  according  to  Dr.  Bcaii, /<Ti-w(/ine«» 
in  tho  male  of  variilus. 

084.  CHARACODON  FURCIPENS.  Jordan  &  Gilbort. 

Head  4 ;  depth  3| ;  eye  rather  large,  3J  in  head.  D.  15  to  17 ;  A.  13 ; 
HCiiles  about  50-15.  Body  comparatively  elongate,  not  greatly  compressed, 
tho  head  rather  low  and  broad,  depressed,  the  profile  rising  evenly  from 


•1 


I         f     * 

; ,  It 


t 


i 


us 

■  I 


m 


1 1 


1  ■  ' 


if 


*i' 


lr 


..1-- 
( 

i 


vi' 


\    I 


.n 


;;>!  5 


11 


:1 


ill 


'■i  tipl 


I      ! 


,n 


!l':i 


il; 
HS 

■I  li„| 


1  ;  ^i, 


i!i::^:| 


670 


Bulletin  ^7,  ZTnited  States  National  Museum. 


tip  of  Hiiout  to  tlin  nape,  tho  region  thence  to  the  dorsal  gll>bon8,  ospo- 
ciully  in  tlie  lurg«)roxamplea,  tho  caudal  peduncle  comparatively  lung  and 
dlender,  aliout  as  long  as  head.  Anterior  teeth  large,  firmly  fixed,  all 
bicuspid  or  Y-shaped,  in  a  single  series ;  a  band  of  minute  villiform  teetli 
behind  them,  ut  least  in  upper  jaw.  Mandible  not  extending  back  to 
front  of  eye.  Interorbital  area  wide,  very  nearly  half  bead.  ScalcN 
rather  small,  those  on  top  of  head  not  much  longer  than  others ;  humeral 
scale  not  enlarged.  Oporcle  connected  by  membrane  to  shoulder 
girdle  from  upper  base  of  pectoral  upward,  ns  in  Cifj'riiiodon,  Insertion 
of  •<r/r8al  very  far  back,  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  base  of  pec- 
toral; first  ray  of  dorsal  very  slender  and  articulate,  not  at  all  spine 
like;  dorsal  fin  low,  not  so  high  as  long,  its  base  1|  in  head;  unal 
inserted  below  seventh  ray  of  dorsal ;  pectorals  IJ  in  head;  ventrals  L' 
in  head  ;  caudal  obliquely  truncate,  very  slightly  emarginate,  the  upper 
lobe  about  }  longer  than  tho  lower,  li  in  head  ;  upper  lobe  usually  moio 
or  less  sharply  angular ;  lower  lobe  rounded.  Males  with  the  sides  pro- 
fusely mottled  with  darker,  sometimes  nearly  plain ;  vortical  fins  eacli 
with  several  brownish  bars  and  blotches  and  each  with  a  dusky  suli- 
terminal  bar ;  a  narrow  dark  line  along  middle  of  each  row  of  scales  011 
tho  back.  Females  with  several  short,  dark  bars  on  tlio  iiosterior  half  of 
tho  body,  the  fins  colored  as  in  the  male;  some  small,  dark  specks  on 
caudal  peduncle.  About  Cape  San  Lucas;  locally  abundant ;  andabonl 
Colima.     (J'urca,  fork;  dens,  tooth.) 

Cliuriicixlint  /iiiriilnis,  .fdUPAN  A  GiMiEHT,  Proc  V.  S.  Nut.  M118.,  1882,  354,  near  Cape  San 
Lucas.*    (Tjipc,  Niis.  !):>7l  uud  30971.     Coll.  XiiiituH.) 

307.  CYPRINODON,  Lac^ptde. 
(PuusY  Minnows.) 

Cijprinodon,  LAcf;ri:i)E,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  v,  48G,  18(»3,  (varieijatut). 
PrinodoUff  RAKiNEsgrE,  Amilyso  ilo  lu  Nature,  1815,  88,  (variegatus), 
Trifarcius,  Poky,  Slomorias,  11,  30(5,  18C1,  (riveretidi). 

Body  very  short  and  stout,  the  back  elevated.  Mouth  small,  the  boncH 
of  the  jaws  well  formed.  Snout  short.  Teeth  moderate,  incisor-like,  tri- 
cuspid, in  a  single  series.  Scales  very  large.  Dorsal  fin  moderate, 
inserted  in  advance  of  front  of  anal,  its  first  ray  not  enlarged ;  aual 
smaller ;  ventral  fins  small,  occasionally  wanting  in  specimens  from  desert 
pools.  Intestinal  canal  little  longer  than  body.  Gill  membranes  con- 
siderably united,  free  from  the  isthmus,  (iill  openings  restricted,  the 
oporcle  above  adnate  to  the  shoulder  girdle.  Chubby  little  fishes,  inhabit- 
ing the  brackish  waters  of  Middle  America,]:  sometimes  living  in  warm 
salt  springs,  their  colors  generally  brilliant.  Oviparous,  the  sexes  simi- 
lar except  in  color.     (Kvirpivog,  carp  ;  6i)ovg,  tooth.) 

*  Probably  from  the  lagoons  at  La  Paz. 

f  This  name  was  offered  as  a  Bubstitute  for  Ci/prinodmi,  the  latter  being  regarded  na  toolon^'. 

t  The  European  and  African  Hpecies  commonly  referred  to  this  genus  Beem  to  rcpn'seiit  a  dis- 
tinct generic  type,  Lehiai,  Cuvier,  {  =  Mtcromugil^=  Aphamus),  distiuguiBhed  by  tho  freedom  of 
the  opercle,  and  by  the  more  elongate  form,  reseuibling  t^mduhis.  Of  these  species,  Lebi<iK  ml- 
arilaiim  from  the  Mediterranean  is  the  best  known,  audisthe  only  one  on  which  these churnctors 
have  been  verified. 


Jordan  and  F.vfrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        071 


II.  Si  iili'H  liirgi',  24  tu  20  ill  Iciigthwim)  wirips;  rIiIch  without  dark  lateral  liiinil. 

h.  Sidt'H  with  dark  harH  in  tho  foinalu,  nearly  pliiiii  in  tlio  iniilcfi;  fi'nmli'M  witli  Idack  ocel- 
liiH  on  litHt  rays  of  caudal;  main  with  tip  uf  caudal  lilack. 
0,  Itody  derp,  tliodt'iith  iivarly  or  quite  half  luiigth  of  hudy  in  malt'x,  tlio  fumalcHUiuro 
('loii'rato. 
d.  Iliiiiii'riil  ncalit*  considcratdy  pnlargnd. 
e,  DorHiil  inyH  ufiually  U;  auai  rayH  10. 

/.  Iluad  iiicidurato,  altoutS'';^  in  Imdy;  niuio  witti  tlH)l)ack  largtdy  bliio  in 
liTi',  tho  lower  parts  cop|H'ry;  raudui  in  iiiali<  with  »  liiixky  liar  at 
ti|>,  the  base  dusky  or  pule;  unB|)ott(ul;  tipHuf  dornai  dimky. 

v.\nir.iiATr«,  08B. 
S.  Ilt'iid  larger,  about  3^  in  body;  mate  with  the  caudal  Nppcklcd  at  l>aa«i; 
thiH  followed  by  a  |)alo  bar  and  u  black  one;  dorwit  pule. 

F.XIMIU8,  !t8C. 

«('.  DorHiil  rayg  9;  unul  raya  8;  head  very  large,  about  3  in  length;  cidunition 

dark.  dovints,  (187. 

dd.  Humeral  Hcale  little  enlarged;  dorHul  rays  0  toll;  head  3  to  V-/^  in  length; 

dcptli  Hourly  2;  8calcH  24  or  25. 

</.  Anul  ray8 10  or  11;  males  duoky,  the  flimnll  margined  with  lihick;  femalca 

barred  with  black  and  UHuully  with  biuck  dorsal  ocoIIuk;  vential  tins 

«  often  absent.  maitlauius,  988. 

gij.  Anal  rays  13;  sides  with  two  lengthwise  series  of  coarse  black  spots;  no 

ventral  fins  in  spcnimons  known.  nAil.EYi,  989. 

ce.  1li>dy  comparatively  slender,  the  depth  2^/,  to  3  in  length;  dorsal  rays  11;  anal  10; 

lieiid  rather  largo,  V/^  in  length;  dorsal  spotted  or  clouded  at  base. 

F.LF.IIANS,  990. 
tec.  Uody  more  elongate,  the  depth  nearly  4  in  length;  dorsal  9;  anal  10;  scules  2(»-9. 

MAKT.K,  991. 

bb.  Sides  III  iiialcB  with  faint  coppery  bars  and  yellow  spots;  flns  tipped  with  orange; 

females  with  oblong  blotches  of  bright  orange;  no  dorsul  ocellus,  humoral  scale 

not  enlarged;  depth  1\  in  length;  head  3.     D.  11;  A.  9;  scales  24.        cari'Io,  992. 

aa.  Sittle.s  smaller,  30  in  a  lengthwise  scries. 

/(.  i;ides  without  longitudinal  stripe,  but  with  six  brown  cross  bands  (in  male);  caudal  with 
a  black  bar  at  tip  and  a  fainter  one  at  base.     D.  12;  A.  10.  feml'iancs,  993. 

/(A.  tildes  with  a  dark  horizontal  lateral  band,  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  light  band;  cau- 
dal with  a  narrow  dark  band  at  base  and  a  very  broad  one  at  tip.    I>.  12;  A.  11. 

LATIFASCIATUS,   994. 

986.  CTPRINODON  VABIEOATUS,  Lacepdde. 
(SiiF,EPgiiEAD  Minnow  ;  Punsv  Minnow.) 

Head  rather  small,  3i  to  3f ;  depth  2  to  2i  ;  eye  3^ ;  iuterorbital  width 
3  in  head.  D.  11;  A.  10;  B.  6;  scales  26-13.  Body  very  short  and  robust, 
in  adults  high  aud  much  compressed,  the  females  abruptly  constricted  at 
tiuHu  of  caudal  peduncle ;  caudal  peduncle  rather  short  aud  high,  rapidly 
narrowed  backward  to  tail,  its  greatest  height  nearly  equal  to  length  of 
head,  its  least  height  \  bead ;  head  short,  little  depressed,  narrowed  upward 
and  forward,  with  sharp  snout  and  small  mouth ;  width  of  mouth  rather 
less  than  length  of  snout ;  teeth  large,  in  a  single  series,  consisting  of 
wedge-shaped  incisors,  much  widened  toward  tips,  the  cutting  edge  tri- 
cuspid ;  no  villiform  teeth  ;  eye  moderate,  its  diameter  longer  than  man- 
dible, slightly  less  than  iuterorbital  width,  about  equal  to  length  of  snout. 
Opercle  joined  by  membrane  to  shoulder  girdle  from  a  point  slightly  above 
base  of  pectoral.  Intestinal  canal  long,  but  not  much  convoluted,  2\  times 


I* 

Pi 


I 


\ 


w 


*  Character  not  verified  in  0.  hovimn  or  in  C  elegant. 


!' i 


1       I 


If 'a  l^^ll 


i''!  t'"'l' 


672 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afusium. 


length  of  body.  Dorsal  moderate,  in  foniHluH  an  \\\[i,\i  as  the  length  of  Un 
baae,  in  niuleHmuoh  higher;  origin  of  dorHul  midway  between  biiHeof  can 
dal  and  end  of  Huoiit ;  bane  of  fin  H  to  iv  in  length  of  head  ;  longuHt  iu,\ 
(in  male  2  inoheH  long)  reaching  halfway  from  Iiuhu  of  fin  to  buHO  of  caudal, 
the  anterior  rays  equaling  length  of  head  and  extending  beyond  tipHol 
posterior  rays  when  the  lin  Ih  depr^NHed;  in  fenuvleH  the  longest  ray  about 
1^  in  head  ;  origin  of  anal  under  eighth  or  ninth  ruy  of  doroul,  the  ilii  very 
small,  and  much  higher  than  long;  length  of  base  about  '3i|iiiiling  Hiiout; 
longest  ray  half  length  of  head  (less  in  femaloH).  No  external  oviduct. 
Caudal  truncate  or  slightly  emargiuatu,  U  in  head;  ventrals,  in  adult 
males,  reaching  front  of  anal,  2jt  in  head  ;  in  females  reaching  vent ;  puc- 
torals  long,  reaching  middle  of  ventrals,  1^  in  head.  Scales  large,  tiiber- 
culate  in  males,  arranged  in  regular  Hcrios ;  humeral  scale  much  enlargi'd, 
its  height  nearly  half  length  of  head ;  26  or  27  oblique  series  of  Hcalfs  from 
opercle  to  base  of  tail ;  13 scales  in  an  oblique  series  from  vent  to  niiddio 
of  back.  Color :  Male  olivaceous  ;  from  dorsal  forward  above  pectoral  to 
head  deep,  lustrous  steel  blue,  the  color  very  intense  and  conspicuous  in 
life ;  rest  of  upper  parts  with  rather  greenish  luster,  becoming  dull  slaty 
blue,  and  on  cheeks,  opercles,  sides  anteriorly,  and  belly  deep  salinou 
color ;  lower  lip  and  preoperole  violet ;  dorsal  blackish,  the  anterior  mar- 
gin of  fin  orange;  caudal  dusky  olive,  w^ith  a  Jet-black  bar  at  tip,  and  a 
narrow  black  cross-streak  at  base;  anal  duslty  at  base,  bordered  entirely 
around  with  bright  orange;  ventrals  dusky,  bordered  with  orange; 
I>ectorals  dusky  orange,  darker  below.  Smaller  specimens  show  suiiin 
orange  shading  on  thesi<^  ,  and  sometimes  also  traces  of  the  cross-baudn 
of  the  female.  Female  vcxy  light  olive  ;  lower  half  of  sides  with  about 
14  alternately  wide  and  narrow  vertical,  dark  bars,  those  anteriorly  nar- 
rower and  closer  together ;  usually  7  or  8  dark  croHsbars  on  the  back, 
alternating  with  the  wide  bars  below  ;  these  bais  are  of  various  degrees 
of  distinctness,  sometimes  almost  obsolete ;  a  dusky  area  below  eye ;  youii^' 
with  broad  greenish  cross  shades  wider  than  the  interspaces ;  belly  palo 
or  yellowish ;  lower  jaw  largely  blue ;  cheeks  brassy ;  dorsal  dusky, 
with  an  intense  black,  faintly  ocellated  spot  near  tip  of  last  rays;  cau- 
dal faintly  reddish,  with  a  black  bar  toward  base ;  other  fins  pale  orangu, 
with  some  dark  points.  Length :  Male  3  inches ;  female  2  inches.  Cape 
Cod  to  the  Rio  Grande,  in  brackish  waters,  entering  streams,  very  abun- 
dant southward,  the  males  more  highly  colored  southward,  but  tlio 
southern  form  (called  gibbosua)  not  otherwise  different.  {varieijutuH, 
variegated.) 

Cyprinodon  variegalus,  Lac£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poim.,  v,  486,  18()3,  South  Carolina;  GrNTiiKU, 

Cat.,  VI,  3U6,  1866;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  32!),  1883. 
Eiox  ovinuK,  MiTCiiiLL,  Trans.  Lit.  and  PliiloR.  Hoc,  1, 1815,  441,  New  York. 
Lebias  ellipiioidea,  Lk  Sueur,  Joiim.   Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  If,  18'21,  (i,  Florida. 
LebUu  rhomhoidalis,  VALENCIENNES,  Humboldt's  Observ.  Zoii!.,  li,  100,  1817,  Lake  Pontchar- 

train,  Louisiana. 
Cyprinodon  gihbon>s,  Bairi)  k  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  1853,  .^90,  Indianola,  Texas; 

(Coll.   Clark);   Girard,   U.  S.  Mox.  Bound.  Surv.,  Ichth.,  67,  1859;  Jordan  <Sc  Qiliskkt, 

Synopsis,  329, 1883. 
LebiM  ovintM,  De  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  216, 1842. 


y  mil- 
back, 

ogreos 
yoiiii^' 

usky, 
caii- 

nango, 
Capo 
almii- 

»ut  tlio 


ii'STHK.lt, 


)ntchar- 
,  Texas; 

QlLliKRT, 


JorUan  nnd  Evertnattn. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


(173 


Ii'i'pn'Heiitrd  in  tlio  Florida  KoyH  uiul  Culia  hy 

9Hfi«.  CYI'KINOIION  VAIlIMaTI'S  KIVKKKNnKIW}). 

II, ad  \S\\  doptli  2.  D.  10;  A.  l> ;  hcuIoh  21-12.  TIiIh  form  is  vory  dose 
III  tlio  form  deHcrihod  uh  C.  ijilihoHitu,  but  with  lurgor  hciiIi'h  and  Mio  anal 
nl;;rd  witli  black.  Main  in  life  with  tho  antudurNal  ri>gion  liiHtnuiH  stonl 
liliii',  tho  rest  of  the  body  olivaceons,  obHciindy  clondod^biit  without  tlaik 
CI  iisHbarH  ;  a  black  bar  at  baHc  of  dornal ;  a  dark  Hhado  b«dow  «<yo  ;  anal  aixl 
('uiidal  cd^ml  with  black;  vcntrah  and  anal  rod;  dorsal  <liisky,  od^od 
with  orange;  |)cctoral  plain,  tipped  with  oranj^o  and  blackish.  Fuinalo 
iiioto  silvory,  tho  back  olivaceontt  and  npocklcd;  the  sides  with  about  13 
lilackish  bars,  whi(di  do  not  roach  tho  back;  those  altornatoly  broad  and 
iianow  ;  no  yellowish  shados  ;  a  dusky  bar  throiiv;h  eye  ;  lower  tins  whit- 
i'<li;  nppor  pale;  dornal  fin  with  a  black  ocellns  ;  dark  band  across  basn 
(if  caudal.  Length  2^  inches,  ('uba  and  Fh)rida  Keys.  Uatlier  common 
at  Key  West  In  shallow  waters  near  tho  shuro.  (Named  I'or  M.  L.  Klver- 
eiid,  a  naturalist  in  Havana.) 

'jMfnniHK*  rimiiiili,  Vnr.v,  Mc'iMi)rli»H,  ii,  ;i(Hi,  INOI,  Havana. 
Ci/priiiudon  riverfiuli,  JoiWAS,  Pnic.  V.H.  Nut.  Muh.,  1HH4,  1(I!». 

UNA.  CYlMtlXtDON  KXI.UIIH,  Glrard. 

Mead  'Mt',  doi»th  nearly  2;  oyo  4  to  4i  in  head.  D.  11  or  12;  A.i»  to  11. 
Head  large;  anterior  prolilo  more  arched  than  in  C,  rariegalnH',  back  very 
ciiiivex.  Insertion  of  dorsal  (»ver  that  of  veutrals,  slightly  nearer  base 
(if  caudal  than  tip  of  snout.  Mouth  small,  the  lower  jaw  ))rominont. 
Male  dark,  nearly  plain,  the  base  of  caudal  with  many  longitudii<al  black 
Hpots,  which  do  not  form  a  crossbar;  the  fin  with  a  broad  black  tip, 
licfoic  which  is  a  rather  broader  pale  bar;  dorsal  flu  light  yellow,  its 
liuM!  dusky ;  lower  fins  plain  or  slightly  dusky.  Female  without  black 
on  tip  of  caudal,  but  with  a  black  spot  on  dorsal  behind;  females  and 
young  with  black  crossbars.  Length  2i  inches.  Chihuahua  River. 
(lose  to  ('.  rurhgaUiBf  but  differing  in  the  color  of  the  caudal  and  in  tho 
larger  and  more  arched  head.  Our  specimens  from  Kio  do  los  Couches, 
obtained  by  Mr.  Woolman.  (eximiiiH,  choice,  excellent.) 
Cijiirinnihiii  erimiuf,  fliiiARD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  S('i.  Philu.,  IH.VJ,  1.18,  Chihuahua  River  ;  Juiidan 

A  riLBEUT,  Synopsis,  890,  1883. 

987.  CYPRINODON  BOVINUS,  Baird  &  Girard. 

Head  3;  depth  about  2i ;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  (in  figure) 
24.  Apparently  very  similar  to  C,  eximius,  about  equally  deep,  but  said 
to  liavo  a  larger  head,  the  veutrals  under  tho  front  of  the  dorsal. 
Male  uniform  blackish  above,  the  fins  unicolor  except  tho  caudal 
which  is  tipped  with  black,  its  base  unspotted;  female  with  the  sides 
blotched,  tho  fins  plain,  except  for  the  dorsal  ocellus.  Leon  Spring,  in 
soutliwestern  Texas.     (Girard.)     {hoviiius,  like  a  bull.) 

CijliriirHlm  horimis,  Batui)  &  fliUAUD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  lf^5;j,  .380,  Leon  Spring,  Texas. 
(lull.  Claik);  GiuAun,  U.  S.  Mox.  Bound.  Stirv.,  Ichtli.,  C7,  pi.  37,  figs.  12-18,  1859. 

♦Tho  nominal  gonus,  Tri/arcius,  bawd  on  tlio  proseuco  of  fi  lirancliioHtogalH,  is  identical  with 
Cyj)riii''ilim;  tlie  Bumo  number  being  fuuud  in  Cypriitodon  vuriegatus,  contrary  to  tho  Htut.iuent  of 

VaU'iKiuiincs. 


1 1 


K.  N.  A. 


-44 


.;  I 


h 


i;  u 


i    1  ? 


I         '-'.!; 


v. 


'i  ' 


.   .i.    ; 
!  i'i    I 


f:| 


I'    ,■ 

I'd 


ill' 


iii:  ' 


}\  I.,  . 


i:ii'!,,i'- 


..I  ■ 


674 


Jiullrtin  77,  Unitfit  Staffs  National  Musfum. 


OHN.  (YPRIXOIION  MACri.AKirM,  Ilninl  .V  Olrnnl. 

Hoatl  :<  to  W^.  AdiiltH  very  nliort  and  <l«)ii|),  \\w  <I»|ith  hriti^  nimrly  «»r  (|iiiic 
liulf  tlx'  li-iiKtIi ;  ill  liitlf-^i'owii  N|MM'iin««iiH  1  incli  loiif;,  tho  tioptli  iHCorj- 
tuiiuMl:;/,  ill  ItMiKtii.  D.iHoU;  A.  lOor  11*;  V.(l;  Hcahm^i  or2r).  Kyovciy 
Hiiiall,  about  «<qiial  tu  Hiioiit,  \\  to  lit  tiiii»H  in  iiitvrorhital  witltli, 
ati*l  itj  iiiiiiiH  in  lioad.  Front  of  tloiNal  iiHiially  niiihvay  In^twoen  orui|int 
anil  baHu  v^i  caudal.  The  HpuoloH  varitm  in  form  and  color,  and  aitparcnt  ly 
In  tlio  Ni/,«  which  it  roachuH  in  ditVcrcnt  localitiitH,  MalcH  with  tiio  biu  k 
and  NidcH  iinifonii  diiHky,  the  lowor  partH  li^htor,  all  the  fliiH  in  tho  nioNt 
brightly  colortMl  individiialH  b«>in){  broadly  niaif^incd  with  black;  fiMiiaits 
with  tho  lower  half  of  Hidutt  w^  well  an  bully  li^htor,  often  Hilvciy  wliilo, 
the  Hid«'Hci-oHHed  liy  black  batH,  which  are  wide  alonf;  middle  of  liody,liiil 
bucoine  much  narrower  than  tho  interHpaccH  oit  tho  lower  half  of  HidiN ; 
thoHo  barn  varying  in  number  and  mI/o  and  often  alternating  with  nar- 
rower, fainter,  and  Nhorter  oiioh;  Una  light,  tho  dornal  either  with  tir 
without  a  black  blotch  on  ItH  ])OHteriur  rayH.  Altluuigh  usually  nnifoini 
in  coloration,  tho  nialoH  occasionally  show  lateral  barn,  which,  howovt^r, 
contrast  littlo  with  tho  general  dusky  color  of  tho  sides,  ((filbert.) 
Springs  and  atroanis  of  tho  desert,  from  southern  Nevada  tu  8ononi; 
locally  abundant,     {maciihtrins,  spotty.) 

Cypriiioilou  iiiiieiilm-iuii,  nAliii)  Sc  fiinARD,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Hri.  Pliila.,  IHM,  3H!>,  Rio  San  Pedro, 
Arizona;  (iiitAiili,  I'.  H.  Mcx.  Urmiul.  Siirv.,  Iclitli.,  (!8,  \)\.  :i7,  IIuh.  H-11,  IHAO;  Jiuuiav.V 
OiMiEHT,  S.vnopniH,  XW,  lKH:t;  (JiinEKT,  Dentil  Viilluy  Kxpoil.,  232,  I8!i:i. 

OypriiiDitiiH  (ii/i/oniiciiiiid.t  Oibakd,  Pnic.  Ac.  Nut.  Sri.  Plilla.,  iH.'il),  1,17,  San  Diei;o  County, 
California,  probably  from  salt  BpringB  in  the  desert;  Jukdan  A  Uilueut,  Hyiiuiwiit, 
33(1,  1883. 

Cyjirinii'hii  neniilnmiii,  Kiiienmann,  I'nio.  Ciil.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.,  1889, 270,  Saratoga  Springs,  Death 
Valley,  Inyo  County,  California. 


♦Tlin  iioriiiiil  nuinlior  <if  vi'iitral  rayH  in  this  ppcclod  Beonig  to  lio  C.  No  Npcclnioti  exniniiicil 
haH  kIiuwii  iiiurothuii  tliiH  iiuiiiliur,  ami  in  pcviM'al  Imt  5  nru  iircrtciit.  In  oiin  N|ii-ciiiion  fruri  Ash 
MciiiliiwH,  Noviula,  tlio  vi'iitrul  flu  of  oiioniilooiily  is  picKciit,  and  coiitiiiuK  Imt  3  or  4  niyn.  Knur 
yotiriK  HiioriiiiciiH  from  tlio  Hniiiu  locality  uiid  2  from  Mcdliury  SprluKi,  Aiiiai'KOHa  Piwrt,  lull. 
foriilii,  liitvo  tlio  vcntrali  wholly  aborted,  and  hIiow  on  diHHoctioii  no  tiiicc  of  tlio  liiisalH.  'I'lnsd 
occur  ill  tho  Hiiino  IntN  with  other  Bpeciiiiniia  liaviiif;  uoriiml  Vfulriilg,  unci  aro  otlicrwiiii'  iiMlis- 
tliigiiidialilo  from  tln'm.  No  fiill-Krowii  udultH  woro  found  without  vcntralx,  tho  lurKcxt  lu'i'iix 
a  half-growu  gpccinien  iihout  1  inch  loii^  with  the  characturiHtic  coloration  oi  the  nialoH  ali<  ;ii|y 
developed.  Ton  young  HpeclinenH  from  tho  "  DovilV  IIolo,"  Aoh  MeadoWH,  arc  all  without  vm- 
tralH,  and  further  collections  from  thJH  locality  woiiid  l>o  of  intereHt.  In  tho  intestini'S  XM'ni 
found  fraKiiiMnts  of  iuNoctH,  and  in  one  8(!rieri  of  specimenH  from  HuruloRa  .'^prliiKH  at  the  Hniiili 
end  of  Death  Valley,  California,  very  nunieroiig  oliellHof  a  Biiiall  Gasteropnd  molliiHk.  i^yvtl- 
nionsaro  in  tho  collection  from  tlio  following  localitieH:  Medlniry  Kpring  (<i  niiloH  north  "I  thi< 
Borax  Works),  Amargowi  DeHort,  California;  Anh  MeadowH,  Ainiirgosu  DeHort,  Nevada;  Sariitngu 
Springs,  Death  Valley,  California;  Amargosa  Creek,  Califoruia. — Uilberi. 

t  Ci/priiiodnn  califnnilentm  in  thus  described:  "  It  may  bo  easily  dlstinguiglKMl  from  its  conpi'inTs 
in  North  America  by  its  uniform  dystem  of  coloration,  which  exhibits  neither  bands  uor -|"'tji, 
The  general  ospectof  its  body  is  rather  short  and  deep,  «xcej)t  in  the  youug,  which  asMiiin'ii 
BiibfiiBiforni  ujipearance.  Tho  largest  epucimens  which  wo  bavo  oxamliied  measure  about  nii 
inch  and  a  half  in  total  length.  The  head  constitutes  the  fourth  of  the  length,  the  snout  l>'  iu^ 
abruptly  rounded  off.  Tho  mouth  la,  jiroportionatoly  speaking,  of  medium  size,  whilst  tln'  cvo 
is  rather  small,  subcirculur;  its  diameter  entering  three  times  and  a  half  in  the  length  '  r  tlio 
side  of  tho  head.  The  dorsal  fin  is  higher  than  long,  and  superiorly  convex;  its  interior  iii.iiKin 
being  nearer  the  apex  of  the  suout  than  the  posterior  margin  of  the  caudal.  The  aiiiil  tin  in 
nearly  as  largo  as  the  dorsal,  deeper  than  long,  iuferiorly  convtfx,  particularly  upon  its  postii  iur 
half.  The  caudal  la  posteriorly  truncated,  nearly  linear.  The  ventrals  aroBinall,  jiroject  1»  vmiil 
tho  vent  and  reach  almost  the  origin  of  tlie  anal.  Tho  pectorals  are  well  developed,  rouml'il  nff, 
extending  as  far  as  a  vertical  line  drawn  at  tho  insertion  of  the  ventrals.  Thoroysare;  D.  li'  ■  1; 
A.  11;  C.  3, 1, 8,  8, 1,  3;  V.  7;  P.  12.  The  scales  are  much  deeper  than  long,  anteriorly  triiin  iileil 
and  posteriorly  rounded  oft'  or  convex.  The  color  is  olivacetms  brown,  with  a  dark-groyisli  tiut 
along  tbo  back,  and  u  golden  tiut  beneath."— (ri'rurd.    Sau  Die(,u  County,  Califoruia. 


Jordan  an  J  Evermann.—FiiAes  of  North  America. 


675 


•H9.  CTPRINODON  BAII.KYI  (nilli«rl). 

To  tliiN  Hpi^oieH  Aio  i-«>f(u-ro«l  11  iinniMtuio  h|iecini(>iiH  from  PalirniiAKat 
Viilli-y.  Novitda,  none  of  tlioiii  Nhowiii);  travo  of  wiitrul  lias.  Tlu>y  aro 
iiluaouoiiH  altuve,  ItriKlit  Hilvttry  uii  tho  lownr  half  of  Hi(l«tH  and  bulow, 
uikI  liave  2  l<)ii|;thwiHo  HtM'ittH  of  coaiHo  Itlack  HpotH,  1  aluii^  inidtllu  liiiu  of 
liody,  tlm  uthor  on  a  lovol  with  tho  lu\vi<r  txljjo  of  caii<lal  |iu(liii>cl«).  Tliu 
niiitl  liii  IH  larger  than  in  typical  ttinculariun,  tho  11  NpcuiniuriH  having  each 
K)  luyH  iiiHtead  of  10  or  11,  aM  coiiHtantly  in  Mm^  latter.  I'ahiana^at  Val- 
lt',\ ,  Nevada,  {(iilhort.)  PeihapH  a  variety  of  r.  tiiuvularinii.  (Named  for 
Vornun  U»il*y,  its  diHcovorm.) 

Oji'riifi'lim  mu-ularinii  htMtyi,  Oii.hkht,  Drulli  Valley  Kxpnl.,  KIhIivm,  %a,  IHtKt,  Pahranagat 
Valley,  Nevada.     (Typis  Nu.  4HU().     r.ill.  Murriitiii  A  Ilailoy.) 

am.  CYI'ltlNOnON  lOI.KdAXS,  llalnl  tt  <ilrurd. 

lloudH^;  depth  2Ho  3.  D.  11;  A.  10;  HcaIeH2«>-12.  Itody  more  elongate 
thnn  iu  any  of  the  preceding  ;  the  npper  outline  of  tho  hrad  Ions  depri'MHed, 
HO  that  the  protilo  iu  coutinuoiiH  ;  AnHlow,  tho  dofHal  qnitoHmall ;  itH  rayH 
Hcurcoly  extending  to  the  beginning  of  the  caudal  peduncle.  Head  large, 
liliiirth  hlack,  HiduHHomowhat  variegated  with  darker,  the  muleHHomewhat 
H|ii)tted;  durual  An  Hpeckled  at  baue  ;  edge  of  caudal  fin  hiaok  in  the  nuile; 
a  Itlack  patch  on  laut  rayu  of  dorsal  in  the  female.  Length  2^  incheti. 
Trihutariea  of  the  Hio  Orande;  Hi>ecinien8  apparently  belonging  to  thtH 
HpccioH  from  Rio  de  los  ConohoH,  at  Chihuahua.  This  species  may  prove 
iuMcparable  from  C.  bovinun.     (elftjatm,  elegant.) 


Cijt'riwiilim  deijant,  nAlRi)  ife  (tiUARn,  I'roc.  Ao.  Nut.  .Sci.  I'lillii,, 
Texas;  ((!<>ll.  ('lark);  Oihakd,  U.  S.  Mex.  Uoiiiiil.  Hiirv., 

J0UI>AN  &.  (tiLBBKT,  SyUII|>8iH,  311),  1H8:). 


1«.'>3,  m'.i,  Camanche  Spring, 
IclUb.,  W>,  |)1.  :i7,  flg».  1-7,  iHr.O; 


U»l.  CYPUINOnUN  .nAKT.K,  Stulii'liu  hmr. 

Head  3J ;  depth  nearly  4  ;  eye  3  in  head  ;  snout  3g.  I),  tt ;  A.  10;  V.  7; 
P.  U),  scales  26-i).  Body  rather  elongate ;  snou*^  blunt;  teeth  tricuspid, 
in  1  row;  top  of  head  broad;  dorsal  and  anal  very  high  in  inal«>,  the 
bei);ht  of  dorsal  2i  times  its  base,  the  last  rays  reaching  Itcyond  base  of 
caudal;  insertion  of  anal  under  middle  of  base  of  dorsal;  insertion  of 
durHal  nearer  that  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout  by  half  length  of  head; 
ventral  as  long  as  head,  equal  to  pectoral ;  caudal  weakly  concave;  scales 
largcHt  about  shoulder  and  nape.  Hack  grayish  ;  sides  silver  white;  nuile 
with  anterior  margin  of  dorsal  dusky;  last  3  or  4  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal 
liundud,  for  their  whole  length,  with  light  and  dark  in  alternation,  the 
otlieiH  more  faintly  nuirked  and  only  toward  their  base ;  2  or  3  dark  bands 
oil  ciiudal,  the  last  broadest.  One  specimen  known,  from  Santa  Marta, 
on  the  Caribbean  coast  of  Colombia,  near  the  mouth  of  Rio  Magdalena. 

CyiirintiJoH  umrtir,  Steindaciinkr,  Ichtli.  Keitr.,  iv,  (il,  1875,  Santa  Marta. 


r, 

i   ■ 

1 

i 

1 

• 

i 

i 

1    t 


i '     i! 

3          1  , 

■-r  '  '  ■m 

, 

1 

'    i 

! 

1 

902.  €VPUIN01)0N  <'AUPIO,  Gllntlier. 

Head  3;   depth  2j  ;   eye  iu  adult  3i  in  head..     D.  11;  A.  9;  scales  24-9. 
Body  comparatively  elongate,  rather  strongly  compressed ;  head  large ; 


! 

i 

676 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


profile  not  very  Hteep;  fniH  rather  low,  the  dorHal  and  anal  not  nearly 
reaching  caudal;  humeral  scale  not  larger  than  the  othern;  Hcalc8vei\ 
thick  and  firm,  those  on  lower  parts  of  body  less  reduced  in  size  than 
usual.  Pectorals  reaching  middle  of  ventrals,  which  reach  vent.  Male  in 
life  light  olive;  sides  silvery,  with  (J  narrow,  faint  hars  of  coppery ;  sides 
with  a  number  of  spots  of  bright  clear  yellow,  bosideii  tlie  Itlotchew  of 
orange  found  in  the  females ;  lower  jaw  mostly  golden  ;  3  bright-yellow 
stripes  obliquely  across  the  cheeks  to  the  jaws  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  finely 
speckled  with  olive;  tip  of  dorsal  orange,  as  also  the  lower  edge  of 
caudal  and  anal;  ventrals  orange  red;  no  ocellus  on  dorsal.  Feniali- 
palo,  with  numerous  Itlotches  of  light  bright  orange,  these  mostly 
longitudinally  oblong  on  upper  parts  and  irregular  or  vertical  below; 
sides  of  head  marked  with  bronze;  lower  jaw  whitish;  fins  plain  ;  dorsal 
and  caudal  slightly  yellow.  Young  females  with  traces  of  1  or  2  dusky 
bars  at  base  of  caudal.  Still  younger  specimens  (as  in  the  original  tyiics) 
nearly  plain  silvery.  Coasts  of  southern  Florida.  ILxoeedingly  abun- 
dont  in  lagoons  and  shallow  shores  about  the  Florida  Keys  and  north  to 
Pensacola.  A  strongly  marked  species,  larger  than  most  others  of  tlio 
genus,  reaching  a  length  of  3  inches;  here  described  from  Key  West 
specimens,     (carpio,  carp.) 

CifprinoiUm  carjtiii,  GpNTiiBii,  Cat.,  VI,  30(1,  186(1,  America,  locality  unknown;  .Jordan  .v  (  ii- 

BKKT,  Syuopsi.:,  330,  1S83. 
Oypriuoilon  viydnis,  Goode  &  Bkan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1882,  433,  Pensacola,  Florida. 

(TypH,  Ko.  30479.     Coll.  Steariib.)    Jordan,  Pm\  U.  S.  '"    .  Mub.,  1884,  110. 

998.  CYPBINODON  FKLIC'IANUS  (I'oey). 

Head  3;^  in  length  with  caudal;  depth  2$ ;  eye  3^  in  bead.  D.  12;  A.  li): 
scales  SO.  Back  elevated;  mouth  small,  circular,  with  trifid  teeth.  I'tc- 
toral  reaching  vent;  ventral  small;  male  with  small  prickles  on  the  scales. 
Brownish,  the  belly  yellow,  reddish  in  life;  body  with  6  brown  verti(a] 
bands;  dorsal  dusky;  pectoral  and  anal  yellowish,  edged  with  dusky  ; 
caudal  yellowish,  with  a  terminal  band  of  black,  r^.  rather  faint  bai  at 
base.  Length  It  inches.  Cuba.  (Poey) ;  not  seen  by  us.  (Named  t'oi 
Felix  (jiarcia  y  Chavez,  of  Havana.) 

Ti-i/arciun  feliciatius,  PoEi,  Syiioi)sis,  412,  1867,  Havana.     (Coll.  Poey.) 

9»4.  CYPRyNODON  LATIFASCIATl'S,  Garmaii. 

Head  4  in  total  length ;  depth  3.  D.12;  A. 11;  V.6;  P.  U;  acalesSO-lI. 
Form  and  dentition  of  C.  variegatus,  the  black  caudal  band  much  wider; 
a  light  band  from  middle  of  opercle  to  lower  half  of  caudal;  a  dark  band 
above  this,  separated  by  a  narrower  band  of  light  from  the  dark  olive  (if 
the  back;  silvery  color  of  belly  separated  from  the  light  band  on  tlie 
flanks  by  a  short  band  of  brown  ;  fins  clouded  with  brown  ;  caudal  with 
a  narrow  dark  band  across  its  base  and  a  broad  one  across  its  extremity. 
Parras,  Coahuila,  Mexico.  (Garman);  not  seen  by  us.  {latim,  bioad: 
faaciutus.  banded.) 

CjqjriniHlnn  fa/ifa.icwAiis,  G>rman,  Bull.  Mub.  Conij).  Zool.,viii,  No.  3,  92,  1881,  Parras,  Coa- 
huila, Mexico,  JoHUAN  &  Gilbert,  Syiio|i8is,  329, 1883. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


G77 


k.\0\ 
Pee- 

eitical 

uhUv  : 

bar  at 

med  to  I 


1 30-11. 
widi'i  ; 
k  ))ai!(l 
)]i\  (>  of 
oil  tilt' 
il  witli 
•eiiiity. 
broad ; 

IS,  Coa- 


308.  JORDANELLA,  Goodo  &  Bean. 

j.r.hinelUi,  GooDK  it  Ukan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  ii,  1879,  177,  (jhirUUi). 

l!()dy  short,  deep,  conipreHHed.  Head  Hhort.  Month  Bmall,  vory  ])rotrttC- 
tilc,  tli(i  lower  jaw  the  longer;  lips  fnll.  Jaws  each  with  a  single  series 
of  latlK^r  broad,  wedge-shaped,  incisor  teeth,  the  cutting  edge  of  which 
\n  deeply  notched,  nsnally  trifid.  Brancliiostegals  5.  (iill  openings  nar- 
Kiwcd.  the  opercular  membrane  adnate  to  the  opercle  above.  Dorsal  tin 
t'loiigale,  the  number  of  rays  IH  to  18,  the  first  being  a  robust  spine; 
insertion  of  dorsal  fin  behind  ventrals,  in  a<lvance  of  front  of  anal,  its 
last  ray  behind  the  last  of  anal;  dorsal  tin  not  greatly  elevated;  anal 
till  shorter  and  smaller,  similar  in  both  sexes;  ventral  fins  small,  with  a 
scale  at  base  ;  caudal  fin  rounded:  pectorals  short  and  small.  Intestinal 
( imal  rather  long,  3  times  length  of  body.  Sexes  similar.  (Named  for 
David  Starr  Jordan.) 

»»'i.  .lOKDANELLA  FLOKID.K,  Goudu  ,t  Dean. 

Head  :3i  ;  depth  2  to  2+ ;  eye  large,  3.V  to  4.  D.  I,  14  to  10  ;  A.  I,  11  to  V.i ; 
rteaJPH  2.'>  to  27-11  or  12.  Body  ovate,  short,  and  deep,  with  elevated  back, 
dee])  caudal  peduncle,  and  steep  profile.  Head  moderate,  flat  and  broad 
liet  ween  the  eyes,  its  profile  less  steep  than  that  of  the  back.  Mouth  small, 
anteiior,  the  lower  Jaw  projecting.  Scales  ii>oderate,the  humeral  scale  not 
iiiiieli  enlarged.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  midway  between  snout  and  base  of  cau- 
dal, Irs  first  ray  robust  and  spine-like,  grooved  behind,  longer  than  the 
diameter  of  the  eye  and  about  as  high  as  the  succeeding  soft  rays  ;  fins  all 
rather  low,  the  ventrals  reaching  just  past  the  vent.  Scales  with  strong 
eoiiceiitrie  stria' ;  scales  of  side  with  occasional  developed  poles,  sonie- 
liiiios  forming  2  or  IJ  imperfect  lateral  lines.  Color  olivaceous  ;  nU\m  orange 
or  hra.sHy,  w  ith  a  broad  steely-blue  stripe  along  each  series  of  scales  ;  I  ol* 
.">  vague,  diifuse,  black  vertical  bars,  most  distinct  in  the  young,  nearly 
Oh  :>lete  in  the  adult;  a  large,  diffuse,  dusky  blotch  on  the  sides  below  the 
dorsal  spine  ;  tins  mostly  dark,  the  dorsal  barred  or  speckled  in  the  males, 
nearly  ))lain  in  the  females,  sometimes  a  dusky  blotch  on  its  last  rays; 
Ixidy  and  fins  everywhere  finely  punctulate  with  black  ;  a  dark  bar  btdow 
eye.  Length  2i  inches.  Streams  and  swamps  of  Florida;  abundant.  A 
siiimilar  litth*  (ish  having  the  aspect  of  a  Oentr,ui'lioid.*  Here  described 
tVom  specimens  taken  by  Dr.  J.  A.  lleiishall  in  San  Seltastian  Kiver. 
Ilerliivorous,  at  least  in  part.  Specinieim  are  recorded  from  San  Sel)as- 
tiaii.  St.  Johns,  Alligator,  Withlacooe'iee,  Ilillsboro,  Pease,  and  Myakka 
ri\<  TH.  also  from  Lake  Monroe,  Lake  .lessup.  Lake  Tohopekaliga,  anil 
oilier  waters  around  Kissiniee  in  Osceola  County,  Florida. 

.'■I  1,11,1  ll.iilunih,,  Gooi.F.  >t  Bean,  I'roc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11,  1879,  117,  Lake  Monroe,  Florida. 
(Tv|ii',  Ni).  180(!'2.  Coll.  I'rofossor  Ilainl);  .Ioudan  .fe  (jILIikrt,  S.vnopKiiJ,  ,'!28,  188:!;  Wo()I..m.\n, 
Hull.  U.  S.  Fish  Oonim.,  x,  1890,  liOii,  witli  good  ligims  LiiNNiir.iio,  Ofvers.  V'f.  Aknd.  Fiirli., 

II.-.,  1S!M. 


*  ■  I  ilo  not  know  if  it  can  bo  propor  to  talk  about  mimicry  in  tlila  case,  but  JnnhmeUa  is  ci;r- 
tiiiiily  ill  coloriition  very  nuicb  indeed  similar  to  a  small  CliinH'liriitliiK  (jiilosiif.  Kven  tlio  bla>  k 
K|"it  (,ii  tlic  operele  flap  of  tlio  latt'  i  corresponds  very  well  to  tlie  Mark  spot  im  the  side  of  .l,i>- 
(/«ii.;/.i,  and  as  iiie  beiul  of  tlie  '  War-Moiitli  '  is  so  ninrh  larger  it  is  situaterl  not  niiieh  farther 
hai  Ii  iliaii  in  ,/(»(/(iH('//(i.  It  is  possible  that  thronnh  this  likeness  some  fishes  that  feed  on  niiii- 
tiDvv- 1  an  be  eliuatud  (o  beliovo  that  they  bavt)  n  war-month  that  is  less  duliciuus  and  maybe  eau 
dulViMJ  itself  with  mouth  and  spines  before  tbeir  eyes,  instead  of  a  harmless  minuow."  (Eiuar 
Loiuiberg,  I.  c,  115,  1894.) 


i  ■ 


t 


m 


1  <• 


i>t- 


ii. 


678 


Bulletin  47,  Untied  Stales  National  Museum. 


\    i^i 


309.  PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS,  Bleekcr. 

/'niiiihiripJiiipliiiniH,  Ui,r.KM!it,  Iflithyiil.  Ind.  I'rodr.  Cypr.,  483,  1860,  (himaciil(ilu»). 
V(rriU(illiii>,  STKlNDAniNER,  Sit/.K«li<'r.  Akiid.  Wiss.  Wieii,  18('>;t,  176,  (himwulnlu»).\ 

TIlis  geuijM  hfls  ilio  general  characters  of  Garnhnra,  ditt'erin^  in  tiie 
larger  ui/o  of  the  dorsal  fin,  which  has  13  to  16  ruys  instead  of  6  to  liv 
Anal  fm  short,  Icsw  ndvan<«'d  in  the  male  than  in  Gnnibumt.  The  species 
reach  a  inucli  larger  si/o  than  those  of  Gamhitsia.  The  males,  as  in  Gam- 
linxia,  are  smaller  and  less  numerous  than  the  i'emalos.  Mountain  streams 
of  Mexico.     (i/;fii(5//f,  false  :  Aijihoj/horun.) 

99«.  PSErnOXIPHOrilOUrs  BIMACIILATHS  (Heckolj. 

Head  4  ;  depth  Hif  ;  eye  longer  than  snout,  'Si  in  head.  D.  12  or  1^; 
A.  JO;  scales  30-8.  Head  broad  and  Hat,  its  width  between  the  eyt-s  2 
in'  ;jth.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Anal  x>ro(;' sd  ending  in  a  small  hook. 
iiOiip,  h  of  dorsal  ctiua)  to  head,  its  front  in  advance  of  front  of  aii.il. 
Color  light  brown,  each  scale  above  and  back  of  abdomen  with  a  dark 
brown  crescent ;  all  the  scales,  fins,  and  mouth  parts  profusely  spotted 
with  brown  ;  a  black  spot  behind  upper  end  of  gill  opening  and  a  round 
blackish  spot  on  u])per  half  of  root  of  caudal ;  a  black  bar  composed  of 
black  spots  at  base  of  dorsal  and  anal  :  a  second  series  of  dark  spots 
on  dorsal  not  (|uite  corresponding  to  the  first  series.  Length  3  ineheu. 
Central  Mexico,  generally  abundant ;  liero  described  from  numerous  sj^eei- 
mens  from  Ilio  Blanco,  at  Orizaba,  where  it  is  abundant  in  the  swift  waters 
of  mountain  streams.  This  is  the  only  species  thus  far  known  in  li'u> 
Blanco  above  the  cataracts.     (Woolnum.)     {hiniaculatun,  two-spotted.) 

Xiphoplioi-vs  liiinaiitlatiis,  Heckei,,  Sitzg.Jbor.  Akad.  Wi^H.  Wifii,  1848,  190,  Mexico. 
I'seudojcipliuplwniKrclicidalits,*  TuoscUEL,  MtlUer'a  Roiae  Mi'Xico,  III,  Aj)!).  CI3H,  ISti,"),  no  locality, 

GCntuer,  Cat.,  VI,  33a,  ISC.fi;  Jordan  A  Giliibut,  .Syno|)sis,  344,  1883. 
l'afii(l(>.iipli(i])lii>nii<  liiiiHKiihilnK,  fJi'NTllEn,   Cat.,   VI,  'XVl,  ISGo;   Jordan  &  Gii.hert,  .Syiiopniti,  :!4I, 

1883;  WooLMAN,  Hull.  l".  8.  Tish  ('(mim.,  MV,  IHIH,  (15. 
PueeUiouleahiiiuiouUilHs,  Steindachner,  .^itzgsbei-.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wieii,  1803,  176. 

310.  GAMBUSIA,  Poey. 

(GUAJACONKH.) 
Gwnbutnti,  PoEV,  Meniorias,  I,  382,  185."'   (ptindala). 

Body  moderatelj-  elongate,  liecomiug  deep  in  the  adult  female.  Month 
moderate,  larger  than  in  Pacilia,  the  lower  jaw  projecting,  the  bones  well 
joined ;  both  jaws  with  si  band  of  pointed  teeth  whio);  are  not  movable; 
snout  not  pnuiuced.  Eyes  nornuil,  not  divided.  Hcales  large,  (ilill  open- 
ings not  restricted..     Dorsal  and  anal  fins  both  rather  short  and  small, 


*  PsrudoripliophornK  reliciilattu,  Trosohel.  Our  spccintoiiH  of  this  nuniiuul  species  show  tin 
following  cliaractors: 

Siiou'i,  liioad,  Rpatulato,  the  lower  jaw  projecting.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  3}^  in  head,  2  in  ini  r- 
orbital  space.  Aiiiil  process  in  male  IJ4  liead  witli  a  slight  cnrvo  at  its  tip.  Caudal  priliiin  N 
short.  Anal  flu  ins(>rte(l  ill  front  of  dorsal.  Doisal  long,  lis  length  3  in  body,  (^oloratinn  as 
in  1'.  hiiiKiciiluliis,  liiit  darker  and  more  prot'usidy  dotted  with  brown.  A  large  black  simh  (■!! 
upper  half  of  root  of  caudal,  and  triiics  of  another  behind  g'll  ojiening.  Occiput  and  --M.'iit 
dark  brown.  Scabs  on  back  and  sides  with  a  dark-liruwn  crescent.  Th^se  do  not  appear  011 
scales  of  lower  parts  as  in  hiiiKicnlalns;  doraal  fin  with  dark -brown  cross  strealsiiiade  of  dark  niiet.*. 
Fine,  scales,  cheeks,  and  operc'es  profusely  dotted  with  brown.  Head  'M4\  ''  "  'h  4.  1>.  lf>;  .\-  H; 
scales  31-8.  Length  2'.',  inches.  Hitherto  known  from  one  specimen.  Here  aosoribed  from  ("" 
males  and  one  feiiialo  from  Itio  Ulanco  at  Orizaba,  <'oIlected  by  A.  J.  V  )olii'aii.  This  \'<nu 
occurs  in  company  witli  1'.  himaciilulus;  the  two  can  scarcely  bo  separated,  and  at'!  probablj  net 
really  different,  but,  as  Mr.  Woolmau  has  already  suggested,  simply  extremes  of  variation. 


IV 


fordan  and  Eiiertnanti. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


079 


t'K'  anal  more  or  loss  iu  advauce  of  the  dorsal ;  anal  tin  of  the  male  much 
advanced  and  modified  into  a  long  intromittent  organ,  which  is  about  us 
l(Mi^  as  head.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Brauchiostugals  6.  YertebrtH 
aliuiit  82.  Snuvll  viviparous  fishes  inhabiting  tlie  swamps,  springs,  and 
jioikIh  of  Mexico,  C'liba,  and  the  Southern  States,  swimming  near  the  sur- 
fiii'o  and  feeding  chiefly  on  insects  or  small  Crustacea.  The  mules  are 
sIciHliaer  than  the  females  and  very  much  smaller ;  compared  with  tlie 
riiuaies,  the  mules  are  very  ruro,  and  not  often  collected.  ("The  name 
owes  its  etymology  to  the  provincial  Cuban  word  GambuHhio,  which  sig- 
nilies  '  nothing,'  with  the  idea  of  a  joke  or  farce.  Thus  one  says  'to  fish 
foi'  (lamhuninoa^  when  on  )  catches  nothing."    Poey.) 

K.  Socles  lutlicr  Btniill,  alxiiit  'M  in  ii  longthwiso  scrios;  dornal  ivivh  10;  aiiiil  11;  head  'l!;^  in 
lungth;  (leidli  X\:^■,  tuuk  und  (iorHiil  fin  with  a  HurioM  of  hliu  k  ddts.  I'UNctata,  'JU7. 

.1.1.  Si-nlcH  lurt;i!,  26  to  112  in  a  IcnuthwiKo  suriiH. 

)/.  Anal  rays  11;  dorsal  rajs  9;  BcaluH  30;  houd  l  in  li'iigth;  di-jith  SV,;  l)ody  and  Huh  with 
hlack  dots;  a  Mack  hand  below  oyc.  ri'Nt'TicuLATA,  9U8. 

I'll.   .\nal  rays  7  to  10,  usually  9. 

c.  Body  without  dark  cross  hands. 

d.  Kody  witliout  dark  latoral  hand  or  with  mertdy  a  faint,  narrow,  dark  latoral 
streak;  j;eneral  color  olivaceous,  dotted. 
e.  Origin  of  dorsal  tin  over  origin  of  anal  (in  male);  scales  large,  2li.     J).  8; 
A.  8;  cohjr  nearly  plain.  inkans,  !)99. 

ee.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  iu  the  female  aliout  over  middlo  of  anal;  body  usually 
dotted  above,  and  witli  u  faint  dark  lino  along  sides,  sometimes  plain 
olivaceous;  usually  a  .jet-hlack  blotch  hilow  eye,  this  sometimes  ohso- 
lete;  dorsal  and  caudal  usually  with  cross  series  of  dots;  gravid  female 
with  a  black  blotdi  on  side,  the  block  interstructures  showing  through 
the  silvi'ry  peritoneum. 
/.  Body  moderately  stout,  the  depth  II".,  to  4  in  length;  deepest  in  adult 
females;   back  not  nnu'h  elevated;    head  moderate,  .'i-Vi  to  4  iu 
lengtli ;  dorsal  rays  8  or  !),  (rarely  fi  or  7);  anal  rays  8  to  10;  scales 
;iO  t(j32.  Arti.MS,  loiMi. 

.//'.  Body  very  robust,  tho  depth  3  to  3}^  in  length;  hack  much  elevated; 
Iiead  large,  '.i  io^^  Ui  Jength  ;  dorsal  rays  ^';  anal  (t;  scales  about 
iJO;  Bides  of  bell/  tinict'ujf}^  with  many  dark  jioints,  these  some- 
times formin.L.' an  indistinct  ba;id  fimn  ^cill  opening  to  ventrals 

Koun.is,  1  JOl. 
ce.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  in  tlie  female  over  last  ray  of  «nal;  olivaceous,  A-ith 
brown  dots  ali>ng  series  of  scales;  dor.sal  and  <luiAn\  tvith  series  of 
dark  dots;  middle  of  anal  blackish.    D,  K;  A.  10;  t/i%\fii  '//)-*■;  lioad 
3^.;  Ui  Jepgth;  depth  'i,].[^.  n(c.\ha«i  rwsrs,  V*fl- 

d(l.  Body  witli  a  dark  band  from  upper  edge  of  gill  opening  to  (audal;  luml  pro- 
cess bent  in  nip.lo. 
.J    Insertion  I  fdorr^iil  not  far  bell jnd  t)i»t  of  anal.     J>.8;  A.  8  or  !);  sc.il      i'.f-7 
heail  4  in  lengOi;  depth  about  3?.,'.  gkacit.is,  KXJ.'I. 

cr.  Bmly  with  more  or  Jess  distiAct  dark  cross  oands,  sometime.,  replaced  by  a  series 
of  /)//(»;  ft  black  spot  in  both  se.ves  on  middle  of  l/.i/y  of  anal;  fifis  d.itted. 
/;.  I*  or  !l;  A.  ///;  scales  •/«  f ;  fiiaA  V/:^  to  .3''  i;  de|)th  3^.^  lo  ^      f  pjscofi,  I')04. 
(vc.  Body  lilac  l<,   marbled  with   yel|(.><',   depth  e(,ual  to  length  o(  iii-)f4,  h  U\  to/al 
le/ijfth  witli  caudal;  iofertjou  of  A(nmi  Mi'uuX  middle  of  total  (t/iztb 

ricT'i-rfxVA,  ///y^ 

997.  liAHIUSIA  ttViilthlk,  VtHsf. 

C'CAJ  VCO.N.) 

Head4i;  depth  3i;  eye  3.     B.  0;  1/   10;  A.  11;  V.  6;  scales  3.");  veriobriiri 
13  +  20.      Lower   jaw   projecting    beyond    upper.      Eye   half   width  of 


I 


I  8! 


)       I 


!'■ '  f 


( .J 


m 

■i . 

Ill 


(I 


1 1 


■1 


Si 


h     ! 


^WnBWWW!B^pipj5P?P!fPJJ?!yS^^ 


I 


5      ' 


3  i 


: 


1  I 


,!ll: 


:  f  1 

t    S  '  t 


ddo 


bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


interorbital  Bpace.  Origin  of  dorsal  in  female  midway  between  tip  of 
caudal  and  front  margin  of  orbit,  opposite  seventh  or  eighth  anal  ray ; 
origin  of  dorsal  in  male  in  middle  of  the  total  length ;  anal  process  ol 
male  shorter  than  head;  pectoral  fins  not  quite  reaching  as  far  as  veii 
trals;  length  of  base  of  anal  fin  of  the  female  \  its  distance  from  caudal. 
Upper  half  of  body  and  dorsal  fin  with  series  of  black  dots.  Rivers  of 
Cuba;  very  common  ;  our  specimens  from  Rio  Almeiidares.  (punctatnH, 
speckled.) 

GambiiDia  jmnclula,  PoEY,  Momorias,  i,  384,  ISrifi,  Cuba;  OOntiiku,  Cat.,  vi,  ;i;i4;  Juuhan,  I'm.  . 
U.  8.  Nut.  MuH.,  1886,  34. 

9»8.  OAMBlISLi  PUNCTICULATA,  Pocy. 

Head  4;  depth  3J ;  eye  3  in  head.  B.  C ;  D.  9;  A.  11;  V.  6;  scales  30; 
vertebno  13  4-19.  Lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  upper.  Origin  nf 
dorsal  in  female  midway  between  extremity  of  caudal  and  center  of  eye, 
opposite  middle  of  anal;  in  male  origin  of  dorsal  in  the  middle  of  total 
length;  anal  process  of  male  longer  than  bead;  pectoral  and  ventral  iiii.s 
short ;  free  portion  of  tail  rather  deep.  Body  with  scattered  black  dotn ; 
an  oblique  blackish  bund  below  the  eye;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  with 
transverse  series  of  black  dots.  Streams  of  Cuba.  (Poey.)  {^xindicit- 
latuSf  dotted.) 

Gamhusia pwiQtiQuUUa,  Poky,  Mi-moriim,  i,  386,  ISS."),  Cuba;  (JI'ntiikii,  ('lU.,  vi,  334,  IMtifi. 

999.  (UMBUSIA  INFAN8,  Wooliiian. 

ITead4^^;  depth  4,1.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  26.  Body  slender.  First  rays 
of  dorsal  midway  between  suout  and  end  of  caudal,  or  midway  betwei^n 
the  posterior  margin  of  opercle  and  end  of  scales ;  insertion  of  anal 
almo.st  directly  beneath  first  rays  of  dorsal;  base  of  dorsal  very  short, 
slightly  more  than  length  of  orbit;  diameter  of  orbit  a  little  greatt-r 
than  length  of  snout,  about  2|  in  head;  modified  anal  of  males  about  1^ 
times  length  of  head,  or  about  ecjual  to  the  distance  from  insertion  of 
dorsal  to  end  of  scales;  ventral  fin  short,  not  reaching  vent.  Bark 
light  olive  green ;  but  few  scales  with  dark  edges  or  other  marking 
except  a  very  narrow  hair  line  along  the  middle  of  the  caudal  peduncle 
from  the  dorsal  to  end  of  scales,  and  another  line  of  about  eipial  lentjtli 
and  breadth,  but  more  distinct,  whicli  extends  along  the  lower  edgf  <if 
the  caudal  peduncle  from  the  last  rays  of  anal  to  the  caudal  fin ;  color- 
ation of  types  very  pale,  probably  a  result  of  life  in  muddy  water. 
Length  l.V  inches.  Rio  Lerma,  about  Salamanca,  Mexico;  only  niuio 
specimens  known,     (iiifans,  infant,  from  the  small  size.) 

GanihuKia  wfmis,  Woor,MAN,  Hull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  xiv,  1894,  02,  pi.  2,  fig.  3,  Rio  Lerma, 
Salamanca,  Mexico.     (Typ^,  No.  45,570.    Coll.  Woolnmu  &  Oox.) 

iOOO.  (iAJIBlISIA  AFKINIS  (Baird  &  Giranl). 
(T  )!•  Minnow.) 

Head  3i  to  4;  depth  3|^  to  4.  D.  7  to  9;  A.  8  to  10;  scales  29  to  :!2, 
usually  30-8  to  10.  Body  rather  plump,  large  specimens  becoming  deep. 
Head  moderate,  very  broad  and  much  depressed;  teeth  in  broad  vilH- 
form  bands;  eye  moderate,  1^^  to  li  in  interorbital  width,  3  to  3i  in  head. 


,.;is;:i;L, 


Jordan  ami  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  Nortfi  America.        681 


Intestinal  caual  UH  long  nH  1)0(ly.  Dorsal  small,  far  back;  distance  from 
it8  insertion  to  caudal  half  tiiat  to  snout,  its  first  ray  a1>ont  over  middle 
of  anal ;  anal  larger  and  higher  than  dorsal.  Light  olive,  each  scale 
cd^ed  with  darker;  a  very  narrow  dark  streak  along  sides;  top  of  head 
dusky ;  a  more  or  less  distinct  triangular  bluish-black  bar  below  eye ; 
BidfH  and  belly  anteriorly  dusky  with  dark  dots;  a  black  blotch  on  each 
Hido  of  belly,  caused  by  the  black  internal  organs  showing  through  the 
nkiii;  young  specimens  often  uniform  yellowish;  fins  dusky;  the  caudal 
uHiiully  with  cross  series  of  dots.  Length  1^  to  2  inches.  Males  very 
Kcaire,*  and  very  small,  about  i  to  1  inch  long,  the  anal  process  as  long 
as  lituid.  The  ordinary  form,  to  which  the  name  j*rt/n«<7is  has  been  given, 
has  iiHually  8  dorsal  rays,  a  dark  suborbital  bar,  and  the  fins  more  or  less 
n|HM'kled.  Some  specimens  from  Texas  have  fewer  spots,  the  body  and 
fiiis  nearly  plain,  and  the  dorsal  rays  6  or  7.  These  ditterences  are  proba- 
bly of  little  value.  If,  however,  the  distinction  holds  good,  the  common 
form  (Delaware  to  Texas)  should  stand  as  subspecies  pairuvUit,  the  name 
alliiiin  having  priority  ;  the  names  holbrooki,  melaiiojm,  and  alrilatiiH  being 
Hynonyms  of  putruclis.  Marshes  and  lagoons  of  the  South  Atlantic  and 
(inlfcoastH,  Delaware  to  Mexico,  and  north  to  southern  Illinois,  in  brack- 
is)i  or  fresh  water ;  excessively  common  southward,  usually  in  clear 
water,  but  in  sluggish  rather  than  running  streams.  The  young  are  pro- 
diH'cd  in  summer,  when  about  t  of  an  inch  long.t     (affinis,  related,  to  G. 

hnlhrooki.) 

liUrawlrin  iiffi»i>,l  BAiun  A  GiRARi),   Troc.  Ac.  Nat.  S<'i.  I'liilu.,  \^h:\  aoo,  Rio   Medina  and 

Rio  Salado,  Texas,     (('oil.  Clark.) 
Ih ImiwIrUi jMlnielis,  IJ.Mun  &  OiitAiin,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  18.^3,  :i<l(),  Rio  Sabinal,  Rio 

Nueces,  and  Elm  Creek,  Texas.     (Coll.  Clark.) 
Ilrt, nwiliiit  holhroiihi,  AdAssiz,  MS.,  18,")1,  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
ildiiihiisiiihnllirooki,  (JiiiAUi),  I'ruc.  Ac.  Nat.  !Sci.  I'liila.,  IH.Vi,  (11,  Palatka,  Florida;  (JCnthbr, 

Cut.,  VI,  334,  1800. 
Ciimlmnid  Hprriimd,  (iiuAnn,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1850,  V21,  Kio  San  Diego,  New  Leon, 

Mexico  ;  said  to  liavo  fin  rays  iu  small  uiiialior;  notcouatod  in  dodcriptioii. 


■•  I  If  (i!)  examples  from  tlio  lower  Potomac  examined  by  Dr.  IIuRh  M.  Smith,  08  wore  fumales. 
Till'  sloiiiucli  of  one  spccimon  contuinuU  ulgiu,  diatumx,  and  fragments  of  a  mosijuito. 

I "  .'Mr.  A.  A.  Duly  lias  informed  me  that  ho  has  witncssccl  the  act  <if  copnlation  and  the  Mrth 
iiftMc  young  of  Gninbiisin.  In  coit».s  the  male's  head  is  turned  in  the  direction  of  the  tail  of  tho 
fcriiule,  th(!  prolonged  anal  fin  seeming  to  he  thrn:it  into  the  external  oponiug  of  tho  ovarian 
ilie  I  or  genital  pore  of  the  female,  which  lies  just  in  advancnof  the  anal  (in.  The  young,  when 
liorri,  are  stated  by  Mr.  Uuly  to  bo  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  to  bo  expelled  in  a  single 
Mia>>,  consisting  of  8  to  11  young  fishes  nt  a  single  eflbrt.  This  nia.-s,  as  soon  as  it  esca|)cs,  is 
BiM  11  to  be  comiiosed  of  the  infant  tidiiibiisias,  which  at  once  separate  ami  swim  away.  No  niem- 
briiic'S seemed  to  be  expelled  together  with  tho  mass  of  young,  so  that  it  is  jirubable  that  in  this 
spciies,  as  in  Anablfpn  and  the  Kmlnotucuhv,  the  fietiises  rupture  tho  follicles  in  which  they  were 
(li'vclo|ied  a  short  time  before  birth.  I  say  a  short  time  before  birth,  bi'canse  our  idiservationa 
iiiilliate  that,  unlike  Aunhtepn  and  Mifmmelnis,  the  developnient  of  ilKiKliiiiiia  is  essentially  com- 
pli'li'il  within  the  follicles,  and  no  yelk  sac  remains  outwardly  visible  when  the  young  arc  set 
fnr.  My  informant  al.so  tells  nio  that  tho  parent  fishes  devoured  their  young  as  soon  as  they 
\M  I'l-  born  if  they  were  not  separated,  by  transferring  one  or  the  other  at  once  to  another 
iiniiiriuin.  Fright  seemed  to  liusten  or  precipitate  the  parturition,  which  Mr.  I)uly  telle  mo 
ai  tiiiilly  took  place  under  such  circnmstances.  He  also  noticed  tliat  more  than  one  brood 
KC'iiicil  to  he  produced  by  tho  same  ])areut  consecutively  and  during  tbc  Baino  eoasoii,  and  ho 
liiis  reason  to  think  that  more  may  have  been  produced,  as  Lis  observati  ms  only  extended  over 
til.'  liitler  jiart  of  summer  with  I'ldnlts  brought  from  Cherrystone,  iu  August  and  September, 
wliirli  Ii(!  kejit  in  aquaria  in  the  NationarMuseuni."  (Uyuer,  Piuc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu.".,  1885, 
lo."i. ) 

t  Oambusia  ({ffhiis  (Baird  &  Girarp):  Body  moderately  stout.  Honial  and  anal  fins  similar  in 
si/e  and  shape,  the  latter  not  much  advanced.  Coloration  piaii  dorsal  tind  caudal  dotted  with 
black.    Head  4;  depth  3J.    D.  6j  A,  S.—Gtranl. 


.  1 


a' 


!| 


1^ 


H 


! 


i 


Jllj 


11 

—  1  1 

I., 

1 

ii 
I 


i'l;   |l 


tit  "I 


1 


.1^:1 


i 


682 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Gambtuin gmcilit,*  QinARn,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Hci.  Phila.,  18A0,  121,  Matamoras,  Mexico;  Dainc 

procH-cupied. 
GambiiHia  hiimiliK,  UOntiikii,   Cat.,  vi,  3.34,  18tl6;  silbHtUtitu  for  yrarilu,  preoiTupied;  Johiian  A 

GiMIKIlT,  Syiuipslw,  •^V^,  I8«;j. 
lliililochiltu  melattiq)',  ('opR,  I'roc.  Amnr.  Phil.  Hoc,  187ii.    i'>7,  Neuse  River,  North  Carolina. 

(Coll.  Copo.) 
Zyyoiu'cteii iitritaliit,  .Iordan  ic  Dkayton,  Dull.  U,  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  84, 1878,  Neuse  River,  Golds- 

boro.  North  Carolina;  (Cull.  Uruytoii  &  GillK-rt);  Jordak  A.  (iiMiKiir,  SyiiopMiH,  'Mo,  ls>:i. 
7,ij(H>neile»  hriifhi/i)leiiiH,-f  CoPK,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.   Muh.,   xx,  34,  1880,  Trinity    River,    Fort 

Worth,  Texas;  (Coll.  Cope);  Jokdan  &  Cilbkiit,  SyiiopulH,  341,  1H83. 
OmnhuHiii  (illlitit,  GCntiif.r,  Cut.,  Vi,  330,  I8(ifi;  aiiiAliD,  Mox.  Itoiiiiil.  Surv.,  Ichtli.,  72,  pi.  .'»'•,  fiu^, 

I'i-l.l,  IwM;  JoiiDAN  &  Oii.iiKiiT,  Syni)i)slM,  34)i,  1883;  Kverman.n  it  Kendall,  Hull.  1.  s. 

Fish  Coiiiiii.,  XII,  IHO'2  (1S94.)  1(17,  pi.  2.">,  tig.  2. 
(laiiihimiii palnirliH,  OiHAliit,  Mux.  UouniJ.  Siirv.,  Ichth.,72,  pi.  31),  flgB.  1-7,  iH.'iO;  Jokdan  .V:  liu- 

DKUT,  Syaoi)sis,  34fi,  1883. 
/liyonecles  melauupt,  .Jordan,  Bull.  III.  Lab.  Nat.  IIlHt.,  r>2,  1878. 

1001.  OAMBIIKIA  XMBIIilS  (Halrd  &  Glranl). 

Head  2;  depth  3*.  D.  9;  A.  10;  scales  30-7.  Teeth  in  broad  hands. 
Interovhital  space  twice  eye.  First  ray  of  dorsal  twice  as  far  from  tip  of 
snout  as  from  haseof  candal.  Color  light  brown,  punctate  above  by  brown 
dots;  breast  orange;  abdomen  yellow;  a  faint  dark  band  as  broad  as 
eye  running  along  sides  to  root  of  caudal ;  a  dusky  band  running  down 
and  back  from  eye  across  the  cheek;  a  dark  oblique  band  of  dark  points 
from  gill  opening  to  anal.  Scales  on  upper  part  of  body  edged  witii 
brown.  Length  2  inches.  Southern  Illinois  to  the  Rio  Grande  region. 
our  specimens  collected  by  Woolman  in  Chiliuahua  River  and  reprcHent- 
iug  GamhuHia  senilis.  A  very  doubtful  species,  com})osed  probably  of  over- 
grown examples  of  Gamhuma  affmin.     (iiohilw,  noble.) 

Heteramlria  iiohilii,  Baird  &  GiitAHi),  i'ruc.  .\c.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18.'i3,  390,  Leona  and  Camanche 
Spring,  Rio  Grande  Del  Norte.     (Coll.  Clark.) 

Gwiihima  seniUs,  Giiiaud,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  IS.'i'.t,  122,  Chihuahua  River,  Mexico; 
D.  9;  A.  10 ;  bIzo  liir^o.     (Coll.  John  Potts.) 

Znyouerles  iiii(iiis,l  Jordan  &  Giliiert,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.,  1882,  113,  Cache  Creek,  south- 
ern Illinois.     (Type,  No.  2!)(JCC.     Coll.  Forbes.)  Jordan  *  Giliikrt,  Synopwin,  8112,  l8Kt. 

Gamliimn  uiihiU^,  Giiiard,  Mcx.  Hound.  Surv.,  Iclith.,  71,  pi.  30,  fig.  8-11,  IS.""););  (iCNiiiKR,  Cil., 
VI,  335,  18G(i;  Jordan  A  Giliiert,  Synoiisis,  34C,  1863. 

1002.  (JAMBrHIA  NICAKAOUENHIS,  Gtinthor. 

Head  3s;  depth  3h.  D.  8 ;  A.  10:  scales  29-8.  Snout  broad,  Huh- 
spatulate,  the  lower  jaw  projecting  Veyond  upper.     Eye  a  little  more  tlmii 

*  Oamhusiii  (/rdfiliii  (Gilt  A  III)):  Slcidlcr;  anal  larger  than  dorsal,  and  much  luittTlor  to  it.  Olive; 
dorsal  and  caudal  with  narrow  biacki.-.h  crossbais.     IIi;iid  4}.^■,  D.  C;  A.  '.».    Matamoras.— ^'inin/. 

t  y.ygouerlis  luitcliiiplenm,  Coi'F.:  "  Base  of  tlio  first  dorsal  ray  dcliind  tlio  vertical  lino  ciniilly 
diviilin;;  tint  base  of  tlio  anal;  vi-ntrals  not  ri'iicliinft  buso  of  anal.  Scales  larRc.  IIimhI  \\h\i\ 
with  overhunKingsupei'cilia;  iiilcrorbital  width  twiio  tbn  dametcr  of  the  orbit,  which  ontirt 
the  luu);tb  of  the  head  2'.;  tiroes.  Color  uniform  olivaceous,  the  scales  with  brown  c.l;.w 
cheeks  silvery;  uo  spots  on  t'liu  head.  Iknly  Btoiit.  Head  4^/^;  D.  7;  A.  8;  scales  30-9.  Lin^lli 
2  inches."— Coy/c. 

t  Zj/(/oMcc^'«  (iiioMK,  .TnniiAN  .t  Gii.iif.rt:  Body  rather  short  and  deep.  Headbro.'id;  eye  ii-<  liiriK 
aasiio'i!*,  3'.;  ill  head.  2  in  iiiterorbital  width;  "teeth  in  a  band,  the  outer  series  scarcely  ellla^^^l■|l. 
Finssh.irt.  'Yellowi>li  bmv  n;  scales  darker  elided:  body  without  distinct  longitudinal  stii|*s 
or  bars;  li^lly  gidilen;  a  ver>  conwpiouous  Jet-black  sfiot  just  below  the  eye,  aud  coutlueiit  wHii 
it  in  the  a4ult;  dornal  and  caudal  flns  with  m'rics  of  blavk  dots;  caudal  very  large.  Head  •^-•„; 
depth  3J^_i.     D.  7;  A.  9;  BCBk'8  2»-7.     Length  2'<;  iuches.    Southern  Illinois. 


'k' 


/on/an  and  F.jiermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amfrica. 


083 


l('n;;tii  of  Niiout,  3  in  head,  and  \  ^vidth  of  interorbital  Hpaco.  In  the 
ft'inalo  tho  oriii;iu  of  tho  doi'sal  is  Hoiiiewhat  uuarer  tip  of  caudal  than 
tip  of  Nnout,  oppoHJto  laHt  i^y  of  anal;  pectoralH  not  quite  reaching 
as  tar  backward  as  the  vontralH,  which  terminate  immediately  in  front 
of  iinal;  free  portion  of  tail  rather  short ;  length  of  base  of  anal  about 
liair  itH  distance  from  caudal.  Hrownish  olive  above,  sometimes  with  a 
H<ri<>s  of  black  dots  along  the  rows  of  scales;  dorsal  and  caudal  tins 
croHHcd  by  series  of  black  dots ;  middle  of  anal  blackish.  Lak<!s  of 
Nicaragua.  (Giinther.) 
(UunUmn  niiariiguftiiiiii,  OOnthkii,  ("at.,  vi,  330,  ISfifi,  lakes  of  Nicaragua.     (<'<ill.  Ciipt.  l>ow.) 

100».  41AMBrSIA  (UtACIIilK,  Meckel. 

Head4;  depth  3}  to  4,  deepest  in  female.  D.8;  A.8orU;  V.  6;  Bcale829-7. 
Origin  of  dorsal  fin  nearly  in  middle  of  total  length,  but  little  behind  that 
of  anal  fin  in  the  female;  anal  process  of  male  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
head,  its  extremity  bent;  pectorals  reaching  beyond  root  of  veutrals; 
anal  fin  short  in  the  female,  the  length  of  its  base  being  at  least  it  of  its 
distauce  from  the  caudal.  A  dark  band  runs  from  the  ujjper  end  of  the 
gill  opening  to  the  caudal.  (Heckel.)  Orizaba,  Mexico.  {yraciliH, 
.sltsiuler. ) 

Xililfiilii'niH  ijnicilis,  llKCKEl,,  SitzjCKlxT.  Akail.  Wiss.  Wion,  i,  IIOO,  1818,  Orizaba,  Mexico. 
(lamhusiit  ijriiriliH,  GI'NTHKit,  Cut.,  VI,  3;i(i,  1800;  JuiiDAN  &  GlLUKUT,  Hyuoiwid,  340,  1HH:1. 

1004.  (JANItrSIA  KlMSfOI'I,  Sicilian. liner. 

HoadSitoSJ;  depth,  male,  4;  female, 3)5  to  3J  ;  eyeSinhead.  D.  8or9; 
A.  10;  scales  28-7.  Body  elongate,  the  males  slenderest;  interorbital 
widili  2;  snout  broad,  depressed,  the  lower  jaw  prominent;  outer  teeth 
a  little  stronger;  insertion  of  dorsal  in  female  about  in  middle  of  length  ; 
pectoral  reaching  ventral ;  anal  longer  than  head  in  males.  Body  in  both 
sexes  with  numerous  dark  cross  bands,  which  posteriorly  reach  the  belly, 
but  which  are  wanting  before  the  dorsal  in  the  females;  sometimes  a  row 
of  (lark  spots  from  pectoral  to  caudal ;  bands  sometimes  faint,  replaced 
by  a  ilaik  blotch  on  middle  of  sides  below  front  of  dorsal;  edges  of  scales 
witli  dark  dots  ;  usually  a  black  blotch  on  middle  of  base  of  anal ;  rows 
of  dark  spots  usually  jjreseut  on  dorsal  and  anal.  Length  Is  inches. 
Ditclies  on  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  at  Obispo  Station,  (hence  the  name 
(Hiispo  —;  Ephmpus  —  bishop.) 
(Vi'..i(iii,«(.(  lyiism^ii,  Stkindachneb,  Iclith.  Bcltriige,  VI,  it,  1H78,  Obispo,  near  Panama. 

1005.  (iAMUrSIA  PICTl  KATA,  1*<h..v. 

A  male  specimen  imperfectly  described.  Depth  eciual  to  length  of 
head,  about  5  times  in  total  length  ■with  caudal ;  eye  occupying  second 
third  of  head.  Dorsal  beginning  a  little  before  middle  of  length;  unal 
nmch  farther  forward,  its  longest  rays  i  length  of  body ;  veutrals  very 
diiiali;  caudal  rounded  ;  whole  Imdy  black,  marbled  with  yellow  ;  golden 
ill  life.  Iris  silvery,  with  a  dark  lengthwise  band.  Length  I'?  inches. 
Cuba.  (Poey);  not  seen  by  us.  (^>Jt'<«r«/««,  pictured.) 
Gaiid>\Miti picliiiiUa,  Poey,  Synoiisirt,  41U,  IS<>8,  San  Diego  de  los  BaAos,  Cuba. 


\      I 


h    1  1 

hi 

1 

• 

1 

^W?f?1!ipppiiWfl>P»iwpP»P«5T'«^^ 


1 


i  5  i 


;:'( 


684 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


31Z.  BELONESOX,  Kner. 

Belonenox,  Knrr,  Slt/.Riibor.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wion,  1800,  XL,  419,  iheli:anuii) . 

Cleft  of  luoutli  iniich  dcveloited  laterally,  the  jaw  bonea  beinj^r  much 
prutliiced,  inakiug  a  beak  like  that  of  LabidfHthcH.  PremaxillarieH  foim- 
iug  together  au  elongate  triangular  plate,  but  uot  anohyloHcd  togetln  i . 
Mandible  long,  Homewhat  prominent;  each  Jaw  with  a  broad  band  ot 
oardiform  teeth.  Scales  small.  Anal  in  advance  of  dorsal,  moiliticil 
iu  the  male  into  an  intromittent  organ.  Brauchiostegals  U.  InteHtiiial 
canal  short.     Carnivorous.     Mexico.     (lielonc,  Etiox.) 

1U0«.  HKLONESOX  KKLiZANI  N,  Kncr. 

Head  2fl  to  3;  depths  to  6.  H.  6;  !).!»;  A.  10  or  11;  V.  0;  scal.-s 
56  to 63-18.  Upper  surface  of  the premaxillary  plate  as  longaspostorhital 
part  of  head.  Length  of  base  of  dorsal  more  than  i  its  distance  from 
caudal  in  males,  and  i  in  females.  lirowni.sh  olive  above;  sides  witli 
longitudinal  series  of  black  dots;  a  round  black  spot  on  the  root  of  tlin 
caudal.  Aual  process  of  male  composed  of  8  rays,  and  'k  as  long  as  heitd. 
Southern  Mexico,  Honduras,  and  (jiuatemula;  u  curious  tish,  reachin<r  a 
considerable  size,  the  females  7  inches,  the  male  4  iu  lengtli.  {belizuiiuft, 
from  Belize.) 

Belonvmjc  huU.-.iniiit,  Knf.k,  Sitztjsbcr.  Akad.  WIhh.  Wien,  IHfiO,  410,  witli  fiKure,  Belize;  (il'N- 
TllEB,  Cat.,  VI,  3;i;i,  ISeC;  Jordan  A  Giliikut,  SyiiopHin,  :M&,  1H8;1. 

312.  ANABLEPS  (Artedi)  liloch. 

(FOUlt-EYEU   F18IIK8.) 
AnablepH  ( KuTmii)  B1.0CII,  Ichtliyologiii,  viii,  7,  1795,  (tetrophlhalmm   -  anahlepii). 

Body  elongate,  depressed  anteriorly  and  compressed  posteriorly.  Hcail 
broad  and  depressed,  with  the  supraorbital  part  very  much  raised.  Cleit 
of  month  horizontal,  of  moderate  width,  the  mandible  being  short, 
having,  however,  its  bones  firmly  united  ;  upper  jaw  protractile.  Both 
jaws  armed  with  a  band  of  villiform  teeth,  those  of  the  outer  sorics 
being  largest  and  somewhat  movable.  The  integuments  of  the  eye  are 
divided  into  an  upper  and  lower  portion  by  a  dark-colored  transverse 
band  of  the  conjunctiva;  also  the  pupil  is  incompletely  divided  into  2 
by  a  pair  of  lobes  projecting  from  each  side  of  the  iris.  Nasal  opoiiiiifj; 
produced  into  a  short  tubule  depending  from  each  side  of  the  nioiitli. 
Scales  rather  small  or  of  moderate  size.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short,  tiie 
former  behind  the  latter;  anal  fin  of  male  modified  into  a  thick  ami 
long  scaly  conical  organ  with  an  orifice  at  its  extremity.  InteHtinal 
tract  but  little  convoluted.  Gill  membranes  of  both  sides  united  (or 
a  short  distance,  and  not  litached  to  the  isthmus.  Vertebra',  about  It!. 
Fresh  waters  of  South  America,  one  species  ranging  northward  to  soutli- 
ern  Mexico;  extraordinary  fishes,  swimming  at  the  surface  of  the  water 
and  feeding  on  insects,  the  eye  divided  by  a  horizontal  partition  into  u 
lower  portion  for  water  use,  and  a  portion  for  seeing  iu  the  aii. 
{avaji'Atiru^  to  look  upward.) 


^'imm 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


085 


■ 
1 

1007.  ANAHLEPN  DOTH.  Oill. 

Head  1.  D.  9;  A.  10;  Bcales  <»5  to  70,  4S»  before  dorsal.  Vertobrro 
2t-j-l''J.  Flat  portion  of  interorbitul  npacH  au  broad  an  a  Hcale.  Back 
mill  sidoH  of  the  body  blaokish  brown,  witb  a  w»ll-«lethi«d,  broad,  goldon 
liaiiil  along  aidoa  from  the  axil  of  the  pectoral  to  the  banu  of  the  oaiulal; 
liM^  |ial(>.  W'atera  of  Central  America,  from  CbiajtaH  to  tlie  InthmuH  of 
Panama.  (Giinther.)  (Named  for  Captain  John  M.  Dow,  discoverer  of 
till'  HpecioH  at  Panama.) 
.lH.i)./.j-»(/"ru,  (!iM.,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  8(.i.  I'hilii.,  IHtH,  4,  Panama;  UCnthkb,  V\x\.,  vi,  :138,  1860. 

313.   GOODEA,  Jordan. 

C„««hii,  .loRDAN,  I'roo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Miw.,  1879,  2U(),  {alri^iMii*). 

Form  of  Fundiihiii,  bnt  with  the  intestinal  canal  elongate,  the  dentary 
liniioH  loosely  joined,  and  the  teeth  slender,  movable,  tricuspid,  attached 
in  a  Hingle  series  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  .jaws,  not  closely  set,  a  band  of 
villitonn  teeth  behind  them.  Fins  small,  the  dorsal  and  anal  similar,  the 
tlot'sal  slightly  in  advance  of  anal.  No  spines.  Scales  moderate.  Mud- 
eating,  the  intestinal  canal  elongate.  Anal  tin  in  male  probably  not 
niodilied  as  an  intromittent  organ.  Mexico,  (Nann  d  for  Professor  George 
llidwu  Goode,  director  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  and  one 
of  the  most  scholarly  of  modern  writers  on  fishes.) 

lOOH.  OOODEA  ATRIPINMS,  Jurdnn. 

Head  4;  depth  4;  eye3J.  D.  12;  A.  13;  scales  37  to  40-13.  Body  oblong, 
compressed,  the  back  nearly  straight,  the  caudal  peduncle  deep.  Head 
Nliort,  broad,  depressed.  Mouth  small.  Lower  Jaw  projecting.  Teeth 
l()os»dy  inserted,  not  close  together.  Eye  moderate,  directed  partly 
downward,  a  little  more  than  half  width  of  interorbital  space.  Hum- 
eral scale  somewhat  enlarged.  Fins  small ;  dorsal  slightly  in  advance 
of  anal;  caudal  small.  Intestinal  canal  elongate,  convolute,  (and 
tilled  with  mud  in  the  types).  Bluish  above,  sides  nearly  plain;  a 
silvery  streak  along  each  row  of  scales ;  vertical  fins  chielly  black, 
especially  on  the  distal  half.  Length  4  inches,  (jiuanajuato,  Mexico, 
fi'oui  a  salt  lake  in  a  volcanic  basin  ;  a  singular  little  flsh,  ditl'ering  from 
all  the  other  herbivorous  Cyprinodonts  in  the  tricuspid  teeth,  and 
apparently,  also,  in  not  having  the  anal  fm  modified,  {ater,  black; 
inniKi,  tin.) 

liiMiha  uMpiiiiiM,  JoituAN,  Proc.  I,'.  S.  Nut.  Miis.,  187'.',  2!)'.),  Leon  in  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
(Typi',  No.  23137.    Coll.  Prof.  Dugos.)    Johdan  &  Gilbert,  .Syno|)8is,  348,  1883. 

314.  PLATYPCECILUS,  Gunther. 

I'hitiipircihu,  Gf  NTIIEB,  Cat.,  VI,  350,  1866,  (maculalm). 

Small  fishes,  with  the  body  deep,  the  origin  of  the  anal  fin  distinctly 
behind  that  of  the  dorsal,  both  fins  being  short;  otherwise  essentially  as 
in  lltUrandria.     (n^uTvi,  hvoad;  noiKi/vi;,  Pwcihi8=^Pwcilia.) 

it.  liiidy  deep,  the  depth  2}^  in  length;  side  of  body  with  a  Mack  spot.  MACULATrs,  1009. 

(M,  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  depth  3J^  in  length;  chin  with  a  black  line;  dorsiil  with  i> 

black  blotch  at  base.  hgntalis,  luio, 


ill' 


\i 


■  't 


r    : 


illl 


686 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


1»0».   PLATVPO:<il,|IM  1IA(  riiATIM,  (illnthiir. 

Head  M^ ;   depth  2^;  eye  loiigtn'  tliaii  Niioiit,  \\  in  littad.     D.  10;  A.!*: 

scaleH  25-K.     liody  much  compreHNod  and  olovahtd.     Inturorhital  width  i| 

length  of  head.     DorHal  tin  ruthcr  large;  anul  Hnmll;  pectoral  reachitiir 

beyond  root  of  ventral ;  caudal  peduncle  Nh(M-t  and  deep.    OlivaceoiiH;  h 

roundidh  Mack  Hpot  on  middle  of  root  of  caudal ;  a  black  H|>ot  on  middle 

of  Hide  of  Itody  ;   dorsal  often  deuHuly  Hpotted  with  black;   margiuH  of 

anal  and  caudal  black.     Length  Ij  iuclicN.     Mexico;    known  from  two 

female  HpecimenH.     (Uiinther.)     (maciilatiiH,  Hpotted.) 

IHiiliijHirihu  niariiliihiii,  Ot'NTliisn,  Cat.,  VI,  H6(),  1860,  Mexico;  (Coll.  Hullo);  Jmbdan  A  (Iiliikut, 
Syiiu]Mli,  M»,  1HK.'I. 

1010.   PLlTyPtKCIIil'S  MKXTAMH,  (illl. 

Head  IH;  depth  3^;  eye  oonHiderably  longiM-  than  Hnout,  3  in  head. 
Body  regularly  compreHHcd  backward  and  moderately  elevated,  its 
greatcHt  depth  being  in  advance  of  dorual ;  head  less  com]ireHNu«l  tliaii 
the  body;  the  width  of  the  iuterorbital  space  leuH  than  ^  enlii(> 
length  of  head.  Dorsal  tin  moderate,  higher  than  long,  its  origin 
about  midway  between  tip  of  Hiiout  and  middle  of  caudal ;  anal  Miuall, 
its  origin  opposite  middle  of  dorsal;  caudal  tin  round,  equal  to  lengtii 
of  head,  its  depth  at  base  J  length  of  head;  pectoral  extending  consid- 
erably beyond  root  of  ventral;  ventral  not  nMiching  anal.  Color,  a  uni- 
form brownish  olive,  with  no  caudal  spot ;  a  linear  band  crossing  the  chin 
parallel  with  the  lip;  the  dorsal  with  a  deep,  black,  baud-like  spot  iicai 
the  base  crossing  the  anterior  half.  Brooks  on  Atlantic  side  of  IstluiinN 
of  Panama.  (Uill);  not  seen  by  as.  (mc)ttuUn,  having  a  conspicuous 
chin,  menlum.) 
Platypwcilut  menial  it,  Gill,  Pmc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  I'hllu.,  1870,  33A,  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

315.  HETERANDRIA,  Agassi/. 

Heterandria,  AaA8»il7.,  Amor  .loiirii.  Scl.  Arts.,  IK>3,  135,*  {/uruiusus;  holhrooki). 
OirariUiiHii,  PoKV,  MeniuriiM,  i,  383,  'l8CtF>,-\  {metiiUiciis). 

Body  rather  slender;  mouth  very  small,  the  lower  jaw  very  short,  its 
bones  not  united;  snout  short;  both  jaws  with  a  single  series  of  slender, 
movable,  pointed  teeth;  scales  rather  large;  anal  tin  more  or  less  in 
advance  of  dorsal,  in  the  male  moditled  into  an  intromittent  organ;  inton- 
tinal  canal  elongate.     Very  small,  viviparous,  mud-eating  tlslies,  among 

*Tho  guniiH  neUnmdria  waf  j)ro}H)Hod  liy  Agiisslz  (Aincr.  Jotini,  Sri.  Arts,  xvi,  13.'))  in  isrill,  to 
include  certain  Cyprinodonta  wliich  have,  tlioanal  fln  in  the  male  niodllUtl.  Tin-  two  H|ierirH  (/«//- 
brooki and  fonnoKt)  |K)HH08iied  by  AgiisHlx  (but  nut  nnuiud  until  185!)),  lielung  to  dltlerent  gcnt'ia. 
which  correspond  respectively  to  Voey's  (imiibimin  and  (limrdiniiK.  Tliesi'  generic  names  Inst 
occur  in  the  Mumorius  Boliru  la  IliHtoriiv  Natural  de  la  IhIh  de  Cuba  (f,  p.  300).  Tlio  date  aHi'lKH''! 
to  their  publication  by  Glrard  (Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1859)  is  the  year  1851,  which  wnM 
give  each  two  years  priority  over  Heieramlriit,  This  is,  in  fact,  the  date  given  on  the  title  p»^'^'  of 
the  Memoriat,  but  the  volumo  was  issued  in  parts,  its  publication  extending  over  several  veiirH, 
and  the  issue  of  the  part  containing  Girunliims  and  Gumhiisia  could  not  have  been  earlier  tli:in 
1856.  This  is  evident,  as  papers  written  in  1854  are  printed  in  tlie  text  before  it.  In  place  either 
of  Gamhusia  or  Girnrdinnt  the  name  Htti'raiidna  must  therefore  bo  used.  We  have  elsewlicro 
restricted  it  to  the  typo  of  Girardinuf,  regarding  UeleraudrUi  fnrmosa,  Agassiz,  as  its  type.  Tliis 
arrangement  is  in  accordance  with  tjie  wishes  of  Professor  Pofcy,  to  wlioii:  we  are  indebted  lor 
the  suggestion  that  Ucleraitdria  is  prior  to  Girardinus. 

t  These  species  were  first  named  by  Girard  in  1859,  after  Agassiz's  manuscript.  Agassi/.  defiiieJ 
the  genus  Helirandria  with  Chnlo(ja»ler,  Xyyonecten,  and  MfUiiiura  in  18.53,  in  a  letter  to  I'rof.  J.  I'- 
Dana,  published  in  the  American'  Journal  as  above,  but  in  this  paper  the  species  were  not  nuni'il. 


Jordan  ami  F.vrrmanu. — Fis/ii-s  of  North  America. 


rt87 


yrrr^ 

i 

^ 

till'  HiiiallcHt  vertebrate  animalH  known,  found  in  nwnnipN  an«l  ditolioii 
r,i  tlio  wurniur  partH  of  Ann'rica.  In  liiihita,  tlie  HpecicH  are  diniilar 
to  tliimu  of  (iaiiilntHUi,  and  Nome  of  llieni  Htron^ly  reHenihle  tlie  latter 
({iMiiiH.  Tlio  Huiall,  weak  mouth  and  feel>lt<  dentition  will,  however, 
(IJHi  iii;{uish  the  HpeoieH  of  Ih  hrtindria.  Moxico  and  tiir  Hoiithern  Tnited 
StaiiH  to  Central  America  and  the  Went  ludieft.  (tnyxjc,  diltereut ;  (U7//>, 
m;ilt'.) 
.1    Aiiul  riiyn  11;  Hcnli'n  aoto  .'«). 

h.  SciiluN  ill  X>  luiiKtliwiau  g«rieN;  duriukl  nt.vn  1>;  u  rimml  blitck  N|iiit  mi  Hiilti  o|i|icNilt<i  voiit. 

UNINIITATA,  1011. 

Ill,  Snli'H  ill  .'10  ImimvurHK  kitIuh;  (lorwil  ruyr<  !l;  \»»\\  rutlculutcil  witli  hrnwn,  nml  wilh 
nIIvit}'  criWHliarN;  a  hliick  M|Hit  iit  iioHtriiiii'  biiHC  dI' JdrHitl.  mktai.i.ica,  1012. 

•111.  Anal  riijH  <>  Id  0;  durHiiI  rayn  7  or  K;  wiilfn  'J4  to  'iX. 

• .  8iiloH  with  It  Ji>t-lila>'l(  liktiTAl  Btrpak,  criixHtMl  liy  tl  or  8  black  vortical  li.trii;  Iimcs  of  dur- 
gal,  caudal,  and  luial  each  with  a  black  Hpot;  Ni/,«  very  Ninall.  roKMORA,  1013. 

II .  Hlilon  without  illNliiu't  Muck  croH^harH  acrosn  a  lateral  baud. 

if.  MIdcN  »ith  a  row  of  about  7  round  lilarkliih  HpotH  of  thuHi/.i<  uf  tho  eye,  along  iniddio 
of  Bide;  a  black  lino  along  tail  abovu  and  below;  tail  with  faint  criMN  baiidii. 

IM.RUIIOHI'IM't,  1014. 

i<i{.  SldcH  with  a  rather  faint  dark  lateral  band. 

f.  Dorxnl  with  a  black  blotch  on  itn  posterior  rays;  a  dark  linn  nIoiiK  tall  abnvo 
and  below,  and  iigunlly  HJIvery  crosiibarH  on  itn  (tide;  2  or  It  irregular  reti- 
culated black  HpotH  abuvu  lateral  band.  VKiiNicnLOK,  lol.'i. 
I'c.  I)omil  without  dark  blotch,  thu  fins  all  plain;  a  dark  line  aluiig  lower  eil);e  of 
tail;  nIzo  rather  largo.                                                        ocoidentalis,  lOlC. 

1011.  HKTEKANURIA  IIMNOTATA  (Poey). 

lleadrUto6;  depth  5  in  total  length  (with  caudal).  B.  5;  D.  9;  A. 
11;  Hcules  35.  Eye  longer  than  tho  snout,  'S^  in  head.  DorHal  fin 
of  female  inserted  at  middle  of  total  length;  ventralH  reaching  the  vent. 
Anal  ])roceBH  of  the  male  very  long,  eciual  in  length  to  itH  diHtnnce  from 
tho  end  of  tho  snout,  terminating  in  a  claNjior.  (ireiMiiHli  brown,  with  a 
lar^e  round  spot  on  the  side,  oppoHlte  the  vent.  Streams  of  Cuba. 
i.l'()o,v) ;  not  seen  by  us.     (iininotalnn,  with  one  spot.) 

Uinmlinnn  nninolttlun,  PuGY,  Mouiorlas,  II,  309,  18G1,  Rio  Tacotaco,  Cuba;  UPntiikii,  Cat.,  VI, 

Hjl,  1806. 

1013.  HETERANDRIA  METALLICA  (Puoy). 

Head  4^;  depth  4i.  B.  5;  D.  9;  A.  11;  V.  6;  scales  30;  vertebne 
13  +  20.  Origin  of  dorsal  in  female  nearer  tip  of  caudal,  and  opposite 
third  or  fourth  anal  ray;  in  the  male  it  is  nearer  tip  of  snout.  Anal  pro- 
cess (if  the  male  nearly  twice  as  long  as  head,  with  rectirved  spines,  and 
a  (ia.sper  at  its  extremity.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  short.  Free  portion 
of  the  tail  moderately  deep.  Greenish,  reticulated  with  brown,  with 
nil  very  cross  bands;  a  black  spot  at  the  posterior  part  of  base  of  dorsal. 
(IV-y.)    Streams  of  Cuba,     (metallicus,  like  metal.) 

Oiniiilinm  metaUicHs,  PoET,  Meinoriiis,  I,  387,  pi.  31,  flgs.  8-11,  1>*5.'),  Cuba;  GCntiikk,  Cat.,  vi, 
:i51,  I860. 

1018.  HETERANDRIA  FORMOSA,  Agassiz. 

Head  3^  to  3f ;  depth  3i  to  4  ;  eye  3.  D.  7 ;  A.  6  to  9 ;  scales  24  to  28. 
Boily  short,  slightly  compressed.     Snout  very  short,  about  i  oye.     Mouth 


' 

: 

i 

i   ;                  ^^^^jjr 

■A 

^% 


^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^^''J^ .  4^s 


.V 


'''  ^J^ 


%^ 


Z 


<s 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


■50  ""^    Mifli 
^  ^    12.2 

|U    |ll.6_ 


^#^ 


yl 


7 


i? 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7)6)  872-4503 


(i 


6^ 


?^ 


T1 


wmmm 


l; 


G88 


Bulletin  42,   United  States  National  Museum. 


terminal,  slightly  oblique;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting;  jaws  eacli 
with  a  series  of  small,  pointed,  movable  teeth;  gill  membranes  unitctl. 
Dorsal  fln  short,  on  posterior  part  of  body,  its  origin  above,  on  a  verti- 
cal from  middle  of  anal,  and  about  midway  between  end  of  snout 
and  tip  of  caudal  fin;  anal  in  males  considerably  in  advance  of  dorsiil, 
and  transformed  into  an  intromittent  organ;  caudal  fin  rather  lon^, 
about  5  in  body,  slightly  dusky  at  its  tip.  Color  in  spirits,  browninli 
olive;  a  i^ark  band  about  as  wide  as  eye  from  mouth  through  eye  and 
along  middle  of  the  side,  terminating  in  a  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal : 
band  crossed  by  6  to  9  brownish-black  vertical  streaks  which  becomo 
fainter  with  age,  the  anterior  ones  the  less  promineut;  these  markiii;;.s 
made  up  of  small  dark  dots;  a  black  spot  on  base  of 'dorsal  and  anal 
iins.  Length,  female  1  inch,  male  f  inch.  South  Carolina  to  Florida : 
exceedingly  abundanc  in  the  black  water  of  swamps  and  in  ditcheH,  in 
company  with  Gambunia  affiniti',  said  to  be  the  smallest  known  IibIi. 
{formoHUH,  comely.) 

netemntlriafiirmmia,  AoASSlz  MS,  18.")3;  Gikard,  I'roe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  C2,  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina;  Palatka,  Florida. 

Girardinut  formoms,  GCnthek,  Oat.,  vi,  354,  1800;  .Tokdan  &  Gilbebt,  Synopsie,  349,  18h'i; 
JoiiDAN  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  236. 


J'M,: 


lir  i" 


1014.  HETEKANDIIIA  PliEUllOSPILrS  (Gtlnther). 

Head  4;  depth  3|.  D.8;  A.9;  V.6;  8cales28-S.  Eyemore  than  length 
of  snout,  3  in  head,  and  li^  in  interorbital  fciace,  which  is  slightly 
concave.  In  the  female  the  origin  of  dorsal  is  at  middle  of  tota.i  length, 
and  conspicuously  behind  that  of  anal;  cauda^  fin  large,  longer  than 
head,  subtruncate  behind ;  free  portion  of  tail  somewhat  elongate,  leiigtli 
of  base  of  anal  \  of  its  distance  from  caudal;  pectoral  fin  not  quite  as 
long  as  bead  and  not  extending  so  far  backward  as  the  ventral  fins, 
which  reach  vent;  in  the  male  the  origin  of  dorsal  is  somewhat  nearer 
tip  of  caudal  than  that  of  snout ;  the  anal  process  quite  straight,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  head,  and  ending  in  a  simple  tapering  point;  caudal 
very  short.  Reddish  olive ;  a  series  of  6  or  7  round  blackish  spots,  each 
about  the  size  of  the  eye,  along  the  middle  of  the  side;  a  black  line 
along  the  base  of  the  anal  fin  and  on  lower  and  upper  margins  of  the 
tail;  caudal  fin  with  2  indistinct  da''k  cross  bands.  Females  2  inches 
long,  males  1.  Guatemala.  (Gunther.)  (TrPffpov,  side;  (T7ri/lof,  spot.) 
Girardinm phurospiho,  GOntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  353,  1866,  Lake  of  Duefkas.    (Coll.  Salvia.) 

1016.  HETEBANDRIA  VERSICOLOR  (GUnthor). 

Head  3f ;  depth  3?.  D.  8;  A.  8;  V.  6;  scales  27-8.  Eye  longer  than 
snout,  2\  in  head,  p.nd  IJ  in  interorbital  space,  which  is  nearly  flat.  In 
the  female  the  origin  of  dorsal  is  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  tip  of  caudal 
and  opposite  second  ray  of  anal ;  caudal  moderate,  as longas  head,  rounded 
behind;  free  portion  of  tail  somewhat  elongate;  length  of  base  of  anal 
§  its  distance  from  caudal;  pe'itoral  shorter  than  head,  extending  some- 
what beyond  root  of  ventrals,  which  reach  vent.  Reddish  olive  above, 
sometimes  with  indistinct  silvery  crossbars  on  the  sido  of  the  tail ;  an 


li  i 


11 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


(J89 


indistinct  dark  band  along  middle  of  side,  and  above  it  2  or  3  reticu- 
latetl  black  spots,  their  number  and  situation  being  variable,  even  on 
tilt' two  sides  of  the  same  individual ;  u  black  lino  along  the  lower  and 
i;|i])or  margins  of  the  tail ;  a  blackish  blotch  on  the  posterior  rays  of  the 
dorsal  fin.  San  Domingo.  (Giinther.)  Known  from  2  females;  not  seen 
liv  118.  {'cermcolor ^  variegated.) 
linaiMiiii*  i-emcolor,  Gt'NTiiEB,  Cat.,  vi,  ;\r>2,  18fiC,  San  Domingo.     (Coll.  Mr.  Cnining.) 


iiu,! 


j:.         r 


1016.  HKTERANDRIA  OCTIDENTALIS,  Bairu  /:  Girard. 

Head  3 J ;  depth  4  to  4^.  D.  7  or  8 ;  A.  9  or  10 ;  scales  29-8.  Body  deep, 
elevated  in  front  of  dorsal.  Insertion  of  dorsal  nearer  base  of  caudal 
tliaii  tip  of  snout,  slightly  in  advance  of  anal.  Brownish  above,  dotted 
with  black;  silvery  below,  with  a  black  lati^ral  stripe,  as  broad  as  eye, 
from  shoulder  to  caudal ;  a  r.arrow  black  line  along  lower  margin  of 
tail;  tins  unicolor,  without  spot  or  blotch.  Length  2J  inches.  Gila 
Hasin,  Arizona,  and  basins  of  Yaqui  and  Sonora  rivers,  Sonora ;  locally 
ahuiidant  in  springs  and  ditches;  our  specimens  sent  from  Tucson  by 
William  W.  Price  and  Herbert  Brown.  Thifi  species  looks  like  a  Gambtma, 
but  has  a  much  smaller  mouth.  It  seems  nearer  allied  to  Pwcilia  than 
to  the  typical  species  of  Heterandria.     (occidentalis,  western.) 

IletiKiHilria  occideiitalif,  Baird  &  GlP.ABD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  185;i,  390,  Rio  Santa  Cruz, 

near  Tucson,  Arizona.    (Coll.  Clark.) 
(liriiriliiiiis  tnnorienitiii,  GiRARii,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  120,  San  Bernardino  Creek, 

a  tributary  oi  Rio  Yaqui,  in  Sonora;  Giinther,  Cat.,  vi,  .V).'),  1860. 
diriirilimia  occidentalis,  GCntheu,  Cat.,  vi,  354,  186C;  Jordan  &  Giliiert,  SyiiopHiH,  .349,  1883. 

316.  LEBISTES,  De  Filippi. 

Lehi»le»,  Dr.  FlllPPi,  Arch.  Zool.  Anat.,  etc.,  i,  1862,  69. 

Cleft  of  the  month  small,  with  the  lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  the 
up])er;  both  jaws  with  a  narrow  band  of  very  small  teeth,  those  in  the 
outer  series  being  the  largest.  Scales  of  moderate  size.  Dorsal  and  anal 
fins  Hbort;  anal  in  advance  of  the  dorsal,  with  the  second  and  third  rays 
iiiucii  thickened  and  elongate  in  both  sexes.  Second  ventral  longest, 
ending  in  a  hook  in  the  females.  Island  of  Barbadoes.  We  know  this 
genuH  only  from  Dr.  Giinther's  abridgment  of  De  Filippi's  account.  With 
Dr.  Giinther,*  we  doubt  the  correctness  of  the  sexual  characters  assigned. 
{/e,ii(ii,  a  small  fish,  from  /lf/?w>  a  kettle ;  a  pot  fish.) 

1017.  LEBISTKS  PffiCILIODES,  Do  Filippi. 

D.  9 ;  A.  7;  V.  6 ;  scales  34-8.    Barbadoes.    Length  1^  inches.  (Giinther.) 

{PiiriVia',  eUoc;,  likeness.) 

I.ehi.-l.ipmiliodei',  De  Filippi,  Arch.  Zool.  Anat.,  1, 1862,  69,  Barbadoes;  Guntiieb,  Cat.,  vi,  .356, 

18()6. 


♦"If  the  characters  assigned  to  this  very  doubtful  genua  are  correct,  it  differs  in  a  very 
pxtniordinary  manner  from  the  other  flsh  of  this  family,  iu  which  sexual  diff^erenccs  arc 
ol*iT\ril.  From  an  ir.gpection  of  the  figure,  we  should  have  considered  the  specimen  to  be  & 
male;  I  lilt  Prof.  Do  Filippi  says  distinctly  that  the  peculiar  anal  tin  is  found  in  the  female  as 
well  as  in  tho  male."— Gi/nMer. 


V.  N.  A.- 


-45 


'  t' 


■»atTpyfKrBy.,.|.-~^»-^t|-~^a,raf':-^i<IT^r^,Tg;^ 


.la 


i 


i  i 


i'i 


690 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


317.  ACROPCECILIA,  Ililgendorf. 

Acropnecilia,  iliLGENDORK,  8it7,iitigHberic)ite  Naturf.  Kroundr,  1880,  52,  (trident). 

Teeth  in  the  inner  series  of  both  jaws  triful;  otherwise  essentially  as 
in  I'acilia.  Appearance  of  Pacilia,  the  dorsal  very  short,  the  niandiltlh 
weak,  tlie  dentary  bones  loosely  articulated,  the  intestines  with  4  con- 
volutions. One  s2)eoics  known,  but  very  likely  others  n«,iw  raferroo  to 
/•«c//i«  will  be  found  to  belong  here,  and  the  two  genera  may  prove  to 
bo  inseparablf.     (uk^o^,  sharp ;  ra'cilia.) 

1018.  ACROPWCIIilA  TRIDENS  (IlilgendorO 

Head  4;  depth  3;  eye  3,  IJ  in  interorbital  space,  5  length  of  snout. 
D.  7;  A.  8,  scales  27-9.  Teeth  in  front  row  much  elongate,  band-like, 
with  broadened,  truncate  tips;  toethof  the  2 posterior  series  much  smaller, 
their  cutting  edge  trifid,  the  middle  lobe  projecting  beyond  the  otliers; 
teeth  similar  in  the  2  jaws;  tips  of  all  the  teeth  brown.  Insertion 
of  dorsal  in  female  a  little  farther  from  gill  opening  than  from  con 
vexity  of  caudal,  the  distance  equal  in  males ;  dorsal  somewhat  behind 
anal  in  females,  much  behind  in  males;  dorsal  higher  than  body  in 
males,  half  as  high  in  females;  pectoral  l^  in  head;  lower  jaw  little 
projecting.  Coloration  olivaceous,  with  black  dots  everywhere  excejit 
on  belly  and  ventrals;  a  black  network  surrounding  the  scales,  finest 
on  the  tail ;  young  with  distinct  dark  cross  bands,  and  a  dark  vertelir;;! 
streak;  o})ercle  black;  a  basal  band  on  the  dorsal;  in  the  young  and 
the  female  a  large  black  spot  on  posterior  margin  of  the  fin ;  caudal 
rarely  with  traces  of  vertical  bands;  belly  dirty  silvery.  Length  'J 
inches;  male  Ik  inches.  Port  au  Prince,  Haiti.  (Hilgendorf.)  (tridrnH, 
three-toothed.) 

Pacilia  (Acropcecilia)  trideru,  HiioENnoRr,  Sitzgsber.  Nftturf.  Fromide,  1889,  52,  Port  au  Prince. 

318.  PCECILIA,  Bloch  At  Schneider. 

PceciUa,  BtocH  &  Schneider,  Systema  Ichthyologia,  4.52,  18c»l,  (vivipara). 
Litiiiii,  roF.v,  Meinorias,  i,  388,  18r,5,  (ciibeiisM). 

Body  oblong,  often  rather  deep ;  mouth  small,  transverse,  with  wejik 
jaws;  teeth  small,  in  narrow  bands,  the  outer  series  in  each  jaw  bein;,' 
usually  enlarged,  curved,  movable,  and  with  brown  tips;  lower  jaw  not 
prominent,  its  bones  movable.  Scales  large.  Dorsal  fin  rather  small,  of 
7  to  11  rays ;  anal  fin  short,  in  female  nearly  opposite  dorsal  in  males 
advanced  and  modified  into  a  sword-shaped  intromittent  organ.  Verte- 
brjc  about  28.  Intestine  long.  Species  mud-eating  and  viviparou.s. 
This  genus  differs  from  Mollienesia  only  in  the  smaller  size  of  the  dorsal, 
which  has  usually  9  or  10  rays  and  is  nearly  opposite  the  anal  iu  the 
female,  but  behind  it  in  the  male.  The  numerous  species  inhabit  the 
West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  They  are  not  well  known  and, 
having  never  been  critically  compared,  it  is  impossible  to  foini  an 
analytical  key  to  them  on  the  basis  of  our  present  knowledge.  Some  of 
them  may  prove  to  belong  to  Heterandria,  and  others  to  Acrojiwdlia,  or  to 
other  groups.  (muKiXoc,  variegated,  but  the  species  are  duller  in  color 
than  are  those  of  related  genera. ) 


Jordan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


(i'Jl 


fin :  caudal 


»rt  au  Prince. 


.1.  Scali'K  very  largo,  2.')  to  'ih  in  n  lniigtliwiai>  onrieH;  ctiluration  |ila><i;  ilornal  and  iinal  ili>IU'd. 
\i.  Dornal  riiyM  7;  auiil  rio'H7;  coluratiun  plain,  *lii<  tlnit  ilottud.  vivii'aiia,  1'iIU. 

[)h.  Dorwil  nij-B  9;  anal  ni)'H  8.  bi'TI.khi;  oii.i.i,  1(i20;  loiil. 

<i<i.  SculOH  !  i(j<loratc,  2f  to  3'2  In  a  IvngtInviHi!  hcrieH. 

(',  1ia8e<  of  caudal  with  a  black  occIIuh.  i-avonina,  102:^, 

•v.  niu><  of  caudal  without  dlNtliiit  Mack  ocpllug, 

(/.  Dorsal  and  anal  each  with   •()  or  11   ray.s;  m-ales  :tO  to  3'i-lO;  dcplh  :t  to  ;:'.,  in 
length;  HidcH  with  2  rows  of  Mack  dots.  vittaia,  1023. 

lUi.  Dorsal  with  7  to  11  rajH;  aiial  rays  ti  to  !). 

t.  Body  rather  roliuxt,  the  depth  in  adult  more  than  >.|  (lie  lungtb. 

MKXICANA;    TIIKItMAMS;    ('MI80YKN8IS;     l>KTKNEN81H;    NI'MKNOI-H; 

iiovii;  corciiiANA;  iioiCAKnij  vandgpolm;  homim- 

CKNSIS;  MK.I.ANOOASTEn;  SPILlRfH,  1024-10.'l.'>. 

ee.  Body  -Hthor  elongate,  tlio  depth  in  adult  not  more  than  ^  thu  length, 

Ki.oN(iATA;  rRESiDioNlH,  1036;  1037. 

lOm.  PWCILIA  VIVIPAIU,  Hloch  .V:  Schneider. 

Depth  3;  B.  5;  D.  7;  A.  7;  scales  24;  veitebrn*  15-1-13.  Kyo  3  in 
head,  or  2  in  interorbital  width.  Greenish,  each  scale  with  the  mar- 
gin brownish;  dorsal  fin  with  a  small  blackish  spot  in  the  middle; 
caudal  with  a  black  spot  near  the  base  of  the  upper  and  lower  rays. 
Brazil;  Guiana;  Martini(ine.  (Giinther);  not  seen  by  us;  a  species  long 
known,  but  never  well  described.  {viviparux,  bringing  forth  living 
young.) 
7'«rt7iii  rivijima,  Iti.ocii  &  Sohneideb,*  Syst.  Ichthyol.,  452,  pi.  8t;,  fig.  'J    Iwjl,  Surinam;  GOn- 

TiiFR,  Cat.,  VI,  'Mr),  18G6. 
Pii('i;m««ri)mi)"H«i«,  Vai.enc'Iknnes,  IDunboldt  (»l)serv.  Zoiil.,  ii,  158,  1817,  Surinam. 
PifdUa  sehneiileri,  CuviEii  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Tol^s.,  ,\viii,  135,  I84ti,  Surinam. 

102(».  PfECILIA  Bl'TLKRI.  Jordan. 

Head3Ho3ii;  depth 2t (adult) to 3i  (young).  D.9;  A.  6to8;  8cale824to 
2(>-!l.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  front  of  eye,  and 
over  tenth  scale  of  lateral  line;  fins  moderate,  longest  ray  of  dorsal 
about  as  long  as  head  without  snout;  caudal  scaly  at  base;  caudal 
peduncle  compressed  and  deep.  Color  uniform  olive,  the  young  with 
faint,  dark  cross  shades;  caudal  with  a  few  black  spots;  dorsal  with 
numerous  round,  black  spots  in  both  sexes.  Allied  to  Pwcilia  rfofti.  but 
with  deeper  body  and  larger  scales.     Length  of  adult  2  inches. 

Fresh  specimens  recently  obtained  by  the  Hopkins  Expedition  from  the 
Kio  Presidio  are  described  as  follows:  Head  3^;  depth  3k.  D.  9;  A.  6; 
scales  2G-9.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  3  in  head;  interorbital  width  2.  Pecto- 
ral li  in  head  ;  caudal  1  in  head ;  longest  dorsal  ray  in  males  li  in  head, 
in  females  IJ.  Body  deep  and  compressed,  the  form  as  in  Adiniu,  the 
wtraight  anterior  profile  rising  considerably  to  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal 
Huiiill,  even  in  the  male,  inserted  over  or  somewhat  before  anal,  much 
lu'hind  anal  in  female.  Teeth  in  two  series,  well  separated,  the  inner  series 
Hinaller  and  more  close-set,  not  trifid;  caudal  peduncle  very  deep,  the  fin 
broad.  Males  larger  than  females,  equally  numerous,  and  with  higher  fins, 
a»  in  Mollieneaia.     Color  of  males  green,  with  a  pale-blue  spot  on  each 

*  Tn  the  figure  of  Bloch  &  Schneider  the  body  is  represeutbd  as  marked  by  broad  cross  bands 
of  (lurk  brown. 


l\ 


]T 


i  ' 


V  I 


',■  . 


Mi 


i  Ij 


M- 


I'l  11  IIP 


i'ii'i 


:      ! 


■it 


Ij 


li 
ill 


I'HN 


tl 


II, 'I, 


!!li;C.':i 


Hiir. 


i     :  ! 


!il!; 


692 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


scale,  Hurronuded  by  broii/e  uhadcH  ;  no  dark  crosHbarH,  except  in  yoiini^: 
doFHal  and  anal  pale  orange,  with  many  Hniall,  round,  black  dotH ;  lo\<  (  r 
fins  pale.  Female  similar  but  paler;  nu  cross  bands;  a  faint  dark  h|iiii 
behind  pectoral;  lower  tins  bright  orange;  caudal  jiearly  plain;  dor^ill 
spotted  as  in  the  male,  but  less  profusely,  l^ength  2  to  3  inches.  Vciy 
common  in  the  clear  streams  of  Sinaloa,  especially  in  Hio  I'residio,  descend- 
ing to  brackish  water.  (Named  for  Amos  W.  Butler,  of  IJrookvillc, 
Indiana,  a  well-known  ornitliolof^ist  who  has  collected  fishes  in  Mexico.) 
I'veciliti  bulleri,  Jokiian,  Troc.  U.  ^.  Niit.  AIiim.,  188M,  XH),  Rio  Presidio,  near  Mazatlan. 
(Typo,  No.  37158.     Coll.  Alplioiiso  Forrer.) 

1021.  PUCl'ILIA  UILIill  (Kiu'i-  Jt  Sliiixhivliiicr). 
Head  4  to  5  in  total  length;  depth  a  little  greater.  D.  9;  A.  8  orH: 
ecales  25-8.  Eye  3  in  head;  interorbital  width  1  to  IJ  in  head.  Dorsal 
inserted  nearniiddle  of  body,  opposite  anal  in  females.  Young  brown, 
with  faint  vertical  bands;  older  individuals  with  dark  cidges  to  the  scales; 
dorsal  punctate  ;  young  often  with  a  black  spot  at  base  of  last  anal  rn,v.s; 
caudal  plain  or  with  black  points.  Length  2  inches.  Kio  Chagros. 
(Kner  &  Steindachner) ;  not  seen  by  us.  (Named  for  TheoUore  Gill.) 
Xiphophonii  gillii,  Kner  &  Steindaciin&ii,  Aldi.  Buyer.  Aknd.  for  1864,  28,  18Gr,,  Rio  Chagres. 

1022.  PffiClLIA  PAVONINA  (Pooy). 
Female  brownish  green,  with  an  ocellate  spot  near  the  base  of  can(l:il 
on  the  lower  middle  jtart  of  the  fin  ;  this  spot  black,  surrounded  liy 
white  or  reddish  ;    body  with   brown    spots.     Havana.     (Poey.)     Fins 
and  scales  undescribed.     (pavoninnn,  li!:e  a  ])eacock.) 
Limiapavonina,  Poey,  Enunioratio,  142,  1875,  Havana.     (Coll.  Pocy.) 

102S.  P(EC'ILIA  VITTATA,  Guichonot. 
(Fanguito;  Ouajjca.) 
Head  4;  depth  2f.    D.  10  or  11;  A.  10  or  11;   scales  30-10;   vertebia- 
13  +  16.    Eye  longer   than  snout,  3   in  head.     Origin  of  dorsal  nearer 
occiput  than  root  of  caudal,  and,  in  the  female,  in  advance  of  that  of 
anal.    Dorsal  and  anal  of  moderate  si/.e;  in  the  male  the  origin  of  tlie 
anal  is  much  nearer  to  end  of  snout  th.      root  of  caudal  and  bofor 
extremity  of  pectoral,  its  longest  ray  provided  with  an  adipose  apieul 
appendage;  tail  moderately  elongate, its  least  depth  being  not  much  less 
than  the  length  of  the  head.    Two  series  of  black  dots  along  each  side  dl 
the  body  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  with  irregular  black  spots.    Cuba.     (Poey.) 
(vittatuH,  striped.) 
Pwcilia  villata,  GuicilENOT,  in  Ramon  de  la  Sagrn,  Hist.  Nat.  <"uba,  Poieg.,  140,  pi.  .I,  lig.  1,  Is'i", 

Cuba;  GCntheh,  Cat.,vi,  339,  18C6. 
Limia  cuheimi**  Poey,  Memorius,  i,  388,  1855,  Havana. 
P(rcilia  aiben/ii^,  GCnther,  vi,  340,  18C6. 

1024.  PiECILIA  MEXICANA,  Steindachner. 

Head  4;  depth  3^;  eye  in  adult  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  snout,  3*  in 
head,  and  half  width  of  interorbital  space;  larger  in  young.     D.  10;  A. 

•According  to  Poey  nibeiisig  lias  the  eye  IJ^  in  finout,  3  in  head;  vittala,  eye  l}/^  in  snout,  3}^  in 
head.    In  later  papers  he  has  regarded  the  two  ns  identical. 


W^ffm 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


693 


9 :  scales  28-9  or  10.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  root  of  oaadal 
uimI  occiput,  over  twelftli  scalu  of  tlie  lateral  series.  Origin  of  dorsal 
rtli^litly  in  advance  of  that  of  anal ;  dorsal  lin  rather  small;  anal  very 
Niiiiill;  l)asal  half  of  the  caudal  scaly.  Tail  compressed,  high,  its  least 
(li'|it)i  huiiig  equal  to,  or  ratiior  more  than,  length  of  liea«l  without  snout. 
Kiulit  longitudinal  series  of  scales  on  eaoli  side  of  the  tail,  lirownisli 
;;ii'('ii ;  each  scale  of  the  4  middle  series  of  the  trunk  with  a  small  central 
Mack  spot ;  dorsal  with  numerous  round  blackish  spots;  caudal  with  an 
iiiilistiiict  whitish  cross-hand  near  its  hind  margin.  Males  compara- 
tively scarce;  they  want  the  black  spots  on  the  sides,  and  have  the  anal 
till  transformed  into  an  intromittent  organ.  Southern  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral America;  Chiapas,  Dueflas,  Vera  Paz,  and  Amatitlan.  (Uiiuther.) 
I'.nili't  iiiexivaua,  Stkindaciinkk,  Sitzkur.  Akuil.  Witu*.  Wiuu,  18C3,  178,  Southern  Mexico; 
GCsTllEi.,  Cat.,  VI,  340,  18C(i. 

10>2r>.  I><K('II,IA  TilKKMALIS,  Steindaclinor. 

Head  3J ;  depth  3J.  D.  {)  or  10;  A.  8  or  0;  scales  30-0.  Width  of 
iiiitroihital  space  eciual  to  distance  between  front  margin  of  orbit  and 
i^ill  opening;  the  eye  a  little  longer  than  snout,  3j^  in  head,  a  little  more 
tliaii  half  the  interorbital  space.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between 
root  of  caudal  and  occiput,  over  twelfth  scale  of  the  lateral  series  ;  ori- 
iriii  of  anal  opposite  third  ray  of  dorsal  in  the  female;  dorsal  fin  of 
moderate  size;  anal  small;  caudal  scaly  at  the  base  only.  Tail  com- 
piessed,  moderately  elongate,  its  least  depth  being  somewhat  less  than 
tiie  length  of  the  head  without  snout.  Seven  longitudinal  series  of 
Ncules  on  each  side  of  the  tail.  Greenish;  a  faint  darker  streak  along 
each  series  of  scales;  frequently  a  round  blackish  spot  in  the  middle  of 
tlio  side  in  females.  Male  with  the  dorsal  fin  elevated,  and  the  longest 
ray  at  least  as  long  as  the  head  without  snout;  this  fin  ornamented 
with  large,  ovate  black  spots,  occupying  the  lower  half  of  the  fin,  and 
sometimes  confiueut  into  one  large  patch.  Anal  fin  modified  into  an  intro- 
mittent organ,  and  advanced  to  between  the  ventrals  and  in  front  of  the 
dorsal.  Tail  strongly  compressed,  and  comparatively  rather  higher  than 
in  the  female.  Interradial  membrane  of  the  caudal  fin  with  oblong  black 
spots,  nothing  of  which  is  visiblt  'n  the  female.  Warm  springs  in  Central 
America,     (Giinther.)     (<yiermaJt8,  pertaining  to  heat.) 

i'.i''i7i(i  therfi'tUs,  Stginuai'Iineb,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wieu,  18C3,  181,  warm  springs  in  Cen- 
tral America;  GUntiier,  Cut.,  vi,  341, 18C6. 

(n\iiibit4a*  modesla,  Tboschei.,  MUller's  Buiso  in  Mexico,  in,  C30,  186.5,  Mexico;  no  locality 
given. 

1026.  P4ECILIA  CHISOYEXSIS,  Gllnther. 

Head  4^;  depth  3^.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  3i  in  head,  and  more  than 
liiilf  width  of  interorbital  space.  D.  9  or  10;  scales  29-9.  Free  portion 
of  tail  elevated,  its  least  depth  f  its  own  length,  and  more  than  length 
ol'  head  without    snout.      Origin    of  dorsal    fin    nearer    occiput    than 

*  C'lmhtmn  modesla  :  D.  10;  A.  9;  P.  16.  Length  of  typo  (male)  1%  inches;  depth  4%  in  total 
!i'iii;tli;  ilursftl  inserted  over  last  rays  of  anal,  us  high  a.f  the  body  below  it;  anal  equally  high* 
l>i'(  tdi'iilj  reaching  end  of  base  of  anal;  caudal  rounded.  Urown,  with  irregular  dark  apota  on 
back;  uo  net-like  markings  formed  by  edges  of  scales.— 3Vo<cAe{. 


^1 


11  ■  -'■il 


'■;  "I  iT  ^™?r-rv^.^*^r' 


I       ! 


SI 


ii 


G04 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


to  root  of  caudal,  behind  that  of  the  anal,  above  i\\'\  twelfth  Hcale  of  the 
lateral  series ;  dorsal  tin  hif{her  than  long,  its  longest  ray  shorter  than 
head ;  enlargeu  «:;al  ray  without  terminal  H|>pendagt'.  Hight  longi- 
tudinal scries  of  scales  on  each  side  of  the  tail.  Caudal  rather  Hliort.  its 
basal  half  covered  with  scales.  (Tnifomi  greenish,  with  golden  retl«M-- 
tions;  dorsal  and  caudal  black.  Length  3^  inches.  Rio  Chisoy,  Vera 
Pttz.     (Giinther. ) 

PeecUia  rhiimjiemiii,  GCntiier,  Cci.,  VI,  342,  Rio  Chisoy,  Vera  Paz,  in  bmiiuof  Rio  UBUinacititii. 
(Coll.  Qodninn  &^  Salviu.) 

1027.  PWl'ILIA  PETENENSIS,  Oiintlier. 
Head  4  in  male,  5  in  female;  depth  3^  in  male,  i\  in  female.  D.  11; 
A.  8;  scales  29-30-8  or  9;  vertebrie  16  +  14.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  3*  in 
head,  somewhat  more  than  half  interorbital  width.  Origin  of  dorsal  tin 
farther  from  roojt  of  caudal  than  from  occiput,  over  eleventh  or  twelftii 
scale  of  lateral  series ;  origin  of  anal  opposite  fourth  ray  of  dorsal  fln  (in 
the  female);  dorsal  tin  of  moderate  size;  anal  rather  small,  but  pointed; 
caudal  scaly  on  its  basal  third;  free  portion  of  tail  compressed, ratlior 
high,  its  least  dej^th  half  its  length,  equal  to  length  of  head  without  snuiit. 
Seven  longitudinal  series  of  scales  on  each  side  of  the  tail.  Male  with  the 
dorsal  fin  somewhat  elevated,  the  longest  ray  being  rather  longer  than  tlio 
head;  anal  fin  modified  into  an  intromittenc  organ,  and  advanced  to 
between  the  ventrals,  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Tail  strongly  compressed, 
and  much  higher  than  in  the  female,  its  least  depth  >eing  equal  to  the 
length  of  the  head.  Greenish,  each  scale  with  a  black  vertical  spot; 
dorsal  and  basal  half  of  the  anal  irregularly  and  finely  marbled  with 
brown.  Length  6  inches.  Lake  Peten.  (Giinther.) 
PaicUia petcnetitis,  GONriiEu,  Cat.,  vi,  342,  ISKG,  Lake  Peten  in  Guatemala.     (Coll.  Salvin.) 

1028.  PffiCILIA  SPHENOPS,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 
Head  3|;  depth  3J.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  28-8.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  3A  in 
head,  a  little  more  than  half  interorbital  width.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway 
between  root  of  caudal  and  occiput,  over  thirteenth  scale  of  lateral 
series;  origin  of  anal  opposite  that  of  dorsal  (in  the  female);  dor- 
sal of  moderate  size  anal  small;  caudal  scaly  at  the  base  only.  Tail 
compressed,  rather  high,  its  least  depth  equal  to  length  of  head  without 
snout.  Eight  longitudinal  series  of  scales  on  each  side  of  the  tail. 
Greenish,  each  scale  darker  at  the  base;  back  of  the  tail  with  narrow, 
irregular,  silvery  crossbars.  Male  with  the  dorsal  fin  somewhat  elevated, 
but  the  longest  ray  scarcely  as  long  as  the  head  without  snout;  thiH 
fln  is  ornamented  with  round,  black  spots ;  anal  fln  niodifled  into  an 
intromittent  organ,  and  advanced  to  between  the  ventrals.  Tail  strongly 
compressed,  and  comparatively  higher  than  in  the  female.  Caudal  tin 
with  oblong  black  spots  on  the  interradial  membrane  of  the  basal  half, 
with  a  broad,  whitish,  posterior  marginal  band,  and  narrow  black  edfjo. 
The  female  has  the  dorsal  only  spotted  with  black.  Length  3  inches. 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  (Giinther.)  (ercp^v,  wedge;  ijiji,  face;  "  museau  m 
coin/'  peaked- face.) 

PeecUia  tphenops,  CuviiB  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poise.,  .win,  130,  1846,  Vera  Cruz;  Gi  n- 
TiiER,  Cat.,  VI,  343, 18C6. 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


6»5 


I'-i 


>  Usumarintu. 


!»:!».  PtKt^IIilA  nOVIl,  OlhiMioi. 

ll.ail  :i>;  depth  3;<.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  26  to  29-9.  Width  of  iiitoror- 
liiiiil  npiice  ruther  loss  than  distaiice  between  front  margin  of  eye  and 
^ill  opuiiiog.  Eye  somewliat  more  than  length  of  snout,  3^  in  houd, 
ami  rather  more  than  half  width  of  iuterorbital  space.  Origin  of 
tloisiil  fm  midway  between  root  of  caudal  and  occiput,  over  twclflli 
Ncali-  of  lateral  series;  origin  of  anal  opposite  the  second  or  third  ray  of 
tho  dorsal  (in  the  female);  dorsal  fin  of  moderate  sixe;  antil  aniall; 
rniiilal  scaly  on  its  basal  third.  Tail  compressed,  rather  high,  its  least 
depth  ctjual  to  length  of  head  without  snout.  Seven  longitudinal  series 
of  Hcaies  on  each  side  of  the  tail.  Uniform  brownish  green  on  the  liead 
and  body  ;  male  with  the  dorsal  fin  slightly  elevated,  but  the  loiigcHt 
ray  is  scarcely  as  long  as  the  head  without  snout;  this  fin  <8  orna- 
mented with  small,  round,  black  spots.  Anal  fin  modiiied  into  an 
lutromitteut  organ,  and  advanced  to  between  the  ventrals  and  in 
front  of  the  dorsal.  Tail  strongly  compressed,  but  not  higher  than  in 
tlio  female.  Caudal  fin  with  minute  black  spots  on  the  interradial  iiiein- 
brnne ;  back  of  tail  sometimes  with  indistinct,  narrow,  dark  crosHbars. 
Tlu^  female  has  the  fins  colored  as  in  the  male.  Length  2\  inches.  Mex  ico 
and  (jiiateuiala.     (Gunther.)     (Named  for  John  M.  Dow,  its  discoverer.) 

/'.iri/i.i  Joru,  GCntiieb,  Cut.,  VI,  344, 181)0,  Lake  Nicaragua;  Lake  Amatitlan.    (Coll.  Duw.) 
tU\mh\may\\mihta*'iwi»Q\\t.\.,  in  MOIler'H  Ruifle  in  Mi'xicu,  iii,  (i40,  18G6,  Mexico,  no  locality. 


,  I 


1  I 


'!l 


lOSO.  PtECILIA  I'OrCHIANA  (Qirard). 

Head  5  in  total  with  caudal ;  eye  3  in  head.  D.  9 ;  A.  6.  IJody  short, 
liack  convex;  head  small;  scales  very  large.  Dorsal  longer  than  high, 
inserted  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout;  anal  opposite  its  hinder 
portion ;  pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals.  Brownish,  each  scale  with  a 
large  brown  spot;  an  obscure  black  lateral  band;  fins  plain,  except  the 
dorsal,  which  has  a  few  black  spots.  Known  from  females  only.  Rio 
San  Juan,  at  Cadareita  and  Monterey,  in  Nuevo  Leon,  ('oiirard.) 
(Named  for  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch,  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey.) 

Limia  ciiiirhiaiia,  GiKARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phita,,  1859,  IKi,  Rio  San  Juan.     (Coll.  Coiirli). 

PiiciUa  comhii,  GOntiieb,  Oat.,  vi,  347,  1806. 

Pii'ciliit  coiichiana,  Jordan  &  Gilbeut,  Syuopsiti,  348,  1883, 

lost.  P<ECILIA  BO[7CARDI,tStcin(lacliiior. 

Head  3i  ;  depth  3.  D.  9  or  10 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  27  or  28-9.  Eye  ;|i  in  head, 
as  long  as  snout;  iuterorbital  width  1*  in  head.  Dorsal  in  females 
iiiHorted  an  eye's  diameter  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  opercle,  farther 

*  Onmhigia  plumheii:  D.  10;  A.  9;  P.  14.  TiOnf;th  2%  inelies.  GrcatoHt  hoiglit  inoro  tliaii 
length  ot  head,  4V<|  in  total  length.  Insertion  of  <lort<al  nearer  cauiliil  tliiia  tip  of  Rnuiit,  over 
tip  (if  peutornl  and  end  of  anal,  %  doptli  of  bo<ly  below  it;  anal  in  male  'j{^  height  of  Imily. 
liniwiiisli  plumbeous,  yellowiHh  below;  dorsal  and  caudal  with  many  dark  poiutd,  those  on  eaii- 
iliil  mostly  near  base. 

t  A  Rpociesnlliod  to  P.  boiicanfi  is  mentioned  as  follows  by  MUUer  tb  Troschol,  Steindachner, 
Mdiiatslirr.  Akud.  Wim.  Berl.,  1844,  30: 

"  Molmetiafiisciata,  Mlh.i,ER  &  Trosciiei.:  P.  8;  A.  9;  niitdunkelu  Querblndon.  Mexico."  For- 
tunately t!)e  name  PuecUia  faadata  is  preoccupied. 


i 


',■;'.)  I'l 


i 


■  ■■J,-) 

:  -   (' 


696 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Itaok  in  iiialo.  Dorsal,  caudal,  and  pflctorul  dark  gray  iuh,  tlio  dorHal  punc- 
tat»  in  Itoth  80XOH,  tlio  H|i<»tH  arrangud  in  Hovoral  rowH,  HoniutinicH  gatli 
itred  in  blotclioH;  caudal  with  croHH  rowo  of  dotn;  anal  dotted  in  old 
fomaluH  only ;  sidcH  of  hody  with  faint,  dark-gray  cross  hands.  Length  it 
inches.  Streams  at  Colon,  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  Isthniusof  Pananiii. 
(Steiiidachner.)  (Named  for  Ali>house  Doucard,  tho  ornithologist,  who 
collected  in  tropical  America.) 
ru'ciViabxucunH,  bTKiNDACiiNBii,  Iclitli.  Uultr.,  vi,  8,  1h7H,  Colon;  Aspinwall. 

10»'i.  PWClIiU  YANnKPOIilil,  Van  Lldth  do  Jeudii.  ' 

Depth  3;  D.  8;  A.  9 ;  scales  25  to  27-9.  Eye  3  in  head.  Female  witli 
tho  anal  a  very  little  behind  dorsal ;  male  with  the  anal  much  advanct'd 
and  the  ventrals  produced  ;  outer  teeth  curved,  all  of  them  brown  at  tip. 
Yellowish  brown,  silvery  below;  a  dark  spot  behind  interorbital  region, 
continued  as  a  dark  line  along  middle  of  back;  dark  edges  of  scales  giv- 
ing the  body  a  reticulated  ajipearanco ;  sometimes  faint  cross-bands  on 
tail ,  male  sometimes  with  a  black  spot  as  large  as  eye  above  and  bidiiml 
root  of  pectoral.  Length  l*  inches.  Brooks  on  the  island  of  Curnvno, 
one  of  tho  Leeward  Islands  in  tho  Caribbean  Sea.  (Lidth  de  Jeude.) 
(Named  for  J.  K.  H.  Neervoort  van  de  Poll,  its  collector.) 

Pi f cilia  viimh'iiolli.  Van  Liptii  i>k  .Irudr,  Nottts  fruin  TioyduD  Mubuuiii,  ix,  438,  1887,  Cura9ao, 
one  of  the  Leeward  Islands,     (Coll.  Nuurvoort  van  do  Pull). 

Rei)reHented  in  the  brooks  of  the  neighboring  island  of  Aruba  by 
1032a.  P(FX'IlilA  YANDEPOLLI  AKUBKN81S,  Vun  Lidth  du  Joudo. 

Body  deeper,  the  depth  3}  in  length ;  anal  more  advanced  in  femalcH, 
opposito  dorsal  fm.  Dorsal  and  caudal  with  black  lines  and  spots,  tint 
color  otherwise  as  in  P.  vandepolli.  Length  ^^  inches.  Streams  of  Aruba. 
(Van  Lidth  do  Joudo.) 

Puxiliu  vaiidepoUi  urubeiuif,  Van  Lidth  i>e  Jkvoe,  Notes  from  Leydon  Museum,  ix,  438,  1H87, 
Aruba,  one  of  the  Leeward  Islands.    (Coll.  Neervourt  van  de  Poll). 

1038.  PtECILIA  DOMINICENgIS,  Cuvier  &  Vulenciennes. 

Head  4 ;  depth  3|.  D.  8 ;  A.  7  or  8 ;  scales  28-8.  Origin  of  dorsal  a 
little  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  to  occiput,  nearly  opposite  that  of 
anal ;  dornal  and  anal  fins  small,  rounded.  Tail  of  moderate  height,  itt^ 
least  depth  less  than  length  of  head  without  snout.  A  dark  line  nluii^' 
the  middle  of  the  back;  sometimes  irregular,  indistinct  blackish  spots 
on  tho  back ;  caudal  with  2  light-brownish  cross-bands.  San  Domingo 
and  Barbadoes.     Known  from  females  only.     (Giinthor.) 

Ptfcilia  domiiiicenm,  Cuvieb  &  Valenciennks,  Hist.  Nat.   Poisa.,  xviil,  131,  pi.  625,  1848,  San 
Domingo;  GOntiieb,  Cat.  vi,  34C,  18GU. 

1084.  PIECILIA  MELANOGASTER,  Oiintlier. 

Head  3f ;  depth  SJ.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  26-8.  Eye  of  full-grown  speci- 
mens somewhat  more  than  length  of  snout,  3^  in  head,  and  more  than 
half  width  of  interorbital  space.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between 
root  of  caudal  and  oociputi  over  eleventh  scale  of  the  lateral  serie.-i, 


Jordan  and  Everntann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


097 


NcaiRoly  in  udvniico  of  that  of  anul;  ilorHal  ami  anal  iiim  hiiiuH;  liaHe  of 
till  i-uiulal  HOaly  ;  tail  of  inodi'iatn  !<'iigtli,  itH  loaHt  d«)pth  Bcarculy 
(>i|ii;il  to  length  of  IhmmI,  v.itliout  Hiioiit  ;  huv«>ii  lotigitinliiial  Horieit  of 
Hcali's  on  each  hIiIo  of  tho  tail.  Kody  light  hrowiiiHh,  »  ailvery 
\  lit  Kill  Hti'«>ak  on  each  Hcalu.  A  Hiiiall  hlackiith  npot  in  thu  middle 
of  till)  root  of  tlio  caudal ;  n  hlackiHh  Hpot  acroHx  thu  liaHU  of  tho  three 
|Histi'ii(>r  dtu'Hal  rays;  th*^  proiiiineiit  belly  of  fiMiialea  Hilvery  in  itH 
anterior  half,  and  deep  hlack  in  itH  poHttirior,  theHo  colorH  being  Hharply 
Hi'|iiiratcd  from  earh  other.  Locality  unknown,  perhapH  Jamaica.  ((Hiu- 
tJHT.)  (/if  Xr/i;,  black  ;  juffr///),  belly.) 
/'.  .  j;.i  ml^^«"l/"«''■^  OCntiiku,  Cut.,  vi,  lU.^,  I8C11,  locality  unknown. 

loas.  iMKC'iLiA  Ni'ii.riirs,  uimtiiRi. 

Iliad  4;  depth  3^;  eye  longer  than  Hiiout,  3  in  head,  and  \  width 
(if  intoror))ital  space.  1).  7;  A.  8 ;  HcaloH  2G~9.  Width  of  interorbital 
H)iait>  a  little  Iohn  than  diNtance  between  gill  opening  and  center  of  eye; 
(iii;,'iii  of  dorHal  nii<l.way  between  root  of  caudal  and  upper  end  of  gill 
u|ii>iiing,  over  thirteenth  Hcalo  of  tho  lateral  Herien  ;  origin  of  anal  tin  din- 
tinctly  in  advance  of  that  of  dorHal  (in  female);  dorHal  and  anal  Ann 
Niiiiill ;  buHO  of  tho  caudal  iiu  covered  Avith  HcaleH.  Tail  of  moderate 
lii'ight,  itH  least  depth  being  eijual  to  the  length  of  tho  head  (without 
hiiont).  UrowniHli  olive,  each  scale  darker  in  the  center  ;  a  black  Hpot  on 
eai'li  Hide  of  the  back  of  tho  root  of  the  tail ;  dorsal  fin  with  u  few  black 
H]MitH  along  the  middle.  Length  2}  inchen.  Central  America.  Known 
fniin  one  female.  (Giiuther.)  (crTrtAof,  Hpot ;  oi'/xi,  tail.) 
r(rci/i(i«jn7i(i'iiK,  QCNTiiEn,  Cat.,  vi,  345,  18(iC,  Central  America. 

108«.  PtECILU  KLON'dATA,  Giinther. 

Head  4J;  depth  4.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  30  to  32-0.  Caudal  peduncle 
dee]),  its  least  depth  1|  in  its  own  length,  and  a  little  less  than  length  of 
head,  without  snout.  Eye  equal  to  length  of  snout,  'i\  in  head,  and 
iiioie  than  half  width  of  interorbital  space.  Snout  much  depressed. 
Lower  jaw  with  two  series  of  very  Hinall  teeth  only  ;  in  the  upper  tho 
posterior  band  of  villiform  teeth  is  very  indistinct.  Origin  of  dorsal 
iiit  nearer  root  of  the  caudal  than  occiput,  a  little  behind  root  of  anal, 
above  fourteenth  scale  of  lateral  series;  dorsal  fin  higher  than  long,  its 
lotiirest  ray  being  as  long  as  the  head  without  snout;  anal  small.  Eight 
luugitudinal  series  of  scales  on  each  side  of  the  tail.  Caudal  rounded, 
its  base  only  covered  with  scales.  Uniform  olivaceous,  sometimes  with 
10  or  12  faint  cross  shades;  the  membrane  of  tho  pouches  of  scales  with 
a  black  margin;  fins  immaculate.  A  largo  and  easily  known  species, 
aliuiulaut  in  mouths  of  streams  about  Panama;  the  only  species  thus  far 
recorded  in  salt  water.  Length  4^  inches,  {ilonyatus,  lengthened.) 
PirciUa  ehngata,  GI'ntiier,  Cat.,  VI,  342, 18GC,  Panama;  Stei.ndaciiner,  Ichtli.  Bcitr.,  v,  1876. 

1087.  P(ECILIA  PRESIDIOMS,  Jurdan  &  Culver. 

Head  4^ ;  depth  3i  to  41^ ;  eye  as  long  as  snout,  3^  in  nead ;  interorbital 
space  2  in  head.    D.  7  or  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  28-9.   Body  rather  elongate,  shaped 


.  i 


^•■( 


■•     i  * 


t 

^ 

t 

1 


I         ''li 


i  I: 


in 


•I   il 


;i!ji, 


illM 


■iravrl< 


Bullfiin  ^7,  ITniled  States  Natiofhil  Afuseum. 


a«  iti  Futtthihiii,  the  prodlo  Hciircoly  rii4in>{  to  front  of  dorHiil.  Tueth  hiiiuII, 
in  two  wttll-H««parat«Ml  muicH,  thoNo  of  th»  iniitn'  row  hiiiuII,  climtt-Httt,  imt 
trifid.  Fins  uli  low  U!i«l  Hliort ;  i>i;(;tuml  U  in  lioiul ;  lon^t^Ht  tloiHiil  ruy  1.^ ; 
caudal  truncate,  11  ;  dornal  in  funialu  iiiHvrtttd  ovttr  niiddio  of  anal,  Itoliiiul 
anal  in  niulu.  Maltm  Hcarue,  apparently  HuialliM'  tl>  ui  f<-inaii<H.  r«Mii;i1i< 
gi'«eniHhal)ovu;  NiduHwith  violetHhovn;  iior  t  black oroKsbais,  uHually  M-ty 
diHtinct,  HoinctinicH  oimoluto  in  lar(;o  oxaniploH*,  one  or  two  ol>loii)(  n)i<>|ii 
before  thcHe  in  the  |>laco  of  other  barH  ;  laut  ray  of  dorual  with  a  traco  nl'a 
dark  occIIiih;  ihiH  othcrwiHo  plain  ;  udarkHtrtmk  along  lower  etlgu  «(f  imii- 
dal  prduncle,  and  another  like  a  pencil  mark  alon^;  middle  of  Hi<lei>  iiinli  r 
the  HcalcH.  Males  without  croHHbars  and  with  the  lower  tins  reddish. 
Length  2  innheH;  very  abundant  in  the  clear  AvatcrH  of  Kio  rresidin,  a 
mountain  stream  of  Sinaloa,  20  inileH  south  of  Ma/atlan.  Many  Npicj. 
mens  obtained. 

I\iriliii  prmiiliimiii,  JoitiiAN  iV  C^i'I.vkk,  MS.,  KInIicn  of  Hliiuloii,  1H!l,\  Rio  Presidio,  Sinuloa. 
(T}'|io,  Nu.  2G87.     Stanford  Univ.  Miin.    Cull.  Ilopliinii  Kxiiuditioii.) 

319.  MOLLIENISIA,  Lo  3ueur. 

itolUenuia,  Lk  Suki  k,  Jouru.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilu.,  ii,  1821,  3,  iilato  in,  (/<i/i;>JBnn). 

Body  rather  stout.  Mouth  siiiull  ;  mandible  very  short,  its  bones  not 
united,  the  dentary  being  movable;  both  Jaws  with  a  narrow  band  of 
snuill  teeth,  besides  an  outer  scries  of  long,  slender,  movable  teeth,  wiiicli 
are  curved  and  slightly  compressed,  placed  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  jaw. 
Hrunchiostegals  5.  Scales  large.  Anal  (In  behind  the  dorsal,  the  anal  of 
the  male  being  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ;  cautlal  tin  aiiko  in 
the  two  sexes,  or  the  lower  angle  very  slightly  produced  in  the  nialf, 
suggesting  .Y(7>/i<>p/.'(>rH« ;  dorsal  flu  highly  elevated  in  the  male,  its  buNe 
elongate,  of  12  or  more  rays.  Intestines  elongate,  with  numerous  cim^o 
lutions.  Vertebne  17-f-13=:30.  Small  mud-eating  fishes,  of  variegaiiil 
colors,  found  from  Carolina  to  Mexico,  in  the  coastwise  swampn.  I  lie 
genus  is  scarcely  distinct  from  rucilia,  differing  only  iu  the  larger  d«»i>al 
and  the  gayer  coloration  of  the  male.  The  species  are  closely  related,  iim! 
are  perhaps  all  forms  of  the  widely  distributed  and  variable  MoUimi^in 
latijAtuia.  (Named  for  Mollicn,  French  minister  of  finance,  a  patron  of 
Pdron,  the  friend  and  scientific  associate  of  Le  Sueur.) 

a.  Doraal  rays  12  or  13. 

I*.  lusertion  uf  aiial  boliind  front  of  donial;  a  round  blaric  Rpot  on  upper  lialf  of  lumi'  ul 
caudal;  each  Bcalo  edged  with  darli;  dorsal  witli  2  ur  3  Hurles  of  black  spots. 

J0NK81,  llCH. 

bb.  Insertion  of  anal  under  front  uf  dorsal;  each  scale  of  baclc  with  a  brown  spot;  iti>rsHl 
spotted.  FOKMOKA,  li':i',t. 

aa.  Dursal  rays  13  to  15;  dorsal  fln  in  male  much  elevated  and  with  scries  of  spots;  <liii>al 
beginning  in  advance  of  anal;  scales  with  dark  spotfl. 
c.  Scales  2(i  to  28-10;  dark  spots  on  scales  forming  lengthwise  strii>e8  along  back  and  fUW ; 
caudal  rounded.  latii'in.na,  lull). 

CO.  Scales  3()-l(i;  dark  spots  chiefly  on  posterior  part  of  lK)dy;  lower  angle  of  candal  pro- 
duced i.   adult  male.  PETBNENSIS,  lull. 


Head  4 ; 


108S.  MOLLIENISIA  JONKSI,  GUnthor. 
depth  3^  to  4.     D.  12 ;  A.  10 ;  scales  29-9. 


Eye  shorter  tiian 


snout,  4  in  head,  2  in  interorbital  width  ;  length  of  dorsal  iin  i  distance 


mmm 


idio,  Slnaloa. 


Jordan  auii  Kvertnann. — Fishes  of  Wotth  America. 


m 


m\) 


front  eye  to  Immo  of  cuiidiil.  DurNiil  (in  fumal«t)  much  lon^tflr  thnii  lii^li; 
an.'il  '•mull,  oppoHito  iiiidillo  ofdorHiil.  HrowiiiHh;  fixv.U  hcaI«i  witli  a,  Itlaok 
iMihUiior  iiiurgin  ;  ii  Mack  Wuixl  l)«-t\v«M)ii  oyo  mid  Nciipiilu',  a  roiiiul  lilnck 
H|i<it  on  upper  liair  of  root  of  caudal ;  dorsal  with  2  or  3  aurioii  of  black 
Hpl)l^«;  anal  with  a  itiack  line  liuhiiid  and  aiotiKcach  ray;  oth<>r  Huh  plain. 
Iii-iiKll>  -U  inchcN.  Lake  Alcohuaca,  a  vohtanic  laktt,  lluatnantia,  Mt^xico, 
X.IHNi  lo-t  ahovo  Hca.  Known  from  fttniah*ti  only,  ((iiinthur.)  (Named  for 
T.  M.  Uynior  JoneH,  itH  diHcovorcr.) 

M.Ui'iifi'i  ji'ii'»i,  OI'NTiit'.ii,   Ann.  Ma^.  Nul.  IIInI.,   xtv,  lH74,  M7(l,  Lake  Alcohuaca,  Htia- 
mantla,  Maxico;  Jouiian  .t  (jimikut,  Hyiiiiiwi.*,  :i47,  Imk:i. 

loao.  MOLI.IKMHIA    H»i(MOMA  ((iiriinl) 

Iliad  :ti;   d«^ptli  3i ;  «vo  .'«  in  head.     1).  12  or  IM;  A.   Id.     Ilody  rather 

Hloiit.     Knout  Hhort ;  dorHal  in  male  louder  than  hi^h,  itH  lirHt  ray  ahoiit 

o|i|>(mito  front  of  anal;  fiunalo  with  tho  d<M'Nal  nearly  an  high  aH  long,  tin 

iiii:il  opixmite  itH  front.     OlivaceouH;  HCuleH  with  hrown  Hpotn  ;  dorsal  tin 

Willi  trauHverHU  Htuies  of  lilackiNh  Hpotn;   other  Huh  iuunaculate.     I'alo 

Alto,  Mexico,     ((iirard.)     (/(»r»io«««,  comely.) 

/,,m,;i/'.™/..»i,  OiiiAiio,  l'r.)c.  Ar.  Niit.Hci.  I'lillii.,  IH,M»,  ll.\  Palo  Alto,  Mexico.  (('"11.  <'lurk.) 
Mnlhui'fMj'urmiimi,  OCntiikh,  Cut.,  VI,  IMH,  iHlili;  .roiiDAN  ,V:  (iiMiKitr,  SyimiiKM,  :\\T,  iMrt.*), 

1040.  .MUlililKMSIA   l,ATII>l>>'A,  l.o  .Siioiir. 

Mule:  Head  I  ;  depth  2%  to  W.  Female:  Head  \n  to  ll'l  ;  depth  2*  to  2\'. 
1).  I.'ior  ](»  (i;^  or  14  in  var.  liiinihito") ;  A.  8;  Hcalen  2t>-!t  or  10.  Body 
iililong,  much  compreHNod  in  males,  of  nearly  equal  lieight  from  d<»rHal 
backward,  tho  greatest  Iieight  of  li(»dy  but  k  greater  than  that  of  caudal 
]tf(!iinelc;  femalen  with  gibboun  belly  and  narrower  caudal  ]>edunclo', 
head  very  small,  depressed,  not  narrowed  forward;  mouth  very  small, 
vertical,  and  without  lateral  cleft;  length  of  mandible  about  S  diameter 
of  orbit  ;  tt^eth  all  very  small,  movable,  in  a  rather  narrowband;  the 
outer  series  much  larger  than  the  Miers,  but  still  very  small,  composed 
of  slender  pointed  teeth,  strongly  curved  inward  ;  eye  moderate,  lA  to  IJ 
in  interorbital  width,  equal  to  or  slightly  greater  than  snout,  and  IH  to 
:ti  in  head.  Dorual  very  long,  in  adult  males  enormously  elevated, 
exceeding  height  of  body ;  the  (in  is  almost  B<iuare,  the  base  slightly 
longer  than  tho  height,  the  upper  margin  nearly  straight ;  longest  ray  2J 
in  length  of  body,  the  last  ray  reaching  beyond  base  of  caudal ;  base  of 
tin  2}  in  body;  origin  of  dorsal  distant  from  base  of  caudal  2|  times  its 
distance  from  tho  tip  of  snout.  In  females  dorsal  low,  tho  longest  ray 
tiiinaling  s  length  of  head,  the  last  ray  reaching  but  halfway  to  base  of 
canilal ;  the  base  of  tho  tin  'Si  times  in  length  of  body,  its  origin  distant 
from  base  of  caudal  li  times  the  distance  from  tip  of  snout.     Anal  very 


*  Var.  Uneiilulii,  Uirard:  Four  female  Hpoolmens  itiid  one  male,  from  OalvuBton,  Texas,  (the 
larRcst  2  inclioa  long),  and  two  females  from  Lake  Pontrliartrain,  were  formerly  refcrrud  liy  iih 
til  11  variety  liih'nldlii  {  ■  fniviliniden).  Later  investigations  have  not  conflrmeil  tho  validity  of 
tliis  fiirin.     Tiny  show  the  following  apparent  dilTcrencos  froiii  IH.  liilipiiiini  : 

V.yf  Hiiiall,  the  iris  jet  hlack;  diameter  of  orhit  V<^  to  '.i}'^  in  liead  and  Vy^  to  2  times  in  inter- 
orliital  width,  (tbo  eye  2%  in  head  and  lil  in  interorhital  width,  in  hiliiiiimn  of  tho  same  size); 
ilorsitl  tin  smaller,  its  base  3'^  in  body  mi  females,  '.I  in  males,  the  rays  constantly  i:t  or  14  in 
imnilicr  (usually  13);  origin  of  dorsal  ei|uidistaut  from  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal  in  female. 
Color  as  in  latipiima,  with  traces  of  dark  bars. 


M 


•li 


■■■   ;;t  ! 


1 

1 

';fj^ffwrrvr^arji!^'rif^-^fr^sprfl!'^-^^~'!^ 


700 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\ 


\\ 


%\v 


Binall;  in  the  male  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ  and  inaerlo'<  ih 
advance  of  middle  of  dorua!,  its  origin  about  halfway  between  Hixuit 
:ind  base  of  caudal,  the  ftMirth  ray  longest  and  thickest,  \\  in  head;  in 
females  the  origin  is  under  twelfth  ray  of  dovsal,  and  about  midway 
between  tip  of  caudal  and  tip  of  snout.  Caudal  rounded,  about  e(|ii:il- 
ing  length  of  hcnd  in  females,  \  greater  than  head  in  males.  V'entialH 
inserted  behind  vertical  from  origiii  of  dorsal,  reaching  beyond  veist  in 
females;  in  males  the  first  and  second  rays  are  thickened,  the  sei'dud 
filamentous,  H  in  head.  Pectoral  long,  longer  in  males,  where  it  reaciu.s 
beyond  middle  of  vontrals,  and  is  very  sligl-.tly  less  than  length  of  licad, 
Scales  in  very  regular  rows,  26  in  a  longitudinal  series,  9  or  10  in  an 
oblique  series  forward  from  vent  to  middle  of  back  ;  hunierai  scale  not 
enlarged.  Intestinal  canal  about  2^  times  total  length  of  fish  (with  ean- 
dal).  Color,  T'lale  light  olive  green,  marbled  with  darker  and  spotted 
with  pale  green  ;  each  scale  on  back  and  sides  with  an  oblong,  blacki.sli 
spot,  these  forming  continuous  lengthwise  stripes;  head  dusky  aitove; 
opercle  and  cheek  minutely  speckled;  an  orange  stripe  above  operclr; 
lower  parts  of  head  mostly  orange;  some  orange  tinge  on  breast.  Dorsal 
translucent,  its  basal  half  with  about  5  series  of  linear,  blackish,  hori- 
zontal spots,  forming  interrupted  lines;  above  middlo  of  fin,  on  mcmbnmu 
between  each  pair  of  rays,  is  a  large,  roundish  dark  spot ;  between  tlioHo 
apots  and  above  them  are  many  small,  round  bronze  spots;  membrane 
between  second  and  third  rays  red  at  base;  all  of  these  markings  irrejju- 
lar  on  first  and  last  rays;  cauiial  narrowly  margined  all  around  \s\\\\ 
black,  its  base  lavender,  its  lower  parts  mostly  whitish,  the  middle 
orange,  the  upper  parts  pale,  with  round  orange  jpots;  other  fins  pale 
orange.  Females  have  dorsal  and  caudal  olivaceous,  with  indistinct, 
narrow  cross  bands,  formed  by  series  of  small  dark  spots  on  the  ra>s. 
Length  2i  to  3  inches.  South  Carolina  to  northern  Mexico,  in  lowland 
swamps  and  streams ;  very  abundant.  The  male  a  fish  of  remarkalile 
beauty.  It  ofton  enters  the  sea,  the  gorgeous  dorsal  fin  of  the  iiialo 
being  conspicuous  in  the  shallow  water  about  the  wharves  at  Penaacola, 
(latu8,  broad  ;  2)inna,  fin.) 

itollieninia  lulipimia,  Le  SuEun,  Journ.  Ac.  Kat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ii,  1821,  3,  New  Orleans;  inali", 

GCntheu,  Cat.,  348, 18G6;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  347,  1883. 
PiecUiumnllilhiedUi,  Le  SuEUR,  Journ.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Fbila.,  ii,  1821,  4,  New  Orleans;  f'nialc 
rucilia  Uiieolala,  Girard,  U.  S.  Mox.  Bcund.  Surv.,  Ichth.,  70,  pi.  35,  figs.  9  to  11,  18.">'J,  Rio 

Grande,  near  Brownsville,  Texas.    (Coll.  Van  Vliet  and  Clark.) 
TAmiajxiviloides,  GiR.^UD,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Ichtb.,  70,  pi.  38,  figs.  8  to  14,  IHM,  Indian- 

ola,  Texas.     (Coll.  Clark.) 
Limin  vintamormuis,  Girarp,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  IS.'SO,  llfi,  Matamoras. 
MoUienem-i  latipinmi,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mua.,  1882,  258;   Jordan  .fe  Gii.ihiit, 

Synopsia,  347,  1883. 
MolHenetia  Uneolala,  Jordan  ■%  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  258. 


I  1  11 


I  « 


1041.  MOLLIENISIA  PETENENSIS,  Gilnther. 

Head  4  to  4^;  depth  3;  eye  3^  in  head.  D.  15;  A.  8  or  9;  B.  6;  scales 
30-10;  vertebrffi  17-}-  13.  Eye  equal  to  length  of  snout,  rather  less  tlian 
half  of  width  of  interorbital  space.  Length  of  dorsal  fin  of  male  half  dis- 
tance between  eye  and  root  of  caudal,  in  the  female  i;  caudal  rounded, 


Jot  Jan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America^        701 


rieans;  w.\V\ 


inf)!!,  Indian- 


,N  .k  GlI.i:r,liT, 


^rirli  scales  nt  baso  only.  Free  portion  of  the  tail  uh  bigli  as  long,  and 
cov(  ifil  hy  9  longitndiup.l  series  of  scales  ou  each  side.  Urownish  green, 
BilviMv  1)clow  ;  a  dark  spot  to  each  scale  of  the  upper  and  middle  caudal 
seri* -^4  and  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  ;  dorsal  fin  of  the  adult  male  with 
sniiill,  MTognlar  brown  lines  or  spots,  and  with  a  row  of  large  rounded 
g|i(ils  along  the  middle  of  its  height;  interradial  nieuibrane  of  the  cau- 
dal with  numerous  black  dots  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  hind  margin  black. 
F(Miinl(-H  and  immature  males  have  the  dorsal  fin  simply  ornamented  with 
Hiiiiil!  irregularly  curved  brown  spots.  Length  .5  inches.  Lake  Peten. 
((jiiiitlipr.)  Extremely  close  to  M.  latipimia,  hnt  reaching  a  larger  size, 
its  aiigulated  caudal  suggesting  Xiphnphorua. 
iloUiinisia iieteuewiu,  GOntiieu,  C»t.,  vi,  348, 1806,  Lake  Peten,  in  Guatemala,     ((^ill.  SiilTin.) 

320.  XIPHOPHORUS,  Heckel. 

A'i(i/i'>;i*"nu«,  Hkckei.,  Sltzgsber.  Aknd.  WIsh.  Wien,  1818,  i,  pt.  3,  lf)3,  (hclleri), 

Tliin  genus  differs  from  Mollienisia  only  in  the  structure  of  its  caudal 
tin,  tl'o  lower  rays  of  which  in  the  males  are  prolonged  into  a  longsword- 
Mli:ii>e(l  ap;<cndage,  which  in  the  adult  is  sometimes  as  long  as  the  rest  of 
tli(^  lish.  Anal  of  the  male  modified  into  an  introniittent  organ,  1  or  2 
of  tins  enlarged  rays  being  provided  with  hook-like  processes.  Branchi- 
ostegalrt  5.    Vertebra)  16 -f- 14=^:30.     (i'toof,  sword  ;  ^opku,  to  bear.) 

'I.  Sideri  ill  both  sexes  with  Uark  lines  of  sjiotB  along  tho  rows  of  scales;  a  darker  stripe  on  side 

running  along  upi>or  edge  of  caudal  projection.  iieli.eri,  1042. 

iKi.  Sides  in  both  sexes  covered  with  irregular  black  blotches  and  spots,  not  following  tho  rows 

of  scales;  no  lateral  stripe.  guntiikri,  104.3. 

1042.  XIPHOPHORUS  HKIiLKRl,  Heckel. 

Hoad  4^;  depth  3i  to  S*.  D.  13;  A.  9 ;  V.  6;  scales  29-8.  Eye  as  long 
.18  snout,  3^  in  head.  Dorsal  nearly  ei^nal  in  males  and  females,  its  base 
'i\  in  distance  from  head  to  caudal;  caudal  sword  'n  adult  male  nearly 
as  Icug  as  the  fisL,  yellow,  Avith  black  edges ;  ventrals  below  front  of 
dor.sal  in  both  sexes.  Body  in  female  with  regular  series  of  dark  bpots 
t'or.iiing  lines  along  the  '"ows  of  scales  as  in  MolUeninia;  dorsal  plain 
in  tiio  female,  spotted  in  the  male,  the  spots  in  horizontal  rows.  Rivers 
of  Nonthern  Mexico  and  Central  America,  (iiinther  describv.8  three  varie- 
ties in  the  coloration  of  males;  variations  possibly  representing  distinct 
siKH'ics : 

<i.  Two  yellowish-green  bands  along  side,  separated  and  bordered  above 
and  helow  by  a  blue  band.     Rio  Chisoy. 

'■'.  Middle  blue  band  darkest,  black,  running  from  eye  to  and  along 
\\[)\Hir  border  of  caudal  appendage,  which  is  very  short.     Cordova. 

( .  Body  without  bands,  covered  all  over  with  irregular  black  spots  in 
liotli  Hexes.  Rio  Chisoy.  This  form  (figured  by  Gunther,  Fish.  Centr. 
A'ner.,  1869,  pi.  87)  we  have  here  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  Xipho- 
j)/i(.ri(,s  fiutithiri. 

(Named  for  Prof.  Karl  Heller.) 

.Vi>//..ji;,onu!  helteri,  Heckel,  Sitzgber.  Aknd.  Wiss.  Wien,  1848,  i,  163;  OCnther,  Cat.,  vi,  349, 
186G;  GCnther,  Fishes  Centr.  Amer.,  485,  1869, 


n 

■r  , 


1-  M> 


■ 


•t  ■ 


I  ■  <'f\ 


iii;  •  I 


li'i 


!i!i 


!:. '! 


f*  1!*?: 


702 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I04S.  XIPIIOIMIOItl'S  (aiNTIIKItl,  Jonlnn  k  Evormaiin,  n<w  HpocloN. 

Wo  regard  (liinther's  "  var.  )"  {i/itnima)  from  KioChisoy,  "Body  witlidiit 
bands,  covered  all  over  with  irregular  upots  "  an  probably  a  Bpectes  dis- 
tinct from  A',  heUcri.  (iiintlier's  figure  hIiowh  the  form,  i)roportion8,;iii(l 
tin  rayH  of  the  latter,  the  dorual  in  the  female  lower  and  more  spot  ltd, 
and  both  sexes  covered  with  dark  blotches  of  various  sizes,  irregular  in 
form  anil  distribution,  more  of  them  vertical  than  horizontal,  and  cover- 
ing head,  back,  and  sides;  caudal  unspotted,  its  appendage  white,  ed^^ud 
witli  black  above  and  below.  Eio  Chisoy,  basin  of  Kio  Usumacintu, 
(Guatemala.     (Named  for  Dr.  Albert  Giinther.) 

Xiphophonia  lielleri,  viir.  y,  GI>ntiikh,  Cut.,  vi,  850,  18GG,  Rio  Chisoy,  Guatemala.  (Cull.  CikI- 
muii  lb  Siilvin);  apul  Ui'MiiKii,  FIhIics  C'utitr.  Amer.,  pi.  ^7,  ligH.  3 and  4,  18G'J. 


Family  X(.'I1I.  AMBLYOPSIDyE. 

(TlIK    BlIN1>  FI8HKS.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compreshcd  behind.  Head  long,  depresHcd. 
Mouth  rather  large,  the  lower  .jaw  projecting ;  premaxillaries  loiij;, 
scarcely  protractile,  forming  entire  margin  of  upper  jaw.  Jaws  and  jial- 
atines  with  bands  of  slender  villiform  teeth.  Branchiostegals  about  fi, 
Gill  rakers  very  short.  Pseudobranchiie  concealed.  Gill  membranes  iiioio 
or  less  completely  joined  to  the  isthmus.  Head  naked,  the  surface  Honie- 
timos  crossed  by  papillary  ridges.  Body  with  small  cycloid  scales,  irreg- 
ularly jilaced ;  no  lateral  line.  Vent  jugular,  close  behind  the  gill 
openings.  Ventral  fins  small  or  wanting;  pectorals  moderate,  innerted 
higher  than  in  most  soft-rayed  fishes  ;  dorsal  without  spine,  nearly  oppo- 
site the  anal;  caudal  truncate  or  rounded.  Cranium  without  modiuii 
crest.  Stomach  c(pcal,  with  1  or  2  pyloric  appendages.  Air  bladder 
present.  Ovary  single.  Some  (and  probably  all)  of  the  species  ovovivip- 
arous.  In  two  of  the  genera  the  eyes  are  very  rudimentary  and  hidden 
under  the  skin,  and  the  body  is  translucent  and  colorless.  Fishes  of  small 
size,  living  in  subterranean  streams  and  swamps  of  the  southern  United 
States.  Three  genera  and  five  species  are  "  all  of  the  family  yet  known, 
but  that  others  will  be  discovered,  and  the  range  of  the  present  known 
species  extended,  is  very  probable.  The  ditches  and  small  streams  of  the 
lowlands  of  our  southern  coast  will  undoubtedly  be  found  to  be  the  lionie 
of  riumerous  individuals,  and  perhaps  of  new  species  and  genera,  wliile 
the  subterranean  streams  of  the  central  portion  of  our  country  most 
likely  contain  other  species."  (Putnam.)  This  group  is  doubtless  a  very 
ancient  one  and  the  blind  forms  are  without  doubt  descendants  of  the 
eyed  genus  Chologastcr,  or  at  least  of  forms  closely  allied  to  it.  The  Hingii- 
lar  position  of  the  vent  is  repeated  in  the  peculiar  family,  Aphredixhridn, 
likewise  a  relic  of  a  lost  fauna.    {Ffeteropygii,  Giinther,  Cat.,  vil,  1, 2, 18(58.) 

<i.  KyeB  developed;  body  colored;  vontrals  obsolete;  pyloric  cteca  2.  Ciioi.ooastpi;,  321. 
art.  Kyesrudimcntary,  concealed;  body  colorless;  pyloric cd-cum  single. 

6.  Ventral  flus  present.  AMULYOrsis,  322. 

hb.  Ventral  fins  obsolete.  Tvi'1iliohtiiv«,323. 


ala.  (Cull.  i;ul- 


■lIoi.or.ASTKi;,  321. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


703 


321.  CHOLOGASTER,  Agassiz. 

(7/ ■.'■■;  i-^r.AoA88iz,  Amer.  Jou>n.  Sci.  Arts,  xvi,  1853,  135,  (cor»m<tw). 

1  liis  fjenus  includes  those  Amhlyopnidw  which  retain  the  eyes  in  their 
primitive  condition  of  development,  and  which  retain  the  structure  and 
color  (.'■  ordinary  fishes.  Pyloric  cu!ca  2.  Swamps  jf  the  Southern  States, 
tiiti  ling  caves.  From  allies  of  Chologaaier  cornuUiH  all  the  other  forms 
liiiv(<  j)rol»ably  descended,  though  the  possession  of  ventrals  in  AmblyopHta 
iiidiiates  their  existence  in  the  primitive  type.  (xiJ^oc,  maimed;  ynari/p, 
bcilv  ;  in  allusion  to  the  abortive  ventrals.) 

,1    Papillary  ridgts  wanting. 

/..  Sidos  with  3  narrow,  nliarply  defined,  lengthwise  block  stripoB,  the  middle  one  broad- 

eHt;  a  black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal,  with  a  white  blotch  behind  it,  tlii' nn  othorwiHo 

black.  i-oiiNuri)R,  1(»44. 

/.;..  Sides  jilain  light  brown,  unBtrii)ed.  AdASSizii,  1045. 

.11.  I'a|iillar.v  ridges  present,  as  in  tlie  Itlindfishes;  sides  with  3 black  lengthwise  stripes. 

I'AFILLirEUl'B,  1040. 

1044.  CHOLOUAHTKK  COBNIITI'S,  Agassi/,. 
(Fish  ok  the  Dismal  Swamp.) 
IIoad3?;  depth  5i  to  6h  D.  8  or  9;  A.  8  or  9 ;  scales  68.  Form 
of  Aiiihlyopm,  but  more  slender,  the  head  narrower,  sharper,  and  less 
(l>'])ieH8ed;  mouth  oblique,  terminal,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxil- 
liiiy  extending  nearly  to  front  of  eye ;  eye  small,  but  evident,  about  half 
k'iijj;tli  of  snout.  Gill  membranes  separate,  nearly  free  from  the  isthmus, 
covering  the  vent.  Pectoral  fin  H  in  head,  1^  in  distance  to  front  of 
dorsal ;  caudal  pointed,  about  as  long  as  head.  Color  very  dark  brown 
above,  the  lower  half  of  body  abruptly  white,  all  parts,  black  or  white, 
Hi)iinkled  over  with  black  points;  side  Avith  3  narrow,  sharply  defined, 
black,  lengthwise  stripes,  the  lower  sometimes  breaking  up  into  dots 
beliind,  the  middle  stripe  broadest,  forming  the  lower  margin  of  the  dark 
color  of  back,  this  stripe  extending  on  side  of  head  across  eye  and  snout; 
ni)j)er  band  a  little  nearer  to  line  of  back  than  to  middle  band ;  a  large, 
irref^nlar  black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal ;  behind  this  a  white  blotch  of 
vaiyii.g  size,  sometimes  reduced  to  2  small  spots,  sometimes  forming  a 
broad  white  bar,  covering  nearly  half  the  fin  ;  behind  this  blotch  the 
caudal  fin  is  jet  black ;  dorsal  white,  more  or  less  spotted  or  edged  with 
black.  Length  1.^  inches.  Lowland  swamps  of  the  Southern  States,  from 
the  Dismal  Swamp  to  the  Okefinokee  Swamp ;  locally  very  abundant. 
The  above  description  is  taken  from  the  types  of  Chologanter  atntuH.  The 
study  of  specimens  from  Georgia  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  nominal 
species  avitus  is  based  on  a  slight  variation  of  cornutuH;  the  body  slen- 
derer, the  color  a  little  different.  {comutuH,  horned  ;  the  inconspicuous 
"  horns  "  are  the  flans  of  the  nostrils.) 

ChiilixjaKier  corwilwi,  AoASSlz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1853,  135,  ditch  in  a  rice  field  at  Wac- 
camaw.  South  Carolina;  Gt'NrnER,  Cat.,  vii,  2,  1868;  Putnam,*  Amer.  Nat.,  1872,  30; 
.louDAN  cSc  Gilbert,  Synopsin,  325,  1883. 

*  The  following  is  the  substance  of  Professor  Putnam's  description  of  Agasniz's  type:  Head 
3'^:  depth  4]4.  I>.  8  or  9;  A.  8  or  9.  Yellowish  brown,  dark  above;  sides  with  3  dark  longi- 
tiuliiiiil  stripes,  becoming  dots  on  the  tail;  middle  rays  of  CAudal  tin  dark,  flns  otherwise  uncol- 
ored.  Month  moderate,  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  extending  to  the  eye.  Pectorals  reaching 
iioarly  to  front  of  dorsal,  perfect,  small.  Snout  with  2  horn-like  projections  (nasal  flaps). 
Length  2|^  inches. 


i". 


m 


I 

ii 

V 


1 '  I  ■ 


!1:  • 

[     '1      ■ 

1  i:  i! 

i      i :  :i 


■iui 


I- 


ii,l 


■,.il 


M" 


m- 


704 


Bulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Choloranter  aviliu,  Jordan  &  Jrnkinr,  Proc.  U.  a.  Nat.  Mils.,  1888,  MfiO,  pi,  44,  flg.  8,  outlet  of 
Lake  Drummond,  Dismal  Swamp,  near  Suffolk,  Virginia.  (Typo,  No.  ;i98n4.  (  >||. 
JoiikinH  iSc  Meek.) 

Chologiuler  comiUuii,  Oii.niCBT,  Dull.  U.  8.  FIhIi  Coiiim.,  vili,  1888,  227,  H|iecimonH  from  Okofiiinkiit' 
Swamp,  Millon,  Georgia;  caudal  flu  more  dusky,  with  little  white  ut  biute. 

1046.  CilOLOOASTER  AOAMHIZII,  Putnam. 

Head  4  in  body,  its  length  scarcely  greater  than  the  greatest  depth.  D. 
9;  A.  9.  Pectorals  reaching  little  more  than  halfway  to  front  of  dorNal. 
Uniform  light  brown  ;  fins  somewhat  speckled.  Length  li  inches.  (Put- 
nam.) Subterranean  streams  in  'I'ennessee  and  Kentucky ;  not  seen  by  us. 
(Named  for  Louis  Agassiz.) 

Choloyasler  ayasnxii,  Putnam,  Amer.  Nat.,  1872,  30,  flg.,  from  a  well  at  Lebanon,  Tennessee. 

104«.  CHOLOOASTER  PAPILLIFKRl^S,  ForbeH. 

Head  3i  in  length.  Body  with  ridges  of  tactile  papilliP,  as  in  JjmWi/- 
opni8.  Eye  above  and  well  behind  maxillary,  about  6  in  head;  poctoriil 
reaching  halfway  to  the  dorsal.  Color  precisely  as  in  Ckologanter  ''ornuhin, 
except  that  the  middle  stripe  is  decidedly  paler  than  the  ground  color  of 
the  body,  but  darker  on  the  head,  the  change  being  abrupt  at  the  o))(>r- 
cular  margin ;  caudal  fin  dark  brown,  with  several  vei  .ical  rows  of  wliite 
specks  or  blotches  running  across  the  rays ;  anterior  part  of  dorsal 
similar  in  color,  but  paler.  Length  a  trifle  over  an  inch.  The  species, 
agreeing  with  cornutuH  in  position  of  eye  and  plan  of  markings,  with 
agan»izn  in  length  of  pectorals  and  structure  of  scales,  is  intermediate 
in  length  of  head,  and  agrees  with  neither  in  color  of  caudal  and  doisal 
and  tint  of  middle  band.  (Forbes.)  Cave  Spring,  Union  County,  Illinois, 
(papilla,  papilla;  fero,  I  bear.) 

Chologanter  pnpilliforvs,  Fohbes,  Amor.   Naturalist,  Jan.,  1882,  1,  cave  spring  in  Southern 

Illinois.    (Ooll.  F.  S.  Earle.) 
Chologcuter 2>apUlifer,  Jordan  &  Gii.bf.rt,  SynopsiR,  325,  890,  1883. 

322.  TYPHLICHTHYS,  Girard. 

TyphlicMhys,  GxK\Tin,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1859,  C2,  {mbtetraneus). 

This  genus  differs  from  Amhlyopsia  only  in  the  absence  of  the  ventral 
fins.  The  body  is  similarly  translucent,  covered  with  papillary  ridi^es 
and  the  eyes  are  obsolete.  The  single  species  is  of  smaller  size,  and  fouud 
in  the  same  waters.     (rwi^Xoc,  blind;  Ixffv?,  6ah.) 

1047.  TTPHLICHTHTS  S1IBTKRRANEUS,  Girartl. 
(Small  Blindfibh.) 
D.  7  or  8;  A.  7  or  8.  Head  rather  blunter  and  broader  forward  tlian 
in  A.  spelwua.  Mouth  smaller,  its  cleft  shorter  than  base  of  dorsal.  Pec- 
torals scarcely  reaching  dorsal.  One  pyloric  crecum.  Colorless.  Leiii;tli 
2  inches.  Subterranean  streams  of  limestone  regions  in  Indiana,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  Missouri,  and  Alabama;  locally  abundant,  with  Amhhj- 
opsia  apelwua,  but  more  widely  diftused  than  the  latter,  {subfenuinins, 
under  the  earth.) 

TypUirhlhiismhterranenii,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859.  62,  well  at  Bowling  Green, 
Kentucky;  (Coll.  J.  E.  Younglove);  Putnam,  Amer.  Nat.,  1872,  30,  flg.;  Jordan  ,v  Gil- 
BBBT,  Synopsis,  325,  1883  ;  Carman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  xvii,  No.  0,  232,  1889. 


.il*i, 


Jordan  and  ETermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         7(>5 


um  Okofliiuk... 


I,  Tennessee. 


in  Southern 


C'dncoriiiiig  the  distiibntiou  and  liuhitH  uf  thiH  IihIi,  Mr.  GariiiHii  gives 
tlic  liillowing  pertinent  reniarkH: 

'•  I'fil'/ilirhlhii^  nH/i/t'iTdiKK.",  Girard,  tin' only  |p1!ii(in«h  in  tlin  I'dllcctinn  (of  MissUiith  IIo|i|iin, 
frciiii  .avc.s  ill  JiispiT  County,  in  mmtlicrn  Missouri)  iii  roproscntoil  liy  u  large  niiiiilicr  of  oxam- 
|p|iu,  llic  Miujority  of  tlicm  tnlton  from  llio  well.",  tlit?  balunco  from  ttic  ciivcs,  witli  flio  oxrcptioii 
of  a.  ^iii(,'l<'  oiif>  from  till'  creek  outHidu.  (.'onipnrcd  with  spi'cimi'nH  from  Kcntncky  ami  Tenni-sptoc, 
tlie.v  njirpii  HO  exactly  na  toraJNi)  tlio  (|ui>Htion  wlietlicr  tliospccicH  wan  nut  orli;inatod  in  one  of  tlio 
loralilic.-' and  tlii'iict)  distril)iitud  to  tho  others.  Tlio  opinion  generally  held  is  fliat  the  ravo 
s|mmhh  of  Indiana,  Kcntni'liy,  and  TcnnosHoe  originated  in  tlieir  ri!Kpcrtivo  localitlfs.  It  is  no 
(|(i\ill  true  for  Bonin  of  them.  Tho  idea  i8  well  fupported  l)y  tlio  iniicctn  and  <TUsta(i'a,  tlui 
p^pi'iii'i  in  one  Kection  lieing  unlilie  tlioso  of  tlie  otherH.  It  may  bo  urged  that  tlio  respect  iii 
wliirh  tlio  (Islies  differ  from  tliom  is  more  apparent  tlian  real,  sinco  tlie.io  crustacDii  and  insects 
wiiv  ilerived from  a  niiniher of  disti-'ct  species,  wliile  in  all  proliahility  the  sanio  species  of  lisli 
eriti'ieil  llio  caves  in  each  district,  and,  lieing  under  the  same  inllneiiceK  in  ea<'h,  HiilTcreil  llio 
Hinii'  iiKKlilicalion  in  each.  Reduced  to  its  lowest  terms  the  (luestioii,  so  I'ar  as  thc^  tishes  are 
{•nnc'iriicd,  is  tliis:  Were  tlie  liIindtlslieH  distrilmted  to  the  scattered  localitieri  where  now  found 
licfiin  or  after  they  liecame  Idind  ?  In  favor  of  independent  origins  at  distant  points,  it  can  he 
nail!  iliiit  a  specie',  difitrilmted  over  tlio  valley,  possessed  of  lialiits  such  as  would  lead  it  to  place 
itsiir  under  tlio  modifying  conditions  of  tlie  cave  in  one  place,  would  he  most  likely  li'd  to  do  so 
in  till  others.  On  tho  otiier  liand,  we  liavo  tlie  more  liesitation  in  accepting  the  conclusion  tliat 
oni!  and  the  same  siiecie.s  originated  independently  in  twoor  nioredilVerent  localities,  fiomknow- 
iiif;  that  exact  parallels  in  tlio  devolopment  of  animals  in  nature,  if  they  exist,  aro  excessively 
ran'.  If  our  caution  prevents  ready  acceptance  of  two  apparently  exact  evolutionary  parallels 
n«  really  coincident,  wo  hecoino  more  skeptical  when  the  iiumher  of  parallels  or  coinciding  lines 
is  inrri'ased.  There  is  no  douhtthat  tlie  representatives  of  Ti;t)hliililliii.isulititraiie>if  in  the  various 
cavos  were  derived  from  a  single  common  ancestral  siKicies.  The  douhts  concern  only  the  proh- 
ttliility  of  the  existence  of  three  or  more  lines  of  devolopment,  in  as  many  dilTorent  lo<'alions, 
starting  from  tho  same  species  and  leading  to  sucli  jiractical  identity  of  rt'sult.  Such  identical 
iv.'ults  would  demand  suhstantially  similar  modifying  elements — darkness,  temperature,  food, 
oneiiiics,  etc. — and  tho  same  length  of  timo  subjected  to  their  inlluiMice.  Tho  lilielihood  of  the 
uxi^tenci'of  so  many  like  elements  in  distant  regions  is  inversely  to  tho  nuniher  demanded, 
tliough  one  can  not  say  it  is  imiiossible.  To  accept  tho  conclusion  favoring  independent  devel- 
opmunts  of  tlio  samo  sjiocios  would  involve  acceptance  of  the  idea  that  tho  caves  in  each  of  tho 
districts  had  been  occupied  for  about  the  samo  period  of  time.  This,  of  course,  would  not  fur- 
nish us  with  any  clu(^  to  the  timo  of  formation  of  the  caves.  As  an  alternative,  tho  opinion  is 
here  ailvancod  that  these  blindflshes  originated  in  a  luirticular  hpcality,  and  have  been,  and  are 
liiiii;;,  distributed  among  tho  caves  throughout  the  valley. 

"We  are  in  the  habit  of  looking  upon  great  rivers  like  the  Ohio  or  Mississippi  as  impassablo 
ubstaclos  to  passage  from  cavo  to  cavo,  rather  than  as  thoroughfares.  In  this  wo  luvvo  certainly 
n.ssunied  too  much.  Various  instances  are  on  record  of  tho  discovery  of  blindflshes  that  have 
strayed  into  the  open  streams  from  their  caverns.  If  there  were  means  of  deti'rmiuing  the  fre- 
ipieiiiy  ef  the  occurrence  of  such  instances,  it  would  undoubtedly  much  exceed  what  we  aro 
now  inclined  to  credit.  Persons  acquainted  with  the  streams  of  tho  Mississippi  basin  will  agree 
that  their  undermined  banks  provide  series  of  recesses  or  caverns,  extending  from  the  rills  at  tho 
sources  to  the  tributaries  and  to  the  Gulf.  The  currents  do  not  prove  insurniountaMo  to  multi- 
tudes of  fislies,  no  better  provided  with  1  jcomotivo  organs  than  the  lilindfishes,  passing  up  tho 
stnanisevery  season.  Swept  from  the  lavcs  by  tho  torrents  in  the  Hooded  mouths,  the  blind 
flpeciis  would  find  itself  protected  at  once  from  light  or  enemies  by  the  turbid  waters.  The  tempera- 
tuic  uf  the  water  at  sue)'  times  is  low,  and,  should  tlicr  light  penetrate  so  as  to  provo  detrimental, 
nti'-ats  exist  on  every  hand  in  the  exaivations  of  the  banks  or  the  mud  of  the  bottom.  What 
niiLTati.iiis  these  fishes  may  make  in  winter  wi^  can  only  imagine.  Hiding  places  are.  so  iiumer- 
iius  and  extensive  as  to  suggest  the  jioLsibility  of  tho  evolution  of  blind  forms  without  thecaves. 
Tile  jncatesseiitial  would  hetho  disposition  toavoid  the  light,  opportunities  existingeverywhcre; 
the  surroundings  then  would  bring  the  organization  into  harmony  with  their  demands,  sooner 
or  later,  as  the  creature  was  more  or  less  plastic  and  yielding;  disuse  of  the  sense  of  sight  being 
followed  by  its  loss  and  atrophy  of  its  special  organ.  Developmei.t  of  sightless  forms  in  tlie 
holes  and  burrows  of  the  banks,  or  in  tho  mud  of  the  bottom  of  the  river,  would  hero  follow  a 
siniilai-  course  to  that  gone  through  at  great  depths  in  lake  or  ocean, 
F.  N.  A. 46 


11 


til'  '       *    ' 

;'■■    if 


1 

li 

'W 

H^^^ 

1 

!W»?!»1!T?W!W?Wf?3!C!r^«?'ni7??!l!^W^^ 


I   1 


M 


I  r ; .. 


'M 


I'll!' 


!l!' 


706 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


"  Oookoil  HtruniiiH  um  not  nh  ini|iiu<8al>li'  as  ono  might  nii|i|)ii80,  uvcm  to  lloalitiK  <>l>.ii>i'tN,  in.i .  i^, 
liiulliiflkH,  etc.  A  twiK  <ir  Iraf  ilroppcd  Into  tlio  I'lirreiit  on  tho  InHidi'  of  the  iipixir  aiin  ..fu 
horm'Hlioi"  curve  in  a  Htri'iini  Ik  larrli'il  nciir  to  tlie  oii|i(mili'  hIioko  iHil'orn  it  Ifiivrn  tlif  IxmkI,  unil, 
08iM'('iiill.Y  if  fuvon'tl  liy  tlio  wiiui,  i8  oftiii  nirrivil  roni|ili'tt!ly  uoruHg.  Tlio  passii^o  ix  iiiiicli  la-lor 
to  uninmlH  tliut  Kwini,  liowfvcr  furlily.  TuliiiiK  uvorytliiii);  into  tint  ai'coiiiil,  it  doi-H  iioi  iiji  inir 
to  li<!  at  all  uecL'KHary  to  (Tudit  TmililiilitliiiH  KiihliirinieiiH  frotn  Ki-nlii  Uy,  Tciini'SHcc,  luiil  Mi>>uiirl 
with  nicir(!  than  a  NiriKlu  point  of  origin.  Thn  Hainc  niiiy  hti  said  of  Anibliii'pKui  fiwliiiin  of  Ivm- 
tucky  ami  rndiana,  and  uf  tho  hliiul  craytliih  of  thn  liaiiii-  Statcx, 

"  In  an  article  entitled  '  liil'oin  tho  Wyandot  Cave,'  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  8or.  4,  viii,  l«71,p, 
1108,  I'rofoKRor  Cope  ninkeg  thix  Htatemeiit  concerninK  Atuhliiopnin:  'If  themi  MimW//(.;)(im  lie  nut 
alarmed,  they  conio  to  th«  surfuce  to  feed,  and  Hwini  in  full  NiKht,  liko  whitu  ac|iintic  i.'ljo>tii, 
Tlicy  are  then  easily  takon  liy  the  I  and  or  net,  if  perfect  silence  '\n  preHerved  ;  fur  tin  v  uri' 
unconscious  of  the  prenencu  of  an  uneiny,  except  thruuKh  the  medium  of  hearing.  'I'hi-  M■ll^(■, 
howuver,  Is  evidently  very  acute,  for  at  any  noise  they  turn  sudditnly  downward  ami  liidc 
henuath  stones,  vtc,,on  tho  hottom.'  Tlie  stati-ment  is  repeated  in  Amer.  Nut.,  1H72,  p.  lo'j. 
Such  a  development  (if  this  sense,  in  recesses  where  wo  are  accustome<l  to  tli'nk  any  sounds. itliir 
than  thosi'  made  by  tli<-  rippling  or  dripping  water  are  almost  unknown,  1h  not  what  'itic  wi.iild 
have  expected.  Ilavinp;  this  in  mind,  I  vrute  to  Miss  Hoiiiiin,a.skin);  her  to  make  experiim  nts 
on  Ti/jililiilithyi>,  and  to  determines  what  she  eouhl  in  regard  to  hearing,  feeding  habits,  etc.  Tln' 
(juotations  hero  given  are  from  her  replies: 

"  '  For  aliout  two  weeks  I  liave  been  watching  a  fish  taken  from  a  well.  I  gave  him  consldcralilo 
water,  changed  once  a  day,  and  kept  him  in  an  unlnhalilted  place  subject  to  as  few  chant'c-inf 
temperature  as  possible.  lie  seems  perfectly  lioalthy,  anil  as  lively  as  when  llrst  taken  from  tin' 
well.  If  not  capable  of  long  fasts,  ho  must  live  on  small  organisms  my  eye  can  not  discern.  Ilr  i..« 
hardly  ever  still,  but  moves  around  tho  sides  of  tlie  vessel  constantly,  down  and  up,  as  If  need- 
ing the  air.  Ilouuvei- swims  through  thebody  of  the  water  aw  ay  from  the  sides,  unless  disturlx'd. 
Passing  the  linger  over  the  sides  of  tlio  vessel  under  water,  I  find  it  slippery.  I  am  carel'nl  ikii 
to  disturb  tliis  slimy  coating  when  tho  water  is  changed.  *  *  «  Numerous  tests  cimviiii' 
mo  that  it  is  through  tho  sense  of  touch,  and  not  tliruugh  hearing,  that  tho  flsh  is  distnilK •!:  I 
may  scream,  or  strike  metal  bodies  together  over  him  as  near  as  possible,  yet  In;  seems  to  take  lui 
notice  whatever.  If  I  strike  the  vessel  so  that  tlie  water  is  sot  in  motion,  he  darts  away  frnm 
that  side  tlirougli  tlio  mass  of  tho  water,  instead  of  around,  in  liis  usual  way.  If  1  stir  thn 
water,  or  touch  the  flsh,  no  matter  how  lightly,  his  a<.'tioug  are  tho  same.' "  [Garniau,  ISall. 
Mus.  Oomp.  Zool.,  xvn,  No.  0,  1889,  232.] 

323.  AMBLYOPSIS,  De  Kay. 

Amhhiojmf,  DeKav,  Now  York  Fauna:  Fishes,  187,  1842,  {upelitiiit). 

Eyes  rndinieutary,  concealed  under  the  skin  and  not  functional.  Sur- 
face of  bead  and  body  crossed  by  vertical  tactile  ridges.  Gill  nicnibraues 
fully  joined  to  isthmus.  Ventral  fins  present,  (luite  small,  close  to  iiiiul. 
One  pyloric  ctecum.  Colorless  fishes  of  small  size,  inhabiting  the  rave 
streams  in  the  limestone  regions  of  the  Ohio  Valley.  {anji'kv<:,  obtuse; 
oi/>tf,  vision,) 

1048.  AMBLTOPSIS  SPEL.KVS,  De  Kay. 

(liLIM)FISH   OF  THE   3IAMM0TH   CAVK.) 

Head  3  in  length ;  depth  4^.  D.  9 ;  A.  8 ;  V.  4  ;  P.  11.  Body  and  head 
covered  by  fine  ridges  of  tactile  papillae.  Colorless.  Mouth  comparati  \  ely 
large,  the  length  of  its  cleft  about  equal  to  base  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  reacli- 
ing  front  of  dorsal ;  caudal  long,  rather  pointed.  Length  5  inches.  Subter- 
ranean streams  of  the  limestone  region  of  Kentucky  and  southern  Indiana ; 
not  rare;  most  common  in  the  River  Styx  of  the  Mammoth  Cave.  Very 
tenacious  of  life  and  readily  kept  in  aquaria.  (spe'fl'MSfPertainiugto  caves.) 

AiMyopm  !<i)el!cn»,  Dk  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  187,  1842,  Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky; 
GCntiier,  Cat.,  vu,  2,  18G8;  Putnaji,  Amer.  Nat.,  1872,  30,  flg.;  Jokdan  &  Gilbert,  tejuoj)- 
sis,  324,  1883. 


Ionian  and  Evi-rniann. — Fishes  of  Nortii  America, 


7<)7 


11  H^ 


1  x< 


Order  Y.  vSYNENTO(JNATHI. 

(Thk  vSynkntognathous  Fishks.) 

l.owcr  pliiuyiigeal  boims  fully  unitftd  ;  srcoiul  and  third  HU|>eri<»r  |>haryu- 
irealr*  viii'ioiiHly  (Milar^ed,  not  itrtittuiatfd  to  \\w  ciiiniuni,  Mt;ndin<{  procuHtieH 
loiw.ini;  the  ton  It  1»  sniiill  or  fuMcid  with  ^iio  third.  VtHtobnr  nuin<>roiiH 
I  t.'i  III  7(1))  tlio  alidoniinal  onoM  nint'h  nion;  iiiiummoun  than  tiio  caudal. 
Villi  ml  tins  ubdoMiinal,  witiiout  Kpinu,  the  rayn  nuiro  than  5.  Scapula 
.sii-<|)i  iiih'd  to  tho  fiimiuiu  hy  a  post-temporal  hone,  which  is  wlcndcr  and 
fiiiciitr.  Articular  i>onc  of  lo\v»!r  Jaw  witii  a  Minali  Niiiiplcnicntal  h(»no 
|i('iii:i|>s  corrcHpondinir    to   tiic   (;oronoi<l    hone.      I'arictal    buncN    much 

I  (liiifd.  well  Hcparated  hy  tlu)  Hiipraoccipital.  Siipraclaviclo  not  dis- 
tiiii  I  :  no  int«)rcIaviclcH.  No  nicHocoracctid.  Maxillary  v«ny  <doHc  to  prc- 
iiia\iliary  and  HomctiuicH  lirnily  joined  to  it,  tliu  Hiituru  alwayH  diMtinct. 
Hiisis  of  cranium  double  in  front,  but  without  nniMcular  tube.  No  adipose 
till.  I'iiis  w  ithoiit  Npines.  Lateral  line  concurrent  witli  the  bel'y,  jtcciiliar 
ill  stiiictiiie.     Air  bladder  u.snally  laijje,  without  jmeuiriatic  duct.     Intes- 

II  nil  I  Had  .simple,  withoutpyloricco'ca.  Thiw  order*  is  allied  to  tho  Haplomi 
(111  the  one  hand  and  to  the  /VrccNorcvon  tho  other,  and  like  tlu.'se groups,  it 
iiiiiiks  tlic  transition  from  the  s»»ft-rayetl  to  the  spiny-iayed  fishes.  In  their 
aiiiiioiiiical  characters  the  Syniiilixjiiulhi  most  resemlile  the  latti'r,  but 
tiicii'  are  never  spines  in  the  fins,  and  the  lower  pharyngeals  are  united. 
I'Ir'  jiroiip  is  divisible  into  four  closely  related  families,  which  have  usually 
hecii  lei^arded  as  subfamilies  of  one  family,  7iV««/7if/((  ov  Scoinhctinuvidw. 
Tiif  iiMiiarkal)le  differences  in  the  pharyngeals  seem  to  us  to  require  the 
(h\  i.sioii  of  the  grciip  into  four  families,  the  dilferential  characters  having 
been  lirst  pointe<l  out  by  Mr.  Edwin  C.  Starks,  a  student  in  Stanford 
University,  (ct'i',  together;  IvTur,  within;  jrutloi;,  jaw.)  {riiyboatomi, 
[lait  :  family  Scombemsovuhv,  Giinther,  Cat.,  vi,  233-298,  18()6.) 

>i    'I'liinl  ^ll|n'l■io^•  iiliaryiifjoiil  vi\  carh  sidi'  miiiioI,v  ciiliiigiMJ,  luit  longiT  tlmii  its  aiilcriur  jdo- 
ci'srt,  and  aniiud  with  cunipurutividy  I'uw  (alumt   I'O  imintcd  ti'otli;  foiirtli  siipcrinr 
liluirjiif^t'iil  dit-tinct  on  i-ac-li  nidi';  lower  |iliaryn};cal.s  united  into  iifiiiiall  linear  plate, 
armed  with  small  teeth;  vertolirn'  with  zyKttpophyses;  hoth  jawH  produced  in  n  loii); 
beak  in  tlio  adult  (tlio  appear  Bliort  in  thu  yount^);  leetli  in  jawH  stronj?,  unci[ual;  niax- 
illarieH  tirinly  appressud  to  tho  proniaxillarie.s;  a  (li>timt  MUtiin!  ahiiif;  the  liuuiidaiy; 
('(ironoid  liouu  (attai'hod  to  thearlieular)(!vidont.    SpeeiescarnivorouH.    Ksocin.i:,  xciv. 
'I'l.  Third  superior  pharyngeal  greatly  enlarged,  eovered  with  liUiiitisli,  tricuspid  teeth;  fourth 
superior  pharyngeal  wanting  or  fused  with  the  third;  lower  pharyngeals  large,  fuseil 
into  a  thick  triangular  hoiie  with  I ransversoly  concave  Hurface,  covered  with  Idunt, 
tricuspid  teeth;  teeth  in  jaws  always  small,  conic,  or  tricusjiid;  maxillary  close  to  pro- 
inaxillary,  but  not  suturally  Joined  to  il,  Ihi're  being  some  open  spa<e  between;  coro- 
noid  bono  small,  but  present  :  no  canine  tietli;  no  /.ygai«iphyses  to  the  vertebra'. 
('.  Third  superior  pharyngeal  solidly  joineil  with  its  follow   to  form  an  ovoid  plate,  which 
SI  nds  two  processes  forward;  cleft  of  mouth  narrow;  the  lower  jaw  usually  pro- 
duced; teeth  of  jaws  tricuspid;  herbivorous  S|>ecies.  IlEMiRAMPliin.T:,  xcv. 
hi'.  Third  superior  pharyngeals  more  or  less  closely  appres.«ed,  but  not  \inited;  species  at 
least  partly  carnivorous. 


*  Willi  iliis  order  begins  tho  series  of  families  in  which  tho  air  duct  of  tlie  air  blaMer  disap- 
piar>  ill  the  adult  condition.  These  form  the  group  or  series  known  as  I'Iii/xdcIi/hH,  in  contra- 
'li^tiiic  liuii  to  the  Phi/sofitomi,  in  which  the  air  duct  is  pursisteut.  To  tho  P/iz/soafoxa  beioug  the 
(Jttiiiiiiihi/si,  A}wtka,  invspuiidi/U,  llaplomi,  etc. 


! 


lit  ^    1   I 


^  I, 


(■  ■  i 


•    I    ;! 


ii.: 


[\:l 


J 


1 1 


708 


Bulletin  47 ^  United  States  National  Museum. 


c,  Pornil  1111(1  anal  flni*  each  witli  onvoral  ilctaclied  flnlctit;  rluft  of  iiioiitli  Umu,  l>'>lli 
juwH  boiiiK  iiioru  ur  loiw  iiriHliii'(>il  in  u  poiiitctl  b(<uk;  iialrcil  tliiHHiniill. 

H('OMimKSI)l,in.K,   MM. 

ec.  Dursal  unil  anul  witliuut  nnlots;  ricft  of  inciutti  Hlinrt,  tlii'  Jiiwh  not  |>ruilui  <  i  in  i, 
beak;  jmctoral  Am  inuru  ur  Iuhd  prcMluciMl,  ruriiiiug  hii  orKitn  of  lliubt. 

ExofiKTin*,  \iMi. 

Family  XCIV.  ESOCID.K. 

(TiiK  NkkdlkfishkhJ 

Body  elongate,  very  Hleiuler,  coinprosMed  or  not,  covered  with  Hniall, 
thin  scales.  Lateral  lino  very  low,  running  as  a  fold  along  Hide  of  ImIIv. 
Both  jaws  produced  in  a  beak,  the  lower  jaw  the  longer,  very  niiitli  tlm 
longer  in  the  young,  which  resemble  llemirampbuH;  maxilluries  ^rown 
fast  to  preniaxillaries;  each  jaw  with  a  band  of  small,  sharp  ttitli, 
besides  a  series  of  longer,  wide-set,  sharp,  conical  teeth.  No  hnlets.  Dor- 
sal fin  opposite  anal,  both  fins  rather  long.  Air  bladder  present.  Lower 
pharyngeals  united  to  form  a  long,  slender,  narrow  plate,  with  tiat  Miir- 
face,  covered  with  small,  pointed  teeth  ;  upper  pharyngeals  distinct,  tlw 
third  pair  little  enlarged,  each  with  some  15  moderate,  unequal,  pointctl 
teeth  {Tyloaiirns  mnrinua)',  fourth  pair  well  developed,  with  similar  toeth, 
but  without  anterior  processes.  Vertebrl^^  numerous,  with  zygopophyses. 
Ovary  single.  Voracious,  carnivorous  fishes,  bearing  a  superficial  n'.scni- 
blance  to  the  Gar  Pikes;  found  in  a'l  warm  seas,  sometimes  entcriii); 
rivers.  Genera  4,  only  2  of  which  {Tyloanrus  and  Athlemn-H)  are  foMul  in 
our  waters ; '^  species  about  50,  the  majority  of  them  Americar.  Their 
habits  are  ordinarily  much  like  those  of  the  pike,  but  when  sturtied 
they  swim  along  the  surface  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  often  Ifaiiiiij; 
above  the  water  for  short  distances.  When  thus  leaping  the  large 
species  of  the  tropics  are  sources  of  danger  to  incautious  fishermen, 
sometimes  piercing  the  naked  abdomens  of  the  savages.  Most  of  them 
are  good  food-fishes,  but  the  green  color  of  the  bones  of  the  larger 
species  often  causes  them  to  be  avoided,  for  no  good  reason.  {Svombereno- 
cidte,  part,  Giinther,  Cat.,  vi,  233-256,  1866.) 

a.  Gill  rakers  none;  no  teeth  ou  vomer;  dorsal  and  anal  elevated  in  front;  candal  fln  luuatc. 
6.  Body  subtereto  or  slightly  compresHed,  its  breadth  more  than  %  its  greatest  depth. 

TYtosntrs,  ;!24. 
bb.  Body  much  compressed,  its  breadth  not  half  its  greatest  depth.  Athlennes,  32ri, 

324,  TYLOSURUS.t  Cocco. 

Tylosunu,  Cocco,  "  Lettere  in  Oiornalo  Sci.  Sicilia,  xvii,"  18, 1829,  {cantraiiii  =  imperiitlii>     anif). 

Body  elongate,  very  slender,  not  much  compressed.  Both  jaws  pro- 
longed into  a  beak,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  the  longer,  much  the  longer 
in  young  fishes,  the  very  young  resembling  Hemiramphua.  Each  jaw 
armed  with  a  band  of  small,  sharp  teeth,  beside  which  is  a  serieH  nf 

♦The  remaining  genera  are  Emx,  (lielone),  and  Potaniorrhaithi».  K»or  is  characterize<l  liytlie 
presence  of  fln  rakers  and  is  conflned  to  the  Old  World  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  I'liiamnr- 
raphis  is  similar  to  Tylosuru$,  but  with  the  dorsal  and  anal  not  falcate.  Its  species  inlialiit  the 
rivers  of  South  America. 

f  For  a  full  account  of  the  American  species  of  this  genus  see  Jordan  &  Fordice,  Vtw.  V.  i. 
Nat.  Mus.,  1886,  339-361. 


Jordan  and  FA^ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


:o9 


liiiiL'>'i<  vvi(lu-Het,  Hbarp,  conical,  unequal  teetd;  no  tveth  on  vomer  or 
|ijiI;ilin)>N.  ScttleH  Huiull,  thin;  lateral  line  running  along  the  side  of 
tli<>  littlly,  becoming  median  on  the  tail.  No  tinletH.  Dorsal  tin  more  or 
IcNH  elevated  anteriorly  ;  caudal  tin  short,  nnoqually  Innated  or  forked; 
pectoralH  moderate;  ventrals  small,  the  latter  inserted  behind  the  middle 
of  tlie  Itody.  Uill  rakers  obsolete.  Hones  usually  more  or  less  green. 
Si/e  comitarotivoly  large.  Species  numerous.  Voracious  tlshos,  chietly 
AtiM'iicnti ;  one  species  crossing  to  Europe;  some  of  them  entering  rivers. 
Tiiis  ;;eini8dirters  fronj  the  Old  World  genus /i'^or,*  (Linnieus)  Kaflnesque, 
(— //<7()Hc,  Cuvier),  in  the  absence  of  gill  rakers  and  of  vomerine  teeth. 
(n  /  r,  enllns;  o/'pri,  tail ;  in  allusion  to  the  caudal  keel,  on  which  the 
gnniiH  was  originally  based,  a  character  of  little  importance.) 
a.  Miiiitli  capablu  of  lieing  nearly  or  i|uilo  cloi<ed,  the  iippvr  Jaw  not  cotiaplciioiiHly  arolioil  at 

h.  ('iiiidnl  pedniicio  comprosMd,  deo|)cr  thau  broad,  without  trat'o  of  keel  along  the  latnral 
linn;  durHikl  niid  anul  flim  short,  PiK-h  of  i:t  to  10  rayii,  thu  (WMterior  myH  not  elevated; 
anal  longor  than  dorsal  and  iuNPrtc<l  further  forward;  Jawo  ili.nder,  uhoiit  twico  oa 
long  as  rest  of  head;  no  fold  of  ftkin  across  prco|M>n'le;  raudul  subtrnncato,  the 
lower  lobe  somewhat  produced;  sldei)  with  a  blnith-silvery  band;  Rpucips  of  small 
si/.e,  with  the  scales  and  bones  not  green. 
c.  Hcales  comparatively  largo,  kboiit  %T>  before  the  dorsal  fln,  and  about  7  or  K  rows  on 
the  cheeks;  body  robust,  the  depth  about  6  In  head;  coloration  pale,  the  dorsal 
andcaud.il  brick  red  in  life;  lateral  stripe  narrow  for  its  entire  length;  no  scap- 
ular blotch.  NOTATVS,  1(»49. 
('('.  .Scales  small,  140  to  150  before  dorsal  tin,  about  12  rows  on  thu  cheeks;  bo<ly  slen- 
der; ventrals  inserted  at  a  point  nearer  cheeks  than  base  of  caudal;  Una  with- 
out red;  lateral  stripe  broadened  Iwlow  the  dorsal  fin. 
if.  Region  above  bosn  of  pectorals  with  a  conspicuous  round  blackish  blotch. 

gCAPI'LARIS,  lOflO. 

('<'.  Region  above  base  of  pectorals  without  black  spot. 

c.  Body  very  slender,  the  depth  7  in  head,  which  is  1\  in  bwly;  eye  moderate, 
2,':'i'o2%in  postorbital  part  of  head;  no  distinct  notch  in  the  temporal 
ridge;  maxillary  not  entirely  concealed  by  preorbilal.  1).  1,  l.'i;  A.  1, 17; 
scales  in  lateral  line  225.  timuci',  1051. 

tr.  Body  less  slender,  tho  depth  6  in  head,  which  Is  'i]",]  in  body;  eye  large,  2^ 
in  postorbital  part  of  head;  a  distinct  notch  on  temporal  ridge  close 
•  behind  eye;  maxillary  almost  entirely  concealed  by  the  proorbital. 

I).  1,  15;  A.  1,  17;  scales  in  lateral  lino  200.  f.ubyops,  1052. 

W>.  Caudal  peduncle  very  much  depressed,  wider  than  deep,  but  without  trace  of  keel. 
Head  2%  in  length;  eye  1]/^  In  postorbital  part  of  head;  maxillary  nearly  con- 
cealed by  proorbital;  body  subtcrete;  snout  very  nearly  twice  length  of  rest  of 
head;  brownish  above,  silvery  below,  a  bluish  lateral  stripe  edged  below  with 
black  and  yellowish;  scales  not  very  small.     D.  IC;  A.  17.  i)ipiot.»;nia,  1053. 

h\i\>.  Caudal  peduncle  more  or  less  depressed,  or,  at  least,  with  a  more  or  less  developed 
dermal  keel  along  tho  lateral  line;  scales  and  bones  more  or  less  green. 
/.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short,  each  of  14  to  19  rays,  the  anal  larger  than  the  dorsal 
and  beginning  farther  forward;  Inst  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  low;  jaws  slender, 
about  twice  as  long  as  rest  of  head;  no  fold  of  skin  across  proopercle. 
ij.  Eye  very  small,  4  to  5  in  postorbital  part  of  head;  caudal  koel  sharp,  color 
black;  body  and  tail  much  depresse<l;  teeth  very  small. 
h.  Eye  5  in  postorbital  part  of  head;  dorsal  rays  14;  A.  15.        hicrops,  1054. 

*  From  th'-  original  genus  /Caox  of  Linnn^us,  the  groups  called  Spliyrirna,  Sj/nof/ii*,  and  Lepinottetu 
were  detached  by  Lacepede  as  distinct  genera  in  IHO.'!.  In  It-lo"  tho  remaining  species  were 
liivideil  by  Haflnesquo  into  two  genera,  Lncitm,  Rafinesqiie,  typified  by  Exor  liicim,  Linnwus,  and 
K«i/,  of  which  Esox  helone  yiaa  taken  as  tho  type.  This  restriction  of  the  generic  name  E»ox, 
beiDi;  tho  earliest,  must  stand,  and  tho  name  Esox  must  supersede  Bvlwe. 


Wf  >u,«ii||>p|pp)|piptpmn^ 


710 


liulletin  4/,  ignited  Sta/fs  yatiotuxl  Muscuph. 


il!!>' 


Uh.   Kyo  I  In  |HiNtorliltiil  |Mki't  nl'  li»iiil;  donial  iii}'"  l";  "ix'l  I'*' 

ANia  HTHKI'il,   In,',:.. 

I/l/,   Ky«  iiiiHlci'titi-,  'J  til  .'I'  ,  liiiicH  In  |iokI()|IiIIuI  part  iif  \w\i\. 

{,  i-uililiil  till  riirknl;  laiiilul  kci'l  nIi;ii|i,  IiI'uiiiI,  umiI  i'<iun|i|('im>iik;  tup  uf  lirn,| 

flat,  Htrlnlitil,  witlimit  imiiilan  Kroovo;  lniHoof  u|i|ii'rjH\v  niiii'|iiU'|iri"<Hi<i|' 

liiitxillikry  cntiri'ly  lildili'ii  liy  |ir,M>ii>lliil;  ti'clli  very  unmll;  vciilial  lln 

iiinhviiy  lictwi'iii  lyo  iiihI  iiiiicliil;  hc  iiIi^h  imt  vi'i>  Niniill.     I).  1,  I;,  A, 

1,  l«.  Aimnnr  A,  |ii:,(,, 

II,  t'auilill  till  iin<'i|iiiilly  liiiiulo,  tliiuMiiiirKiliutlnil  not  deci    tln'InVNi'r  ray^iiKHJ. 

i-l'iitcl.v  |ii'i>i|i(('('il;  H'-alrN  vi'iy  Mniill;  t>iili'H  »  ll)i  a  ^  Aciy  liiti'iiil  Klriiii'; 

I'ltudnl  Ui'i'l  imt  voiy  cniiNiiii'iiiMii*,  iiiit  lilm  U;  tup  <<!'  Iiriiil  with  ni'  .liim 

grouvv;  iiiaxilliiry  notciitlroly  riiiicoiilcil  liy  prcorliiliil;  vi'iitral  lii»'iii.,| 

midway  lirtttpi'n  prcopcrcUi  and  liawo  nf  randal.     SprclcH  of  iiinil.  riiii- 

nI/c,  Nvltli  Ilia  Ncalcn  ami  lioni'i  iiiori'  nr  li>s  Kni'fi. 

j.   Hody  vi'iy  BicMiiwr,  tlm  dcptli  t'i',;j  ti>  7  In  jpiintii  of  head;  raii>liil  l>i.i  | 

not  vry  Miiall. 

l.  I'oHtorlor  liair  of  jH'itoralH  iiioic  .  r  Icnh  iilirnplly  black;  oyr  l.iruc, 

2^'j  In  poslofliital   part   of  lirad.      |i.   1,  li'i;  A.   1,  17;  liiliriil 

lino  vi'iO.  KiKiiiirrA,  In:,;. 

A  A'.   I'lmliTlur  half  of  pcctoralM  pale,  IIUii  tlin  liaMnof  tliii  Dm;  cyi*  r.iljii-i 

miiall,  '2-'{  ill  poHtorliitiii  part  of  li.'ad.     P.   1,  1,1;    \     I,  K, 

latL-nil  lliio  ;iTlt.  KXll.i-,  III  » 

,(/.   ItoUy  niodt'rati'ly  Hlendur,  tliodcplli  r,',^  In  li'imtli  of  liciid;  ramliil  loi  I 

littlo  dcvi'lopoil. 

\.  Kyo  niuili-rati),  2',^  In  |K)Htorl)ital  part  of  lirad;  piTtornls  iml  I  In.  1, 

lioHtcrlorly.     I>.  I,  l.'i;  A.  1,  17;  lalrral  linuIKKi;  a  dark  l';ii'..ii 

opcrclc.  MAIMNl^,  lo.i'.l. 

;/.  KyoxiiiaII,:i'  ,  In  pontoil.ilal  pail  of  li.'ud.     D.  IHur  It;  A.  I',  or  16; 

pi'iloral  iialc.  ai.mkiha,  linni. 

/.  I'orHal  and  anul  (In.s  long,  cai'li  of  17  to  'lU  rays,  tliu  last  rays  of  tliu  ilorNiil  (in  iii..r.. 

or  less  olovatt'd  in  tlio  yoiinK,  lipcuinin^  lowrr  in  tlio  adult;  cniidal  keel  lalhrr 

Btroii;.',  lilaik;  oin.  or  inon.'  f.ililKof  Hklii  iicroh.s  tlic  cilt;!!  of  tlii'  jircopi.rL'lt'; .  iinlal 

fill  dui.ply  ('iimrginatc  or  iinii|nally  forked.     Vcntrals  Inserted  nild'vay  I.,  luf.'.i 

baM.  of  caii.lal  and  nilijillo  of  eye.     .SpecjeM  of  lar^"  hI/o,  with  Ihii  hi  al.  h  ami 

boni'H  irri'on;  .lo  distinct  lateral  ittiipe. 

III.   Beak  short  and  very  Htruiia,  its  length  l},j  to  IJJ  times  lonntli  of  rest  .1  li.;iil; 

body  comparutlvply  rulitist,  tlio  depth  moro  than  /( luiigth  uf  head. 

H.  DorHul  flu  of  moderate  length,   its  ray.s  I,  10;  nnal  rayn  1,  17;  inyerlli.ii  ..f 

dorsal  notably  behind  tliatof  anal;  mioiit  very  Kliort,  1 '  .j  time.-*  I.  ii;,'lli 

of  rest  of  head;  lateral  line  IK).  ioiuatoi:,  V*'\. 

till.  Porsal  fill  long,  its  rays  I,  '2\  f.il.'JI;  anal  rays  1, '."i^o  1,  24;  insirii.ii  of 

dorsal  almost  opposite  tliat  of  anal;  snout  longer,  1;'/,  to  1  J]  !ini:lli  ef 

rest  of  head;  lateral  lino  about  '.ihu.  rai'IIIihima,  U^6'1. 

mill.  Allied  to  T.  rapliUhiim,  bnt  insulflciently  chararteri/.od.     qalkati  s,  li»'.^. 

vim.   Heak  strong,  but  moro  olongate,   its  length  about  twice  length  of  nsl  of 

head;  dorsal  beginning  behiml  front  .f  .iiial. 

.1.  Greatest   depth  of    liody  ciinal  to    length  of  pectoral;  toeth    sliori.  r  iiinl 

Weaker  tliaii  in   T.  iinn'.     V.  21  to  22;   A.  I'.t  or  20;  a  giayisli  hil.ril 

Htroak.  PACil'ici  s,  \i»'<i- 

no.  Greatest  depth  of  liody  about  ;';,  length  of  pectoral.     1).  1,  2;);    A.  l.lil; 

lateral  lino  :i8(l;  no  lateral  stripe.  Acrs,  l"'.''. 

(1(1.   Moutli  not  closing  completely,  the  upper  jaw  arched  at  base;  iobeH  of  dorsal  au'l  ani!  I.ih, 

the  last  rays  elevated;  eye  very  large,  '2,'„-  in  liead;  sciilos  small,  green,     1'.  21:  A   Ji: 

a  bluish  lateral  bund.  CAitlliii.i  i  s,  lotlil 


*•:  .: 


1(»4».   TYLOSnirS  NOTATIS  (I'oey). 
(Nkkdle-fisii;  LoNfi-.tAWs.) 
Heail  2;    depth  5.      D.  13;    A.  13;*  scales  large,  85  before  doiHiil.  l'>0 
in  lateral  line.      Body   robust,   not  coini)ies8ed  ;     tail    posteriorly  uot 


*  Counting  developed  rays  ouly. 


'//. 


Jordan  and  I'.vermann. — Fis/ifs  of  iVort/t  A/t/mra.         711 


mnnTiciti';*,  I'l,',',, 
loiix;  tii|i  iiT  li.  ml 

IIIIIC  |llll|.|f  -„.,1; 

liiiill;  vt'litJul  till 
I'll.     I>.  1,I'.;A. 

A II I) Kill, A,  lii:,(,, 

i'l(iw('rra,v-.iiini|. 
iiy  liilciul  ^\\■^^u■■, 
loiiil  Willi  III  iliiiii 
;  vi'iilnil  lti».  iici 
itIch  (if  iiiiiilinili. 

I'ldl;  caiiiliil  Ki'i'l 

bliick ;  iivr  lar«i', 
A.  1,  17;  lull  ml 

NIKIIIIITA,  ln'i:. 
Iiii  llii;  t'vc  lallii'i 
.    I,  ir.;   A.   1,  17; 

KXII.IS,  iM.'iH. 

Iicuil;  niiiiliil  ki'i'l 

iM'toriilH  mil  I  lai  I, 

IMI;  II  (lark  lar  on 

MAllINf*,  liiV.i, 

or  U;  A.  I'mhIC; 

AI.MK.IliA,  lliliO. 

10  dorsal  tin  innr" 
niiilal  Ui'i'l  iMtlior 
iircDpt'i-clc;  I  .iniliil 
miil'vay  lirmocii 
tlio  mal'-(  iiml 

of  ri'st  III  lii'iiil; 
of  hi'ail. 
17;  iiKoitimi  uf 
I.J  time-  1  iiLitli 

KDHI.Mdl:,   I'l^l. 

,24;  liiNiTli'iiidt' 

.'ifol,']  I.M-tJMlf 

lAriiiiiiiMA,  litii 

aAl.KATI  S.  V<i- 

I'liK'li  "I'  r''"'  "f 

['til  hIiuI'Ii  r  iinil 
a  urayisli  luti'ial 
•AClKlil  .-,  lii'il. 

1,  ■r.i-  A.  1,'Jl; 

AC!  >.  I'"'"'- 

Kal  anil  anal  liw. 
11.  21:  A.  22; 
•AKiiiii  rr^,  '""'i. 


•e  dorsiil.  ir>0 
^teridilv   not 


i>iiiii|iii'H8e(l,  «lou|ier  tliuii  broud,  witlioiit  keul,  tlio  latuml  litiu  nut  bluek. 
||i:hI  llat  ubove,  with  doe)),  HCiily  iiuuliiiii  ^roovu;  iiiuxillary  liidtlt'ii  liy 
tin  |iir(iibital.  JawH  Umg  and  Hli>iid(>i-,  tlitt  upp<tr  from  oyu  ix'aily  twicu 
it'^t  III'  li«-ad :  inoiith  <-loHiiiK  roiiiplottdy.  Tt-cth  iiiiidi>rntt<,  widc-Nt't; 
hialt's  and  lioni's  not  );rtM'n.  Kyu  «>(|iial  to  intt'iurbital  Npacc,  'Ji  in  poHt- 
iiiliiial  (laitof  liuiid.  Fut-toiul  hh  lon^  an  postorbital  part  of  boad  :  vimi- 
ti;iU  vriy  Hniall.  phieed  midway  bftw»;»;n  axil  and  bas«<  nf  caiidiil ;  ran- 
iliil  Hli^iitly  innate,  tho  h)b*>H  Hnboi|iiul.  Color  pulo  ^rtM<niNh,  witii  Niivitry 
Hiii|>i>;  tipH  of  vertical  IhiH  brick  red  in  lif«^  l.iui^tli  about  20  inches. 
WrsI  indiiH,  north  to  PeiiHacohi,  (oninion  about  Key  WuNt  ;  i^aHiiy  known 
ti\  itM  fi'W  tlurayrt.  (iioIuIuh,  niarke<l.) 
;;.;.„    „../.i/.i,  I'oev,  MunioiiuM,  ii,  JiKl,  IW.o,   Havana;  (iCNTHr.n,  C'lit.,  vi,  JIh,  INiit);  ao(iD«  A 

llHAN,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  MiiH.,  Ih7',),  ir.l. 
7';//.  .1111(1  niiM:  ',  JoKDAN  A  (iil.iiKnT,  Syiio|)8lc,  I17:i,  18h:1;  JiiitDAN  A  KoiiDlcK,  I'roc,  I".  S.  Nat. 

Mill-.,  IHNIi,  ;145. 

10r>0.  TYLOKritlM  M'AIM'I  AKIH,  .Ionian  A  (iillicrt. 

ili'ad2f;  depth  (is  ;  eye  2^  in  jioBtorbital  part  of  bead.  I>.  It:  A.  15; 
HcairM  21."i.  Mody  Hlender,  Hubtorete.  l.'ainlal  pednncle  coin|ireH.sed,  with- 
out lied  ;  jawH  Hlendor,  twice  lentrtli  of  rewtof  head.  ScuIch  Nntall,  1 1.'>  to 
l.'iO  Ill-fore  doi'Hal ;  inaxilhiry  not  whoUyconeealod  by  preorbital.  (iieeuiHh  ; 
a  liliii.sh-silvery  lateral  band,  which  is  broadened  below  dorsal  ;  a  con- 
siiiiiioiiH  round,  dark  blotch  above  pectoral.  Lonjjth  1}  feet.  Panama; 
ratiiiT  Hcarce.     (Hcupulu,  ahonlder,  which  has  a  dark  spot.) 

Vyiiii'im  ffnpiilinU,  .Jordan  A  Giliieut,  null.  U.  8.  KIbIi  Comm.,  i,  18H1,  307,  Panama.  (Tyjio, 
XiiK.  2'.i427,  2',t4;ir.,  anil  20438.  Coll.  Glllwrt.)  Ihhl.,  ii,  1882,  lOU;  .toiinAN,  Tror.  ir.  S.  Nat. 
Mim.,  IH85,  370. 

1051.  TYLOKIKIK  TIM! CI'  (Wallmuiii). 
(TiMi'ci--  Pki.xk  Agi'mia.) 

Head  2?,;  depth?;  eye  moderate,  2Mo  2J  in  postorbital  part  of  he.ad. 
.Sciili's  small,  225,  about  1.50  before  dorsal.  1).  15;  A.  17.  Hody  very 
HliMiiler,  subterete  ;  caudal  peduui^.e  not  keeled;  ventrals  inserted  nearer 
rliteUs  than  base  of  caudal.  No  distinct  temporal  notch  ;  maxillary 
not  entirely  concealed.  Scales  and  bones  not  yreen.  (ireenish ;  a  silvory- 
liliiish  lateral  band,  widened  below  dorsal ;  no  scapular  spot.  Length  1| 
f'l'i't.  Florida  Keys  to  Hrazil ;  not  rare;  our  sjiecimens  from  Key  West, 
C'liliii,  and  Hahia. 

Tiiiii'.ii  111-  ]\i.ri(iijiillni,  MAncnnAVE,  Pise.  Brnsil.,  IfiS,  1048,  Brazil. 

I^.j- iiiiiiwii,  Waluait..    Artoili  Pisi'.,  in,  88,  17'.i2,  Brazil;  aftor  Tininni  of  Makcokavk. 

ll'tfifniililriDimlK,  PobV,  Memorlan,  ii,  211."),  18(10,  Havana. 

;;. /"HI' i/.yofvii,  Poky,  Menioriux,     ,  2'J(i.  18110,  Havana. 

Tiilnxiinis  mijilla,  .loiiDAN  &  UlLUERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8.,  1884,  25,  Key  West.     (Typo,  No. 

:;I!m;.'-..     CoII.  .Ionian.) 
Tiilnmrim  siihlniiicatut,  JonUAN  A  FOBDICE,  /.  C,  34*1. 

1053.  TYLOSIIRl'S  El  KYOPS,  lU-an  A  Dresel. 
(Lonu-.iaw.) 

D.  15 ;  A.  17 ;  scales  200.  Close  to  Tyhautun  timucu,  but  the  body  less 
slender,  the  depth  (5  in  head,  which  is  about  3  in  body  ;  eye  larger,  2!  in 
postorbital    part  of  bead;    a  distinct    notch   on  temporal    ridge  close 


i; 

I 

\ 

1 

1 
1 

II 


r 


!       I 


1* 

II 


712 


JhtUetin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I>«liiii(l  <«yo ;    inaxillury  alinoHt  oiitiroly  ooncualed  hy  pruorltital.    Ciil.fi 
mill  Juinaioii.    (fii>i<:,  wido;  ui/i,  «yo.) 

Tlitiinnif  riiriii'ii',  Hdan  \  Diik^ki.,  I'rix'.  V.  H.  Nut.  Miin.,  IhhI,  It',H,  Jamaica.  (iyi"',  No. 
:VJ»n.  Cull.  I'lililli  Muxi'iiiii  iif  tli»  lUHtltiitu  of  .ritniiilca.)  .ImiiuN,  I'mc.  I  .  H.  Nut.  Mu"  , 
iMNtI,  M. 

lO.MI.  TVI.OHntl  S  llll'l,OT.KM,i  (Co|»<). 

Ilt^ad  L'ii ;  «\vo  2^  in  poHtorliilal  itaitof  IhuuI.  D.  Ill;  A.  17.  HoilyHnli- 
tfi'ctr;  caudal  pudiiiiclu  vt-ry  iniicli  dupr<>NH<>d,  wid*>r  than  doo]),  luit 
without  trat^u  of  keel ;  inaxillary  iH>arly  couuealod  by  pruorhitui :  to|>  nf 
head  ii*<aily  hiiiooMi.  (.'aiidal  iiiodoiattdy  oiiia;>{iuattt;  Htioiit  iiciiily 
twici;  U'li^th  of  I'fHt  of  huad ;  Hcaln.s  not  vory  Hiiiall,  '2'.\  rowH  Ix'twiin 
doi'Hal  and  anal.  lirowniNh  uhovu,  Hilvoiy  Itolow,  a  IdniHh  latowil  Htiipc 
odj;cd  lit'low  with  black  and  yellowiHli.  St.  Martin  iHland,  WeKt  Indies. 
{(!o|»«) ;  n«tt  8o«n  l»y  uh.    ((5/t/('«h;,  doabU) ;  Tdirui,  ribbon  or  Htripo.) 

lUliiiK'  •li),lnii, hUi,  Ciii'e,  TriiiiH.  Amor,  riill.  .Sot'.  Pliilii.,  IHVI,  4Hl,  St.  Martin  laUnd,  West 
Indies. 

10A4.  TYLOMIKI'M  MICROI'S  (Ullntlur). 

Head  .1.  1).  i;^  to  l.'i;  A.  14  or  la.  Tail  Htronnly  deprossod,  witli  n 
shar|»iHh  cdf^o,  which  Ih  posteriorly  black.  Hotly  dttprcHHed,  ratiicr 
broader  than  deep.  Upper  Hiirface  of  head  tlat,  Hinooth,  with  a  narrow 
median  fTioove;  superciliary  ro^rion  ijnite  sinooth;  base  of  preina.xiliuiiiM 
depressed;  maxillary  half  hidden  by  the  preorbital.  Teeth  of  inodcriitc 
size,  widely  set;  vomerine  teeth  none.  Diameter  of  eye  little  more  tliiiii 
width  of  interorbital  space  and  ^  len);tli  of  postorbital  portion  of  heail. 
which  is  rather  more  than  half  length  of  beuk.  Depth  of  body  consider- 
ably less  than  len^^th  of  pectoral  fin,  which  is  less  than  the  distance  of 
the  opercular  margin  from  the  orbit ;  ventral  tin  a  little  nearer  head  tliiiii 
candal ;  middle  and  hinder  dorsal  and  anal  rays  subei|nal  in  length,  short, 
the  last  terminatint;  at  a  considerable  distance  from  root  of  caudal ;  origin 
of  anal  somewhat  in  advance  of  that  of  dorsal;  caudal  forked,  with 
tLo  lobes  Bube(]ual  in  length.  Scales  minute,  adherent.  The  termination 
of  the  lateral  keel  on  the  caudal  tin  black.  Coast  of  Guiana.  (Giiuthur.) 
(/nKi)<)i:,  small ;  ('nj',  eye.) 

liehiiif  iiiiriDim,  OC.NTiiKK,  Cut.,  VI,  2;i7,  1800,  Surinam,  British  Guiana.  (Cull.  Hirli.  Sclioiii- 
Imrnk.) 

1055.  TYI.OSIIttUS  ANUUSTICKPS  (auntlioi.) 

Head  2*.  D.  10;  A.  19.  Tail  strongly  depressed,  with  a  sharpish  latoial 
edge;  body  stibcylindrlcal.  Head  narrow,  elongate,  rather  convex  abovo, 
with  a  deep,  median  longitudinal  groove.  Base  of  the  iutermaxilhiries 
depressed;  teeth  very  small;  maxillary  half  hidden  by  the  ])reorbital. 
Eye  i  length  of  postorbital  part  of  head,  which  is  more  than  that  of  jieo- 
toral.  Veutral  somewhat  nfjar(3r  to  head  than  caudal;  middle  and  hinder 
dorsal  and  anal  rays  subciiuiti  in  length,  short,  the  last  terminating  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  root  of  caudal ;  caudal  tin  somewhat  eiiiur- 
ginate.  Scales  very  small.  Termination  of  the  caudal  keel  blackish. 
Coast  of  Ecuador.  (G'inther.)  (angustus,  uatvow  ;  -c('j>8,  head.) 
Belone  angiuticeii$,  QCnther,  Cat,  vi,  2:i8,  1806,  Ecuador.     (Coll.  Fraoer.) 


tal.    Ciil.n 


I.  SirK.  Scliiiiii- 


Jordan  ami  Ever  ma  nn, — Fishet  of  North  AnwtUa.        713 


IOft«.  TVUMIKI'M  AitltHM.A  (CnvliT  A  Vnloiirliriin-*). 

I).  i:i;  A.  18.  ChimIaI  pc(liiiirlfldnpr«HN«><I  nnd  with  ii  nlinrp  kool ;  Hcnlen 
and  li()ii(!H  (;r«M)ii ;  ovo  iiio(lorittt<:  t(»p  of  li»a<l  Htriat«'<l  ;  t«>«th  voiy  Hiiiall; 
l)ii*it>  of  upp«<r  juw  iiiK-lMlfiHVHiii'd  ;  iiiuxilliiry  i^itirvlv  liidilt^i;  oniitlitl  tin 
fi)iK>'<l;  vuntial  iniil'.viiy  l>«4woci>  uynuiiilcii.i«liil.  \V«>Ht  Itidit^H.  ((tiiiitlior, 
1114  "  Uiliiiir  (lipriimii")',  not  M«c»i  J»y  iih.  Tlin  MyiMinyiiiy  ht'low  in  ull  inoro 
vt  loHrt  (loiilitfiil.     (.Irilnthi,  diiiiiinitivu  of  Anha,  Ikmoii.) 

f  U' l<w  nrilftila,  CrviKii  A  VAiKNrirNNt.w,  lll«».  Niif.  1'(iI>ik  ,  XMii,  fJI,  |hKi,  Martinique. 
t  It.lmc  i-lij<mttlii,C\  ytr.u  A  Vai,>:n(|»;nnkh,  Hint.  Nut.  I'iiImi.,  wim,  4H>;,  lH4tl,  Porto  Rico. 
fl'hmi  iiril'ilii»,   LbSvKUII  M8.  iu   CUMRII  .V    Va  I.KNCIKNNKi*,  Hint.    Nllt.  I'oJNit.,    XVIII,  4:)0,  Ig4n, 

Guadeloupe. 

Iklmiv  ikjintMi,  GCNIMi'll,  Cut.,  VI,  2.1.\  iH'Ml;  nut  of  I'orv. 

lUfi7.   rVLOMtUI'M  HTUI.%,1IAN'MI  iStiloilaihiiur). 

(SiCHIilTA.) 

Head  2i',  depth  nearly  IK;  eye  hirps  about  1))  in  head  or  ahuut  .')  in 
|H)sti>rbital  part.  I).  1,  1<>;  A.  I,  17;  I'.  VA;  ncaleH  ahoiit  '2iA).  Hody  very 
Hlcinler,  not  conipruttHed ;  euudal  |>e<lunule  depreHHed,  lialf  wider  than 
«U>)>p,  tlM)  lateral  lino  fortiiinK  ^  moderate  keel,  whieli  \h  (freon.  JawH 
very  long,  Hleuder,  and  fraj^ilo,  the  tip  of  the  lower  projectinur ;  length  of 
upiit-r  Jaw  from  eye  '2'i  timeH  length  of  poHtorliital  part  of  head,  or  lUimeH 
Kpaco  between  nostrilH;  maxillary  Hcarcely  reaching  vertical  from  front 
of  pupil,  about  lialf  of  itH  pouterior  portion  nlipping  under  the  preor- 
bitiil,  \vhi<-h  in  Hinall,  not  reaclrng  backward  to  tip  of  maxillary.  ScaleH 
lai  j;er  than  iu  7'.  cxUh.  Interorbital  region  with  a  rathsr  broad  and  deep 
miily  groove,  widest  anteriorly  and  extending  backward  to  opposite  mid- 
dle of  cheeks  ;  behind  this  the  middle  part  of  cranium  somewhat  elevated 
and  bounded  by  two  longitudinal  ridges  higher  than  the  temporal  ones; 
tills  region  scaleless.  Cheeks  well  scaled  ;  scales  on  opercle  very  minute. 
Dorsal  origin  above  base  of  fifth  anal  ray;  .interior  rays  of  both  fins 
pniduced  ;  other  rays  e(|ual,  the  posterior  not  reaching  nearly  to  base  of 
oaiidal;  anal  lobe  higher  than  dorsal  lobe,  its  length  t  postorbital  part 
of  head;  ventrals  small,  extending  about  h  distance  to  origin  of  anal, 
their  insertion  midway  between  base  of  middle  caudal  rays  and  middle 
of  cheek;  pectorals  broad,  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head,  the  upper 
ray  broad;  caudal  lunate,  lower  lobe  longer.  Color  green  above,  white 
below  ;  a  dusky  dorsal  stripe  and  a  silvery  lateral  one  ;  sides  of  bead  sil- 
very, upjier  part  of  cheek  punctulato,  a  blackish  half  bar  between  cheek 
and  opercle;  a  blackish  blotch  above  eye  and  one  in  front  of  nostrils;  fiua 
olivaceous,  somewhat  dusky  at  tip;  posterior  part  of  pectoral  more  or  less 
abruptly  black,  sometimes  merely  dusky  ;  caudal  keel  green.*  Length  'J 
feet.  Abundant  at  Ma/atlan,  where  it  is  a  common  market  fish;  also 
taken  at  (luaymas  by  Kvermauu  and  Jenkins;  south  to  Peru. 

Ilelniie  Hlokmmini,  8TEINI1ACIINER,  Ichth.  Boitr.,  vii,  21,  1878,  Tumbez,  Peru. 
Tijlumnm  sierrila,  JnitDAN  &  GlLliEiiT,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1881,  468,  Mazatlan.     (Tyjie,  N<mi. 
28102,  28265, 2',t227,  29;n7,  anil  2!)3-8.     Toll.  Gilbert.) 


*  This  (Inscription  is  drawn  up  from  Mn7at1itii  sjiecimcnH,  iiicludlnt;  the  types  of  T.  tierrila. 
i^teiiidacliDer'8  types  of  ii.  .ilolzmaimi  are  describud  ua  having  a  amaller  eye  (14  in  head  instead  of 
lu}^),  the  pectorals  merely  dusky,  and  D.  16;  A.  IG. 


\ 


i\ 


r 


t  'i 


;  1 

i 

j 

im 

■■i^ 

J/ 

u 


M 


«.;• 


; 


t- 


u^mS'f^mfl'iii^mm^mfrt. 


I* 


'A^' 


;!5t 


!;::ii', 


1!::!^ 


Mi/i:,:.. 


■'m 

il 

1           ! 

jjili;:;f[;>;;\|. 


714  Bitlletin  ^/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


10r«8.  TYIi08UBUS  EXILIS  (Oirard). 

(NEEnLEriHII.) 

Head  2^ ;  depth  7  in  head.     D.  15 ;  A.  17 ;  scales  370.     Body  very  slender ; 
tail  very  slender,  broader  than  long,  with  a  moderate  keel,  pale  in  color: 
head  long,  the  upper  jaw  from  eye  twice  rest  of  head.     Eye  moderate,  l."i 
in  postorbital  regioa.    Maxillary  not  nearly  x\\\  hidden  by  the  narrow  jirc 
orbital.     Top  of  head  flattish,  with  a  broad  scaly  groove.    Pectoral  lii 
1^  in  postorbital  part  of  head;  ventrals  short,  midway  between  preoperdi' 
and  base  of  caudal;  dorsal  and  anal  falcate,  rathor  low,  the  anal  begin 
ning  before  dorsal ;  caudal  fin  slightly  and  nn«M)ually  lunate.  Translucent 
green,  silvery  below;  an  olivaceous  vertebral  streak  and  a  uluish  latemi 
band;   fins  plain,  olivaceous,  the  pectoral  without  black.    Scales  very 
small  and  thin,  280  before  dorsal.     Length  3  feet.     Coast  of  soutlitMii 
California,  from  Point  Concepciou  southward  to  Cerros  Island ;  itbundant : 
rarely  used  as  food  on  account  of  the  "green  backbone."    Close  to  T\j\i>- 
»uruH  marinuH,  the  body  more  slender,     {cxilis,  slender.) 

lielone exilin,  GiiiARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Kat.  Sci.  Pliilii.,  1854, 149,  San  Diego  (Coll.  A.  CaH8idy);Gii(Ai:i>, 

Pac.  U.  H.  Surv.,  Fish.,  ir>8, 1858;  GC.ntueii,  Cat.,  vi,  238,  Um. 
Tyhtunw  rr.ilis,  .TouDAN  &  Qilheiit,  Synopsis,  374,  1883;  .Toudan  &  Kordice,  (.  c,  34!). 

1069.  TTLOSUBUS  MARINUS  (Walbanm). 
(Oarfish  ;  BiLLFisii ;  Negiilekisii  ;   Aqujon.) 

Head  2^-;  depth  oi;  snout  4A.  Eye  large,  2i  in  postorbital  part  of  head. 
D.  15;  A.  17  ;  vertebr.-e  44 -j- 24  =  68 ;  scales  300.  Hody  slender,  not  cimi- 
pressed :  tail  moderately  depressed,  broader  than  deep,  the  lateral  liiu^ 
passing  into  a  slight  keel  which  is  not  black.  Head  long,  flat  above,  with 
a  broad,  rather  shallow,  scaly  median  groove.  Upper  jaw  from  eye  twice 
length  of  rest  of  head;  maxillary  not  nearly  hidden  by  the  preorbital. 
Teeth  sharp;  mouth  not  quite  closing.  Scales  and  bones  more  or  less 
green ;  pectoral  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrals  moderate, 
raid  way  between  preopercle  and  base  of  caudal ;  dorsal  and  anal  somewhat 
falcate;  the  last  rays  always  short;  caudal  fin  slightly  emarginate. 
Scales  thin  and  small,  240  before  dorsal.  Color  greenub,  sides  silverv: 
a  narrow  silvery  lateral  stripe;  a  dark  bar  on  front  of  opercle:  fins 
olivaceous.  Length  4  feet.  Capo  Cod  to  Texas;  very  abundant  on  our 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts;  often  ascending  liverp  far  above  tide  water, 
and  doubtless  breeding  in  fresh  waters,     (mariniia,  of  the  sea.) 

Sea  Snipe,  SciiiiPF,  Geoellsch.  Xaturforschendo  Freiinde,  177,  1788,  Long  Island. 

Hiox  marimii,  Walbai'M,  Artedi  Piscium,  iii,  88,  17!I2;  after  Sciiiipv. 

Eioxhehne,  \a,r.viarimif,  Bloch  &  Schnkideu,  Syst.  Ichth.,  391,  1801;  after SciiiiPF. 

Esoi  loiigiroatrig,  HiTCUii.L,  Amor.  Mouth.  Mag.,  ii,  1818,  322,  Hudson  River. 

J<eIow«  <rH)icn<(i,  LeSieub,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  u,  1821, 126,  New  York  Bay;  GCntiiii;, 

Cat ,  VI,  244, 18PC. 
lielone  tcrutator,  GinARP,  U.  S.  Mex.  Pound.  Surv.,  Ichth.,  30,  pi.  13,  1R59,  Brazos  Santiago 

and  St.  Joseph  Island,  Texas.    (Colls.  John  H.  Clnrk  and  Giistav  Wiirdemann.) 
'njlommm  longirottrU,  Jordan  &  Giiiiert,  Synopsis,  374, 1883. 
l)lloturu»  marimts,  Jordan  &  Fobdice,  I.  c,  351. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         715 


r,  GCntiiki;, 


iOftO.  TYLOSUBL'S  AliHEIDA  (Quuy  k  Gaiuard). 

(TiMt'CU.) 

I  [pad  about  3.  D.  13  or  14;  A.  15  or  10.  Very  cloHe  to  Ti/loHnrun  mari- 
inin.  Iiiit  with  sniall«!r  eyo,  S  to  3J  in  postorhital  part  of  head,  and  fewer  tin 
lays,  t'lirinam  to  Itio  de  Janeiro,  anil  probuMy  norUiward  in  the  West 
Indies.  Known  to  ns  from  the  speciniens  culled  liilonr  tiniitca  l»y  Ciivier 
iV  Valenciennes.  (Nanie^  for  Don  Fr.  Ahneidu,  once  Secretary  of  the 
rortnguese  legation  at  Paris.) 

/,', /f./i<  ulmciilii,  Qudv  &  Qaimaui),  Voyage  do  I'Uraiiio,  Zolil.,  220,  IS'24,  Brazil. 

l;,hiiii>  tiiiiKcH,  OuviEii  &  Vai-f.nciknnks,  Hint.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xviii,  42(1,  lrt4»i,  Rio  de  Janeiro;  not 

I'fioxlimwu  of  Waliiatm. 
lldo\ie  Iruiiiula,  var.  (/hi'iikiivw,  OCntheu,  (^ut.,  M,  240,  18(i0;  not  of  MCl.l.Kit  &  TiioscilKi.. 

1061.  TYLOSrKlIS  FOIIIATOIt.  .Ionian  &  Gilbert. 

(Adl'.IO.N.) 

Head  ahont  83  ;  depth  15 ;  eyo  large,  6i  in  snout,  3  in  postorbital  part 
of  li.ad,and  2  in  interorbitai  width.  D.  I,  19;  A.  I,  17;  V.  6;  P.  14; 
scaltis  410.  Hody  robnst,  the  caudal  peduncle  with  a  strong  keel,  black 
in  color;  one  or  more  folds  of  skin  across  edge  of  preoperclo;  caudal 
luiciiually  forked;  dorsal  with  its  last  rays  elevated  in  the  young.  Beak 
tdiort  and  very  strong,  the  snout  H  times  length  of  rest  of  head.  Dorsal 
inserted  o])posite  anal ;  ventrals  inserted  midway  between  base  of  caudal 
aud  middle  of  eye.  Cheeks  closely  scaled,  opercles  nearly  naked;  scales 
extremely  small.  Color  green  above,  silvery  below  ;  fins  somewhat  dusky, 
cxcejit  the  anal,  which  is  pale;  cheeks  and  lower  jaw  silvery  ;  middle 
line  of  back  darker;  scales  and  bones  a  very  bright  green;  no  distinct 
lateral  stripe.  Length  3  to  5  feet.  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico ;  common  about 
Mazatlau  aud  Acapulco.  A  very  robust  species,  distinguished  from  T. 
raphUlonm  by  its  fewer  fin  rays.  (J'udiafor,  one  who  stabs,  this  species, 
like  the  next,  being  often  dangerous  to  fishermen.) 

Tiilamriin  j'liiliiitor,  .loiiKAN'  it  GiT.iiERT,  Proc.  (J.  S.  Nut.  Miis.,  18sl,  it)'.),  Mazatlan.    ('l'yi)e,  N08. 
28190  and  28323.     (loll.  Gilbert.)     Jobi>an,  Cat.  Fiuhns  N.  A.,  50,  1885. 

10«2.  TYLOSIIRVS  UAPIIIDO.VA  (Ranzani). 
(HooNDt'iBii;  Agv.ia  nR  Casta;  Gdardfibh.) 

D.  21  to  24 ;  A.  22  to  24 ;  scales  3.50.  Caudal  keel  rather  strong,  black  ; 
one  or  more  folds  of  skin  across  edge  of  preopercle.  Body  robust,  little 
compressed,  its  greatest  breadth  a  little  more  than  i}  greatest  depth ;  cau- 
tlai  peduncle  slightly  depressed,  a  little  broader  than  deep,  with  a  slight 
lihick  dermal  keel.  Head  broad,  interorbitai  space  nearly  f  length  of 
jiostorbital  part  of  head,  with  a  broad,  shallow,  nearly  naked  median 
<,Moove,  which  is  wider  behind  and  forks  at  the  nape.  Supraorbital  bones 
with  radiating  stria*.  Jaws  unusually  short,  stiff,  strong,  rapidly  taper 
ing  forward;  large  teeth  of  jaws  very  strong,  knife-shajied.  Upper  jaw 
from  eye  about  If  times  as  long  as  the  rest  of  head.  Eye  large,  7  in 
snout,  2ff  in  postorbital  part  of  head,  and  l-j  in  interorbitai  width.  Max- 
illary entirely  covered  by  the  preorbital.     Cheeks  densely  scaled ;  opercles 


¥■     I: 


^T'»lJ^.|itfii!;i9^!yiftiil^«,4»jp^jSiii,ij#^^^ 


t!,    - 


! 


i\ 


-II 


ilk 


ill!'- 


!5;;i 


I  1  ■    ■ 

li 

:i'J 


:i'i!' 


:l 


i 

1 

1 

716 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  M'uxeutn. 


mostly  naked  except  along  the  anterior  margin.  Scales  of  body  minnte, 
especially  above.  Dorsal  tin  low  posteriorly ;  the  height  of  its  anteriur 
lobe  equaling  that  of  annl,  or  length  of  postorbital  part  of  head;  its 
longest  ray  if  the  base  of  the  fin;  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  much  c'e- 
vated  in  young;  caudal  lunate,  its  lower  lobe  nearly  halt  longer  than  tb(* 
upper;  middle  rays  about  as  long  an  eye.  Ventrals  inserted  midway 
between  base  of  caudal  and  middle  of  eye,  their  length  a  little  less  than 
that  of  pectoral,  and  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head;  insertion  of  anal 
opposite  that  of  dorsal.  Color  green,  silvery  below;  no  lateral  stripe; 
pectorals  and  dorsal  blackish.  Scales  and  bones  green.  Length  3  to  5 
feet.  West  Indies,  Florida  Keys  to  Brazil ;  generally  abundant ;  alar<;<% 
vigorous  species,  occasionally  becoming  dangerous  in  its  leaps  from  the 
water.  The  young  occasionally  northward  (Ocean  City,  New  Jersey- 
Bean).     (^a^Hi  rhaphis,  a  sharp  instrument ;  an  old  name  of  the  pike.) 

Tie/one  raphidoma,  Ranzam,  Nov.  Coinm.  Ac.  Mat.  Sci.  Inst.  Bonon.,  v,  1842,  3ni<,  pi.  37,  flg.  1, 

Brazil;  GCntiikr,  Cut.,  vi.  249,  1866. 
Belone gerania,  Ct;vier  A  Vale.nciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xviii,  437,  1846,  Martinique;  GCn- 

THEii,  Cat.,  VI,  241, 180(i 
Belone  cmua,  PoEy,  Memorias,  ll,  291,  18'il,  Cuba. 

Belone  vietauoch ha,  PoF.Y,  Memorias,  ii,  204,  1861,  Havana;  GCnther,  Gat.,  ti,  249,  1866. 
I)/lomniii  gladim.  Bean,  Pror.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.,  1882,  239,  430,  Pensacola.     (Ty])e,  No.  3U161. 

Coll.  Stearns.)    .Iobdan  k  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  901, 1883. 
Tylonmiit  raphidoma,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  188t),  .35;  Jordan  &  Fordice,  /.  c,  3.'>3. 
I)/lontnit  cransus,  Jordan,  Proc.  (J.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884, 112. 

1068.  TTLOSURVS  «ALEATVS  (Cuvler  A  Valer.cionnea). 

D.  15;  A.  17.  An  imperfectly  known  species,  apparently  differing  froii> 
T.  raphidoma  in  having  the  caudal  little  forked  and  in  having  no  caudal 
keel.  Scales  small.  Beak  rather  strong.  If  times  length  of  rest  of  head. 
Top  of  head  with  a  bony  casque,  its  surface  smooth;  its  borders  with 
notches  like  those  on  a  violin.  Cayenne.  (Cuvier  &.  Valenciennes.) 
(galeatus,  having  a  helmet.) 
Belone  galeata,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xviii,  429,  1846,  Cayenne. 

1064.  TTL08IITRIIS  PACIFICUS  (Steindacliner). 

D.  21  to  22;  A.  19  or  20.  Closely  allied  to  Tylosurua  aeu8,  the  teeth 
shorter  and  weaker,  the  greatest  depth  of  body  equal  to  length  of  pec- 
toral. A  grayish  lateral  streak.  Acapulco  to  Panama;  a  large  species; 
not  common. 

Belone  pacifica,  Steindacjinek,  Ichth.  Beitr.,  iii,  65,  1875,  Panama;  Acapulco. 
Tj/lomrus  pacifictu,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  624. 

1065.  TYLOSl'RUS  ACUS  (Lacdpddu). 

(HOUNDFISli;   AOUJON.) 

D.  23;  A.  21;  scales  380.  Caudal  keel  strong,  black;  1  or  more  folds  of 
skin  across  the  preopercle;  scales  and  bones  green.  Beak  strong,  more 
elongate  than  in  Tylo8urun  raphidoma,  its  length  about  twice  that  of  rest 
of  head;  greatest  depth  of  body  about  f  length  of  pectoral.     Dorsal  tiu 


[lique;  GCn- 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        717 

long,  beginning  behind  front;  of  anal,  its  last  ruys  much  elovatod  in  the 
youug,  becoming  low  iii  the  adult;  caudal  deeply  and  une(|ually  eniar- 
giiiate;  ventrals  inserted  midway  between  middle  of  eye  and  base  of  cau- 
(hil.  Uroen  above;  no  lateral  band.  Length  3  to  4  feet.  West  Indies, 
occasionally  straying  northward  (Buzzard's  Bay,  Goode;  Beaufort,  N.C., 
Jordan);  also  in  the  Mediterranean,  if  TfiloHuras  imperialia, Cocco,  is  the 
Hiuno  species,  as  appears  to  be  the  case.  {Aoua,  the  needlefish,  from  actia, 
needle.)    (En.) 

Sphiirirna  acw,  Lao£p£de,  Hilt.  Nat.  Poias.,  v,  6,  pi.  1,  flg.  3, 1803,  Martinique;  from  a  drawing 

by  Plumieb. 
t  Imx  tmjieri(iti«,  Rafinbsqur,  Caratteri  di  Alcnnl  Nuovi  (leneri,  50,  1810,  Palermo. 
f  Tulomrm  can&ainii,  Cocco,  Letters  in  Giom.  Scl.  1 3tt.  Sic,  xviii,  18,  pi.  1,  flg.  4, 1829,  Messina; 

GCntheb,  Cat.,  VI,  242,  186«. 
IteloHf  laliinana,  PoEY,  Memorios,  11,290,  1801,  Havana;  GttNTiiBR,  Oat.,  vi,  240, 1866;  copied. 
lieloiie  joiieai,  GooDE,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1877,  295,  Bermuda;  GVnther,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 

UiBt.,  Ill,  1819,  150. 
Ilflnne  caribbsea,  Of  ntheb,  Cat.,  vi,  241,  1866;  not  of  Le  Sueub. 
7J/(o»MrtM  acw,  JOBDAN  &  FOBDICB,  /.  c,  365. 


rll 


■  t 
:■  f 
i'l 


■m 


10«6.  TTL08URV8  CARIBBiEUS  (Le  Sueur). 

D.  24 ;  A.  22.  Mouth  not  capable  of  being  completely  closed,  the  upper 
jiiw  being  arched  at  base,  much  as  in  Athlennea  hiana;  lobes  of  dorsal  and 
anal  low,  the  last  rays  elevated.  Depth  20  in  total  length  with  caudal; 
head  3ii ;  body  broad,  compressed;  breadth  of  body  f  its  depth,  which  is 
about  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  hoad;  preopercle  with  folds  of  skin; 
eye  very  large,  lOi  in  head,  2^^  in  postorbital  part;  beak  slender,  nior<) 
than  twice  as  long  as  rest  of  head;  teeth  rather  weak;  preopercle  with  2 
cross  folds  of  skin;  caudal  peduncle  with  a  strong,  black  keel;  caudal  fin 
moderately  forked,  the  lower  lobe  much  the  longer;  dorsal  inserted  a  lit- 
tle behind  anal;  ventrals  midway  between  base  of -caudal  and  middle  of 
eye;  skull  narrow.  Scales  small,  green,  about  210  before  dorsal.  Bluish 
white  below,  a  faint  bluish  baud  along  sides ;  fins  bluish.  West  Indies ; 
iiot  very  common. 

Mone  caribbKa,  Le  Suevr,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ii,  1821, 127,  Caribbean  Sea. 
Hehne  aUipinna,  PoET,  Memoriae,  II,  293,  1861,  Cuba. 

TyhiKiirm  caribbmu,  CuviEB  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xviii,  430,  1846. 
TylomriM  carMxiu,  JOBD..N  &  FoamcE,  I.  c,  357. 

325,  ATHLENNES,*  Jordan  &  Pordice. 

Alhlemien,  JoBDAN  &  FoBDiCE,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886,  342,  {Mans). 

This  genus  is  close  to  Tylosurus,  differing  chiefly  in  the  greatly  com- 
pressed, almost  ribbon-shaped  body.  The  single  species  is  American. 
(u/i>.fvv^f ,  without  mucosity,  a  name  applied  by  some  medisoval  authors 
to  the  fish  called  by  them  fielovrt  or  Acua,  Esox  belone,  L.) 


k.vM 


*  This  name  was  inadvertently  written  "  Athlenneg"  by  its  authors,  and  as  this  form  has  now 
been  several  times  used  it  may  remain  so.  .l&Ienn««  waa  intended,  as  the  etymolo|;y  shows , 
AthUnnei  is  meaningless,  but  euphonious. 


m 


Kwwgsf.w* ''*!(''"' 


ir}|W.^lHy*f\Rlfl!Pp()(BI<l*l«^»«W«'"#tJJJ*»^|^ 


!;!;  ) 


(     i 


'  )■ 


■   ■( 

i  -i  51 


i  1 


1     ■'■i 


:  k 


Ill  '  ■,,,.( 


'I  III;- 


III 


;;.  / 


^li:'i::,:'V^: 


ill?:: 


ijlil  :    > 


a::i  ./f.,r. 


M'pM. 


>  • 


718 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


.1067.  ATHLENNKS  HIANS  (f'uvl.r  Ik  Valondonnos). 

D.  25;  A.  26.  ScuIoh  about  520.  Uody  voiy  strongly  compressed,  its 
greatest  breadth  uot  half  its  greatest  dc'])th;  caudal  peduncle  not  cvyiii- 
pressed,  without  keel ;  jaws  long  and  very  slender,  tlio  upper  strongly 
arched  upward  at  base,  so  tliat  the  mouth  ean  uot  be  closed ;  snout  twi, . 
length  of  rest  of  head  ;  eye  large,  2|  in  postorbital  ]iart  of  head  ;  maxil 
lary  entirely  concealed  by  ])reorbital;  a  fold  of  skin  across  preoperclr; 
opercle  snmoth ;  insertion  of  vontrals  well  forward,  midway  between  front 
of  arch  of  upj)er  Jaw  and  base  of  eaudnl;  caudal  deeply  forked;  dorhal 
and  aiuil  falcate,  the  latter  beginning  farther  forward;  pectorals  long, 
falcate;  scales  minute;  with  scales  and  bones  green;  no  lateral  band; 
sides  silvery,  with  round,  dark  blotches  in  young;  tins  -,  ith  black  tips. 
Length  3  feet.  West  Indies,  ranging  from  Florida  to  IJrazil;  generally 
common.  Also  recorded  by  Steindaehner  from  Acapulco,  but  the  Pacitic 
species  of  Athlennea  (not  seen  by  us)  may  prove  to  bo  ditfereut.  {hiaim, 
gaping.) 

Beloiif  liiiimt,  Cv\lT.n  &  A'Ai.ENriK)     '.p,  Hist.  N'lt.   Poles.,   xviii,  4:VJ,  1H46,   Havana;   Bahia; 

Ot'NTiiKR,  Cut.,   VI,  2Js,  l«()(i;  C'oi'E,  Tn.Ms.   Aiii.   I'liiloH.  Soc,  li<T\,  181;  Stkind.uiim.i;, 

Ichlh.  Hfiti.,  Ml,  )i4,  ISTi. 
Ilelouvviiiaihta,  I'oKY,  Moinu'.';j8,  ii, 20(1,  ISfll,  Hevana. 
Tylomnu  hiam,  Johdan  &  Qilbkkt,  S.vuoii.sih,  373,  8Ul,  1883. 

Family  XCV.  HEMIRAMPHID/E. 
(Thk  Balaos.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  large  cycloid 
scales ;  upper  jaw  short,  lower  jaw  various,  sometimes  much  produced,  tlu; 
toothed  portion  at  base  fitting  against  the  toothed  premaxillaries  ;  teeth 
equal,  mostly  small  and  tricuspid;  maxillaricN  anchylosed  to  premaxil- 
laries. Gill  rakers  long.  Caudal  fin  rounded,  or  forked;  if  forked,  tlic 
lower  lobe  the  longer.  Anal  tin  modified  in  the  viviparous  species 
(Zenarchoptirua),  unmodified  in  the  others  and  usually  similar  to  the  dor- 
sal ;  no  Unlets ;  air  bladder  large,  sometimes  cellular.  Third  u])]iii' 
pharyngeal  on  each  side  much  enlarged,  solidly*  united  with  its  fellow  to 
form  an  oval  plate,  with  slightly  eoiivex  surface  and  covered  with  blunt 
tricuspid  teeth  ;  this  is  about  aj  large  an  the  united  lower  pharyngeals 
and  fits  into  the  concavity  of  the  latter;  fourth  upper  pharyngeal  want- 
ing or  grown  fast  to  the  third  ;  lower  pharyngeal  large,  thick,  triangular, 
with  concave  surface.  Vertebras  about  50.  (Characters  verified  in  Hiini- 
ramphus  brownt,  Hyporhumphus  rohcrti  and  Chriodorus  atherhioidva.) 

Herbivorous  fishes  of  the  warm  seas  ;  mostly  shore  species ;  a  few  pelagic. 
They  feed  chiefly  on  green  alga?,  and,  like  the  related  forms,  swim  at  the 
surface,  occasionally  leaping  into  the  air.  Size  rather  small,  about  a  foot 
in  length.  Genera  about  7 ;  species  about  75.  (Scombrcsocidw,  yart,  Guu- 
ther,  Cat.,  vi,  259-276,  1866.) 

a.  Lower  jaw  bluiitish,  not  at  all  produced;  teeth  rather  largo;  pectorals  and  ventraln  modi  r- 
ate;  shore  tishcs.  CuaiopORi's,  3_'('i. 

■"  A  siugular  character,  first  noticed  by  Mr.  Edwin  0.  Starks. 


Jordan  and  Evermamt. — Fishes  of  North  Amerua.         719 


TO 

t 

(III.  Lower  jaw  acute,  longer  tliitn  iippor,  or  moro  or  Iom  pnHlucoil;  tPt<tli  Hiiiikll;  xpccioB  uvi- 
pitroiiK,  till'  uiiitl  flu  ill  till'  iiialo  not  iiiinlitlcil,  tlin  niiiilul  flu  iiiiL-i|iially  liiiiato. 
\<.  liowurjitw  pruiliinod  in  it  Ioiik  piiiiitfMl  liciilt,  iisuitlly  lunger  tliiui  rcNt  of  head. 
('.  Uody  iiKidt'rately  coiiiprrflHi'd;  pvrtnntlM  iiiixlcnilc;  Hlioro  IIhIion. 

if.  Air  bliiddor  Hiiiipio;  HidcH  of  Imdy  mure   ur  Iuhh  convex;    vnntnilB    iiiHertcd 

HUtitriorly,  far  ill  adviiiiro  of  doi'Mil.  IIyi'ouii.vjii'iiih,  W'll, 

ilil.  Air  bladder  cellular;  BideH  of  body   nearly  vertical  and  pariillel  ;    veiitralii 

iiiHorted  poBtorlorly,  nut  I'ar  bofoie  dorml.  IIkmihami'III'h,  ;i28. 

n:  Uody  very  Hleiuler  and  compreHHi'd,  more  or  lewH  band-lilie;  ixictural  HnH  very  long, 

ventral  very  short,  lusurtcd  posteriorly;  pulat;lc  spucios. 

Kl'l.KPTIlRHAMPIIUS,  'i'i'J. 

326.  CHRIODORUS,  Goode  &  lieau. 
(IIakdiikads.) 

rliii'"tnnis,  iiooPE  A  Uean,  Proc.  V..S.  Nat.  Mub.,  lhS2,  '1:12,  (nllierinniileii), 

]{o(ly  and  fius  eHHential'.y  as  in  HemirampliuH,  but  both  jawH  very  uhort, 
not  at  all  produced,  the  lower  Jaw  broadly  rounded,  each  with  two  series 
of  liiif^e,  tricuspid,  incisor  teeth,  which  form  a  continuous  cutting  edge. 
Maxillary  anchylosed  to  preniaxillary.  Pectorals  small;  ventral  fins 
siiiiiH,  median.  Scales  large.  Pharyngeal  bones  almost  exactly  as  in 
IlilpiirhamphiiH,  the  lower  pharyngeal  a  little  thicker  and  less  concave,  the 
united  third  upper  pharyngeals  a  little  broader  and  less  jwinted  forward. 
N'ortt'linu  49.  Shore  fishes,  the  single  known  species  from  the  coast  of 
Florida,     (^^fiu,  want ;  dcipu,  lance ;  the  jaw  being  not  produced.) 

1068.  CHBI0D0BU8  ATUEBINOIDES,  Goodo  &  Bean. 
(Hardhf.ad.) 
Head  4? ;  depth  6i;  breadth  of  body  I  its  depth.  D.  M  to  16;  A.  15; 
V.  ti;  P.  12;  scales  7-46  to  48-3;  vertebra)  31  +  18^49.  Interorbital 
sjiact!  broad,  unevenly  convex,  its  width  equal  to  eye,  which  is  3§  in  head  ; 
snout  3  in  head  ;  premaxillaries  much  broader  than  long,  their  edges  con- 
rave  ;  maxillary  4  in  head  ;  mandible  2i,  its  tip  broadly  rounded,  not  at 
all  produced.  Dorsal  opposite  anal  and  entirely  similar  to  it;  both  fins 
elevated  in  front,  but  not  falcate,  their  longest  rays  half  head ;  caudal 
luodeiate,  deeply  and  subequally  forked ;  ventrals  2Js  in  head,  their  inser- 
tion midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal ;  pectorals  1^  in  head ; 
vertical  tins  with  small  scales,.  Bones  of  top  of  head  smooth,  hard,  and 
tianHlucent.  Scales  moderate,  firm.  Translucent  greenish  above  with 
(lark  dots  on  the  scales ;  a  bright  silvery  lateral  baud  as  in  Jtherina, 
broadest  under  dorsal  fin,  where  it  is  as  wide  as  pupil.  Length  10  inches. 
Florida  Keys,  locally  abundant  at  Key  West,  but  not  yet  taken  elsewhere ; 
a  handsome  little  fish,  and  an  excellent  pan-fish.  It  feeds  chiefly  ou  green 
alijie.    {Atherinu',  etMof,  resemblance.) 

Clu-in,l„nis  atherinoides,  GooDK  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Bfus.,  1882,  4;}2,  Key  West ;  (Tyiio,  No. 
1^061)3.    Coll.  Stearus.)    Jokoan  &  Gilueut,  Syuoiisis,  UOli,  1883. 


327.  HYPORHAMPHUS,  Gill. 
(Halfbeaks.) 

IlliP'nhiuiiphus,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  131,  {trkuspidatus  —  UHif<isciatHs). 

Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  the  sides  of  body  not  vertical, 
but  more  or  less  convex ;   the  dorsai  outline  parallel  with  that  of  the 


720 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Illi'h    '!>;, 


''  '1  . 


m. 


belly.  Upper  jaw  short;  lower  jaw  prolonged  into  a  Blender  beak,  bor- 
dered with  membrane;  thiH  beak  shorter  in  the  young;  premaxillarics 
forming  a  triangular  plate,  the  teeth  of  which  tit  against  the  toothed  poi- 
tion  of  the  mandible  ;  maxillaries  joined  to  premaxillaries.  Teeth  feclili-. 
mostly  tricuspid.  Gill  rakers  rather  long.  Head  covered  above  with 
large,  shield-like  scales.  Scales  large,  deciduous.  No  iinlt^ts  ;  caudal  lln 
more  or  less  forked,  the  lower  lobe  the  linger;  dorsal  and  anal  siniilin, 
opposite  each  other,  not  modified  in  the  males;  last  ray  of  dorsal  usuallv 
short;  ventrals  small,  inserted  well  forward,  nearly  midway  bttwrcn 
opercle  and  base  of  caudal.  Oviparous.  Air  bladder  largo,  simple,  Dot 
cellular.  Young  with  the  lower  jaw  short.  SIjIbs  in  our  species  witli  a 
distinct  silvery  band,  as  in  Atherina.  Species  numerous,  in  all  warm  seas, 
going  in  large  schools,  but  usually  remaining  near  shore,  feeding  chitlly 
on  green  algu;.    Size  comparatively  small,     (i'to,  below  ;  jnifiipoi;,  l)eak.) 

a.  VentralR  ioHertcd  about  midway  between  iK>Htcri(ir  margin  of  cyo  and  banu  of  caudul;  iIt- 

sal  and  anal  Hcaly;  scnicB  53  to  TiO. 

b.  Lcngtii  of  mandiblu  from  tip  of  upiier  Jaw  Ichh  than  i'08t  of  lipad  in  adult;  (lunpor  In 

young);  body  ratlicr  titout;  D.  lo;  A.  16.  i'nifakciatih,  loin, 

bh.  Longtli  of  mandible  from  tip  of  uppur  jaw  not  \e»»  tban  rest  of  head,  at  all  aK''>; 

much  gruator  in  adult;  body  more  slender.     I>.  14;  A.  I.").  roiikuti,  liCn, 

aa.  VcntraU  insortod  at  a  point  nearly  midway  between  gill  opening  and  bano  of  raudal;  doisil 

and  anal  with  very  oadurouH  Hcales  or  none;  Hcale8(>:i  in  a  longitudinal  xcrleH.     I).  It; 

A.  14;  form  rather  sluudur;  beak  longer  than  rest  of  heitd.  koh.i:,  lUTl. 


P 

R 

m 


!.:;  i  i 


1060.  HYPOUHAMPHIS  UMFASC'IATUS  (Runzani). 

(EsCRinANO.) 

Head  4^  ;  depth  about  6^.  D.  12  to  14  ;  A.  15 ;  scales  52 ;  vertebrtr  31  + 
18  =  52.  Very  close  to  H.  I'ohert*,  diftering  chiefly  in  the  shorter  beak 
and  the  less  compressed  and  more  robust  body.  Lower  jaw  from  end  ot 
upper  jaw  6  to  7  in  total  length  from  its  tip  to  base  of  caudal  (ii  in  //. 
roberti),  its  length  in  adult  always  less  than  that  of  rest  of  head ;  young 
with  the  beak  proportionately  longer ;  head  with  lower  jaw  3  in  body ; 
body  half  deeper  than  broad;  premaxillary  plate  broader  than  long;  eye 
less  than  interorbital  width,  ^  postorbital  part  of  head ;  ventrals  midway 
between  eye  and  base  of  caudal ;  dorsal  and  anal  densely  scaly ;  back 
broad.  Length  \  foot.  West  Indian  fauna,  generally  common  from  Koy 
West  to  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  also  taken  at  Panama ;  this  or  some  very  similar 
species  also  in  the  East  Indies  and  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  The  young  of 
this  species  has  the  beak  longer  and  can  not  always  be  readily  distin- 
guished from  Hyporhamphua  roberti,  which  is,  however,  always  more  slen- 
der ;  here  described  from  Key  West  specimens,     (uhuh,  one ;  fascia,  band.) 

Uemirliamphm  umfimciatus,  Ranzani,  Nor.  Comm.  Ac.  Sei.  Donon.,  v,  1842,  32t),  Brazil;  GCxi iitii, 
Cat.,  VI,  262,  1860;  Meek  &  Goss,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1884,  222. 

t Hemirhamphus picarii,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poigs.,  xix,  25,  1840,  Algiers. 

Hemirhamphtis  richardi,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xix,  26,  1846,  Antil.es; 
Cayenne;  Bahia;  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Hyporhamphus  Iriciiipidatiis,  Gii.i.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1859,  1.11,  Barbadoes. 

Hemirhamphm  fagciatm,  Poev,  Mcmorias,  ii,  20!),  1861,  Cuba;  not  of  Bleeker, 

Uemirhamphut  poeyi,  GOkiuea,  Cat.,  vi,  262, 1866;  after  Poey. 


i  '■»  ? 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — JFishes  of  North  America.         721 


Zil;    Gt'NTIlKR, 


It; 


1070.  HTPORHAMPHVH  ROBKRTI  (Ciirfor  ,t  Valenriennof). 
(Common  nAt.mr.AK;  P.\.r.\iiiT<).) 

Ilt'iul  4)-  without,  or  2\  with  niaudible;    depth  about  7^.     I).   U  to 
;    A.  15  to  17;    settles  54;    veitebrm  34  4-17  =  51.     Lower  Juw  (from 


fionl  of  eye)  4  to  4i^  in  length  from  tip  of  aiiout  to  base  of  caudu). 
I'lcmaxillary  plate  rather  broader  than  hmg;  eye  31  to  4  in  head,  nearly 
i'(|ii;il  to  inter(»rbital  space,  1^  in  postorliital  part  of  head.  Ventrals 
iiiiHi  itiMl  nearly  midway  between  eye  and  liaseof  caudal ;  dorsal  and  anal 
NCiily ,  opposite  each  other  and  similar  in  form  ;  caudal  moderately  forke<l. 
tlic  middle  raya  half  longer  than  the  eyi .  Itack  rounded  above.  Trans- 
liicfut  green  above;  the  acales  above  dark-edged;  sidt-s  with  a  well- 
(Icliiicd  silvery  band,  narrower  than  the  eye,  about  as  broad  as  a  scale ; 
tip  (if  lower  jaw  red  ;  3  narrow  dark  streaks  along  middle  of  back  ;  ante- 
lim  lay^  of  dorsal  and  anal  and  tips  of  caudal  usually  dusky,  sometimes 
Jet  black,  especially  in  Pacific  Coast  examples,  which  have  darker  tins 
tliiiii  those  from  the  Atlantic.  Peritoneum  black,  as  in  nu)Ht  herbivorous 
lihlit'H.  An  excellent  food-firth.  Length  12  inches.  C!oasts  of  America 
oil  sandy  shores,  swimming  in  schools,  and  often  ]>ursucd  by  the  blue- 
lisli  and  other  predatory  species  ;  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  it  is  found  chietly 
iioitli  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  but  extending  to  tl  j  Equator  on  the  I'acitic 
(.'(liist.  Very  close  to  the  preceding,  of  which  it  may  be  a  northern  variety 
or  Hiibspecies.  It  is  recorded  from  Newport,  R.  I.,  Longport  and  Heebleys 
I'oiiit,  N.  J.,  Beaufort,  N.  C,  Charleston,  Pensacola,  San  Sebastian  River, 
Ci'dar  Keys,  New  Orleans,  Mazatlan,  Guaymas,  Cape  San  Lucas,  La  Paz, 
Panama,  and  Indefatigable  Islands  and  Chatham  of  the  Galapagos.  It 
N(M>in.s  to  be  common  on  both  coasts,  especially  in  northern  Florida,  and 
alioiit  Cape  San  Lucas.  It  has  not  been  found  among  the  Florida  Keys 
or  ill  Cuba.  On  the  Pacific  Coast  its  range  la  not  limited  to  the  region 
outside  the  Tropica.  This  species  has  been  called  IlemimniphuH  roberti, 
but  as  the  type  came  from  Cayenne,  the  scanty  description  may  have 
lieeii  based  on  a  specimen  of  //.  unifaaciatua.  As  type  of  our  present 
(li'scription,  we  take  a  specimen  from  Indefatigable  Ishind.  (Named  for 
M.  Robert,  who  collected  at  Cayenne  for  Valenciennes.) 

llrmi:h(iii,plinii  roherii,  CcviEii  Si  Valentiennks,   HiHt.  Nat.    Poiss.,  xix,  '24,  181('>,   Cayenne; 

Haid  to  have  a  longer  beak  tlian  11.  pirtvli;  possilily  liased  on  i^peciineiiH  of  //.  uiiifiMialim; 

(Coll.   Poiteau  &  Robert);  01'ntii-eii,  Cat.,  vi,  203,  1800;  Meek  &  (ioss,  Proe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.,  1884,  22:i. 
lli,iiirlinmphm  nnifancialiis,  JoiiDAN  &  till.liEKT,  Synopsis,  376,  1883. 

1071.  HYPOKHAMPHUS  R08iE  (Jordan  &  Gill>«rt). 

Head  2  with  lower  jaw,  or  5  with  upper;  length  of  lower  jaw  beyond 
tlio  upper  4^  in  head.  D.  14;  A.  14;  scales  61  to  63.  Lower  jaw  (from 
tip  of  upper)  4^  in  length  from  its  tip  to  base  of  caudal.  Head  with- 
out mandible  3*  in  length  from  tip  of  upper  jaw.  Premaxillary 
plato  about  as  broad  as  long.  Eye  leaa  than  interorbital  apace,  about 
half  poatorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrala  inserted  farther  back  than  in 
//.  roberti,  rather  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than  eye,  a  very  little  nearer 
F.  N.  A. 17 


\l\\ 


I:      Iji-I 


i  !1 


^'"■l 


I 


■  I 


;'     I 


I 


722 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Kill  o|»eniiij(  than  base  of  caudal.  Scaler  very  easily  detached,  the  d<»i 
Hill  and  anal  tiim  apparently  not  scaly.  Caudal  iiiudorately  forked,  th. 
niiddio  rays  being  twice  the  length  of  the  eye;  pectorals  shorter  than 
postorbital  part  of  head ;  ventrals  a  little  •:*aorter.  Back  broad.  Green, 
with  a  silvery  lateral  baud,  rather  broader  than  a  scale ;  a  triple  verte- 
bral streak  ;  lower  jaw  dark  reddish  brown ;  this  jtlain.  Southern 
California  and  southward  in  sheltered  bays,  the  young  and  half  grouii 
frc«iueutly  taken  at  San  Diego  ;  the  adwlt  found  in  abtindance  in  biackJHli 
or  fresh-wator  lagoons  farther  south.  (Named  for  Rosa  Smith,  nov,*  Mtm. 
Eigenniann,  then  of  San  Diego,  the  first  woman  to  discover  and  descrilic 
new  species  of  fishes.) 

lleniirlKmiphiK  romr,  Jordan  *  OiMiKHT,  Pror.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu».,  18H0,  3,Vi,  San  Diego,  Cali- 
fornia; ((;oll.  .roriliiii  A  Gllliert);  Joriian  &  (•iiBKnT,  SyiiopniB,  ."170,  18»3. 

328.  HEMIRAMPHUS,  Cuvier. 
(IUlaos.) 

Urmirhnmphm,  CuviKR,  Ri-gne  Animal,  Ed.   1,  11,  1H17,  (hranHimiiiiii^hrowm). 
llemirhiimithH",  or  Kemirrliamphuf,  corrected  H|i<dliiig. 

Body  more  robust  than  in  HyporhamphuH  and  different  in  form,  the  sideM 
of  body  being  compressed  ond  nearly  vertical  and  parallel.  Head  and 
jaws  as  in  HyporhamphHu.  Dorsal  longer  than  uiuil  fin  and  iusertt-d 
farther  forward,  its  last  ray  more  or  less  produced  in  American  sjiecits. 
Ventral  fins  small  and  inserted  well  backward,  much  nearer  base  of 
caudal  than  gill  opening.  Air  bladder  cellular,  with  many  partitioim 
(in  H.  hrowtii).  Species  probably  numerous, but  most  of  fhem  have  not 
been  examined  as  to  the  characters  which  separate  this  genus  from 
Uyporhamphutt.     (r/fii,  half;  fxi/iijiog,  beak.) 

(I.  Upiwr  lobo  of  pectoral  orikngo  in  life;  lengtli  of  i>ectoriil  sciircfly  grt-nttT  tlian  depth  of 
body.     I).  14;  A.  12;  bciiIch  ffii.  urasiijensis,  liiT.'. 

aa.  Upper  lobu  of  <;aiidiil  dull  Mulsh  in  life;  Hcales rather  Hmallcr;  length  of  jiectoral  )■  fircatir 
than  depth  of  body  balao,  lu73. 

1072.  iifiNIRAMPHUS  BRASILIEN8IK  (LIunivus). 
(Balao  ;  Ksckiiiano.) 

Head  (with  lower  jaw)  2f;  depth  6|.  D.  14;  A.  12;  scales  53.  Uody 
not  very  slender,  compressed,  "  slab-sided,"  the  sides  of  body  verticiil, 
and  parallel  with  each  other.  Lower  jaw  (from  end  of  upper  jaw)  -it  in 
length  from  its  tip  to  base  of  caudal.  Head,  without  mandible,  '>  in 
length  from  tip  of  upper  jaw.  Premaxillaries  broader  than  long.  Kye 
large,  equal  to  interorbital  space,  f  postorbital  part  of  head,  yentialt 
inserted  well  backward,  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  miudli'  of 
pectoral ;  vertical  fins  scaly ;  anal  much  smaller  than  dorsal ;  last  ray  of 
dorsal  produced  in  a  short  filament ;  pectoral  f  length  of  head,  its  length 
a  little  more  than  depth  of  body ;  ventrals  2f  in  head;  caudal  dee])ly 
forked,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Color  in  life  clear  deep  Idue  green,  much 
darker  than  in  Hyporhamph%is  vnifaadatHa',  sides  silvery,  without  lateral 
band ;  beak  dark,  its  tip  bright  orange,  its  membrane  edged  with  white; 


.iji.^ 


Jordan  ami  Ei>trmann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


723 


IdIm  of  (loraal  and  iippor  lohe  of  oandul  do«p  orauge  yellow;  vontmlH 

tijijifil  with  yellow  ;  hoxuh  aliko.     LoiiKth  15  inches.     Wviit  IndiuH,  gen- 

cially  uhiiudant  from  Key  West  Hoiithwanl  to  Bahia;  this  or  Home  cloHoly 

rt'liitiMl  specieH  aUo  occurring  at  Panama.    Common  nt  Key  West  aud 

Htiviuia;  a  siieoimen  taken  at  Hunger'H  Wharf,  Virginia,  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Wil- 

kiiiH ;  »  good  food-tlHh,  well  diHtinguished  by  its  orange  ouudal  iln. 

A;.i</  iifi-rillit  inferiiirt iiioiluclii,  nauwNK,  iliit.  Jamaira,  H'A,  MM,  Jamaica. 

t:,„r  hnmtieniiiii,  I<lNN.%'.lJH,  S.VHt.  Nut.,  W.  x,  17'>H,  AU,  Jamaica;  aftiT  llnowNK;  the  Tlmucnor 

Miirc'Krnvo  wrongly  lucluiiod  in  tho  Hyiionymy;  Hlucii,  Ichtli.,  31>I,  I H)il,  corrected  «ymin- 

ym.v  imil  description. 
Ufiinrhimiihimmariiinatui,  I<R  HuKi'R,  Joiirn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  ii,  \H2S,  '.3A,  Leaaer  Antilles; 

not  of  ForhkAi.. 
/f,'iiiii/i(imji/iH«  brotvni,*  (IvviRR  A  Vai.bnuif.nnh,  Higt.  Nat.  PoIm.,  xix,  13, 1H4(I,  Quadaloupe; 

Martinique. 
llniKihiimphui  pUii,  riviRB  A  VAi.RNciRNNrj,  (. '-.,  10,  Martinique;  San  Domingo;  QUntuir, 

Cat.,  VI,  309,  180«;  MtBK  A  Gosh,  Proc  Ac.  Nat.  8cl.  Phlla.,  1884,  '225. 
M,iiT(niniilliuiil>revirt>iilnii,  Qronuw,  Cat.,  148,  18fi4,  Jamaica;  after  Browmc. 
ll'iiiirliiimphuijUitnifHlonm,  PoBV,  Mcniorias,  ii,  2!t7,  1801,  Cuba. 
llemirhamphM  braiilieiiiit,  UOmthrr,  Cat.,  vi,  270,  1800;  Jorhan  A  (Iii.bbrt,  Synopais,  224, 1883. 

1078.  HKMIRANPHIIH  HALAO,  Lo  Sueur. 

(BALAri;  PlPRR.) 

llcud  with  lower  jaw  2}  in  total  length  with  caudal ;  depth  7^.  D.  11 
to  11;  A.  11  or  12;  vertebne  39  4-16.  Lower  jaw  5.1^  times  in  length  of 
body,  k  greater  than  reat  of  head.  Eye  4  to  4}  in  head  (from  tip  of 
upper  jaw).  Scales  moderate,  caducous.  Pectoral  length  equal  to  1.-^  times 
depth  of  body ;  last  ray  ol  dorsal  and  anal  slightly  produced  ;  anal  very 
Hhort.  Back  bluish;  tip  of  lower  jaw  red;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  dirty 
violet.  Length  12  inches.  Cuba.  (Poey.)  According  to  Poey  this  species 
\nw  smaller  scales,  smaller  eye,  shorter  beak,  slenderer  body  and  slightly 
longer  pectorals  than  the  preceding,  and  the  upper  lobe  of  the  caudal 
dlH'ereutly  colored.  We  have  not  seen  it  and  do  not  know  whether  it  is 
dlHtiuct.  If  a  valid  species,  this  must  be  the  original  balad,  which  is  said 
to  have  the  caudal  bluish,  and  the  common  species  will  stand  as  ff. 
bi-aHiUenni8.  {Balad,  a  common  Spanish  name  of  species  of  this  genus, 
from  a  word  meaning  to  leap  or  dance.) 

Bemirhamphut  balao,  Le  Surur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  ii,  1823,  130,  Lesser  Antilles. 
Bemirhamphui  macrochinu,  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  299, 1861,  Cuba. 

329.  EULEPTORHAMPHUS,  Gill. 

Enlejitorhamyhnt,  UiM.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1859,  131,  (brevoorti). 

Tills  (ifenns  consists  of  pelagic  species  related  to  Hemiramphus,  the  body 
inncli  more  slender  and  greatly  compressed,  and  the  pectorals  very  long, 
approaching  those  of  the  ilying-fishes.  Ventrals  small,  inserted  pos- 
teriorly. Air  bladder  not  described,  probably  cellular.  One  species  in 
our  limits.    (EvTienro^,  very  slender;  b(ifj.<t>og,  beak.) 

♦The  types  of  Hemirhamphiis  hrowui  (Museum  at  Paris;  Martinique,  P16e)  have  52  scales  in  a 
Iongthwi86  series;  no  05,  oh  stated  by  Valenciennefl.  The  nominal  species  called  plHi  and  Jilor 
menlonts  are  identical  with  it. 


ifil 

'                    1 

r 

1' 

#■ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 


-V 


H 

^■^■1 

i 

^i 

i^H^ 

i 

i 

»9WW«WPWlH''''''M''l'W4.i  mM  }>W  .i.iiUlnpfWBPSW 


t.l 


Ji* 


-I  I 


724 


Hullrtm  ^7,  United  S,ates  Nation  a/  XTuseum. 


1074.  Kri.KPTOKHAMPIH'M  VKI.OX,  hxy. 

Hond  G|;  ilcpMi  10;  iimiiilihlu  about  :<.  I).  2'J:  A.  21:  V.  (i.  \\u^\s 
exti'uiiuOy  Hlnitl«T  urul  «>loiiKiit«Ml,  iinM;li  coiii|U(>nmmI,  a'liioHt  l)uii(l-liK< 
Hack  thill,  Hubcui'iiiate.  Lowvrjaw  very  hIuikIht  and  loii^,  niiicli  ]oiil:i'i 
than  tho  icHt  «»f  tlio  li«a«l.  Toeth  very  f«»'l»l«*,  tho  lowtT  triciiNpid.  I'.vc 
hir^o,  nitoiit  e(|ual  to  anoiit,  about  !<  in  hoad.  Pectoral  tiim  Ion;;  and 
hIuikUm-,  half  iih  Ioii);  iih  iiiandiblti,  nioro  than  \  tlio  htn^tii  of  body  ;  ii|>|>i  r 
ray H  of  poctoraln  broad  aiul  coiiipruHNcd  ;  vt'iitraJH  not  lonf;«r  than  <>!', 
iiiHertod  far  back  ;  caudal  fin  iiiiu<|ually  f(»rkcd,  th«)  lowi;r  lobu  tliH  loii;:<  i, 
OlivaceoiiH;  aidcH  ailvery.  Lvn^tli  IH  inclieH.  WuHt  IndicH,  occa^^ioiinlly 
northward  in  tlie  Gulf  Stream  to  MaHHachiiNcttH;  rare.''  I'erhapH  idniii- 
oal  with  the  KuHt  Indian  HpecieH,  KuliplorhiiniphuH  hniii'iroHtr'iK,  aH  Hiippiiid 
b}'  Piitnani  and  otlieiH,  but  no  adei|uatct  coinpariHon  of  Hpuciiiit^iiH  of  iln' 
two  HpecieH  Iuih  been  made,     (ntlox,  Hwift.) 

ff  llfiiiirhiviiiihui  hiufjironlri;  Ci'viKU,  Ili'Kim  Aniiii.,  Kil.  2,  Vol.  li,  2Htl,  IS'J'.i,  Pondicherry. 

ft fhmirhnmphm  miicriirhiiinliiiii,  <!uviKK  &    Valknc'IKNNKs,    IIIhI.    Nut.    ToinH.,   .\i.\,   .V),   |il.      ,11, 

lH4r>,  open  sea,  177"  E.,  7"^'  S. 
t  I'lih'iilnrhiiiiiiiliiii  hrrnxirli,  (ill.l.,  I'roc.  .\i:.  Nnf.  Hil.  I'liila.,  is.'ilt,  l:il,  no  luciilitv. 
Kiiliplorhnmiihim  iilii.r,  I'oKV,  Syilo|wiM,  :)Kl,  1H07,  Cuba;    H.  !!•;  A.  21, 
t lleiiiirhaiiiiilniit  luiigiro»lrinini\  11.  mnciKrhiimhuH,  OCstiikh,  Ciil.,  vr,  2711,  IHiiO. 
Euliplorliiiniiiliiin  liiiniin>iilnii,l  Putnam,  IVoc.  Bout.  80c.  Nut.  IliHt.,  1H70,  2.'18;  ,lnnii\N  .V  (iii.iin;i, 

Synoiwig,  377,  1883. 

Family  XCVI.   SCOMHRESOCID/K. 

(TnK  Sauhiks.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small,  thin,  deciduous  scalis 
the  general  aspect  being  that  of  a  mackerel.  Both  jaws  in  thti  adult 
more  or  less  prolonged,  forming  a  slender  beak,  the  upper  jaw  always  llio 
longer;  teeth  very  feeble,  pointed;  maxillaries  joined  fast  to  proniiixil- 
laries  ;  pectoral  and  ventrals  small;  dorsal  and  anal  low,  similar  to  )':icli 
other,  each  with  4  to  6  detached  finlets,  as  in  the  Scomhiidw,  gill  rakers 
numerous,  long  and  slender.  Pharyngeal  bones  essentially  as  in  ICxocn  i im] 
fourth  upper  pharyngeal  on  each  side  wanting  or  fused  with  tho  tliinl: 
third  pharyngeal  greatly  enlarged,  separate  from  its  fellow,  covered  with 
tricuspid  teeth;  second  with  simple  teeth;  first  toothless;  lower  phaivii- 
geals  united,  forming  a  triangular  bone  with  concave  surface,  covered 
with  tricuspid  teeth  ;  into  the  hollow  of  this  bone  the  upper  pharyiiireals 
fit.  Species  four  or  five,  here  arranged  in  two  genera ;  pelagic  fishes,  h\\  iiii- 
ming  close  to  the  surface  in  large  schools  in  temperate  regions.  I  hey 
bear  strong  analogical  resemblances  to  the  mackerels  in  form,  color,  jnid 


*Li)iinberg  found  a  specimen  on  tho  bonrh  at  New  Smyrnii,  Florida. 

+  Professor  Putnam  identifies  tho  American  species  witli  tho  East  Indian  E.  hiwimiHtriii. 
count!!  D.  19;  A.  '11;  Valenciennes,  D.  22;  A.  20. 

JPoey  t'lus  describes   Knhptorhamphiin    re.lnx,  comparing    it  witli   Cuvier's    account 
lonijiroMri*: 

Hoiglit  uf  body  lO'i^  in  length  of  trunk  from  gill  oi)ening  to  base  of  caudal;  head  . 
trunk;  beak  4  in  total' length;  eye  3J^  in  bead;  pectorals  3',,:  iii  it-uKth  of  trunk;  base  of 
as  broad  as  pectoral;  anal  a  little  less,  and  further  bark;  dorsal  rays  as  biuh  an  tlie  trunk 
them;  lower  caudal  lobe  much  the  longer.  D.  19;  A.  21.  Silvery;  back  bluish;  fins  pale 
£.  fotij/irofi<ri>  the  hoight>a8  above  goes  1(>  times;  head  <>;  beak  4;  eye  3  in  head;  peetom 
broader  than  dorsal;  dorsal  rays  twice  depth  of  body  below  it.     D.  22;  A.  20.) 


I'ney 


.f   V, 


■■'.-.■j'A^M^, '*•>}  H .i'^i ."; .'i^'i^kviA  -^J.  i ■ " 


fortftin  iVit/  Evertmtnn. — Fis/n's  of  North  Atnericit.         72"» 

||;ll)itH,  HH   \\\  II    UN    ill    \\w  doFHul   Illltl    lllllll   llllhttH.        Tlio  Hi^iiiticaiioo  of 

tiiis  irsriiililaiicK  JH  iinknuwu.     {Hcombniiocidiv,  part,  (luiitliur,  Cut.,  vi, 

:':,ii-*.'.v.t,  istMJ.) 

.,.  ^li\\^  iirciiliK'cil  III  a  very  iil(tiiili<r,  |Hilnted  lipiik,  loiiKar  In  the  niliilt  tlmn  n'lit  of  hi-ail. 

Hl'ilMIIHKlliiX,  XUt. 

.1,1.  .liiwH  proiliii'i'il  ill  a  uliurt  liciik,  •lioiit  hull'  IciiKtli  iif  runt  ol°  ln'ikd.  ('oi.ulaiiim,  3:i1. 


If?7» 

i 

1 

IAN  \  (ilMIKKT, 


330.  SCOMBRESOX,  LacopMo. 

(Sauuiks.) 

Snuiliren'.',  IiAf'fpf l>r,  IIlHt.  Niit.  Pols*.,  V,  ,'UI,  IHIttI,  (riim/'cri), 

Si'ii",  UMiNKHgiK,  CiiriiltiTl  NiiuvHii'iicri,  ftc.,  r,(»,  IHlO,  (mwriri>Hlr<i      ninipfri). 

(,'r<iiiiiMii'<iHu<Mii,  L'liNTA,  Aliiiiiai'iii  MilH.  /(Kil,  Nit|Hill,  iHti'J,  r>,'i,  (hiV»f»r      Hrrrula). 

('iiariictei'8  of  the  family  nn  niveii  above,  l)ut  liaviii);  both  jawH  more  or 
|i  Hs  |in>l<>ii);t'(l,  foriiiiii^  a  Hloiitlttr  beak,  the  lower  Jaw  the  loii}^t>r.  Young 
witii  the  jawM  Hhort,  preriHuly  as  in  the  gonuH  C'ololabin,  but  bMigthun- 
\]\ii  with  a^o,  which  Ih  not  the  case  in  CololuhiH,  Air  lihidder  large.* 
Atlantic.     (Soomhir;  Eaox.) 


.L 


Head  broad  above, 
slender,    pointed 


107r>/NrO.1inRKSnX  HAIItrH  (Wnlliaum). 
(Saiirv  ;  Skii'I'I'.h;   ItiLM'tHii.) 

llciidUJ;  dopth9.  D.  9-VI;  A.  12-VI;  BcaleHllO. 
iKiniiwed  below,  tapering  anteriorly  to  the  very 
liiiik;  Hiiout  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head,  proportionately  Hhorter  in 
till)  young;  lower  jaw  longer.  Fina  all  ainall;  caudal  fin  foi'ke<I;  ventrals 
iniihviiy  between  base  of  caudal  and  front  of  eye.  Air  bladder  large. 
Olive  brown  abovo,  sides  and  below  silvery ;  a  distinct  silvery  band,  us 
lii'oad  as  the  eye,  bounding  the  dark  of  the  back.  Length  18  inches. 
Temperate  parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  rather  common,  in  schools,  on 
liiitli  coasts,  especially  north  of  Cape  Cod  and  France;  found  in  the  open 
Htas.t    {Sauru8jaavpo^,\\7.a,V(i.)     (Eu.) 

/•'■i...!-  mHrttK,  Walbaum,  Artcdi  Pise.,  iii,  93, 1792,  Cornwall;  after  tho  Saury  Pike  of  Pennant, 

Antic;  /oiilogy. 
S>i>mliriM,x.  ciimperi,  LacApj^de,  Hist.  Nut.  Puiss.,   v,  ;M.5,  1803,  locality  unknown;  fimiiU  in 

colli'i'tiun  of  Mr.  Caiiipor  in  Ilollaiiil. 
S'liiris  rnuri-minlrd,  BafinksuI'K,  Ciiruttcri,  etc.,  01,  1810;  BiibHtituto  for  camperi. 
Sdyrh  hiaiis,  ItAFiNESQUE,  /.  <".,  61,  Palermo. 
Sitiiri*  bimacul'iluK,  liAFiNESQi'E,  /.  c,  G'2,  Palermo. 

*  A  nnniiiul  Kjiurios,  Siviubremjc  iierraluK(  8.  romlehli  -  G.  hicolor)  lias  boon  described  from  tho 
Mcilitcrntiicuu,  and  in  Baid  to  liavu  no  air  bladder.  Dr.  LUtkt'n(8|iuliaAtlanticu,6ti7)  is  unable  to 
verily  this  clmrHclcr  niid  doubts  its  existencH.  An  excellent  account  of  tho  changes  in  develof,- 
iiji'iit  in  licombrimx  and  olhor  pelagic  genera  is  given  in  this  paper  uf  Littken. 

I-  WlK'n  pursued  by  the  Tunny  or  Mackerels  "inultituiles  mount  to  the  surface,  and  crowd  on 
cai  !i  i.tticr  a.s  they  press  forwurd.  When  still  more  closely  pursued  they  spring  to  tho  height  of 
s'\  ral  feet,  leaj)  over  each  other  in  singular  confusion,  and  ii»<ain  sink  beneath.  Still  turther 
in;-''i|.  they  mount  again  and  rush  along  the  surfaci',  by  ri'iieated  starts,  for  more  than  one  liun- 
iliiii  fici,  without  once  dipping  beneath,  or  scarcely  seeming  to  touch  the  water.  At  hist  tho 
I'ln-inr  sprinuH  after  them,  UKually  across  their  course,  and  again  they  all  disapiwar  together. 
Aiiililut  such  niiiltitndcs — for  more  than  20,000  have  been  Judged  to  bo  out  of  the  water  together 
-siiiiio  must  fall  a  pr"y  to  the  enemy;  but,  so  many  hunting  in  company,  it  must  be  long  before 
the  |.iirsuers  abandon.  From  inspection  we  could  scarcely  judge  tho  fish  to  be  capable  of  such 
iliL'liti<,  for  the  flns,  though  numerous,  are  small,  and  tlie  poctoral  far  from  large,  though  tho 
HiiKle  of  their  articulation  is  well  adapted  to  raise  tho  fish,  by  tho  direction  of  their  uiotions,  to 
ttic  Burfttce.  "—Roode 


■  \ 

■  :     ''I 
1 

t 

i 

wmmm^tm^ 


.  i  i 


li' !r: 


S 


Oi 


!!ir',:>; 


i 

] 

t 

i 

■f:^' 


726 


JiulhttH  47 1  Unitti'  States  National  Museum. 


8ft,nihrni,Kt  trultUahun,  Li  HmiiR,  Joiirii.  Ac.  Nat.  Hcl.  I'hll» IH'JI,  VVi,  NiwfoundUnd. 

BfombreiiJ -lunu,  fLRMINO,  Krlt.  Allilll.,  |MI;  UI'NTIiril,  ('l4t.,  VI,  '2.'i7,  iMtW). 

thiniilimiix  uliirrri,  Dr.  Kav,  N.  Y.  Kiiiiiiik:  VMirt,  tlU,  |il.  X\  tig.  :i,  184'J,  Banki  of  Nawfound 

land;  Coaat  of  Mataachuaetta;  Naw  York. 
tkvmlmmifiiuirvlrum,  l.r.Si'Ri'a,  .loiirD.  Ac.  Nat.  thl.  Phtln.,  ii,  1M21,  l.1ii,  locality  unknown; 

found  In  n  collection  In  nuRton. 
Betimhrniirrutiitrlrii,  Vi  \  ir.u  M  VAi.KNriKNNU,  llUt.  Nat.  PnlM.,  xviti,472,  IfMfl,  Modltarrantan. 
UrammicoHoluii  hirohir,  C'omta,  Ann.  Mun.  /oiti.  Nn|M)ll,  M,  lN*l'2,  Naplea. 
f  Hitmhrrmix /orrtrri,  <.'i  viKH  A  Valkncirnnih,  llUt.  Nut.  I'uiM.,  xviii,  481,  tM4)l,  Naw  Zealand 
ScombrriNxr  mmni;  JoiiOAN  A  (lll.DRHT,  8}rni>|«lN,  HT.'i,  IHKI;  l.rTKRN,  8p<jllu  Atluutlca,  OUT,  ItHO. 
Sayri*  MrralM,  ItAl'INCagl'K,  Citratterl,  01,  IHIO;  uftor  Uondrlrt. 

331.  COLOLABIS,  (iill. 

Ouh'lahii,  Oil,!.,  nnwKcnnii,  {hrrrirortrin). 

TbiB  gonuB  Ih  cloae  to  ScomhrtHox ,  differing  chiefly  in  the  very  Hlioit 
beak,  the  nppur  Jaw,  even  in  thu  adult,  not  being  at  all  produced,  iind 
the  lower  Jaw  having  only  a  abort  flexible  tip.  This  genus  rnproHenlN  tiio 
immature  state  of  Scomhreaox.  (koAoi;, defective,  curtailed;  hifSir,  forcepH.) 

1076.  COLOLABIH  BBGVIBOIilTRIH  (Poton). 

Head  6i ;  depth  9.  D.  O-VI ;  A.  12-71 ;  scales  125.  Body  much  elon- 
gate, compressed,  widest  above,  the  abdomen  and  lower  edge  of  b«>a(l 
trenchant.  Upper  Jaw  conical,  not  at  all  produced,  but  ending  in  a  vory 
acute  tip;  lower  Jaw  slightly  longer,  its  tip  produced  for  a  very  fili;;lit 
distance,  and  flexible ;  triangular  portion  of  premaxillaries  as  long  :ih 
broad;  snout  a  little  more  than  half  length  of  rest  of  bead;  iuterorbitul 
space  flat ;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Teeth  very  minute,  in  a 
single  row  in  each  Jaw.  Eye  large,  in  front  of  middle  of  head.  Pectoral 
fin  somewhat  emt^rginate,  i  length  of  head;  ventrals  small,  far  back, 
■lightly  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  tip  of  lower  lobe  of  caudal ;  dorsal 
inserted  slightly  behind  front  of  anal;  both  flns  low,  the  finleta  Hniall; 
caudal  widely  forked,  the  lobes  equal.  Scales  small,  deciduous,  those  on 
top  of  head  forming  an  elliptic&I  patch.  Dark  green  above,  silvery  below ; 
sides  with  a  lateral  silvery  stripe,  bounded  above  by  a  dusky  streak ;  upper 
flns  mostly  dusky  ;  lower  pale.  Length  14  inches.  Coast  of  California; 
very  rare.  Known  from  Tomales  Bay,  San  Francisco,  and  San  Diogo ;  a 
most  interesting  fish,  apparently  closely  related  to  a  Japanese  specicH, 
CololaUs  naira  (Brevoort).    (/>ret'i«,  short;  roWrum,  snout. ) 

Seomhreiox  brevirostrin,  PETintt,  Monatsbcriclitu  Akad.  Wi88.  Deri.,  July,  1860,  521,  Tomales  Bay; 
JoBUAN  A.  Gii.BKHT,  Synoiwii,  376,  1883. 

Family  XCVII.  EXOCCETIDiE. 

(The  Flying-fishes.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  covered  with  cycloid  scales,  which  are  rather 
deciduous.  Lateral  line  running  very  low,  along  the  sides  of  the  belly. 
Head  more  or  less  scaly,  with  vertical  sides.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal, 
the  Jaws  not  prolonged  into  a  beak.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile,  binned 


--*-*>ijt'.tf  it-'..W."r  :hki-.  ij-*.'^  r.:-' 


5?ii^|l^f|pf|i^f5 


Joriiatt  and  Evtrmatitt. — i-'is/us  of  North  Amerua. 


727 


males  Bay; 


III  liuM««  iiumiully  ;  iiiaiKio  of  tint  iippurjiiw  cliittlly  t'orm«d  liy  thu  prnniax- 
illiki'ieit;  thu  Hhort  niiixilliiiiits  t'lilfiiiiK  tli«>  lutui'iil  imirKin;  iiiuxillury  fre« 
ri>>iii  tlio  pruiiiuxillury,  itH  u«lKeHli|ipih){  iiiHiur  tliu  I'loiit  ut'  tlio  proorliitiil. 
Dt'iititioii  varioiiH,  tlio  tt^ttth  Hiiiall  uL«i  w«uk.  Doraiil  tin  without  HpiiiuH, 
iiixfrti'*!  on  th«  posterior  pnrt  of  thu  body,  opp(»ftito  thu  unul  uuil  morn  or 
It'SH  HJiiiilar  to  It;  vuutriilH  aixloniinul,  of  Huvuritl  Hoft  rnyN,  inH«trt«'«l  poH- 
fiTJorly  ;  puctoriil  (in  int««>rtu<l  \\\^\\,  iiMud  hh  iin  or^an  of  tli^ht;  Hlioiihlur 
):it<llu  and  pectoral  niiiHclt'H  vury  Htron^  ;  raudul  tin  forked,  thu  lower  lolie 
tilt;  iontfor.  NotlnlntH.  Vent  cIohu  in  front  <»f  anal.  NoHtrilH  liir^u,  double, 
iirar  thu  eye.  Lower  phiiryngutilH  eniurgud  and  fully  united,  forming  a 
iiiiKe,  traiiHverHely  oonrave  plate,  covered  with  large,  cloHe-Het  hliint, 
tii('iiH|)id  teeth  ;  third  upper  pharyngeal  greatly  enlarged,  not  united  with 
its  fellow,  both  covered  with  large,  blunt,  trieunpid  teeth;  fourth  Hupo- 
I iiir  pharyngeal  wanting  in  the  adult  (pro'  ..Mv  co-oHHitled  with  the  third); 
(thi'He  characters  veritied  on  KxwhUih  t"/i/'/r«iiV(<(t);  vertebra'  without 
irygopophyseH,  Uill  nienitiranuH  not  united,  tree  from  the  iHthniuH.  i'Heu- 
dobranuhiii'  liidden,  glandular,  (iill  rakerH  various.  GIIIh  I,  a  nlit  behind 
tii*>  fourth.  Air  bladder  very  large,  not  cellular,  ho  far  an  known,  and 
(<\tending  far  backward  among  the  hieniopophyBeH  of  the  caudal  verte- 
l)rii>.  Vertebrie  about  50.  IntuHtinal  canal  simple,  without  co>ca.  Car- 
nivorous or  herbivorous.  Ueneru  4;  iipecies  about  (io;  abounding  in  all 
warm  ncus,  mostly  pelagic,  swimming  near  the  surface,  and  skip))ing  (»r 
Nailing  through  the  air,  sometimes  for  considerable  distances.  {Scomhrv- 
mwiih;  part,  (JUnther,  Cat.,  \1,  277-21W,  18«<».) 

'I.  Itdof  of  iiiuiitli  (voiiKT,  pulutilii'H,  |i(i'r,vgui(lN)  uiitl  tuliKue  |iri>viil<'il  with  tci'tli;  bmly  imt 
iiiiKiiliir  ill  oiitliiKi  (elllptirul  in  ci'ohr  lO'oliiiii);  iiiicturil  Aiih  iiKHlcnitc,  nut  ii'iicliiiig 
lit'yiiiiil  iiiiilille  uf  (liirMil  fln;  vviitriilH  rntlior  liiii)(,  iiiMcrtPil  behind  iiiiddlu  of  licxly;  dor- 
■al  till  ul('vat4>d;  anal  long,  IIh  liiiito  Hciircoly  xlmrtfr  tliiiii  tliul  of  durnul. 

b.  Snuut  lung,  sIcndiT,  and  pointed,  iiiiicli  longer  than  eyo;  lowur  Jaw  acute,  the  tip  much 

projecting  (a|ipruiiL'liiug  Jlemininiplmt).  Fudiatok,  XVi. 

Iih.  Snout  Hliurt,  much  Hhortvr  than  «ye;  low«r  Jaw  Rcarcoty  prodiicwl  ut  tip. 

I'Aiir.xociFTiKi,  :v.\X 

n.  Iloorof  month  and  tnnguo  with  fewer  teoth  or  none  (tlio  vomer  und  palatiuM  toothoil  or 

nut);  body  angular  in  outline  (a  croM section  Kubiiundrntu);  poctorul  Aon  very  loug,  their 

tip.<i  UHUully  reaching  ncariy  lo  baite  of  caudal;  luwur  Jaw  little  prumiiient;  Mnuiitxhort. 

c.  Ventral  Ann  inMurtod  anteriorly,  much  nearer  tip  of  Hiiuut  than  bam  of  caudal,  not  uiw^d 

as  orgunx  of  flight,  their  tips  nut  reaching  nearly  to  front  of  durxal;  aiuil  flu  Iuiik, 
ItH  base  nearly  viiual  to  that  of  dorsal.  HALocvrRKLrH,  3:i4. 

a:  Ventral  flnsi  iiiHeited  postoriorly,  mori'  or  lenn  nearer  base  of  eaudiil  tliiin  tip  of  Hnuut; 
used  M  organs  of  flight,  their  tipH  reaching  paftt  middle  uf  liaHe  of  unul. 

BXUCIKTI'B,  :i.'(fi. 

332.  FODIATOR,  Jordan  &  Meek. 

FiMlUtliir,  JdiiDAN  A  Mrf.k,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  45,  (itculiit). 

Body  rather  elongate;  snout  long,  slender,  and  pointed,  much  longer 
than  eye;  lower  jaw  acute,  the  tip  produced.  Dentition  as  iu  I'arexocit- 
lux.  Pectoral  fins  moderate;  ventrals  loug,  inserted  posteriorly;  dorsal 
lii^h.  One  species  known,  widely  distributed  iu  tropical  America.  This 
ueuwH  marks  the  tranaitiou  from  Hemiramphuv  to  Exocwtua.  {Fodiator,  one 
who  stabs.) 


1^         m 


Hi 


I'!- 
i   I 


liii'll:' 


728 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afuseum, 


1077.  FODIATOK  ACVTUS  (Ctivior  Jc  ValeiicieniiKH). 
(SllARr-N08EI>  Flyino-fish.) 

Head  3  i  in  body;  depth  5;  eye  3|  in  head.  D.  10;  A.  11;  Bcalea  41. 
8nout  long,  about  half  longer  than  eye,2i  in  head;  lower  juw  much  pro 
jecting,  the  half-beak  at  its  symphysiB  about  ithe  length  of  the  Hnoiit. 
Origin  of  ventral  fm  midway  between  posterior  margin  of  preopercle  and 
last  caudal  vertebra.  Pectoral  fins  half  length  of  body,  their  tips  roacli 
ing  a  little  past  from  of  dorsal;  the  first  ray  simple,  about  f  lengtli  ol 
tlio  fm,  the  second  ray  divided.  Ventrals  1^  in  length  of  head,  their 
tips  scarcely  reaching  front  of  anal.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  inserted  op])u- 
site  each  other,  the  base  of  the  anal  slightly  shortor  than  that  of  dorsal. 
Dorsal  fin  high,  its  longest  ray  \\  in  head.  Color  blue  above,  silverv 
below.  Pectoral  fins  black  on  their  posterior  half,  shading  into  lighter 
posteriorly  ;  a  large  black  blotch  on  the  npper  t  of  anterior  rays  of  doi- 
sal;  ventrals  and  anal  white;  caudal  dusky.  Tropical  America  on  both 
shores,  rather  common  in  the  Gulf  of  California  (San  Lnis  Gonzales  Bay), 
sometimes  taken  at  Panama,  and  once  recorded  from  Nice  iu  France, 
(acuius,  sharp.)    (Eu.) 

Exociflm  aciitw,  CiiviER  &  Valenoiennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisfl.,  xix,  126.  T^ld,  Surinam;  Nice; 

GC.NTliEB,  Cat.,  VI,  281,  1866. 
Fodiator  uctUui,  Jubdan  <jt  Meek,  I.  c,  46. 

333.  PAREXOCCETUS,  Bleeker. 

ParexocuiuK,  Bleekgk,  Nederl.  Tj-dskr.  Dicrk.,  in,  105,  1865,  (mento). 

Body  moderately  elongate,  elliptical  in  cross  section.  Snout  short; 
lower  jaw  not  produced.  Roof  of  mouth  (vomer,  palatines,  and  ptery- 
goids) fully  provided  with  teeth ;  pectoral  fins  moderate,  not  reaching 
beyond  middie  cf  dorsal ;  ventrals  long,  inserted  behind  middle  of  body ; 
anal  fin  about  as  long  as  dorsal ;  dorsal  high.  Small  flying-fishes  of  the 
tropical  coasts,  widely  distributed.     {.:apu,  near;  Exocaetua.) 

1078.  PABEXOCtETUS  HESOOASTEB  (Bloch). 

Head  4*  in  length  of  body  ;  depth  5.  D.  12 ;  A.  13 ;  about  38  scales  in 
the  lateral  line,  5  rows  of  scales  between  lateral  lino  and  dorsal  fin.  Body 
elongate,  compressed  (r.ot  angulated),  rather  deep;  width  of  body  at 
base  of  pectorals  2  in  head;  head  narrow,  compressed,  almost  trenchant 
below  ;  interorbital  area  flattish,  about  as  wide  as  eye,  3  in  head.  Suont 
short,  rather  pointed;  its  length  4J  in  head;  teeth  on  tongue  and  pala- 
tines; gill  rakers  numerous,  long  and  blender;  pectoral  fins  of  moderate 
length,  their  length  IJ-to  2  in  length  of  body,  their  tips  reaching  middle 
of  base  of  dorsal  fin ;  second  ray  of  pectoral  divided ;  dorsal  fin  very 
high,  its  longest  rays  about  ^  longer  than  head ;  base  of  dorsal  about  1| 
in  length  of  head ;  tips  of  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  reaching  beyond  tips  of 
posterior  rays  when  the  fin  is  deflexed,  and  reaching  almost  to  base  uf 
caudal  fin  ;  ventrals  rather  short,  4f  in  length  of  body,  their  tipsreachinj;; 
slightly  past  origin  of  anal  fin ;  origin  of  ventrals  midway  between  pupil 


i;i  -,  ./■■-,. 


11  France. 


inam;  Nice; 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Pishes  of  North  America. 


729 


anil  iuHt  caudal  vertebra  ;  anal  fin  opposite  dorsal ;  lower  lube  of  caudal 
nitliiiHhort,  sliglitly  longer  tlian  head.  Color  blue  above,  silvery  below; 
pectoralH  (dusky  in  the  young)  becoming  nearly  white  in  \\w  adult ;  color 
of  vtiitrals  very  similar  to  pectorals,  the  duskinesH  in  the  young  foriiied 
of  line  blackish  dots;  upper  half  of  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  fin  black; 
anal  tin  with  few  small  blac^  dots,  more  numerous  in  the  young  ;  caudal 
dusky  reddish.  Length  7  inches.  Tropical  seas,  common  both  in  the  East 
Indies  and  West  Indies,  and  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  It  ranges  north  in 
tlic  '  iilf  Stream  to  Nov,  ^.ort,  and  is  the  commonest  flyiug-fisli  of  the  Car- 
olina region.  The  young  often  has  one  or  two  fleshy  barbels  on  the  tip  of 
tlie  lower  jaw,  these  being  fragile  and  easily  destroyed,  (//fffoc,  riiddle; 
yir,-:''.,),  belly,  referring  to  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals.) 

Kju<iiliiKmetogaster,  Bloi'ii,  Ichtli}'olu);ia,  pi.  3t)     1795,  Martinique;  mi  a  druwin^jby  Pliimior, 

in  which  the  poctonils  and  vcntrnlH  me  iniu-h  too  long;  Jordan <&  (iIlueut,  J'roc.  I'.  S.Nat. 

Mils.,  1882.  B8H. 
i:.r"i.iliiii(irbigiiUiuiiii,  CuvierA  Valencif.nnf.b,  IliHt.  Nat.  Poiwi.,  xix,  V\\,  lH4fi,  Montevideo; 

t.ascd  on  a  drawing;  (JCntheii,  Cat.,  vi,  285,  1800. 
Kxvihis  hilUanM,  Gorsk,  Nat.  Sojourn  .laniaicn,    ii,  pi.   1,  fig.  1,  1851,  Jamaica;   LCtkkn, 

Viil.  Mcdd.  Naturli.  Foren.,  307, 1870;  .Iordan  &  Giliikut,  SynopHls,  !)03,  1883. 
Kx'""iiis  ijriilliis,  KLUN7.INGRR,  FiHclio  dc8  RotliuH  Meeres,  S86,  lb7U,  Red  Sea;  JUle  LUtken. 
I'aie.n,,  ,ilii8  vietogasler,  .Jordan  &  Mesk,  I.  c,  47. 

334.  HALOCYPSELUS,  Weinland. 

Ildliriiiisflim,  Weinland,  Prof..  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1869,  385,  *(mei«i<jasler  =  crolanii). 

TIiIh  genus  differs  from  Exococtus  mainly  in  the  anterior  position  and 
Hniall  size  of  the  ventral  fins,  which  terminate  in  advance  of  the  anal  fin, 
and  are  not  used  as  organs  of  flight.  Species  few;  one  of  them  the  mo.'it 
widely  diffused  and  abundant  of  all  flying-fishes,  (u/lf,  sea ;  a'v^ie'koi;,  a 
swallow,  or  swift,  living  in  holes  in  sand  banks  ;  KiYrAt),  a  hollow  vessel.) 

1079.  HAIiOCTPSELUS  ETOLAXS  (Linmuus). 

Head  4  in  length;  depth  5J.  Snout  rather  bluut,  4^  in  head; 
intei'orbital  area  flattish,  3  in  head.  Eye  3f  to  4i  in  head.  D.  13;  A. 
13 ;  Bcales  about  42.  Origin  of  ventral  fins  midwaj'  between  tip  of  snout 
and  Hst  ray  of  anal ;  length  of  ventrals  half  length  of  head  ;  pectorals  1 J^ 
in  length  of  body,  their  tips  reaching  base  of  caudal ;  first  ray  of  pec- 
toral simple,  second  divided  ;  anal  fin  long,  scarcely  shorter  than  dorsal, 
it 8  first  ray  usually  opposite  first  ray  of  dorsal ;  dorsal  low,  its  first  ray 
less  than  half  head  ;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  about  i  longer  than  head.  (Jill 
rakers  long  and  slender.  Olivaceous  above,  dotted  with  dark.  Pectoral  fins 
dark  above,  with  the  lower  margins  white;  no  white  oblique  crossbar; 
ventrals  white  ;  caudal  dusky ;  dorsal  and  anal  pale,  without  black  mark- 
ings ;  a  white  streak  along  base  of  anal,  wider  and  more  conspicuous  ante- 
riorly. Young  with  2  dark  cross  bands  and  sometimes  with  a  small  barbel 
at  the  chin.    In  all  warm  seas,  north  in  summer  to  Newfoundland, 


■Although  Dr.  Weinland  callB  the  type  of  this  genua  "  mesogatUr,^'  it  is  oviduut  from  his 
description  that  the  species  examined  by  faim  was  tlaU>cyp»elui  evUant. 


1 


,1  !i 


'll' 

'•I   I        I    ( 


I 


\fi 
'.',1 
"  ill 


i  M  i 


730 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  Naiional  Museum. 


England,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands;  rather  common  on  our  Atlautic 
coast,  where  it  spawns  in  summer;  not  known  from  California  or  tlie 
west  coast  of  Mexico,     (evolans,  flying  away.)    (En.) 

Ikoewtus p«mi»  venlralibuH  tiferimimuii,  Gromow,  Zouphylac.,  1763,  368,  Spain. 

Exocwtiu  etolmu,  hivsxvB,  Systrma  Natura>,  Ed.  xii,  Q31,  1766,  based  oil  Gronow;  OrNTiiKR, 

Cat.,  VI,  282,  1866;  LVtken,  Vid.  Medd.  Naturh.  Foron.,  :87n,  305, 102. 
Exocwtui  tplmdens,  AiiiEL,  Narr.  Voyage  China,  4, 1818,  China;  (flde  Valencienneb). 
Ktoculm  georgiamis,  CuviEtt  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poi^H.,  xix,  139,  18-iC,  5°N.,  ga"  W. 

GPntiier,  Cat,  VI,  279,  1866;  LOtken,  Vid.  Medd.  Natnrh.  Foren,  394,  101,  1871);  y„uiig 

examples,  with  barbel. 
7  Btocu'tw  ni»Hoci°rr/iu«,  Richardson,  Ichth.  China,  265,  1846,  China;  G(1ntiier,  Cat.,  v<,  27U> 

1866;  young  examples,  with  barbel. 
Ezocuetug  chiletiM,  Abbott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1860,  472,  Chile. 
EtocittusobtMiroDlris,*  GVntiier,  Cat,  vi,  283, 1866,  Cape  Verde  Islands;  India;  New  Orleans; 

LOtken,  Vid.  Medd.  Naturh.  Foren.,  396, 1876. 
HalocyptehiH  evolana,  JoniULil  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  377,  1883;  Jordan  &  Meek,  I.  c,  49. 
Haloeypteltu  obluiirottru,  3oit:>Aii  ife  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  378',  1883. 

335.  EXOCCETUS  (Artedi)  LinnsBus. 

(FLY:kNG-FI8HE8.) 

Btoccetug,  Artedi,  Genera  Piscium,  6, 1738. 

Etocwttt*,  LiNNJGUS,  Systema  Natura-,  Ed.  x,  1758,  316,  {volilant). 

Oifptelutm,^  S^  iTyfoH,  Class'n  Fishes,  etc.,  ii,  296,  1839,  (nuttalH). 

Body  loii^.ilo,  broad  above,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  short,  Idnut, 
narrowed  below.  Mouth  small.  Jaws  very  short,  about  equal.  Chin 
without  barbel.  Maxillaries  not  joined  to  the  premaxillaries.  Teeth  vury 
feeble  or  wanting.  Eyes  large.  Gill  rakers  moderate.  Scales  large,  decid- 
uous. No  flnlets.  Dorsal  fin  short,  opposite  anal.  Caudal  widely  forked, 
the  lower  lobe  the  longer.  Pectoral  fins  very  long,  reaching  past  the 
beginning  of  the  anal,  and  serving  as  organs  of  flight,  their  great  size 
enabling  these  fishes  to  .sustain  themselves  in  the  air  for  some  time.  I 

ri 

•  This  form,  Halocyptelm  obtiuirostris,  is  defined  by  GUnther  as  having  the  snout  shorter,  V^ 
diameter  of  t>ye,  and  the  head  more  elevated,  its  depth  %  its  length.  Liltken  observes:  "The 
dorsal  fin  inserted  above  or  behind  the  first  ray  of  the  anal;  the  distance  from  the  snout  tu  the 
first  ray  of  the  ventrals  less  than  the  distance  between  the  root  of  the  ventral  and  last  ray  of 
the  dorral ;  7  to  8  rows  of  scales  above  the  lateral  line;  fins  more  distinctly  marlied.  I).  13;  A. 
13,  Lateral  line  40,"  and  fui-ther  adds,  "Although  in  most  cases  it  is  easy  enough  to  decide 
'  whether  a  given  specimen  is  ei  olati*  or  obtmiroslrit,^  yet  there  are  some  in  which  the  determi- 
nation seems  to  be  almost  :.  uitrary,  therefore  I  am  not  fully  convinced  of  their  specific  inde- 
pendence." The  two  no;  "<tf  species  occupy  the  «>ame  range,  and  we  think  the  distinctions  of 
oUiwiroKfria  to  be  individui  >'  v^,v  ;  t'  >n. 

f  The  name  Oypselurv  hic  ir  ,  u-'^d  by  Swainson,  >Veinland,  and  others  for  those  flyinpr-fishes 
which  are  provided  with  1 1.£  '<■  fi'  ■  /  barbels  or  ribbons  at  the  chin.  These,  wo  are  fully  con- 
vinced, are  the  young  of  othei-  i  >iinal  species,  'vhicb  are  destitute  of  barbels.  It  is  proliaMe 
that  these  appendages  disappear  ut  ififerent  ages  in  different  individuals.  In  2  species  (»>(■'<'></»'<- 
ter,  usually  described  as  destitute  of  barbels,  and  furcatm,  described  a  iwith  barbels)  we  liuve 
examined  specimens  both  with  and  without  these  appendages.  The  name  Cypnelunia  having  been 
given  to  a  species  with  the  anal  fin  short,  may  be  retained  for  the  group  or  subgenus  thus  ilefliiid, 
which  may  perhaps  be  found  worthy  of  generic  rank. 

X  Observations  on  the  flight  of  these  fishes  anit  ^specially  of  Exoccetus  californicu»  have  been  sev- 
eral times  made  under  most  favorable  conditions  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Gilbert  and  the  writers.  The 
flying-fishes  live  in  the  open  sea,  swimming  in  large  schools.  They  will  "fly  "a  distance  of 
from  a  few  rods  to  more  than  an  eighth  of  a  mile,  rarely  rif-ing  more  than  3  or  4  feet.  Tlieir 
movements  in  the  water  are  extremely  rapid ;  the  sole  source  of  motive  power  is  the  actiun  of  th" 
strong  tail  while  in  the  water.  No  force  is  acquired  while  the  fish  is  in  the  nir.  On  rising  from 
the  water,  the  movenioLts  of  the  tafi  are  continued  until  the  whole  body  is  out  of  the  water. 
While  the  tail  is  in  n.t^on,  the  pectorals  seem  to  be  in  a  state  of  rapid  vibration,  but  tliis  is 
apparent  only,  due  to  tb  ?  resiatance  of  the  air  to  the  motions  of  the  animal.    While  the  tail  it 


iNow;  QOntiikr, 


;b.  Cat.,  VI,  27'J> 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         731 

Ventral  fins  large,  posteriorly  inserted,  also  used  as  orgaus  of  flight.  Air 
bliidiler  very  large.  No  pyloric  coeca.  Species  numerous  in  all  warm  seas, 
living  mostly  in  the  open  water  and  swimming  in  large  schools.  The 
species  are  largely  cosmopolitan  and  any  of  the  existing  forms  may  be 
exjiected  to  be  found  within  our  limits.*  (^^uKotrof,  sleeping  outside,  the 
ancient  name  of  a  certain  fish,  probably  a  Blennius,  which  was  supposed 
to  come  out  on  tlie  beach  to  sleep  at  night ;  it  remains  out  in  the  Fucug 
wlien  the  tide  goes  down). 

ExociKxrg: 
II.  Anal  fln  long,  its  baso  a  little  less  than  that  of  the  donal,  its  flnit  ray  nearly  opiMisite  first 
ray  of  dorsal;  rays  of  anal  11  to  12. 
!>.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  simple  (as  well  as  the  first);  third  ray  divided;  fourth  and  fifth 
rays  longest. 
0.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  about  as  long  as  first  ray;   yeiitral  fins  inserted  midway 
between  posterior  margin  of  eye  and  base  of  caudal  (t.  e.,  end  of  last  caudal 
vertebra).  kxsime.ns,  1080. 

cc.  Second  ray  of  {lectoral  about  half  longer  than  first;  ventral  fins  inserted  midway 
between  middle  of  preoperclu  and  last  caudal  vertebra.  hondeleti,  1081. 

bb.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  divided;  first  ray  simple;  third  and  fourth  longest. 

<{.  Origin  of  vontrals  midway  between  posterior  margin  of  orbit  and  lost  caudal  ver- 
tebra; ventrals  chiefly  black.  vinciouekk.I':,  1082. 
<hl.  Origin  of  vontrals  midway  between  posterior  margin  of  preopercle  and  last  caudal 
vertebra;  ventrals  pale,  with  a  dusky  shade  in  the  axil. 
«.  Pectoral  fins  not  uniform  in  color,  dark  brown,  with  an  oblique,  whitish  band 
which  begins  in  the  axil  and  runs  obliquely  backward  to  middle  of  fin; 
edges  of  pectorals  whitish.     Pectoral  fins  I J  in  length  of  body,  their  tips 
reaching  beyond  dorsal.    Ventrals  3%  in  body,  reaching  about  to  ninth 
ray  of  anal.  volitans,  1083. 
ee.  Pectoral  fins  nearly  uniform  brownish,  without  oblique  pal    bar.     Length  of 
pectorals  \-f{  in  body,  their  tips  scarcely  reaching  last  ray  of  dorsal.    Ven- 
trals 3}^  in  body,  scarcely  reaching  lost  ray  of  anal.         rufipinnib,  1084. 
CvPRELUBUS  (xvifieAot,  a  swallow;  oipd,  tail) : 
im.  Anal  fln  short,  its  base  J^  to  %  length  of  base  of  dorsal,   its  insertion  behind  first  ray  of 
dorsal,  its  rays  9  or  10. 
/.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  divided  (first  simple);  third  and  fourth  rays  longest. 
i;.  Pectoral  fins  without  round  dark  spots. 

A.  Ventral  fins  inserted  about  midway  between  pupil  and  lost  caudal  vertebra, 
i.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  without  black  markings;  ventrals  ]  ale. 

j.  Baso  of  anal  1%  in  base  of  dorsal;  pectoral  1 J  in  length,  reaching  last 
ray  of  dorsal;  ventrals  2%  in  body,  reaching  last  ray  of  anal. 

IlETF.RltRUS,  1085. 
i/.  Base  of  anal  2  in  Itase  of  dorsal;  length  of  pectorals  IJ  in  length  of 
body,  their  tips  reaching  end  of  dorsal  fln;  length  of  ventrals  2| 
in  body,  their  tips  nearly  reaching  last  ray  of  anal. 

LUTKENI,  I08C. 


4: 


i  i  i 


r  .11- 

i 

in  the  water,  the  ventrals  are  folded.  When  the  action  of  the  tail  ceases,  the  pectorals  and  ven- 
triils  art)  spread  and  held  at  rest.  They  are  not  used  as  wingd,  but  act  rather  as  parachutes  to 
hold  the  body  in  the  air.  Whon  the  finh  beg'ns  to  fall,  the  tail  touches  the  water,  when  its 
motion  again  begins,  and  with  it  the  apporent  motion  of  the  ])cctorals.  It  is  thus  enalded  to 
resume  its  flight,  which  it  flnishcs  finally  with  a  splash.  While  in  the  air  it  resembles  a  largo 
dragon-fly.  The  motion  is  very  swift,  at  firt>t  in  a  straight  line,  but  later  deflected  into  a  curve. 
Tlie  motion  has  no  relation  to  tho  direction  of  the  wind.  When  a  vessel  is  passing  through  a 
Bcliool  of  these  fishes,  they  spring  up  before  it,  moving  in  all  directions,  as  gras8hopi)ei8  in  a 
meadow. 

*  For  comparative  descriptions  of  tho  species  of  flying-fishes,  see  LUtken,  Vidensk.  Moddel. 
Nat.  Foren.,  1870,  and  Jordan  &  Meek,  Proc.  tJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886.  A  very  complete  series  of 
tbe  American  lorms  is  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  at  Philadelphia. 


*■     i  : 


!      .    lii    ! 


4 


,  It. 
Uiln 


l^ 


732 


.= 


M!iilr.^S. 


Jbulletin  42,  United  States  National  Museum. 


H:  Dorxttl  ami  anal  flim  marked  with  black;  durtial  with  uiie  or  niiiro  li^nk 
blottlitis;  aiinl  with  a  liliick  Bpot  on  tipH  of  tliird  to  sixtli  ruyx;  v.  n- 
trnlH  black,  with  palo  odgiiiKH,  and  a  white  8])ot  near  tlio  liaHe. 

ri-nrATrs,  Vi-7. 
j7.  Ventral  fin  innortf^d  midway  between  po.-ttorior  mar);in  of  preoperclo  and  l.i~t 
caudal  vertebra. 
)H.  PcctonlH  cac'.i  with  the  posterior  half  rather  abruptly  black;  anal  wlm.'. 

NIUKICANS,  lll>,S. 

Will.  Pectorals  unicolor  or  nearly  bo,  not  abruptly  black  posteriorly. 

M.  PectoraU  uniformly  black  evcrywhtiro,  the  outer  surface  with  silv' ly 

lUrtter.  XKNOI'TKIIUS,  iMsl). 

Mil.  Pectorals  nearly  uniformly  pale,  or  slightly  dusky  with  pale  eilKiii;^ 

and  a  ])ale  cross  shade. 

o.  Dorsal  fin  slightly  dusky,  but  without  distinct  markiufjus;  othci  tins 

faintly  shadi'd,  but  without  distinct  black  markings;  peduiai 

reaching  base  of  luct  unal  ruy;  ventrals  almost  as  far.    T).  l;i; 

A.  10,  MNEATU8,   I'lllll. 

oo.  Dorsal  iin  with  a  round,  black  blotch  as  largo  as  eye  oiiti|i-:nf 
middle  rays;  otixT  fins  all  pale;  pectoral  reaching  Iuvmh,! 
tips  of  dorsal  and  anal.     D.  12;  A.  11.        cvANol'TKnis,  Iii:il. 
i(7.  Ventral  fins  inserted  at  a   i)oint  midway  between  middle  of  oitercloand  last 
aiudal  vertebra  (or  between  tip  of  snout  and  tip  of  upper  lobe  of  rami, c  11. 
ji.  Dorsal  fin  with  a  largo  blackish  blotch;  pectorals  nearly  uniformly  dii-kv; 
veutrals  bluish  white.     Tip  of  pectorals  reaching  end  of  dorsal;  tip  i>f 
ventrals  reaching  middle  of  anal;  iusi'rtion  of  ventral  midway  betwi  iii 
tip  of  snout  and  that  of  upper  lobn  of  caudal;  dorsal  fin  of  niediiirii 
licight,  inserted  much  in  advance  of  anal.     Snout  J  U^igth  of  rvc, 
which  is  3</,  in  head.     Head  H}^  in  total  length  (with  caudal);  ili  |itli 
63^.     D.  13;  A.  9  or  10;  scales  .'JO.  nAHiEXSis,  lioj. 

pp.  Dorsal  fin  pale,  somewhat  dusky  above,  without  distinct  black  bbii.  h; 
ventrals  mcsially  blackish,  the  margins  paler;  dorsal  rather  |<ali', 
Bomewhiit  dusky  above;  pectoral's  mostly  dusky,  with  tho  posiii iur 
edges  paler;  an  obscure  obliiiue  baud  across  lower  jiait.  I'lc- 
torals  1^  in  length  of  body,  their  tips  reaching  caudal  fin.  Vennals 
3J^  in  body,  their  tips  reaching  middle  of  anal.  Lower  lobe  of  cau- 
dal about  If,  longer  thau  liead.  Head  4J  to  5  in  length  of  li'ly; 
depth  6.  D.  12;  A.  10.  Snout  4  in  head.  Eye  3V,  in  head.  1hi>  i>< 
anal  !§  in  base  of  caudal.     Scales  about  CO.  califohnicis,  ln'i:!. 

ii.  Pectoral  fins  covered  with  small,  round,  dark  spots,  the  edges  paler. 

CAI.LOl'TEIUIS,  lll'.ll. 

hh.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  simple  (like  the  first);  third  ray  divided. 

7.  Snout  more  obtusely  descending  than  in  any  other  species,  its  length  4)^  in  Inaii. 

niiiBlFRONs,  inii.'). 

Subgenus   EXOCCETUS. 
1080.  KXOCffiTUS  EXSILIKNS,  P.  L.  S.  MUller. 


D.    11:    A    11; 


scales    IS. 


Head  4  in  length  of  body ;  depth  5^^ 
Body  little  conipretised,  angulated.  Head  broad;  interorbital 
slightly  concave;  snout  rather  blunt,  short,  4J  in  length  of  head;  iiitti- 
orbital  area  2i  in  head;  eye  2^  in  head;  lower  jaw  slightly  longer  tliaii 
upper.  Pectorals  long  and  broad,  IJ^  in  length  of  body,  their  tips  roacliing 
base  of  caudal;  first  2  rays  of  pectoral  simple  and  of  equal  len'tth,  tlitir 
length  2i  in  length  of  fin,  and  connected  to  ea<!h  other  and  to  third  my 
by  rather  broad  membranes;  ventrals  long,  2J^  in  body,  their  tips  reach- 
ing base  of  caudal  fin;  origin  of  ventrals  midway  between  posterior 


1  I 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        733 


inar^nu  of  orltit  and  luat  caudal  vertebra;  last  rayu  of  duiHal  and  anal 
jiu»  opposite  each  other ;  base  of  anal  slightly  shorter  than  that  of  dorsal ; 
(loiHiil  rather  higl;,  its  longest  ray  1>;  iu  head;  longest  ray  of  anal  li  in 
held.  Color  brownish  above,  silvery  below  ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  mar- 
l)li(l  with  black ;  dorsal  with  a  black  spot  on  upper  part  of  its  anterior 
riiy.s ;  lower  caudal  lobe  with  a  black  spot  about  \  distance  from  its  base; 
liiiiiHt  wit)'  3  black  cross  bands  ;  anal  fin  white.  Open  seas,  rarely  taken 
on  (Mir  Atlantic  Coast ;  onlyyouugspeciniens  known  ;  possibly  the  young  of 
E.idciitiis  rondeletii.  {exHiUirm,  leaping  out,  a  name  given  by  Miiller  in 
1771),  changed  by  Gmelin  into  "  ixiliens.") 

/;,,-.«,,(i()i.'j(n7i(;iw,  Philip  Ludwio  STATiimMt'LiEii,  Nuremberg  Ed.  LinnnsusSyBt.  Nat.,  2(iO,1776, 

Carolina. 
/;■. .,W"v  ejiiiom,  Gmkmn,  SyBtema  Naturii",  1400,  1788,  Carolina;  GUntuer,  Cat.,  vi,  2!»1, 1860; 

.loiiDAN  .%  Meek,  /.  <•.,  M. 
i:ri;,,iiiii  famiatitii,  Lr  Si'EUii,  Joiirn.  Ac,  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1821,  10,  pi.  4,  flg.  2,  Atlantic. 
K.ii,r,,iiix  liimellifer,  Kneu  &  Steindachnek,  Nt'uo  Figciij  Mug.  GixlolT,  2!l,  18()0,  ia°  S.,  33''  W.; 

Li'TKEN,  Via.  Medd.  Nuturli.  Foren.,  405,  11,  1876. 


1 

■      ^1 

m 

,       ,    i 

t. 

x 

.-l\   ' 

1 

Hi 

M- 


.Ol'TEItr.'J,   II I'll. 


1081.  KXOCtETUS  ROXDKLKTII,  Cuvier  /c  Valoncienneg. 

Head  4^  in  length  of  body;  depth  oi.  D.  11;  A.  11  or  12;  scales  50, 
2^>  before  venti  als,  and  28  before  dorsal ;  snout  short  and  blunt,  4  iu  head  ; 
eye  ;i*  ;  interorbital  space  2i.  *  Second  ray  of  pectoral  simple  as  well  as 
tlic  lirst  and  about  half  longer  than  first;  anal  tin  opposite  dorsal  and 
alpoiit  as  long;  ventral  fins  inserted  midway  between  middle  of  preopercle 
and  last  caudal  vertebra  ;  ventrals  3i  in  body,  their  tips  reaching  last  rays 
of  iinal ;  length  of  pectorals  If  in  body,  their  tips  reaching  nearly  to 
basH  of  caudal  fin  ;  first  ray  of  pectoral  about  half  length  of  longest  ray ; 
dorsal  moderate,  its  longest  rays  2^  in  head.  Pectoral  fins  uniform  dusky, 
witli  paler  edgings;  ventrals  nearly  black  mesially,  darker  on  their  pos- 
t(!ri()i  half;  no  black  markings  on  dorsal  and  anal  fins.  Length  11  inches. 
Tropical  seas,  north  to  Florida,  France,  and  Acapulco,  (Liitken^ ;  not 
nnconinion  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  Southern  Europe.  (Named  for 
(iiiillauiiie  Rondelet,  one  of  the  fathers  of  ichthyology.)     (Eu.) 

Miujil  aliiiiis,  RoNi)Ei,ET,  De  Piscibus,  ix,  207, 1554,  France. 

I'.r.iriiliin  iiindrlelii,  CiviEU  &  Valenuienne.s,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xix,  11.5,  1846,  Naples;  Sicily; 

Canaries;  GCntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  293,  1860;  Vinciouekea,  t  Bisiiltati  del  Violante,  110,  1883; 

.liiitDAN  &  Meek,  /.  c,  55. 
lirnnriun  hrachjcephahm,  GCntuer,  Cat.,  VI,  297,  /.."60,  China;  LI'tken,  I.  c,  110,  405,  1876. 
Kfundm  criUcm,  Jordan  &  Gii.iiekt,  Synopsis,  380,  1883;  not  of  Linn.'eus. 
i:.r"r„his  rolador,  Jorban,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  34,    Pensacola.     (Type,  No.  34975. 

Coll.  Stearns.) 

*  This  species  is  subject  to  some  variations,  or  else,  as  Dr.  LUtken  suggests,  we  are  uncertain  as  to 
till'  '.umtior  of  real  specifs  tliat  group  tbeniselves  around  its  type.  In  the  typical  specimen  of 
K  <ytiix  riilador,  9%  inches  lon^r,  the  first  ray  of  tlie  pectoral  is  about  half  the  fin,  the  second 
'.iiv  -'..  In  a  smaller  sjiocimeu,  7  inches  long,  from  the  Atlantic,  the  first  ray  is  \/^  the  longest 
rii>,  or  iibotit  half  the  second.  Liitken  finds  the  first  ray  scarcely  %  the  longest,  the  second 
alioiit  half  the  longest,  and  not  T-jtho  third  ray.  In  other  specimens  he  record.s  notable  varia- 
tiuiis  in  these  regards.     Thisspeclcs  limy  possibly  prove  to  be  the  udult  of  A',  exgilieiu. 

t  Dr.  Vinciguerra  has  shown  from  the  examination  of  typo  specimens,  that  this  species  Is  the 
original  Exococttu  rondeUti  instead  of  the  next,  as  was  supposed  by  LUtkon  and  Uleeker, 


i       I., 


HWi^i»(#?.iiw.i^mm  > 


^nmfn 


■  fwrn^ 


734 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Jy. 


1082.  KXOCtETVH  TINCI«UGRR£,  JonUn  k  Meek. 

Head4jt;  depth  6j^.  D.  11;  A.  12;  Hcalus  about  48,  24  before  veutralH, 
28  befori  dorHal,  7  between  dorsal  and  lateral  line.  Hnuiit4^  in  head  ;  cyu 
3  ;  iuterorbital  area  nearly  Hat,  2}  in  head.  Anal  fin  opposite  dorsal  uiid 
about  as  long;  second  ray  of  pectoral  forked,  the  first  ray  simple,  third 
and  fourth  raya  longest;  origin  of  ventrals  midway  between  posterior 
margin  of  orbit  and  last  caudal  vertebrc  ;  ventrals  chiefly  black  ;  pt-f^to- 
rals  If  in  body,  reaching  Inst  ray  of  dorsal;  ventrals  about  3  in  len;,'tli 
of  body,  their  tips  reaching  slightly  beyond  last  ray  of  anal ;  ion^tst 
dorsal  ray  2\  in  head  ;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  3^  in  body.  Pectoral  tins 
dusky,  nearly  uniform,  or  with  a  small  white  obliiiue  bar,  which  exteinlH 
balfway  across  the  fin  ;  the  edges  of  the  fin  whitish  ;  ventrals  chictly 
blackish ;  dorsal  and  anal  without  dark  markings.  Length  about  a  foot. 
Open  Atlantic,  occasional  on  our  coast  and  thoHeof  Southern  Europe,  the 
specimens  examined  by  us  from  off  Newfoundland,  from  St.  Martins,  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  (Named  for  Dr.  Decio  Vincignerra,  director  of  the 
Acquario  Romano,  an  active  and  successful  ichthyologist.)     (£u.) 

'Exoca-hu  romiclell,   LCtkf.n,   Vid.  Medd.   Foron.,  404,  187C;  not  of  Cuvieb  A  Valencien.nm; 

Jordan  &  Gilbkbt,  SynoiMis,  203, 1883. 
ExocirtuH  exiliemi,  ViNciouKiiRA,  Itisultati  Ittlologici  del  Violante,  113,  188;);  not  of  Omelin. 
Exoctrlni  rincignerrie,  Jordan  <t  Mkkk,  Proc.   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  50,  open  sea  off  New- 

foundland,  46°  N.,  61°  W.     (Type,  No.  21870.    Coll.  Albatroas.) 


y 


1088.  EXOCfETUS  T0LITAN8,  Linnn-u8. 

Head  4i ;  depth  6j^.  D.  12 ;  A.  11 ;  scales  55, 25  before  ventrals,  30  before 
dorsal;  6  rows  between  dorsal  and  lateral  line.  Snout  rather  obtuse,  4  in 
head ;  eye  large,  2f  in  head ;  iuterorbital  space  slightly  concave,  2i  in 
head ;  width  of  body  at  base  of  pectorals  If  in  head.  Anal  fin  long, 
opposite  dorsal;  second  ray  of  pectorals  divided,  the  first  simple,  the 
third  and  fourth  longest;  insertion  of  ventrals  midway  between  posterior 
edge  of  preopercle  and  base  of  caudal.  Pectoral  fins  not  uniform ;  in 
color  dark  brown,  with  an  oblique,  whitish  band  which  begins  in  the  axil 
and  runs  obliquely  backward  to  middle  of  fin ;  edges  of  pectorals  whitish. 
Pectoral  fins  1^  in  length  of  body,  their  tips  reaching  beyond  dorsal ; 
ventrals  3i  in  body,  reaching  about  to  ninth  ray  of  anal;  lokigest  doraal 
ray  2i  in  head,  anal  ray  3;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  3^  in  body.  Ventral  fius 
white,  with  a  slight  dusky  shade  in  the  axil ;  no  dark  markings  on  dursal 
or  anal.  Length  12  inches.  Open  seas ;  not  rare  on  our  Atlantic  Coast, 
racging  north  to  the  Grand  Banks;  also  found  in  Southern  Europe  aud 
the  Hawaiian  Inlands,    (voli^ans,  flying.)    (Eu.) 

tUocaetus,  Abtedi,  Genera  Piscium,  18,  1738,  locality  not  known. 

Exocnbu  volUani,  Linn;ev8,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  316;  after  Balk,  who  copied  from  Artedi; 

Jordan  &  Meek,  I.  c,  67. 
KxocoelM  rvheaceni,  Kafinesque,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.,  1818,  205,  Banks  of  Newfoundland. 
Exocoetut  speculiger,  Cuvier  &  VALENCiENNBg,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  xix,  03, 1846,  Friendly  Islands; 

Straits  of  Sunda;  Isle  of  France;  Indian  Ocean;  Peros-Banhos;    Pacific  Coast 

of  South  America;  OOnther,  Cat.,  vi,  287,  1866;  Hvtton,  Fishes  New  Zealand,  55,  1872; 

LOtkkn.  Vid.  Med.  Naturb.  Foreu.,  403,109, 1876. 


,  ^^:--T^^.'^-.J'i 


JCti^ .  '-v  •ik*..ii>  M  ■  ■ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        735 


VALENCIENNEe; 


from  Artedij 


ftjciK'iiiiia  iiovehiirareiuui,  ('vviER  &  Valkncirnnrh,  IliHt.  Nut.  I'oIrh.,  \ix,  KM),  1M4(),  Newfound- 
land, ll.it  of  MlTflllLL. 

j.>>. , I '»>  I "'">''<,  BICllrk  &  TK08CIIRL,  SrlioinliurKk'R  IliBt.  BurlMiiliH'ii,  (i7S,  18'tH,  Barbadoes. 

f  l.y,„.iiinii>iiiilriremiH,  (ino.Now,  Cut.,  HR,  INM,  Spain  and  India. 

f'joniiu>  .\ilhii»,  r.CNTiiEit,  Cut.,  M,  2HH,  180(1,  West  Africa;  Cuba?;  Atlantic. 

tUomli"  iiifl'inurtii),  Jordan  *  (jii.ukrt,  Syni)p«i(i,  ;i8<»,  18H;1;  not  of  Civieh  &  Valencirnncr. 

ICxiiciiiii^  I rilii'M,  JouuAN  &  UlLBBRT,  Syuupititi,  t(U4,   lH8:i;  siMi'liiii'ii  from  Nuw  KnglaiiU;  not 

of  Hi  L1.ER. 

1084.  KXOCtETIIH  RUFIPINNIS,  (luvler  A  Valont'leniiui. 

Iltad  1,',  ill  length  to  last  caudal  vertebra;  depth  5}.  D.  11;  A.  12; 
Hcal<'H  of  lateral  line  58.  Body  rather  rubiiHt,  not  nitich  compressed ;  head 
lirotul:  iiiterorbital  area  flat,  its  width  3  in  head;  eye  rather  small,  itH  diam- 
eter :>^  in  head;  snout  rather  blunt,  its  length  e«iiial  to  diameter  of  eye; 
iiioiitli  largo;  length  of  maxillary  4i  in  head.  Pectoral  fin  broad  and 
huji,  itH  length  l,'"*,-  in  length  of  body  ;  tips  of  pectorals  scarcely  reaching 
tiie  laHt  rays  of  dorsal  fin;  fust  ray  of  pectoral  simple,  1?  in  length  of 
till,  H*>cond  ray  divided,  third  and  fourth  rays  longest;  origin  of  ventrals 
iiiitlway  between  posterior  edge  of  preopercle  and  last  caudal  vertebra, 
tlifir  ti))s  scarcely  reaching  last  ray  of  anal;  length  of  ventrals  3^  in 
length  uf  body.  First  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  opposite  each  other  (or 
iieuriy  so);  base  of  anal  li  in  base  of  dorsal;  base  of  dorsal  1^  in  head; 
lower  lobe  of  caudal  long,  about  i  longer  than  head;  width  of  body  at 
bast)  (if  pectorals  1|  in  length  of  head.  Least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle 
about  'Sh  in  length  of  head.  Posterior  margin  of  preopercle  nearly  verti- 
cal, forming  almost  a  right  angle  at  its  lower  posterior  extremity.  Gill 
rakeiH  long,  numerous,  and  slender.  About  27  scales  on  lateral  line  before 
ventrals;  about  30  scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal  fin;  6  rows  of  scales 
between  dorsal  iin  and  lateral  line.  Color  uniform  brownish  above,  sil- 
very below;  pectorals  colored  like  upper  part  of  body,  shading  into 
darker  toward  their  extremities;  caudal  uniform  brownish,  no  dark 
markings  on  dorsal  and  anal  fins;  ventrals  without  distinct  black  mark- 
ings. Length  9^  inches.  Tropical  America,  on  both  coasts  (Payta,  Pan- 
ama, Tobasco,  Barbadoes);  probably  not  very  common ;  the  above  descrip- 
tion from  the  type  specimen  of  Exocwtua  scylla.   (rufiia,  reddish ;  jnnna,  fin. ) 

Exocrrhia  nifipinnix,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Polss.,  xix,  99,  1846,  Payta,  Peru; 

Gl'NTHER,  Cat.,  VI,  294,  1806;  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1884,  283  (redescription  of 

urigiiial  type);  Jordan  &  Meek,  /.  c,  68. 
Ej-ncirtm  dowi,  GiM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1863, 167,  near  Panama.     (Coll.  Captain  Dow.) 
Kxonfhis  mjlla,  CoPE,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  1871,  481,  Tobasco,  Mexico. 
Kirnoiim  roherti,  LOtken,  Vid.  Medd.  Naturh.  Foren.,  1876, 12,  110;  not  of  MCller  &  Troschel. 

Subgenus  CYPSELURUS.  Swainsou. 

1086yEXO€(ETU8  HETEBUBV8,  Baflnesque. 

Head  4J;  depth  5J^;  scales  58,  26  before  ventrals,  33  before  dorsal,  7 
rows  of  scales  between  dorsal  aad  lateral  line.  D.  14 ;  A.  9.  Anal  fin 
short,  its  base  i  to  |^  length  of  base  of  dorsal ;  its  insertion  behind  first 
ray  of  dortal ;  its  rays  9  or  10;  second  ray  of  pectoral  divided  (first  sim- 
ple) ;  third  and  fourth  rays  longest ;  ventral  fins  inserted  about  midway 


1 1 


',  j 


T  .'^^TTp    ;■' 
1                                      1 

^^ii 

t 

1 

736 


Bulletin  ^7,  UniteU  States  National  Museum. 


:  1 


ft  \  ■ 


'1i 


between  pupil  and  last  caudal  \ertel>:a;  base  of  unal  IS  in  bane  of  dorsal; 
pectoral  1,1  in  ii'ii;;*'.,  loacliiii};  last  ray  of  doraal ;  ventralH  L}J  in  body, 
reaching  last  ray  of  anal ;  Hnout  3!J  in  bead  ;  eye  31  ;  lower  lobe  of  caudal 
about  i  longer  than  bead.  Pectoral  HnH  with  an  oblique  white  liand 
acroBH  lower  half  of  tin  ;  dorsal  and  anal  plain  ;  ventrals  white,  their  axil 
scarcely  dusky.  Length  15  inches.  Atlantic  Ocean,  generally  coiiuikih 
southward  on  both  coasts,  straying  northward  to  banks  of  Newfouniliaiid 
and  to  Kngland.  The  young  are  often  provided  with  a  long  barbel  at  \\w 
chin,  (f rjyjof,  diflerent ;  ovfM,  tail,  but  all  species  of  flying-llshes  havo  tlm 
tail  nntqunl.) 
Exocii'lim  hiiini.-uM,  IIafinf.8(JUK,  Curntterl  di  Alciinl  Nuovl  Ottnori,  etc.,  68,  IHIO,  Palermo;  .Imb- 

BAN  &  aiKKK,  /.  C,  fill. 

EjcociiiiiH  mmalitH,  MiTdiiia.,  TriiuH.  Lit.  aud  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  1H15,  418,  pi.  fi,  «»,'.  1,  New  York; 

LCtken,  Viil.  Miild.  Naturli.  Foroii.,  tig.  1,  KMl,  1870,  MP  W.,   11°   N.;  iippareiifly  ii  jmihh! 

form,  wltli  lonj?  iiicntHi  Iwrlicl. 
Etoc(rlii$  iiorehiimrcimin,  MiTciiiM.,  Amor.  Monthly  Mil)?.,  ii,  181 1,  2:1.1,  New  York;   Joiiuvn  ,t 

OlMiEllT,  Syilopsi.",  9lt4,  188.x 
Kxocaiiunppeudiriilntiiii,  Wool),  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1824,  28.1,  pi.  17,  flg.  24, (young),  south 

coast  United  States. 
Exocnlm  melminriiii,  (.'uvieh  &  VAtEKClENNM,  HiHt.  Nat.  Poiso.,  xix,  101,  1840,  New  York. 
Exoca'luH  i-olilaiiK  rtCNTllKR,  Cat.,  vi,  2!l1,  \KW>,  not  of  laN.s.Krs;  LCvken,  Vid.  Mcdil.  Nutnrli. 

Foren.,  10,  108,  1870;  Day,  Fislic;s  Qreut  Britain,  155,  pi.  228,  18811,  (straggler  to  l•c,ll^t  uf 

England). 
f  OypteluruH  comalm,  .Tordan  &  Qimiert,  SynoiwiH,  ;i81,  1883. 

108«.  KX0CU';TUS  LrXKEM,  Jordan  Sc  Kvormann,  now  Hpecieg. 

Head  4i;  depth  5J|.  D.  14;  A.  9;  50  scales  in  lateral  line.  Body  ratiier 
robust.  Head  broad,  rather  pointed  forward;  snout  not  very  blunt,  U 
in  length  of  head ;  eye  large,  2f  in  head ;  interorbitail  area  tlattisli.  15  in 
head.  Pectoral  fins  broad,  their  tips  reaching  posterior  end  of  basnof 
anal  fin  ;  length  of  pectorals  1*^  in  length  of  body.  Length  of  ventrals  2", 
in  length  of  body,  their  tips  reaching  nearly  to  posterior  end  of  baso  of 
anal  fin ;  origin  of  ventrals  midway  between  jupil  and  base  of  caudal  liii, 
First  ray  of  Electoral  simple,  its  length  little  more  than  i  length  of  fin; 
second  ray  divided;  23  scales  before  the  ventrals;  28  scales  before  the 
dorsal  fin;  7  rows  of  scales  between  lateral  line  and  dorsal  fin;  longest 
dorsal  ray  2  in  head ;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  about  i  longer  than  liead, 
Color  brownish  above,  silvery  below  ;  pectoral  black  on  its  posterior  Iialf ; 
lighter  on  anterior,  with  abroad,  white,  oblique  band  which  begins  in 
the  axil  and  extends  about  f  across  the  fin  ;  ventrals  white,  dusky  in  axil; 
dorsal  and  anal  fin  plain  ;  caudal  dusky,  with  a  black  vertical  bar  across 
the  base  of  its  middle  rays.  This  species  is  known  from  a  single  spec  linen, 
9  inches  long,  in  the  museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Phil- 
adelphia, from  Cape  San  Antonio,  Cuba.  It  was  formerly  identified  by 
Jordan  &  Meek  with  an  Australian  species,  Exocmtus  robustus,  but  it  dirt'eiii 
in  numerous  respects  from  the  latter,  although  a  related  form.  (Named  for 
Christian  Fredrik  Liitken,  one  of  the  most  learned  and  accurate  of  icli- 
thyologists,  Avhose  paper  on  the  flying-fishes  is  the  basis  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  group.) 

Ejcocaelut  robuttus,  Jobdan  &  Meek,  I.  c,  61;  probably  not  of  GOntheb,  Cat.,  Ti,  289,  18U0,  Aus- 
tralia. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        737 


Palermo;  .Iik- 


k,  289, 1801.,  Aus- 


10H7.  KXtM'WTI'M  irBVATCN,  Mitchill. 

Hciul  4^;  depth  5}.  D.  13;  A.  9;  lateral  line  with  about  46  acaloa. 
I3()(l,v  riither  Hlender,  conipresaed.  Head  not  very  broad,  much  narrowed 
forward ;  the  snout  rather  pointed  ;  more  compreHsed  than  in  other 
HjxM-ieH.  Interorbital  area  Hat ,  its  width  at  anterior  mur^^in  of  orbit  equal 
to  <liameter  of  eye;  3  in  head;  at  posterior  margin  of  eye  this  is  half 
gifutcr.  Month  small ;  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit ;  length  of  maxillary 
41  in  head ;  length  of  mandible  2\  in  head  ;  length  of  snout  4,i  in  head ; 
«y«  3  in  head.  Pectoral  iin  long  and  broad ;  its  length  lij  in  length  of 
liody ;  tips  of  pectorals  reaching  to  tenth  ray  of  dorsal.  FirHt  pectoral 
rny  Hiniple,  slightly  more  than  half  length  of  fin;  second  ray  divided; 
tlriitl  and  fourth  rays  longest.  Origin  of  ventruls  midway  between  pos- 
terior margin  of  eye  and  lust  caudal  vertebra.  Ventrals  long,  2|  in  length 
of  iMxiy ;  their  tips  reaching  past  anul  and  almost  to  caudal  tin.  Dorsal 
till  rather  high,  its  longest  ray  1^  in  head ;  longest  anal  ray  about  2  in 
lieail.  Origin  or  dorsal  in  advance  of  that  of  the  anal.  Daso  of  anal  Iji 
in  baH«  of  dorsal ;  base  of  dorsal  nearly  ecjual  to  length  of  head.  Lower 
Inbo  of  caudal  3^  in  body.  About  23  scales  on  lateral  lino  before  ventrals, 
and  about  29  in  front  of  dorsal  fin.  Eight  rows  of  scales  between  lateral 
lino  and  dorsal  tin.  Color  brownish  above,  silvery  below;  pectoral  fins 
black  on  lower  posterior  half;  a  bro.id  white  band  running  from  axil 
obliiiuely  back  to  the  posterior  of  upper  rays ;  some  white  on  tips  of  pec- 
toral rays ;  anterior  npper  portion  of  the  fin  somewhat  marbled ;  ven- 
tral tins  black,  except  on  2  outer  rays,  on  inner  ray,  and  a  small  spot  on 
next  2  inner  rays,  about  \  distance  from  origin  of  fin  ;  axil  of  ventrals 
pale.  Dorsal  fin,  when  depressed,  showing  3  black  spots  ;  caudal  fin  with 
3  (lark  tranverse  bands  across  fin ;  a  black  spot  on  tips  of  third,  fourth, 
tiftli,  and  sixth  rays  of  anal  fin.  Length  6  inches.  Warm  seas,  north  to 
Cape  Cod  and  to  the  Mediterranean,  generally  common.  Young  speci- 
mens with  barbels  of  different  forms  and  sizes  are  frequently  taken.  The 
Hpecimens  above  described  from  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  {furcatu», 
forked.) 

Exonrim  fiiraUtu,  MlTClllLL,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  1815,  149,    yuiinK,  with  barbel; 

New  York;    GOntmf.r,  Cut.,  vi,  286,  1866;  H^tken,  Vid.  Medd.  Naturh.  Foren.,  400,  1876; 

.TnRDAN  &  Mkek,  I.  c,  61. 
Krociilut  nuttalli,  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1821,  10,  pi.  iv,  flg.  1,  Gulf  of  Mexico; 

GCntiier,  Cat.,  VI,  286, 1866. 
Kmciitim  (Cyptelunm) proene,  De  Filippie  Verany,  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  Torino,  Hftrlps2,  xviii,  18.57, 

10,  Nice. 
£>»('(! (h*  tnanitipinMM,  YlNClorERRA,  Risultati  Ittiologici  del  Vicilante,  pi.   i,  fig.   0,  113,  1883, 

Tunis. 
Cuiiselurvi  fnrcahu,  JORDAN  &  OiLBEBT,  SynopsiB,  380,  1883. 

1088.  EX0C<ETU8  NIGBICAN8.  Bennett. 

Head  4i  in  body  ;  depth  5f ;  snout  4  in  head ;  eye  Si.  D.  14 ;  A.  9  or  10 ; 
scales  about  52,  27  before  the  ventral  fins,  26  in  front  of  dorsal.  Anal 
tin  short,  its  base  i  to  J  length  of  base  of  dorsal,  its  insertion  behind 
tirst  ray  of  dorsal ;  its  rays  9  or  10;  second  ray  of  pectoral  divided  (first 

V.  N.  A. 48 


i  • 


i! 


(  ' 


<i    - 1 


■S-y 


■J     ! 


i 


I  'J 


1 1 


;,  I 


r    'Hr 


''I'll'  '  "':' 

m   -J. 


■  it?!  i  ''i'U'' 

■  ■ii'i  ■ "  ■  '■.  I . 


i. 


738 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Hlniple);  third  nnil  fourth  rayu  longOHt;  ventral  thiH  iiiHurted  inidwiiy 
b««twuun  poHtorior  margin  of  pruopurclo  and  litHt  ciiiidiil  vurtohru;  p*M  in- 
raJH  nut  uniformly  cohired ;  poHturior  Iiulf  of  pectorals,  voutralH,  jiimI 
dufHal  rathor  abruptly  hhick ;  unal  whit*).  Leuf^th  uf  pectoral  tin  1^  in 
body,  its  tip  rcachiufj;  nearly  to  haae  of  caudal;  Hrut  ray  of  pectmal 
Ijf  in  length  of  longoHt;  ventralH  21  in  length  of  hody,  their  tipB  n'iirli- 
ing  tip  of  hiHt  ray  of  anal;  dorsal  rather  higli,  its  longest  rays  1.^  in 
head;  longest  anal  ray  3^  in  head,  lower  lolte  of  caudal  about  i  lon^rur 
than  head.  Intororbital  space  broad,  slightly  concave,  its  widtli  Ji 
head;  depth  of  head  1}  in  its  length.  Length  10  inches.  Tropical 
seas,  north  to  Cuba,  Central  America,  and  France;  not  very  comiuon; 
recognizable  at  once  by  its  high  dorsal,  black  on  the  anterior  liulf. 
The  specimen  here  described  was  from  the  Open  Atlantic  off  liru/il. 
{niyricn»n,  blackish.)     (Hu.) 

ExDfiilm nifjrkauH,  IIknnrtt,  Whaling  Voyugo,  ii,  2K7, 1840,  "taken  in  both  the  Atlantic  und 
Pacific  Oceans,  in  tat.  5°  N.";  GUnther,  Cat.,vi,  290,  18(iti;  Jorhan  &  Mkkk,  /.  <'.,i;:i. 

Exocuiim  biroliir,  OiiviKH  &  Vai.v'.nciknnkh,  Hint.  Nut.  PoiHS,,  xix,  111,  1840,  Atlantic. 

E/oriiiun  ipiliipiif,  (^'VIER  &  Valknciennrr,  Iliet.  Nat.  IViisB.,  xix,  118,  1840,  La  Rochflle; 
St.  Helena;  West  Indies;  India;  Arabia;  De  Witt  Land;  GuiniENOT,  IliKt.  I'm.n, 
Ramon  do  la  Sagru,  Puiaii.,  flg.  2,  1863,  152,  pi.  4;  LC'tkbn,  Vitl.  Mud.  Nuturli.  FMnii., 
107,  1876. 

1089.  EXOC'iETVg  XENOPTERUH,  Qilbort 

Head  4,1^;  depth  6.  D.  13;  A.  10;  scales  about  45.  Snout  short,  It;  in 
head  ;  mandible  scarcely  protruding,  wide  at  tip,  with  a  narrow  bund  of 
small  teeth.  Teeth  along  edge  of  premaxill^ries  in  a  single  seiiun. 
Vomer  with  a  narrow  patch,  palatines  with  a  wide  patch  of  wuli- 
developed  teeth,  similar  to  those  in  jaws;  no  teeth  on  tongue.  I're- 
orbital  about  as  wide  as  pupil ;  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  end  of 
maxillary  equals  length  of  snout.  Eye  large,  3i  in  head.  Iuter<>ri)ital 
width  3  in  head.  Distance  from  front  of  dorsal  to  base  of  middle  of  ran- 
dal  rays  equals  half  its  distance  from  posterior  margin  of  pupil.  Loii<rth 
of  dorsal  base  equals  f  length  of  head,  the  highest  ray  2|  in  head. 
Origin  of  anal  under  middle  of  dorsal,  its  base  equaling  snout  and  iialf 
eye,  the  last  ray  nearly  under  last  dorsal  ray.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  'M 
in  length;  the  upper  slightly  less  than  head.  Origin  of  ventraln  liaif- 
way  between  base  of  caudal  and  preopercular  margin,  the  tip  reacliiu},' 
base  of  third  anal  ray,  a  trifle  shorter  than  head.  First  pectoral  ray  I 
the  longest;  second  ray  deeply  forked,  the  third  and  fourth  apparently 
the  longest  (the  tips  slightly  mutilated).  The  fin  extends  beyond  dorsal, 
and  falls  short  of  the  caudal  by  a  trifle.  Black  above,  becoininj,' 
abruptly  silvery  on  middle  of  sides;  pectorals  jet  black  within,  ovi'ilaid 
by  some  silvery  luster  without;  median  ventral  rays  black,  the  inner 
and  outer  white ;  dorsal  dusky,  without  distinctive  marks;  analuhite; 
caudal  black  on  basal  portion  of  both  lobes,  the  remaining  third  white. 
A  single  specimen,  9i  inches  long,  taken  from  a  booby-bird  (Sula)  ou 
Clarion  Island,  one  of  the  Bevillp.gigedos.     (ftwof,  strange;  nripov,  i'ln.) 

Ej'ocatwixenoptents,Gii.BKHT,Vroc,  V.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1890,  58,  Clarion  Island.  (Tyju-,  No. 
44388,  Coll.  Albatross.) 


^■■i-;«-i\'VJ*fr.-. 


fJA.  ,-A-.',/A\'.^liiii*v 


;.Vi.i:l*.i*.-r;r;.',J>:*,V  '■  -.'Xf'l'Mi.^li  l  <ii^r;,>  :,  j.'..." 


fordan  and  F.vernmnn. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


739 


dH-t:Hi 


H   width  -'s 


IOm».  KXOrtKTI'M  lilNK.lTrS.  Ciivlor  k  Valuriclennmi. 

Ilt'iul4^;  «l»|ith  (H.  Anal  Hhorl,  itH  ruyN  I,  10;  tloimil  Hi.  Hecoiul  ruy 
ut'  prctoml  (livi(lo«l,  tlio  tli-Ht  ruy  \  luiif^th  of  luiiKn^t.  Head  rather 
iioititoil,  th»  iiitunirbltal  aroa  Hat;  Hiioiit  1  in  lu^ad ;  «^yt)  3^  Pootoral 
ii\ti'iitliiiK  tu  baHe  of  luHt  anal  ray  ;  vvntralr*  niachin^  nt^arly  aH  far,  tlioir 
iiiM'ition  midway  betwuen  IniHit  of  (uindal  and  ud^o  of  itrooperulu.  Dark 
lints  on  HidcH  of  buck  conH|MGUouH  only  where  HcaleH  have  been  rubbed 
otl.  not  forming  au  important  feature  of  coloration  ;  Muh  mostly  duuky; 
vt'iitialH  with  fuint  dnnky  shaduH;  anal  with  nn  obucuro  dark  Hhudo; 
liiiiHal  and  cuudal  Homewhat  duHky,  but  unmarked.  Close  to  KxociiiuH 
hilinirim,  diHtinguiHlieil  by  the  more  backward  position  of  the  ventrals. 
Tk>]ii(  111  Atlantic,  locorded  from  Corea,  the  Canaries,  Madeira,  and  Her- 
iiiinla.  The  above  description  from  the  original  type,  16  inches  long, 
troiii  Corea.     (liniatiiii,  streaked.) 

Km,, linn  liuratnii,  (luviCR  &  VALCNi'iRNNKt),  lIlNt.  Nat.  Puira.,  xi.x,  n2,  18:16,  Corea;  Canaries; 
i;r.NTiiEii,  ('at.,  VI,  287,  I8fi0;  Qdodk,  Dull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mim.,  V,  70,  1870;  .Iohi>an,  I'roc.  U.  8. 
Nut.  MiiH.,  IHSr,,  ft2H. 


IO»l.  KXOCffiTlJS  TTAXOPTKRITS,  Ouvier  A  Vuleuclotinoi. 

1).  12;  A.  11.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  divided,  the  first  ?  length  of  (in. 
Hiiont  iiointed;  interorbital  area  transversely  concave.  Snout  3^  in 
licail ;  eye  3jt ;  tail  strong  ;  dorsal  moderately  high,  its  base  ^  longer  than 
that  of  the  rather  short  anul.  Insertion  of  anal  considerably  behind 
tiiat  of  dorsal.  Pectoral  extending  1>eyond  tips  of  last  ruy  of  dorsal  and 
anal.  Ventrals  not  quite  to  the  base  of  the  last  ray.  Insertion  of  ven- 
tralH  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  edge  of  preopercle.  Fins  all 
paio,  except  a  round  black  blotch,  about  us  large  as  eye,  on  tips  of  mid- 
dle dorsal  ray;  ventrals  white.  Coasts  of  Brazil  and  Caribbean  Sea; 
iiDt  common ;  clone  to  Jixocat its  bahteusia,  aud  perhaps  not  even  distinct; 
also  recorded  from  James  Island  of  the  Galapagos.  The  anal  rays  are  less 
iiiiinerous  in  E.  bahieniiis  than  in  the  original  type  of  H.  cyanopteruH,  from 
which  the  above  account  is  taken.     {Kvdveoc,  blue;  nrtpuv,  fin.) 

K,;;;ili(ii  ciianopteriin,  Cuvieb  &  Valenciennfj",  HiBt.  Nat.  I'oisg.,  xix,  08,  1840,  Bahia;  Rio  de 
Janeiro;  OCntiier,  Cat.,  vi,  294,  1806;  Jordan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Ni  .  Mus.,  1886,  628;  Jordan 
.V  HoLLMAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1889,  180. 

Kr,„;tiiiH  albiiludjiluii,  Gii.L,  Pfoc.  Ao.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1803,  167,  Caribbean  Sea;  erroue 
oiisly  ascribed  to  Panama. 

109'2.  EX0C(£TIJ8   BAHIEN!$IS,  Kanzani. 

Head  iij^;  depth  6^  with  caudal.  D.  13;  A.  9-10;  scales  50. 
Loiifjth  of  snout  .:|  of  that  of  eye,  which  is  3j^  in  head;  pectorals  reach- 
ing ond  of  dorsal,  ventrals  to  middle  of  anal;  insertion  of  ventrals  mid- 
way between  end  of  snout  and  extremity  of  upper  caudal  lobes ;  dorsal 
of  moderate  height,  its  origin  far  in  advance  of  that  of  anal.  Coloration 
of  the  pectorals  uniform;  dorsal  with  a  large  dark  blotch.  (Giinther.) 
Tropical  seas,  north  to  Cuba,  where  it  seems  to  bo  the  commonest  of  the 
flying-ftshes ;  not  examined  by  us.     (Name  from  Bahia.) 


i' 


740 


JiuiUtin 


^nited  Statts  National  Museum. 


i     •'■ 


t>orirhn  h<ihiiifi»,   Kaniani,  Nov.   Comni.   Ac.  8(1.   Iimt.  Uuiinn.,   V,   H^i'i,  MYi,  |>l.  IIH,   Baliia; 

OCntiieh,  ('»».,  VI, 'iu:i,  iMftfl;  Poiy,  Hyn..|)«lN,  :IM4,  :i8ft,  IHflU;  M'ThRN,   VIcl.    M.<|.|     N»liirli, 

Kuroii.,  HU,  urn,  iHTil. 
Kf<tCiiln»  vrrmii-Hlnliit,  I'dky,  Mniiiorlwi,  It,  .KN),  18AI,  Cuba. 

KxiM-iriHi  miUnwAHiilmiii,  IlLtrKKR,  "  N«i!i<rl.  Tyitiu-hr.  I)li<rk.,  iii,  ll.'i,  IMtKI,"  Sumatra. 
/  f^ortiYiM  piirrtr,  TuRY,  M)rii()|MiM,  :iH5,  iNttg,  Cuba;  (leiH-ri|iti()ii  liumfflilnnt;  tiiki'ii  rroiii  nu  ulj 

(Irawlug. 

10»a.  KXOCtKTI'H  <;ALI>'0UNM  IN,  ('oo|i«r. 

((•HKAT  KLYIHO-riHIl;    VOLAPOB.) 

Head  5;    dt^pth  «(.     D.  12;    A.  10;    scaluH  r>8 ;    vertohnr  »:)  +  Ui      I!). 

Body  Htoutish.      Lower  Juw  rather  the  longer;  botli  jiiwH  witli  iiiiriiitt< 

teeth.     Eye  largo,  ruthur  longer  than  Huotit,  3  in  heitd,  nearly  oi|iial  to  i  ho 

diameter  of  the  slightly  concave  interorbital  Hpace.     I'ectorul  liii  Daih- 

ing  past  the  dorsal  and  falling  Just  short  of  the  caudal ;  second  ray  otpeiv 

toral  divided,  the  third  longest ;  veutrals  ahout  rouching  niid<lle  of  aiiiil, 

their  length  3.t  in  body,  their  insertion  midway  between  middle  of  o|ii-rcl« 

and  base  of  caudal.    Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  half  the  length  of  the  liiad ; 

43  rows  of  scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal,  7  between  the  dorsal  and 

the  lateral  line.     Steel  blue  above  and  on  both  sides,  belly  abruptly  nII- 

very ;  pectorals  blackish,  with   the    posterior  edge  paler;   an    odscun* 

oblique  pale  baud  across  lower  part ;  caudal  plain  dusky;  veutrals  pal)>, 

partly  dusky  ;    dorsal  rather  pale,  with  a  dusky  blotch  above.     Lcii^rth 

18  inches.     Southeru  California,  Point  Concepcion  to  Cape  >Sa!i  Lii<  hn, 

very  abuudaut  in  great  schools  in   summer  about  the  Santa  Itarliarii 

Islands      It  is  not  known  whither  it  retires  in  winter,  as  it  has  not  lii-)'i< 

seen  c         \e  of  California,  it  being  the  only  species  known  in  the  Kasti  i' 

Pacifl  'i  of  Cape  San  Lucas.     It  is  probably  the  largest  of  the  llyiii^'- 

flshes  and  has  the  greatest  power  of  movement  in  the  air.     An  excelluut 

food-fish,  sometimes  taken  by  the  thousand  off  Santa  Barbara. 

Bioeirlm  califomicm,  CitorEH,  Prof.  Cal.  Ac.  Hcl.,  ill,  1804,  o:i,  tl;;.  20,  Santu  Catalina  Island: 
UOnthbb,  Cat.,  VI,  295,  1806;  Jobdan  ft  Oiluibt,  Synopsla,  \Y!9,  \m\\  Jouuan  k  Mkek, 

I.C., 


15. 


1004.  KXOrtETUS  C'ALLOPTEKITS,  UUiithur. 


Head  nearly  4  in  length  (to  base  of  caudal);  depth  5.     D.  11  or  12;  A. 

8  to  10.    Anal  fin  short,  its  base  i  to  f  length  of  base  of  dorsal ;  its  inseitioii 

behind  first  ray  of  dorsal ;  its  rays  9  or  10 ;  second  ray  of  pectoral  divided 

(first  simple);  third  and  fourth  rays  longest;  pectoral  fins  covered  witii 

small,  round,  dark  spots,  the  edges  paler ;  ventral  fins  pale,  the  iiiid<1lB 

rays  grayish,  obscurely  spotted ;  other  fins  pale.     Pectoral  fins  reaching' 

to  end  of  dorsal ;  ventral  fins  inserted  midway  between  preopercltt  and 

base  of  caudal,  their  tips  reaching  nearly  to  base  of  anal ;   dorsal  tin 

rather  high,  its  anterior  rays  about  half  length  of  head.     Scales  l(i,  31 

before  the  dorsal  fin,  and  9  between  lateral  lineand  dorsal  fin.  Snout  oiituse 

and  depressed,  ^  diameter  of  eye,  which  is  3  in  bead,  and  less  than  width 

of  interorbital  space,  which  is  slightly  concave.     Length  10  iuchcs.    A 

beautiful  little  flying-fish,  common  at  Panama,  but  not  yet  seen  elsewhere. 

{Ku^Tioq,  beauty ;  nnpov,  fin.) 

Exoc(etm  eaUoptents,  GOntiieb,  Cut.,  vi.  292,  1806,  Panama,  (Coll.  Capt.  Dow);  Gi miikr, 
FiabM  Central  Amer.,  479,  pi.  83,  1869 ;  LCtken,  Vid.  Medd.  Naturh.  Yoteu.,  I'll,  107, 
1876;  Jobdan  &  Qilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fiah  Comm.,  ii,  1882, 109;  Jobdan  &  Meek,  /.  <■:,  Oi. 


Joriian  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amerita.         741 


\  V 


HWft.  KX4M'UiTi:H  (UHRI»'BONH,  Cuvlor  «  V«l«nolt>nnM. 

Ili'iitl4<! ;  tlepthO.  D.  12;  A.M.  itody  robiiHt,  lUtluounipreHaed.  Ileiul 
riitliir  Hliort,  tntororhitiil  uioa  Hli^litly  conc-uve,  iiliuiit  i  wi(l«^r  than  oye ; 
|MiililiM)f  Hiioiit  coiivux,  tlt'Hcunding  iiioro  abruptly  than  in  any  utliur  of 
oiirH|itM'ivM,  making  a  «l«cid<Ml  ciirvutlownwartl.  Hnont  ratlior  blunt,  \  in 
ht'itil ;  i>,vo  :<  in  boail ;  niaxillary  li  in  bead;  poctoral  Una  ratbnr  broad 
1111*1  Ixii^',  tliuir  lun^tli  1^  in  litngth  of  botly:  tipH  of  puctoralH  reaobinK  to 
ti|m  of  laNt  rayH  of  doroal.  Firut  ray  of  ptictoral  Himplu,  itH  lunntb  2\  in 
|*>ii;;ili  iif  Un  ;  Hucond  ray  niniple,  about  \  lon^rr  than  HrHt  ray  ;  third  ray 
(liviili'd;  fourth  ray  lon^oHt.  Origin  uf  vtuitraJH  midway  bet wuon  jtoH- 
ttMJor  margin  of  uyo  and  lant  caudal  vurttdtra;  lungtli  of  ventrala  2.il  in 
Ifn^tli  of  liody,  tboir  tipH  rcaohing  to  hiHt  ray  of  anal.  Origin  of  dornal 
llii  fill  in  advanooof  the  anal.  Base  of  anal  lj|  in  baaeof  dorsal.  Longeat 
liorsiil  ray  21  ii>  iioad,  longent  anal  ray  about  3  in  head.  Lower  lobe  of 
cauilul  about  3}  in  body  ;  leant  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  3|  in  head. 
Aliiiiit  !.'>'>  (tcalcH  in  lateral  line  before  ventralH,  and  about  3U  aoalea  before 
tl.)rs.ii ;  7  mtali'H  between  lateral  line  and  dornal  tin.  Color  bruwn  above, 
NJivt'ty  below;  on  each  acale  <»n  the  upper  part  of  the  body  ia  a  darker 
iiruwn  Hpot  near  ita  posterior  extremity  ;  thia  givea  the  appearance  of  a 
(Itiris  brown  streak  alon •reach  row  of  Hcab-a  ;  pectorala  uniformly  colored, 
Harm- color  aH  upper  part  of  l>ody  ;  ventrala  duaky,  nearly  black  meaially, 
the  ))UHterior  part  of  the  flu  atill  darker ;  no  dark  markings  on  dorsal  or  anal 
fins -,  cautlal  duaky,  plain.  Length  8  tnchea.  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  twospeci- 
iiitMis  known,  both  examined  by  ua  ;  the  apecimen  above  deacribed  taken 
by  Siiiiiuel  Powell  at  Newport,  Khode  laland,  the  other  the  original  type 
in  tli(>  Museum  at  Paria.     (gihbua,  gibbous;  J'rona,  forehead.) 

^oi'i/iii  ijihlii/roiiH,  CuviKii  Si  Vai.rnciennbh,  nut.  Nut.  riiitw.,  XIX,  IIM,  1H40,  Atlantic;  Jor- 
dan A  Mkek,  /.  I'.,  UO;  JoHUAN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mui.,  188U,  r>28. 


Order  Z.    HEMIBRANCHII. 
(The  Hemibranchs.) 

Interclaviclea  developed.  Uilla  pectinate.  Post-temporal  simple,  not 
furcate;  snpraclavicle  quite  small.  Superior  pharyngeal  bones  reduced 
in  II  limber,  the  bones  of  the  gill  arches  also  reduced  except  in  Gagterotteido- ; 
iDfciiur  pharyngeals  present,  not  united.  Ventral  fins  abdominal  or 
Bubabdominal,  joined  to  the  interclavicle,  or  else  detached  from  it 
through  partial  atrophy  of  the  shoulder  girdle.  Mouth  bounded  above  by 
liremaxillariea  only ;  shoulder  girdle  aimple  in  structure.  Basis  of  cra- 
nium simple  and  without  tube;  four  anterior  vertebrie  more  or  less 
eluiitrate;  snout  usually  more  or  less  produced,  the  small  mouth  at  its 
end.  A  small  group,  well  distinguished  from  the  Percesocen  and  other 
TchoicphaU,  from  ancestors  of  which  it  is  probably  descended,  differing 
in  \\ni  presence  of  the  interclavicles  and  in  the  reduction  of  the  shoulder 
girdle  and  other  structures.  Its  relations  to  the  Lophobranchii  are  close, 
the  characters  of  the  Lophobranchii  being  largely  extremes  of  the  same 
modilications.     (///<(,  half ;  iSpuyxoi,  gill.) 


<m 


-<  m 


Hi: 


! 

','     ! 

i-     ( 
i 
i 

, 

742 


Bulletin  47,  Untied  Siaies  National  Museum. 


In  the  following  analysis  of  families  we  adopt  the  arracgenient  of 
families  as  given  in  Dr.  Uill's  valuable  discussion  of  "the  mutual  rela- 
tions of  the  Hemihranthiau'.  (\»\\e»"  in  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Hoi.  Phila.,  1884,  \'A. 
The  osteological  characters  are  largely  taken  from  unpublished  notes  of 
Mr.  Cloudsley  Rutter.  We  begin  the  series  with  the  most  geucial- 
ized  family. 

a.  Dermal  armature  absent,  or  <lovelo|)ed  only  as  nlates  on  sidm  or  back;  vertebriu  nunieriMm 

(:S0  to  3G) ;   pubic  bones  connected  with  acapular  arch;  spinous  dorsal  repreHinti'il 

by  isolated  epines. 

h.  Vertebrie  anteriorly  Httle  eiilargtul;  vuntrals  subthorucic,  each  with  a  sharp  spine. 

c.  Brancblostogal  rays  three;  veutrals  with  one  sort  ray  each;  suout  co.iic  ur  l>iit 

slightly  tubirorm.  GASTeitosTEin.i':,  xcmii. 

cc.  Branchiostegal  rays  Tour;   ventrals  with  four  soft  rays  each;    snout  tubiform. 

AUI.ORIITNCIIID.I';,   Xr|\, 

hh.  Vertebra!  anteriorly  (first  four)    elongate;    ventrals   subabdominal  or  near  middle 

of  body,  without  Hpu.  's,  but  with  0  (or  5)  w)ft  rays. 

({.  Dorsal  spines  developed,  weak  ;   body  co"' pressed,  moderately  long,  with  cti-noid 

scales  ;  no  caudal  filament.  Aulostumii  .1:,  c. 

({(/.  Dorsal  spines  undeveloped  ;  body  depressed  or  subcylindrical,  very  long,  without 

scales  ;  caudal  with  the  two  middle  rays  ]iroduccd  into  a  long  filament. 

FiSTlTLAKI I !>.>;,  CI. 

aa.  Dermal  arnmturo  superficial,  devclope<l  anteriorly  and  especially  about  the  back  ;  luur 
anterior  vertebrn;  much  elongate;  tail  with  its  axis  continuous  with  that  <it' the 
abdomen  ;  branchihyals  and  pharyngeals  mostly  present  (fourth  superior  branchiliyal 
and  first  and  fourth  superior  pharyngeals  wanting) ;  pubic  bones  not  connccteil  with 
the  scapular  arch  ;   a  spinous  dorsal  fin  developed.  Macboriiamphosid.k.  iii. 

Family  XCVIII.     GASTEROSTEID^. 

(The  Sticklebacks.) 

Body  more  or  less  fusiform,  somewhat  compressed,  tapering  hehiiid  to 
a  slender  caudal  peduncle.  Head  moderate,  the  anterior  part  not  greatly 
produced,  hut  aii  the  bones  of  the  suspensory  apparatus  somewhat 
lengthened.  Mouth  moderate,  with  the  cleft  oblique,  the  lower  Jaw 
prominent ;  maxillary  bent  at  right  angles  and  overlapping  the  preinax- 
illary  at  corner  of  mouth.  Teeth  sharp,  even,  in  a  narrow  band  iu  each 
jaw ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines ;  premaxillaries  protractile.  Pre- 
orbital  rather  broad ;  suborbital  plate  large,  often  covering  the  anterior 
part  of  the  cheeks,  forming  a  connection  with  the  preopercle.  Branchi- 
ostegals  3.     Gill  *  membranes  broadly  joined,  free  from  the  isthmus,  or 

*  According  to  Mr.  Uutter  the  gill  formula  is  : 


1 

4 

Basi- 
branchial. 

Hypo- 
branchial. 

Cerato- 
branchial. 

Epi- 
branchial. 

Present. 
I'resent. 
Presimt. 
Present. 

Pharyngo- 
branchial. 

Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Proseut. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 

The  third  and  fourth  epibranchials  are  present,  but  apparently  grown  together, 
probably  true  of  the  third  and  fourth  pharyngobranchials. 
The  si)ecieB  examined  was  OatterotteuK  microcephalw,  Qirabd. 


The  .Slime  is 


-.ilill's^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        743 


not ;  }>ill  rakera  moderate  or  rather  long.  OpercIeB  unarmed.  Skin 
iiakiil  or  with  vertically  oblong  buny  plates;  uo  true  Hcales.  Dorsal  tin 
piio'ded  by  two  or  more  free  spines;  anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  a 
Hin^^lo  Hpine;  ventral  fins  subahdominal,  consisting  of  a  stout  spine  and 
one  or  two  rudimentary  rays.  Middle  or  sides  of  belly  shielded  by  the 
])iiliic  bones.  Pectorals  rather  short,  unusually  far  behind  the  gill  open- 
iugH,  preceded  by  a  quadrate  naked  area,  which  is  covered  with  shining 
Hkiii.  Caudal  fin  narrow,  usually  Innate.  Air  bladder  simple;  a  few 
pyloric  cuica.  Vertebne  30  to  35;  anterior  vertebnu  little  enlarged. 
Genera  5 ;  species  about  12.  Small  fishes  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters 
ami  arms  of  the  sea  in  Northern  Europe  and  America ;  noted  for  their 
pniriiacity.  They  air  exceedingly  destructive  to  the  spawn  and  fry  of 
laijitu-  fishes.  "  It  is  scarcely  to  be  conceived  what  damage  these  little 
tislies  do,  and  how  greatly  detrimental  they  are  to  the  increase  of  all  the 
fi.Hlies  among  which  they  live,  for  it  is  with  the  utmost  industry,  sagacity, 
and  <;reedines8  that  they  seek  out  and  destroy  all  the  young  fry  that 
conic  their  way."  (Giinther.)  Most  of  the  sticklebacks  build  elaborate 
nests  which  the  male  fish  defends  with  much  spirit.  The  species  are 
extremely  variable,  being  apparently  readily  affected  by  changes  in 
snrroundings.     (Gaateroateidw,  Uiiuther,  Cat.,  I,  1-7,  1859.) 

Gastekostein*;:* 
■I.  I'liliic  bones  fully  joined,  forming  a  triangular  or  lanceolate  plate  on  nie<lian  lino  of 
linlly  behind  and  betwue.i  tlic  vontriil  fins. 
h.  Snout  moderately  produced,  not  tubiform  ;   caudal  peduncle  moderate  ;    ventral  not 
far  behind  pectoral,  its  rays  1, 1. 
c.  Gill  openings  confluent,  tlio  gill  niembrunes  forming  a  broad  free  margin  across 
the  isthmus, 
(I.  Dorsal  spinus  4  pr  5,  nondivcrgent,    and    nearly    equally  reclinable  ;    skin 
naked  ;  tail  not  keeled.  Gucama,  336. 

(Id.  Dorsal  spines  8  to  11,  divergent ;  skin  naked  or  nearly  so  ;  tail  keeled. 

PVQOSTEUS,  337. 

cc.  Gill  openings  restricted,  the  membranes  mcaially  uniteu  to  the  isthmus ;    dorsal 
with  two  tree  spiues ;  skin  mailed,  partly  mailed,  or  naked. 

Gasterosteus,  338. 

Al'KLTIN.T!  : 

<i>i.  Pubic  bones  widely  separated  posteriorly,  formingabony  ridge  on  each  side  of  abdomen, 
between  which  are  tbo  ventral  fins  ;  snout  short. 
f.  Dorsal  with  four  divergent  spines  ;  sides  not  mailed.  Apeltes,  330. 


:':)■■'■" 


.     The  same  is 


336.  EUCALIA,  Jordan. 

EiinilM,  JunDAN,  Man.  Vert.,  Ed.  i,  248,  1876,  (incotistans). 

Frosh-water  sticklebacks,  /eebly  armed,  the  skin  not  mailed,  the  dorsal 
spines  few  and  nondivcrgent,  the  gill  membranes  forming  a  free  fold 
across  the  isthmus;  pubic  bones  fully  united.  One  species  known. 
(£(',  well;  Ka?iid,  nest,  the  specie''  building  nests,  like  other  sticklebacks.) 

*  Tlio  subfamily  Spiiiachiinie,  with  th»)  snout  much  produced,  subtuiiiform,  the  dorsal  spines 
iiliunt  15  and  the  pubic  bones  joined  only  at  base,  consists  of  the  European  species,  Spinacltia 
spiuiuhia  (Linna-us).  It  is  not  rare  in  Northern  Europe  and  has  been  once  (probably  by  error 
iu  hibulihg)  ascribed  to  Newfoundland.    See  Sauvage,  IlSvision  des  Epinoches,  1874,  36. 


!':\      ! 


: 


^11 

'■lli 

;i'S/  ;'.'■ 

i    /ill 

,;*';;■; 

^  '  !     ■   ' 

i:';i 


I         ■       M    -i      I  I 


744 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


'T 


109«yEUCALIA  INC0N8TAN8  (Kirtland). 
(Brook  Sticklxback.) 

Head  3i;  depth  4.  D.  IV-1, 10;  A.  I,  10;  vertebrsB  14+18  =  32.  Body 
moderately  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  comparatively' 
stnnt,  not  keeled.  Skin  smooth,  entirely  destitute  of  dermal  plates,  tlie 
skeleton  plates  covered  by  it.  Innominate  bone  small ,  lanceolate,  covered 
by  the  skin.  Space  in  front  of  pectorals  small;  thoracic  processes  very 
slender  and  widely  separated,  covered  by  skin.  Gill  membranes  someM-hat 
free  posteriorly ;  gill  rakers  short.  Dorsal  spines  4  or  5,  low,  subequal,  in 
a  right  line,  a  cartilaginous  ridge  running  along  the  base  of  the  fin ;  anal 
spine  similar  to  dorsal  spines;  ventral  spines  short  and  sharp,  serrated. 
Males  in  spring  jet  black,  tinged  with  red  anteriorly;  females  and  young 
olivaceous,  mottled,  and  dotted  with  black.  Length  2^  inches.  New  York 
to  Kansas*  and  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  (Swift  Current,  etc.— 
Eigenmann);  in  fresh  waters  only,  and  especially  in  small  brooks;  abun- 
dant in  the  Great  Lake  region  and  south  to  central  Ohio  and  Illinois,  the 
southernmost  record  being  from  Decatur  County,  Indiana.  (W.  P. 
Shannon.)    Very  variable,     {inconstans,  variable.) 

GatleroHleiis  incomfam,  Kirtland,  Boat.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  in,  1841,  273,  brooks  of  Trumbull 

County,  Ohio. 
6a«(ero(i/et(8niicro})iu,  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1865,  81,  Fort  Riley,   Kansas.    (Coll. 

Dr.  Hatnmoiid.) 
Gaslerosteui  glMcepg,  Savvaoe,  Revision  des  ICpinoches,  35,  1874,  North  America. 
Eucalia  incotutans,  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sui.  Phila.,  1877,  66;    Eigenmann,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.,  1886,  238. 
Gasteroalem  incomtam,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  394, 1883. 

Represented  in  central  and  western  New  York  by 

109«a.  EUCALIA  IKC0NSTAN8  CATUGA  Jordan. 

Ventral  spines  as  long  as  pubic  bones  (usually  f  in  inconstans);  pectoral 
plate  small,  U-shaped  (V-shaped  in  inconstans).  Fin  rays  the  same,  the 
size  generally  smaller.  Known  from  about  Ithaca  and  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in 
small  brooks  and  in  the  lakes. 

EitcaJia  inconstani  cayuga,  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.,  Ed.  i,  249, 1876,  Cayuga  Lake,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
(Coll.  Dr.  B.  G.  Wilder.^ 

Represented  in  Lake  Superior  by 

lOeeb.  EUCALIA  INCONSTANS  PYGM^A  (Agassiz). 

D.  Ill  or  IV,  1,6;  A.  I,  6.  Said  to  have  the  body  shorter  and  deeper,  the 
rays  different.     Lake  Superior.     (Agassiz.)    If  this  difference  in  fin  rays 
really  exists,  this  may  be  a  distinct  species,     ^pygmceus,  dwarf.) 
Gatterosteiis  jtygmmit,  Aoabsiz,  Lake  Superior,  314, 1850,  Lake  Superior. 


*  Recorded  from  Sukkertoppcn,  Greenland,  by  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1865,  81.  Tliis 
record  needs  verification.  According  to  Cope,  the  Kansas  form,  microptu,  is  shorter  ai;U  deeper 
than  inconslatu,  with  snialler  postpectoral  plate  and  weaker  ventral  spines. 


U  ' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        746 


;.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 


337.  PYGOSTEUS,  Brevoort. 

PijgosteiM  (Bretoobt)  Oill,  Cat.  Fishes  East  Coast  N.  A.,  39,  IHGl;  name  ouly. 
I'ljijniiiiiii,  Gill,  Canadian  Naturalist,  ii,  8, 1806,  (occulentalu). 
(JiifliiDiilea,  Savvaoe,  Revision  des  ICpinoches,  iiU,  1874,  {pungitiui). 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  9  to  11  divergent  spines 
and  by  tbe  weakness  of  its  innominate  bones.  As  in  Eucalia,  the  gill 
nii-nibranes  form  a  broad  fold  across  the  isthmus.  Vertebriu  14  -|-  18  =  32. 
Species  2,  in  northern  regions,  the  following  cosmopolitan ;  a  second, 
PjIfloHteun  ninensis,  Guichenot,  from  China,  {nvyi/,  pubic  region;  oariov, 
bone.)  . 

1097.  PTGOSTEUS  PUNUITIUS  (Linnaeus). 

(NlNE-SPINEI>  StIUKLF.BACK.) 

Head  4;  depth  5  to  6.  D.  VIII  or  IX-T,  9 ;  A.  I,  8.  Body  very  slender, 
suniowhat  compressed,  tapering  into  the  very  long  and  slender  caudal 
peduncle,  which  is  much  depressed  and  strongly  keeled,  broader  than 
deep.  No  dermal  bony  plates  along  sides ;  small  plates  along  bases  of 
doi'Hal  and  anal,  and  on  caudal  keel;  skeletal  plates  not  at  all  covered  by 
skin.  Postpectoral  plate  well  developed,  striated.  Head  shortish,  the 
snout  rather  blunt.  Eye  large,  longer  than  snout.  Thoracic  processes 
well  developed,  widely  divergent,  forming  a  U-shaped  figure.  Bones  of 
skull  granulate,  its  surface  bones  all  weak.  Dorsal  spines  moderate,  the 
anterior  diverging  to  the  right  or  left  at  various  angles,  the  posterior  more 
nearly  erect;  anal  spine  large,  larger  than  the  dorsal  spines;  pubic  bone 
feeble,  lanceolate,  not  carinated,  its  edges  raised,  its  median  part  thin; 
ventral  spines  moderate,  serrulate,  their  length  more  than  i  that  of  the 
bead ;  caudal  lunate,  long  and  narrow.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender ;  gill 
membranes  free  from  the  isthmus  posteriorly.  Olivaceous  above,  profusely 
puiictulate,  irregularly  barred  with  darker;  silvery  below.  Length 
3  inches.  Northern  parts  of  Europe,  and  Atlantic  coasts  of  America  from 
Long  Island  to  the  Arctic  Sea,  also  in  tributaries  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Alaska,  where  it  abounds  in  the 
mountain  lakes  and  streams ;  a  widely  distributed  species,  found  in  both 
fresh  and  brackish  waters,     (pungitiua,  pricking.) 

(iaKlerotleus pungiliiiii,  LinNjF.us,  SyHt.  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  29G,  1758,  Europe;  after  Ganteronlem  actdeit 
in  (hirm ilecem,  Artedi;  Wai.iiavm,  Artedi  Pise,  1792,446;  GOntheb,  Oat.,  I,  6,1859;  Jobdan 
<Sc  GiLDEUT,  Synopsis,  393,  1883. 

I'ygosteus  pnngUius,  Eiqenmann,  Proc.  Ac.Nat.6ci.  Pliila.,  1886,235. 

Giisterosleiis  Ixi-u,  CuviEB,  Rdgno  Animal,  Ed.  2,  n,  170,  1829,  streams  of  France. 

Gmterosletts  occidentaJts,  CuviEB  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  iv,  509,  1829,  Newfound- 
land; not  O.  occideiilalis  of  Linna:u8,  wliich  is  an  unrecognized  species,  probably  of 
CarangUtiB. 

(Itiniernsieus  concinnuit,*  Richabdson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ill,  57,  1836,  Saskatchewan  River 
and  Great  Bear  Lake;  DeKay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  68, 1842. 

(Infterimlexis  mainensis,f  StOREH,  Bost.Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1837,  464,  Kennebec  County,  Maine. 

*'tho  names  couciiimumnil  ueUuhms  have  been  iised  for  the  fresh-water  form  ot  the  northern 
inland  lakes,  but  a  coiupaiisoii  of  specimens  from  Calumet  River,  Illinois,  with  others  from 
Massachusetts  shows  no  tangible  difference.  Wo  have  seen  none  with  less  than  9  dorsal  spines. 
Nor  ran  wo  separate  the  American  form  calli^d  occidetUalis  from  the  European  pHngiliua,  Bean 
re<'iinl8  no  difference  between  Hudson  Bay  s|>ecimen8  and  those  from  Massachusetts. 

t  Tiisse  two  names  may  represent  a  distinct  subspecies,  maiuemis,  distinguished  by  the  presence 
of  7  free  dui-sal  spines. 


'  4T' 


: 


i !  t 


i  ^y 


m 

I'll 


t'i^ 


i:»i 


i  ■:!i 


;1  I 

i 

i 

i 


^i*  i 


746 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Gaiteroiteiu  nehiiloimt,*  AoASsiz,  Lako  Sii\)oi-ior,  310,  ])l.  4,  flg.  4,  185(),  Lake  Superior. 
Qaitei-otlem  ilehiyi,  Agasbiz,  Lako  Siiih-rior,  311,  iH'iO,  Ne%v  York. 
OiuterosletiK  liilhiiriiKjus,  D:,ANi'llAUi>,  I'oiss.  France, 244, 180C,  Gordon,  Lorraine. 
Qanleroiiteitii  breekepti,  Bl.ANciiAun,  PoisK.  Friiiii-o,  24.'),  IKBIi,  Caen,  France. 
Gailerotteit  hlanchimli,^  Sauvage,  Revisiun  des  i'^pinochos,  .12,  1874,  New  York. 

Represented  in  Greenland  and  the  far  north  by 

y 

1007s.  PTMOSTKIIS  PrNGITIUK  BKACIITPODA  (Bean). 

D.  X-1, 10;  A.  1, 10.  Similar  to  /'.  pungitiuH,  but  the  ventral  spiueH  vtiv 
short,  their  length  u  little  Icbh  than  ^  that  of  head.  Mountain  streaniH  suid 
lakes,  about  Baffins  Bay;*  locally  abundant;  not  seen  by  us.  (.ii)a\i<, 
short;  Trorf,  foot.) 

Oasleroftetig  pungiliim  bracliypmla,  Bean,  Bull,  V.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  xv,  129, 1879,  Oosooadlin  Moun- 
tain, Cuixiberland  Gulf,  Greenland.  {Typi',  Xos.  i;i7:i8,  21766,  etc.  (-'oil.  Kiimltin  ) 
Jordan  &  Oilbbkt,  Synopsis,  394, 1883;  Eioenmann,  {.  c,  236. 


338.  GASTEROSTEUS  (Artedi)  Linnasus. 
(Sticklebacks.) 

Oaiterotleiu  (Autedi)  Linn^rus,  Syet.  Nat.,  x,  17.')8,  489,  (aaileatus). 
GtuUracauthiis,  Pali.as,  MOm.  Ac.  St.  Pctersb.,  ill,  325, 1811,  ({■(Uaphraclus). 
Leiunit,  Swainson,  Nat.  Hist.  Classen  Fishes,  11,  242,  1839,  (yiiniminiii). 

Sticklebacks  with  the  innominate  bones  coalescent  on  the  median  line 
of  the  belly,  behind  and  between  the  ventral  fins,  forming  a  triangular  or 
lanceolate  plate.  Uijl  membranes  united  to  the  isthmus.  Tail  slender, 
and  usually  keeled.  Skin  variously  covered  with  bony  plates.  Dorsal 
spines  3  in  number,  strong,  with  nondivergent  bases.  Species  numerous. 
Fresh  waters  and  shores  of  all  northern  regions ;  the  species  highly  varia- 
ble, those  found  in  the  sea  usually  with  the  body  completely  mailed,  tlie 
fresh  and  brackis^i  water  forms  variously  mailed  or  even  altogether  naked. 
It  is  probable  that  the  reduction  in  armature  is  in  some  degreu  connected 
with  life  in  fresh  waters.  It  is  also  probable  that  the  partially  naked 
fresh-water  forms  of  Europe  and  northeastern  and  northwestern  America 
have  been  in  each  case  derived  from  the  mailed  marine  forms  of  the  same 
region.  In  Europe,  the  mailed  and  partly  naked  forms  are  scarcely  sep- 
arable as  varieties.  In  western  America,  the  division  is  better  established, 
and  the  naked  and  partially  naked  forms  seem  definable  as  distinct  spe- 
cies, each  with  large  variation  within  its  range,  {yaarr/p,  belly ;  iiartm', 
bone. ) 

a.  Species  of  the  eastern  Atlantic,  robust,  with  short  dorsal  spines,  each  one  when  depr('8.''til 
not  reaching  the  next.  aculeatis,  Vi'M. 

aa.  Specie  of  tho  western  Atlantic,  more  slender,  with  longer  spines.  nisi'iNOSi'rf,  lODH. 

aaa.  Specie*  of  the  eastern  Pacific,  robust,  the  murine  forms  with  lung  spines. 

b.  Species  marine,  tho  body  wholly  mailed,  the  plates  well  developed  tbronghout. 

CATAPllRACTlIS,  U'"'. 

Jib.  Species  of  fresh  or  brackisli  waters,  not  wholly  mailed,  or  with  tho  posterior  plat'S 
very  small.  wii.liamsoxi,  lUU. 


♦The  common  Aliiskan  form  referred  by  Dr.  Bean  to  this  subspecies,  seems  to  be  nearer  tho 
typical  j)unj;t<iu«,  liaviug  the  ventral  spines  nearly  half  length  of  head. 


wm 


IPP 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        747 


I. 


1U9S.  (1AKTEK08TEUH  ACIILKATIJS,  liinnaiuii. 

(EuitOPEAK  St|<;KLI':BAVK;  I)(rRNHTICKI,K.) 

Head  3J  to  3i ;  depth  1 ;  eye  3|  to  4 ;  snout  3.  Body  rather  stout,  he»*d 
Hlioit,  snout  short,  mouth  obli<|ue,  niuxilhiry  not  reaching  eyo ;  caudal 
jiediiiicle  depressed,  keeled  or  not.  Dorsal  spines  short  and  stout,  usu- 
ally a  little  shorter  than  snout  and  strongly  serrate  ;  ventral  spines  about 
UH  lon^  us  from  tip  of  snout  to  pupil,  serrate  on  each  side,  and  with  strong 
liasul  cusp;  ventral  plate  broad  and  long,  longer  than  ventral  spines  or 
alioiit  as  long  as  snout  and  eye;  processes  from  shoulder  girdle  widely 
divirgcnt  inclosing  a  large  triangular  area.  Lateral  arnuiture  variable, 
tilt)  i>late8  6  to  32,  usually  none  on  caudal  peduncle ;  in  fresh-water  speci- 
iiu'iis  caudal  keel  generally  present  but  tleshy ;  in  unarmed  specimens  the 
poHterior  plates  when  present  on  the  caudal  peduncle  are  much  reduced  in 
si/e.  The  variation  in  the  sticklebacks  of  Europe  is  very  great,  as  was 
pointed  out  by  Day  *  some  years  ago.  This  is  also  shown  by  the  studies 
wliich  Dr.  Boulenger  has  recently  made  of  the  sticklebacks  of  England. 
Tlic  various  partly  naked  forms  are  not  suscept'ble  of  definition  even  as 
varieties.  Coasts  and  streams  of  northern  i^uropo;  abundant.  We 
include  this  form  in  the  present  memoir  on  the  supposition  that  the  mailed 
form  in  Greenland,  GanteroHteus  loricatiis,  Reinbardt,  belongs  to  it.  (acu- 
katitx,  spined.)     (Eu.) 

CMlirnnteiu  aculealuK,  LiNN*us,  Syst.  Nat.,K(l.  X,  1768,  489,  Europe;  complott-ly  mailed. 
(liisltrmleiia  tmchitrm,  CuviEU  &  Valkncienses,  Hist.  Nat.  Puisa.,  iv,  481,  1829,  France;  coin- 

phitoly  mailed;  31  plates. 
(^•istiriiKteus  pnnticun,  Nokdmann,  in  DcmidufT,  Vuy.  Uiisa.  Merid.,  iii,  3.'i7,  Tauria  and  Black 

Sea;  plates  fewer  than  in  aadealun. 
(IdxIerDHli'iiK  geiiiiarmatuK,  CiiviEa  &  Valenciennes,  IIlKt.  Nat.  PuiSH.,  iv,  493,  1829,  Havre;  14 

plates. 
OnfliriiKleuH  temUoricatus,  Ci;viE.i  &  VALENriENNES,  Hist.   Nat.   Poihs.,  iv,  494,  1H29,  Baillon;  13 

plates. 
ddshrin'teiiiileinrtiii,  CuviERife  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  481,  1829,  Seine;  0  plates. 
f  <!MleroHlfua  loricuhtK,  Keiniiardt,  Fauna  (iruenlandiea,  32,  37,  1837,  Greenland;  fully  armed; 

may  be  G.  hiitpinoKM. 
Cnilernsleiis  haiUoni,  Blancharb,  Poissons  dcs  eaux  donees  do  Franco,  231,  1860,  Abbeville. 
(iiisleronti'Hs  ueustrumut,  Kr.ANCiiARn,  Poissons  des  caux  donees  de  Frances,  220,  1866,  Harfleur; 

armature  internipted. 
dn.slertjaleun  arije  ^iiHsimtis,  Di.anciiard,  Poissons  des  eaux  donees  d«  France,  232,  1866,  Avignon; 

G  jilates. 

*Ur.  Frantis  Day  observes:  "It  appears  rcinarkablo  how  many  species  of  sticklebacks  have 
been  named,  ontnumberins;  even  those  of  the  Salmoiiidie  of  the  fresh  waters,  and  it  becomes  a 
first  consideration  whether  any  general  principles  are  perceptible  iu  the  distribution  of  these 
Bpecies  or  varieties.  It  is  in  the  ocean  more  tl.an  in  fresh  waters  that  wo  must  seek  the  spiuy- 
raycil  fishes;  and  similarly  it  is  on  the  seaboards  or  skirts  of  thu  oo'an  that  we  must  look  for 
sticklebacks  in  which  the  armaturo  of  the  sides  is  most  developed  (as  in  the  variety  (nicAiinu), 
while  sui'h  as  have  the  free  portion  of  the  tail  niiariiied  are  farthest  inlanil  or  on  elevated  pla- 
teaus; wlillo  in  the  center  of  Ireland  I  have  captured  examples  of  (r.  puuijiliiif  in  which  the  arma- 
tiiio  had  so  decreased  that  the  ventral  spine  was  entirely  uDsent.  It  has  been  jwinted  out  (Phil, 
Mil;;.,  18:}|,  v,  p.  290)  that  tho  variety  on  the  continent  with  the  shortest  spine  or  tho  most 
defenseless  form,  conies  from  Tuscany,  and  is  peculiar  to  still  waters,  where  it  «  ould  have  the 
fewest  enemies,  and  here  it  attains  to  a  frreat  size.  Taking  larjro  niimlKsrs  of  Irish  specimens  I 
found  considerable  differences  in  tho  length  of  the  ventral  spines  and  pubic  plates,  conclusively 
ehiiwing  that  such  characters  afl'ord  no  reliable  data. 

"  Heckel  and  Kner,  in  their  account  of  the  fishes  of  Austria,  did  not  admit  the  foi-egoing  to  be 
mure  than  varieties  differentiated  by  tho  development  of  the  lateral  scutes  or  plates,  which  they 
found  varied  in  number  between  3  and  28.'' — Day. 


:  ,:i   1    ;!  I- 


J-S 


;  I 


i     I 

In 


;l  ■  J 
if  ;■>! 


i"»l> 


%  r 


Ji;: 


5    I 


748 


liuUetin  v/,  United  Staffs  Natiottal  Museum. 


Qattermitnt  elrgiitm,  Di.anciiabd,  I'uiMioiiR  d«H  nuiix  iloiicoA  ilu  Fraiu-i-,  234,  I8(i)!,  Cadillac  an<l 

Langou;  0  platrH. 
(]aiitero$lem  iirijymimmiiH,  CuviKK  it  Valknciknnbh,  HlHt.  Niil.  rniKN.,  iv,  -IDK,  1H2!*,  Florence:  :\ 

plati'H. 
Oiutrrimlemhriirhiicnilrm,  (U'Virii  &  Vai.knmknnks,  IliMt.  Nut.  1'oIhh.,  iv,  4It!»,  lH'j!t,  Florence;   I 

pliitt'N. 
(7<iii<i>riNi/(i<(  titriuHmtlmii,  Crvir.ii  .V  Vai.knciknnf.h,  llint.  Nut.  I'oisH.,  iv,  4l»it,  iH'^i'.i,  Florence;  1 

pliitox;  4  ilomnl  NpilioH. 
GaUerDHliiiH  ((/(/(•riVinin,  Sai'VAiik,  K(''viHion  iIi'h  Kpino<'li)-N,  17,  1H74,  Algiers;  fl  pliiteN. 
Owderonlenn  inlmidirim,  Sai'va(!K.,  Hi'viHioii  <loH  l^piiiorlii-H,  VO,  1871,  Iceland;  !>  plittim. 
OanlmiKlfVii  yniiniurm,  ('I'VlK.n,  lli'd""  Aiiiiiml,  Kil.  '1,  II,  170,  Is'Jil, 
GiiHleronleun  fiiiiiiiliiHiiH,  Jf.nynh  &  YAidtKi.i,,  Muniiul,  IViO,  Edinburgh;  4  iluntal  Hpiii«H. 
Oaileroiittmii  antlealim,  Jordan  Hi  (ill.DKRT,  SyiiopHJH,  :tU5,  188H. 

J 

1090.  OASTKROSTKHS  DISPINOMIS,  Wull>aum. 
(Common  Kantkrn  STicKi.KiiArK.) 

HeadSA;  depth  4^.  D.  11-1,13;  A.  1,9;  lateral  plates 33.  Iloud  rutlx-i 
long.  Caudal  peduncle  very  slender,  covered  with  plates  similar  tothoNo 
on  the  body,  and  provided  with  a  conspicuous  keel.  Processes  from 
shoulder  girdle  below,  covering  most  of  the  breast,  leaving  a  narrow- 
naked  area  between  them.  Opercle  finely  striate.  Large  rugose  bony 
plates  on  each  side  of  base  of  dorsal  spines,  the  latter  Joined  to  them  by 
a  hinge  and  capable  of  being  firmly  set,  like  the  spines,  of  catfish. 
Naked  area  in  front  of  pectorals  largo;  pelvic  bone  lanceolate;  ven- 
tral spine  with  a  basal  cusp  ;  spines  all  serrate,  those  of  anal  and  soft 
dorsal  small.  Dark  greenish  al)ove ;  sides  silvery,  or  yellow ;  membraiM3s 
of  ventrals  often  red.  Length  4  inches.  The  stickleback  of  the  eant 
coast  of  North  America  seems  to  differ  from  the  European  (iaateroHtficf 
aculeattm  in  having  higher  spines  and  more  slender  body.  The  doiHal 
spines  when  depressed  each  extends  beyond  the  base  of  the  next.  In  other 
respects  G.  biaj/moHUit  does  not  differ  materially  from  G.  aciileatns.  Tlie 
typical  marine  form  has  the  body  fully  plated  as  in  the  marine  form  of  (1. 
aculeatiix;  itspai'tly  naked  fresh-water  varieties  (a/A»H«j/,«'Mt?jm,M)/je</</«H(/() 
are  better  defined  than  those  of  G.  acuhatuM,  and  are  less  abundant, being 
still  rare  in  collections.  Labrador  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  in  salt 
water;  very  common  in  New  England,     {bh,  two  ;  8pinotiu8,  spined.) 

TSvo-npined  Stickleback,  Pennant,   Arctic  Zoiilogy,  ii,  !t85,  1784;    after  Forster;  no  locality 

specified. 
GaUerottmi  bitpinoims,  Walraum,  Artcdi  Pise,  4M,  1792;  after  P:;  ^>\i;  said  to  be  "New 

York,"  but  more  likely  Hudson's  Bay  ;  Jordan  &  Gii.iiert,  Synopsis,  305,  1883. 
GoKteronlem  biacnleatm,  Shaw,  Zoiil.,  iv,  C08,  1839;  after  Pennant,  as  above;  Storer,  llist.  Fielic:s 

of  Ma<iB.,  88,  plate  Vlii,  flgs.  2  and  3,  1867. 

Represented  in  the  livers  of  Maine  and  Quebec  by 

lOeOa.  0ASTEK0STEII8  BI8PIN0SUH  ATKINSII  (Bean). 

Head  3i  ;  depth  4f ;  eye  3i  ;  snout  3,  a  little  greater  than  eye,  pointed  ; 
mouth  oblique,  maxillary  shorter  than  eye.  D.  II-1, 12 ;  A.  1, 8.  Lateral 
plates  variable,  usually  from  10  to  22  in  number,  the  posterior  ones  small 
and  weak ;  caudal  peduncle  depressed,  keel  usually  developed.     First  and 


liffppfi 


lordati  and  E7>ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


749 


!     1 


HC('«ii<l  dorsal  spiueH  luuf;  and  sleuder,  about  aa  loii^;  as  from  tip  of  Hiioiit  to 
|)ii))il,  slightly  serrate ;  pectoral  spiue  alHo  long  and  slender,  nearly  as 
loll};  iiH  snout  and  eye,  strongly  serrate,  and  with  cusp  at  base  on  outer 
Hido ;  ventral  plate  long  and  narrow,  about  as  long  as  the  ventral  spines. 
Pectoral  plate  broad  and  deep.  Upper  part  of  body  dark ;  more  or  less 
distinct,  dark  cross  bands  on  posterior  part  of  body,  darkest  on  caudal 
ptiiliiitcle ;  base  of  caudal  fin  with  a  black  bar;  under  parts  silvery 
c\(M>pt  on  caudal  peduncle,  where  there  are  a  few  dark  punctulations. 
QiioIm'c  ;  Maine.  (Named  for  Mr.  Charles  G.  Atkins,  Supt.  U.  S.  Fish 
Coiinnission  Station,  Craig  Brook,  Maine.) 

dmlmiKlein  (Mhrni,  Hean,  Pror.  tl.  .S.  Nut.  Mii.i.,  187!),  (17,  Schoodic  Lakes,  Maine.     (Typo, 
Nil.  'J24!»2.     Coll.  Atkiim.) 

Represented  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  in  brackish  water  from  Newfound- 
liiiul  to  Cape  Cod  by 

109ttb.''«ASTKROSTKUS  ItlSIMNOKI'M  <:rVIKItI  ((Jlnird). 

Head  4  ;  depth  5i  ;  eye  3J.  D.  II-I,  12 ;  A.  I,  8.  ]$ody  slender  and  com- 
proHsod.  Anterior  part  of  1)ody  with  four  lateral  ]>lates,  the  first  one 
liU'<;o8t ;  posterior  half  of  body  naked.  Tail  keeled.  Smooth  space  in 
front  of  the  pectoral  large  and  subcircular.  Posterior  processes  from  the 
Hlioulder  girdle  strong,  divergent,  leaving  a  naked  space  between  them; 
mouth  small  and  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  eye;  dorsal  spines 
loii<;,  acute,  and  serrate,  about  as  long  as  distance  from  tip  of  snout 
to  pupil ;  ventral  spines  slender,  as  long  as  snout  and  eye  ;  they  also  are 
Herrate  and  provided  with  a  cusp  at  the  base ;  ventral  plate  long  and  nar- 
row, as.long  as  from  tip  of  snout  to  jiosterior  edge  of  preoperole.  Color 
uuitbrm,  grayish  brown  on  head,  back,  and  posterior  half  of  body  ;  neck, 
opor  le,  and  naked  space  in  front  of  pectorals  silvery,  minutely  dotted 
with  brown.  (Girard.)  East  coast  of  North  America  from  Labrador  to 
Massachusetts,  in  fresh  or  brackish  water,  not  common  except  northward. 
( Named  for  Baron  Georges  Leopold  Chretien  Frdddric  Dagobert  Cuvier, 
17()0-1832,  the  father  of  comparative  anatomy  and,  therefore,  of  classifi- 
cation in  ichthyology.) 

t  GitaicrmieitstUmidiatiu,  Reinuardt,  FaunuGrdinlauilictt,  32,  .'17, 18:i7,  Greenland  ;  may  be  a  form 

of  G.  aculenliM. 
GaileroKleus  cuvieri,  GiRARD,  in  Storor's  Fishes  of  Nova  Scotia  anil  Labrador,  2.'(4,  plato  vii,  tig. 

1, 184»,  Bras  d'Or,  Red  Bay,  Labrador. 
<!aster3steus  wheallandi,  Putnam,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  4,  18t'i7,  Nahant;  Kkjenmann,  /.  c,  240. 

y 

1100.  (lASTEROSTKlJS  (ATAPHKACTITS  (Pallas). 
(Alaska  Stickleiiack  ;  Salmon  Killer.) 

Head  3  to  3J  ;  depth  4  to  4^^ ;  eye  3i  =  snout.  D.  II-I,  12 ;  A.  1, 8.  Body 
slender,  compressed;  head  small  and  pointed,  mouth  oblique,  maxillary 
uot  reaching  eye ;  caudal  peduncle  depressed,  keeled.  Processes  from 
shoulder  girdle  slightly  divergent,  leaving  a  narrow  naked  area  on  breast ; 
naked  area  in  front  of  pectorals  long  and  deep.  Dorsal  spines  long  and 
slender,  the  length  equaling  distance  from  snout  to  pupil;  third  dorsal 
aud  anal  spines  very  small,  curved  ;  ventral  spines  long,  slender,  as  long 


.; ;!' 


I   ! 


(t>: 


in 


I 


'■'■'■•a;-' 


760 


Bulletin  4J^  United  Slates  National  Museum. 


as  snout  aud  eye,  or  oven  longer  \\\  Honie  HpecimunH;  Herratu  at  buHu  and 
with  basul  cusp  ;  ventral  pinto  as  long  as  Hpine  in  many  spociuienH,  nar- 
row, the  greatest  width  2  tu  2\  in  length.  Lateral  armature  cunipli-iu, 
the  plates  gradually  reduced  in  sixo  posteriorly,  forming  a  distinct  cuimIuI 
keel.  Dark  grayihh  or  bluish  black  above,  silvery  itelow,  with  a  few  d:nk 
punctulatioDS,  thickest  on  caudal  ])cdunclo  and  nour  tip  of  ventral  spines, 
San  Francisco  to  Alaska  and  Kamchatka;  very  abundant  north  wind; 
rarely  or  never  entering  fresh  water.  Very  close  to  GaaterosteiiH  binphidHiix, 
and  only  distinguishable  by  the  more  robust  form ;  probably  both  of  tlicni 
to  be  regarded  as  geograpliical  subspecies  of  (iaatcroHtcua  acHlvtilim,  imd 
perhaps  not  really  recognizable  at  all.     {nuTuipixiKToi: ,  cataphractua,  mailed. ) 

OaiterapnulhiiM  cataphraclii»,  Pallar,  Mriii.  Ai'iul.  PetofHl).,  iii,  n2S,  1811,  Kamchatka. 
Oatteroiilfuii  oboliiriun,  CliviKu  &  Vai.knciknnks,  Hint.  Nat.  I'oIhh.,  iv,  r>(IO,  1H20,  Kamchatku. 
Oatlerotteiig  iiiHinlpiiis^  Riciiaiidhon,  Lost  Arrtlc  Vuyagc,  10,  pliito  xxv,  flgM.  1,  2,  anil  li,  Ik.,1, 

Northumberland  and  Puget  sounds. 
GaileroilftiH  terralm,  AvitEH,  Proc.  Cal,  Acuil.  Hci.,  1855,  47,  San  Francisco;  Sauvaok,  Revi.Hic;n 

doB  l-IpinochcB,  Hi,  1874. 
G(uler«»lemmlvniie<Uu»,iti\iKW,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1H56,  135,  Cape  Flattery. 
Oa$lerotte«*  uculeatm  catapliraclu$,  Jordan  <fe  Gii.iiebt,  SynoiwiH,  3!I0,  188;j. 

1101.  OAHTEltUSTEIIH  WILLIAMKONI,  (ilrard. 

Head3ito3|;  depth  3i  to  4;  eye  3i  to  4  ;  snout  =  eye.  Dorsal  II.  1, 
10  ;  anal  I,  8.  Body  short  and  deep,  not  especially  compressed ;  lit'ad 
small ;  mouth  small,  not  quite  as  oblique  as  in  var.  vileroci'phalua ;  maxil- 
lary not  reaching  eye ;  caudal  peduncle  deep  and  stout,  not  keeled.  Pro- 
cesses from  shoulder  girdle  widely  divergent,  inclosing  a  large  triaiiffu- 
lar  area.  Naked  area  in  front  of  pectoral  narrow.  First  and  second 
dorsal  spines  very  short  and  weak,  1^  to  2  in  distance  from  tip  of  snout 
to  pupil,  the  first  not  reaching  the  second  when  depressed,  and  the 
second  falling  far  short  of  the  third ;  ventral  spines  short  and  stunt, 
about  equal  to  snout,  broadened  at  base,  serrate  on  outer  side,  cusp 
sometimes  present ;  ventral  plate  broad,  longer  than  spines,  about  aa 
long  as  snout  to  posterior  edge  of  pupil.  Sides  nearly  always  without 
armature,  occasionally  2  or  3  anterior  plates  developed,  which  is  accom- 
panied by  a  greater  development  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  spines. 
Dusky,  sides  paler  and  mottled.  Males  with  the  head  bright  copiiery 
red.  This  description  is  based  upon  numerous'  specimens  collected  in 
Santa  Ana  River,  at  Colton,  California,  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Gilbert. 
Fresh-water  streams  of  southern  California;  locally  very  abundant, 
replacing microcep/taZMS  inland;  WilliaH»»u)n  Pass;  San  Bernardino  (Rosa 
Smith).  This  form  is  apparently  deri'  ed  from  G.  microcephalua,  and  is 
usually  well  distinguished.  (Named  /or  Lieut.  R.  S.  Williamson,  a  num- 
ber of  the  United  States  Pacific  Railroad  Survey,  by  whom  the  Bpeoies 
was  first  obtained.) 

Gaslerosletis  williamsoni,  Gibabd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1854, 133,  Williamson  Pass,*  Cali- 
fornia; (Coll.  Lieut.  Williamson);  Girahi),  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  93,  1858;  Sa'jvaoe,  Kc  vi- 
sion des  lilpinoches,  25,  1874;  Rosa  Smith,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miib.,  1883,  217;t  Kioenmann, 
I.  v.,  247.  

♦  This  paes  is  not  recognized  on  the  maps,  but  it  is  near  tlio  present  village  of  Sangus,  Ven- 
tura Cou'...y,  California, 
t  Specimen  said  to  have  come  from  an  artesian  well  at  San  Bernardino,  California. 


the  species 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        751 


l{('|)rt'Huiite(l  ill  couHtwiHo  HtrailiiiH  of  Ciilifurnia  iiud  nortiiwnrtl  by 

llUla.  (aSTEROSTKI'M  WILLIAMMONI  NK'iUM'KPiiAlirH  (Oirnrd). 
(Camfobnia  Sticklkhack.) 

lleadlMo  :H;  depth  3  to  3}  *  eye  4;  aiioiit  \\\.  DorHal  II-I,  11;  anal 
I,  h.  Hotly  short,  deep,  inotlora  ely  coiiipieHHed.  Caudal  peduncle  rather 
tl(M  p.  not  compressed,  nor  evidently  keeUnl.  ProceHHeu  from  Hhoulder 
^inllt)  livloNV  widely  diverging,  leaving  a  triangular  area  on  hreant; 
ualo-il  urea  in  front  of  pectorals  Hinaller  tliun  in  calaphrartitH.  Dorsal 
siiiiD'H  stout,  about  as  long  as  from  tip  of  snout  to  pupil;  third  dorsal 
spine  and  anal  spine  small ;  ventral  spines  stout,  about  equaling  distance 
fnnii  tip  of  snout  to  posterior  rim  of  orbit,  strongly  serrate  on  outer 
sidt!  and  with  a  distinct  basal  cusp;  ventral  plate  shorter  and  broader 
tliitn  in  mtdphradua,  about  half  as  wide  as  long.  Lateral  armature 
variable;  plates  usually  5  or  6,  but  sometimes  completely  armed  with  25 
or-ti;  all  intermediate  numbers  occasionally  found,  the  anterior  plates 
laific,  these  followed  by  smaller  ones;  the  posterior  half  usually 
unanued ;  often  the  plates  are  reduced  to  one  or  two,  or  even  entirely 
iitiHcnt,  especially  in  brook  specimens;  often  again  the  whole  length  of 
tho  body  is  provided  with  plates,  the  posterior  ones  quite  small,  consid- 
erably Hinaller  than  corresponding  plates  in  cataphractua,  but  forming  a 
•list i net  keel.  Usually  specimens  from  the  same  stream  are  alike  or 
nearly  so,  the  variously  armed  forms  having  the  nature  of  local  varieties. 
Tho  fully  armed  variety  abounds  in  San  Gregonio  Creek,  Pilarcitos  Creek, 
au<l  other  streams  of  the  west  slope  of  the  Sierra  Morena,  on  the  San  Fran- 
cisco peninsula.  Olivaceous,  silvery  below;  skin  thickly  punctulate; 
males  blackish  in  spring,  with  coppery  or  golden  luster.  Pacific  Coast 
of  the  United  States,  in  streams  and  brackish  waters ;  abundant  south- 
ward, ranging  from  Alaska  to  Todos  Santos  in  Lower  California.  Proba- 
bly all  oft'shoot  from  Gaitteroateus  cataphractua,  but  now  apparently  entirely 
ditt'crentiated.  We  have  seen  no  intermediate  forms,  the  fully  mailed 
examples  having  smaller  plates  *  than  in  Gaaterosteua  cataphractua.  {fxiKpSq, 
small ;  K£<pa?,7),  head,  but  the  head  is  unusually  large  for  a  stickleback.) 

GciKtirnsleus  microeephnlim,  GiRARi),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1854,  133,  Four  Creek  (Kaweah 

River),  u  tributary  of  Tule  Tiiiko  (Tulare  Lake)  San  Joaquin  Valley,  California;  Jordan 

fc  GiLiiERT,  Synopsis,  395,  1883. 
Ga^ternKtcM  plebeitis,   GiRAHD,    and     GasteronteuH    inopinaluii,    GiBARD,    {.    c,    147,    Presidio, 

California, 
GnslrriMiem  pugelli,  OlRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  185B,  13.'),  Fort  Steilacoom;  Paget 

Sound. 


*  "In  Oanteroslenii  microcephalim,  the  number  of  lateral  plates  vai'ie.s  from  0  to  2.'> (oxduding  tho 
keel).  Wliery  the  larger  number  is  preser  ♦,  they  extend  from  tlie  head  to  the  keel  on  tho  cau- 
dal piiluncle  V'hcn  ouly  the  smaller  ni  -er,  they  aio  iibovo  the  ventral  flns.  The  posterior 
plates  are  more  likely  to  be  absent  than  th  terior  ones.  The  variations  do  not  seem  to  bear 
aii.v  ri'lation  to  thu  character  of  the  stream,  il.  in  ono  of  two  himilar  streams  ',10  per  cent,  were 
foiiiiil  to  bo  fuIlT  plated,  while  in  the  other  none  had  more  than  seven  plates.  In  another 
stream  nil  equal  number  of  each  sort  was  taken.  Tho  number  bears  no  relation  to  age.  The 
cauilal  keel  is,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  confined  to  the  fully  mailed  individuals."  (Cloudsley 
Uutlcr,  MS.) 


m 

t 

r 

( 

i 

;    i 

\w 


I      ; 


1  i(j 


i  \    i 


'I! 


762 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


339.  APELTES,  De  Kay. 

AptUn,  D*  Kay,  Now  York  Fauna:  Kliihiii,  67,  1H4'2,  Nnm«n  unihim,  (>/H<i((riinM). 
Aptllef,  Jordan,  .Man.  Vert.,  KJ.  i,  240,  lH7)l,  UiHailraeuii;  gKniiN  cliaractori/.pil). 

Bo<1y  moderately  elongate,  Homowlmt  compreaHod,  tlio  back  elevated  at 
the  begiuiiing  of  the  Hoft  dorHal  tin,  thence  declining  in  nearly  a  Htriiii,'lit 
line  to  tip  of  snout.  Tail  very  slender,  not  keeled.  No  hony  dornwii 
plates;  the  skin  naked.  Innominate  hones  not  Joined  on  the  mediiin  line 
but  separated,  forming  a  bony  ridge  on  each  side  of  the  abdomen,  b«>l(i\v 
which  the  strong  ventral  spines  are  depressible.  Chest  mostly  bony; 
bare  area  in  front  of  pectorals  smalt,  but  distinct.  ii'xW  rakers  nitiitT 
short.  Gill  membranes  attached  to  the  isthmus,  without  free  eil^«>. 
Free  dorsal  spines  3,  strong,  the  first  the  longest,  directed  to  one  HJdo; 
the  next  two  directed  toward  the  other  si<le  at  ditterent  angles  ;  attiioluid 
spine  of  dorsal  and  anal  well  developed ;  a  bony  ridgo  on  each  sido  uf 
the  spinous  dorsal.    American,    (a,  privative  ;  n'^Any,  shield.) 

y 

1102.  APEIiTKN  qiTADKACIN  (Mitt hill). 

Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  III-I,  11 ;  A.  I,  8.  Trunk  oblong  ;  head  pointed; 
caudal  peduncle  very  long  and  slender,  not  keeled,  about  5  in  lon^'th. 
Mouth  small,  horizontal  t  maxillary  not  reaching  to  eye;  teeth  slendt-r, 
in  a  single  series.  No  bony  dermal  plates  along  sides.  Scapula  forming 
a  small  granulated  postopercular  plate.  Innominate  bones  wide  apart; 
the  area  between  them  flat,  so  that  a  section  of  the  flsh  is  triangular. 
Gill  membrane  broadly  united  to  the  isthmus.  Free  dorsal  spines  diver- 
gent; the  spines  slender,  pointed,  slightly  serrate;  distance  between 
first  and  third  spine  much  less  than  that  between  third  and  fourth ;  the 
first  extending  beyond  base  of  third ;  caudal  long,  narrow;  anal  similar 
to  soft  dorsal  and  coterminous  with  it;  its  spine  under  third  ray  of  dor- 
sal ;  ventral  spines  strong,  subterete ;  serrate  on  both  edges  and  covered 
by  skin  to  near  tip ;  when  the  ventral  spines  are  set  they  point  almost 
sidewise,  when  depressed  they  lie  along  inside  of  innominate  bones. 
Brownish  olive  above,  mottled  with  darker ;  silvery  below  ;  male  almost 
black ;  ventrals  with  the  membrane  red  in  spring.  Length  1^  to  2^ 
inches.  Maine  to  New  Jersey,  in  salt  water;  very  abundant  northward. 
{quatuor,  four ;  acu8,  spine.) 

QanteroBletif  qtiadractu,  MiTcHiLL,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Pliil.  Soc.,  1, 1815,  430,  New  York;  GCntiikb, 

Cat.,  I,  7,  1859. 
Gatterotlewt  apeltet,  CuriER  &  Valbnoibknes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  5(J5,  1829,  no  locality. 
Gailerotleus  millipunctatiui,  Ayreb,  Boat.  Joiirn.  Nat.  Hist.,  1842,  294,  Old  Man's  Harbor,  Lonp 

Island. 
Apeltei  qttadracut,  Johdan  &  Qilbert,  Syno|)t)i8,  396,  18Ki;  Eic.enmann,  I.  c,  242. 

Family  XCIX.  AULORHYNCHID^. 

Body  elongate,  nearly  cylindrical,  with  a  very  slender,  depressed  caudal 
peduncle.  Skin  naked,  with  a  few  series  of  partly  concealed  platcfl. 
Mouth  terminal,  small,  at  the  end  of  a  tube  which  is  about  as  long  aH  the 


Jordan  ami  F.vermann.— 'Fishes  of  North  Amtrica.        753 


reNi  of  tlio  liuu«l,  itH  ItiiHe  formed  uf  the  IwugthutuMl  Hyiiiplttctiti  i|iiu(lrate 
uiiil  jitcrygoid  ;  t«»th  vury  Biiiall ;  pminnxillary  formiii);  inoMt  of  iiiui'Kin 
ot'iiioiith,  the  niuxillary  vxpoHud  at  the  corner.  nrunchio8t*^K<^lH  4.  Gill* 
(III  iiiliMiiioH  alightly  coiiiittoted,  free  from  the  isthmuH.  DorHul  tin  with 
iiiuiiy  HiMiiU, low,  free Hpintm,  eachof  whicli  iNdnpruMctihle  in  a  groove;  soft 
(loi >iil  Hli(»rt,  elevated  in  front ;  unal  similar  to  the  Heeoud  dorHiil,  preceded 
liy  a  Hiiigle  Hptne ;  cnndul  iln  Hmiill,  forked.  An  uhlong,  nuked  urea  in  front 
of  tlie  poctorala.  VentrulH  aultthrracio,  very  clone  together,  inHcrted 
Hoiiifwhut  behind  pectorulH,  I,  4.  VerteliDe  2r>4-2i>,  those  behind  anal 
exceedingly  conipreHHed.  Anterior  vertebrie  little  enlarged,  (jeneru  2; 
{.liilorbiinvhuH  and  JuUchthyii);  specioH  2.  Small  liahea  of  the  North 
Pucifx!,  very  cIohc  to  the  Htickleba«kM,  intermediute  between  them  und 
tlio  trnmpet-flsheB.     {.tulorhj/ttchida;  Oill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1H»>2, 


2X1 ) 


Skill  i>r  lii'iui  nHkt'il ;  |Hictorul  flnN  cinurKlnate. 


Aiil.iiKiiYM'rii'H,  :i4(). 


jrk;  Gf'NTHEB, 


340.  AULORHYNCHUS,  (iill. 

^ii/((r;i//n<-*H«,  GiiL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  Phlla.,  18(11,  160,  (/InrWiM). 
/Iii(m'"/>«,  Pbtkhs,  Ifctrllner  Monntslioriuhte,  18(10, 07(1,  (xpiMctrmwi), 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  almost  cylindrical;  candal  peduncle  elon- 
gate, tapering,  much  depressed,  especially  posteriorly.  Skin  nuked,  with 
a  Hbries  of  small,  rr.gose  shields,  one  on  each  side  of  the  lateral  lino,  a 
lUirsal  row  to  which  the  spines  are  attached,  and  a  row  on  the  lower  edge 
of  ciiiidal  peduncle.  These  plates  closely  resemble  the  dorsal  plateH,  having 
a  groove  through  the  middle  in  which  for  a  short  distance  behind  the  anal 
there  lies  a  fln  ray,  besides  small  pores,  probably  mucous  pores.  Lateral 
lino  present.  Head  not  mailed.  Mouth  small,  horizontal,  at  the  end  of 
a  tube  which  is  slightly  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  bead.  Premaxillary 
bunes  much  expanded,  with  long  and  slender  processes ;  lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting, with  a  flap  at  symphysis.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  rather  sharp,  almost 
iu  one  series;  palate  toothless.  Dorsal  spines  numerous,  entirely  sepa- 
rate, equal  and  very  short,  the  first  inserted  above  the  pectorals;  dorsal 
and  anal  fins  posterior,  nearly  equal,  oblong,  elevated  in  front;  caudal 
fin  small,  emarginate ;  pectoral  fins  emarginate,  the  upper  and  lower  rays 
longest ;  veutrals  not  much  behind  pectorals,  each  with  1  spine  and  4  rays. 
(n'r/.t'ir,  a  tube;  fiiiyxf^i'i  snout.) 

*Tlin  gill  furiimla  is  as  follows  accorilinK  to  Mr.  Rutter: 


1 

2 
3 
4 

Bnsi- 
branchlal. 

Hypo- 
brancbial. 

Cora to- 
branchial. 

Epi- 
brancbial. 

PliarynRo- 
brancbiul. 

Present. 

Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

F.  N.  A.- 


f 


ii 


754 


Jiutletin  4jy  United  States  National  Museum. 


1108.  Al  LORHYNCHim  FIiATlDirH,OIII. 

IIoBtl  l;d«i)tliin.  I).  XXV-0;  A.I,»;  V.  I,  4.  OillrukurHHUuider.  Doi  .1 
BpiiieH  iiiliuito,  iiiiich  Bliurh>r  tli»n  pupil.  Cuiidiil  pmliiitclu  loiiKur  tli.iu 
houil.  Tawny,  with  about  2(hlurkor  ci-uhh  blotcliua  on  tlio  buck;  iniinit<  ly 
punctulato  abovo;  opercnla  anil  anti^pectoral  ruf^iuu  with  bright  k<>I<I<'|i 
or  oopp«i-y  luHtur,  bordered  above  by  a  bluckinh  biiiid.  CoiiHt  of  Ciiii- 
forniu  from  San  NicehtHlHhind  und  Monterey  northward  to  8itku,  AluNka; 
rathnr  riire ;  a  ciiriouH  little  tish,  like  a  Htickletmck  in  Htructure,  but  with 
the  produoiMl  Huout  of  Fhtularia.     (Jlavidun.  yellowiHh.) 

.Morhiinrhmjhinihifi,  (lii.i,,  Pror.  A<'.  Niil.  Sol.  I'IiIIh.,  iHill,  Km.  Coast  of  Washington.    |i  h||. 

I>r.  Ki'iiiicrly);  Htkindal-iinkii,  Itliili.   D<'ltr.,  v,  IMI,   IHTii;  Joiidax  U  (Iimikmt,  Syiiii|>MN, 

3!»1,  l^HU. 
Aulitctipt  fpinencenii,  I'rtrrn,  BiTliix^r  Muimtalier.,  Mil,  WW. 

Family  C.  AULOSTOMID.i:. 

(TlIK    TUUMI'KT-KIHIIKS.) 

Body  oompreHttud,  olonf^ato,  covered  with  Huiall  ctenoid  Hcub^H.  Latii.il 
lino  continuouH.  Ileiul  loiij;;  mouth  tmuill,  at  the  end  of  u  lon^;,  cDtn- 
presaod  tube.  Lower  jaw  prominent,  with  a  barbel  at  the  HyniphysiN. 
Premaxillury  feeble,  not  protractile;  maxillary  bnmd,  triangular,  wiliin 
supplemental  bone.  Teeth  minute,  in  ImndH,  on  lower  jaw  and  vomer. 
BranchioBtegals  4.  (ilillH  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobraiiciiin' 
well  developed.  (lill  rakers  obsolete.  Gill  membranes  separate,  froo  finiii 
the  isthnius.  Air  bladder  large.  Spinous  dorsal  present,  of  8-12  wvy 
slender  free  spines;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  rather  long,  similar,  posterior, 
with  23  to  28  rays  each;  caudal  small,  rhombic,  the  middle  rays  loy^cHt, 
but  not  produced  into  a  filament;  veutrals  abdominal,  of  6  rays,  all  artic- 
ulated; pectorals  broad,  rounded,  the  space  in  front  of  them  scaly.  First 
four  vertebne  elongated.  Two  pyloric  c(i;ca.  A  single  genus,  with  two 
species,  found  in  tropical  seas.  {Fiatulariidw,  part,  genus  Aulostoma,  (iliiu- 
ther,  Cat.,  ili,  535-538,  1801.) 

341.  AULOSTOMUS,  Laodpfede. 

Aulo»lftmuii,  liArfcpf.nK,  Hist.  Nut.  PoIbs.,  v,  367,  180.1,  (chineiuu). 
Aulotliima,  Soiilrof.i,,  Kaiiim  Japonica,  320,  1842;  cliango  of  gpclUng, 
Volypteru-hthjiK,  ]>i.rkkkr,  Tomato  li,  (!08,  {ralentiui  =^  chiiieiuu). 
BolenoHlmmiH,  Gronow,  Cat.  FiHhes,  Ed,  Gray,  146,  1854,  (chinensin). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.     (atiAof,  tube;  aro/in,  month.) 

a.  Basn  of  Hoft  (lonuil  and  anal  not  black;  each  flu  with  a  black  band  parallel  with  its  1i:ihp. 

6.  Kyo2to2i4  in  postorbitnl  part  of  head;  ground  color  reddish;  silvery  latcriil  stiviiksi 

not  all  below  lateral  line.  haoulah's.  \W. 

W».  Eye  3^  in  postorbltal  part  of  head;  ground  color  brown;  lateral  silvery  strinUs  nil 

below  the  lateral  line.  cinkhf.i  s,  I  Wo. 

1104.  AUL08T0XV8  HACULATU8,  Valenciennes. 
(Trompetero.) 

Head  3;  eye  2  to  2^  in  postorbital  part  of  head.  D.  X-23;  A,  25: 
V.  6.     Lower  jaw  prominent,  keeled,  with  a  small  barbell  at  the  sympliysis; 


.t':,.i..:>-  :».iii:^'; 


Jflrdan  ami  F.yermantt. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


7/W 


jiit'iiiaxillnry  nlender ;  niaxitlary  broad;  triaiiKnlar  patohen  of  minute 
tnth  on  lower  jaw,  vom«r,  palatiiii^H,  y^\\\  arolu<H,  aixi  |>haryii){(«ala. 
Iiilimtiiial  canal  Hhort ;  two  pyloric  cn>ca.  01ivao«M>iiii,  with  one  or  two 
Hi'i  ioN  of  brown  or  blue  dotn  along  each  Hide  of  the  back  ;  anotlier  irregn- 
lai  MerieH  from  the  preoperciilnm  alont;  each  Hide  of  the  belly  to  tim  anal 
I'm  ;  three  or  four  Hilvery  linnH  on  each  Hide  of  abdomen,  replaced  on  the 
liciid  l>y  irregular  obli<|ue  HtreakH  ;  anterior  part  of  dornal  and  anal  witn 
u  liorizontal  black  band,  parallel  with  baHe  of  tin  but  remote  from  it ; 
caiidal  tin  usually  with  two  rtiund  black  Hpotii;  ventral  tins  plain,  Hputted. 
((iiinther.)  Caribbean  Sea,  north  to  southern  Florida;  rather  common 
Houthward.     (_maeviXaini,  spotted.) 

.lii/ot/nrMii  »iiim/(i/Nm,  Valrnoicnnm,*  in  ('iivler,  llliist.   I'oliwoiii,  |ilati<  \n,  flg.'z    ftbout  IMS; 

JiiRDAN  it  OlI.BRHT,  8jrili>|itiiil,  .'IIN),  \\)»\\. 
.MMoma  rohralum,  Mf  Ll.RB  aiitl  TROgcilKi.,   ill  8cliuliit)urgl(,   Illiitury  Uiirbatltvl,   673,  1848, 

Barbadoea;  CIOnthch,  Cut.,  iii,  !>'M,  IHOI. 


1105.  AULNOTOMITH  C'INKKKIIN,  I>oey. 

IIead3i;  depth  14^;  eye  14^  in  bead,  3 ^  in  distance  to  gill  opening. 
Donml  X.  Insertion  of  anal  midway  between  ventral  and  caudal.  Sim- 
ilar to  Aitlostomua  maculatuit,  but  the  ground  color  brown  instead  of  red- 
dJNh ;  bead  with  black  and  white  points;  trunk  with  black  points;  6 
]iiile  longitudinal  streaks  all  below  the  lateral  line;  (in  Auloiitomua 
vKiriilatua  there  are  4  below,  one  on,  and  one  above  the  lateral  line); 
caudal  greenish,  with  blackish  spots,  the  angles  yellowish.  Cuba.  (Poey.) 
One  specimen  known,  cow  in  the  Museum  of  Berlin,  perhaps  a  variation 
ot  AuloHtomua  maoulatua.    (ctntreus,  ashy  gray.) 

Aulniiioma  cinereiim,  Poet,  Synopiia  Pise.  Cub.,  380,  18(17,  Cuba. 


Family  CI.  FISTULARIIDiE. 

(Thk  Coknet-fishks.) 

Kody  extremely  elongate,  much  depressed,  broader  than  deep.  Scale- 
less,  but  having  bony  plates  present  on  various  parts  of  the  body, 
inoHtly  covered  by  the  skin.  Head  very  long,  the  anterior  bones  of  the 
MJiull  much  produced,  forming  a  long  tube,  which  terminates  in  t'le  nar- 
row mouth;  this  tube  formed  by  the  symplectic,  proethmoid,  nieta- 
]iti>rygoid,  mesopterygoid,  quadrate,  palatines,  vomer,  and  mesethmoid. 
Hoth  jaws,  and  usually  the  vomer  and  palatines  also,  with  minute 
teeth ;  membrane  uniting  the  bones  of  the  tube  below,  very  lax,  so  that 
the  tube  is  capable  of  much  dilation.  I'ost-temporal  coossified  with  the 
cranium.     Brancbiostegals  5  to  7;    gills  4,   a  slit  l>ehind   the  fourth. 


*  Poey  remarks,  "Dr.  Qllnthor  places  Aulnnloma  maculatum  in  the  synonymy  of  AuloMoma 
'■•iliratum,  but  this  latter  name  Reenis  lBter,8in('e  Valunciounes  (('uv.  <Sc  Val.,  xix,  M)  i|uote8  in 
iHtO,  tiio  plate  <J8  of  the  Illustrated  Kditiou  uf  Cuvier." 


;-ii! 


i 


«iirf<fl^ 


''' 


ii 


.*>. 


}  ' 


!;.i 


I!'  3 


iiil; 


756 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Oill  *  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus ;  gill  rakers  obsolete. 
Basibraachial  elements  wanting.  Pseudobranchite  present.  Air  blad- 
der large.  Spinous  dorsal  fin  entirely  absent ;  soft  dorsal  short,  posterior, 
somewhat  elevated ;  anal  fin  opposite  it  and  similar;  caudal  tin  forked, 
the  middle  rays  produced  into  a  long  filament ;  pectorals  small,  with  ,1 
broad  base,  preceded  by  a  smooth  area  as  in  GasteroHteidw ;  pectornl 
ossicles  3 ;  interclavicles  greatly  lengthened  ;  supraclavicles  Very  small ; 
ventral  fins  veiy  small,  wide  apart,  abdominal  (through  partial  atrophy 
of  tb"  girdld,  by  which  they  )  ise  connection  with  the  interclavicles),  far 
in  advance  of  the  dorsal,  ^'-  ,)osed  of  6  soft  rays.  Pyloric  coeca  few  : 
Intestine  short.  Vertebn  /y  numerous  (4 -f- 44  to  49  +  28  to  33) ;  the 
first  four  vertebrte  very  long.  Fishes  of  the  tropical  seas,  related  to  tho 
Bticklebc>.ck8  in  structure,  but  with  prolonged  snout  and  different  ventral 
fins.  A  single  genus,  with  3  species.  (Fiatulariidw,  part,  genus  Fintularia, 
Gunther,  Cat.,  in,  529-535,  1861.) 

342.  FISTULARIA,  Linnaeus. 
(Trumpet-fishes.) 

Bolenottomut,  Klein,  Missus  iv,  23,  1710,  (nonbinoniial). 

FuMaria,  'Lwvx.vs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed   x,  1758,  312,  (labaearia). 

CatmorhffHchut,  Cantor,  Malayan  Fisbos,  211,  1S50,  {tabacaria;  FiMHlaria  imng  regarded  an  pre- 

occnpied  by  Donati  in  1760,  for  a  pre-Linnaian  genus  of  Polyps). 
Flagellaria,  Obonow,  Cat.  Fishes,  146,  ^8!'yi,  {fiatularis  =  tabacaria). 

Characters  oi  the  genus  included  above.  The  bony  shields,  character- 
istic of  this  genns,  are  the  following :  t 

1.  A  narrow  strip  along  the  median  line  of  the  back  behind  the 
skull  (confluent  neural  spines). 

2.  The  pair  of  broader  lateral  dorsal  shields  are  peculiar  bones,  sepa- 
rated processes  of  the  occipital  bune.  These  shields  are  the  lougeHt, 
provided  anteriorly  with  a  ridge,  which  is  prolonged  and  extends  far  back- 
ward between  the  muscles  of  the  back.  This  ridge  is  flexible,  and  does 
not  interfere  with  the  lateral  movements  of  the  fish;  it  appears  to  servo 
as  a  base  for  the  attachment  of  muscular  fibers. 

3.  The  narrow  shield  on  the  side  is  the  postclavicle,  its  posterior  part 
being  dilated  and  fixed  to  the  lateral  dorsal  shields. 

*  The  gill  formula  ik,  according  to  Mr.  Butter : 


Hypo- 
brancbJAl. 

Cerato- 
brancbial. 

Bpi- 
branchial. 

Pharyngo- 
branchial. 

1 

2 
3 
4 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

Present. 
Present. 
Present. 

-f  According  to  Dr.  QUnthor,  the  wording  somewhat  altered  by  Mr.  Cloudsley  Rutter,  who  htm 
made  a  special  study  of  these  fishes. 


il   I 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America,         757 


T^m 

i 

4.  The  ventral  shields  are  the  interclavicles;  their  posterior  half  is 
liroadest,  much  pitted  inferiorly  ;  they  are  narrower  before  the  middle, 
l)>aviD|r  a  free  lanceolate  spk?.e  between  them,  and  are  again  a  little 
widened  anteriorly,  where  they  join  the  clavicle  and  urohyal.  These 
liliiteH  extend  as  far  backward  as  the  anchylosed  vertebrw.  (fistula,  a 
tube  or  pipe.) 

II.  Upper  lateral  edges  of  8no<:t  with  few  serrations  or  none;  body  with  blue  Hputs. 

TABACARIA,  HOC. 

an,  Upiier  lateral  edges  of  snout  Bhar]>ly  serrated;  body  with  few  blue  spots,  or  none. 

b.  Two  middle  ridges  on  snout  well  separated,  diTorging  on  anterior  half  of  length  of 
snout,  converging  Anally  on  its  foremost  part ;  skin  nearly  smooth. 

DEPBESBA,  1107. 

hb.  Two  middle  ridges  on  snout  close  together  and  parallel  on  anterior  half  of  its  length, 

■lowly  converging  forward  from  the  middle;  skin  rough,  i'etimba,  1108. 

1106.  FIKTULiRIA  TABACARIA,  Linneus. 
(Trvmpet-fibh;  Tromprteso.) 

Head  2i, ;  mandible  about  4  in  snout ;  snout  3|  in  length  of  body.  D. 
14;  A.  13.  Mouthslightly  oblique,  lower  jaw  the  longer,  overlapping  the 
upper ;  snout  much  prolonged,  tapering  but  Mttle  forward '  its  edges  with 
fine  serrations  or  none.  Margin  of  orbit  with  sharp  compressed  points  in 
front  and  behind.  Reddish  brown  above,  variegated  with  numerous  large, 
unequal,  oblong,  pale-blue  spots  on  the  sides  and  back,  arranged  in  series. 
West  Indies  and  neighboring  seas,  generally  common  ;  occasional  north- 
ward to  Carolina  and  Florida,  or  even  to  Long  Island.  Reaches  a  length 
of  6  feet,     (tabacariua,  from  tobacco;  having  the  form  of  a  pipe.) 

I'etimbimba,  Marcobave,  Hist.  Brazil,  148, 1648. 

ristularia  tabacaria,  LiNN^GUB,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  312,  1758,  Tropical  America;  Bloch,  Ichthy- 

ologia,  plate  387,  fig.  1, 179 1 ;  Valenciennes,  iu  Cuvieb,  Bt^gne  Animal,  lUust.  Poiseons,  pi. 

02,  flg.  1,  1845  to  1850;  OCnther,  Cut.,  in,  629, 1861;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  389,  1883. 
FiKlularianeoboracenrii,  MiTcuiLL,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc,  i,  1815,  437,  New  York. 
AulaHtome  marcgravii,  Castelnav,  Anini.  Nouv.  Amer.  Sud,  30,  1850,  Bahia;  Rio  Janeiro. 
nagellariaJUttUaris,  Oronow,  Cat.  Fish.,  146,  1854,  American  Ocean. 


1107.  FI8TULARIA  DEPRGSSA,  OUnther. 

(COBNETA.) 

Head  2|;  depth  10  in  head;  snout  3i  in  body.  D.  15;  A.  14.  Bones  of 
the  head  less  deeply  sculptured  than  in  F,  aerrata,  interorbital  space 
slightly  concave  with  median  ridges.  Two  middle  ridges  on  upper  surface 
uf snout  not  very  close  together,  nearest  together  mesi ally;  lateral  margins 
of  snout  slightly  serrate,  the  anterior  half  entire;  lower  margins  entire, 
not  showing  from  above,  diverging  again  on  the  anteriorhalf  of  length  of 
Huoat,  converging  again  finally  on  the  foremost  part.  Body  much 
depressed,  nearly  smooth,  the  skin  being  scarcely  rough.  Color  nearly 
plain  browi' ,  t'i»^  blue  spots  wanting.  Length  2  feet.  Recorded  from  the 
East  Indies,  Australia,  China,  Panama,  and  Lower  California ;  abundant 
iu  the  Gulf  of  California  and  southward  to  Panama,  (depreatut,  depreased.) 


Ill 


nl 

i     t 
I.    '. 


■'^: 


14: 


■,-.:(■ 


758 


Bulletin  47^  United  Stales  National  Museum. 


l-i-  . 


VUMaria  depre(t$a,  OOnthbb,  Report  on  Shore  Fisboa,  Challenger  Report,  69,  pi.  32,*  fiit.  H,  1R8(i, 
type  from  Sulu  Archipelago  ;  other  Ri>eciinena  from  Natal;  Zanzibar;  Amboyna  ; 
China;  New  Guinea;  New  South  Wales;  Fiji  Islands;  California. 


1108.  FISTULARIA  PETIHBA,  Lacgpdde. 

Head  2i ;  snout  3J.  D.  14 ;  A.  13.  Interorbital  space  concave ;  the  2 
middle  ridges  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  suout  run  close  and  parallel  to 
each  other  along  the  anterior  half  of  the  length  of  the  snout,  being  far- 
thest apart  near  the  middle ;  lateral  margin  of  snout  strongly  serrated, 
except  on  its  anterior  third.  Body  moderately  depressed,  with  minute 
asperities  which  render  the  skin  rough  to  the  touch.  Color  nearly  uniform 
brown ;  fins  reddish.  Length  5  feet.  Western  Pacific,  and  other  warm 
seas,  also  recorded  from  the  Bermudas  (J.  M.  Jones)  and  from  Cuba  (Poey). 
(Petimbtiaia,  Portuguese  name  of  Fiatularia  tahacaria.) 

Pipe,  John  White,  Voyage  New  South  Wales,  pi.  04,  fig.  2. 

Pitlularia  tabacaria,  var.,  BtocH,  Ichth.,  pi.  387,  tig.  2,  1794,  "Coll.  Linke  at  Leipzig;"  wrongly 

flgarod  as  spotted  with  blue;  snout  serrate;  2  caudal  filaments. 
FStbtlaria  pelimba,  Lac£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisa.,  v,  340,  1803,  (excl.  syn.),  New  Britain,  Isle  of 

Reunion,  equatorial  Pacific;  based  ou  specimens  and  manuscripts  of  Commenion;  snout 

serrate;  body  immaculate. 
Fidularia  Herrala,  Cl'Vi"'!,  K^gne  Animal,  Ed.  i,  349,  1817  (after  Bi.och);  GOntiier,  Cat.,  in,  53;t, 

1861;  GOntiier,  Shore  Fishes,  Challenger,  68,  pi.  32,  fig.  C,  1880;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  8yii- 
'   opsis,  390,  1883. 
Fiatularia  immacttlata,  CuviGR,  R6gne  Animal,  Ed.  i,  349,  1817,  Sea  of  the  Indies;  after  Com. 

MERSON  and  John  White. 
Fitlularia  commenoiiii,  RVppell,  Neuu  Wirbelthiere,  142,  1834,  Red  Sea. 


Family  CII.  MACRORHAMPHOSID^.     " 

(The  Snipefishes.) 

Body  compressed,  oblong,  or  elevated,  covered  with  small,  rough  scales ; 
no  lateral  line ;  some  bony  strips  on  the  side  of  the  back  and  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  the  formef  sometimes  confluent  into  a 
shield.  Bones  of  the  skull  much  prolonged  anteriorly,  forming  a  lung 
tube  which  bears  the  short  jaws  at  the  end ;  no  teeth.  Gill  openings  wide ; 
branchiostegals  4.  Branchihyals  and  pharyngeals  mostly  present,  the 
fourth  superior  branchihyal  and  the  first  and  fourth  superior  pliiiryngeals 
only  wanting.  Two  dorsal  fins,  the  first  of  4  to  7  spines,  the  second  of 
which  is  very  long  and  strong;  soft  dorsal  and  iiial  moderate;  ventral 
fins  small,  abdominal,  of  1  spine  and  5  soft  rays ;  2>  ctorals  short ;  caiidal 
fin  emarginate,  its  middle  rays  not  produced.  Air  bladder  large ;  pseudo- 
branchia)  present.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth;  ve  tebraj  about  24,  the 
four  anterior  ones  much  lengthened ;  no  pyloric  coica ;  intestinal  canal 
short.    Three  or  more  species,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World,  one  of  them 


' '  m 


*In  this  figure  the  lower  lateral  ridge  appears  outsidp  of  the  upper  or  serrated  ridgo.  This  is 
due  to  an  artificial  depression  of  the  expansible  beak.  In  other  respects  the  California  specieii 
agrees  with  GUnther's  figure  of  the  type  from  Sulu  Archipelago. 


!  1    ^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


759 


Ht  I  riving  to  America,  placed  in  two  genera,  Macrorhamphonus  and  Centri- 
«(,/;yv.    (Centri8cid(e,  part,  genuH  Centrixcita*  Uiinther,  III,  518-524,  18H1.) 

.1    iliMly  oblong,  graduating  into  tlie  caudal  peduncle;  ha,Qk  Htraiglit;  dorHnI  8]>iiiPH  al)out  7. 

Macbubiiami'Uobus,  343. 

343-  MACRORHAMPHOSUS,  Lacdp^de. 

(Snipefishes.) 

Minorhnmphomiii,  Lao(:p£dk,  HlBt.  Nat,  Poisa.,  v,  136,  1803,  {comtUuii  =  iirolopax), 
Ceiitrisciiit,  CuviER,  B^gne  Anini.,  Ed.  i,  ii,  350,  1817,  {svolopwt;  not  Centrucus,  L.). 
iUi'rn.iiKithiiii,  Gronow,  Cat.  FistieH,  147,  1854,  (ncolopaje). 
(MhiMhiis,  GlM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  234,  (reUlaru). 

Hudy  oblong,  graduating  into  the  caudal  peduncle;  back  straight ;  dor- 
gal  HpineB  about  7.  Characters  otherwise  included  above.  (naKpbc,  long; 
lidiidi'i,  snout.) 

1100.  MACRORHAMPHOSUS  SCOLOPAX  (LlnniBug). 
(Snipefibh  ;  Trumpkt-fish  ;  Bellows-fish.) 

Head  2i ;  depth  3*  to  4.  D.  V-12 ;  A.  20 ;  vertebrsR  8  + 16.  Body 
strongly  compressed  and  somewhat  elevated,  covered  with  small  striated 
locales,  each  stria  terminating  in  a  rather  strong  spine ;  second  dorsal 
Hpine  very  strong,  serrated  posteriorly,  its  length  about  ^  total  length  of 
fish  ;  snout  several  times  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Rose  red  or 
rcildisli  olive  above,  silvery  on  the  sides  and  belly.  Mediterranean  Sea ; 
occasional  northward  to  southern  England;  accidental  on  our  North 
Atlantic  Coast.     (scoJojjax,  snipe.)    (Eu.) 

;;,i;i.«/.s  scoJopux,  Linn^us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  .320,  Mediterranean. 
Sihtnis  comntiw,  Forbkal,  DoBcr.  Anim.,  66,  1775,  Marseilles. 

Cmtriscut  scolopax,  LiNN.£U8,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xil,  i,  415,  1706  ;  GJntheb,  Cat.,  iii,  518,  1801; 
Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  388,  1883. 


irS7 

1 

I 

T 

Order  AA.  LOPHOBRANCHII. 
(The   Lophobranchs.) 

(lills  tufted,  not  laminated,  composed  of  small  rounded  lobes  attached 
to  the  gill  arches.  Interclavicles  well  developed.  Scapula  suspended  to 
I  lie  cranium  by  a  post- temporal.  Superior  branchihyals  and  pharyngeals, 
aiul  basal  branchihyals  wanting  or  not  ossified.  Mouth  very  small, 
Imiiiuled  above  by  the  premaxillaries.  Post-temporal  simple,  coossitied 
with  the  cranium;  basis  of  the  cranium  simple.  Pectoral  fins  with 
elevated  bases.  Anterior  vertebrm  modified,  the  diapophyses  much 
expanded.  Air  bladder  simple,  without  air  duct.  Snout  produced,  bear- 
ing the  small  toothless  mouth  at  the  end.  Gill  covers  reduced  to  a  large 
simple  plate.    Skin  with  bony  plates.     Muscular  system  little  developed. 


*Th('  original  type  of  Cenlriacitii,  LinnfcuB,  and  tiie  only  Bpccies  placed  by  him  in  Cenfmciw  in 
till'  tcntli  edition  of  the  Systeiiia  Naturae,  is  CfHtrincus  Kcutatim  L.,  a  species  of  a  difforeuv  family. 
For  the  genus  usually  called  AmphuUe,  tlie  name  Cenlrisctu  must  therefore  bo  used. 


!    !• 


!     'I   ■ 


'•'^■^'l    ■'       ''^l' 


'If!  ■ 


'■a. :<[•■: 


!,.(■■'  -;v;>   • 


ii    ji: 


ilil:; 


760  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Tho  family  mentioned  below  has  neither  spinous  dorsal,  nor  vential 
fins ;  the  SolenoHtomatUhe  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  constituting  the  suborder 
Solenostomi,  have  all  the  fins  well  developed.  {Lophobranchii,  Giiutbtr, 
Cat.,  VIII,  150-206, 1870.)    i'Ao(po^,  crest;  i3puyxoi,  gill.) 


Families  of  LOPHOBRANCHII. 

Syngnatiii: 
a.  NospiuuusdorMl  flu;  no  ventral  fins;  gill  openings  narrow. 


Synonatiiida:,  cm. 


Suborder   SYNGNATHI. 

This  group  is  characterized  among  the  Lophobranchii  by  the  absence  of 
spinous  dorsal  and  ventral  fins.  It  represents  the  extreme  of  degradation 
of  the  line  of  descent  composed  of  the  Hemibranchii  and  Lophobranchii. 


Family  CIII.   SYNGNATHID^. 

(The  Pipefishes.) 

Body  elongate,  usually  slender,  covered  with  bony  plates  which  are 
firmly  connected,  forming  a  bony  carapace.  Head  slender,  the  snout  long, 
tube-like,  bearing  the  short  toothless  jaws  at  the  end.  Gill  openings 
reduced  to  a  small  aperture  behind  the  upper  part  of  the  opercle.  Tail 
long,  prehensile  or  not,  usually  provided  with  a  small  caudal  fin.  Male 
fishes  with  an  egg  pouch,  usually  placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  tail, 
sometimes  on  the  abdomen,  commonly  formed  of  two  folds  of  skin  which 
meet  on  the  median  line.  The  eggs  are  received  into  this  pouch  and 
retained  until  some  time  after  hatchings  when  the  pouch  opens,  permit- 
ting the  young  to  escape.  Dorsal  fin  single,  nearly  median,  of  soft  rays 
only  ;  pectorals  small,  or  wanting  ;  ventrals  none ;  anal  fin  minute,  usually 
present.  Genera  about  15 ;  species  150.  Small  fishes,  found  in  all  warm 
seas,  sometimes  entering  fresh  waters.  {tSyngnathidw,  Giinther,  Cat.,  viii, 
153-206,1870.) 

SVNQNATIIIN.f:: 

a.  Tail  not  prehonsile,  usnally  witii  a  caudal  fin;  axis  of  head  uraallyin  line  with  axin  of 
body. 
b.  Humeral  bones  united. 

c.  Pectoral  fins  present;  caudal  present. 

d.  Male  with  the  egg  pouch  tinder  the  tail,  formed  by  lateral  membranes  which 

become  connected  along  tue  middle,  forming  a  clo!<ed  pouch. 

e.  Dorsal  fln  inserted  over  or  just  before  tho  vent;  dorsal  edges  of  trunk  and 

tail  continuous.  Sipiiostoma,  :!44. 

dil.  Male  with  the  egg  pouch  on  the  abdomen;  ridges  of  the  body  |irominent  uiiJ 

distinct;  caudal  fln  moderate.  Doryriiamfhus,  <lt'^ 

cc.  Pectoral  flns  wanting;  caudal  wanting  or  rudimentary;  mule  with  the  ova  attaclicd 

to  tho  abdomen,  without  closed  pouch;  no  adipose  fin. 

/.  Back  without  peculiar  tube.  Synonatiius,  H46. 

ff.  Back  with  a  peculiar  tube  inclosed  by  the  scutes,  and  extending  for  a  distanre 

before  the  dorsal  fin.  Osphyolax,  'iil. 


i  u 


xtmvA:,  (HI. 


with  axis  nf 


brancs  wliich 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        761 


llii'i  iicampin.t;  1 
,1 '.   Tail  iirnhennilo;  caudal  fln  small;  hoart  shaped  likethat  of  ahorao,  plarod  at  a  lar^e angle 
with  axis  of  iKxIjr;  ogg  punch  at  hast  of  tnll. 
1).  Budy  comprusHt'd;  occiput  with  a  niirrow  buny  cruat,  surmounted  hy  a  coronet;  shields 
with  tubercles  or  spiuos.  Hii'Pocampuk,  U48. 

344.  SIPHOSTOMA,*  Rafinesqiie. 

filjilinfliimn,  RAflNMQrn,  Carattori  Nuovi  Ocnert,  18,  1810,  (pelagiciu). 

S!iii'.ii"illi'i''t  HwAiNSoN,  Nat.  n\it.  Class'n.  Anim.,  ii,  1H3'J,  'M'i,  (dcH*),  and  of  writers  generally; 

imt  of  LiNN.»:c«,  a«  first  reMtrlcted  hy  R.\FiNF«g(!E. 
JUVunnipHU,  KaI'P,  Lophobnincliii,  2:i,  18r)(i,  igraiji). 
Tiii.liijrhiimiihm,  Kadt,  Lophobr.,  211,  1850,  (demi^iM). 
CiniilhroicMhiiH,  Kaim',  Lopbiibr.,  25,  1856,  (albiroMrw). 
birimiliHilelliUH,  GiLl,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  18(12,  283,  (piiHCtiiiiimu), 

Body  elongate,  very  slender,  6  or  7  augled,  not  compressed,  tapering 
into  a  very  long  tail ;  the  dorsal  keels  of  the  trunk  not  continuous  with 
th'iNe  of  the  tail.  Head  slender,  tapering  into  a  long,  tube-like,  subterete 
Hiioiit,  which  bears  the  very  short,  toothless  jaws  at  the  end.  Humeral 
iMiiies  firmly  united  with  the  "breast  ring."  Body  covered  with  a  series 
of  bony,  keeled,  radiated  plates,  arranged  in  linear  series.  Dorsal  fin 
di.stinct,  rather  short,  inserted  before  or  opposite  the  vent,  which  is 
near  the  middle  of  the  body  ;  caudal  fin  present,  rather  small ;  anal  fin 
minute,  close  behind  vent;  pectorals  developed,  short  and  rather  broad. 
Male  fishes  with  an  egg  pouch  along  the  under  side  of  the  tail,  formed  by 
two  cutaneous  folds,  and  splitting  lengthwise  to  release  the  young  fishes. 
Species  very  numerous,  inhabiting  all  warm  seas ;  abounding  in  bays 
among  the  seaweeds,  and  entering  the  rivers.  The  females  in  most 
species  are  deeper  than  the  males,  with  more  robust  trunk,  with  longer 
snuut,  and  a  more  distinct  ventral  keel,     (vt^uv,  tube  ;  arona,  mouth.) 

n.  Top  of  head  with  a  slight  carination  or  none;  snout  keeled  or  not;  opercle  without  promi- 
nent ridge;  base  of  dorsal  not  elevated. 
I1KRMAT08TETHV8  (£e'pju.a,  skin;  o-T^f^os,  breast): 
h.  Breast  shields  covered  by  soft  skin;  head  not  quite  in  a  right  line  with  axis  of  body; 
dorsal  41;  rings  19  -f  39;  body  robust;  snout  moderate;  tail  twice  as  long  as  trunk; 
head  considerably  keeled  above.  i-unctipinni;,  1110. 

hh.  Breast  shields  not  covered  with  skin;  head  about  in  line  with  axis  of  body. 
Sipiiostoma: 
<'.  Dorsal  moderate  or  long,  its  first  ray  in  advance  of  vent;  snout  moderate  or  long; 
angles  of  body  generally  prominent, 
(i.  Dorsal  covering  1  or  2  body  rings. 
e.  Dorsal  covering  9  caudal  rings. 

'*  The  genus  Sijngnalhus  nf  Linntcus,  originally  equivalent  to  the  modern  family  of  SniignathidK, 
was  tirst  subdivided  by  llaflnesque  in  1810.  The  name  Siphootiinm  was  given  to  S.  pelagiciiK  und 
its  relatives,  the  Sununatlius  of  late  writers,  that  of  TipMe  to  S.  tiiphle,  tins  Siphimosloma  of  late 
writt'rs,  while  SyngiuithiK  was  retained  for  S.  teqnoreus  and  its  relatives,  the  group  now  usually 
calli'd  Neriiphis,  the  type  of  Nerophin  being  Simgnilhti*  ophidian,  L.  This  arrangement  lias  been 
ailiiptcd  here,  but  it  isopen  to  two  ol>jcctiong  besides  the  fact  that  it  is  contrary  to  the  general 
nsagp,  which  makes  uras  the  type  of  Sjinijnalhns,  in  accordanace  with  Swainson's  arrangement. 
Tliest;  objections  are,  (1)  that  Artedi,  from  whomLinnieus  accepted  the  genus  %H9u<i//iMfi,  did  not 
know  of  the  existence  of  Siiugnalhiig  injuoretis,  and  (2)  the  statement  of  Linnieus  (which  we  have 
been  unable  to  verifiy),  that  the  type  of  each  of  his  genera  is  the  "best  known  European  or 
oltii-inal  species."  SyngHathus  aciis  would  meet  this  requirement,  but  not  Syngnathits  eequoreus, 
wliii'h  bad  not  then  i>eeu  found  in  Europe.  Should  these  objections  be  found  valid,  SyngneUhiu 
Would  take  the  place  of  Siphoatomu,  and  Nerophii  that  of  SyHgnalhut, 


■  *  ■ 


)1 

4 


m 


i 


n 


i    ■\- 


762 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


/.  Hack  traiiHToraoly  coiicnvo,  tlio  itiiUtfl  uf  tli(>  body  alito  roiicuvt';    ilm 

anglvH  V)sry  Hharp;  doriMl  rayH  40  to  44,    the  tin  on  1   {  ^y^  ritiu'": 

ringH  about  17  >  41;  Hiuiiit  HtnitiKly  kttelud.  carinatim,  1 1 II. 

ff.  Rack  traiiHVLTHely  convex,  thu  lateral  faces  of  body  flat  or  codvl-x.  iIh' 

hiikIch  blunt. 

</.  Kings  20  to  21  |  45  or  4U;   top  of  bead  not  keolod;  Bnont  li>nt.': 

Bi/.i!  larKo;  dorsal  rays  1(9  to  40  on  111)  rings. 

CALIFORNIRNHR,  1 1  I  J. 

gg.  RingH  18  or  19  +  39  to  42;  snout  shorter,  slightly  keoh'd;  ilm-iij 
;«>  to 41,  on  1  I-  9  rings.  OHtHeoLiNeATUM,  Ilia. 

ax.  Dorsal  covering  about  C  or  7  caudal  rings,  rarely  fewer. 
h.  Body  rings  10  to  20. 

i.  Caudal  rings  !)0  to  41. 

j.  Dorsal  lays  :iO  to  ;i2;  snout  2  or  less  in  head;  head  sompwhiit 

keeled  in  .young.  i.Ei'TORiiYNciirM,  1 114. 

.{;',  Dorsul  rays  ;(7,  on  1  17  rings;  rings  20  1-41;  snout  inndirati', 

•  IJ/iJ  in  lll'lld.  FI8TULATIM,  III'). 

I'j.  Caudal  rings  31  to  :i4. 

k.  Dorsal  rays  34;   rings  18  4-31;  snout  short;  bo<ly  stout:  tail 

Siiort.  IIABIIAU.K,    II  III. 

lik.  Dorsal  rays  27  to  31. 

/.  Snout  moderate,  \%  to  2  in  head;  dorsal  on  2  +  0  ring's. 

MAfKAVr,  1117. 
//.  Snout  long,  1>/,  in  head;   dorsal  on  1   {7  rays,  nirclv  i>ii 

2    1-6.  KI-ORII).?.,  1118. 

Hi.  Caudal  rings  24;  body  rings  19;  dorsal  rays  30,  on  1  >  0  rlnus 
snout  long;  body  slender.  i-ofyi,  lll'.i. 

///(.  Body  rings  15;  caudal  rings  38;  dorsul  rays  29  to  \Vi;  top  of  lieiid  dis- 
tinctly keeled;  snout  short.  auliscis,  llji. 
eee.  Dorsal  covering  4  or  5  body  rings. 
m.  Dorsal  rays  24  to  32. 

H.  Dorsal    rays    29  to  32,  on  1  |- 9  rings;  rings  17  +  35;  snout  •!  in 

head;  head  with  keel.  I'Ei.Aiiici.M,  1121, 

MM.  Dorsal  rays  20  to  28,  on  V/^-\-tt  rings;  rings  10  to  34;  snout  Klinrt, 

2  in  head;  head  with  slight  keel.  uoi'8SE.\r,  Wil. 

niin.  Dorsal  rays  24  or  25,  on  about  1  +  4  Hugs;  rings  usually  Ki  -\-  :i '.; 

snout  short,  2  in  head.  emicens,*  1 1'J.'i. 

mm.  Dorsal  very  short,  18  rays,  on  1  +  5  rings;  rings  17  +  32;  snout  eliort. 

J0NE8I,  1124. 

eeee.  Dorsal  very  short,  covering  3  caudal  rings,  and  l}/^  body  rings;  its  liiys 
20  to  23;  rings  17  +  27;  snout  very  short;  head  keeled  above. 

BUACHYCBPUALUM,  ll'i.'>. 

fhl.  Dorsal  covering  3  body  and  4  to  6  caudal  rings, 
o.  Kings  IC  or  17  I  29  to  32. 

p.  Snout  rather  short,  not  half  length  of  head;  dorsal  fin  very  hi^h:  rin^'H 
18  +  33;  dorsal  35,  on  5  +  4  rings;  belly  in  female  with  ii  liliuU 
keel;  sides  with  narrow  vertical  silvery  streaks;  dorsal  spotted. 

AFFI.NE,   MM. 

pp.  Snout  rather  long,  more  tlian  half  head. 

ij.  Rings  18  +  31  to  34;  dorsal  30  to  34,  on  3  +  5  rings. 

scovEiti,  lli:'. 

7</.  Rings  17  +  .31;  dorsal  rays  30,  on  3  -|-  0  rings;  head  little  UciIimI 

above.  iiaiudianum,  ll'-f*. 

oo.  Kings  20  to  21+30  to  38;  dorsal  32  to  37,  on  3  |  5  rings;  belly  tlal  ni 

slightly  concave;  snout  moderate.  louisian.)-:,  11::'). 

ooo.  Rings  16  to  20  +  30  to  40;  dorsal  30  to  40,  on  5  +  4  or  4  +  5  rings. 

FUSCUM,  H:to. 

*  IncUxdiug  flaviroatre,  picUtralum,  linea,  marmoreum,  and  ascendetit. 


COIICOTC;    tlio 
RINATIM,   Ml. 

or  convex,  thu 
1;  snout  luriK: 

RNIRNHr.  III'J. 

kecli'd;  dmi-al 

INKATUM,  lll:i. 


load  Rompwliiit 

lYNUIItlM,   1114. 

loHt  inodcrati', 

rULATlM,   111'.. 

otly  stent;  tiiil 

ABIIAU.K,   II  III. 

2  +  6  ring's. 

VIACKAVI,  1117. 

rajH,  rarely  cm 
KI.ORID.H,  1118. 
)n  1  1  ()  riiii;s; 
I'OK.VI,  lll'.i. 
op  of  lit'ud  (lis- 
iUllsrcs,  II '20. 


55;  snout  J  in 
Aiiicr.M,  ll:il. 
;  snout  sliiii't, 
issEAr,  112J. 
uallyl(;-t-,31; 
IICEN8,*  irj.i. 
;  6Uout  8lii>rt. 

J0NE8I,  UH. 

rings;  it.f  ni.ys 
above. 

PIIAI.UH,  lli'i. 


ry  hiRli;  rincM 
with  II  M;iiU 
111  s|H)tteil. 
AFKI.NE,   ll.:il. 


'OVEU.I,  I  1  '^', 

I  little  ki'>  leil 
)IANl-M,  IIJS. 
bolly  flat  or 
ISIAN.K,  1129. 

rings. 

IISCUM,  lliitl. 


fordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        763 


IV .  Donal  An  largo,  of  ;i8  rays,  tlin  flrst  ray  not  in  advanco  of  vont;  rings  14  -f-  37. 

BTAKK8I,  1131. 
(cr.  Dorsal  fin  very  short,  its  first  ray  not  in  advance  of  vent;   rings  154- M7  to  MO; 
■Dout  very  short,  lesH  than  {{  head;  uugles  of  lH>dy  littlii  marked,  tho  form  sub- 
teroto, 
r.  Dorsal  ra.is  20;  rings  IS  j  :U);  snout  1^^  in  head.  arctcm,  1132. 

IT.  Dorsal  rays  20;  rin^s  15-|-38  or  30;  snout  3  in  h(>iul;  body  witli  dark  crosa 
bunds  anil  pale  spots.  chinhikhim,  1133. 

r(invTiiiiiiii'HTiiV8  (KOpiiflpos,  crown;  tx*"*,  fi'l'): 
,1,1.   T'.p  of  liuiid  strongly  carinated,  kucl  usually  extending  from  iutororbltal  spaeo  to  first  bixly 
ring;  body  stout,  usually  with  sharp  angles  and  variegated  coloration;  head  in  line 
with  axis  of  body;  opcrcio  with  a  prominent  ridge. 
...  I'auiliil  rings  iilHiiit  30;  dorsal  rays  ^3  to  27,  snout  short. 

/.  Kings  18  + MO;  dorsitl  rays  2:1,  on  1+4  rings;  snout  2}  in  head,  itc  color  white;  body 
with  12  irregular  brown  cross  bands,  and  white  markings. 

AMIIROSTRE,  1134. 

M.  I  'aiiilal  rings  25,  body  rings  20;  dorsal  rays  40,  on  3  +  7  rings;  snout  long,  moru  than 
half  head;  form  of  body  uudescribed.  uayennrnsk,  1135. 

Subgenus  DERMATOSTETHUS,  Oill. 

1110.  8IPH0ST0MA  PUNCTIPINNB  (Gill). 

Head  H.  D.  41 ;  rings  19  +  39.  Eye  large.  Body  comparatively  robust. 
Snout  inodorate,  a  little  longer  than  tho  rest  of  the  head.  Occiput  with 
a  raiNcd  keel ;  joint  between  the  occiput  and  the  first  dorsal  shield  more 
pert'cct  than  usual,  so  that  the  head  can  be  placed  at  an  angle  with  the 
body.  Greatest  depth  about  equal  to  length  of  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Skill  oil  breast  and  anterior  ventral  plates  thin,  showing  the  striation  of 
tho  Ixines.  Tail  twice  as  long  as  trunk.  Brown ;  dorsal  fin  si)eckled. 
Length  VI  inches.  San  Diego,  known  only  from  the  original  types,  which 
{lossildy  are  not  distinct  from  S,  grheolineatum.  (puncttia,  dotted;  pinna, 
tin.) 

I)enmit(islithuiij)ii)tctlpinHis,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  283,  San  Diego,  California. 
,^'l>/l«s^<m/l  pitnclipiime,  8wAiN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  .Mus.,  1882,  308;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis, 

liHr.,  1883. 

Subgenus  SIPHOSTOMA. 

1111.  SIPHOSTOMA  CARINATUM,  Gilbert. 

Rinf,'H  17  or  18  +  40  to  42.  D.  usually  43  or  44  (39  to  44)  on  1  +  8J  rings. 
Snout  very  slender,  compressed,  its  length  IJ  to  lA  times  rest  of  head. 
Eye  2^1,  in  postorbital  part  of  head.  Head  and  trnnk  contained  1^  to 
IJ  ill  tail.  Trunk  2k  in  tail.  Closely  related  to  SiphoHtoma  caUj'ornienHe 
and  (jrixeolineatum,  differing  in  the  very  slender,  sharply  keeled  enout,  in 
tbe  lii'lght  and  sharpness  of  the  body  ridges,  the  upper  and  lateral  faces 
beinjj  all  concave,  and  in  the  coloration.  No  ridge  on  opercle.  Breast 
and  liidly  Avith  a  low  median  keel.  Snout  sharply  keeled,  the  ridge  ceas- 
ing oil  interorbital  space  to  reapjiear  on  occiput  and  first  nuchal  plate. 
Lateral  ridge  interrupted  immediately  above  the  vent.  Base  of  dorsal 
eiiualing  length  of  head,  covering  9^  rings,  only  the  first  of  which  is  in 
front  of  the  vent;  pectorals  short,  i  length  of  snout ;  caudal  pouch  on  22 
anul  plates.     Keels  on  body  sharp  and  high,  and  the  interspaces  are 


i' 


)  • 


i  t 


'I 


Mi 


764 


Bulletin  47 ^  United  States  National  -Museum. 


transversely  concave.  Color  light  olive  or  grayish,  the  huok  and  upper 
part  of  sides  mottled  with  brown,  this  frequently  taking  the  fomi  of 
rather  wide,  ill-ditfined  bars;  interspace  between  bars  often  marked  witli 
a  narrow,  pearly-white  crossbar;  on  lower  portion  of  sides  of  till,  a 
browu  streak  between  each  two  plates;  dorsal  light,  iiH  baual  portion 
with  oblique  browu  streaks  and  spots;  central  portion  of  caudal  dusky, 
the  fin  broadly  margined  all  around  with  white.  Many  specimeuN,  iniileN 
and  females,  from  Albatross  Stations  3027  and  3028,  in  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia; the  largest  8^  inches  long.     (carina<u»,  keeled.) 

Siphottomu  rariimtum,  Gilhkbt,  I'roc.  U.  S.  'Sat.  M118.,  1891,  M7,  Oulf  of  California,  31''  31' 
N.,  114°  «9'  W.     (Coll.  AllitttroM.) 

1112/NIPH0NT0M\  CALIFORNIENNE  (Storer). 

(QBKAT   PlPF.t'IMII.) 

Head  6^  to  8}  in  total  length ;  D.  39  to  46;  rings  20  to  21+47  to  49. 
Trunk  robust.  Snout  very  long,  H  to  Ijf  in  head,  with  median  rid^tt 
above  and  below.  Occiput  and  nuchal  plates  not  carinated  in  atliilts. 
Dorsal  shorter  than  bead,  covering  1  +  9  rings ;  distance  to  dorsal  '-'J  in 
length;  pectorals  as  long  as  high,  equaling  in  length  the  dianioter  of 
eye ;  caudal  pouch  of  males  covering  21  to  25  rings,  its  length  3  in  total. 
Color  in  life  olivaceous,  varying  to  brownish  red ;  yellowish  below  ;  liead 
and  body  variously  marbled  and  speckled  with  whitish,  the  niiiikiii); 
posteriorly  taking  the  form  of  short  horizontal  grayish  streaks,  especially 
distinct  on  the  top  of  the  head ;  anteriorly  often  forming  narrow  han. 
Snout  variable,  sometimes  not  longer  than  head.  Pacific  CoaHt  of  tlie 
United  States  from  Santa  Barbara  northward ;  common  south  of  San 
Francisco.  Much  larger  than  the  other  American  species,  reachiug  a 
length  of  18  inches.  Described  here  from  specimens  taken  at  Santa 
Barbara  and  Monterey. 

Byngnathvui  ealifomiemw,  Storeb,  Proc.  Dost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  11, 184S,  73,  California. 
Siphottomn  cali/iimieHite,  8wAl{r,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1882,  309;  Jordan  &  Oilbbrt,  .SviiopKiH, 

384,  1883.  ^ 

/ 

lllS^SIPHOSTOMA  GRI8E0LINEATUM  (Ayres). 

D.  36  to  41 ;  rings  18  to  19  +  39  to  42.  Closely  allied  to  S.  californkme, 
but  diflering  in  a  somewhat  shorter  snout,  in  the  number  of  dorsal  rayH,  in 
the  number  of  rings,  in  its  size,  in  the  snout  being  slightly  more  keeleil, 
and  in  the  dorsal  covering  0-1  +  9  rings.  Pacific  Coast  of  the  Ihiited 
States,  from  Puget  Sound  to  Monterey,  rather  less  common  than  the  pre- 
ceding species,  and  somewhat  smaller  in  size,  (grisem,  gray ;  liiinitus, 
lined.) 

Syngnathufi  grineoliiieaiuK,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cat.  Ac.  Sci.,  1854,  14,  San  Francisco  Bay. 
SyngnalhiiH  ablioli,  Gibard,  Poc.  R.  R.  Survny,  Fiohcg,  x,  34G,  1868,  San  Francisco. 
Siphofloma  gruieoUneaitim,  SwAiN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  310;  Jordan  iSc  Gildert,  Synopsis. 
905,1883. 

1114.  SIPH08T0MA  LEPTORHTNCHUM  (Girard). 

Head  6i  to  8i  in  total  length.  D.  30  to  32;  rings  17  to  19  +  36  to  41. 
Snont  1^  to  2  in  head;  median  line  of  snout  above  carinate;  occiput  an<l 


i ':' 


California.  31 '  31' 


fordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atmrtca.        766 


iinrh.ti  jilnteH  weakly  keeled  in  young,  the  keeU  apparently  disappearing 
ii  iiiliillM.  Angle  uf  helly  Iubn  iioute  than  in  8,  calif ornieniie ]  the  keel 
Huiii<'i>i>>*"«  wanting.  Dursul  tin  uliorter  than  head,  covering  14-7  riugu; 
cuiidal  pouch  covering  about  19  ringH.  OtlierwiHe  eHsentially  an  in  >S.  cali- 
forn'iiiiw.  Length  (i  inoheB.  San  FranciHco  to  San  Diego,  generally 
ouiiiiiiiiii  along  the  Handy  shores.     (Xerrnif,  slender;  piyxnii  snout.) 

Siiu'iu"''""  I'rerirottrii,  QiKAKP,   I'roc.   An.   Nat.   B<i.    Pliilu.,   18.'>4,    ir>0,   San    Diego;    imron 

|irii"  iii|)i<'»l. 
fiyi,iin"iliiii>iiniwlimrfiu,  GiRARD,  Par.  K.  R.  Survey,  Fislii-R,  x,  :tin,  18.'>8,  Coart  of  California; 

fi|i>'.  ImoDR  with  nuchal  plates  kot'lcd. 
!ijfHii<i'iiliii»  ilimidialHii,  Qlth,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.   Philu.,   18*'>2,  2K4,  San   Diego;  subitituto  fur 

hrfi-inittrit,  |ir«uccii|)le(l;  H|wcinienii  with  iliurtKiiout,  Hcarcoly  luiiKer  than  rest  of  head. 
SyHijwiiliiin IfplorhyHcfmn,  Oibahi),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  1K64,  1/iO,  San  Diego. 
8iiilii"tinii'i  hftorhyHChui,  JuRUAN  tc  Gilbert,  Hyuupais,  ;)84,  18a');  8wain,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu«. 

18K2,  311. 

1115.  MIPHOMTOHA  FI8TULATUX  (Peters). 

Riii^'N  20  +  41.  Dorsal  37,  on  1  +  7  rings.  Snout  twice  as  long  as  the 
(llHtiitice  of  the  posterior  end  of  opercle  from  the  orbit,  and  but  little 
liiglier  than  broad.  Supraorbital  ridges  continued  on  the  crown  and 
cuiivurguut.  Opercle  with  a  keel  on  its  anterior  half,  and  with  radiating 
Htriti*.  The  entire  head  leathery,  rough.  Shields  without  spines.  Lateral 
lin*;  (liiHHing  into  the  upper  caudal  edge.  Tail  twice  as  long  as  the  trunk 
(without  head).  Pouch  on  21  caudal  rings.  (Peters.)  Puerto  Cabello ; 
not  Hcen  by  us.     (fiHtula,  a  tube.) 

SiiiKjniiihiiii  flidulatus,  PcTERH,  Mouutsbor.  Ak.  Wiss.  Berk.,  45(),  18ti8,  Puerto  Cabetlo. 
SiiihiistoimJistHlatum,  OOntiier,  Cat.,  vili,  101,  1870. 


1116.  SIPHOSTOXA  BARBAB.f:,  8wain. 

Kings  18  4-  31.  Dorsal  rays  34,  the  flu  inserted  on  1  +  7  rings.  Ten 
ringH  on  the  tail  behind  the  caudal  pouch.  Head  Tit  iu  length;  base 
of  dorsal  equal  to  head.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  2^^  in  length; 
caudal  pouch  2^  in  length  of  body;  tail  behind  candal  pouch  6  times. 
Body  unusually  stout,  with  short  bead,  short  snout,  and  short  tail,  the 
general  appearance  being  much  like  S.  californietiHe,  but  all  the  parts  con- 
tracted. Snout  short,  compressed,  just  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  head 
(mule),  its  upper  edge  with  a  sharp,  low  keel,  which  is  higher  than  in  S. 
mUj'ornienae.  Top  of  head  without  keel.  Opercle  striate,  with  trace  of 
a  keel  at  base.  Keels  of  body  not  very  sharp,  the  interspaces  between 
the  angles  scarcely  concave ;  lateral  line  not  continuous  with  the  upper 
edgd  of  the  tail;  belly  with  a  slight  median  keel.  Dorsal  fin  low.  Color 
blackish,  with  fine  pale  vermiculations;  top  of  head  and  neck  with  wavy 
longitudinal  streaks;  caudal  dusky;  dorsal  somewhat  mottled;  a  dusky 
blotch  before  eye.  Santa  Barbara ;  one  specimen  known.  (barbar*n,  from 
Santa  Barbara,  the  type  locality.) 

Siphoflnma  barbarie,  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  1884,  238,  Santa  Barbara.  (Typo,  No.  31253. 

Coll.  Andrea  Larco.) 
Sii<bi>sloma  bairdianum,  SwAiN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  311;  not  of  DumIcbil;  Jorpan  &  Gilr 

iiKRT,  Synopsis,  905, 1883. 


766 


Bulletin  47,  Ignited  States  National  Museum, 


■■I 


•    1 


J    '  *  ■• 


1117.  HIHIIONTONA  MACK  A  VI,  Switlii  ,tc  Miok. 

IltMul  Tiji  to  (U  in  total  leiiKtli.  D.  29  to  32;  riiiKH  IK  -f-lia  to  30.  S„„nt 
rntliur  loii){,  coiii|ir<>HHe<l,  lH  to  2  in  li<;u«l,  itH  iiiu<Iiun  \\\w  witliu  Hli^'ln  Krt'l 
uhovu  and  bolow,  with  Ninullt'r  k*M;lH  «>n  each  huIh;  opon-lo  not  k<  ili-d. 
DorHul  Homewhat  highor  than  width  of  a  hody  rin^,  itH  Iuiho  ahoiit  li^  jn 
length  of  hund,  covering  'l-y^  rin)^H.  I'uctoral  hi){livr  tlian  length  of  Iiii8«; 
tail  altout  \\  in  total  length  of  tlnh  :  liody  deep;  itH  greatcHt  dfjiih  in 
adult  fein'iies  eqiialH  width  t>f  I  body  ringH,  Color  in  NpirilH  gra.yinli  or 
dark  olive;  the  nialcH  with  aliout  11  dark-gray  croHHbarH  on  the  siilfH, 
broader  than  the  interHpacen;  the  body  iH  uHually  ni(»re  or  leHN  H|iiitttM| 
with  sniall  white  HpotN;  dornalH  pale,  iiNually  dotted  over  with  diiiki'r; 
caudal  <luHky,  generally  Hpottod  with  white;  opercle  UNually  with  wliitt; 
barH.  (liulf  of  Mexico,  known  from  the  Snapper  KankH  otf  Puiisurola, 
Key  West,  and  Co/.umel,  Yucatan;  rather  common.  (Named  for  Cliailt'N 
Leslie  McKay,  of  Appleton,WisconHin,  an  accompllHlied  young  natiii;ili<4t, 
who  was  drowned  iu  UriHtul  Kay,  Alaska,  while  on  a  collecting  cNimdi- 
tioninl884.) 

BiphoHlima  maekayi,  Swain  *  Mekk,  I'roc.  H,. S.Nat.  Mim.,  ^XH^,'^^^'^,  Key  West;  Hkan.  Hull. 
U.S.  Fluh  Comm.,  Mil,  1X88,  1  !••'■>;  I>.  :«)  on  V!  1  .'i  riiij?.-:  rliiK"  IT-f.'ifi,  <i|i(rclo  not  Kr.lcd; 
snout  1%  in  lioail;  Johdan,  I'r.ic.  V.  S.  Nat.  .Mi\».,  l«8t!,  225;  1).  ;t2,  on  2}4+t>}:j  riui!«; 
rings  18  -\-  'M.     Nc  piilu  Hpots;  crossbars  well  niurkod. 


m. 


tllri.  SIPHOSTOMA  FLORID K,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

Hood  6  to  6i  in  total  length.  D.  27;  rings  17  to  18-|-ai  to  32.  Snout 
rather  short,  about  Iji  in  head;  median  line  well  keeled  above  and  bilow, 
the  ridge  on  both  sides  of  median  ridges  above  and  below  not  so  ('oiisjiic- 
nous.  Occiput  and  opercle  little  keeled.  Dorsal  shorter  than  liiad, 
covering  1  -)-6  to  7  rings,  its  height  5  times  iu  its  base;  caudal  tin  '2\  iu 
base  of  dorsal;  pectoral  slightly  higher  than  length  of  its  buHu ;  tail 
longer  than  trunk,  1^  in  total  length,  caudal  pouch  covering  about  18 
rings.  Color  in  life  dark  green  ;  sides  with  gray  specks  and  without  dark 
band;  tail  with  faint  darker  bars,  broader  than  the  interspaces.  Sides 
of  tail,  especially  mesially,  with  many  rough  and  oblong  pale  Hpots. 
Snont  mottled,  especially  on  side.  Lower  part  of  opercle  nearly  ))lain, 
Dorsal  translucent,  yellowish  at  base.  Caudal  yellow,  dusky  at  tip.  Anal 
plain.  Sandy  shores  from  North  Carolina  to  Texas  (Beaufort,  North 
Carolina;  Corpus  Christi,  Texas) ;  rather  common,     (/on'rfrt?,  Florida.) 

Siphotionm  Jhridir,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  26.1,  Pensacola,  FloridE. 
(Type,  No.  3082fi.  Coll.  Jordan.)  Swain,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  312;  Jordan  .Vtiii-iieiiT, 
Synopsis,  905,  1883. 

1119.  SIPHOSTOIHA  POETI,  Jordan  Jt  Evermann,  now  Hpncific  namo. 

D.  30,  on  1  +  6  segments;  rings  19+ 24.  Snout  long.  Occipital  crest 
very  low.  Body  and  tail  banded,  color  gray  with  pale  markings.  One 
specimen  known, from  Havana;  not  seen  by  us.  (Named  for  its  dt'Mciil'er. 
Felipe  Poey,  Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  University  of  Havana;  the  most 
eminent  naturalist  of  Spanish-speaking  countries.) 
Syngnathua  tenuia,  Po£Y,  Syuopsis,  444, 1867,  Havana;  name  preoccupied. 


I 


"I 


fordan  tind  F.vertmxnn. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


767 


lltO.  MIPHOHT<»NA  AI^LIHCIH,  MwmIii. 

If.  :m1  !>  to  !»i  in  total  luiiKth.  I).  1«»  to  HO;  \\\\^n  ir.-f  :J7  to  ;1H.  Trunk 
ritilK'i  hlcn(li<i'.  Snout  2  in  lioiul,  niutiiun  ridf^o  abovo  diHtinot,  below 
coii'|iiinitiv«ly  broiul  and  blunt.  Occiput  and  nuchal  platen  Hharply  car- 
iiiaird:  belly  weakly  keeled.  Operde  HllKlitly  keelc«l,  very  convex, 
iiiiiKin^' tlio  bead  HliKliMy  broader  tban  deep.  Dornal  little  longer  than 
lii'iut,  covering  1  +  7  rin^H;  pectoralH  ncarcely  higher  than  long,  nlightly 

exi ling  dianuiter  of  eye.     Tail  longer  thou  reMt  of  body,  \\  la  total 

leiiu'tii :  caudal  ))oucb  eovering  21  rings.  Color  luMpiritHHouiewhat  lighter 
tiiaii  '<.  citliforHiciiHr,  Hcan^ely  mottled  or  marbled.  Southern  C!alifurnia, 
iKHili  to  Point  Concepcion;  not  very  ounimon.     (diminutive  of  (u'>^(i(,  a 

tlllH.) 

.S'ij</i.  ■'  I'M  .iii/i'«'iii<,  HwAiM,  rriH'.  r.  8.  N'Ht.  MiiM.,  IHH'J, :ilO,  Santa  Barbara;  San  Diego;  Jur- 

I'AN  .V  (ilLUKKT,  .»<)I11)|ihIh,  Wr>,    iHHII. 

Il«l.  8IFH<MT(>.«A  I'KIiiOICrn  (ONlio.k). 

Rings  n  +  ii5.  DorNiil  29  to  IV2,  commencing  soutewhat  in  advance  of 
vciil .  oil  1  4-  ^  ringH.  Snout  2  in  dintance  to  base  of  ])ectoral.  A  dintinct 
ritl^'<<  iiioiig  the  median  lino  of  the  nuchal  shieldH;  supraorbital  ridge  not 
ciiMiiiiuetl  over  the  temple;  anterior  part  of  the  operculum  with  a  faint 
rid^'e;  NliieldM  without  spineH;  lateral  line  interrupted.  Tail  longer  than 
lioily;  ciiiidal  pouch  short,  about  '.i  in  total  length.  Color  brown,  nearly 
plain,  or  with  lower  lialf  of  side  of  abdomen  with  vertical  silver  bars, 
iMconiiiig  broador  and  of  a  whitish  color  on  the  upper  half;  brown  cross 
biitids  occuring  alternately  between  the  silver  bars,  so  that  the  brown 
l)aii(ls  are  grouped  together  in  twos  or  threes,  tlie  hands  of  each  group 
iiioru  or  less  continent;  in  males  the  silvery  bauds  are  represented  by 
Hpots;  a  brown  baud  through  the  eye  and  along  the  snout;  dorsal  fin 
with  ol)lique  brown  bands.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic;  occasional 
in  t lie  West  Indies;  very  common  in  the  Mediterranean ;  our  specimens 
from  Venice.     {pehigivtiH,  living  in  the  open  sea.)     (Ku.) 

SiiiciKdlhiiA  jifldfiiiim,  Uhiikck,  Daghiik  Ri'Hit  OHtimliun,  ;ii).'i,  IT.'iT,  open  sea  in  floating  seaweed; 

l.iNN.Ki-s,  Sy»t.  Nut.,  K(l.  .\,  1758,  ;i:i7,  iit'tiT  Osiieik;  (ICntiiku,  Cut.,  viii,  Itio,  1870. 
fyiijiiiitliM  elhon,  K188U,  Eur.  Merid.,  111,  IS'JU,  Nice, 

1122.  SIPHOSTOMA  KlK'SKKAf  (Kiuip). 

Head  71  ;  D.  26  to  28,  on  U  +  T)  lings  ;  rings  Ifi  +  'M  :=  50.  A  small, 
Hicntler  species,  with  the  snout  i  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head  ; 
t<tp  of  head  with  a  slight  keel ;  vent  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and 
twenty-third  caudal  segment.  Head  almost  3  times  in  distance  from  tip 
of  Niiout  to  vent.  Lateral  line  interrupted  above  the  vent.  Color  plain. 
West  Indies,  known  from  St.  Lucia  and  Martinique ;  also  from  Cuba,  if 
S.iliicDiH  is  the  same,  as  is  not  unlikely.  ( Named  for  Alexandre  Rous- 
seiiii  of  Martini(|ue.) 

SymjmlhHsroimeuii,  Kaup,  Lopliobranchii,   40,1850,  Martinique;     (jI'ntheh,  Cat.  viii,  163, 

1870, 
S^iphnfiiniia  rouweaii,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Jlus.,  1889,  647. 


11 


m 


( ' 


i 

.1 

I 

•■'. 

■ 

i  ' 

1 

768 


HuHftin  47,  I'niied  States  National  Mitstum. 


linn.  HIPHOMTOMA  KI,r<KNN  (I'.xy). 


Very  oIinm  t<i  ^V.  ;>r/(ir/ioM»(,  but  witli  24  or  arnlornal  iuyn.  Head  7'  in 
total  leiiKth.  Snout  2  in  head.  UitigH  Kior  17 -f- :i:{  or  .'U.  Doraal  IM  or 
25,  on  2-1-4,  Hometimea  on  U -f- 44  rinj^H.  (Irayinli  hiown,  a  Hilv»'i\  imr 
on  each  ring;  domal  with  hlaok  HtnmkH.  (Pooy.)  C'uha;  not  ran*:  |ii<il). 
•hly  identical  with  S.  rout/tt-nw,  both  itpcoiea  clottely  related  to  H.  peluyi, mn. 
(eluwnii,  ahiniug  out.) 

Nf/M|/Mii/AiM  tliicniii,  I'oKV,  HynopHlK,  44:i,  1NII7,  Havana, 
Suimnnlhiiijliifiniiilriii*  I'dky,  Eumeratlo,  17M,  lH7ft,  Havana. 
Sffngniilhuii }ni-lnriilH;\  I'liRv,  Kiimttrutin,  178,  1H7n,  Havana. 
Synf/milhu*  HMeii,l  I'uKY,  Kiimorlilio,  178,  1H7/V,  Havana. 
SfftigniUhut  nmrmorfuii,ij  I'oKY,  Eiiiiiurutii),  178,  lH7r>,  Havana. 
SynynathMt  iucemleiu,i\  I'uiy,  Euiiivrutlu,  17U,  187&,  Havana. 


1184.  MIFHOSTOiWA  JONKHI  ((JUntht.r). 

Ringa  17-f32.  Doraal  IK,  on  1 -f  5  rin^H.  Head  and  snout  short,  t lie 
latter  aoniewhat  bent  upward,  shorter  than  the  poHtorl>ital  portion  nt' 
bead,  keeled  above,  but  without  Hpinea  in  tlie  median  lin«\  Interoiliital 
apace  concave,  crown  and  occiput  with  a  median  keel.  Keela  of  liudy 
aharp,  but  not  apiny  ;  the  lateral  keel  of  the  trunk  paaaes  into  tliei 
lower  keel  of  the  tail ;  a  ridge  runs  across  the  opercle  but  does  not  iM-iich 
its  end;  tail  twice  as  long  as  the  trunk  without  head  ;  caudal  very  nhmt. 
Blackish  brown;  upper  half  of  trunk  with  thre«',  upper  half  of  tail  with 
aeven  equidistant  white  cross  bauds.  (Uunther.)  Bermuda  iNlundH. 
(Named  for  John  Matthew  Joues,  an  English  naturalist,  resident  ut 
Bermuda.) 

Syugnalhuijoneti,  (iCNTHER,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  lllst.,  Series  4,  xiv,  8,  1H74,  Bermudas. 


*Bipho»lomafiaviro»lr»  (Potv): 

Dorsal  26,  on  VA  I  ^%  rings ;  rings  17  '  3,3.  Head  8  In  total  length,  snout  nearly  n*  lunn 
as  rest  of  head  ;  lateral  line  Interrupted.  Head  yellowlHli,  without  Itlark  npockH.  Doixal  with 
bands;  a  silver  streak  along  lower  |)art  of  tixAv.    Une  specimen,  fnini  lluvaiia.    (I'oey.) 

\  SiphoMoma  picturatum  (Pokt): 

Head  7^  In  total  length,  half  as  long  as  trunk.  Snout  nearly  bh  long  as  rcKt  of  Ininl. 
Nasal  crest  evident.  (>p<!rcle sculptured  like  a  tnuMiel shell,  iilack,  with  a sliining  vcrtiiitl  luind 
on  each  ring.  Snout  with  alternate  hands  of  black  and  green.  I>orsal  with  block  Htrcakii. 
One  individual,  from  Havana.    (I'oey.) 

\ BiphoMoma  linea  (Post): 

RIngslO  I  B.3.  Head  7}^  total.  D.  26.  Body  very  slender,  depth  3%  in  head.  Snout  m 
long  as  rest  of  head.  Dorsal  on  1%  I-  4}^  rings.  Yellowish  brown,  with  paler  miirUitiKft. 
Head  with  light  and  dark  B|)ots.  Dorsal  with  oblique  Hues.  Two  speciineus  from  Iliivaim. 
(Po<^y.) 

g  Siphnrioma  marmoreum  (Poity) : 

Rings  16  +  33.  D.  24,  on  Va  f-  4  rings.  Head  1%  in  total,  depth  3  in  head.  Snout  vory 
slightly  shorter  than  rest  of  head.  No  postorbital  crest.  Color  ashy,  with  two  pale  <i\wU  on 
middle  of  each  segment.  Dorsal  unmarked.  Snout  marked  with  white  and  ashy.  Ilnvana, 
(Poey.) 

II  8ipho»loma  ascenilenn  (Poby)  : 

Rings  16  +  33.  D.  on  VX  +  4  rings.  Head  7  in  total  length.  Lateral  line  not  intermpti'il. 
Snout  as  long  as  rest  of  head.  No  postorbital  crest.  Brownish  yellow;  faint  vertical  I'frc.ik  on 
each  ring,  most  distinctly  anteriorly.  Snout  with  pale  bauds.  One  specimen  from  Uuvuua, 
(Poey.) 


iii»li 


Jordttn  and  /'Wrtnaun. — Fishes  of  North  Ami-ritii. 


\m 


MSA.  HIFilONTONA  HKUHVCKIMI  U.IM  (I'nr.v). 

l.iiiU'H  17 -fy?.  I).  20  to  2:»,  on  U -f- H  riii«H.  Iloiul  il«>.'|i;  «lit|illi  of 
IioiIn  M  ill  l>uii<l.  Hiiuiit  v«>ry  Hhoif ,  om  \m\^  um  diHtuiiut)  littt  «\«<oii  iVont  ol 
I'M'  tiiitl  base  uf  ]H;ctoml  ;  o<ici|)itul  cr»Ht  well  iiiurkod,  liiowii,  with 
ithliv  iiiarkN,  a  whito  IhiikI  iiIoiik  nIiIo  ot'  hotly.  Ciilia.  (I'uuy) ;  not  himmi 
li\  IIS.    ( j/xiiii ,  Hhort ;  «('>;>riA//,  lu^uil. ) 

lifiif.iiftiliuii  Urmliyrr^ihulu;  I'lirv,  Syiii>|wU,  4-1 1,  I  MIT,  Havanu. 

Itetl.  MIIMKHTOMA  AI'FIMK  i)lllnth«r). 

Ilciul  iiboiit  !(  in  total  l«>n^tli;  Hnoiit  a  little  nioio  than  2  in  hontl. 
Kiliu'r*  iH-j-Klt.  Doi'hhI  .'I.'),  on  r> -f-  I  i'in({H.  A  distinct,  riil^tt  alon;;  niiMliun 
liiK  (if  HUont  and  nnuliul  HJiittldH ;  HUpraorltital  ridge  ciuitinniMl  omt  tlie 
tfiiipU' ;  a  taint  ridge  on  front  of  opeiclo ;  HhicIdH  witliont  N|)irH-H.  Tail 
|iiii;;iT  than  hody  ;  caudal  {touch  half  length  of  liody  ;  lateral  lin*<  inter- 
iii|ili-d.  W<nt  Itelow  pimterior  third  of  dorsal  tin ;  caudal  tin  \v«>ll 
(U'vcloped  ;  anal  ilii  rudimentary.  liack  with  intliHtinct  brown  croHHliara; 
ii  liKiwn  hand  from  eye  along  Hnout.  tiulf  of  Mexico;  LouiHianu.  ((iiin- 
tlit'i. )  MoNt  of  recent  (<ulf  of  Mexico  referentieH  to  thiH  N|i«-<-ieH  wttre 
ii|i|iiir(>ntly  haHcd  on  specimeuH  of  .S.  moviili,  which  Iuim  heitn  confounded 
willi  it.  (allhiin,  related.) 
Siiwjii'iilm*  iiffini",  OCntiibh,  (.'at.,  viii,  103, 1H70,  Louisiana. 

1127.  HIFH0HT0.1IA  NCOVKIiM.  Kvcrinnnii  .V  Koixlnll. 

Allied  to  SiphoHtoma  afflm:  Head  7  to  7i ;  depth  11  in  female  and  li'JV  in 
malt) ;  t»ye  6i  to  7  ;  snout  2i.  D.  30  to  34,  t»n  4  -)- 1  rings,  itH  height  2  to 
3!  in  ItH  base,  wluch  e<|ualH  head.  Rings  Ifi-f-SO  to  33,  usually  It! -f- 32. 
Top  t»f  head  with  a  slight  keel.  Hody  rather  slonder  (deeper  in  fenialcH) ; 
HiKiiit  short;  ventral  surface  slightly  ct>nvex  in  frtmt  of  vent,  slightly 
concave  behind.  Color  of  fenuile  in  alcohol,  alternately  annnlatetl  with 
Ijijlit  (ilive-brown  and  tlirty  white,  the  dark  color  on  the  joints,  the  white 
(III  liodies  of  rings;  the  dark  rings  wider  than  the  white  on  trunk,  but 
narrower  on  oautlal  portiou,  the  white  rings  of  trunk  intlicatetl  betwt!en 
liitfial  and  latero-ventral  keels  by  2  narrtiw  white  lines  with  narrow 
black  lines  on  either  side  antl  between;  these  portions  of  the  whitish 
rings  show  as  silver  bars  iu  life ;  upper  part  of  operclo  dusky  ;  a  dark  bar 
ironi  anterior  edge  of  eye  to  tip  of  snout;  ventral  keel,  throat,  lower 
part  of  opercle,  and  snout  plain  whitish ;  dorsal  with  dark  wavy  tliago- 
n:il  bars;  the  variations  iu  color  are  considerable;  in  some  femalt^s  there 
art!  nt)  distinct  white  or  silvery  bars;  some  are  darker  and  some  still 
li^litcr;  the  males  resemble  the  lighter  females.  Length  4^  inches. 
Coiimion  at  Corpus  Christ  i  and  perhaps  elsewhere  on  the  coast  of  the 
(Juir  t)f  Mexico.  Apparently  most  of  the  published  references  to  .S.  (iffine 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  belong  to  this  species,  which  tlitfers  from  .S'.  uffine 
cliiiily  in  having  fewer  body  rings,  in  the  more  posterittr  j)t)sition  of  the 
(loi.sal  tin,  and  in  the  fewer  dorsal  rays.  (Named  for  Dr.  Josiah  T.  Sco- 
veil  of  Terre  Haute,  Indiana.) 
F.  N.  A. 50 


■rml 

1 

,  .__.^. 

I  ! 


'.  '     '.'  r-'i 


'  I.       •(  '  ■ 


770 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Siphoetotiia  fusciim,  var.,  Evrkmann  &  Kkndali.,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xii,  1892  (1894),  lO'i. 
Siphotlonttt  .iiorelli,  Kvkumann  &  Kkndall,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvili,  1895,  109,  Shamrock 

Point,   Corpus    Christ!,   Texas.    (Typo,   No.  47300.     Cull.    Kvormann,   Scovoll.    uni 

Giirlcy.) 
Biphnnloma  offine,  Jordan  &  Qiluert,  8ynop«iii,  38.3,  1883,  part;  Swain,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  )Iim., 

1882  (1883),  313. 

1128.  NIPHOSTOHA  BAIKDIANUM  (Dum^ril). 

Rings  17-f-31.  Dorsal  30,  on  3-{-6  rings.  Head  nearly  7  in  total 
length ;  snout  more  than  ^  longer  than  postocular  part  of  head.  Median 
crest  feebly  marked;  opercular  crest  very  short.  Yellowish,  all  the  iiii;^8 
■with  a  brown  streak.  (Duin<5ril.)  Coast  of  Mexico,  near  California; 
known  from  DumdriPs  description,  which  has  been  verified  for  us  on  the 
jriginal  type.     (Named  for  Spencer  Fullerton  Haird.) 

Syugnaihm  bniidiaims,   Dum£ril,   Higt.   Nat.   Puiss.,   ii,   574,  1870,  Coast   of  Mexico,   near 
California. 

1129.  SIPHOSTONA  LOlJISIANJi:  (Gfinther). 

Head  7  to  7?  in  total  length.  D.  32  to  37 ;  rings  20  to  21  +  36  to  H8. 
Trunk  broader  below.  Snout  moderate,  about  Ijf  in  head ;  mediau  iidj^e 
above  and  below,  a  ridge  on  each  side  of  median  ridge  above  and  below. 
Occiput,  nuchal  plates,  and  opercle  somewhat  keeled.  Belly  iiat  or 
slightly  concave,  with  a  median  ridge.  Dorsal  fin  well  develojied, 
shorter  than  head,  covering  3  +  5  rings.  Caudal  longer  than  pectoral, 
2J  .  base  of  dorsal.  Tail  longer  than  trunk,  1}  in  total  length.  Color 
brownish,  lighter  on  lower  part  of  trunk  and  below;  sides  with  a  dis- 
tinct band  of  brown ;  brown  of  the  side  extending  through  eye  to  middle 
of  snout.  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  of  the  United  States,  North  Carolina 
to  Texas,  south  to  Key  West ;  common  and  variable. 

Syugnallms   pelagicus,   var.,  LlNN^us,   Syst.    Nat.,    Ed.   xii,    41(j,   176();  Charleston,   South 

Carolina. 
Syngnallms  louuianie,  GCnther,  Cat.,  viii,  160,  1870,  New  Orleans;  Swain,  Proc.  U.  !<.  Sat. 

Hub.,  1882,  313;  Jordan  &  Giluert,  Synupsia,  383, 1883. 

1180.  SIPUOSTOMA  FU8CUM  (Storer). 
(Common  PiPBnsii.) 

Head  7i  to  9  in  total  length.  D.  36  to  40 ;  rings  18  to  20  +  36  to  40. 
Snout  short,  about  2  in  head  ;  median  line  above  and  below  well  keeled, 
the  ridge  on  each  side  of  median  ridges  rather  conspicuous.  Occi[iat, 
nuchal  plates,  and  opercle  carinate ;  belly  somewhat  convex,  scarcely 
keeled.  Dorsal  longer  than  head,  covering  4-5  +  5-4  rings,  its  biitrlit 
5-6  in  length  of  its  base;  tail  much  longer  than  trunk.  If  in  total  leni,'tli. 
Color  in  spirits  olivaceous  or  brownish;  lighter  below,  especially  on 
belly,  lower  half  of  opercles,  and  snout;  sides  mottled  and  blotchdl 
much  as  in  other  species.  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States,  Cape  Ann 
to  Virginia ;  very  common  northward,  where  it  is  the  only  specie??  of 
pipefish.     (fu8cu8,  dusky.) 

Siing'iallms peckii,  Stoher,  RoiHjrt  Fishes  Mass.,  3,  1839,  (name  only). 
^Syngnathits  fnscns,  Stores,  Beport  Fisb.  Mass.,  162,  1839,  Nahant. 


fordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         771 


8.  Nut.  Mufl., 


lexico,   near 


Siiii'iiKilliKii  peckianiiit,   Storkk,   Ileport  Fish.    Miwh.,  It).'},   pi.  i,   fig.   2,   183!>,  Holmes   Hole, 

Marthas  Vineyard. 
Svii./ii""'""/""""'"".  I**  Kay,  New  York  Fiiuim:  FiBlicK,  ;il9,  pi.  CA,  fig.  174,  1842,  New  York. 
ft/ii'/iM'''"''  i'iri(/< ice im,  1)K  Kay,  I.  c,  .T21,  \i\.  .14   flg.  17ti,  I8'{2,  New  York. 
S«ii./;m//iii.s  </i'A-(i//i,  l)i'Mf;uiL,  IIi«t.  Nut.  I'oiss.,  ii,  569,  ]87(t.  New  York. 
Siiii'inalhnsviilhrrtiaiim,  Vvttbnih,  1.  c,  573,  New  York. 
Sijihiyhma  fiuaim,  SwAiN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  ;tl4;  Jordan  &  Qilbkrt,  Syuopgis,  ;W2, 

lftf3. 

11»1.  SIPH08T0MA  STAKKHI,  Jordan  &  Culver. 

Iloiid  lOJ;  depth  21.  D.  38,  on  0-f  10  or  11  rings.  KiugH  14-f-:}7or 
',W  51  or  52.  Tail  twice  length  of  head  and  trunk.  Snout  2k  in  head. 
DoiMiil  lialf  longer  than  head.  Body  rather  stout ;  head  Hcarcely  carin.ate 
iilidve;  snout  very  short  with  a  slight  smooth  keel  ;  no  keel  on  oporcle; 
lielly  slightly  keeled;  2  lateral  keels  on  body  conlluent  into  1  behind. 
Color  dark  olive,  much  mottled  with  darker,  but  without  distinct  niark- 
iugft;  i»elly  yellowish.  Length  4  to  ♦>  inches.  Close  to  S.  urdnm,  but 
dilit'iiug  in  the  much  larger  dorsal  and  the  greater  number  of  rings  cov- 
ered Ity  it.  Rio  Presidio,  Sinaloa,  abundant  among  Ahjw  in  clear  fresh 
wiittr,  near  the  town  of  Presidio,  9  mikis  above  tide  water.  Apparently 
brwiding  in  fresh  water,  as  the  sac  of  the  male  is  full  of  eggs.  (Named  for 
Edwin  Chapin  Starks,  preparator  in  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University.) 

SiiihnshDiiu  starM,  Jordan  &  Ci'lvkr,  Fishes  of  Si  -aloii,  ^I.S.,  Iii!t5,  Rio  Presidio,  Mazatlan. 
(Tyjie,  No.  47425.     Coll.  HopkluH  ExiKjdition.) 


i 


II3'2.  SIPilOSTOMA  AKCTI'.M,  JenkinH  A  K>.rmann. 

Head  9  to  11  in  body  to  base  of  caudal ;  depth  20 ;  dorsal  20,  on  about  0  +  5 
viuufi ;  rings  15  4-  ^^-  Top  of  head  scarcely  carinated,  tbe  opercle  without 
a  i>rominent  ridge.  8nout  2^  in  brad,  keeled  in  the  median  line.  Dorsal 
sliglitly  higher  than  the  width  of  ii  liody  ling,  its  length  about  equaling 
the  bead;  pectoral  3  in  head;  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  vent  i  to  J  length 
oftiiil;  caudal  about  3  in  head.  C<dor  palo,  with  no  evident  markings 
except  on  the  under  side  of  the  tube  of  the  snout,  and  as  far  back  as  the 
jiosterior  maigin  of  the  eye,  where  there  are  dark  mottlings.  Mazatlan 
spceiinens  show  narrow  whit«  cross  bands  about  4  rin<'s  apart.  Gulf  of 
Calit'oriiia,  south  to  Mazatlan,  one  specimen  taken  at  (iuaymas,  and  two 
otlu'is  leeently  taken  at  Mazatlan  by  the  Hopkins  Expedition;  a  small 
iliid  slender  species,     (arctits,  contracted.) 

Hilihiiflnma  arcliiiu,  JENKINS  A  Kvermann,  I'lur.   T'.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1H88,  137,  Bay  of  Guaymas. 
iTvpe,  No.  3903'J.     Coll.  Jeiikiufi  &  Evirmaun. ' 


118».  SIl'HOSTO.MA  <  KINKJKKi  .n,  H<  iiii  A  Droscl 

Rings  lo  +  38  or  39.  Dorsal  rays  16  or  17,  on  0  +  ^  rings.  Snont  very 
short,  less  than  ^  length  of  head,  rounded  above  ;  sliglitly  keeled;  angles 
of  body  little  marked  ;  head  nearly  11  times  in  total  length  to  caudal  base ; 
eye  5  in  head;  depth  of  body  half  length  of  bead.  Caudal  pouch  4  times 
ill  leiijith  of  body,  17  caudal  rings:  ])ectoral  .<nd  caudal  very  small.  Color 
elii^tiiut  brown,  with  about  12  broad  dark-brown  cross  bauds  o)  back, 
niitldle  of  each  cross  baud  with  many  pale-blue  streaks,  the  nw.  i  distinct 


1 

j«aiMg.1 

J 

w!»pi»9|j!ii#HM  ^mmmm-'mW^wpw 


"DfPfiF 


f 


Hiii 


i     i 


\i    I! 

n  n 


^Wi 


M\ 


I"  '* 


W    I 


'vn 


!  , 


772 


Bulletin  4y,  United  Stales  National  Museum. 


downward  and  backward  from  eye.  Went  Indies,  from  PeuHacoIa  and  Key 
West  to  Abrolhos  Reef,  Brazil;  rather  common  southward  about  rocku  hikI 
coral  reefs.  One  of  the  smallest  species,  length  3  inches,  {criniger,  hc-.n-. 
ing  hair. ) 

Siphotloma  crinigerum,  Ukan  &  Dbisel,  I'roc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  ii,  09,  1884,  Pensacola;  h.iAiv 
A  Mrek,  Proc.  U.  g.  Nat.  Mus.,  iS84,  239. 

Subgenus  CORYTHROICHTHYS,  Kaup. 
1184.  8IPH08T0MA  ALBIK08TRE*  (Hockel). 

Head  9  in  total  length.  D.  23;  rings  18  +  30.  Body  robust.  Si  out 
short,  2§  in  head ;  a  strong  median  ridge  above  on  snout,  2  ridges  below 
with  a  median  groove,  and  on  each  side  of  the  groove  is  a  horizontal  lidj,'!' 
rui.aing  to  lower  part  of  orbit.  Occiput  and  nuchal  plates  very  shaiiily 
carinated;  opercle  with  2  horizontal  ridges.  Belly  somewhat  concave, 
little  keeled.  Dorsal  much  shorter  than  head,  covering  1  +  4  rings ;  caudal 
well  developed,  If  in  base  of  dorsal;  tail  longer  than  restof  body,  If  in  total 
length.  Color  in  spirits  liglit  olivaceous,  with  about  12  irregular  brown 
cross  bands,  each  covering  from  2  to  3  rings;  snout  light,  with  2 or  3  nar- 
row cross  bands  below ;  rest  of  head  dusky.  West  Indies,  north  to  Pcn- 
sacola  and  Key  West,  south  to  Bahia;  a  singular  and  handsome  species, 
quite  unlike  the  others  and  found  in  deeper  waters,  and  especially  about 
coral  reefs,  not  on  sandy  shores,     (alhus,  white;  rostrum,  suout.) 

Corylhrokhthyt  albiroslru,  Heckkl,  MS.,  Kaup,  Lophobranchii,  25,  185G,  Mexico;  Bahia;  di's- 

oription  incorrect. 
9ip}ioston>a  zalropin,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.   Nat.   Mus.,  IHgf/,  2<i4,   Snapper  Banks, 

Pensacola;  Swain,  I.  c,  308;  Jokdan  <fc  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  906,  18&3. 
Syngnathui  dlbirotiris,  GOnther,  Cat.,  viii,  170, 1870. 

1135.  SIPHOSTOSIA  CAYENNENSE  (Sauviige). 

Heads.  D.  40;  P.  18;  C.  8.  Rings  20  +  25,  Dorsal  on  3  +  7  ring's. 
Snout  twice  length  of  postocular  part  of  head,  4  times  diameter  of  eye, 
much  longer  than  dorsal.  Occipital  crest  well  marked  as  well  as  the  crest 
at  the  shoulder;  snout  with  a  well-marked  median  carina.  Brown,  edge 
of  each  ring  blackish;  2  silvery  streaks  along  fanks,  very  narrow,  aud 
composed  of  small  spots  placed  end  to  end.    Length  5  inches.    Cayentfif 


*  Kaup  gives  the  rings  in  albirostris  as  12  +  29.  On  aceoxint  uf  thie  iHf6teM6  we  bad  tifiwrif 
regarded  our  specimens  as  types  of  a  distinct  species,  Siphotloma  rjiirnpif.  Tiio  following  is  ilic 
substance  of  Kaup's  description: 

Corylhroichthyt  aibiroslris,  Heckel,  MS.: 

P.  12;  D.  27;  A.  2  or  3;  C.  10.  Rostral  crest  ■  odial  and  interrupted.  Body  rings  12  (micfrint 
for  19),  tail  rings  29;  dorsal  fln  standing  on  5  rings,  4  of  which  ticlong  fo  the  t^il.  ^n'  ut  liiilf 
the  length  of  the  distance  between  the  fore  border  of  the  orbit  and  ttiO  bas/i  of  tho  pcot(jral  'in. 
Color  yellowish  brown,  with  14  blackish  >  lossbars.  Lower  i)urt  of  tho  gi'il  'vver  bro^o  u  lOi 
blue  stripes.  Length  of  body  2.67  inches,  of  the  tail  3.30  inches,  of  tho  dofwil  fin  0.6  iucb. 
Me..ico;  Bahi.*\. 

At  our  request,  our  friend,  Dr.  Franz  Stuindachner  has  kindly  examined  tho  types  ot  Cw/iHiro- 
ichlhtjH  albirostrii  Ho  writes  (May  27,  1894);  "Das  Wiener  Museum  besitzt  3  Exemplaren  vuri  /', 
albiroslm;  wahn     einlich  wurdel  Exomplaran  Kaup  gesendot.    Die  Zahl  der  knochurucii  Kiuge 

betragtr-^-^^.  -h  26—28,  uud  zwar  2  mal  19,  1  mal  18  +  2  mal  28."  In  the  number  of  plates  ilii« 
agrees  with  the  type  c<"  xalropU.  There  is  little  doubt  that  Biphostuma  z(ilroj)is  and  S.  nlbirostrif  are 
identical. 


lacola;  >^>vai.\ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        773 


(Sauvage.)  A  strongly  marked  apeoios,  noteworthy  for  the  very  amall 
uiiiiiber  of  caudal  rings  and  the  proportionally  large  number  ot'body  rings 
ami  dorsal  rays. 

Si;N.;H(if/(i.<  (•a//eHii«Hiii«^SArVAOK,  Dull.  Soc.  PlilKiin.  I'liriM,  1H82,  Cayenne, 

345.  DORYRHAMPKUS,  Kaup. 

Doniihomphuf,  Kavp,  Lophobranchii,  185B,  54,  (txcmu). 

Chmniililhiis,  Kaup,  /.  c,  54,  {ralfHCinmeni). 

Ihin/lihlhuK,  Kaup,  I.  c,  5(!,  {bilme<UHii). 

.i;.v,.j,/,i«,  KaI'I',  '.  ('.,  <>.'!,  {ciine(Uiin). 

li.l',iii'lilh!i.i,  Tetebs,  MoHsanib.  FluBsflache,  109,  1868,  (zambe::enitu). 

'I'liis  jjenns  differs  from  Siplwstoma  chiefly  in  the  position  of  the  egg 
pond)  of  the  male,  which  is  under  the  abdomen  instead  of  tho  tail.  The 
aiijjlos  of  the  body  are  strongly  ridged.  Tail  shorter  than  body.  Tropi- 
cal hous.    (dupii,  lance ;  pa^^of,  snout.) 

rji.llYIiHTIlYS: 

.;,  Snout  elongate  and  comprosscd,  devoid  of  Kpines;  tail  four-oorner«d. 

/'.  KinikfHaliout  20  I  25;  dorsal  rayK  43.  i.ineatus,  1130. 

l)nKVKMAMrill!S  : 

.1.1.  Snout  with  a  row  of  spines  or  Borrationn  above;  ungloH  of  body  all  serrated. 

Iili,  Rings  2U  f  16;  dorsal  rays  25.  oalifokniensis,  1137. 


9     m 
II' 


'il 


ipper  Banks, 


Subgenus  DORYICHTHYS,  Kanp. 

1186.  DORYRHAMPHIS  LINKATI  H  (Valenciennes). 

Ifoad  .')  in  total  length;  snout  U  in  head.  Rings  19  to  22 -f- 23  to  27. 
D()r.'<aI42  to 41,  on  2  or  3  +  7  rings.  Edges  of  the  shields  rough,  with  promi- 
nent Hpines  in  young  individuals  which  disappear  in  the  adult.  L.ateral 
lino  uninterrupted,  passing  into  the  lower  edge  of  the  tail.  Body  com- 
j/K'sacd,  opercL?  with  a  distinct  longitudinal  ridge,  and  a  few  faint  radiat- 
ijj{<  WitfH  beneath  ;  origin  of  dorsal  flu  considerably  in  advance  of  vent ; 
vent  fiear«r  end  of  tail  thin  to  gill  opening,  (iround  color  yellowish 
lirown.  Snout  with  ">  or  G  black  crossbars  beneath.  (Giinther.)  Tropi- 
cal parts  of  AtlantU',  from  Cuba  to  Africa;  probably  not  rare,  (UtieaiuH, 
streaked.) 

h'l'uhlhijt  linealun,  (VAMNrinNNM  MS.)  Kavv,  Lophobranchii,  59,  1856,  Bahia,  Mexico,  and 

Guaoeloupe;  Poey,  Sym.iisis,  18'i,  18(17;  (JCntiik.k,  Cat.,  viii,  183,  1870. 
Ii'irijirliihj/.i  ucuf/'aliii',  Kai'P,  JjOi.hobrancliii,  61,  18.5'i,  Egypt. 


u 


Subgenus  DORVRHAMPHUS. 
1187.  ^//llVRHA.>fPin'S  CALIKORXIKNSIK,  Gill. 

f/.  'ffit  JRings  20+  16.  Hn^/vt  half  as  long  as  head,  its  crest  formed  u\ 
»f»oiit  i^  '/ff^f(ttla.r  teeth,  behind  which  are  2  others.  Double  frontal 
<  K  sf  vvftll  sprrated.  Kidge  under  orbit  unarmed,  but  on  side  of  snout  it 
is  well  serrated.  Chin  p/ominent  but  unarmed.  Pectorals  ao  long  as 
opei'cle.    Caudal  as  long  as  snout.     Yellowish  brown,  with  a  black  streak 


hi 


ri      t 


I  i 


5 


i,! 

( 

■'i 


|:il 


1 .    n 


•i 


'  '  ■";!     o/''i: 


-»     .  I  ■  - 


t^^'y-M 


774 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


from  snout  to  axil.     Cape  San  Lucas      ((iill.)     Tlie  types  are  lost  uml  mo 
specimens  have  been  since  recorded. 

boryrhiimjihvncaUforniemiii,  Gll.l.,  I'roc.  Ar.  Nat.  Sri.  IMiila,,  18(!2,  281,  Cape  San  Lucas,     full. 

XiintiiH.) 
Itarijii'MhijH  caU/ornkiim,  (JCNTiiKn,  (!at.,  viii,  18(1,  1870. 


346,  SYNGNATHUS,  Linnu-ns. 

Syngnalhuf,  ARTEni,  Genera,  17o8,  (ophiiUon,  ncun,  Ijiphh,  etc.). 

Syngualhiis,  Linn.kuh,  ."^ysf.  Nat.,  Kil.  x,  IT.'iS,  Slifi,  (lijjililr,  nctin,  o/ihulinu,  iKpuirciiK,  eto.). 

SyngnalliiiK,  liAFiNRSitUR,  Caratteri,  18,  1810,  (rcHtrictcil  to  iniiinri'UH). 

Nerophin,  RafinerqUK,  Indico  Ittinl.  Sicil.,  .')7,  1810,  {uphiilini,). 

/leiiH  (Wll.l.uaiinY)  SWAINSON,  Nat.  Iliat.  Atiiiii.,  11,  .'j:i:!,  18.'{9,  (iniuorem). 

Scyphim,  Risso,  Kuropo  Mi'riil.,  ill,  185, 1826,  {fasvialus). 

NeinatoKtnmii,  KicilWAMi,  18;t9,  .fl(fe  Kaup. 

Small  pipefishes  with  the  body  smooth,  rounded,  the  ridges  indistinct. 
No  pectoral  fin;  caudal  rudimentary  or  Avantiiig,  the  tail  tapering  ton 
point.  Dorsal  moderate,  ojjposito  the  vent.  K^K**  <'ittached  to  the  loosn 
skin  of  the  abdomen  of  the  male,  and  not  covered  by  lateral  folds. 
Species  few,  mostly  of  the  Atlantic,     (nl'v,  together;  yvnUog,  jaw  ) 

Synonatihh  : 
(1.  Caudal  tin  rudimontary,  witli  .'i  rays.     HiiiBH  28  to  30  |  fiO  to  70;  dorsal  38  to  44. 

a:q I'll  11 J  us,  Ii:ts, 

Subgenus  SYNGNATHUS. 

1188.  SYNONATHl'S  .K(JllOUKIIS.  Linn.nuH. 
(Ocean  Pipefish.) 

Rings  28  to  30  +  68  to  70  ;  dorsal  :58  to  44.  Caudal  fin  rudimentar.v, 
very  indistinct.  Vent  opposite  tlie  ])08terior  third  of  the  doiMjil  lii:, 
before  the  middle  of  total  length.  Snout  about  2  in  head.  Head  .'!H  to 
4i  in  distance  to  vent.  All  the  shields  smooth.  (Giinther.)  Nortlicrn 
and  western  coasts  of  Europe;  also  in  the  open  Atlantic  and  reconlid 
from  the  (Julf  of  Mexico.  If  Syngnathiis  hcckcU  and  S.  martinicetmis  uro 
the  same,  it  is  probably  uot  rare  in  the  Caribbean  Sea.  (oiquoreus,  beloufjiiiif 
to  the  sea.)    (Eu.) 

Syngnalhusir(jiioreu8,liiJifi.r.vn,  Systonia  Natuno,  Kd.  x,  417, 1758,  open  Sea  ;  GOntiier,  Cut.,  vni, 

191,  1870. 
Syngnalfimsihh(ildi,'W\WMjyi,  Artudi,  0,  1792,  Scotland;  after  SiBUALn. 
NeropIiU  maatl(d(i,  Kafixesque,  Indico  Ittlol.  Sic,  67,  1810,  Palermo. 
NerophiK  aiigniiicns,  K.voi',  Lopliobr.,  0,'),  ISjiJ,  Brownsey;  Dorsetshire;  Berwick. 
Nerophui  Iteckcli,*- K. MP,  I.opliobr.,  GO,  185(5,  Bogota. 
Kerophifi-\  marlinicenslK  (Bihron)  Kavi',  I.e.,  (i7,  Martinque. 


*SyngmUhuii  heckeli  (Kaiii')  : 

Rings  28  +  67.  Dorsal  38  or  39,  ou  3  +  7  rinfis.  CiMidal  fin  rudimentary,  with  5  rays.  I  nil 
a  little  longer  than  body.  Anterior  margin  of  orbit  orcupios  the  middle  of  lengtli  of  IhiuI. 
Length  of  bead  J  of  itii  distance  from  vent.     Bogota.     (Kaup.) 

■\ SyngntUhua  martiiiiceiuis  (Bidro.v)  : 

Rings  28 -f  64.  D.  42.  Snout  as  long  as  rest  of  head,  liesembles  £1.  tEguoreiis,  but  is  blacki.'-h, 
with  a  longer  tail.   Martinique.    (Kaup.) 


Lucas,     {'nil. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        775 


347.  OSPHYOLAX,  Copo. 

tuphiinhir,  Cner.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Siti.  Pliilii.,  1875,  450,  ipeUiicidun). 

I't'ctoial  iina  wanting ;  tail  subcylindric.  Body  covered  with  thio, weakly 
ki'i  Ird  Huuta,  which  have  on  the  lumbar  region  free  Buperior  edgeu,  which 
till  111  :i  MorieH  of  longitudinal  lateral  grooves.  Lateral  dorsal  scutea  pro- 
iliicod  upward,  and  approximated  on  the  middle  lino,  inclosing  a  tube 
tor  a  dlHtance  anterior  to  the  dorsal  ihi.  Dorsal  fiu  short,  above  the 
Mill.  No  ventral  nor  caudal  pouch;  caudal  fin  rudimcntal.  This  genus 
is  lilatod  to  SyngnuthitH,  but  is  different  from  known  forms  in  its  curious 
(loisai  tube.  What  the  iturpose  of  this  can  be  is  uncertain,  but  the  strong 
l;it<  rill  cliannels  below  it  on  each  side  are  probably  an  adaptation  for  the 
carrying  of  the  eggs.  In  tlie  typo  species  the  dorsal  tube  is  closed  above 
Iiy  a  series  of  small  radiate  ossicles  in  the  median  line,  between  which 
till'  cavity  may  be  entered  by  small  bodies.  The  same  specimen  displays 
a  narrow,  free  dermal  membrane  on  the  middle  lines  of  the  upper  and 
liiwcr  surfaces  from  the  thoracic  to  the  beginning  of  the  lumbar  region. 
Ojicii  sea.     {i)n(pi'^,  small  of  the  back  ;  ('jXaf,  a  tube.) 


1 


IIF.K,  Cut.,  \  111, 


lUt  is  blackish, 


11»».  OSPHYOLAX  PKLLIiriDlIS,  Cope, 

Head  11  in  length;  snout  2  in  head.  Three  longitudinal  series  of 
Hciita  on  each  side  of  body,  and  one  on  middle  line  below.  They  are 
rounded  at  the  intersecting  angles,  thus  leaving  a  vacancy,  which  is 
covered  by  a  small,  round  scale.  Eacli  scute  with  a  low  median  keel, 
tVoiM  which  delicate  transverse  ridges  diverge.  The  two  lower  lateral 
Kci  ii's  are  the  ones  which  form  the  lumbar  grooves.  Two  nuchal  scuta. 
I'ai  ietal  and  frontal  regions  impressed,  punctate ;  operculum  radiate ;  sides 
of  muzzle  smooth.  Thirty-one  transverse  rows  of  scuta.  Dorsal  radii 
Kixtcen.  Length  9  inches;  tail  equal  to  rest  of  body.  Color  pellucid, 
tiioback  tinged  with  brownish.  (Cope.)  Open  Atlantic.  Notseenbyus. 
ipilluciduH,  transparent. ) 

"s;i/i.//(i/(u;peHiici(/««,  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  187.'>,  4.">0,  pluto  xxv,  fig.s.  1  to  4,  open 
Atlantic  Ocean.     (Coll.  Capt.  J.  Mortimer.) 

348.  HIPPOCAMPUS,*  Rafinesque. 
(TiiK  Ska-iiorsks.) 

Hiliiiiiciwipiiii,  Rafinesquf.,  Indico  d'lttiologia  Siciliana,  :57,  1810,  {hippocamptu) . 
Hi]>pi»ampu!t,  Leach,  /ool.  Misc.,  1814,  103,  (hippocnmpn»). 


*  Till' follow  iiig  Kuropean  species  has  been  several  times  reconleJ  from  our  coant,  but  prob- 
ulily  cither  Hippocampus  hudsoiiins  or  II.  pnnctitlalns  has  been  mistaken  for  it. 

Ilijipoi-iimpuH  hippocanipnn  (LiNV.Tirs)  : 

Porgal  fin  with  20  (19)  rays.  Tubercles  generally  well  developed  on  tho  head  and  body,  and 
Bnli.iciite,  rarely  blunt.  Length  of  tlio  snout  equal  to  the  distance  between  tho  bind  margin  of 
tliiMirbit  and  .^ill  opening.  Spines  on  tho  head  and  nock  sometimes  with  simple  filaments. 
llniHn,  with  bluish-white  dots,  more  or  less  continent  into  lines  on  tho  lower  part  of  the  side 
aij.l  (rill  oov.r ;  dorsal  fin  witli  a  black  submarginal  hand.  Coasts  of  sontlu^rn  Knrope,  north 
to  Knj;liiiKi;  abundant  in  tho  Mediterranean.  Ilrown,  tho  sides  profusely  spotted  with  white, 
the  Ml  111  plain. 

iS';/H|/ii    uiiK  hippocimipiis,  LlNN.«:i:s,  Syst.  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  1758,  3;J8,  open  sea. 

Ui}ipocampus  heplagonm,  BAFiNEsyiE,  I.  c  ,  37,  1810. 


IS 


It- 


11 


J^.^mt^ 


H 


: 


iir 


ii'ii 


77(5 


Bulletin  47,  Ignited  States  National  Museum. 


lt()«ly  Htrongly  cuiiipresHcd,  the  Ijully  gibboiiH,  tapering  uhruptly  to  a 
lung,  quadraugnlur,  prehoiiHile  tail.  Head  with  a  diHtinct  curvtMl  nci  k, 
placed  nearly  at  a  right  angle  with  the  direction  of  the  body,  Biirnioiinird 
>)y  a  cumpreMHed  occipital  crest,  on  the  top  of  which  ia  an  angular,  8t;ir- 
hhii|)nd  coronet ;  top  and  Hides  of  the  head  with  spines.  Physiognomy 
remarkably  horse-like,  like  that  of  a  conventional  "knight"  at  cinss. 
Body  and  tail  covered  with  bony  plates,  forming  rings,  those  on  tlix 
body  each  with  six  spines  or  tubercles,  those  of  the  tail  with  4.  I'cc 
toral  lins present,  short  and  broatl ;  anal  minute,  usually  present;  dorsal 
(in  moderate,  opposite  the  vent.  Egg  pouch  in  the  male  a  sac  at  tlie  baNi-  nf 
the  tail,  terminating  near  the  vent.  Species  numerous,  in  all  warm  si  as. 
They  attach  themselves  by  their  tails  to  seaweed  and  other  floating  niiIi 
stances,  and  are  often  carried  to  great  distances  by  currents.  (i-mroKd/im, , 
the  ancient  name,  from  Ittkoc,  horse;  Kii/nTo(,  a  wriggling  sea  monster, 
or  a  caterpillar.) 

(I.  Dorsiil  till  larjic,  with  la  rays. 

fi.  RiiigH  lU  {'  ;i8  ;  Kleiidur,  tli<i  tiiil  loiiK<>r  than  hi^iul  niid  lioily  ;  hmly  iiiiircilor  nr  HparMlv 

.(lottod  with  white.  IXUKNS,  II  Id. 

fifi.   KiliKR  11  +  't'^  (')  !)''> ;  ili-pth  of  l)<)ily  oqiiaU  lcii);tli  of  licml  ;  Hiioilt  2'{f  iu  lioilil  ;  doisal 

flu  oil  l!'a  1   0  rings;  hody  mottled,  not  d  itleii.  iii'DSOniuh,  1111. 

ail.  Dornai  fin  Ninallor,  with  K'l  to  18  rays. 

I'.  Doraal  fin  witli  17  or  18  rayH,  on  '2  <'aiidiil  riii);s  ;   nnoiit  Khort,  Idhh  than  half  li'n;:ili 

of  lieiul  ;  li^ht-hliie  .'<]iuts  uii  Iiis'id  and  Hiioiit  ;  head  Uflually  without  filainints: 

Hi/.o  large.  ruNCTUi.An  s,  1 1 IJ. 

(V.   Dorsal  fin  with  Ki  layK,  on  4   i   ()  rings ;    ringnl2  +  ;U;    mioiit  longer  than  piKi- 

oeiilar  diHtanco  ;  body  unspotted  ;  sl/.u  moderate,  stymfkii,  114:i. 

aaa.  Dorsjil  tin  very  Rmall,  with  12  rays,  on  U  |- 1  rings;    rings  11  +  HO ;   nnuut  very  short; 

body  without  white  spots.  zoster.^;,  UII. 


iUO.  IlIPPOrAMPrS  INOENS,  Oirard. 

((Jaiiai.i.ito  DEI.  HIaii.) 

D.  19,  on  3  +  2  rings  ;  A.  4.  Rings  11  +  3(5  to  .38  ;  eye  moderate,  2^  iu 
snout,  which  is  2^  to  2^  in  head,  rather  than  opercle.  Body  iu  male 
rather  slender,  its  greatest  depth  in  males  1^  in  head,  or  about  o  ]U!il  to 
the  distance  from  snout  to  posterior  margin  of  orbit ;  tail  longer  than 
head  and  body  together.  Spines  on  head  and  body  high,  with  Iari;f 
fringed  Haps;  supraorbital  spine  nearly  half  diameter  of  eye;  coniiitt 
well  develoiK'd,  with  five  spines  ;  surface  of  plates  with  many  hiiiall 
papillii',  each  third  to  fifth  tubercle  of  dorsal  series  enlarged;  shoiildfi 
girdle  Avith  3  tubercles;  anterior  spine  of  frontal  triangle  much  lower 
than  the  others;  female  more  slender,  tlie  depth  1!  in  head,  the  snout 
eiiual  to  rest  of  head.  Color  blackish,  usually  plain,  faintly  barred  wiili 
darker;  papilhe  on  body  pale,  giving  an  appearance  of  scattered  whitish 

Hipiinrtnipns  aiiliqiionim,  IjEAI'II,  Zoiil.  Misc.,  181-1,  104  ;  GI'ntiieu,  Cat.,  Vlll,  200,  1870. 
Jlijiliociwipiislin'iiiiinlris,  OiviKii,  Itegiie  Aiiiiii.,  Kd.  ii,  1829,  Venice  ;  after  WiLHiomn  ;    lit.nin' 

of  a  fresh  specimen. 
Hippocampus  guUalus,  CuviER,  I.e.;  also  after Wii.luohbv,  the  type  apparently  from  Venice,  a 

specimen  dried  and  straightened  out. 
Hippocampus  antiqttxu  of  authors. 


Jordan  and  E7'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         777 


1142.  HIPPOCAMPUS  PrNCTriiATIS,  (iiii.  honot. 

(Caiiai.mto  he  Max.) 

Dorsal  rays  17  or  18.  Snout  usually  a  little  longer  than  poHtorbital 
l>ait  of  head.  TuherclcH  on  body  generally  obtuse  and  blunt :  coronet 
low  :  supraorbital  spine  obliquely  truncate,  compressed  ;  heatl  usually 
witliout  lilanients.  Si/e  large.  Dark  brown,  nuirbled  with  darker  and 
iisniilly  everywhere  with  light-blue  spots  which  become  white  in  alcoholic 
Npcciniens;  these  spots  most  numerous  posteriorly  ;  sometimes  these  spots 
arc  altogether  wanting.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  coiinnon  in  the 
West  Indies,  Brazil,  and  Western  Africa,  occasionally  northward  in  the 
(iiilf  Stream  as  fav  as  Heanfort,  N.  C.  (Jenkins.)  A  rather  large  and 
prettily  colored  sea-horse.     (jmnctnlatHx,  with  small  dots.) 


mm 

1 

7 

1 

Hoei'ks;  a  white  dot  before  eye ;  Honietimes  wliitish  streaks  behind  eye; 
liiiily  sometimes  with  black  dots,  (lulf  of  ('alifornia  in  shallow  water, 
H(  an  e  ;  ranging  north  to  8an  Diego.  Here  described  from  three  male  and 
oiii  ii'inale  speeimens,  each  (>  inches  long,  from  Ma/.atlan.  Girard's  types, 
livi'  ill  number,  the  largest  !)  inches  long,  from  >San  Diego,  where  tlio 
HIMM  ics  is  very  rare.  Pacilic  Coast  of  northern  Mexico,  Cape  San  Lucas, 
San  Dii^go;  not  eonimon  ;  one  of  the  largest  sea-horses;  reaching  u 
lciiL,'ili  of  nearly  a  foot.     {iHi/eim,  gigantic.) 

//,;,/!  MU<»/<M>  I'li^f-io,  OiiiAui),    I'ur.    ]{.   It.   Siii'v.,   KiNlicH,   :tl'2,    IS.'iS,  San   Diego;   ndiilt  malo ; 

.i.iiiiiAx  .\;  (iii.iiKiiT,  SviiiipsiH,  ;!Kt;,  ihh:). 
]ln.j,..,,imi,ii»  iinirilis,  Oil. I.,    Prix-.    Ar.  Nitt.  Sci.    I'lillu.,   \H(i'i,  2H2,  Cape  San    Lucas;    uiliilt 

r>iiiiili>.    (Coll.  Xiiiiti;.H.) 


y 


1). 

ill  r<' 
body 
with 
witli 
most 
each 
Nllhll 
Char 

;/,;,;'- 

.]• 

Uipp> 

li,,,r< 


1141.  illPPO('A.1IPrS  llirDKOMrK,  DoKiiy. 
(Common   Amkkican  Sba-iiok8k.) 

l!t;  rings  12 -)- 32  t(»  Sfi;  depth  equal  to  length  of  head.  Snout  Ijt 
st  of  head.     Spines  of   head  weak,  provided  with  cirri;   spines  of 

all  short  and  bluntish.  Dorsal  on  3A  of  the  11  rings.  Dusky, 
out  spots,  but  with  pale  grayish  blotches,  which  are  sharply  edged 

paler  and  blackish  ;  some  of  these  between  eyes  and  on  neck,  the 

distinct  blotch  forming  an  hourglass-shaped  figure,  extending  down 
side  of  the  back  ;  similar  blotches  on  belly  and  tail.  Dorsal  with  a 
larginal  dark  band.  Atlantic  Coast,  from  Cape  C'od  southward  to 
ieston;  not  common.     (Name  from  Hudson  Kiver.) 

■  iimitm  hiibuiiiiiiK,  Dk  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  FihIich,  ;W2,  plate  .Mt,  f\^.  ni,184'2,  NewYorIt; 

il!l>AN   .k   (ill.llKIlT,  Sj'IKipsJH,  !Wl7,  188:!. 

ruiiijiiis  liepliKjoniiH,  .TiiuDAN  it  Qii.BKliT,  SyiiopsJH,  IISIJ,  IMSIt;  not  of  Kakin-si^ik. 
Kiiiijiiis  lii'rifaH<latin<,  Hki'kei,  M.S.,  Kaiip,  Lopliobranchli,  Id,  IKfiO,  North  America.* 


ii 


oin  Venice,  n 


'  !<;iiiirH  ilescription  of  nippnrniiipiii'  hrricimduliiitU  as  follows:  "Thodori'alas  lonjf  as  the  tii'iwl, 
iiuil  -taiuling  on  .1  rings.  Body  rings  11.  Tlip  eyos  nearly  in  the  middle  between  the  end  of  the 
mout  and  the  gill  onening.  Cp  to  the  dorsal  fln  there  are  8  rings.  Tail  without  knobs,  and  the 
gill  plate  silvery." 


' 


778 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I 


IJipportiniimHpimiiiildliiK,  (iricitKNdP,  in  SiigrH,  Culm  PoIhm.,  174,  pliitii  .1,  fig.  'i,  1850,  Cuba. 

Hipjiocaiiiiiiiit  tnarijinalin,*  llr.CKKi.,  in  K.u'i',  Liiphobr. ,  LI,  iM.'itl,  Mexico. 

IliltpDiiimpuH  f(iiiiUtiliiriK,f  HiicKKi,,  in  Kadi-,  /,  c,  ir),  185(1,  Mexico. 

IliiipticiimpiiH  loHiiiriinlriii,  Kai'I",  LuiiIioI)!'.,  Vi,  1880;  not  of  Civikh. 

HippiintmiiiiH  (iiilhihiliiH,  QCntiieh,  Cut.,  viii,  2W,  1870;  |ii'(il)iilily  not  of  CrviEii. 

f  Hippafumpim  K-ikIh,  Blkkker,  Miit.  Tyilrt.  Nud.  Id(1.,  Ill,  H'J,  East  Indies;  niinieroun  xyiK.irMiH 

of  //.  k:iila  iiru  i|U>it<'(l  by  (ir.NTllKU.  '.  <■.,  but  tliin  Kunt  Iiidiiin  ii|ifL-lvH  will  |iroliiilily  lii'  luurnl 

dlU'ortiut. 

114».  IIII»POCA.MIM'H  KTYMKKH,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

D.  16,  covering  about  4  hotly  rings  ;  rings  about  12-(-I^l'  Snout  not- 
ably longer  tliiin  postorbital  part  of  head  ;  supraocular  and  teniimial 
spines  long,  siui])le;  a  long  median  spine  in  front  of  coronet ;  coioiiut 
stout,  high,  its  spines  slender,  abrujitly  sjneading.  Spines  of  body  mmt 
long  and  slender,  each  ending  in  a  filament;  these  enlarged  on  inch 
alternate  i)late  of  thii  neck,  and  about  every  fourth  plate  on  body  mikI 
tail;  dorsal  and  upper  lateral  ridge  usually  armed  and  sometimes  low <r 
lateral  ridge  ;  two  strong  spines  at  base  of  pectoral ;  body  with  about  fii) 
developed  spinous  processes  besides  numerous  smaller  points.  Bro\vni>li, 
with  darker  bars;  no  pale  spots;  snout  blackish.  Coasts  of  Floridn,  in 
deei>  water,  known  from  the  "  Snapper  Hanks"  oil'  Ponsacola  and  Taiiiiia, 
and  from  the  (iulf  Stream.     (HtifliJ'ci',  bearing  rods  or  t»rojections.) 

Uippwampm  nt'jUfer,  .TonnAN  iV  GiiHKRT,  Proc.  l'.  H.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  V!ti5,  "  Snapper  Banks." 
(TyjM!,  No.  308711.     Coll.  .lorJaii  .t  Steuriis);  .Tordan  A-  Gii.HKUi,  SyiiopaiM,  907,  188H. 


i  J 


I    V 


1144.  HIPPOCAMPI'S  ZOKTER.K,  .Ionian  &  Gilbert. 

Dorsal  12,  on  2  f  1  rings;  rings  11  +  30.  Snout  very  short,  not  iikmc 
than  half  rest  of  head  ;  supraorbital  spines  diverging,  each  with  a  .sniiiU 
spine  before  it.  Coronet  high,  I  length  of  snout,  its  filaments  about  as 
long  as  snout.  Spines  on  body  well  developed.  Olive  green  ;  siiltn  of 
head  mottled  with  dusky,  its  margin  (in  i  )  broadly  red.  Leno;tli  L' 
inches.  Pensacola  Bay  ;  the  smallest  known  species  of  sea-horse,  alum. 
dant  in  shallow  water  in  the  lagoons,  always  found  clinging  by  its  tail 
to  the  sea  wrack,  Zustera  marina  (whence  the  name  zoHterw). 

Uilipiicdtiipiin  zoKlcrir,  .loRnAN  k  GiiiiKnT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mtis..  1882,  2('i.''i,  Grand  Laroon, 
Pensacola,  Florida.  (Tyii«,  No.  311852.  Coll.  Jordan  &  Stoarna.)  Jordan  k  ;.ii.iikiit, 
Synopsis,  907,  1883. 

*  llippoiampHK  marginalis,  Heckei,: 

Dorsal  fin  on  last  thioi^  of  tlic  twelve  body  rings.  Greatest  lieiglit  of  body  equal  to  (list;ind> 
between  the  coronet  and  the  end  ot  the  snout.  .\ll  tlie  angles  of  tlio  rings  more  develi)|ir.l  iImm 
in  //.  hmijiriinlrh.  White  spots  besprinkle  the  head  and  snout,  and  the  gill  plates  arc  cinss'il  li.v 
curved  black  lines;  longitudinal  black  stripes  inn  on  the  body  to  the  seventh  ring,  ami  l)lHik 
cross  lines  succeed  them  from  tbe  eightli  to  the  twelfth  rings;  irregular  interrupted  blin  k  linen 
traverse  the  belly  lengthwise.     (Kaiip.)    Mexico. 

■|"  Ilippncaiiipiin  fiisficiilariH,  HecKEI.: 

Snout  longer  than  that  of  //.  ?/(<'ri»(»Vf(.«,  with  more  acute  nasal  projections,  and  the  l.irsal 
not  standing  on  so  liigli  an  elevation.  Coloi  black,  with  very  many  white  points.  Gill  platt'.-- 
striped  by  10  or  11  rows  of  wl.itedots,  and  between  the  lateral  line  and  the  liin  of  the  bcll.v  tliiTc 
are  irregular  white  bands  extending  as  far  as  to  the  seventh  ring.  From  the  eighth  riiiK  •"  •'''•' 
anus  there  is  between  each  pair  of  rings  a  dark  cross  lino  sprinkled  with  white  spei  kn,  and 
marbled.     Mexico.     (Kaup.) 


Jordan  ami  Kverfnann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        779 


Order  BB.  ACANTIK  )PTERI. 

(THK  .Sl'INV-KAVEl)   FlSUKS.) 

Aiitorior  vortobra-  nniiioditii'd  aixl  without  <mHi(;ulii  niiditiiH;  no  innHo- 
roiiiiiiid  aiitl  no  inttTclavicluH  (no  far  iih  known).  Hoi'«l«>rot'  nioiith  toiiiK-d 
liy  |>i(Miia\illary  ;  maxillary  noiinally  diNtinct  fiuin  it  and  alwavH  picHtnt, 
hill  Nonu'tinu^H  cooHHiliod  witit  it.  (iilln  laiiiinatiMl.  >Slionl<l*-r  ^iidii; 
attiiiliofl  to  ilio  Hknll  Ity  a  po.st-trniporai.  wliicli  i.s  nornially  Ciinratt"  and 
usually  not  cooHHilied  with  tlir  Nkuli.  lly|H>rRora(;oid  and  liy|>(>rora<-oid 
(lisiiiict,  ossified,  the  foinmr  u.sinilly  ptMfbratr.  i'haiyn;;«iaiH  wtjjl  devid- 
opt'd,  tlio  lower  rarely  united,  the  third  upper  pharynjjpal  larKcst.  the 
foiiilh  often  wanting.  Pectoral  actinosts  always  present,  opereular 
ii|i|);uatii8  complete;  gill  openings  in  advance  of  the  pectoraJH;  pec- 
tiii;il  liuH  above  the  plane  of  tlie  abdomen;  ventral  tins  more  or  less 
mill  lioi.  nonnally  attached  by  tlie  pelvis  to  the  shoulder  girdle,  typically 
with  1  spine  and  5  rays,  sonuttimes  wanting,  Nometimes  without  spine  or 
with  many  rays,  or  otherwise  modilied.  Anterior  ;aysof  dorsal  and  anal 
tyiiicaily  nimph^  or  spinous,  l)nt  all  the  tin  rays  often  articulate.  Air 
liliiddci  typically  without  duct  in  the  a<lult.  Scales  various,  typi- 
cally ctenoid;  lateral  line  usually  ruhning  high.  To  this  group  are 
i(  Iriahlo  the  great  body  of  existing  marine  fishes.  It  may  be  not  a  ])er- 
fectly  iiii'iiirtil  order,  inasmuch  as  the  members  of  the  group  ditler  very 
widely  among  themselves,  and  at  the  same  time  some  of  them  approach 
v<My  closely  to  neighboring  orders  as  the  Iluplomi,  tSiinentoynathi,  Ilcmi- 
lintiichii,  etc.,  groups  relat«'d  to  the  parent  stock  of  some  of  the  .lititi- 
llnipliri.  It  is  not  at  all  certain  that  the  Acaiilhoptcri  have  all  develojied 
fioiii  a  common  stock,  nor  in  many  cases  can  wo  indicate  the  genetic 
relations. 

Among  the  Aatnthoptcri  a  certain  number  of  well-defined  suborders 
exist — branches  more  or  less  separable  from  the  parent  stem.  It  is  impos- 
sihlc,  however,  to  divide  the  whole  group  into  suborders,  as  many  of  the 
coiKstittK^nt  groujjs  cannot  be  defined.  Thus  the  J'lrcexoccx,  Tanioitomi, 
III liriisiniKita,  Sclcrodermi,  Gyintiodotitin,  etc.,  (san  b()  easily  segregated  and 
tiffined,  while  other  groups  clustering  around  equally  well-marketl  forms 
can  iHit  receive  any  sort  of  concise  and  inclusive  definition.  Examples 
of  this  are  the  Scomhrnidci,  rircoidei,  Traclihwidci, and  thelike.  Hut  these 
large  groups  cannot  be  all  referred  to  a  single  suborder,  as  they  ditter 
as  much  inter  se  as  the  well-defined  suborders  do. 

Wo  liavo  hero  adopted  the  anomalous  system  of  recognizing  two  sorts 
(it'siil)()rdinate  divisions  within  the  order  of  Acantliopicri,  the  "subonh-rs  '' 
or  categories  susceptible  of  definition,  and  "  groups"  which  can  only  bo 
(Ictiiicd  through  alliance  with  some  central  or  some  parent  form.  Thus 
tlic,  varied  group  of  Scomhroidci  center  sibout  the  mackerels,  seeniing  to 
(livciire  in  various  directions  from  the  type  of  Scomber.  The  difficulty 
of  definition  may  arise  from  any  one  of  several  sources:  (a)  from  the  real 
iutt  I  gradation  of  forms;  (h)  from  our  ignorance  of  the  real  characters  ; 
or,  (c)  from  the   intrusion   of  unrelated  forms  which  obscure  the  true 


ml^ 


r 


m ! 


780 


Hulletin  77,  Unifft/  Stati's  Natiomil  Musfum. 


i|iinlity  (»f  tlifl  K>^<*<U'-  ^'''*)  pi'(*H«nc«)  uf  iiitniHivn  i>l«*in«ntN  Iihn  Ixioii  y<\w 
of  the  cliief  csiihom  of  tho  failiiro  of  hcIioiih-h  of  cluHHitlcatioii  in  the  |i.ik|, 
Th«)  iiiodorn  faHhion  of  a  coiiipurutivoly  iiiiniito  HiihdiviHion  of  ^iMtt-nt  nid 
fainiliuH  hiiN  thiH  JiiHtilinition,  tliiit  "Anul.vNiH  iniist  ptmtedo  Nviithi'siH." 
Thu  lur^*)  fttiiiilioii  aixl  ^unera  r<'co^ni/u«l  by  tlio  tmrli«tr  wiiterH  win- 
•Iways  (liHlignrtMl  l)y  thorntuntioiiof  "  aherrant,"  tliat  Ih,  iinnOated  foiiriN. 
((isf/rf'H,  Hpiiio ;  nTfitiif,  fin;  tiio  wonl  originally  written  AciiHthopUiiiiiii, 
hut  the  Hhortcnetl  form  HueniH  preferable.) 

Anai.yhis  ok  SinioKOKUS  and  otiikk  (iuoi'i's  oi-  Acantiioitkiu. 

Note.  In  the  following  analyniH  only  the  nioHt  Halieiit  or  the  nioNf  evi- 
dent eharacterH  are  mentioned,  detailed  deHcriptionn  b«'ing  givtm  faitlit'i' 
on.  The  groups  called  Hultorders  are  nioHtly  Hharpiy  (lefined  and  iiinii'  (ir 
leHH  iHolated  from  the  main  trunk  of  the  uuihh  of  Hpiny-rayed  (InIioh.  TIu) 
other  groupH  mentioned  below  are  for  the  inoNt  part  incapable  of  prccJHe 
detlnition,  repreaenting  rather  centerH  of  relationHhi|).  VariouN  aboriiint 
forniH  receive  ])roviHional  location  pending  more  exact  and  detailed  Nlmly. 
ThuH  under  the  Svomhroidti,  Hiri/coideif  and  Tnid'hioidci  for  example,  arc 
here  enumerated  forms  which  may  have  little  real  aHlnity  with  the  (in 
tral  family  of  the  group  in  i|iieHtion.  In  thin  connection  may  he  (iiiottd 
the  following  pertinent  reuiarkHof  Dr.  <iill  (Mem.  Nat.  Acad.  8ci,,  vi.  lis, 
1894 ) : 

"The  author  inHiHta,  as  in  previous  pnhlications,  on  the  entirely  piovi- 
nional  nature  of  the  present  arrangement.  Changes — grave  changes — iniiNt 
necessarily  be  made  in  the  system  when  the  species  shall  be  studied  in  a 
more  scientitio  way  than  has  been  generally  done  heretofore.  Many  I'aiii- 
ilies  are  entirely  unknown  in  an  anatomical  ])oint  of  view,  and  until  tlnir 
structure  has  been  investigated  and  carefully  compared  with  thai  of 
others,  their  systematic  relations  must  remain  doubtful.  No  scieiilitic 
investigator  should  fear  to  change  his  o)>inion.  An  obstinate  persisteiicu 
in  ancient  views  because  they  have  been  once  ado])ted  has  been  too  Imi^ 
detrimental  to  the  interests  of  systematic  ichthyology,  and  such  obsliiiacy 
has  retarded  the  general  jtrogress  of  science  for  twenty  to  thirty  ycaiH. 
While  the  aspect  of  every  other  branch  of  vertebrate  zoology  has  entirely 
changed  within  that  period,  ichthyology,  the  most  complex  and  the  least 
advanced  of  all,  might  appear  to  the  casual  observer  to  have  had  a  iiioi« 
certain  basis  than  any,  inasmuch  as  the  text-books  of  a  past  geneiatidii 
have  essentially  the  same  system  as  the  latest.  Either  almost  oiiinis- 
cieuce  and  prescience  were  the  attributes  of  the  guides  of  the  past  who 
keep  to  thu  same  path  in  the  present,  or  obstinacy  and  blindncNH  tn  an 
extraordinary  degree  have  been  manifested.  To  a  great  extent  ichthyol- 
ogy has  been  limited  to  descri|)tions  of  species  or  habits,  and  taxoiioinio 
principles  have  been  (juite  neglected. 

Meanwhile  ichthyology  is  still  a  crude  and  inchoate  science.  The  preH- 
ent  list  has  been  prepared  as  u  check-list  and  adjuvant  to  the  use  ot  the 
collection.  Many  families  have  been  allocated  in  their  positions  siiii|ily 
because  they  have  been  placed  there  before  and  because  equal  douliis 
would  be  involved  in  ])lacing  them  elsewhere.  In  many  cases,  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  general  conceptions  of  their  relations  (if  so  positive  a  Icrni 
may  be  applied  to  what  are  vague  reiterations  of  past  utterances)  are 
baseless,  but  the  indications  furnished  by  the  exterior  are  insuHicieiil  to 
justify  positive  conclusions.  Until  the  anatomy  or  at  least  the  osteolojiy 
of  every  family  and  subfamily-is  known,  much  doubt  must  remain  an  to 
the  proper  allocation  of  such  groups,     ((iill.) 

SAi.MOPEiict::  Adiiiosofln  preHeut;durtutlan<l  anal  with  Kpiiicgiii  very  small  nuuib«r;  veiitnil  tlnn 
abdominal,  with  more  than  5  Hoft  rays;  vertebrui  about  3.5. 

Xenarchi:  Vent  auturior  in  position;  ventral  flns  thoracic,  with  more  than  6  soft  rays;  Uurral 
and  anal  aplnesfew;  tail  diphycercal. 


fordan  and  F.vfrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        7Sl 


lOPTKKI. 


I'M.'  i'mtm:  VeiilrnI  fliiiiiili<liiiiiiiiitl,<>Hrli  of  1  ii|ilni>  iiiKlAriiyii;  ilonul  Kptnoiifew,  itiniilly  form- 
Iriii  '>  "'luruli*  llii  ;  Ki"  NtriKlurxH  iiinl  Mtriii  tiiro  nl'  iiioulli  miriiiul  ;  tli»  Utll  rllphyciTi  ul. 
.\mm>'I>«  iiiiiiti :  Vuutrul  fliiM  wauttiiK  ;  im  «|iliieH  in  uuy  uf  thf  Him,    Utburwiiiv  t<iwiiiitiiilly  m 

Iri   'Ih      /'iPfMM'l*. 

Km  I  ',%'>!  TK  Id  :  I'i'rtui'iil  •I'tiiiontHnot  ill  Ike  tii  I'cirm  orpcMltioii,  2  uf  tlixiii  ii()rniiii,iiii|i|i<irtliiK  Ilia 
flu,  I  loiiKilinliiial  without  ruyn,  1  a  |>litli'  nu  tlin  iciritiiiiil  Hii|i|iurtliiK  W  tu  li)  fn'o  vliiiiKati<  niyH, 
ti'iikr  ill'  IVdin  tlin  rcHt  of  tin*  fln;  vciitrul  fina  Huliulidiiiiiiiiikl.     OtIiiTwImi  vaafntlnlly  bm  I'lrmiihi. 

IImiV' >>iiiEi :  Vtiiitriil  fliiH  tlioraclr.  tyiilrully  uitli  1  niiiiic  anil  iiiiirii  llinii /inoft  myH,  Hplnrn  of 
fiiiH  \<iri(>iiH;  iii|iiainalli>n  MtrimiM;  iiir  iliirt  kiiiiii'IIiih'h  ixTHiHti'iit;  titil  illptiyrrrral. 

fi  ..Miiuninr.l :  Vi<ntriil  I'imh  llmrurir,  ty|iiriilly  witli  1  h|iiiin  ami  r>M>rt  iiiyH;  B|iini'H  of  flnx  varioui; 
rniKlal  |>i'iImii  Io  ty  pirnlly  Hli'nili^r,  » llli  a  liroail,  BtronKly  forkiil  >  iiuilal  tin ;  hiiiIon  t.v|>lritlly  nniiill 
anil  ryi'lulil,  Ixit  often  wantiuK  or  tiony,  or  uvuu  i-tuDuiil;  hIiuuIiIit  Kfrilln  norinul;  kHIn  normal; 
tikil  ili|iliy<'i>ri'itl. 

I'l.ii'  ninKi :  ViMitral"  thorarlo,  with  I  niilin-  ami  ft  rayn  (rarely  I,  4);  lowi-r  |)liiirynf{oaliti<'|Mirntt> 
(Ti>n  riiriily  n>iili!Hi'i-nt);  kIIIm  4,  a  hIII  In  liiml  tlm  fiuirlli;  lnwtrllN  i|iinlili>  on  i-ai'li  hIiIh;  miiloi 
ty|iiiallv  'toniiid,  anduNually  well  iloviOiipcil;  |iiiHt-ti'miiiiriil  hIi'ihIit,  iIIvIiIimI  at  lipundnntriioNHl- 
flvil  will)  fikull;  bouw  of  Jawx  diHtiuct;  iH'ctorul  actinoiits  nornml;  vurti'liriK  '^4  to  40;  tall 
ili|iliyi  rrciil. 

Siji  amii'INNEh:  I'oNt-temponil  typii'ally  riiiiBHiflud  with  tlinfikull;  nmxillurieH  norniikl;  tInH  imu- 
nlly  »>aly:  vontralN  thoracir,  typically  with  1  ipine  and  r>  luift  rayH;  vrrti'hriK  24  or  fuwi>r;  tail 
dil'lmiTcal. 

S<  I  r.iiiiKKitMi  :  PiMt-tem|ioral  iindiviilod  ami  i-iH>Ntiinpil  with  the  nkull;  iiiaxillnrirH  riK>HMifli>il 
witli  llir  |iri'ninxillariuM  anil  ilmtiirii-H  with  tin'  artii-iiliir;  vuiitral  fiim  r«iiluri'il  ur  wiintinir,  thi< 
prhir  Imiiio  vi>ry  long;  JawK  with  iliNtini't  ti'oth;  Hkin  coviti'iI  with  Mcalos  or  movahli*  platm; 
upliiuim  iliii'Hiil  proHinit;  vi>rtr)ini*  in  rciliiriMl  iiumhrr,  Iknh  than  2i;  tail  ili|iliyri-rriil. 

(MinrnDKiiMi  .  AHal«ivi',  thii  hoily  ihvitimI  with  Ininy  iininovithlii  Bcutt'n,  forming  a  rarn|iai'o; 
H|iiniiiiN  di'i'Hal  i>liHolti|i>;  viTtehriit  in  ri'iliiceil  iiiiiiilH'r. 

(itMNiiixiNTKR  :  Ah  in  thn  Sclerodenni,  tin;  Hkin  Nmimth  or  variotiNly  prirkly  nr  armcil  with  platiw; 
till  x|iiiioiiH  diirmil  nor  ventral  ItuH;  ti'cth  coalcscont  into  t  or  2  bony  platPH  in  carh  Jaw;  vi<rlehrH' 
in  ri'ihiri'il  number. 

I'liiiiiiiToiDK  :  Much  aa  In  the  Percoidei,  the  i)e<'toral  vi-ry  hrond,  Its  lower  rayn  Rlmple  and 
tliii'ki'iiril. 

lliii.i'ONOTi :  Lower  pharyngeal))  xolidly  united;  young  brought  forth  alivi>;  anal  flu  very  long; 
siiilin  rycloid;  viTtcbrro  more  than  24.     Othi'rwliiii  OHHi-ntlally  tio  in  tho  I'trcoidei. 

riiiiiiMinES  :  Nostrils  Binglo  on  each  (^iile;  lower  jiharynnealH  comiilctoly  uniti'il;  gilln  ll'.^or  4, 
till' xlit  lii'hlnd  laot  ^ill  pri'Hent  or  abfieiit.  No  labyrinthiforni  nppoudaKe  to  tho  gills.  Other- 
v'\*v  I'KW'iitially  a"  In  Percoidei. 

I'liAitvNuiMiNATHi  :  Ni'HtriU  double;  lower  iiharyngcniii  fully  united,  without  suture;  gills .'l|,j, 
iiiiHlit  hcliind  tho  laMt;  Bcales  cycloid;  ventraLs  ttiipraric;  T,  5;  bones  of  Hiiborbital,  jaws,  and 
sliniililiT  girdle  normal.     Otherwise  eswntiully  an  in  Permidei. 

CATvriiitACTi:  Siiborbittt!  with  a  iKiny  stay  extending  backward  from  tho  Ruborbital  ring  to  or 
tiuvnril  till)  iircoperclo;  nostrils  double;  lower  pharyiigpaln  sepurate;  bones  of  jawn  and  shoulder 
girillii  normal;  ventrals  thoracic,  often  reduced,  modified  or  wanting,  always  close  together;  |iec- 
toral  On  simple;  vertobrm  usually  more  than  21;  tail  diphycercal, 

CuANioMi:  Suborbital,  as  In  CatuphracH,  theHtay  more  developed;  ventrals  I,  6,  widely  se|)aratcd 
shoiililer  girdle  peculiarly  moditied;  the  iinBt-toni]ioral  forming  an  integral  part  of  the  skull,  the 
pflRti'i'iitemporal  crowded  out  of  plitre  above  and  on  each  side  of  poNt-temixiral;  pectoral  fln  divided 
In  twii  parts  or  else  with  free  detached  rays. 

(ii'iiiniDKi:  Ventral  fins;  thoracic,  I,  5,  t.\  pically  close  together  or  else  united  (sometimes  widely 
ei>|iar:iti'd);  the  inner  rays  of  each  fln  the  longest;  gill  membranes  broaifly  united  to  the  isthmus; 
(lunial  sjiiiies  few  and  weak;  sott  dorsal  and  anal  long;  scales  variims;  nostrils,  gills,  jaws,  subor- 
'oilal,  ami  shoulder  girdle  normal;  vertebra'  usually  in  nmall  number  (about  24);  tail  diphycercal. 

I)i8(:i>rKi>ii.\Li  :  Spinous  dorsal  modiflcd  into  a  lamellated  sucking  disk,  placed  on  the  back  of 
the  lifad:  ventrals  thoracic,  I,  f>.     Otherwise  essentially  as  in  the  TnicliiiKiidei. 

TnAciiisoinKi:  Ventrals  typically  thoracic,  with  1  spine  and  .'>  rays,  hut  often  jugular  or  with 
tlic  rays  reduced;  nostrils,  jaws,  shoulder  girdle,  and  suborbital  normal;  scales  various;  gills  3V^ 
ur4.  lUirsal  spines  comiiaratively  few;  soft  doreal  and  anal  fins  long;  tail  iliphycorcal;  an  uude- 
&DabU'  and  probably  heterogeneous  group,  its  members  proTisioually  left  together, 


II 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


'^P 


1.0 


1.1 


1.25 


I^|2j8    |2.5 

■^  1^    122 

Sf  144    ■— 
1^   til    12.0 


1.4 


IIIM 
1^ 


V 


V] 


vl 


o^ 


/# 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporetion 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRECT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


;    ( 


■M, 


m 


■''% 


'k 


7H2 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Haplodoci:  Ventrals  jugular,  with  2  or  .'i  Roft  rays;  po8t-temporal  undivided;  gills  a,  .i  Rijt 
beliiud  tliu  last;  no  suborbital  stay;  spiuoun  dorsal  very  short;  no  pseudobranchiai;  tail  'lipiij. 
cereal. 

Xenopteryoii:  Ventrals  wide  apart,  I,  4  or  I,  6,  a  broad  sucking  disk  formed  of  folds  nf  .^kiu 
between  them;  no  spinous  dorsal;  no  suborbital  ring;  uu  scales;  tail  dipbycorcal. 

Blf.nnioidei:  Ventrals  Jugular,  usually  with  I  Kpinc;  less  than  5  soft  rays,  often  wanting',  dur- 
sal  tin  very  long,  its  anterior  portion  composed  of  numerous  spines;  hyiKircoracoid  pcrf'rat^; 
shoulder  girdle,  jaws,  nostrils,  and  suborbital  normal;  tail  diphycercal;  pscudobranchiie  iinsiiiit; 
scales  usually  small  and  smooth,  often  wanting;  vertebrtc  numerous. 

Opiiidioiuei:  Ventrals  without  spines;  no  opines  in  the  anterior  portion  of  dorsal  flu.  (iilicr- 
wiso  essentially  as  in  the  hUnnioidt.  the  tail  diphycercal,  the  lust  vertebra)  sometinicH  nuiili 
reduced 

ANAfANTiiiNi:  Ventrals  jugular,  of  soft  rays  only,  the  number  usually  more  or  lefs  thmi  .>;  no 
spines  in  any  of  the  flns;  hypercorecoid  imperforate;  tail  isocerral;  no  pgeudobrancliin';  ;:i|l8, 
nostrils,  pharyngeals,  suborbital,  and  shouldir  girdle  normal;  vertt^'orro  numerous. 

Tii-iNiosoMi:  Body  ribbon-shaped;  the  ventrals  thoracic,  the'rays  usually  less  than  I,  0;  i.ost- 
temporal  undivided;  skin  smooth  or  prickly;  caudal  fin  wanting  or  else  divided  and  piu  uliiir. 
Skin  naked  or  prickly;  vertebra)  very  numerous. 

Heterosomata:  Cranium  twisted  so  that  both  eyes  in  the  adult  are  on  the  same  side  of  tlic  hciul; 
dot^al  and  anal  fins  very  long;  no  spines  in  the  fins;  ventrals  thoracic,  of  more  than  5  sott  \as>\ 
coracoids  normally  developed,  the  hypercuracoid  perforate;  tail  diphycercal;  pseudobrauchiic 
present;  vortebrte  in  iucreatod  number. 


Suborder  SALMOPERC^. 
(The  Trout  Perches.) 

We  place  provisionally  as  a  suborder  of  the  Acanthopteri,  a  sinpiilar 
group  of  archaic  fishes,  relics*  of  some  earlier  fauna,  and  api.arciitly 
derived  directly  from  the  extinct  transitional  forms  through  whioh  the 
Hajplami  and  Acanthopteri  have  descended  from  allies  of  the  IsospvudyVi. 
The  group  shows  the  remarkable  combination  of  true  iia  spines,  ctenoid 
scales,  and  a  percoid  aiouth,  with  the  adipose  fin,  abdominal  ventraiH,  and 
naked  head  of  the  IsospondyU.  The  relations  of  the  Pei'copmla  with 
such  archaic  spiny-rayed  fishes  as  Aphredoderua  and  Elasaoma  are  cer- 
tainly not  remote  and  the  close  resemblance  of  the  head  of  Percopsix  to 
that  of  Gymnocephalua  {Acerina)  may  be  more  than  accidental.  The  sub- 
order may  be  provisionally  defined  as  follows : 

Ventrals  abdominal,  each  with  a  short  simple  ray  ;  dorsal  Avith  2  hIhi- 
ple  rays  or  spines ;  anal  with  1  or  2 ;  mouth  formed  as  in  Percoid  fisbeH, 
the  simple  toothless  maxillary  not  forming  part  of  its  border.  Adipose 
fin  present.  Scales  ctenoid ;  head  naked  ;  pseudobranchiae  present.  Air 
bladder  apparently  with  a  rudimentary  duct.  Stoniach  siphonal,  with  :. 
few  cceca.  Shoulder  girdle  without  mesocoracoid,  apparently  of  the 
normal  percoid  type ;  vertebrae  about  35.  A  single  family.  (Salvia,  trout ; 
Perca,  perch.) 

*  In  describing  Perropsis,  Agassi/,  refers  to  it  as  a  generalized  type  and  relic  of  an  older  fiiiiim. 
He  says:  "Now,  the  genus  Percopsis  is  as 'important  to  the  understanding;  of  nuHleru  tv|i('sa.s 
Ijfpidosteus  and  Ceslraciou  are  to  the  understaudiiig  of  the  ancient  ones,  te  it  combines  cliurac- 
tere  which  in  our  day  are  never  found  together  in  the  ti>me  family  of  fishes,  but  wlii<li.  in 
more  recent  geological  ages,  constitute  a  striking  peculiarity  of  the  whole  class.  My  rermjtm 
is  really  such  an  old-fashioned  fish,  as  it  shows  peculiarities  which  occur  simultaneously  in  tin' 
fostil  fishes  of  the  Chalk  epoch,  which,  however,  soon  diverge  into  distinct  families  in  the  Ter- 
tiary period  never  to  be  combined  again.  Now  my  new  genus  Percojma  is  a  just  inturiiiiiliatc 
between  Ctenoiiis  and  Cycloids;  it  is  what  an  ichthyologist  at  present  would  scarcely  tliink 
possible,  a  true  iutermediate  type  between  Percoids  and  Salmouidw."  (Agassiz,  Lake  Supcriur, 
285,  1850  ) 


•mms 


r— ■  •^'rr  :-!■— ^-TiT.- 


;  gills  :i,  a  Rlit 
|8d;  tail  dipliy- 

of  folds  (if  hkiu 

1  wanting',  dur- 
,coid  pcrfiiit*; 
mchia;  pii  himiI; 

sal  fin.  (uIkt- 
oinetinirH  uiik  h 

•  lefH  tliiin  .';  no 

>raii('liiii".  )-'illB, 

it>. 

tliati  I,  5:  piist- 

9(1  and  (iiM  iilhir. 

Hide  of  till'  liiiul; 
ban  5  soft  liiy,'.; 
pseudobrtiucbiR 


i,  a  Binpular 
I  api-arcntly 
'h  whioh  the 
)  IsospvmUiU. 
ines,  ctenoid 
ventraiM,  and 
copaidw  with 
oma  aro  cer- 
Pei'copmx  to 
il.    The  Hub- 

witli  2  sini- 
Brcoid  fishes, 
ler.  AdipoHe 
present.  Air 
lional,  with  r. 
ently  of  the 

Salmo,  trout ; 


if  an  older  fauna. 
modern  tvi'tsa-s 
combines  cliariic- 
68,  but  wliic  li,  ill 
lass.  My  ;Vrn>;i«l« 
Itaneously  in  tlu' 
luilies  in  the  Tii- 
jiist  intorni.diatf 
lid  scarcely  "''"'' 
z,  Lake  Superior, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


783 


Family  CIV.  PERCOPSID^. 

(Thk  Sand  Rollers.) 

Hody  inoderat«ly  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle 
lonj;  iind  slender.  Kead  conical,  pointed,  naked.  Mouth  small,  hori- 
zontal ;  maxillary  short,  narrow,  withont  supplemental  bone,  not  reach- 
iiiir  til  the  large  eye;  margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  premaxillaries 
aioiu;,  which  are  short  and  not  protractile.  Teeth  very  small,  villiform 
on  jii'cinaxillaries  and  lower  jaw  only.  Tongue  short,  adherent.  Giii 
nienihranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiie  present. 
Braniliiostegals  6.  Gill  rakers  short,  tubercle-like.  Opercle  with  eatiro 
edjjfs.  Lower  limb  of  the  preopercle  well  developed,  the  angle  nearly  a 
richt  angle,  its  inner  edge  with  a  raised  crest,  its  outer  edge  crenulate  or 
witli  a  few  spines.  Bones  of  the  head  cavernous,  as  in  the  Percoid  genus 
Acirina  ;  cranium  with  a  raised  tsrest,  which  does  nut  extend  lo  the  occi- 
jiut.  Scales  moderate,  rather  firm,  adherent,  their  edges  strongly  cten- 
oid. Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  short,  median,  with  2  spines, 
Blender  or  stout ;  ventrals  anterior,  just  in  front  of  the  dorsal,  with  1 
riidiiventary  spine  and  about  8  rays;  pectorals  narrow,  i>laced  rather 
higher  than  usual  in  laospondyli ;  anal  small,  vith  1  or  2  spines ;  caudal 
forked;  adipose  fin  present,  small.  Vertebra)  about  35.  first  superior 
pharyngobranchial  without  teeth :  second,  third,  and  fourth  separate, 
with  teeth.  Lower  pharyngeals  separate.  Stomach  siphonal,  with  about 
10  well-developed  pyloric  coeca.  Ova  unusually  large,  not  falling  into 
the  alidouiinal  cavity  before  exclusion.  Air  bladder  present,  with  a  band 
of  connective  tissue  which  is  apparently  with  a  rudimentary  duct.  Small 
fishes  of  the  fresh  waters  of  the  cooler  parti  of  America ;  two  genera 
known,  each  with  probably  but  one  species.  The  group  is  one  of  special 
interest,  as  it  combines  with  ordinary  Salmonoid  characters  the  structure 
of  the  head  and  mouth  of  a  Percoid,  resembling  notably  the  European 
genus  Gymnorephalua  or  Acerina.  The  late  discovery  by  Dr.  Eigeninann 
of  !i  second  genus,  still  more  decidedly  percoid  in  its  structure  is  the  most 
interesting  recent  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  American  fishes.  (Pvr- 
copsida;  liunther.  Cat.,  VI,  207,  1866.) 

K.  liorxal  fln  with  2  feeble,  slender  spines  or  simple  rays-  anal  with   1  slender  spine;  scales 

most  strongly  ctenoid  on  caudal  peduncle;  posterior  margin  of  preopercle  entire  or 

with  feeble  crenulations;  lateral  line  developed,  tlio  tubes  small;  form  slciulcr,  the 

body  translucent.  Peucoi'SIs,  349. 

(Id.  Dorsal  and  anal  each  with  2  very  strong    spines;  ventral  spine  evident;  stales  most 

strongly  ctenoid  on  anterior  part  of  body;  posterior  margin  of  preopercle  with  a  few 

short  but  Strom;  spines;  lateral  lino  imperfect,  the  tubes  more  or  less  obsol"te;  form 

robust,  the  substance  comparatively  opaque.  Columbia,  360. 

349.  PEPCOPSIS,  Agassi/.. 

Percoimf,  AoAssiz,  Lake  Superior,  284,  18/50,  {gtUlaiuu). 

SnlimijictiK,  Thompson,  App.  Hist.  Vermont,  33,  18.')3,  {pellncida  =  f/iHlaltm). 

Body  rather  slender,  pellucid,  covei^ed  with  rather  thin  scales.  Dorsal 
tin  with  2  slender  spines  or  simple  rays;  anal  with  1;  scales  roughest 


yBjES- 


784 


Bulletin  4^,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1: 


.;lu,: 


posteriorly ;  lateral  line  developed ;  preopercle  entire  or  very  uearlv  no. 
Vertebrjn  17  +  17  =  34.  Atlantic  Slope,  in  cold  or  clear  lakes  and  rivors. 
(nipKif,  i»erch;  St/^tf,  appearance.) 

1146.  PKR€0P8IS  OllTTATlTK,  A)?aMij. 
(Sand  Holler  ;  Trout  Prrcii.) 

Head  3i^ ;  depth  about  4i.  D.  II,  9;  A.  I,  7  ;  V.  I,  8;  scales  50.  Tl.ad 
slender  and  conical;  mouth  small,  siibinferiov,  maxillary  nut  nearly 
reaching  front  of  orbit.  Caudal  peduncle  long  and  slender.  Pale  oliva- 
ceous, a  silvery  stripe  along  the  lateral  line,  becoming  oltsulete  forwards; 
upper  parts  with  obscure  round  dusky  spots  made  of  dark  points.  Ft-ri- 
toneum  silvery.  Length  0  inches.  Spawns  in  spring.  Delaware  Kiver 
(Abbott)  to  Ohio  River  (Sloan;  Gilbert);  Kansas  and  northward;  very 
abundant  in  the  Great  Lakes ;  in  all  streams  tributary  to  Hudson  liay, 
Red  River  of  the  North,  and  found  by  Dr.  Eigenmann  in  the  Saskatche- 
wan as  far  as  Medicine  Hat ;  rare  in  streams  8outl<  of  Lake  Erie,  although 
occasionally  taken  throughout  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley.  (gutlatuH, 
spotted.) 

PercojwM  gnUalus,  Agabsiz,  Lake  Siiporior,  i!86,  185(»,  Lake  Superior;  GCNTiiEtt,  Cat.,  vi,  'J'JT, 
1866;  Jordan  &  Giiubrt,  Synopgia,  322,  18KJ;  Ekienmann,  Scienco,  Oct.  21, 1892,  2:i:t. 

Halmnperca pelhcida,  TiiomrsoN,  Appendix  Hist.  Vt.,  X.\,  18.53,  Lake  Champlain.  (Coll.  Tli(iiii|>- 
Brn.) 

PercopKU  hammondi*  Qiht,  Pioc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1864,  151,  Kansas.     (Coll.  Ilainiiionr,.) 

350.  COLUMBIA,  Eigenmann  &  Eigenmann. 

Columbia,  EinENMANN  &.£iaENHANN,  Science,  Oct.  21,  18U2,  23:s,  (Irannmontaua). 

Body  rather  robust,  little  translucent,  covered  with  strongly  ctenoid 
scales  which  are  roughest  anteriorly  ;  lateral  line  obscure  or  imperfect ; 
angle  of  preopercle  with  a  few  stoutish  spines.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  each 
with  two  very  strong  spines ;  a  short  ventral  spine.  One  species,  iu 
riversof  the  Pacific  slope.^  v^amed  for  the  Columbia  River,  itself  for  .lohn 
Kendricks's  sh:p,  tho  Columbia;  the  name  derived  from  that  of  CriHti- 
foro  Colon,  who  came  to  America  just  four  hundred  years  before  tliiti  tieb 
was  discovered.)^ 

114«.  COLUMBIA  TRANSMONTANA,  Eigenmann  A  Eigenmann. 

Head  3  to  3^;  depth  3^  to  4  ;  eye  3i,  equal  to  snout.  D.  II,  0 ;  A.  II, 
6;  scales  7  to  9-44  to  46-7.  Body  comparatively  deep,  the  dorsal  ])roliIe 
more  arched  than  the  ventral,  making  an  angle  at  origin  of  dorsal ;  sides 
compressed,  the  tail  most  so.  Head  short  and  chubby.  First  dorsal 
epine  as  long  as  pupil ;  second  half  length  of  head,  recurved,  very  di'oply 
grooved  behind ;  anal  spines  lower  than  dorsal  spines,  the  second  longest; 
ventrals  reaching  past  vent;  nape  scaled.  Semitranslucent  smutty 
green ;  sides  with  three  rows  of  oblong  blackish  spots,  the  middle  aud 

•  Head  larger,  3}^  in  longth,  excluaivo  of  caudal ;  dorsal  higher,  the  longest  ray  4%  in  Icngtli; 
anal  higher,  longest  ray  6  in  length;  pectoral  equals  height  of  dorsal;  ventral  6-%  iu  Imgtli, 
TMtcbtng  vent,  which  is  nearer  snoat  than  margin  of  caudal  fln.    Kansas.    (Qill.) 


'" :  r 


'mmm 


II.  Hamnioinl.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         785 

n])]ier  most  distinct ;  back  with  a  series  of  similar  spots,  one  conspicuous 
at  licfrinning  and  another  at  end  of  first  dorsal;  dorsal  mottled ;  caudal 
liaricil ;  head  smutty  ;  a  blue-black  spot  on  middle  uf  opercle;  a  narrow, 
HJh  cry  lateral  band  ;  young  translucent,  with  dark  spots.  Length  3  to  4 
inclics.  Sandy  or  weedy  lagoons  along  the  Columbia  Kiver,  locally  abun- 
dant at  the  mouth  of  theUmatillaandWallula  rivers;  our  specimens  taken 
'  y  I'liobnrn  and  Kutter  in  the  Wallula  at  Walla  Walla,  {tranmiontanv,^, 
beyond  the  mountains.) 

Oiliniil'iii  IratuimonUiHa,  KioENMANN  &  Eioknmann,  Science,  Oct.  21,  1802,  233,  mouth  of  Uma- 
tilla River,  Oregon;  (Cull.  EigenmanD);  Gilbert  &  Evbrmann,  InvestigatioDg  in  the 
(  olunibia  Biver  Basin,  51,  1894. 


Suborder  XENARCHI. 

We  place  in  a  distinct  suborder,  next  to  the  Salmoperca',  the  singular 
little  family  of  the  Pirate  Perches,  which  finds  its  natural  position  between 
tliu  Percopsidos  and  the  Percoid  forms.  Structure  of  mouth  and  skeleton 
8(1  fur  as  known  essentially  that  of  the  Percoid  fishes.  Dorsal  fin  single, 
with  few  small  spines ;  ventrals  thoracic,  with  a  small  spine,  and  more 
than  five  soft  rays.  Air  duct  not  examined,  probably  obsolete,  the  air 
Madder  large  and  adherent.  Intestinal  canal  ending  at  the  throat  in  the 
adult,  the  vent  variously  posterior  in  the  young.  Vertex ra5  29.  One 
i'uiniiy  among  existing  forms.  Several  fossil  genera.  (Erismatopterua, 
.lmi)li',plaga,  etc.)  seem  to  stand  between  Aphredoileru8  and  Elassoma. 
which  seem  to  be  near  relatives  un  the  one  hand,  as  Percopaia  is  on  the 
oilier,    (fti/of,  strange  ;  apxos,  anna.) 


Family  CV.  APHREDODERID^. 

(The  Pirate  Perches.) 

Body  oblong,  elevated  at  the  base  of  the  dorsal,  compressed  behind,  the 
head  thick  and  depressed,  the  profile  concave.  Caudal  peduncle  thick. 
Muuth  moderate,  somewhat  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting ;  maxillary 
reaching  to  anterior  border  of  the  eye.  Teeth  in  villiform  bands  on  jaws, 
vomer,  palatir  js,  and  pterygoids.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile ;  maxil- 
laries  small,  without  evident  supplemental  bone.  Preopercle  and  pre- 
orbital  with  their  free  edges  sharply  serrate ;  opercle  with  a  spine.  Bones 
of  Hkull  somewhat  cavernous.  Sides  of  the  head  scaly.  Lower  pharyn- 
•reals  narrow,  separate,  with  villiform  teeth.  Gill  membranes  slightly 
joined  to  the  isthmus  anteriorly.  Gill  rakers  tubercle-like,  dentate. 
pBeudobranohiee  obsolete.  Gills  4,  a  small  slit  behind  the  fourth* 
Branchiostegals  6.  Scales  moderate,  strongly  ctenoid,  adherent.  Lateral 
line  imperfect  or  wanting.  Vent  always  anterior,  its  position  varying 
with  age,*  from  just  behind  the  ventral  fins  in  the  young,  to  below  the  pre- 
opercle in  the  adi.lt.    Dorsal  fin  single,  median,  high,  with  but  3  or  4 

*  This  singular  fact  was  first  noticed  by  Prof.  Stephen  A.  Forbes. 
P.  N.  A.- 


•: !  ■'  - 


-^i  ^i^^ 


^^^mK^ 


is 


!  • 
'     i 


hi 


'.11 


'fl- 


786 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Muaeum. 


spinea,  which  are  rapidly  gradnated,  the  first  being  very  short.  Aiml 
Biuall,  with  two  slender  spines  ;  ventral  fins  thoracic,  with  a  v»"y  Hlimt 
spine,  the  number  of  soft  rays  usually?;  caudal  tin  rounded  behind. 
Air  bladder  simple,  large,  adherent  to  the  walls  of  the  abdomen.  Vfi  *e- 
brii*  14  +  15.  Pyloric  cu!ca  about  12.  A  single  genus,  with  probably  Imt 
one  species,  confined  to  the  United  States.  Its  relutionHaro  most  cIono  to 
Coliimhin  and  Percopsis  among  living  fishes,  but  it  difiers  strikingly  I'loni 
these  in  the  loss  of  the  archaic  characters  of  the  adipose  fin  and  tlie 
abdominal  /entrt>.ls.  The  position  of  the  vent  is  not  seen  in  any  closely 
related  group,  but  reappears  in  the  Amblyopnidii',  likewise  an  ancient  t.viio 
without  close  relationships  among  living  fishes.  (Aphredoderidw,  Giiuther, 
Cat.,  I,  271,  1859.) 

351.  APHREDODERUS,  Le  Sueur. 
(PiRATK  Perches.) 

AjhrcilodiriiH,  Lk  Si'KI'k,  in  CuvierA  ValonciciinoK,  HiHt.  Nat.  PoisH.,  ix,  445, 1823,  (yihboms  —  smi- 

(iiiiifi). 
StiTtiolretnia,  NCI.SON,  Bull.  IIIb.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  I,  »!•,  187C,  (mo/c/jiVi). 
/<Menio/re»iia  (Nelhiin)  .loRDAN,  Dull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mux.,  x,  02,  1877,  (inolepiii;  Slerttotreniia  Ix'liig 

regarded  as  anatomically  incorrect). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  («0o(5of,  excrement;  ^t(>ri,  tlio 
throat,  from  the  position  of  the  vent;  hence  more  correctly  Jj)/!0(?o</tTHv,) 

J 

1147.  APHREDODERUS  SAYANUH  (Gillianig). 
(Pirate  Perch.) 

Head  3 ;  depth  3.  D.  Ill,  11  to  IV,  10;  A.  II,  6;  V.  7;  ^.  6;  scales  45 
to  60.  Color  dark  olive,  profusely  speckled  with  dark  points,  which  often 
make  blackish  streaks  along  rows  of  scales;  2  blackish  bars  at  base  of 
caudal,  between  which  is  a  light  bar.  Length  5  inches. '  S'luggish  streams 
and  bayous  from  New  York  coastwise  to  Texas,  and  throughout  the  Mis- 
sissippi basin  in  lowlands  and  streams  with  alluvial  bottoms;  locally 
abundant,  variable.  The  singular  variations  in  the  position  of  the  vent 
have  given  rise  to  two  nominal  species  and  a  nominal  genus.*  North- 
western specimens,  Ohio  to'  Arkansa*)  (var.  isolepia)  have  usually 
smaller  scales  than  the  true  sayanus.  Sayanus  has  45  to  55 ;  uolepin  usuully 
55  to  60;  both  forms  are  extremely  vaiiable  and  probably  no  constant  dif- 
ferences exist.    (Named  for  Thomas  Say,  the  distinguished  entomologist.) 

*  "A  Btudy  of  the  position  of  tlie  vent  in  Aphodoilems  myanm  has  developed  some  singular  t  li  iiigs. 
It  becomes  evident  from  the  examination  of  a  large  scries  that  the  position  of  the  vent  is  iKJt  a 
character  of  generic;  imjtortance,  as  was  supposed  when  the  genus  Slemolremia  was  proposfil,  imr 
is  it  apparently  an  individual  or  a  sexual  character  as  has  been  since  suggested.  The  olisciva- 
tions  of  Professor  Forbes,  verified  by  myself,  appear  to  show  that  the  position  of  tlie  vciil  is 
dependent  on  the  age  of  the  fish.  In  the  adult  the  vent  is  Jugular,  close  behind  the  littlo  pro- 
jecting knob  at  the  throat.  In  the  youngest  specimens  examined,  it  is  more  or  less  hebiinl  the 
ventral  fins.  In  specimens  intermediate  in  size,  its  position  is  intermediate,  the  degrci'  of 
advancement  being  proportionate  to  the  size  of  the  fish. 

"Occasional  irregularities  occur,  but  the  above  rule  holds  so  generally  that  it  can  not  be  mi'rcly 
accidental.    From  it  I  infer  that  in  the  very  young  the  position  of  the  vent  will  be  found  t  •  Im- 


IRIHBHBpBHBniS! 


-r 

\ 

^1^ 

I 


Jordan  and  F.Termann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


787 


liort.  Anal 
I  v»"y  Mliiiit 
led  behind. 
icn.  Verte- 
robaldy  but 
loHt  closer  to 
kingly  t'lom 
fin  and  the 
any  closely 
indent  tvpo 
fa;,  Giiutlier, 


,  {ijihboms  =  »«;/• 
rmolretiiia  liclnjr 
it;   (yt(»l,  tll«! 

Ijikododerits,} 


>i.7.>;'K/iii«i.f/iiHH«,  (iiM.iAMH,  Joiirn.  Ae.  Nat.  Sri.  Pliila.,  iv,  1824,  81,  near  Philadelphia. 

,li,i,i.J,,>liriiiii,  IiImihiih,  Lr  Si'Euii,  ill  Ciivicr  and  Vnli-iicii'iiiii-K,  Hist.  Nat.  I'niwi.,  i.<,  44H,  iHXi, 
Lalce  Pontchartrain. 

iit,-runi,,m'nt  milr/iiii,  NKI.H0N,  Dull.  III.  Lab.  Nat.  IliHt.,  i,  :i9,  1H7<>,  Calumet  River,  Illinois. 

.Ij./in./i.i/rnm  cimkiauuii,  JoiiiiAN,  PriM-,  Ac.  Nut.  8i'i.  I'liila.,  1K77,  (ill,  Sawyer's  Creek,  Ken- 
dall ville,  Indiana.     (Coll.  Dr.  G.  M.  Levttte.) 

A~i.r,:,iiiiiiiii  mmoiremii,  JoRDAS,  Dull.  V.  S.Nat.  Mils.,  x,  .V.J,  1877,  Flint  River,  Georgia. 
(Type,  No.  '.129(1.     Coll.  Hugh  M.  Neisler.) 

,\jilinih'ilenin  HiiiimiMn,  oOHDAH  &  GlhhKBT,  Synopsis,  4(!U,  188;);  Di.atciii.ky,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci, 
Pliilu.,  188fi,  l:i6. 

In  a  natural  Hysteni,  the  Percopsidw  should  apparently  be  followed  by 
tlic  Aphredoderidd',  EhiaHomidcTy  and  Percid<v,  the  great  modern  group  of 
H|iiny-rayed  t  ihes  liaving  doubtless  originated  from  some  such  stock  as 
tliiit  of  which  the  J'erco2>nidiv  form  a  remnant.  The  exigencies  of  a  linear 
ill  langement  re<iuire  us  to  interrupt  the  series  to  find  place  for  the  groups 
I'lrcenofCH,  liheijnopteri,  and  Biri/coidci,  probably  archaic,  transitional  or 
(li-^eneiate  types,  of  diverse  relations,  but  all  of  them  branching  off  from 
tliu  ]iliysoclystous  stock  before  the  character  of  the  spinous  fins  had 
reuclied  its  full  development. 


Suborder  PERCESOCES. 

Ventral  fins  abdominal.  I,  5;  branchial  arches  well  developed,  the 
lioncB  all  present  except  the  fourth  superior  branchihyal.  Third  superior 
pliiiiyngeal  much  enlarged ;  lower  pharyngeals  distinct.  Scales  cycloid. 
IVrtorals  elevated,  about  on  a  level  with  the  upper  posterior  angle  of 
opBrculum ;  spinous  dorsal  usually  present. 


6;  scales  4.5 
which  often 
at  base  of 
;ish  streams 
mt  the  Mis- 
tnis ;  locally 
of  the  v(!nt 
18.*  Noitli- 
ive  usually 
Jepin  usually 
on8taut<lif- 
tomologist.) 


lingular  things. 
he  vent  is  not  a 
IS  proposed,  imr 
Tiie  oliserva- 
of  the  vent  is 
the  littli-  pro- 
less  liebludllie 
,  the  degri'i'  of 

in  not  be  raerely 
be  found  t"  1»' 


as  usual  in  Percold  fishes;  as  in  the  young  flounder  the  eyes  are  symmetrical,  but  as  the  fish 
jrrtius  older,  its  aberrant  characters  bccmne  developed. 
"  The  following  table  shows  the  position  of  the  vent  in  2C  specimens: 


be  II  nth 
oftlsh. 

'  Position  of  vent. 

liength 
of  fish. 

Position  of  vent. 

Tnrhet. 
1 

1 
1 
1 

4 
I'-i 

1! 

Opposite  middle  of  ventrals. 
Opposite  middle  of  ventrals. 
Opposite  middle  of  veuirals. 
Opposite  middle  of  ventrals. 
Opposite  anJerior  i  of  ventrals. 
Opposite  anterior  l(,  of  ventrals. 
Opposite  anterior  l^of  ventrals. 
Opposite  anterior}^  of  vcntrals. 
Opposite  anterior  V;i  of  ventrals. 
Opposite  anterior  I/,  of  ventnils. 
Opposite  anterior  %  of  ventrals. 
OpjioHite  anterior  |4  "^  ventrals. 
Opposite  middle  of  ventrals. 
Just  behind  base  of  ventrals. 
Detween  bases  of  ventrals  (as  in 
type  of  "S.  isotepis"). 

Tiichen. 

f' 

3 

1        414 

1 

1 

i 

Between  bases  of  ventrals. 
Detween  h'lsi-s  of  ventrals. 
In  front  01  ventrals,  g  of  the  dis- 
tance from  base  of  ventrals  to 
the  throat  "knob." 
^distance  to  "knob"  (about  as  in 

types  of  "/I.  vieHolrenia"). 
i  dlstjince  from  ventralsto  "knob." 
^  distance  to  the  "knob." 
}  distance  to  the  "knob." 
Halfway  from  ventralsto  "  knob." 
3  distance  to  "knob"  (as  in  "A. 
cooA-MiiKx, "  and  in  A.  aai/anus). 
,',  distance  to  "knob." 
J  distance  to  "knob." 

"  No  other  conclusion  seems  possible  from  the  above  except  that  the  vent  moves  forward  iu<  the 
fisli  trrows  older,  by  the  lengthening  of  the  horizimtal  (lart  of  the  intestine  or  "  rectum  "  of  the 
fish.  Sternolremia  Uolepia  is  the  young,  Slernntremia  mesotrema  the  half  grown,  and  Aphododerui 
coi'kianut  the  adult  of  one  and  the  same  fish."    (Jordan,  1877.) 


.i.^ii'^tXvLir^i^:*: 


v=-s-j;  j-^-'^'  ^.r.J^r,, 


•  ..^«*!|?. 


i  ,ht\^  ■  t 


! 


a 


i 


U 


y 


:| 


788 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


This  group  oompriaes  dcanthopieri,  with  the  ventral  flnu  abdominal, 
each  of  1  spine  and  5  rays,  and  the  pelvic  bones  not  attached  to  tlie 
shoulder  girdle;  the  spinous  armature  of  the  tins  is  loss  develupitl, 
the  scales  are  cycloid,  and  the  opercles  unarmed.  The  suborder  marks  u 
transition  from  soft-rayed  to  spiny-rayed  fishes,  its  nearest  aHsociules 
among  the  latter  being,  perhaps,  the  Scombroid  forms.  The  families  hero 
defined  are  closely  related,  but  whether  other  families,  as  Ophiocephnlidd, 
Ammoilytidte,  etc.,  should  be  included,  is  not  certain.  From  fishes  of  Mm 
general  character  of  PerccHocen,  the  Hemihanchii  and  Lophobrancliii  Miein 
to  be  descended,  and  the  Synentuynathi  are  closely  allied.  The  gruu(i  Ih 
composed  chiefly  of  shore  fishes  and  fresL-water  fishes,  mostly  of  Ninall 
size  but  some  of  them  large  aud  voracious.  (I'trca,  Perch;  £«ox,  Piko.) 
a.  Lateral  line  wanting;  teeth  Binull  or  wanting;  gill  rakera  long  and  Hleiider. 

b.  Species  carnivuroufl,  the  body  uud  bead  elongate;  vortebrio  mure  than  35;  dorsal  hiiIuch 

slender,  flexible,  3  to  8  in  number;  stomach  not  gizzard  like.        Atiikuinidk,  rvi. 

bb.  Species  foedingon  mud  and  vegetation;  tlio  head  short  and  broad;  vertobrn>  about  24; 

stomach  gizzard-like,  with  long  intestines.  TAviuudx,  cvti. 

aa.  Lateral  line  present;  teeth  very  stroug,  unequal;   gill  rakers  obsolete;  head  lont;  aud 

pointed;  vertebra  about  24.  ,  SpuybjdmiDiK,  ivm. 

Family  CVI.  ATHERINID^. 

(Thk  Silversides.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  covered  with  scales  of 
moderate  or  small  size,  which  are  usually,  but  not  always,  cycloid,  lo 
lateral  line;  some  scales  often  with  rudimentary  mucous  tubes.  Clel't 
of  the  mouth  moderate.  Teeth  small,  on  jaws  and  sometimes  on  voiiier 
and  palatines,  rarely  wanting.  Premaxillaries  protractile  or  not.  Opcr- 
.".ular  bones  without  spines  or  serrature.  Gill  openings  wide,  the  gill 
membranes  not  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind 
the  fourth.  PseudobrancbisB  present;  gill  rakers  usually  long  and  slen- 
der. Branchiostegals  5  or  6.  Dorsal  fins  2,  well  separated,  the  first  of  3 
to  8  slender  flexible  spines,  the  second  of  soft  rays ;  anal  with  a  wouk 
spine,  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal,  but  usually  larger ;  ventral  fins  small, 
abdominal,  not  far  back,  of  1  small  spine  and  5  soft  rays;  pectorals 
moderate,  inserted  high.  Air  bladder  present.  No  pyloric  coeca.  Verte- 
braB  numerous,  usually  about  23 -f- 23  =  46;  third  and  fourth  superior 
pharyngeals  coossified,  with  teeth.  Carnivorous  fishes,  mostly  of  small 
size,  living  in  great  schools  near  the  shore  in  temperate  and  tropi(Ml 
seas ;  a  few  species  in  fresh  water ;  all  the  species  have  a  silvery  band 
along  the  side ;  this  is  sometimes  underlaid  by  black  pigment.  Genora 
about  15 ;  species  60.  All  of  them  which  are  large  enough  are  highly 
valued  as  food,  hence  the  common  name  of  "fishes  of  the  king,"  Pesca- 
dos  del  Rey,  or  Pesce  Re,  or  Peixe  Rey.  (Athei'inid(Bf  Gunther,  Cat.,  iii, 
391-409,  1861.) 

«i   Premaxillaries  freely  protractile,  the  skin  not  continaous  with  that  of  the  forehead. 

6.  Premaxillary  narrow  posteriorly,  its  odgt  nearly  straight.    Body  little  comprcssnl,  ilie 

belly  rounded;  pectorals  short;  scales  cycloid;  vomer  with  teeth;  first  dorsal  with 

6  to  9  spines,  inserted  in  front  of  the  rather  short  anal;  mouth  short. 

▲tuerina,  'M>2, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


789 


;,/..  Pri'innxlllftry  broad  pogtorlorly,  It*  odgo  RtroiiKly  lurvod. 
<•.  liiiwor  jiiw  Htronir,  projortlng  beyond  tho  iippor. 

i\.  Scali'H  Hiiiall,  rou^b,  In  70  nerieH;  teotb  well  doreloped;  vomer  umially  with  a 
fow  teeth;  jaws  long.  T.kthoktolk,  "XKS. 

ilil.  Scales  largo,  smooth,  In  38  to  r>0  sorloin,  Ciiihohtoma,  :tr>'l, 

rr.  Lower  jaw  moderate,  its  tip  included;  voinol-  without  teeth. 
e.  .IiiwH  not  produced  into  a  l)fal<. 

/.  Belly  not  comproswd;  poctoral  short. 

g.  Anal  mo<lerate,  of  16  to  24  rays;  flntt  dorsal  of  about  n  gplnos,  inserted 
before  anal. 
h.  Teeth  evident,  in  narrow  bands;  scales  moderate  or  large,  30  to  AA. 
i.  Scales  laciniate;  dorsal  and  anal  m-aly.  KiitTl.ANniA,  3/>ri. 

a.  Scales  cyc'-jid;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  mostly  without  scales. 

Mris/niA,  356. 

hh.  Teeth  none,  or  minute  and  caducous;  srales  very  small,  crenate, 

about  75.  IilcrRESTHF.8,  3,'i7. 

gg.  Anul  very  long,  of  27  rays;  tUe  very  small  first  dorsal  of  8  spines, 

inserted  over  its  front;  operi'le  short.  Kuuvstoi.e,  3,58. 

jr.  Belly  stronnly  compressed,  its  edge  forming  a  more  or  less  distinct  keel 

before  vcntrals;  pectorals  very  long;  first  dorsal  small,  inserted  behind 

front  of  the  long  anal. 

,;'.  Scales  perfectly  smooth.  Thyiiina,  3/W. 

X).  .'tealcs  rough-ctenoid.  Atiikhinri.i.a,  36(i. 

ft.  Jaws  produced  in  a  siiort  curved  beak;  teeth  moderate;  scales  small. 

TiAllinEBTIIKS,  :i61. 

an.  PreniHxillarieN  not  freely  protractile,  the  skin  of  upper  jaw  inesially  continuous  with 

that  of  the  forehead. 

Ii.  Toitli  simple,  pointed,  arranged  in  villlform  iMtnds.  Atiirrinopsis,  .S62. 

H:  Tee'h  each  bicuspid  or  with  a  lateral  brancdi,  arranged  In  one  series.  Athrrinoi's,  'Mh\. 


TUERINA,  'M>2, 


352.  ATHERINA  (Artedi)  Linnimis. 
(Friars.) 

Atherina  (Artbdi)  TjINNSVs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  17.'>8,  315,  (hepteliu). 
Mi'mhras,  Bonaparte,  Fauna  Italica,  1836,  (no  type  indicated). 

Body,  oblong,  compressed.  Mouth  large,  terminal,  obliqne;  jaws 
about  equal,  their  edges  nearly  straight;  maxillary  extending  to  the 
front  of  eye.  Premaxillaries  narrow  posteriorly,  strongly  protractile. 
Villiform  teeth  in  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Species  numer- 
ous, mostly  European.  (aOepivt),  the  ancient  name,  from  a6^p,  a  spike  or 
arrow.) 

«.  Anal  fin  rather  fhort,  of  10  to  16  rays. 

/>.  Scales  large,  36  to  40 ;  first  dorsal  with  5  or  6  spines. 

c.  Head  very  broad,  the  interorbital  width  about  equal  to  the  large  eye,  which  is 

about  2%  in  head.    Scales  36  to  38. 

d.  Anal  rays  1, 12,  or  1, 13 ;  head  about  4  in  length.  stipes,  1148. 

ltd.  Anal  rays  1, 10  or  11 ;  head  3}^  to  Z%  in  length.  laticeps,  1149. 

rr.  Head  narrow  and  pointed,  .the  large  eye  much  greater  than  interorbital  width ; 

body  Blender  and  weak,  depth  6  in  length  ;  anal  1, 12;  scales  40.    absa,  IISO. 

'>6.  Scales  small,  46  to  62;  body  very  slender;  first  dorsal  long,  with  7  or  8  spines. 

«.  Anal  rays  1, 11;  eye  3  in  head;  scales  46.  harrinotonensts,  1151_ 

ee.  Anal  rays  T,  16;  eye  2}/^  in  head;  scales  62.  Carolina,  1152. 

aa.  Anal  fln  of  about  20  rays ;  dorsal  rays  V-1, 16.  miobofs,  1163. 


i«; 


;  ^^'ym-'iv 


.■:*w;^'w-.-.-5;;' 


I;  J  m 


1~ 


w 


mi 


I'  . "' 


790 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1I4H.  ATHERINA  STII'KS,  Mllllnr  .<c  Trofwiiel. 

Head  about  4^ ;  depth  about  5.  Doraal  V-I,  i)  to  11;  anal  I,  12  or  i:i; 
scalcH  37  to  3iM);  eye  nearly  o(|ual  to  width  of  iuterorbital  Hpace,  mik! 
twice  or  more  tinieu  length  of  snout ;  maxillary  extending  beyond  ilii> 
vortical  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  orbit.  Distance  of  end  of  Niiunt 
from  root  of  ventral  is  ii  that  from  the  dorsal.  A  sharp  undulated  i'<1;ri' 
forming  the  upper  margin  of  the  orbit.  Teeth  numerous  and  distinrl  m 
both, jaws  and  on  the  palate.  Two  series  of  small  black  dots  alou^  ili*- 
side  of  the  tail.  (Uliuther. )  Darbadoes.  {stipes,  a  lug  or  other  stupid 
object.) 

Atherina  n/iyiex,  MPm.rr  k  TitosciiEt,  in  Schoinburgk,  Hist,  Darbadoes,  671, 184H,  Barbadous  ; 
GVmiier,  Cat.,  Ill,  400,  1861. 


:^ft;: 


1149.  ATHERINA  LATICEPS,  Pooy. 
(Cabkzotk.) 

Head3ito3|;  depth  i'i  to  48 ;  pye2i;  snout  4;  iuterorbital  space  L'i. 
Dorsal  V-I,  9 ;  anal  1, 10 or  11 ;  scales  3G-6.  Hody  thick,  head  very  hioad, 
eye  large;  snout  obtuse;  top  of  head  broad  and  Hat ;  cleft  of  nioiitli 
oblique,  jaws  subequal,  nuixillary  extending  beyond  front  of  orliit. 
Teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer,  very  small.  Insertion  of  spinous  dorsal  nejiivr 
anal  than  ventral  fins.  Upper  edge  of  oibit  sharp,  nearly  smootli, 
Color  in  life  translucent  green;  silvery  below,  with  a  well-defined  silvt-ry 
lateral  band,  below  Avhich  a  series  of  dots  along  the  side;  back  with 
dark  dots  forming  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  snout  above  wit li 
black  dots;  fins  pale,  nearly  plain  ;  a  dusky  shade  at  base  of  caudai 
Caribbean  Sea,  north  to  western  Florida,  abundant  at  Key  West,  Havana, 
and  Coznmel;  probably  not  distinct  from  Atherina  stipes,  stipes  being  tlio 
older  name,     (latus,  broad  ;  ccps,  head.) 

Atherina  lalicejis,  PoF.y,  Meniorios,  ii,  20.'),  1801,  Havana. 

Atherina  rehana*  flooDE  &  Bkan,    Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mug.,  1879,  342,  Clear  Water  Harbor, 

Florida.    (Type,  No.  2U029.    Coll.  Dr.  Velio.)    .Iorkan  A  Gii.iiert,  SynopHJs,  405,  ISKt 
Atherina  stipef,  Jordan  &  GitnERT,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1884,  116. 

1160.  ATHERINA  AR^EA.  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Head  4i ;  depth  6.  D.  VI-I,  9;  A.  I,  12.  Scales  38  to  42.  Body 
very  slender,  compressed,  the  head  slender  and  narrow,  with  Hliaiplv 
pointed  snout ;  mouth  oblique,  narrow  maxillary  barely  reaching  vertical 
from  front  of  orbit,  2f  in  head  ;  eye  large,  equaling  interorbital  wi<ltii. 
2J  in  head;  scales  moderate,  entire.  Origin  of  spinous  dorsal  midway 
between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  much  behind  end  of  pectoralH, 
about  opposite  tip  of  ventrals ;  length  of  pectorals  equaling  deptii  uf 


•  Atherina  reUana,  Goode  &  Bean  : 

Head  SJ^  ;  deptli  4%.  D.  V-I,  9  ;  A.  1, 10  ;  scales  36-0^;^.  Snout  obtuso ;  top  of  henrt  iToad 
and  very  flat;  cleft  of  mouth  goniewhat  oblique;  jaws  equal  anteriorly;  maxillary  o.\ti>ii'lin); 
beyond  front  of  orbit.  Teeth  very  small  iu  tlie  jaws  and  on  the  vomer.  The  silvery  I'aiid 
occupies  the  third  row  of  scales,  its  widtli  less  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Diamt'tiiof 
orbit  contained  twice  in  length  of  head,  greater  than  interorbital  width  and  more  than  twico 
the  length  of  the  snout.  Spinous  dorsal  beginning  l>ehiud  the  vertical  from  the  tipa  ol  the 
ventral  flns.    (Ooode  &  Bean.)    Clear  W^ater  Harbor,  Florida. 


^  ;l 


•nr 


I,  Barbadoes; 


Jordiin  iind  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Anierica.        791 

liiiii\  :  voiitralH  liulf  loiigth  of  liniul ;  Iuihch  of  vi^rtical  IIiih  cdiicualoil  in  n 
hIii  Mill  of  Hculos.  Color,  tianHliictMit  oltvu  Ki't'ODi  tlio  Hiioiit  niul  inaii«lil)Io 
(ill^i^\  ;  hack  witli  a  iiiudiaii  HerioH  of  black  spcckH,  one  on  «>ach  Hcalo;  a 
HJiiiilMr  Hcrit'H  on  eadi  nido  tlio  iiie«liuii  row;  no  dark  HpcckH  on  nidos; 
liiiciil  Hilvery  band  broad,  occupyinjj  tli«  greater  part  of  tiie  third  row 
(il  M  JileH,  its  width  iialf  diameter  of  orbit;  u  dimky  area  Itehind  vent ; 
a  M'licH  of  black  Hpecks  along  base  of  anal,  and  thoncu  along  caudal 
|Miluiic'lo  to  tail.  Oiilf  of  Mexico,  at  Key  West  and  C(»/nnu>l,  with 
.liiiLiimia  Hlolifcra;  not  rare,  but  lesH  abundant  than  Atlurina  tuticepii, 
(('ii'iiiur,  aleuder.) 

Ailfrim  m-iiii,  JoiiiiAN  &  Gii.nKRT,    Pruc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1884,  27,  Key  West.     (Type,  No. 
;i4,'.iC7.    Coll  Jorduii.) 


Iffll 

1 

! 

1 

1151.  ATHKRINA  HARRINOTONENSIM,  (luode. 

Head  of;  depth  8^;  eye  3.  D.  VII-I,  10;  A.  I,  11;  Hcales  4.'»-fi;  snout 
Hoiiiowhat  less  than  postorbital  portion  of  head,  about  equal  to  maxillary, 
8lij,'litly  greater  than  interorbital  width,  or  '2  in  greatest  width  of  head  ; 
iiuinilible  about  equal  to  postorbital  portion  of  head  ;  cleft  of  mouth 
oliliijuo,  maxillary  extending  to  orbit;  lower  jaw  slightly  the  longer; 
iiKiiitli  very  portvactilo;  teeth  small,  inconspicuous.  Hpinoiis  dorsal 
inserted  behind  extremity  of  ventrals,  at  a  distance  from  the  snout 
greater  than  half  length  of  body  ;  anal  directly  beneath  dorsal,  their 
lengths  of  base  being  equal ;  anal  higher  than  dorsal ;  length  of  ventral 
ii  that  of  pectoral,  which  is  more  than  }  that  of  head.  Greenish  white, 
a  narrow  silvery  band  extending  from  gill  opening  to  tail,  covering  the 
third  row  (from  above)  of  scales  and  the  edges  of  the  contiguous  rows 
uliovo  and  below.  (Goode.)  Bermudas.  (Named  for  Harrington  Sound 
in  the  Bermudas. ) 

Alhrinn  harriiiglnueiii'iH,   GooDG,    Am.  Journ.  Scl.   A  Arts,  3d  ncrtefl,  xiv,   No.    82,   1877,   -1*7, 
Bermuda  Islands. 

1152.  ATHERINA  CAROLINA,  Cuvier  and  Vuloncicnncs. 

lload  4J  in  total  length  with  caudal ;  depth  6f ;  eye  large,  2A  in  head. 
D.  VIII-I,  12;  A.  I,  15;  scales  52,  nearly  or  quite  entire.  Spinous  dorsal 
wholly  in  advance  of  vent;  ventral  fins  reaching  past  front  of  vent,  and 
dorsal  nearly  to  it.  Very  similar  to  A.  hepseim,  but  with  the  head 
smaller  and  the  body  slenderer.  Length  4  inches.  Coast  of  .'^outh  Caro- 
lina ;  known  only  from  the  original  type,  from  which  the  above  descrip- 
tion is  taken;  possibly  a  specimen  of  the  European  species  Atherina 
hojii'i-'t,  wrongly  attributed  to  the  coast  of  South  Carolina.  It  is  a  true 
Jtheriua. 
Allwrina  Carolina,  CuviEU  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poias.,  x,  44.*),  183.'),  South  Carolina. 


1153.  ATHERINA  MICROPS,  Poey. 

Head  5  "with  caudal;  eye  4  in  head.  Dorsal  V-I,  15;  anal  1, 19.  Mouth 
Hiiiall  and  very  protractile.  First  dorsal  a  little  in  front  of  middle  of 
body ;  the  Becoad  as  well  as  the  anal  is  a  third  longer  than  in  latkepa. 


r^ 


H 


I. 


it 


*     i 


^■:!? 


". 

^ 

■  iii 

;■• 

■f'-i^ 

ft 


H, 


792 


hulUtin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Hood  nurrow;  eyo  Hinall.    Silvery  white;  hack  j{reoniNh,  with  tlio  hciiIin 
partly  Hpotted  with  brown.     Knuwii  only  from  a  drawing  made  Ity  I'o,  y 
at  Havana.     (Poey.)     (/<u^K5f,  huuiII  ;  (Ji//,  eye.) 
AOwrinnrnkropt,  Poet,  MeniorlM,  ii,  20n,  1801,  HBvana. 

353.  LETHOSTOLE,  .Jordan  A  Evermann. 
f,rihotiiitr,  Jordan  A  Kvrhmann,  now  goniii,  {fitor), 

ThiH  genus  ia  allied  to  Chirontoma,  with  which  it  agreeH  in  the  prnjt'it- 
ing  lower  jaw.  The  jawH  are,  however,  longer  than  in  ChiroHtoimt,  ilu; 
HcaleH  ninoh  Hmaller  and  crenate.  Frenh  wateru  of  Mexico.  {AiOufnu,  lu 
forget;  (rro/l^/,  otole.) 

1164.  LETH08T0LK  ENTOIt  (Jordnn). 

(Pr80Ano    IlLANI-O   PC  (^IIAPALA.) 

Head  3i;  depth  6;  eye  5.  D.  V-I,  12;  A.  T,  18;  Hcales  72-18.  Rody 
rather  rohuat.  Head  very  large,  pike-like.  Month  very  large,  the  iiiiiMl- 
lary  reaching  to  past  the  front  of  the  eye.  InternnixillarieH  forming  ilii> 
edge  of  the  jaw  strongly  curved,  their  posterior  portions  broadly  diltUid. 
Teeth  strong,  in  several  series  in  eacli  jaw.  Two  small  faiig-liko  tccili 
on  the  front  of  the  vomer.  Lower  jaw  considerably  projecting  hcynnil 
the  upper.  Eye  largo,  anterior,  shorter  than  snout,  and  a  little  narrower 
than  the  iuterorbital  space,  which  is  nearly  flat.  Head  covered  \^itll 
scales,  which  are  smallest  on  the  occipital  region,  and  largest  on  ili<> 
lower  part  of  the  cheeks;  smaller  scales  on  the  interopercle.  Siil<>.s  of 
head  vertical,  a  conspicuous  ridge  along  the  edge  of  the  top  of  the  IhikI 
above  and  behind  the  eye.  Scales  small,  anteriorly  crowded  ;  poHti'iior 
margin  of  scales  strongly  crenate,  so  that  the  fish  feels  rough  to  ilit> 
touch;  pectorals  moderate,  nearly  half  as  long  as  head,  reaching  sliglitly 
past  the  base  of  the  ventrals ;  ventrals  rather  short,  reaching  u«>arly  ii 
the  distance  to  the  base  of  the  anal ;  anal  moderate,  beginning  considir- 
ably  in  front  of  the  dorsal  and  ending  a  little  behind  it;  B])inous  dorsal 
beginning  nearly  midway  between  insertion  of  ventrals  and  anal,  st^par- 
ated  from  the  soft  dorsal  by  a  distance  equal  to  about  I  the  length  of  tlio 
base  of  that  fin.  Caudal  somewhat  forked.  Coloration  uniform  in  spirits, 
the  silvery  lateral  band  but  faintly  indicated.  Length  10^-  inches.  Lako 
Chapala,  Guanajuato.  One  of  the  largest  of  the  Atherinidn;  resemblinj^a 
pike  in  its  form,  and  in  the  largo  head  and  mouth,  {estor,  eater,  a  waww 
applied  by  Le  Sueur  to  the  pike.) 

Chirosloma  etlor,  JonoAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1870,  298,  Lake  Chapala,  Mexico.    ('I'vih' 
No.  23124.    Coll.  Professor  Dug^g.) 

354.  CHIROSTOMA,  Swainson. 
(Pescados   Blancos.) 

OhiroBltmia,  Swainson,  Class'n  Fishes,  etc.,  243,  1839,  {humboUltiamtm). 

Alherimules,  Blgeker,  Verhand.  Batav.  Genootsch.,  Japan,  xxv,  40, 1863,  (vomerina). 

Atherinichlhyi,  Bleeker,  I.  c,  40,  (humboldtiantim). 

Ueterognalhtu,  Oibabd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1864, 198,  {humboldtiana). 


^^iri 


'IFTT'^       T^ 


Jon/an  <///</  I'lvfrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


703 


Tlii-4  U**!'!!*  Ih  <li8tiiif{iiish«4l  from  lUmVuhih^n  and  Miniilhi  by  the  viMry 
Ion::  iikI  Htrong  iiiaiulililo,  wliinh  protriuleH  heyoixl  the  upper  jaw.  The 
Hciilt'suroHiiiall,  tho  teeth  well  developed,  there  areuHiially  a  few  vomerine 
ti'ftli.  and  the  premaxillary  Ih  extremely  protraetiie.  The  known  Hpeoies 
iiihuliit  Mexico  and  Dra/il.  (xeii>,  hand;  arufm,  mouth,  from  the  prutrac- 
tili'  iiKitith.) 

(I.  «^rikl<"<  4'J  to  6()  ill  liinKitililiiinl  RorioN;  n  iiatrli  of  tcotli  on  vomur. 

h.  Aiiikl  ra^H  I,  I'tor'JO;  livail  innrii  tlian  I4  length.  iirMli<il.l>TlANl'M,  1IM. 

I'll.  AiihI  rit.VH  I,  I'l  iir  111;  Ik'ihI  Ii'nh  than'^  loiigtii.  iiautoni,  MM. 

(M.  Si  uU>i  lurgiir,  M  to  37;  tontli  v«ry  weak,  miiin  iiii  vomor.  johdani,  llCtl. 

lir>A.  (illROSTOMA  IH'MHOMITIANIN  (Ouviflr  .tc  Valonci<nne«). 

|[<>iid  t  in  total  lon^th  ;  body  Blonder,  5  in  total  length;  eye  (Sin  heod,2 
in  NiHMit.  D.  V-I,  10  or  11  ;  A.  1,  19  or  20;  Hcales  ttO,  their  od^es  entire. 
I'l'i't'iinl  Nliort,  broad,  pointed,  7  in  total  length.  First  doraal  (»ver  tip 
of  vi-ntral,  which  \n  'i  length  of  pectoral;  Hccoud  .dorsal  over  middle  of 
aiial.  (Ciivier  <&  Valenciennes.)  Two  Hpocimens  from  a  lake  near  the 
city  of  Mexico,  respectively  11  and  8  inches  in  length,  the  types  of  hum- 
liiildliiniKiii  and  vomirinum.  The  type  of  romarhmm  is  said  to  have  alight 
toot  111  ike  asperities  on  the  vomer.  Not  seen  by  ua.  (Named  for  Alexan- 
(lii  von  Humboldt,  176!t-1859,  the  famous  author  of '' Coanioa,"  who  col- 
li'cti-il  tishes  in  South  America  and  Mexico.) 

Mlnrhi.i   hiimholillhmii,  Cuvicit   .V,  Vai.cncirnnkb,  nut.  Nat.  Poiwi.,  x,  479,  18,18,  take   near 

City  of  Mexico. 
Aihrihin  romerina,  Ci;viRR  Sc  VAi.eNriKNNCH,  I.  r.,  481,  lake  near  City  of  Mexico. 
AlhmiiiiMliiit  hiimboldti,  QOntiikh,  Cat.,  ill,  4()4, 1801;  ofter  OnviKR  •>:  Vamnciennih. 


,  1 


116(1.  CIIIROSTONA  BARTONI,  .Ionian  A  Kvermann,  new  B|KJcieii. 

TTcad  4  ;  depth  6 ;  eye  4  ;  snout  3}.  D.  IV-I,  10 ;  A.  I,  W ;  scales  42-10, 
liii'^^o  and  loose,  and  with  entire  edges  ;  about  24  scales  before  the  dorsal. 
Ori<riii  of  spinous  dorsal  midway  between  inaertiou  of  ventrals  and 
ori<;in  of  anal,  midway  between  tip  of  snout  ant!  base  of  caudal  tin. 
Mouth  large,  the  mandible  If  times  the  large  eye,  the  preniaxillaries  very 
plot  tactile.  Teeth  well  developed  on  jaws  and  vomer.  Color  silvery  or 
Htiaw  color;  a  narrow  plumbeous  lateral  band,  edged  above  with  black, 
along  middle  of  side,  indistinct  anteriorly  but  well  marked  in  posterior 
S  of  its  course;  rest  of  body  with  scattered  brownish  punctulations. 
L('ny;th  3^  inches.  Only  one  specimen  known  (Type,  No.  23136),  from  a 
triliiitary  of  the  Rio  Lerma,  near  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  where  it  was 
olitaiiied  by  Prof.  Alfredo  DugCs.  (Named  for  Mr.  Barton  A.  Bean,  Assis- 
tant Curator  of  Fishes  in  the  United  States  National  Museum.) 
(Viii:.Ki,mm  Immboldliamim,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  299;  not  of  CnviiB  &  Valbw- 

CIGNNIB, 


1167.  CHIROSTOHA  JORDAN!,  Woolman. 

if  cad  4j^;  depth  4*.     D.  IV-I,  8  or  9;  A.  I,  6;  scales  35  to  37.     Body 
elongate,    slender,    compressed;   belly  not  compressed;   bead    medium, 


Ir 


' 


■  •:,!'' 


^^ 


»   i 


I  ;:!■ 


'•  ■:■>.':  ' 
-  •!.''■  i' ,,' 

'■■:;)';.■  - 


'■ ) 


794 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


conical;  mouth  very  oblique  ;  mandible  deep  and  Hhort,  projecting;  pie- 
maxillary  protractile  but  not  produced;  niaxillury  not  reaf'hing  eye: 
teeth  very  minutd  or  almost  obsolete,  Bomewhac  movable;  eye  4  in  Ik  ail: 
first  rays  of  anterior  dorsal  over  posterior  end  of  veutrals  ard  sliglitly  in 
advance  of  the  insertion  of  the  unal;  first  rays  of  second  dorsal  over 
middle  of  anal,  the  rays  when  depressed  reaching  as  far  toward  caiulal 
as  the  rays  of  anal;  length  of  base  of  second  dorsal  about  half  tlmt  of 
base  of  anal  or  equaling  distance  from  snout  to  posterior  edge  of  01  Ujt : 
lopgest  rays  of  second  dorsal  slightly  exceed  in  length  longest  rays  of  anal 
or  about  equal  the  greatest  depth,  and  about  i  greater  tluvn  the  leiii,'tli 
of  the  base.  Pectoral  fins  large,  not  falcate,  1^  in  head,  inserted  aiiovi- 
axis  of  body  and  reachiiig  to  middle  of  the  veutrals,  or  about  equal  kMi<;tli 
of  longest  dorsal  rays;  origin  of  veutrals  midway  between  snout  and 
last  rays  of  anal,  extending  leyond  vent  almost  to  anal ;  length  ('(|iial 
distance  from  snout  to  posterioredge  of  orbit.  Eye  large  and  full,  longer 
than  snout,  about  3  in  head;  cheeks  and  opcrcles  scaled,  the  former  with 
3  rows  of  scales  ;  scales  all  entire,  rather  firm.  Color  light  oiive-grccn, 
with  narrow  but  distinct  and  complete  lateral  stripe ;  the  3  rows  of  scales 
on  back  thickly  sprinkled  with  minute  daik-browu  dots  which  exteuu 
from  the  snout  to  the  caudal  fin.  Length  2\  inches.  Canals  in  tiie 
City  of  Mexico  and  other  tributaries  of  Rio  de  Lorma.  In  the  City  of 
Mexico  this  species,  together  with  Girardinichthys,  is  sold  in  the  market, 
embedded  in  meal  and  baked  in  corn  husks.  (Woolman.)  (Named  tor 
David  Starr  Jordan.) 

Otiiro»toma  hrmiUemU,  Jordan-,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1879,  299;  not  of  CcviER  &  Valenciennes. 

Ohirosto na  joi-dani,  Woolman,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coram.,  xiv,  1894,  62,  pi.  2,  canals  .-•*  Sala- 
manca and  in  City  of  Mexico.  Tho  spocimeiis  of  " Allierinichlhy»  bnmlieusis  "  meiitioinMl 
by  Oiintlier  as  having  been  rollactcd  by  SalI6  in  Moxioo  probably  belong  to  this  s|H'(ice. 
Tho  types  of  Chirosloma  brasilieiise  (Quoy  aid  Quiinard)  came  from  Eio  Janeiro,  ami  tliis 
species  is  certainly  distinct  from  it. 

3SS.  KIRTLANDIA,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

Eirtlamlia,  .Tordan  &  Evermann,  new  genus,  {vagram). 

This  genus  is  close  to  Menidia,  but  differs  from  it  in  having  the  scales 
laciniate  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  scaly.  Three  species  known. 
(Named  for  Dr.  Jared  Potter  Kirtland,  one  of  the  first  to  study  the  fishes 
of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  Basin.) 

a.  Anal  rays  I,  14  to  18;  scales  43  (to  48?).  vagraxs,  ll.'S. 
aa.  Anal  rays  I,  19  to  21. 

b.  Scales 43.  mariinha,  ll'>9. 

bit.  Scales  48  to  50.  lawniah,  iiw. 


1168.  KIRTLANDIA  YAtiBANS  (Goode  &  Bean). 
depth  5i.    D.  V-I,  7 ;  A.  I,  14  to  I,  17;  scales  43-6  to  48-7. 


Head  4§ ; 


First  dorsal  very  small,  its  insertion  over  front  of  anal,  midway  between 
base  of  caudal  and  posterior  angle  of  opercle ;  distance  from  its  front  tu 
front  of  second  dorsal  f  head.  Pectorals  slightly  shortor  than  head. 
Vertical  fiua  with  large  scales.    Scales  firm,  adherent,  then  edges  crcnate 


Jordan  and  FA'ermu,.,n. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


796 


•yy  1  o-iniate,  feeUug  very  rough  to  the  touch.  Scales  uf  head  large. 
C(il(.r  ill  life,  light  greenish  above,  the  lateral  V>an(l  broad,  covering  2 
half  ni\v8  of  scales,  becoming  narrow  posteriorly  ;  sides  and  belly  silvery; 
tip  ot  snout  and  of  lower  jaw  yellow,  soiled  with  blackish;  each  scale 
of  li.'K'k  with  1  to  3  dark  points,  these  forming  about  5  conspicuous 
stnakH  as  seen  from  above  ;  caudal  yellow,  with  dark  punctulations,  its 
niiii^in  dusky:  dorsal  and  pectorals  somev/hat  dusky,  lower  fins  white; 
tiie  anal  with  dark  points  at  base.  Length  4  inches.  Coast  of  Uulf  of 
Mexico,  Florida  to  Texas;  very  abundant  in  schools  along  the  sandy 
bea'^lips.    (vufjranH,  wandering.) 

ChiiO'lotim  vngran-.,  GooDE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U    S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1870,  148,  Pensacola,  Florida. 

(Type,  N.).  22848.    Coll.  StonriiH.) 
Miiii'li'i  laijrano,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,   Proc.   U.   S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  207;  Jordan  &  Gilbe.t, 

Sjuopsis,  407,  1883. 

1150.  KIRTLANDIA  MARTINICA  (Cuvier  Sc  Valenciennes). 

Head  4^  ;  depth  ai ;  dorsal  V-I,  7 ;  anal  I,  21 ;  scales  43.  Eye  large,  as 
long  as  snout,  3^  in  head.  Teeth  rather  strong.  Scales  ritrongly  lacin- 
iat(>.  Spinous  dorsal  opposite  front  of  the  anal.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal 
naked  (possibly  scaly  in  lifef).  Pectorals  long,  extending  past  base  of 
ventrals.  This  species  is  very  close  to  Kirtlandia  laciniata  (Swain)  and 
may  prove  to  be  the  same.  Martinique.  Known  only  from  the  original 
types. 

Alherimi  mariinica,  CuviER  &  Vai.encipnnes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoiBs.,  x,  459, 1835,  Martinique.     (Coll. 

I'lre.) 
Menidia  martinica,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1880,  530;   redescriptiou  of  type. 


^ii|: 


! 


vaora.ss,  ll.'S. 


1160.  KIRTLANDIA  I.ACIXIATA  (Swain). 

(SiLVERFISH.) 

Head  4|;  depth  5^;  eye  large,  3i,  a  little  longer  than  snout;  dorsal 
IV-I,  7  or  8;  anal  I,  19  to  21;  scales  .50-7,  firm,  their  edges  strongly  cre- 
nate,  those  on  the  back  laciniate.  Upper  jaw  the  longer.  Teeth  short, 
even,  forming  a  narrow  villiform  band.  First  dorsal  very  feeble,  over 
the  beginning  of  the  anal,  rather  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than  snout;  dis- 
tance from  first  to  second  dorsal  t  length  of  head;  pectorals  reaching 
ventrals,  nearly  as  long  as  head ;  ventrals  falling  far  short  of  the  base  of 
the  first  dorsal ;  second  dorsal  very  short.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaly. 
Clear  translucent  greenish  above ;  back  with  two  or  more  rather  irregu- 
lar series  of  minute  black  dots,  usually  not  more  than  one  on  each  scale ; 
snout  and  lower  jaw  dusky;  sides  with  a  well-defined  silvery  band,  | 
diameter  of  eye,  covering  third  row  of  scales,  not  bounded  above  by  a 
(lark  line,  but  the  entire  band  dusted  with  dark  points;  a  few  minute 
(lots  on  base  of  anal ;  caudal  dusky.  Virginia  to  South  Carolina;  rather 
common,  replacing  northward  the  closely  allied  vagrans,  with  which  it 
may  be  found  to  intergrade.     (laciniatus,  gashed.) 

Meiiidia  vagrans  laciniata,  Swain  MS.  in  Jordan  &  Gilrert,  Synopsis,  908,  1883,  Beaufort, 
North  Carolina;  (Coll.  Jordan  &  Gilbert);  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8.,1882, 
589,  (April  25, 1883). 


•    iff|m|j||[ 

i 

. 

h 

-i                                ; 

^Mtl.M 

M'Fny5^^^'v("v?:^-»,iBT"'7, 


V    jiffnt.'jj"^ TW:^,T*rTT7i,V,''l''f<*'JWW  'r^7 


','(  ■'-'I'  ■ 


::fk 


i    ;i 


I 


796 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


356.  MENIDIA  (Bonaparte)  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
(S1LVER8IDE8.) 

Menidia,  Bonapakte,  Fauna  Italica,  about  1830,  (no  typo  indicated,  m«ni(fia  doubtlpw  inton.lcd), 
Ari/yrra,  Dk  Kay,  N<!W  Yorlt  Fainiii:  FiaheH,  141,  1842,  (wiliilu;  nimiu  preoccupied). 
McnUlia,  JoRnAN  A  Gilhbiit,  SynopslH  FIbIi.  N.  A.,  407,  188:j,  (menidia). 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  compreRsod.  Head  oblong,  compressed;  itilly 
before  v«ntrals  more  or  less  rounded  in  section,  not  compressed  to  an  cil^e. 
Mouth  small,  the  gap^  curved,  very  oblique,  usually  not  reaching'  the 
eye ;  lower  jaw  short  and  weak  ;  maxillary  slipping  entirely  under  jire- 
orbital ;  jawB  each  with  a  band  of  simple,  usually  villiform  teeth.  I'le- 
maxillaries  very  freely  protractile,  their  spines  comparatively  long,  nearly 
ecjual  to  the  eye,  extending  backward  beneath  a  fold  of  skin  whicli  con- 
nects the  bases  of  the  maxillaries;  posterior  part  of  premaxillurics 
broad.  No  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Both  dorsals  short,  the  usual 
radial  formula  being  D.  V-I,  8;  first  dorsal  usually  but  not  always  in 
front  of  anal ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaleless.  Scales  rather  large,  entire. 
Species  numerous,  probably  all  American,  all  of  moderate  or  small  si/e, 
some  of  them  entering  or  inhabiting  fresh  waters.  (Menidia,  an  old  name 
of  some  small  silvery  fish,  from  fiijVTi,  the  moon.) 

(1.  .'Vales  moderate  or  largo,  30  to  50,  those  of  back  entire  or  Hlightly  crenatc;  soft  dorsal  mhI 
anal  mostly  scaleleHs;  teeth  motlerate. 
/).  Anal  rays  I,  15  to  18,  rarely  I,  19;  belly  very  broad,  not  'it  all  compresseil. 

c.  Scales  38  or  ;i9.     Origin  of  spinouH  dorsal  just  before  vent  and  midway  betwcru  tip 

of  snout  and  base  of  caudal. 

d.  Snout  longer  than  eye,  about  2J^  in  head;  body  deep,  the  depth  5  in  Imu'tli; 

soft  dorsal  I,  8  or  9.  peninsi'L.'f:,  1  Hil. 

(W.  Snout  shorter  than  eye,  about  3J^  in  head;  body  slender,  the  depth  fiV,  tn  7 

in  length;  soft  dorsal  usually  I,  10.  qracims,  1102. 

cc.  Scales  47.     Origin  of  spinous  dorsal  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout. 

AUDEN8,  1M3. 

hl>.  Anal  rays  I,  22  to  24. 

e.  Scales  45  to  48.     Body  slender,  depth  5)^  to  0  in  length. 

/.  Porsal  sijines  C;  scales  48;  head  i%.  oilberti,  llti4. 

ff.  Dorsal  spines  4;  scales  45  or  46. 

If.  Head  4J^  in  length;  dorsal  inserted  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than  end  of  snout. 

8ARDINA,  Iltio. 
gg.  Head  6  in  length;  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  camliil. 

NOTATA,   11  I'll. 

ee.  Scales  .3C  to  40;  spinous  dorsal  inserted  over  front  of  anal;  pectorals  rather  lon^'. 

/(.  Body  rather  stout,  teeth  stionger  than  usual.     Front  of  dorsal  nearer  liasc  (if 

caudal  than  tip  of  snout;  belly  slightly  compressed.  menidi.a.  IKjT. 

hh.  Spinous  dorsal  inserted  behind  front  of  anal. 

».  Scales  30.     Depth  5  in  length;  head  414.  quatemalensi?,*  lltiS. 

a.  Scales  41.     Pectoral  much  longer  than  licad;  snout  short. 

PACHVLKPIS,-    11(J9. 

aa.  Scales  small,  entire,  about  56  in  longitudinal  series;  dorsal  rays  Y-I,  9;  anal  I,  24;  ImkIv 
slender,  its  depth  6%;  teeth  very  weak.  claha,  1170. 

*  The  character  of  the  scales  baa  not  been  verified  in  pachylepia  and  guatemcUensia.  Both  siiecies 
doubtless  belong  to  Thyrina. 


Boft  dorsal  ami 


UILBEHTI,  llt)4. 


«AI,KN8I?,*  I"'^- 


Jordan  ami  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         707 

11«1.  MKMDIA  PKMNNriii:  (Uuudu  £  licaii). 

Heiui  1;  depth  5;  eye  3  to  3^,  about  equal  to  snout  or  interorbital 
wi<ltli.  D.  IV  or  V-I,  8  or  9;  A.  I,  15  to  18;  scales  38  to  40-9. 
Mouth  very  protractile;  lower  Jaw  long,  more  than  \  length  of  head. 
Scali'M  large,  thin,  and  smooth,  with  entire  edges.  Soft  fins  scaleless. 
Ori{;iii  of  spinous  dorsal  iu  advance  of  anal  fin,  midway  between  tip  of 
Huoui  and  upper  base  of  caudal.  Light  green  ;  edges  of  scales  with  dark 
(luts:  lipH  and  top  of  head  dusky  ;  a  dusky  streak  along  base  of  anal ; 
pye  silvery  ;  lateral  streak  narrow,  taperiiig  behind ;  bases  of  pectoral 
anil  caudal  bright  yellow  ;  fins  otherwise  nearly  plain.  Length  4  inches. 
Floiidii  and  Gulf  Coast,  very  abundant  in  schools  along  the  sandy 
lii-aclicH.  Specimens  from  black  water  are  very  dark,  the  silvery  band 
uiuloilaidby  black,     (peninsula',  of  the  peninsula,  i.  e.,  Viorida.) 

C/iiV,.>/../».(  prniiiniliF,  GooDK  &  Bean,  I'roo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miia.,  187!>,  14S,  Pensacola  and  Lake 
Monroe,  Florida.  (Typo,  Noh.  21H41<(  mid  21841/-.  Coll.  Stearns;  and  No.  2187(i,  Haird). 
,Ii>uii'.N  &O1LBERT,  Proc.  U.  .S.Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  2fi6j  Jordan  &  Gii.iikkt,  Synoiwis,  407,  1H83. 

1162.  MKMDIA  ORACILIK  (Clintlier). 

I).  I  V-I,  8;  A.  I,  19;  scales  40-9.  The  origin  of  the  anterior  dorsal  fin 
18  ("pposite  the  vent,  exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  distance  between  end 
of  wiioiit  and  base  of  caudal.  The  distance  between  the  origins  of  the 
two  dorsal  fins  is  somewhat  more  than  i  that  between  the  origin  of  the 
poHtcrior  and  the  caudal.  The  height  of  the  body  is  contained  nine 
tinit-H  ill  the  total  length,  the  length  of.  the  head  five  times  and  a  half. 
Tlio  silvery  band  is  narrow,  and  occupies  a  portion  of  the  fourth  series 
of  scales.  Scales  with  the  margin  entire.  Caudal  lobes  equal  in  length; 
caudal  somewhat  longer  than  the  pectoral,  and  rather  shorter  than  the 
head.    Original  locality  unknown.     (GUnther.) 

Wo  refer  to  this  species  a  number  of  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Hugh 
M.  ."^iiiith  on  St.  George's  Island,  Lower 'Potomac.  These  specimens  are 
identified  by  Dr.  Smith  as  Menidia  heryllina,  but  they  differ  from  typical 
examples  of  the  latter  fror  i  the  Potomac  River  at  Washington,  in  the  slen- 
deiei  body,  shorter  dorsal,  and  in  the  dark  dotting  on  the  back.  Head 
4i ;  depth  6J-  (7i  to  8  in  total).  D.  V-I,  9 ;  A.  1, 17  ;  scales  40.  Eye  very 
lar^e,  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head ;  snout  short  and  sharp,  2|,  greatest 
depth  of  body  nearly  2  in  distance  from  nape  to  first  dorsal.  First  dorsal 
Just  before  vent,  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Dark 
dots  on  scales  of  back  and  sides  ;  lateral  baud  sharply  defined.  Woods 
Hole  to  Albemarle  Sound,  generally  common  in  brackish  waters,  (ijracilin, 
slender.) 

AlhniHii;lithiijgriicilu,GVtnUBr.,  Cat.,  ill,  405,  ISGl;  no  locality  given. 

Meuoli.i  heryitina,  H.  M.  Smith,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fisli  Comm.,  x,  1890,  70,  pi.  xx,  flg.  2. 

Rejiresented  in  fresh  waters  of  the  Potomac  River  by  the  deeper-bodied 


I 


sis.  Botli  species 


1182a.  iMEMDIA  ORACILIS  BERYLLINA  (Coi><). 

Head  4i  to  4^^ ;  depth  5  to  5i ;  eye  very  large,  3.     Dorsal  V-I,  10,  rarely 
V-I,  11  or  V,  I,  9 ;    anal  I,  15  to  18,  usually  I,  16  or  17 ;   scales  38  to  40-8. 


'^■^'^i 


^v^'*VF'Tf7w?"y^^^^T'"'*M^^+V^-~''T'.    -"•T'T'^^T'yTWifV^^ 


^•vpw^^-' 


■     i 


798 


':„;.Mr 


■■,*';'•'•. 


.1.  ;• 

■■''■''-;''■ 

'■i' 

■'■:?#■■' 

--(,'■ 

Bulletin  ^7,  ITnited  States   iVational  Muse  urn. 


Body  very  Hhindor.  Mr.ndiblo  slightly  ])rojectiiig.  FiiMt  doi-Hal  \v<ll  ji, 
advance  of  Hevond,  iiiHertedjiiNt  before  tI>o  vent,  about  midway  bel\v(M;n 
base  of  caudal  and  tiji  of  snout.  Scales  entire  ;  fins  not  scaly,  (irciitent 
depth  of  body  li  in  distance  from  nape  to  spinous  dorsal.  Very  piilc 
olive,  with  a  sharply  defined  silvery  band  found  anteriorly  on  the  Idwci 
half  of  the  fourth  row  of  scales  and  the  upper  half  of  the  tift*ii  low; 
toward  the  middle,  opposite  the  dorsal  fins,  it  is  on  the  central  pniiioi, 
of  the  fourth  row  and  on  the  nuirgins  of  the  scales  of  the  third  ami  litili 
rows,  rising  toward  the  tail,  where  it  covers  the  lower  half  of  third  and 
upper  half  of  fourth  rows;  back  and  sides  with  scarcely  any  dark  ilotN. 
Potomac  River,  near  Washington.     {beri/UitiitH,  emerald  color.) 

CliiroHloma  heryllinum,  Ooi-K,  TmuH.  Anier.  I'liil.  Soc,  ISCO,  403,  Potomac  River,  at  Wash- 
ington. 
Me»iilia  herijUina,  .Iokdan  k  (iii.iiKUT,  S.viKiiwis,  40H,  l8Hlt. 

114(8.  NKMIMA  AI'OKXS,  liny. 

Head  4^  ;  depth  6.  D.  IV  or  V-I,  8  or  9  ;  A.  I,  17  or  1H  ;  scales  l.i-lO. 
Head  rather  broad  and  flat  above.  Mouth  small  Eye  3  in  head,  ((inal 
to  snout  and  to  interorbital  space.  Vent  a  longitudinal  slit,  its  length 
§  diameter  of  eye.  First  dorsal  spine  inserted  immediately  above  anterior 
part  of  anal  slit,  slightly  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  snout.  Pectorals 
extending  to  beyond  bases  of  ventrals,  their  length  i  head.  Veiitials 
Teaching  vent.  Interspace  between  dorsals  twice  diameter  of  eye.  To]) 
of  head  covered  with  large  scales.  Lateral  silvery  band  on  fifth  row  ot 
scales  and  edges  of  fourth  and  sixth  rows;  the  extreme  parts  oflit'tli 
row  not  included  in  it.  Scales  with  entire  edges,  which  are  nearly 
straight,  so  that  each  scale  is  angulated  behind.  Soft  dorsal  naked. 
Color  and  iornx  ot  Menidia  votatn;  edges  of  scales  somewhat  dotted:  a 
dusky  streak  at  base  of  anal.  Length  3  inches.  Mississippi  Kivei: 
known  only  from  Memphis  and  Vioksburg.  {andens,  daring,  having  k"1'« 
far  from  the  sea.) 

Meniilia  nudettn,  Hay,  Bull.  U.  K.  FIbH  Oomin.,  ii,  1882,  (i4,  Memphis,  Tennessee,  iind  Vicks- 
burg,  Mississippi;  (Coll.  Hay);  .Jordan  &  Gii.dekt,  Synopsis,  908,  1883. 

1164.  HENIDIA  OILBKRTl,  .Tordan  &  Dullman. 

Head  4J  to  U  ;  depth  5Jr-5t.  D.  VI-I,  Jt ;  A.  I,  21  or  22.  Scales  4-18  or 
49-4.  Body  rather  slender,  elongate,  compressed,  especially  below. 
Head  short,  its  upper  surface  slightly  convex.  Snout  larger  than  eye,  'S 
to  3i  in  head.  Maxillary  lA  in  snout ;  lower  jaw  included.  Eye  mod- 
erate, 3  to  3^  in  head,  1^  to  li  in  interorbital  space.  Teeth  in  jaws  Kmall, 
not  close-set,  none  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender, 
about  20  developed  below  angle.  Origin  of  first  dorsal  midway  between 
posterior  margin  of  head  and  base  of  caudal,  its  posterior  margin  oppo- 
site front  of  anal.  Its  longest  spine  4J,  in  head.  Insertion  of  Keooiid 
dorsal  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  fifth  scale  in  front  oC  first 
dorsal,  opposite  middle  of  anal,  its  longest  ray  equal  to  snout.  Distance 
between  origin  of  second  dorsal  and  base  of  caudal  equal  to  a  distance 


'1  |! 


for  dan  and  Everwann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


791) 


I  1 


ssee,  iiml  Vicks- 


t'nuii  !ip  of  snout  to  i  un  eye's  diaiiietur  beyond  upper  anj;I»i  of  pectonils. 
OriLnii  of  uniil  midway  between  1>aHe  of  caudal  and  posterior  base  of 
nectdiiils.  the  base  equal  to  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  base  of  pec- 
toral", longest  ray  ecjual  to  snout  and  eye.  Pectorals  roachin);  beyond 
oiij.nii  of  ventral-4,  \\  to  1^  in  head.  Veutrals  reaching  halfway  to  vent, 
1}  to  -  ill  head,  their  origin  midway  between  front  of  anal  and  edge  of 
im-diirrcie.  Vertical  lins  nearly  or  «juite  scaleless.  Scales  largo  and 
tiiiii,  iliose  above  with  the  edges  distinctly  crenate.  Color  greenish,  the 
liliick  rather  pale,  the  scales  thickly  dusted  with  brown  dots;  a  narrow 
vi'it<liial  bund,  which  is  anteriorly  accompanied  by  a  short  lino  on  each 
«i(lc ;  this  band  is  broadest  posteriorly;  a  bluish-silvery  lateral  band, 
IkikIih  il  by  dark  above  ;  upper  parts  dotted  with  black  ;  sides  and  belly 
iialt  1  tlian  back,  the  upper  two  rows  of  scales  below  lateral  band  ante- 
riorly with  a  few  dots;  tip  of  snout,  hea«l  between  eyes,  and /^-shaped 
area  on  top  of  head,  dark  ;  from  the  occipital  mark  a  streak  of  dots 
oxtciiilH  to  base  of  pectorals ;  only  a  few  dots  on  top  of  opercles  ;  lower 
jaw  (luMky;  lining  of  operclo  dark;  fins  all  pale.  Panama;  numerous 
specimens,  the  largest  4^  inches  long,  obtained  by  the  AlhatroH».  (Named 
tor  Dr.  Charles  Henry  (iilbert,  who  first  discovered  the  species.) 

.lft'iii''"t  (///''cWi,  Jordan  &  Holi.man,  Proi'.   r.  S.   Nat.  Muh.,  1889,  1")."),  Panama.     (Type,  No. 
llicri.    Albatross  Coll.) 

11H5.  MKNIDIA  SARni>A  (.IcnkinH  ,<[  Kvermiiuu). 
(Vr,7,  DKi,  Kkv.) 

Head  U  in  length  to  base  of  caudal  (5  in  total):  depth  »U6J);  eye  mod- 
erate, ;>i  in  head,  li  in  interorbital  space.  D.  IV-T,  9;  A.  I,  25;  scales 
(i-l.'-f).  Hody  rather  slender,  elongate,  greatly  compressed  ventrally. 
Head  short,  greatly  flattened  above ;  snout  a  little  greater  than  eye, 
Iduiit.  with  two  evident  folds  or  grooves  across  it;  maxillary  protractile, 
verv  broad,  not  reaching  orbit ;  cleft  of  mouth  obli<|ue,  curved,  the 
lower  Jaw  but  slightly  included.  Teeth  in  each  Jaw  very  small  and 
wide-set,  none  ou  vomer  or  palatines;  giU  rakers  long  and  slender. 
First  dorsal  short  and  low,  its  origin  a  trifle  nearer  tip  of  caudal  fin  than 
end  of  snout,  entirely  in  front  of  origin  of  anal.  Space  between  f  rst 
and  wecond  dorsals  equals  the  length  of  both  snout  and  eye.  Distance 
from  l)eginning  of  second  dorsal  to  base  of  caudal  ^n  e<]ual8  that  from 
end  of  snout  to  insertion  of  pectorals,  the  fin  lyinf;  over  middle  of  anal  ; 
the  first  rays  are  highest,  their  length  being  a  little  greater  than  the 
diameter  of  orbit.  Origin  of  anal  under  anterior  part  of  the  interdorsal 
upace.  one  and  one-half  times  as  far  from  sncut  as  from  base  of  caudal ; 
leugtli  of  its  base  about  twice  that  of  the  second  dorsal,  and  about  e(|ual 
to  iiead  ;  the  first  rays  the  longest.  Pectorals  short,  about  t  length  of 
head.  Ventrals  small,  short,  inserted  much  in  front  of  first  dorsal  and 
a  little  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal,  their  tips  not  nearly  reaching 
anal.  Scales  large,  cycloid,  not  very  firm.  (General  color  pale,  each  side 
with  a  Sroad  plumbeous  lateral  band,  two  scales  in  width,  and  e«iualing 
\  lenjrth  of  head;    the  upper  third  of  this  band  is  much  the  darker; 


jP9ww'W'»7i"!7Tw;t?wi"'!n)r?»^TTr?'!!?'^ 


;1 


i 


r!^' 


'  I 


-•  'if. 


r.   '  I,  .,i<: 


800 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


above  the  band  the  Hcales  are  sparsely  covered  witli  fine  dark  imiicnila- 
tions  ;  iiuue  below  tb<!  band,  and  but  few  upon  it;  top  of  heud  viiy 
pale,  almost  transparent  on  the  interorbital  area,  but  in  front  ami  In  hind 
thickly  set  with  small  dark  spots ;  snout  also  marked  with  spots ;  lower 
jaw  with  some  spots  in  front,  plain  behind  ;  opercles  plain  ;  lins  all  ninin 
or  less  plainly  marked  with  numerous  small  dark  s|>ots.  Leiigili3i 
inches.     Gulf  of  California  ;  common.     (Hctrdina,  sardine.) 

AlheriiKi  HurtUna,  Jknkinh  A  Ktkkmann,  I'ruc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  1888,  137,  Guaymas,  Scnora. 
(TyiK!,  Mu.  39633.     Cull.  JeukiiiH  &  Kvormanu.) 


I V--., 


11««.  HEMDIA  NOTATA  (Mitchill). 

(SlLVERSIDE.) 

Head  5  ;  depth  6.  D.  IV-I,  8;  A.  I,  23;  scales  4fi-10.  Eye  larpe.  ^  in 
head,  about  as  long  as  the  snout.  Scales  with  entire  edges.  Ja\vM(<i|iial. 
First  dorsal  large,  inserted  in  front  of  the  anal,  over  the  vent,  about  mid- 
way between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Distance  between  dorsals  jj 
length  of  head.  Pectoral  scarcely  shorter  than  head,  reaching  past  liase 
of  ventrals,  which  do  not  reach  the  vent  or  the  front  of  the  dorsal.  l?ody 
slenderer  and  more  compressed  than  in  MvniiUa  menidia.  'r*-(-lli ' 
in  few  series,  some  of  them  larger.  Transparent  green,  with  a 
lateral  silvery  band  half  the  width  of  the  eye;  scales  above  with  spots 
along  theiredges, sothat  theiroutlines  are  clearly  defined;  chin  Npccklcd. 
Length  5  inches.  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States,  chietly  nortlnvanl: 
south  to  Cape  May  ;  very  abuudant.     {notatua,  spotted,  marked.) 

Atlterina  nolala,  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  and  I'bil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  18t5,  446,  New  York  ;  .Ich.'ian  a 

GiLBEHT,  Synopsis,  4<»7,  1883. 
Alherina  riridenwuH,  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Pliil.  Soc.,  i,  1815,  447,  New  York. 
Atheriiiichlhys  menidia  and  notaUi,  GCntheii,  Cat.,  lii,  406,  1861. 


1167.  MENIDIA   MENIDIA  (Linna-us). 

Head  4*  ;  depth  5;  eye  3i.  D.  IV-I,  9 ;  A.  I,  22  or  23 ;  scales  39  or  10-8, 
all  entire.  Cleft  of  mouth  reaching  to  nearly  opposite  eye.  Jaws  e({uai. 
Teeth  not  forming  a  close  band,  those  of  the  outer  series  much  enlarged, 
a  pair  of  small  canines  at  symphysis.  First  dorsal  inserted  over  the  front 
of  the  anal,  nearer  the  base  of  the  caudal  than  the  snout.  Soft  dorsal 
and  anal  scaleless.  Pectoral  as  long  as  the  head,  reaching  well  past  root 
of  ventrals,  which  reach  the  vent.  Greenish  yellow  on  back,  very  thickly 
covered  with  fine  dots,  as  are  also  the  snout  and  lower  jaw  ;  lateral  .streak 
very  narrow,  bordered  above  with  a  conspicuous  greenish-black  lino :  the 
stripe  about  as  wide  as  pupil,  covering  the  middle  of  the  fourth  series  of 
scales;  caudal  conspicuously  light  yellow;  dorsal  and  pectoral  fins  less 
BO ;  base  of  anal  dusky.  Length  3  inches.  Cape  Hatteras  to  Florida, 
common  on  the  South  Atlantic  Coast.  {Menidia,  an  old  name  of  some 
small,  silvery  fish,  from  fif/v,  the  moon.) 

*  First  superior  pharyngeal  without  teeth;  second  with  teeth;  third  and  fourth  ( no^sifii  ' 
with  teeth.— £.  C.  Slarh. 


m. 


urk  pniiciiilik- 
of  lieud  very 
rit  uihI  Ik  iiiiiil 
spotH;  lower 
;  iiiiH  all  morn 

aymas,  Soaora. 


lye  large.  \\\  in 
.  JawHoiiual, 
mt,  about  iiiid- 
eeu  (lorsuls  ji 
hlng  past  liiiHe 
dorsal.  Hody 
ndiii.  TtM'tli  ■ 
;reeu,  with  a 
3ve  with  Hpots 
chin  Hpcckh'd. 
tly  northward; 
irked.) 
/  York  ;  .Ioi.'ian  a 

fork. 


lales  39  or  KW*, 
.  Jaws  iMiual. 
much  enlarged, 
I  over  the  front 
t.  Soft  dorsal 
well  past  root 
ik,  very  thickly 
;  lateral  streak 
)lack  lino ;  the 
burth  series  of 
ctoral  fins  less 
ras  to  Florida, 
name  of  some 


d  fonrth  ciHissifU'' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        801 


,\[\\vw'  nteiMlii,  LiNN/KiiB,  Sy«t.  Naturn>,  Ed.  xri,  MO,  ITtlfi,  Charleston. 

/{thfriiii '"'«''',  (UiviER  \  Vai.kni'irnnem,  Hint.  Nat.  I'oisa.,  x,  4tir),  18;)/),  Charleston. 

.1/fiii'/'i   Initvx,  Qoonti  &  Bean,  I'roc.  l".  S.  Nttt.  Mus.,  1882,420,  St.  John's  River.    (Type, 

Xn   If^ittl.    Coll.  Biiird.) 
Mini'Ui  inmilientis,  JoilDAN  A  rjii,iiKHT,  .SyiunMilH,  40?,  ISHU;  not  of  authorg. 

lies.  MKMDIA  OUATKMALKNHIS  (QUnthor). 

lloiid  4i;  depth  5.  D.  IV-I,  9  ;  A.  I,  22  ;  scales  3<>-7.  Anterior  dorsal 
fill  very  small,  inserted  behind  the  vertical  from  front  of  anal  tin.  Sil- 
very liand  on  the  third  upper  series  of  scales  ;  lower  caudal  lobe  rather 
Iniigir  than  upper.    Lakes  of  (jiuatemala.     (Giinther) ;  not  seen  by  us. 

Ath  riiiirliihiiH  gualematetuiK,  GCntiieii,   Proc.   /oiil.   Soc,   1804,  151,  Lakes  of  Huamuchal, 
Guatemala;  OCntiie",  Fisbes  Central  Amvrirn,  44;i,  18(JU. 

11«0.  MEXIDIA  PAC'HYLKPI8  (Odntlxr). 

H.ad  r>i ;  ilepth  5i.  D.  IV-I,  6  to  8 ;  A.  I,  20  to  21 ;  scales  41-7.  The 
snout  is  short,  not  longer  than  the  diameter  of  eye,  and  the  cleft  of  the 
mouth  does  not  extend'backward  to  below  the  anterior  margin  of  the  eye. 
The  anterior  dorsal  is  composed  of  short,  feeble  spines,  and  its  origin  is 
opjiosite  to  the  fourth  or  fifth  anal  ray.  The  pectoral  fin  is  much  longer 
than  i1m.>  head.  The  silvery  streak  occupies  tlie  adjoining  halves  of  the 
third  and  fourth  series  of  scales.  Panama.  (Uunther);  not  seen  by  us. 
(-<i\ii.,  thick;  Afm'f,  scale.) 

.iihirmlrhihiiH  fiichfilejiiit,  GC.NTiiEK,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc,  1864,  25,  Panama;  GPnther,  FisheH  Con- 
iral  AiiiiTica,  443,  18C9. 

1170.  MEMDIA  CLARA,  Evermann  >(:  JenkinH. 

Head  44;  depth  61^^;  eye  3.  D.  V-I,  9;  A.  25;  scales  56-11.  Body 
slender,  general  form  that  of  Menidia  aardina ;  teeth  very  feeble ;  eye 
largo,  etiual  to  width  of  interorbital  space;  distance  between  dorsal  fins 
less  than  that  from  tip  of  snout  to  posterior  rim  of  orbit.  Dorsal  and 
anal  scaleless.  Origin  of  first  dorsal  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than  snout ; 
pectorals  f  length  of  head.  Scales  small  and  persistent,  with  entire  edges. 
General  color  that  of  M.  sardina,  the  lateral  baud  plumbeous  above  and 
silvery  below.  Length  3  inches.  Gulf  of  California ;  rather  rare ; 
approaches  Leiirenthva  in  the  small  scales  and  feeble  dentition,  (clarua, 
clear.) 

Mfiii  '11  I'loni,  SvEKHAN'N  &  Jenkins,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  1891,  136,  Guaymas,  Sonora. 

(Type,  No.  43237.     Coll.  Evormaun  A  Jenkins.) 


357.  LEURESTHES,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

I.em-eslhes,  JoEDAN  &  GiLBEET,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1880,  29,  (<«ii«mi). 

This  genus  agrees  with  Mevidia  in  every  respect,  except  that  the  teeth 
are  very  weak  and  caducous  or  obsolete,  and  the  scales  are  very  small,  as 
V.  N.  A. 58 


F 

1 

( 

I 

i 
I 

t 


1 

; 

^' 

r 


I 


•H"»<r'»^.''J"!"»  ""'""tJWiut'.i.  v»j»w  '•""wt^WJf  ))"if '»(W,t».«w«''^i'f|««ppn^ 


H 


•/        ■'■..■■  I"! 


802 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


in  Suiilichthys,*  67  to  75  in  a  longthwiHo  hciIoh.    Cuaat  of  Calitoruiu. 
(^fv/juf,  smouth ;  /(7i9i'w,  to  eat ;  from  the  toothloHS  jaws.) 

a.  Snalvsiibout  r.7;  lateral  luiiiil  imt  ho  wido  im  cyo.  crameim.  II7| 

ua.  ScftleH  about  75  iu  lunKitudiDal  Beriiw;  Intvriil  Hilvt'i-y  liaod  widur  than  oyu,     TE.^(.l^,  117:^, 

1171.  LKURKSTHKN  (.'RAMRIII,  Jordan  A  Kvcrmaiin,  new  spoclea. 

Head  4» ;  depth  51;  eye  3f;  snout  3^.  D.  V-I,  8;  A.  I,  21;  h(  ales 
5-67-0.  Body  slender,  gently  rounded  above,  narrowed  below.  Sial,.s 
smooth,  firm,  closely  imbricated,  the  membranous  edge  strongly  Ht'imio. 
Mouth  moderate,  premaxillaries  very  protractile;  maxillary  short,  not 
reaching  eye.  First  dorsal  over  front  of  anal,  much  nearer  bir-r  of 
caudal  than  tip  of  snout,  or  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  i,'ill 
opening.  Color  hyaline  green,  with  a  lateral  silvery  streak,  pluiiili  oii» 
above,  narrow,  its  width  IJ  in  eye,  wider  than  one  row  of  scales,  cover- 
ing one  row  and  two  half  rows;  body  above  lateral  line  covered  with 
small  brown  specks ;  pectorals  and  caudal  ohietly  blackish ;  m  rond 
dorsal  with  many  black  specks;  anal  and  ventrals  plain.  CIom'  to 
Leuresthen  tenuis^  from  which  it  differs  in  the  larger  scales,  smalici  cyi', 
shorter  maxillary,  and  the  nmch  narrower  lateral  band.  Leii^jili  "> 
inches.  Ballenus  Bay,  Lower  California,  near  Cape  Abrtojos.  Scvnal 
specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Gilbert,  on  i\\&  AlhutroHK.  (Nuiiiiil 
for  Frank  Cramer,  in  recognition  of  his  excellent  work  on  the  s,or- 
panidiv  and  Agonidu.)     (Type,  No.  27,  L.  S.  Jr.  Uuiv.  Mus.) 

1172.  liKlIRESTHKS  TEM'IS  (Ayrcs). 

Head  4^;  depth  5.  D.  V-I,  9;  A.  I,  22;  scales  75.  Eye  o.iiial  ki 
snout.  Scales  small,  smooth,  and  firm,  closely  imbricated,  their  idj^cs 
crenate.  Maxillary  not  reaching  to  pupil.  Preraaxillary  very  protract- 
ile, curved,  its  posterior  portion  broad.  Lower  Jaw  sliorter  than  uiipci : 
soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaleless.  First  dorsal  fin  over  front  of  anal,  nmch 
nearer  base  of  caudal  than  snout.  Clear  hyaline  green,  with  the  l.iteial 
silvery  streak  very  distinct  bluish,  wider  than  eye,  on  li  rows  of  scales; 
edges  of  scales  above  bordered  by  dark  points.  Length  5  inches.  Coast 
of  California  from  San  Francisco  to  Sau  Diego ;  abundant  in  San  Diego 
Bay  ;  too  small  to  be  of  much  use  as  food,     (teuiiia,  slender.) 

Atherinopsis  tenuin,  Athes,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1800,  70,  San  Francisco. 
Leureslhci  tenuis,  JoituAN  (t  Oimeut,  SynopBis,  405,  1883. 

3S8.  EURYSTOLE,  Jordan  &  Evermanu. 

Euryslole,  JoKnAN  &  Eveiimann,  now  genus,  {eriarcha). 

This  group  differs  from  Menidia  chiefly  in  the  very  long  anal  tin  :  the 
spinous  dorsal  is  very  small,  the  scales  smooth,  the  breast  not  comimHsed, 
the  pectorals  short,  and  the  head  short  and  deep  ;  the  mouth  is  formed  as 


*  lidsilichthya,  Girard,  the  characteristic  genus  of  the  coast  of  Ciiili,  dilTers  from  Mi'tihll't  in  tlu' 
very  small  scales  (75  to  105).  Some  of  the  species  roach  a  largo  size  and  are  valued  as  fin'l.  The 
teeth  in  liasilkhtlnja  aro  well  developed. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


803 


of  Calitoiiiiii, 


l)olow.     Sim  It's 


I,  Binallcr  evu, 


iu  M'  iiidia,  but  the  JawH  uroHliortorand  thu  opurcluH  ant  tniucatud  hohiiid. 
Olio  species  known,  (rfpdf,  broad;  oto?.}/,  Htole,  tlu)  Hilvory  baud  beinj? 
verv  wide.) 

117S.  KURYHYOLK  KRIAKniA  (Jonlan  .t  (iiltmrt). 

Head  5;  depth  5;  snout  short,  3i  in  head;  eye  lar^e,  2|  iu  head.  Dor- 
Hal  IN -1)11  or  1^>  anal  1,27;  HcaluH  about  18-!).*  Itody  short,  deep,  uiuch 
c()iii|iieHHud ;  head  short,  deep,  about  i  longer  than  deep,  ratlier  broa<l 
uliovo;  operclos  truncate  behiud,  the  interorl»ital  space  about  e(|ual  to 
ey*'.  Mouth  very  small,  terminal,  very  obIi<iue,  with  curved  cleft  as  in 
M<iiiiHa,  the  premaxillary  very  short,  wide  bohiiul,  with  curved  edge, 
HliiM'xiK  under  the  narrower  maxillary  ;  the  premaxillary  protractile  but 
not  iiiiich  movable;  jaws  subequal,  the  lower  slightly  included.  Maxil- 
lary scarcely  as  long  as  eye,  not  quite  reaching  front  of  eye.  Teeth  rather 
lai>;t\  hu(  'od  backward.  Gill  rakers  numerous,  long  and  slender.  Scales 
siiiootli,  caducous,  not  easily  counted,  21  before  dorsal.  Pectoral  moder- 
at<-,  not  falcate,  inserted  high,  1^^  in  head,  6  in  body,  reaching  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  small  ventral.  Belly  not  especially  compressed ;  not  cultrate. 
V'wst  dorsal  very  small,  slightly  nearer  snout  than  base  of  tail,  over  first 
my  <if  anal ;  last  ray  of  dorsal  much  before  last  of  anal.  Anal  very  long, 
Hoincwhat  elevated  iu  front,  its  base  3  in  body.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal 
HcaliUms.  Color  translucent  green,  very  pale;  back,  lips,  and  base  of  ver- 
tical fins  faintly  dotted;  lateral  baud  very  broad  and  highly  silvery, 
J  an  bioad  as  eye;  lower  fins  pale;  air  bladder  not  visible  through  the 
ileKli.  Length  2|  inches;  two  specimens  known,  both  from  Mazatlan, 
thn  above  description  from  the  second  example.  (^/j<-,  an  intensive  par- 
ticle; <i()xi'<:,  anus,  from  the  long  anal  fin.) 

Merinellaeriarcha,  JoBDAK  A  Oilbert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  MuB.,  1881,  348,  Mazatlan.  (Tyi>o,  Mu. 
29'2I3.  Coll.  Oilbort.) 


i ' 


.'Mi 


II 


359.  THYRINA,  Jordan  &.  Culver. 

Tliiiriifi,  Ji)Ki>AN  &  Culver,  Keport  FlHhes  Siiialoa,  MS.,  18!)"),  {evermanni). 

This  genus  differs  from  .ltAerjne?/rt  chiefly  in  possessing  perfectly  smooth 
scales.  The  translucent  air  bladder  shows  through  the  skin ;  the  pec- 
toral is  falcate,  longer  than  head ;  anal  very  long,  the  small  first  dorsal 
iimtvted  behind  its  front ;  belly  compressed  to  a  bluutish  edge.  Some 
of  these  characters  have  not  been  verified  in  pachylcpia  and  (fuat(tnah'n>iis, 
wliich  may  belong  here  rather  than  in  Menidia.  Two  8i)ecies  known. 
C^i/i"  ,  a  window  ;  from  the  translucent  air  bladder,  which  shows  through 
the  Hkiu.) 

<i.  Anal  rays  about  1, 24,  Iho  boHO  of  the  fln  2'''^  in  body;  pectoral  3J^  in  body,  its  popterior 

margin  concave;  ventrals  palo.  eveumanm,  1174. 

o'l.  Aiml  rays  1,21,  the  base  of  the  fin  3  in  body;  pectoral  i%  in  body,  its  posterior  niiir^iu 

scarcely  concave;  ventrals  black.  cuV8T.\m.ina,1175. 

*  Nut  to  bo  exactly  counted  ;  the  number  (30-7)  stated  in  ouroriginal  description  was  an  error. 
The  -iiales  can  not  be  accurately  counted,  but  there  are  over  40  at  least. 


!  < 


u 


i 

-J 

4 

4i 

^l^gggl 

Ml 

■ 

■*::■■     ^t 

■.•yt'T)^  7^,^^^:r^^rrf '  v  w.ilr*r  T7R"'^a"*Ty.7y  ■;'TS  -?  jp^  •»  •»>■ 


804 


Jhilledn  4Jy  United  States  National  Must'um. 


\    -1 


■I 


.    :'■ 


^ 


i;  ■  i:  '* 


'Mr- 


1174.  TlllKINi  KVKKniNM,   l  cnliku  A  Ciilv.-r. 

H«tu(l  U;  ilepth  \\  to  Ti;  ilorHul  IV'-I,  7;  anal  I,2.'<  to  I,  'ir>;  HcitlcH  'iiuii; 
eytt  l.'ii  ill  huad  ;  Niioiit  \Si  in  lioad  ;  maxillary  \\{  in  liuad  ;  lower  juw  j  ji, 
lioad  ;  purtoral  \  loii^tu'  tliaii  head,  Di  in  liody;  uaiidal  Hli^htly  loii;rrr 
tliaii  huad;  int«rorl>ital  Npact)  broad,  uuariy  «-i|iiaI  to  uyu.  Mody  imihIi 
coniproHHed,  tlio  holly  Hliarp-ud^tMl,  concavo  on  each  nido  hulow  )i*M'i.>ial.<, 
aH  it'  pinchud  to^utlivr  hut\v«;on  tliu  tliijy^uiN,  tlio  rihN  rrachiii^  tho  > a\^v 
tlio  Hcahm  pariNin^  around  it;  th*-  udf{u  aiinoHt  carinatc.  liack  iiuiidw. 
ScalttH  Hinootli,  nono  on  dormil  or  anal.  Mouth  Ninall,  turiiilnal,  thtt  Amx\. 
JawH  nirvtul,  tho  Htructiiro  prociHoly  as  in  Mnihlid',  the  ttstfth  mode  im,., 
ciirvod,  tho«o  in  tlio  nppur  Jaw  loii^rr ;  opiMciuo  <ddii|ii()  l»«hind.  imi  mi- 
tically  truncate,  (iill  lakurH  niniKuoiiH,  ioiifr  and  Hlundur;  puctoniU  miv 
long  and  falcate,  roachiiig  to  front  of  anal  and  heytnd  tipH  of  hIioii  mh- 
ti'<uH,  thfir  poMturior  margin  concavu ;  HpinouH  dorsal  hiiiiiII,  iiisiitrti 
midway  luitwoeu  tMlgo  of  proopercle  and  haso  of  caudal,  aiudit  ovfr.sixtli 
ray  of  anal ;  last  ray  of  dorsal  coiisidt>rahly  hoforo  last  of  anal ;  ituMo  of 
aual  IH  times  length  of  head,  2'i  in  liody.  Color  light  green,  miicli  diiiiid 
ahovo,  traiiHlucont  below;  a  blaek  streak  of  dots  along  base  of  imal; 
aomu  on  sides  «>f  head ;  median  line  of  baek  dusky;  iins  all  pair;  m, 
blaek  on  spinous  dorsal,  ventral,  or  pectoral ;  lateral  stripe  ij  widilioi 
eye,  underlaid  by  black;  a  large,  transparent,  window-like  space  aliovc 
front  of  anal,  marking  the  posterior  portion  of  the  air  bladder.  L»'ii;;tli 
2^  to  3  inches;  rather  common  in  the  estuary  at  Ma/atlan.  (Named  t'oi 
Dr.  Barton  Warren  Evermann.) 

Alherini'Ud  rrrriiiiiiiiii,  JonvAS  i:  CvuvEH,  MS.,  Ilrpt.  FIhIu-h  .Slimloii,  lH9fi,  Mazatlan.     iTvih', 
No.  2t!88,  L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mum.    ("otypo,  No.  4749J,  U.  S.  Nut.  JIub.    Coll.  llopkliirt  i;.\i«<lili.,n.) 

1175.  TIIYKINA  CBYSTALLIN  A,  Jordan  .t  Culver. 

Head  4J;  depth  4.V  to  5.  Dorsal  IV-I,  8  ;  anal  I,  21 ;  scales  40-11  ;  pec- 
toral \  longer  than  head,  4^  in  body  ;  aual  base  more  than  half  lon^'er 
than  liead,  3  in  body;  eyo  2.J  in  head;  snout  3J;  maxillary  2H ;  lower 
jaw  2J.  Body  rather  deep  and  compressed ;  snout  shortish ;  oju'icle 
shortish,  rounded  behind;  mouth  small,  the  upper  jaw  very  protractile, 
the  premaxillary  strongly  curved;  jaws  eciual;  teeth  ratlier  stroiij;,  the 
outer  curved,  those  iu  upper  jaw  largest;  eyes  very  large,  sil,<iv; 
breast  compressed,  as  in  Thyriiia  errrmtiiini,  but  less  sharp  at  edge,  apjiear- 
ing  as  if  pinched  between  thumb  and  finger  ;  pectoral  long,  pointed.  iii)t 
truly  falcate,  reaching  more  or  less  past  the  middle  of  the  short  veiitials, 
its  posterior  margin  not  concave,  the  middle  rays  considerably  nioie 
than  half  length  of  upper  rays;  dorsal  and  anal  naked;  gill  nikers 
numerous,  long  and  slender.  First  dorsal  small,  behind  front  of  the  ioiii; 
anal,  midway  between  gill  opening  and  base  of  caudal ;  first  ray  of  soft 
dorsal  over  about  fourth  of  anal;  last  rays  of  soft  dorsal  considemlilv 
before  last  of  anal.  Caudal  lunate,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer  and  bronilci, 
as  long  as  head.  Color  translucent  green,  with  considerable  dusky  ddt- 
tings,  no  yellow  ;  tins  dotted  ;  ventrals  black,  as  are  lobes  of  second  ddi- 
sal  and  aual;  silvery  stripe  narrow,  underlaid  by  dusky,  its  width  little 


n!f 


Jordan  anU  Ever mann.— Fishes  of  North  Amtrica.         .SOo 

iiiDM'  iliiin  liair  tlio  uytt ;  tii'Ht  tliirNal  ami  liii.s«  of  iinul  iliiHky  ;  oiitliiicN  of 

nil  li:  idiliM-  »vi«l*)Ut  tliroiiKh  \\w  tniiiNliict'iit   Hi<l«>H  of  IxhIv,  Imt  Icnh  no 

lliMii  III  Thiirinii  rrirmumii.     liOii^th  Hj  iiicln's.     Itio  I'ri-Nitlio,  ii«>iir  Ma/at- 

liiii,  -^iiialoa,  ill    fn-nli    water;  vory   roinmoii  ;  tlitt   lon^cNt   Hprciiiu'ii    '.i} 

iii(hi->  liiiijj.     {iriiHtttllhntH,  cryrttalliiu*.  fnmi  tlu*  winduw-liko  appraiaiu'o 

(if  till'  air  bladdor  tliroiiKh  tlio  traiiHliiooiit  iiniHclits. ) 

l()„r,,  ,i.((Tv«''i/'iii'i,  .'oiiDAN  A  (!ri,M-,it,  KIdlifs  Sliiiiliiii,  MS.,  iH'.i.'i,  Rio  Presidio,  briow  Pre- 
siilio,  Sinaloa.     (Tvpf,  Nn.  2GH.".,  L.  H.  ,?r,  liilv.  Mils,     »'iity|n',  No.  17440,  V.  S.  Nut.  Miih. 

I  .hi.   IIu|ll(lllH  Kx|>oilitioii.) 

360.  ATHERINELLA,  Sttimlachiuir. 

.ilhiriii'lla,  STKINnACHNKB,  Irlith.  BoltrliK'',  H,  :!•'>,  l'<76,  (  ;»ih<ihi.»«i-i). 

Itiiiiy  oloii^uto,  with  tlin  ahdoiiiiiial  «Ml|rt^  coiiiproMHt'd  into  a  1«m'1.  ('It>ft 
(if  iiiiiiitli  very  o1)ii(|iit4;  toi^th  iiookod  ;  scales  stronyly  ctciioifl.  Ujumm' 
jiiu  |Piotractilo ;  petstorul  very  loiij;  and  faicatd.  First  dorsal  small, 
jiiHi'i ted  heliind  front  of  lon^  anal.  Kastorn  Pacilic.  (Name  a  diminii- 
ti\('  (if  AthcriiKi.) 

llid.  ATllKKINKMii  PANAMKNSIH,  Stoindachnur. 

Head  IS;  d«pth4;i.  I).  111-1,7;  A.  1,21;  scal»)s  ;{7  or  ;W-7J :  oye  larjjo, 
:;;  sniiiit  3.  TIh)  brund  flat  intenirbital  Hpaeo  2A  in  lit^ad.  I'rolihtstraiKlit 
I'khii  .siiont  to  H»!('ond  (lorsal.  Ventral  convex  from  l»asc  of  lowoi'  .jaw  to 
(Mill  (if  lon^  anal,  ed^o  of  nbdomeu  forming  a  sliarp  k<!cl.  Lower  jusv 
(ilili(|nt';  premaxillary  protractile;  maxillary  eoii<'<.;;;,.,i  i,y  preorbital 
wlicii  month  is  closed.  Teeth  in  several  rows,  those  of  two  onter  rows 
tliickciicd  at  base  and  Htvon>{ly  incurved  at  tips.  I'ectoral  very  stronj;ly 
(Icvcldped,  much  longer  than  head,  falcate,  as  in  I'elivux  viiltialiiK,  which 
tlii.s  species  strongly  resenjbles.  Upper  jM'ctoral  ray  lonjjost,  liA  in  body, 
(itlit'iH  rapidly  shortening;  ventrals  short,  nearer  tip  of  lower  ,jaw  than 
liMHo  (if  caudal.  Spinous  dorsal  short  and  weak,  inserted  over  tenth  anal 
ray;  soft  dorsal  extending  farther  back  than  anal,  lower  caudal  lobe 
lonf,'('.st.  Scales  strongly  ctenoid,  those  above  lateral  line  longest.  A 
Hilvci-gray  lateral  band  dotted  with  black.  Panama.  (Stoindachuer.) 
Known  from  one  specimen  5^  inches  long. 
Mliniii'lla  iianamfnmtii,  Stf.i.ndaciinek,  Iclitb.  B«it.,  11,  .'t.'i,  1s75,  Panama. 

361.  LABIDESTHES,  Cope. 

bihnlesth'H,  CoPK,  Proc.  Amor.  I'hil.  8or.  Pliila.,  1870,  45.'i,  (sicnilnm). 

TliJN  genus  dithers  from  Mcnidia  chiefly  in  the  prolongation  of  the  Jaws, 

both  (if  which  are  produced  into  u  short  depressed  beak.     The  scales  are 

siiiall,  as  in  Lcutrxthi't  and  BimUdithija,  their  edges  entire.     {"XaSi^,  a  pair 

(jf  forceps ;  t(ji9t(j,to  eat.) 

/ 
1177^IiARIUE8TliKS  HIC'CUUS  (Co|k  1. 

(BrOUK  SiLVKItSIIlE  ;  Skiimack.) 

Head  4i;  depth  6;  eye  3i.  D.  IV-I,  11;  A.  I,  2S;  scales  75.  Body 
elongate,  very  slender,  compressed.     Head  long,  tlatteued  above,  narrow 


i    '-*  -r 


^'^^7iFrwr^'i^!frTywrm^r''^ 


ww?m^m^if<n 


8<N) 


liullt'iin  vr,  Ihtited  States  National  Museum. 


'••1 


%      ■ 


-Vi/y. 


below.  Snout  HltMitlt^i',  «M)iiio.  I'miitixillarirH  liroatl  jMrntiMiorly,  vt-ry 
protriictil«s  i»ro«lii(;i><l  forward,  tint  Niioiit  loii^^itr  tliaii  tlio  lar^r  <  yo, 
hUlfin  of  iippKi*  Jaw  NtroiiKly  concavr.  Turtli  vi>ry  Nlonilor,  iiioHtly  in  uno 
Hori«^ii,  r«>riiiiii){  u  narrow  Itaiitl  in  front,  Hcaltm  Hninll,  tliln,  with  <>iiiire 
ed^oH.  SpinoiiK  ilorHal  very  HMiall ;  Noft  dorsal  HJiort.  Anal  tin  loiij;; 
cuuilal  f' rk«><l ;  povtoralH  nu>dorat».  KiiHt  ilorsal  inHortud  Honi<<\N  Imt 
Itoliind  tlio  vfnt.  I'ulu  olivvi  ^ruon,  traiiHliicttnt ;  latnral  Hilvery  \>:nu\ 
v«^ry  diHtiucl,Hcarooly  broador  <lian  pupil,  bounded  abovo  by  a  dark  linn; 
bark  dottiMl  with  black.  In  tho  black  wattirH  of  tli««  lowland  Nwaiii|iH 
the  Hilvtiry  iH  un<lurlaid  by  black.  Lun^tli  W^  indicH.  I'ondH  and  nlu^r. 
gMi  Htroanm;  Laku  Ontario  and  HoutluMii  Mivbi^an  to  Iowa,  Florida,  nid 
Toxbh;  locally  abundant ;  a  very  Kracoful  littlo  HhIi,  widuly  dihtriixitod, 
confined  to  fresh  wators.     (micchm,  driud  ;  found  in  half-dry  pooh.) 

Chiriiiiliimii  niciulum,  Col-R,  I'rnc.  Ai'.  Nitt.  Rvl.  I'liila.,  lHn:>,  H\,  Croaae  Ule,  Detroit  Kiver. 

(Coll.  I'rcf.wBor  K<.x.) 
LithulenlUiii  tU'i-uUu,  Cui'K,  Vtm:.  Amur.  I'hII.  Hu<\  Pliila.,  IH70,  4(1;  .Ioiipan   .t  OlLnCKT,  Syri<>|w|,i, 

4(m,  18h;». 

362.  ATHERINOPSIS,  (iirard. 

(PKaCAlX)    DKI,   KKY.) 

Alherhiopnin,  OinARn,  I'riic.  Ar.  Nut.  Scl.  I'lillii.,  ISM,  llll,  {idlijutuini.iiii). 

Thin  (^cnus  diiforH  from  HaHiHchthj/Hui  the  nonprotractility  of  the  upper 
juw.  Tho  HpincM  of  tho  prcmaxillarieH  are  very  short,  much  shorter  tiiaii 
the  oye,  and  they  are  covered  by  a  skin  which  is  continuous  with  that  of 
the  forehead,  bein^  only  capable  <»f  Huch  motion  as  is  permitted  by  lliu 
extension  of  a  fold  of  skin  between  the  jaws  and  the  frontal  re^^ioii. 
Scales  small.  One  species,  reachiuf;  a  considerable  size,  and  having 
importance  us  a  food-tish.     {Athcrina ;  orlui;,  ai>pearaiice.) 

IKS.  ATIIKKINOPHIH  CALIIOUMKNHIK,  (iirar.l. 

("CALIKOUNIA    SMKLT;"    I'KHfADO    DKI.   RRY  ;    I'KIXK   KRY  ;    I>E8<'K.-Rf'..) 

Head  4  J ;  depth  5.  I).  IX-I,  12 ;  A.  I,  23 ;  scales  77-13.  Eye  small,  r.  in 
head,  liody  elongate,  little  compressed.  Maxillary  narrow,  not  n-ach- 
ing  to  the  eye,  not  slipping  under  the  preorbital.  Jaws  even ;  tt-otli 
small,  pointed,  in  narrow  bands^  inner  series  of  upper  jaw  enhir^'id. 
Gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender.  Scales  crenate,  somewhat  rougli,  Hut 
not  laciniate.  First  dorsal  large,  inserted  in  front  of  anal  nearer  liatit- 
than  snout;  second  dorsal  inserted  in  front  of  middle  of  anal,  which  lias 
a  scaly  sheath.  Pectorals  nearly  as  long  as  head,  not  reaching  to  ventialH, 
the  latter  halfway  to  veiit.  Vertebra)  about  4.'').  Translucent  grecnisli,;! 
burnished  lateral  stripe  which  is  rather  plumbeous  than  silvery,  miiu« 
yellow  on  the  opercles.  Length  18  inches.  Coast  of  California,  fnun 
Cape  Mendocino  to  San  Diego  ;  very  abundant  '.n  schools  near  the  Hliore; 
a  food-fish  of  considerable  importance,  wlt'i  white  flesh  of  fine  texture; 
wrongly  known  as  "  Smelt"  to  English-speaking  people  in  California. 

AdierinopiiiH  valifomientiii,  GiH/iRV,  Vroc.  Ac.  Hat.  tivi.    I'hila.,  1854,  134,  San   Francisco,  Cal. 
(Coll.  Dr.  Huermann.)' 


Jordan  and  Kvermann. — J''ishes  of  North  Amerua.        HOT 


}ii.nEiiT,  SyMi>|iHiii, 


tik.niiliihn*  raHfomi*n»li>,  UUNTlirn,   I'ltl ,  4<NI,   1M«)I;  .Iohhan    .V   <iil.nRiiT    Syiiii|wl«,  4<K), 

b-i. 
1/A.M.K  .^.r•.l(AYnlUl)UlltAllll,  I'lm    \i\  Nut.  Hci.  IMiiln.,  IHAtl,  lai;,  San  Francisco. 

363.  ATHERINOPS,  .S»«Mn.lu<  liimi. 

(i'K8('AI>IM.(>H  DKI.  Uky.)  , 

.li/i.fiii  j<,  STfiNnAciiNRH,  Irhtli.  RnltritK'' *•>.  IHTS,  ('</>lHi«). 

Tirlli  iiiniNor-liko,  )iiti<l  or  IhiiiicIumI,  iirniiigu*!  in  11  Niii^l««  row  in  oncii 
jftw.  <  Mlicr\viHt<  iiH  in  .llh(ritii>pHin,  I'liit^o  HpocioM  l.nown,  I'roiii  (JiililVn'niii 
and  M< AJro.  'I'lii-mMlitt'o!  IVoin  tlutotJM'i'  Atlitrinidoiu  itoing'^iiiuli.v  liurbivo- 
runs  liH  tli<>  doniitioii  \vuul<l  indiciitu.     (Alherhia;  i''i/ ,  uppfaianuo.) 

.1   T'l'lti  Y-''lii>|><'<li  III)'  inner  Inik  llttli'  if  iiuy  itlortcr  tl.an  tlii'imti  r. 

/■.  SmloK  02  liiOK.     Dumal  V-I,  1 1;  iiiial  I,  'i'i;  i<|iiti<ini(  ilnrMtl  iiiiirli  in  friuit  ol'  anal. 

iNHt  1.AUI  M,  init. 

;./..  (4ralcH  fc  fo  Wi,    pDrwil  Vl-I,  11;  ami!  I,  '.iJ.    SplniiUH  il'ir-iiil  iivcr  vcni.     ArriMH,  linn. 

.M.  Ti'C'tli  iu-iirr<i1y  Y-n1iii|h'(1,  tin'  IntiiT  i)raiiK  inriniii^a  Nhiirt  lateral  liriini  h  cm  the  main  '<tein. 

<t('iil' 1  ti'.     Poninl  VII-I,  10;  anal  I,  Ti;  xpinoui  donwl  In  Trontof  vtint.     I'ectoralM  lon^ur  tbiin 

IliM,!.  IlKUIH,  llMl. 

II7U.  ATllKltlNOPK  INNriiAUIN,  Gilbert. 

Cliiisrlv  iiili)><l  to  Alhcn»o))ii  <i(1iuin,  tlitt'etin^  in  tlio  ilarkur  color,  thu 
slfiiiicicr  t'orni,  tii*)  much  Hniiillur  Hcal«>N,  and  tiic  Hliortor  NpinoiiH  tlorHal, 
wliirii  is  iiiHorted  farther  forward.  HcalcB  1)2  to  (JH  (52  to  'A)  in  itflinh); 
.'inimIi's  JM'twct'n  uppt-r  tMljfcof  Hilvory  band  and  front  of  Hpinoii:*  dornal 
(1  ill  ainiiix).  Front  of  dornal  much  nearer  tip  of  snout  tiian  iH  front  of 
anil.  llifdiHtance  between  buHe  of  laHt  dorsal  Hpinu  and  front  of  Hoft  dorHtti 
^MvaU'r  than  hui^^th  of  buHo  of  Hoft  dorHal  (much  Ichh  than  hMifrtli  of  dornal 
ill  (iiliiiln).  SpinouH  dorsal  coiiHtantly  with  5  HpincH  (<i  or  7  in  ajffiiiia). 
otiit  rwis'f,  in  fiuH,  dentition,  and  gonoral  proportions  uh  in  ujjUiiii.  Ah  in 
iiiliiiis,  tlie  inner  fork  of  teeth  Ih  occaHionally  uhorter  than  the  outer, 
a|i|ii(>;ioliin{5  the  case  of  Alherinojm  reyin,  where  this  is  the  rule.  Very 
aliiiiidant  at  San  Clcmentu  and  San  Nicolas  Islands  of  the  Santa  Barbara 
(iidiip,  and  farther  s<mth  at  (iuadalupe  Island;  not  yet  found  on  the 
HJion'H  uf  the  mainland.  A.  affiniH  is  not  known  from  these  islands. 
(iiisiiIurHin,  of  the  islands.) 

Mhrniii  i»Mi/.ini(H,  Gti.iiKUT,   Proc.  V.  S.  N«t.  Mu8.,  1891,  549,  San  Clemente;  San  Nicolas; 
Guadalupe  Island.     (Coll.  Gilbert.) 

1180.  ATIIKHINOPS  AFFIMK  (Ayro»). 
(LiTTiK  "Smki.t;"  PKS<;Anii,i.ii  DEI,  Key.) 

Head  5;  depth  4J.  D.  VI-I,  11;  A.  1,22;  scales  52  to  56.  Maxillary 
not  reaching  pupil.  Lower  jaw  slightly  shorter  than  upper.  Teeth* 
<'l()K<<-sot,  incisor-like,  Y-shaped,  the  forks  divergent,  the  inner  fork  often 
a  liitlt!  shorter  than  the  other ;  teeth  in  lower  jaw  largest  and  most  mov- 
alii'j.   Eye  large,  not  longer  than  snout.   Spinous  dorsal  moderate,  inserted 

'■First  Rupurior  pharyDgoal  with  teoth;  Hecoud,  third,  and  fourth  coosaiflcd,   with  teeth.— 

£.  (.'.  Starlii. 


i  ! 


n 


u 


HI 


•1 

3 

{ 

i 

. 

mI- 

■i 
1 

smi 

1 

1 

|J5li«il»^ii/«ujf«./fw,ii";ipM  a.flIP  m()iij^jwii?^j(ii;)^piBBi  ■' 


I  i 


'I' 


808 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  JVational  Museum. 


over  tho  vent,  itu  origin  midway  between  posterior  angle  of  operclu  iind 
base  of  caudal.  Pectoral  about  as  long  as  the  head,  reaching  vuutials,  tlio 
ventrals  not  to  vent.  Body  stouter  than  in  related  species.  ScaleH  11 1  ri, 
crenate.  Peritoneum  dark ;  herbivorous.  Clear  hyaline  green,  a  hII  mi, y 
lateral  baud,  \\  scales  wide,  narrower  than  eye,  bordered  above  by  ;i  )iiir- 
plish  line.  Back  and  sides  thickly  punctate.  Irisand  opercles  with  luii^lit 
yellow.  Length  a  foot.  Coast  of  California  in  sandy  bays  in  schools,  w  jtli 
Atherinopais  caUfornivnsin,  and  equally  abundant ;  also  an  excellent  luod- 
tish,  but  smaller  and  therefore  of  less  importance,     (nffinia,  related.) 

Atlierinopnk  iiffinui,  Aybeb,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1860,  7H,  San  Francisco. 
AthefiHops  nffiuig,  Jokoan  &  Gilrkkt,  Syuoi^Js,  409,  1883. 


1181.  ATHEB1N0P8  REOIN,  Jonkitif  &  Kvermann. 

(Pez  del  Rev.) 

Head  41 ;  depth  4^.  D.  VII-11 ;  A.  I,  22 ;  scales  46-1.5 ;  eye  large,  e(|nal- 
iug  snout,  31  in  head.  Maxillary  not  reaching  pupil,  lower  jaw  slioi  tcr 
than  upper.  Teeth  in  a  single  series,  close-set,  incisor-like,  we.ik.  each 
with  a  short  lateral  branch  on  the  main  stem,  not  Y-shaped  ;  tips  biowu. 
Gill  rakers  about  19  on  lower  limb  of  anterior  arch,  about  30  on  lower 
limbs  of  succeeding  arches,  not  etrong,  equaling  diameter  of  pupil.  Oiif,nii 
of  spinous  dorsal  in  front  of  vent,  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout  beiiij^ 
but  little  more  than  half  leng'.u  of  body,  the  origin  of  the  first  to  tlie 
origin  of  '.;he  second  dorsal  less  than  i  length  of  body.  The  orij,nii  of 
first  dorsal  is  much  nearer  the  angle  of  the  opercle  than  to  base  of  caudal. 
The  pectorals  are  longer  than  head  by  i  the  length  of  the  head,  reacliini; 
to  the  middle  of  ventrals.  Ventrals  about  reaching  vent,  nearly  2  in 
head.  Scales  firm,  largo;  pores  developed  on  scales  on  various  parts  of 
the  body ;  4  rows  on  the  cheeks.  Peritoneum  black.  Color,  in  alcohol, 
pale,  darker  above  the  lateral  band,  the  scales  in  this  region  having  line 
punctulations,  a  silvery  band  slightly  more  than  one  scale  wide, -^  the 
diameter  of  the  eye,  the  upper  third  bordered  by  a  dark  line.  This  species 
is  allied  to  Atkerinopa  affinis,  Ayres,  from  which  it  difl^irs  in  the  longer 
pectorals,  larger  scales,  and  in  the  position  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  which 
in  this  species  is  much  nearer  the  head.  Gult  of  California  ;  a  common 
food-fish,     (regin,  del  rey,  of  the  king.) 

Atherinopi  regis,  Jenkins  &  Evekhann,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mas.,  1888,  138,  Bay  of  Guaymas. 
(Type,  No.  39632.    Coll.  Jenkins  &  Evermann.) 


Family  CVII.  MUGILID^.* 
(The  Mullets.) 

Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large  cycloid 
scales;  no  lateral  line,  but  the  furrows  often  deepened  on  the  middle  of 
ea(sh  scale  so  as  to  form  lateral  streaks.    ' '  outh  small,  the  jaws  with 


*For  a  detailed  account  of  tlie  American  marine  Mugilidie,  ace  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  I'  S. 
N»t.  Mus.,  1884,  f61. 


ry^^mimfi 


a  coniiiiun 


of  Guaymas. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


8U9 


Hiiiall  teeth,  or  none,  the  teeth  vario'^H  in  form;  preniaxillariea  protrac- 
tile.  <iill  openings  wide,  the  inenibr.uiefi  sepurate,  free  from  the  iHthnuia. 
i{iaii>'liioHtegal8  5orO.  Gill  rakerH  long  and  Hlender.  (jrillH4,  aslitbehind 
foiiiili.  Psemlobranchiie  large.  Two  short  dorsal  tins,  Avell  separated, 
till'  anterior  with  4  stitf  spines,  the  lastoneof  which  is  much  shorter  than 
\\w  others;  second  dorsal  longer  than  the  first,  similar  to  onal ;  anal 
n')ii:i  >  13  or  3,  gr'iduated  ;  ventral  fins  abdominal,  nou  far  back,  composed 
of  )  .^jiine  and  5  rays;  caudal  forkec'.  Air  blav!'.ler  large,  simple.  Intes- 
tinal canal  long.  Peritoneum  usually  l)lack.  Vertebrie  24.  Genera  8  or 
II);  npocies  about  100,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  and  coasts  of  warm 
rei^ionn,  feeding  on  organic  matter  contained  in  mud.  ''In  the  genus 
,V(/./(7,  a  considerable  indigestible  portion  of  the  latter  is  swallowed,  and 
iu  order  to  prevent  larger  bodies  from  passing  into  the  stomach,  or  sub- 
stances from  passing  through  the  gili  openings,  these  fishes  have  the 
()ij;anN  of  the  pharynx  modified  into  a  filtering  apparatus.  They  take  in 
a(|nantity  of  sand  or  mud,  and  after  having  worked  it  for  some  time 
lietwecn  the  pharyngeal  bones,  they  eject  the  roughest  and  indigestible 
|)()iti(»n  of  it.  The  upper  ^iharyngeals  have  a  rather  irregular  form ;  they 
ail'  slightly  arched,  the  convexity  being  directed  toward  the  pharyngeal 
cavity,  tapering  anteriorly,  and  broad  posteriorly.  They  are  coated  with 
a  thick,  soft  membrane,  which  reaches  far  beyond  the  margin  of  the  bone, 
and  is  studded  all  over  with  minute  horny  cilia.  Each  branchial  arch  is 
provided  with  a  series  of  long  gill  rakers,  which  are  laterally  bent  down- 
ward, each  series  closely  fitting  to  the  sides  of  the  adjoining  arch ;  they 
constitute  together  a  sieve  admirably  adapted  to  permit  a  transit  for  the 
water,  retaining  at  the  same  time  every  solid  substance  in  the  cavity  of 
the  pharynx."  (Gunther.)  {Munilida',  (iiinther,  ill.  Cat.,  409-467,  1861.) 
JIi  (irMN.i): 
.(.  StoiiHicli  muscular,  )(izxard-like;  tcetli  slender,  iiKually  having  the  iormof  cilia;  lower  jaw 
angular  in  front;  spRCios chiefly  marine. 
h.  Anal  spinf'S  11;  teeth  ciliiform,  flexible. 

c.  Orbit  with  a  well-ilevolopeJ  adipose  eyelid,  covering  part  of  the  iris;  cilia  in  one  or 
few  series,  slender;  cleft  of  mouth  chiefly  anterior.  Mrair,  364, 

ir.  Orbit  without  di>tinct  adipo.-<o  eyelid. 

d.  Cleft  of  mouth  lateral;  lower  jaw  narrow;  upper  jaw  very  thick  and  very  pro- 
tractile; cilia  brnad,  in  many  series,  pavement-like.  Cii.knohugii,,  3I>5. 
hi).  Anal  spines  2,  the  first  soft  ray  simple  but  articulate;  teeth  dist'nct,  in  a  few  series, 
scarcely  ciliiform,  often  obsolete  in  the  lower  jaw;  lips  thin;  no  adipose  eyelid; 
proorbital  serrate.  Qvekimana,  306. 

AdilNiiSTOMIN.K: 

(in.  Stonnich  not  pzzard-like;  teeth  not  ciliiform;  lower  jaw  not  angular  in  front;  deft  of 
mouth  lateral;  fresh-water  species,  inhabiting  chiefly  mountain  torrents  in  the  tropics. 
('.  Teeth  iu  villiform  bands. 

/.  Anal  spines  2;  teeth  in  bands  on  jaws  and  vomer;  lower  jaw  without  lamelliform 

folds.  AooNOSTOMUS,  367. 

>■<■.  Teeth  coarse,  broad,  truncate  incisors,  with  their  free  edges  serrate;  smaller  teeth  on 

vomer;  none  on  |)alatines;  head  heavy,  the  bluut,  tumid  snout  overhanging  the 

small,  inferior  mouth;  lower  jaw  forming  a  sharp  soft  edge.  Joturdh,  368. 

364.  MUGIL  (Artedi)  Liunams. 
(Mullets.) 

M'l.iil  (AuTEni)  L1NN/T.C8,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  316,  {cephalus). 

r>()dy  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  covered  with  large  scales.     Head 
laige,  convex,  scaled  above  and  ou  sides.     Mouth  small,  subinferior,  the 


:  n 


•^    :i| 


'WW''P?!»'^?s«?VWl'T^TOfl!!rK5PCP^^ 


810 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\\ 


'  ■  I" 


l/A,, 


!'•    I^Vi-  ';.'';'- "V 


'    ,     '    ■     iff,        •f,!.,S 

^>  ■  '.V  ■ 


Hfl 


! 


lower  Jaw  angnlated.  Jawn  with  oue  or  a  few  series  of  Hbort,  Uexililt!, 
ciliiforin  teeth  ;  no  teotli  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Eye  large,  with  a  l.iirc 
adipose  eyelid,  which  ih  little  developed  in  the  young.  Stomach  niiih(  11- 
lar,lil:e  the  gizzard  of  a  fowl.  Species  very  numerous,  living  on  mud  imd 
running  in  great  schools  along  the  shores  and  in  brackish  lagoons  of  uli 
warm  regions.  Wo  here  exclude  from  Minjil  the  Old  World  grouj),  l.i:,i 
(type  MiKjil  capita),  similar  in  habit  to  Miitjil  but  lacking  the  adipose  eye- 
lid.     (MiKjil,  the  Mullet,  from  muhjeo,  to  suck.) 

a.  Soft  (lorBul  and  anal  Ann  almoHt  naked;  anal  niyH  III,  K,  niruly  111,7;  sidcRwitli  dark  IoM<:i- 
tudinul  str'ix's  along  the  rows  of  scales;  caiidal  dcej'ly  forked;  nizo  larno. 
h.  Scales  about  :S!  in  longitudinal  sericb;  deiitli  about  4].^  in  Ivngtli  to  base  of  caii'lul; 
teeth  very  minute;  distuiici,  from  ti|i  of  iicctonil  to  front  of  dorsal  about  j  tin' 
length  of  the  pectoral;  lips  rather  thin.  iikasiliensis,  \\>\i, 

W).  Scales  about  41  in  a  longitudinal  series;  depth  about  4  in  length  to  base  of  ciimliil; 
teeth  closo-cet,  rather  small;  distance  of  tip  of  jiectoral  from  front  of  dorsnl  mImmk 
g  the  length  of  pectoral.  ckimiams,  ll^:i, 

nn.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  fius  scaled;  sides  without  dark  stripes  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  (.'iiihil 
less  deeply  forked;  size  smaller, 
c.  Anal  rajs  III,  9;  scales  35  to  45  in  a  longitudinal  series. 
(I.  Scales  42  to  45  in  longitudinal  series;  teeth  small. 

c.  Head  small,  4%  in  length.  iNcii.is,  IIM. 

ei'.  Head  large,  UiJ^  in  length.  TiioiiriiM,  lis", 

(/({.  Scales  ;i5  to  38  in  longitudinal  series. 

/.  Pectoral  not  nearly  reaching  origin  of  dorsal,  the  distance  from  its  tip  to  front 

of  dorsal  being  in  the  adult  J-j;  length  of  pectoral;  teeth  elose-Kct,  rutin  r 

small,  (but  distinctly  visible  without  a  lens;  scales  ilH  or  :i',)  in  longltinliniil 

series;  dorsal  less  falcate.  curgma,  llst'i. 

Jl'.  Pectoral  nearly  reaching  origin  of  doraal. 

</.  Teeth  rather  wide-set,  very  small,  mostly  uuisorial, scarcely  visib'  >  in  aiiiill 

without  a  Jens;  larger  in  the  young. 

/(.  Scale.*!  38;  bare  space  between  dentary  bones  very  large.     iiosi'Ks,  1  i.'-T. 

Ml.  Scales  35  or  30  in  longitudinal  series;  bare  space  between  <liiiiiitv 

bones  small.  oaimabuianis,  II^S. 

</<;.  Teeth  large,  in  many  seiics  above;  fins  deeply  falcate;  37  scales  in  I.iiisi- 

tudinal  scries.  setosis,  11>!i. 

cc.  Anal  rays  III,  8;  scales  very  large,  about  33  in  a  longitudinal  series;  teeth  wiili-set, 

larger  than  in  any  other  species  except  KelositK,  about  as  long  us  the  nostril;  iiiipcr 

lip  thick;  pectoral  not  nearly  reaching  front  of  dorsal;  si/.c  small. 

TKll  IKllxiN,   ll:ill, 

1182.  MVGIL  BBASILIENSIS,  Agassiz. 

(Liza;  Lebbancbo  ;  Queriman.'^ 

Head  4  in  length  (SJ  including  caudal);  depth  4f  (5^).  D.  IV-l,  X;  A. 
111,8;  scales35-12.  Body  elongate, nioreslenderthaninany  other  AuKMiiuii 
Mugil.  Snout  broad  and  bluntish,  the  upper  profile  almost  straight  .iiid 
horizontal  (in  young  examples  the  anterior  profile  is  about  equally  oblii|uo 
above  and  below).  Interorbital  space  greatly  convex,  its  width  L'  in 
head  Upper  lip  rather  thin.  Space  at  the  chin  between  the  mandi- 
bulary  bones  oblanceolate,  acutish  posteriorly.  Preorbital  large,  almost 
covering  maxillary.  Eyes  hidden  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  by  a  bioad 
adipose  membrane.  Teeth  very  minute.  Scales  large,  those  on  top  of 
head  larger;   about  21  large  scales  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  ti])  of 


y  visil)'  )iiiiiiiiilt 


Itll  lllllldN,  ll!"i. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        811 


giioui ;  Noft  dorsal  and  anal  almost  uaked.  Margin  of  soft  dorsal  very 
concave,  the  sixth  lay  shortest,  3  times  in  second  and  longest  ray.  Anal 
(*iinil:ir  to  soft  dorsal,  but  slightly  less  concave.  Caudal  deeply  forked. 
V  ,il(ir  dusky  above,  silvery  below;  a  dusky  streak  along  each  row  of 
Hcal<'s<  those  streaks  not  so  wide  as  in  Mugil  cejyhalus.  Scales  on  side 
and  <i|i(>rcle  with  dark  punctulations ;  ventrals  pale  yellowish,  the  lins 
(ithi'i  wIhc  dusky.  Length  18  inches.  Cuba  to  Patagonia,  common  in  the 
West  Indies  and  along  the  coast  of  Brazil ;  abundant  in  the  markets  of 
Havana,  where  it  is  usually  known  as  Lebrancho.  It  has  not  yet  been 
noti('c<l  in  the  waters  of  Florida,  although  probably  occurring  there.  It 
is  rtadily  distinguished  from  MugilcephahiH  and  other  species  Avith  naked 
(luinal  and  anal,  by  its  large  scales. 

Mujd  hr,mUe)i»U,  AoAHSiz,  Spix,  Pise.  Braail.,  234,  plato  72, 1820,  Atlantic  Ocean  ofT  Brazil  ; 

llir>  typi'fl  in  the  museum  at  Munich  ;  Jordan  k  Swain,  I'roc.  V .  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  Ihsc,  'Jti2. 
,lf"';r/ '<..',  CiviKU  <k  Valenciknnks,  Ilist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  xi,  83,  1830,    Brazil;   Porto   Rico; 

Maracaibo  ;  Surinam  ;  Martinique. 
Vmjil  lihmnchus,  PoF.Y,  Memorias,  1 1,  200,  plato  18,  flg.  ?.,  1x61,  Cuba. 

11S».  MlOIIi  CEPHALIIS,  LiiinmuH. 

(  Common  Mullet  ;  StiiIPKh  Mullkt  ;  (Ikfalo;  Macho;  Machitip  ;  Lisa  fAiiEziHA.) 

Head  4,1  (ojt  in  total  with  caudal);  depth  3;";  (5  in  total).  D.  IV-I,  8 ;  A. 
III.  S  (very  rarely  111,7);  scales  41-13.  Body  rather  robust,  somewhat 
coniiPiessed,  its  depth  moderate.  Snout  rather  narrow  and  acutish,  its 
upiitr  profile  little  less  oblique  than  lower.  Interorbital  space  slightly 
convex,  2^  in  head.  Upper  lip  rather  thin.  Space  at  the  chin  between 
the  niandibulary  bones  oblanceolate,  acutish  posteriorly.  Preorbital 
narrow,  not  nearly  covering  the  maxillary.  Eyes  hidden  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly  by  a  broad  adipose  membrane.  Teeth  close-set,  rather  small, 
but  evident.  Scales  rather  small ;  about  23  large  scales  between  origin 
of  dorsal  and  tip  of  snout ;  scales  on  top  of  head  slightly  enlarged  ;  soft 
dorsal  and  anal  with  very  few  scales.  First  dorsal  spine  usually  n  little 
niori)  than  half  head,  its  length  subject  to  some  variation.  Margin  of 
soft  dorsal  concave,  the  seventh  ray  shortest,  2i  times  in  length  of  second 
or  longest  ray ;  anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  but  less  concave.  Pectoral 
reaching  nearly  to  front  of  spinous  dorsal,  its  insertion  above  axis  of  body  .* 
Caudal  deeply  forked.  Color  dark  bluish  above ;  sides  silvery,  with 
couHpicuous  dark  stripes  along  each  row  of  scales ;  pale  yellowish  below; 
veutrals  yellowish,  the  other  fins  more  or  less  dusky.  Length  1  to  2  feet. 
Coasts  of  southern  Europe  and  northern  Africa ;  Atlantic  coast  of 
America,  from  Cape  Cod  to  Brazil ;  Pacific  coast,  in  great  schools  in  bays, 
lagoons,  and  sheltered  waters  from  Monterey  to  Chili,  everywhere  very 
coninum;  a  food-fish  of  considerable  importance,  the  flesh  of  fair  quality. 
On  renewed  comparison  of  specimens  we  are  still  wholly  unable  to  sepa- 
rate) ^f.  alhula  from  the  east  coast  of  North  and  South  America,  M.  mexi- 
canitH  of  southern  California,  M.  guntheri  from  western  Mexico,  and  M. 
raitnnehhergii  from  Peru,  from  the  ordinary  European  mullet,  and  so  unite 

*  Not  on  the  median  line,  as  stated  by  Dr.  GUnther  in  his  account  of  Mugil  Uneatus, 


vM 


m 


i 

1 

■  i 

I'll 

(.-. 


^riW«lH'llV»JI|*JWI*l»t«l««f'l^*^lf«iP™i!W^ 


!'■! 


1 
t 

1 

'    1 

■;  'i^ 

,  . 

' 

;| 

•  ''i 

■  i 

i , 

•N 

:  h 

E 

i  i '-, 

1  '* 

bl*J  '^ 

■\l 

J^g  [ 

■ii 

812 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


nil  under  otio  hoad  hh  Muij'd  cephtilua.  Tliu  HpecieH  baH,  however,  not  In  in 
recorded  from  Cubu.  (Cephalnn,  Cifalo,  an  old  name  from  Kton/,/ 
hea<l.)     (En.) 

Muyil  leplmlim,  IiINN.kuh,  .SyHt«ma  Niiturn',  Eil.  x,  31)1,  1758,  Europe  ;  Itaaoil  on  AHrrDi. 
Miiyil  iiUitthi,  LiNN-Kis,  SyHt.  ^llt.,  Kd.  xii,  WO,  17fit!,  Charle:ton.     (Coll.  Dr.  (tiinlon.) 
IHujjil  Imiii,  Ui.iicii,  IfliDiyoNigia,  |>lat«  'M'l,  1794,  Africa. 

Miiijil I'liimieri,  IJi.ocii,  /.  <•.,  iilati)  ',Wi,  17'.)-l,  St.  Vincent  ;  on  ii  ilrawinK  l>y  Pi.umikk. 
3fN>/i7/iiiiii/iifi,  MnriiiM.  MS.,  (Uivirk   .t  VAr.KN(iKNNr.s,  Hist.   Naf.  PoiRH.,  xi, 'Jil,  isao,  New 

York. 
MiKjil rduimeMiirgii,  T«ciilfni,  Fiiiina  I'uruanu,  Iclitlij-.,  20,  184'),  Peru. 
Jlfi(;;(7  ^i>7()((/iiii,  <imAUii,   II.  8.  unil  Mex.   lioiinil.  Siirv.,  20,  plato  10,  fl){H.   1  to  4,  iK'i'.i,  St. 

Joseph's  Island,  Indianola  ;  Brazos  Santiago  ;  Brazos;  and  Galveston;  nil ..ant 

of  Ti-xag.     (Coll.  Wiirili.'nianii,  Clark,  and  Ktuinorly.) 
Miigil  iiiiiitheri,  GlM.,   Pror.   Ac.   Nat.   ,*<ci.   Phila.,  ISftJ,   lti!»,    western   coast   of   Central 

America;  not  of  Stkinoaciinkr. 
Miiijil viixiraiiiis,  Stkindac'iinkr,  Ichtliyol.  Doitritgc,  iii,  50,  187<''>,  Acapulco. 
Miifjil  itlliulii,  Jordan  A.  ("iii.iiF.RT,8yuopsiH,  4o;t,  1883. 
Miiyil  crphahm,  .ToKOAN  &  Swain,  I'rof.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1884,  263. 


IIM!.  IMlKilL  INCILIS, 

(TRKNCH  MlIF  '.F.T.) 


n<'(M'k. 


Head  ii  ;  depth  ii.  D.  IV-I,  8 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  scales  42  to  44-15, 23  l.ctore 
the  dorsal.  Snout  moderately  broad,  scarcely  convex,  with  tlie 
lower  profile  ascendinj?  in  the  same  degree  as  the  upper  descendu ;  the 
teeth  very  small,  slender;  interorbital  space  slightly-convex,  its  width  2'^  in 
length  of  head.  Upper  lip  rather  thin;  the  angle  made  by  the  two 
mandibulary  bones  a  right  one;  the  preorbital  tapers  posteriorly,  liaN 
the  anterior  margin  tinely  serrated,  and  covers  the  maxillary  so  that  only 
a  very  narrow  portion  of  it  is  visible  on  the  side  of  the  snout.  Adipose 
eyelids  large.  The  space  of  the  chin,  between  the  mandibles  and  inter. 
opercles  is  elongate  cuneiform.  .  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  fccaly.  Serond 
dorscil  spine  slightly  lunger  than  the  first,  and  more  than  lialf  lengtli  of 
head;  pectorri  short,  reaching  tenth  scale,  not  quite  reaching  dor.sal; 
fins  scarcely  falcate;  caudal  deeply  emarginate.  Silvery;  axil  blackiKli; 
sides  without  dark  stripes  along  the  rows  of  scales.  (GuntlitT.) 
Brackish  -waters  from  Rio  Chagres  to  Pard  and  liahia ;  common,  (iiivilif,, 
pertaining  to  a  ditch.) 

Miitjil  hicilis,  Hancock,   Quart.    Journ.    Sci.,    1830,   127,    Guiana;    GOnther,  FiHhes  (Vntr. 

Ainer.,  1869,  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  2t>f). 
Mutjil  giintheri,  Steindachner,  Ichtb.  Nutizen,  i,  12,  1864,  British  Guiana. 

1185.  SlUftlli  THOBUBNI,  Jordan  &  Starks,  now  Bi>ecie8. 

Head  3i  to  3S;  depth  4 ;  dorsal  IV-7;  anal  III,  9 ;  scales  44-15;  oiliit 
equal  to  snout,  4^  in  head ;  uncovered  part  of  eye  8  or  9  in  head ;  inter- 
orbital  2^;  first  dorsal  spine  2;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  equal,  the  loni^est 
ray  2^ ;  ventrals  2  in  head ;  pectoral  It.  Body  moderately  elongate ;  a 
very  gentle  curve  from  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal;  ventral  outline  consider- 
ably curved,  the  curve  uniform  from  chin  to  caudal  peduncle.  Head 
large,  broadly  rounded  above ;  eye  moderate,  -with  a  large  adipose  eyelid; 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amertca.        813 

iiidiii  h  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  front  of  orbit ;  upper  lip  rather 
thiik;  lower  jaw  with  a  knob  at  the  middle  which  fits  into  an  eniar^^i- 
nirtloii  in  the  upper,  itH  angle  more  obtime  than  a  ri^ht  an^le ;  space 
oil  cliin  between  mandibulary  bones,  broad  in  front,  acute  behind,  the 
sill  iiiTcles  meeting  below.  Teeth  very  minute,  scarctdy  appreciable. 
I'rt'orbital  minutely  serrated.  Pectorals  reaching  about  to  middle  of 
vent  mis,  not  to  spinous  dorsal ;  spinous  dorsal  inserted  above  posterior 
end  "I'  ventrals  when  fin  is  d  pressed  ;  first  spine  of  dorsal  the  longest ; 
Holt  dorsal  and  anal  similar,  their  margins  incised;  ventrals  inserted 
beiiind  middle  of  pectoral ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaly,  23  scales  before 
dorsal.  Color  slaty  bluish  above,  silvery  below;  sides  with  rather  faint 
lon;,ntiidinal  bluish  stripes  wiiich  follow  the  rows  of  scales,  fading  out 
on  tlio  belly  and  running  into  the  darker  color  on  the  back;  ventrals  and 
anal  i)alo  ;  pectoral  and  dorsals  dusky  ;  a  dujky  bar  at  base  of  pectoral. 
Pacilic  Coast  of  tropical  America  from  Guatemala  to  Galapagos  ;  the  types, 
two  Hpecimens  (No.  1607,  L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mus.),  the  largest  8  inches  long, 
colli'ctod  by  the  Albatross  in  the  Galapagos.  Close  to  Miiyil  hicilix,  the 
head  larger,  and  with  several  minor  differences.  (Named  for  Dr.  Wilbur 
Wilson  Thoburn  of  Stanford  University  in  recognition  of  his  work  on 
the  Cottidn:) 

1186.  NUOIL  CIIREMA,  Cuvier  .«;  YulemiunuoH. 
(White  Muixkt;  Bm'e-back  Mullet;  Liza;  Lisa  Blanca.) 

Head  4^;  depth  3^-.  D.  IV-I,  8;  A.  Ill,  9  ;  scales  38-12.  Body  moder- 
attdy  elongate,  its  depth  about  e(|ualing  that  of  Muijil  cephuluH.  Snout 
ratiier  narrow  and  pointed,  the  upper  profile  not  so  oldiijue  as  lower. 
Interorbital  space  slightly  convex,  2^  in  head.  Upper  lip  rather  thick. 
Space  at  the  chin  between  the  mandibulary  bones  oblanceolate,  acutish 
posteriorly.  Preorbital  rather  narrow,  nearly  covering  the  maxillary 
poHteriorly.  Eyes  hidden  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  by  a  broad  adipose 
meirbrane.  Teeth  thick-  let,  rather  small,  but  distinctly  visible  to  the 
naked  eye.  Scales  rather  small,  about  23  from  origin  or  dorsal  to  tip  of 
snout;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  densely  scaled.  Soft  dorsal  slightly  concave, 
the  seventh  and  shortest  ray  2i^  in  second  or  longest  ray.  Anal  similar  to 
soft  dorsal.  Pectoral  falling  short  of  spinous  dorsal  by  a  distance  equal 
to  i  its  length  in  adult,  sometimes  longer  in  young.  Caudal  forked. 
Color  dark  olive  above,  with  some  bluish  reflections;  silvery  below;  no 
dusky  streaks  along  sides ;  a  rather  small  dark  blotch  at  base  of  pectoral ; 
spinous  and  soft  dorsal  and  pectorals  pale,  with  nume.ous  small  dark 
pnnotulations ;  caudal  pale,  yellowish  at  base,  margin  of  fin  blackish ; 
anal  and  ventrals  yellowish  ;  side  of  head  with  two  yellow  blotches. 
Capo  Cod  to  Brazil;  Mjigdalena  Bay  to  Chili,  generally  common  on  both 
coasts  of  America,  especially  in  the  tropics,,  A  food-fish  of  importance, 
entering  the  sea  more  freely  than  does  Mugil  cephaliis,  which  is  a  bay 
fisli.  Length  about  a  foot.  {Curema,  a  Portuguese  name  used  by  Marc- 
grave,  doubtless  corresponding  to  the  Spanish  QiurinKtu.) 

Mi'iiit  ntnmti,  CvviEU  &  VALENCIENNES,  IliHt.  Nat.  l'ois8.,  XI,  87,1836,  Brazil;  Martinique; 
Cuba. 


m 


''S5;?r»'»F^TO3!S«?W'1'?^lPl!!Wf?f!r3WffW!^!^^ 


II 


814 


Bulletin  47,   United  States  National  Museum. 


Miijit pflrnmii,  Cuvir.n  &  Vai.kni'irnnf.8,  /.  c,  H9,  Brazil;  Surinam;  Gulf  of  Mexico;  Cuba; 

JoiiPAN  &  Swain,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nnt.  Miig.,  18H4,  208. 
Muijil  bniii/iciixiK,  JouiiAN  Ac  Ciii.iiCRT,  Syuoiuiii,  4U3,  1883;   OOntiisii,  (^at.  ill,  431,  18<i1;  ii.>t*ijr 

AUAHHIZ. 


I      1  = 


Is'     ''!■-■:     ."\n 


I  !;■'.' 


1187.  nUtilL  HONPKS,  Junlnii  &  Culver. 

(LlSITA.) 

Head  ^  to  4;  depth  4  to  4k.  D.  IV-8;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  38-13;  »>>..  U 
in  hoail ;  Hiiout  4;  maxillary  4.  Body  a  little  slenderer  and  iiior*)  coin- 
pressed  than  in  Muyil  curemu,  the  back  considerably  arched,  tlte  pmlllo 
gently  cnrved  from  tip  of  suout  to  front  of  soft  dorsal.  Eye  modti.ite. 
with  a  large  adipose  eyelid.  Plead  broad,  rounded  aliove,  the  interoi Mtal 
width  2;i  in  its  length.  Teeth  very  small,  visible  with  a  lens  only.  Tip 
of  lower  jaw  forming  a  right  angle.  Bare  space  between  dentary  liomis 
club-shaped,  much  larger  than  in  Muyil  curvma,  the  snboporcles  hmoly 
meeting  below.  Pectoral  somewhat  falcate,  unusually  long,  reacliing 
about  to  base  of  third  dorsal  spine,  li  in  head,  its  long  axillary  Kciile 
unusually  long,  half  length  of  the  fin  and  2*  in  head.  First  dmsal 
inserted  over  middle  of  body,  over  middle  of  length  of  ventral  8])iiit); 
second  dorsal  moderate,  its  edge  incised;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  a  litllo 
longer  than  lower,  as  long  as  head.  Anal  rather  high  ;  veutrals  inserted 
before  middle  of  pectorals.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  scaly.  Color  mucli 
as  in  Mugil  curemu,  rather  greener  above,  sides  silvery,  with  faint  traces 
of  longitudinal  streaks ;  fnis  pale ;  upper  edge  of  pectoral  and  end  of  cau- 
dal dusky ;  a  small  blackish  spot  at  base  of  pectoral  above ;  no  yellow  uu 
head.  Length  9  inches.  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico,  not  rare  in  Ma/.atlau 
Harbor,  with  Mugil  curema,  from  which  the  long  pectoral  readily  distiu- 
guishes  it.  (hoapea,  a  landlord,  in  allusion  to  the  almost  constant  ]>reH- 
once  in  the  mouth  of  a  small  Oniacid  crustacean  similar  to  that  fouud  in 
the  Menhaden.) 

Muyil  hospes,  Jordan  &  Cui-veb,  MS.,  Fishes  of  Sinaloa,  1895,  Mazatlan.     (Type,  N(i.  298«, 
L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mns. ;  cotypcs.  No.  4744(),  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.     Coll.  Jordan,  Culvor&  Sfiirks.) 


•J 


1188.  MUUIL  OAIHARDIANIIS,  UcsmaroBt. 
(Red-ete  Mullet    Liza  Ojo  vk  Perdriz.) 

Head  4  ;  depth  3f .  D.  IV-I,  8 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  scales  35  or  36-11.  Body 
rather  robust,  moderately  compressed.  Snout  rather  narrow  and  pointed, 
upper  profile  almost  as  oblique  as  lower.  Interoibital  space  convex,  L'i 
in  head.  Upper  lip  rather  thick,  about  as  in  Mugil  curema.  Space  at  tlie 
chin  between  the  mandibulary  bones  elliptical,  acutish  in  front  and 
behind,  scarcely  longer  than  snout.  Preorbital  rather  narrow,  covering 
about  half  of  the  maxillary.  Eyes  hidden  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  by 
a  broad  adipose  membrane.  Teeth  rather  wide-set,  very  small,  not  visi- 
ble without  the  aid  of  a  lens.  Scales  in  the  adult  rather  large,  evident 
in  the  young,  about  20  in  a  line  from  origin  of  spinous  dorsal  to  tip  of 
snout ;   soft  dorsal  and  anal  densely  scaly.     Soft  dorsal  concave  ou  its 


Jordan  and  Evermatin. — Fishes  of  North  America.        815 

iiiir  uiii :  the  seventh  ray  shorteHt,  2^  iu  second  or  h)ngeHt  ray.  Anal  sini- 
iliii  iiirtoft  dorsal  luit  more  concave.  Pectoral  reaching  very  nearly  to 
iVont  of  spinous  dorsal.  Caudal  forked.  Color  dusky  above,  with  bluish 
n>il('(  ti<iu8,  silvery  below;  no  dusky  streaks  alon;;  sides;  spinous  and 
Hoft  (imsal  dusky,  the  latter  iinoly  punctulate  with  brown,  its  anterior 
x[\\>  tipped  with  black;  Caudal  pale,  broadly  margined  with  black; 
uiiiil  inilt),  its  basal  half  appearing  dusky  from  dark  punctulations;  pec- 
toiiil  palo  in  front,  rather  dusky  behiud,  where  there  is  a  dusky  blotcli  at 
\)\\nv.  Length  11  inches.  Florida  Keys  to  Cuba;  not  abundant,  but  coni- 
iiiiin  lit  Key  West.  (Named  for  P.  (Jaimard,  the  associate  of  (^uoy,  in  the 
study  of  the  animals  obtained  on  Freyciuet's  voyage  of  the  I'ntnie  and 
the  riinxiciciinv,  and  on  Dumont  d'Urville's  voyage  of  the  Antrolobc.) 

Mit'iil  ij'iiiiiiirili<i)ws,  Desbiauest,  I»ict.  CluHS.,  |)1.  109,  18;l],  Cuba;  no  duscriiitUin;  I'dEV,  Ann. 
I.y. .  Nut.  Hist.  N.  v.,  04,  \>].  7,  «(,'».  l-IJ,  18T5,  Cuba;  flrHt  ilm.ription;  Juuuan  &  Swain, 
pi....  U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8.,  18S4,  207. 

118».  MlKJIli  SKTOSrS,  (iilbcrt. 

llciid  3^  to  3J  in  length  ;  depth  4  ;  eye  large,  equaling  or  slightly  exc^ed- 
iiij.;  tlic  length  of  the  snout,  3*  to  4  in  head,  IJ  in  interorbital  width.  D. 
IV-1,  8;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  37.  Closely  resembling  iMiif/il  hospvH,  "rom 
wliicli  it  differs  widely  iu  its  much  larger  multiserial  seta',  au<i  the 
loiii;ii.  narrower  mouth.  Mandibular  angle  less  than  90  degrees;  length 
of  cleft  of  mouth  but  little  less  than  its  width.  Premaxillary  setii'  in 
ii  luuruw  baud,  not  arranged  in  definite  cross  lines  as  in  ChtvnomiKjil ;  those 
of  outer  row  very  long  and  numerous,  curved  and  closely  crowded  ;  inner 
set ;i' much  shorter, but  arranged  in  several  irregular  series;  mandibular 
setii' shorter  and  slenderer  but  larger  tlian  the  premaxillary  setin  of  M. 
Clin »"(( ;  in  a  single  series  ;  a  narrow  strip  only  of  the  maxillary  is  visible 
ill  t  lie  closed  mouth.  Upper  lip  thick.  Preorbital  denticulated.  Adipose 
eyi'liil  partly  covering  pupil,  but  much  thinner  than  in  curima  and  related 
spt'cios,  the  whole  eye  being  visible  through  it  iu  alcoholic  specimens; 
.idijioso  mass  lying  behind  eye  less  developed,  encroaching  but  little  on 
till'  ojiorcle.  Suborbital  very  wide,  as  in  Miti/H  trichodon.  Scales  moderate, 
20  in  front  of  dorsal,  11  in  an  oblique  series  from  vent  to  base  of  dorsal. 
Ac((5Ssory  scale  on  each  side  of  spinous  dorsal  usually  longer  than  the 
ba.se  of  the  fin.  Axillary  scale  exceedingly  thin  and  membranous.  Soft 
liortions  of  all  the  vertical  tins  scaled  to  tip  ;  basal  portions  of  the  pec- 
tonils  and  ventrals  also  scaled.  Pectoral  long,  pointed,  slightly  falcate, 
as  long  as  head  behind  front  of  pupil,  reaching  tenth  or  eleventh  scale  on 
sides,  failing  to  reach  front  of  spinous  dorsal  by  about  \  its  own  length. 
SiiiiiouH  dorsal  lower  than  soft  dorsal.  Both  soft  dorsal  and  anal  strongly 
falcate,  the  last  rays  much  higher  than  middle  rays,  the  anterior  rays  when 
dejuesaed  nearly  reaching  tips  of  last  rays.  Soft  dorsal  inserted  over  fourth 
or  lifth  ray  of  anal.  Caudal  longer  than  head,  the  lol>e8  long  and  pointed. 
Plain  grayish  above,  silvery  on  sides  and  below,  without  stripes  or  other 
inai  kings.  Ventrals  unmarked,  the  other  fins  slightly  dusky,  the  caudal 
with  a  distinct  black  margin.  Very  abundant  at  Clarion  Island,  of  the 
Kevillagigedo  group,  also  found  at  Mazatlan,  where  the  color  is  much 


,; 


I!  :' 


i 


!■         !;i 


I        !:1 


ii 


816 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


darker  than  in  tlio  typoH  which  cumo  from  bottom  of  volcanic  uniuH, 

(aetosuH,  bearing  brlHtleH.) 

Muijil  uliiitm,  GiLUKKT,  I'ruc.  IJ.  8.  Nat.  Mm.,  INOI,  S4'.),  Clarion  Island.     (Cull.  Oltliurt.i 


it'    "< 


;! 


ill    '.^v,.-. 

';!       ,11.  !  '    '  . 


:r 


",i  J 


•   } 


llttO.  nViiXh  TltlCilOIION,  INxy. 
(Fan-taii.   Mum.kt.) 

Head  i\  ;  depth  3*,  D.  IV-I,  H;  A.  Ill,  H;  scales  3;}-ll.  JJody  laihei 
robust,  its  depth  somewhat  greater  than  in  MutjH  vunma.  Snout  mi lier 
narrow  and  pointed,  the  upi>er  and  lower  prolile  about  equally  ohlii|Ut>, 
luterorbital  space  tiattish  or  slightly  convex,  2\  in  head.  Uppci  li|i 
thick,  thicker  than  in  any  other  species  here  described.  Space  ai  the 
chin  between  the  mandibulary  bones  oblanceolate,  acutish  posteriuily, 
Preorbital  narrow,  covering  little  of  maxillary.  Ej'es  hidden  antfiiinly 
and  posteriorly  by  a  broad  adipose  membrane.  Teeth  wide-set ;  liu;;ei 
than  in  most  other  species ;  plainly  visible  in  both  jaws,  and  about  as  luiifr 
as  the  nostril.  Scales  large,  about  21  from  origin  of  dorsal  to  ti|i  of 
snout ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  densely  scaled.  >Soft  dorsal  concavo :  tliu 
seventh  ray  shortest,  2|  in  second  or  longest  ray  ;  anal  similar  to  soft 
dorsal.  Pectoral  not  reaching  nearly  to  front  of  spinous  dorsal,  Caudal 
broad,  forked.  Color  dusky  olive  above,  with  some  bluish  reHectiDim; 
silvery  below.  No  dusky  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales.  A  dark  blotch 
at  base  of  pectoral.  Dorsals  and  caudal  pale,  the  former  with  very  Ninall 
dark  punctulations.  Caudal  margined  with  blackish.  Anal  and  veiitnilH 
yellowish.  Pectorals  pale,  finely  punctulate  with  brown.  Length  10 
inches.  Florida  Keys  to  Brazil ;  very  abundant  at  Key  West,  but  lare 
about  Cuba.     (i9pif,  hair;  oJoif,  tooth.) 

Muijil  Iriclwdoit,  PoEY,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  V.,  XI,  187'),  (ifi,  plate  8,  figs.  4  to  8,  Cuba. 
Mugil  bnmliengia,  Jordan  &  Swain,  I'ruc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1884,  270;  not  uf  Auaskiz, 


11.' 

I  ^' 

■  '-' 


i 


365.  CHiENOMUGIL,  Gill. 

Chieuomugil,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  18G;1,  1G9,  {proboscUleiit). 

Cleft  of  mouth  lateral;  lower  Jaw  narrow ;  dentiform  cilia  in  very  iniiiiy 
series,  broad,  flat,  and  somewhat  paved ;  upper  lip  very  thick ;  no  adi- 
pose eyelid.  Small  mullets,  of  the  tropical  shores.  (xaiv(J,  to  gape; 
Mugil.) 

1191.  CHiENOMUGIL  PBOBOSCIDErS*  (Gflnthor). 

Head,  and  especially  the  body  and  tail,  compressed  ;  the  greatest  depth 
of  body  nearly  equals  length  of  head,  and  is  4A  in  total  length ;  cyo  4, 
shorter  than  snout.     Dorsal  IV-I,  8;  anal  III,  10;  scales  38,  14  in  Irans- 

*  A  Hocond  Bp(fci<'H  of  Chiniomnijil,  possibly  American,  in  Chmiotiiiiijil  tiiijro-slriijntiiH  (Gi'NTiUR): 
Head  5;  depth  4%;  dorsal  IV-I,  8;  anal  III,  9,  scales  42,  13  or  14  "in  a  transverse  m  i  ics,  i!" 
between  snout  and  spinous  dorsal.  Upper  lip  extremely  thick,  without  transverse  fold,  iiiulwitli 
about  7  series  of  small  Hat  papillro  on  its  inferior  half;  lower  lip  with  a  broad  momlprHiiineoiis 
margin,  notched  in  the  middle,  but  not  ciliated.  Interorbital  space  slinbtly  convex,  2}  \  in  lieiid. 
Snout  as  long  as  eye  or  longer.  Chin  nearly  entirely  covered  by  the  mandibles.  I'liHirbitiil 
truncate,  not  notched,  not  covering  extremity  of  maxillary.  I'ectoral  inserted  ner.-ly  in  the 
middle  of  the  depth  of  the  body,  without  a  pointed  scale  in  its  axil;  not  quite  us  long  us  bead, 


■  II       I     11  I  ^^ 


T 


Jordan  and  F.vertnattti. — Fishes  of  North  America.         817 


IJody  ViMlier 
Snout  r;iilu;r 
ally  ohliiiue. 

.        UplKM     lijl 

SpncB  ni  the 
poHteiiorly. 
en  anteiimiy 
ie-set ;  linijer 
about  as  loll),' 
sal  to  ti|i  of 
concavo :  tlio 
milar  to  soft 
■  Hal,     Caiulal 
li  rcrtectioim; 
A  dark  Itlotcli 
W\  very  Hiiiall 
1  and  veil  trills 
|.      Length  10 
est,  but  '.are 


verwo  Hori«'8,  23  befitre  the  dorHal.  Tlie  front  part  of  the  upper  lip  In 
extrt'iiitly  thick  and  conically  produced,  nearly  as  lon>{  as  rest  of  snout ; 
low  |p;iit  of  each  lip  with  a  band  of  soft  pavement-like  papillic,  arranged 
in  ol)li<iuo  series;  lower  .jaw  rather  narrow  ;  cleft  of  mouth  deeper  than 
broatl ;  in  some  specimens  the  band  of  papilhi-  passes  into  n  series  of  fine 
inoviiMo  teeth  anteriorly  on  the  upper  jaw.  Upper  anterior  profile  nearly 
Htraiu'lif-  obliquely  descending;  interorbital  space  convex,  li  in  head,  and 
Hcaly  ;  preorbital  area  naked.  Maxillary  entirely  hidden  by  fhe  i»reor- 
liital,  wliich  has  the  extremity  truncated  and  minutely  serrated.  The 
njiiiioiiH  dorsal  begins  somewhat  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  to  en«l  of 
Hiiout  :  the  soft  dorsal  and  anal  with  small  scales  between  the  rays,  the 
t'oiiiii-i  is  higher  than  the  spinous  dorsal,  and  commences  above  the  middle 
of  tlio  anal  fin  ;  anal  fin  rather  higher  than  long,  as  high  as  soft  dorsal; 
pectoial  U  in  head;  caudal  emarginato.  Silvery,  upper  parts  grec^nish; 
(lark  Htriposof  spots  along  the  series  of  scales.  (Giinther.)  raeifii;  Coast 
of  tropical  America;  generally  common  in  rock  pools.  Length  (3  inches. 
Known  from  Mazatlan,  Cordova,  and  Panama.  (proboHv'uUun,  having  a 
probo.ici;^. ) 

Jliiijil  iin'hoiuiih iiH,  QCntiikk,  I'ltt.,  Ill,  4,'ig,  18ti1,  Island  of  Cordova,  west  coast  of  Cen- 
tral America.     (Coll,  (i.  U.  HkiiiiiiT  and  ('ii|ituiii  How.) 
cluiwmiii'jU imihiisfiihun,  JoilDAN  &  SwAiN,  I'roc.  V .  S.  Nut.  Mu8.,  1884,  272. 

366.  QUERIMANA,  Jordan  *  Gilbert. 

(jiiiiiiiinwi,  Jordan  .t  Giliiert,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  688,  {liitrenijiis). 

Til  is  genus  includes  little  mullets,  with  but  i  spines  in  the  anal  fin 
ami  w  ith  the  teeth  in  the  jaws  less  ciliiform  than  in  Mutjil.  Adipose  eye- 
lid wanting;  preorbital  serrate.  The  species  are  all  American,  of  small 
size,  and  some  of  them  swim  in  great  schools  at  the  surface.  (Jtierimatm  is 
close  to  the  Australian  genus  Myxiis,  but  Myxua  has  3  anal  spines.  (Quer- 
imiui,  a  Portuguese  name  of  Mugil  ciirema.) 

(I.  Tcrtli  In  lower  jaw  obsolete;  speoies  of  Bmall  size. 

b.  Scales  Biuall,  38  iua  longitudinal  series;  dorsal  flu  IV-I,  8;  aiinl  II,  9  or  Id. 

IIAUKNIirS,  ll'J2. 
/'/>.  Scales  largo,  28  or  29  in  a  longitudinal  scries;  dornal  tin  I V-1, 8;  aiiul  1 1,  7  or  8. 

GYIIANS,  ll'JJ. 

Iie2.  qUEBISIANA  HAREXUUS  (GUuthcr). 
(El  Verde.) 

Head  3i;  depth  3i  to  4.  Dorsal  IV-I,  8;  anal  II,  10;  scales  38.  Head 
aiul  body  compressed;  cleft  of  mouth  broader  than  deep,  not  reaching 

roailiiiif,'  fourteenth  scale  of  lateral  lino.  Spinous  dorsal  commences  midway  botwoeu  siiuiit  and 
base  (if  ia\iilal,  or  above  the  sixteenth  scale  of  lateral  line;  soft  dorsal  begins  above  the  twenty- 
9i.\lbsiiilc,  or  above  tbo  third  soft  anal  ray.  Soft  dorsal  not -caly,  niuch  biprher  tlianloug,  as 
liigli  a!<  anal,  which  is  longer  than  the  dorsal.  Body  with  about  II  brownish-black  longitudinal 
streaks  i)roduced  by  a  series  of  spots,  one  always  belonging  to  the  cuticuUir  fold  covering  base 
of  sea  It'.  (Giinther.)  One  specimen  from  unknown  locality,  supposed  to  bo  from  St.  Viiirent. 
WhetluT  of  the  Capo  Vordo  Islands  or  of  the  West  Indies  is  unknown,  {niyer,  black;  s/ii(/«(m«, 
strcakfil.) 

ilugil  iihjro-nlriijiUttii,  GOntiier,  Cat.,  Ill,  457, 1861,  supposed  to  bo  from  St.  Vincent. 

F.  A.  N. 53 


1^      i* 


Hi 


818 


Jiullt'tin  4J,  ITniteJ  States   National    ^fuseum. 


orbit ;  a  Hiiigle  Hi^rioH  of  Hiiinll  IIximI  tenth  in  ti|i|M^r  jaw,  noni*  in  tlu*  lo\vt>i 

or  on  tho  vomer;  li|m  tliin.     Proorhital  H«^rnit«%  unttM'iorly  iiml  inrrihulv. 

Anterior  dorHiil  NpinuH  of  niodurnto  Htron^fth,  '1  in  hnul.     Ki*lt>H  iiihI  lit>i|y 

bright  Hilvory,  back  ch^ar  gnMtn  ;  a  largo  Nil  very  bhitrli  on  eacli  Nitlr  aliove, 

fading  at  dt-atli.     Length  2  incheH.     l'acilio('oaHt  of  Tropical  Ainiiicn, 

from  Ma/.atlan  tu  I'ern  ;  locally  abun«Iant.     {hnrin<j»n,  herring.) 

JIf//ji(«  /iiireii(/ii«,  OCntio'.k,  Cut.,  Ill,  407,  1H(H,  Paciftc  Coait  of  Central  America.    (Uoll. 

(!npluiii  Dow.) 
VM'WHiiiim  hiirriiijiiii,  JounAN  *  SwAiN,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Miii.,  1HM|,274. 

lllta.  ({rKRINANA  CaVKANN,  .Torilnii  A  (iitbort. 
(Wiiiiii.iiiin  MrLi.KT.) 

Head  >ii;  depth  Bit;  eye  3if,  largo,  e<iiialing  interorbital  widtii,  iiliont 
twice  length  of  snout.  D.  IV-I,  7;  A.  II,  7  or  H;  Hcalos  2«  or  2!i.  Ilody 
compreBHed,eapeoially  below  ;  tipper  anterior  profile  descending  in  ii  cinvf 
to  the  short  snout;  topof  lieadtranHverHoly  convex  ;  mouth  rather  iiiiiinw, 
obliqne,  the  symphyHis  of  lower  jaw  forming  an  acute  angle.  Tcetli  in  a 
single  series  in  upper  jaw,  rather  better  developed  than  in  HpecitH  of 
Miif/il,  but  not  evidently  of  dilferent  character.  Origin  of  vent  ml  lius 
midway  between  snout  and  end  of  anal  fin;  pectorals  long,  .">  timt.s  In 
leitgth  of  body  ;  vertical  fins  apparently  scaleless.  Some  specinu'ii.s  (  |m  r- 
haps  females)  green  above;  sides  and  belly  silvery;  middle  of  back  wiili 
a  large  pale  area,  shining  silvery  when  in  the  water.  Other  Hpeciiiu'iis 
(perhaps  males)  with  a  broad  coppery  oiivo  shade  along  tho  sides,  cxti'iid 
ing  on  the  back  ;  color  otherwise  the  same;  the  pale  dorsal  blotcli  an  in 
the  other;  tins  pale.  South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States,  known  Ironi 
Woods  Hole  (Smith  and  Kendall)  to  Key  West;  generally  abundant :  ;i 
curious  little  mullet,  often  found  swimming  round  and  round  in  fiieat 
schools  at  the  surface  like  whirligig  beetles ;  usually  mistaken  for  tim 
young  of  the  mullet  or  the  Iduefish.  According  to  Mr.  W.  C.  Kemlall  it 
is  common  oft'  Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia.  Close  to  (Jiieriniaiia  hoimiin^ 
but  diftering  in  coloration,  size  of  scales,  fin  rays,  etc.  Length  2  inclies. 
{gyransj  whirling.) 

Qiierimnna  giiram,  Jordan  *  Gii.nKRT,  Proc.  I'.  S.  Nut.  MuB.,  18M,  26,  Key  West ;  Smbtji,  Bull. 
U.  S.  FiBh  Comiu.,  xi,  1891,  l!t2.     (Tyiio,  No.  :t4'J«6.     Coll.  Jordan.) 


t  ^ 


5f  ! 


lit 

ii?: 


;8 


■■i 


367.  AGONOSTOMUS,  Bennett. 

AgnnoDlormis,  Bennett,  Proc.  Comm.  Zoiil.  Soc,  18.30,  166,  (telfuirii). 
Dujiwii,  CiviF.B  &.  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  xi,  104,  1830,  {mnnlicnla). 
Neiiliii,  CuviKH  it  Valenciennes,  /.  c,  xi,  166, 1836,  (cijpyiiwideH  ~-  lelfairii). 

Fresh-water  mullets,  with  cleft  of  mouth  extending  laterally  about  to 
front  of  eye.  Small  teeth  in  villiform  bauds  in  both  jaws,  and  soim- 
umes  on  the  vomer.  Edge  of  lower  lip  rounded,  not  sharp.  Stoniacli 
not  gizzard-like.  Anal  spines  usually  2,  tho  lirst  soft  ray  slendtr  and 
often  taken  for  a  spine.  Streams  of  mountainous  regions  in  tropical 
countries.  The  American  species  constitute  the  subgenus  Dujaiix,  cliar- 
acterized  by  the  presence  of  teeth  on  the  palatines.  (</-,  without;  jwi/". 
angle;  (5ru//a,  mouth.) 


Jordan  iind  Evtrmann. — Fiihes  of  North  AmerUa. 


810 


,1,  Iri'iriirlilliil  i<|iai'o   Hat,    iiiiriuu,   I   hi  licail',  li<'n<l  .T'/),;  tluplli  43„  In  1}^;  ll|iHtlilii;  luiiloii 

40  to4i!-l;i.  rrii »:h,  1I!»I. 

ml,  tiitiTiirliitikl  ii|«c«  roiivi'X,  lirmtil,  'J''';,  In  :( In  hviiil. 

h.  I,i|iN  thin;  liixly  nillicr  iliM'p;  niitxtllary  to  rmnt  of  t^yv.  MoNTirm.A,  lluri. 
M..   Mi'H  tlilrk. 

<.  Mitxilliii'jr  hhort,  Imroly  rt'iichlnK  Innitor  ryi',  4  in  livuil;  oyn  '\  In  Ik'iiiI;  IihmiI  4)-4 

III  IcnKtli.  NAxi  ri  N,  UUtt. 

rr,  Muxilliiry  loiiK,  resi'liiiiK  |H>nteri(ir  luitrKiii  nf  iin|iil,  'J'.j  In  lii'ikil;  cyn  vrry  Kiiiikll, 

n^  III  hi>a«li  liuail  :ti^  ill  longtii.  miikoi-n,  11U7. 


Subgenua  DAJAUS,  Cuvlnr  k  ViiloucioiinoH. 
1104.  AUONOHTOMI'M  l>KK('Oii»KM,  liUnllictr. 

Hoail  \\\\  depth  H|.  DorHal  IV-I,  8;  nnul  III,  M;  ncuIub  40  tu  12-13. 
VillilDi'iu  tveth  in  the  JiiwH  and  on  the  vuiiior  iiiiil  paliitini^H;  iipixM'  lip 
tliin :  mivxillury  n'acliiii>?  beyond  front  of  «'y«;  interorhitiil  Hpucu  tlut, 
itH  widtli  1  in  lioad,  rathur  grttutor  than  diaiiiutiM-  of  orliit,  wliich  oqnala 
Iciigtii  of  snout.  Origin  of  HpinoiiH  doiHal  midway  hut\vt'«>n  Hiioiit  and 
biiHU  of  caudal ;  length  of  anterior  Hpine  more  than  lialf  tiiat  of  iioad. 
Soft  dorsal  aH  high  as  the  HpinoiiH;  caudal  deeply  eniarginate;  anal  fin 
lii^'licr  than  Hoft  ilornal ;  pectoial  an  long  aH  head  without  Hiioiit ;  ventralH 
Hoinowhat  shorter  than  the  pectoral  fins.  Nearly  iiniforin  greenish  (in 
Hltiiits);  Idackish  blotches  between  the  dorsal  spines,  ((liinther.) 
Frt'hli  waters  of  San  Domingo  and  probably  of  i.ther  islands.  (ptrcouUn, 
fff/i/i'-Md/yc,  like  a  perch.) 
AijuHDHldiiia  percoidet,  Ul'MTllER,  Ont.,  Ill,  4*14,  18(il,  San  Domingo. 


m 


m 


:st ;  Smith,  Bull. 


11U5.  A()0N08T0!)irS  MONTIt'OLA  (Hiincroft). 

Depth  ti^  to  4i  in  total  length  (about  3}  without  caudal).  Dorsal  IV- 
I,  H;  anal  III,  9;  scales  40  to  42,  12  in  transverse  scries.  Hm<i!l  teeth  in 
jaws  and  on  the  vomer  and  palati'nes.  Upper  lip  thin  ;  maxillary  reach- 
ing eye;  interorbital  space  convex.  Spinous  dorsal  somewhat  nearer 
snuiit  than  base  of  caudal.  (Uiinther.)  Fresh  waters  of  the  West  Indies 
ami  eastern  Mexico,  Vera  Cruz,  etc.     (»(on<tcu/a,  inhabiting  mountains.) 

}{«ijU  iiioHlieuIa,  Danc'koi'T,  iu  QrilHtli's  Edition  Cuviur's  Animal  Kiugduin,  FiBhcH,  'MT,  ]ilale 

:»;,  iwto. 
Miiijil  imiiluH,  GoHBK,  Nat.  Sojourn  .Tamuica,  H4,  IS.'il,  Jamaica. 
A(jiiiwiti>ma  moHticola,  OOntiif.ii,  Out.,  ill,  404,  18C1. 


tl 

i 

X 

1 

1  i 

•.i 
% 

1 

1196.  AUONOSTOMIIS  NASrTIS,  UUnthor. 

(TUUCIIA.) 

Head  4 J ;  depth  4 J  ;  eye  1^  in  snout  or  5  in  head.  Dorsal  IV-I,  8 ;  anal 
111,!);  scales  42-12  in  transverse  series,  19  scales  before  the  dorsal. 
Body  moderately  compressed,  rather  thick  behind  the  head  ;  upper  ante- 
rior profile  slightly  convex  above  the  opercles.  Snout  obtusely  conic. 
Preorlntal  not  toothed.  Rather  narrow  bands  of  villiform  teeth  in  the 
jaws,  on  the  vomer,  and  on  the  palatines.  Upper  lip  thick  ;  mouth 
oblKiue,  of  moderate  width,  maxillary  reaching  eye,  entirely   hidden 


4UIJPI|UI.-IIIIJJ1.. 


820 


Ihtilftin  4J,  Unitfd  States  National  Afusfum. 


iJ 


\h 


!l 


wlicii  mouth  Ih  rloBiMt.  Iiitnrorl»itftl  Npiico  coiivox,  '21  in  ImnkI.  Antirio- 
thirNul  ()oiiiiiu«iitM>H  iiiiai'^r  Hiioiit  tliitii  Imihu  of  caiuiul,  uihI  aliovo  tiiitli 
Hvulo  of  latural  linn ;  itH  niitttrior  Hiiiti»H  iatli«>>'  Htroni;,  2  in  liuail.  Snit 
doi'Hal  a  littht  liiKln^'  tliaii  tliu  NpiiioiiH,  not  Hcaly,  ccMunit^nrin^  alxtvr  tin. 
twunty-fonrth  ncii1«,  or  abovo  tl.u  fourth  anal  ray;  «-an<lal  tin  nnur 
Kinato  ;  anal  tin  Honunvliat  liiKlutr  than  tliu  doimil,  npinoH  f«('lili<,  tlic  umi 
quitu  rudiniuntary  ;  jtectoral  inNt^rtotl  aliovn  tho  middle  of  tliu  ih^itli  ni 
liody,  a8  lont?  ft"  diMtanco  from  noHtril  U>  poHtcrior  «m1j;«i  of  opuicif.  Hark 
KiayiHh  ){re«>ii,  ua(;h  Hcalo  with  a  brown  margin;  a  Hilvt*ry  lian<l  iiiini 
haHo  of  puctoral  to  caudal  (in;  lower  parts  silvery;  hano  of  pci  loral 
hlackiNh.  ((iiinther.)  KivofH  of  Central  America,  on  both  Bides  of  the 
iHthmuH,  north  to  LcMver  California."  (nanutnH,  long-noHud.) 
Ajuni»li>mii  tiii«M/iii/i,  (il'NTiiKii,  Cat.,  ill,  4(Ki,  IHtU,  Rio  Oeronimo;  (H'ntiikii,  FInIhh  (  >  uintl 
Amcritu,  414,  i.luto  70,  ««•  'i,  •««<'■ 

1197.   AUONOSTONl'N  NH'KOPN,  (iiinther. 

Head  3^ ;  depth  4^  ;  nnout  much  longer  than  eye  of  male,  wlijcji  j^ 
6k  ill  head.  DorHal  IV'-I,  8;  anal  III,  H;  HcaleH  43-112  in  traii.s\*>rN<> 
serieH.  DandH  of  villiforni  teeth  in  the  jawH,  on  the  vomer,  and  on  \\w 
palatine  and  ;  tery^oid  boneH.  Upper  lip  thick,  protruding  autfimilv; 
maxillary  exteudiug  beyond  the  vertical  from  anterior  margin  offvc: 
2h  to  3  in  head ;  interorbital  space  convex.  Distance  between  (IihnuI 
ihiH  not  as  great  as  length  of  head;  anterior  dorsal  commencing  niidwuv 
between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  (Uiiuther.)  Streams  of  West  liidiuH 
and  Central  America,    (/it/c/w;,  small ;  (^V'lOy^-) 

Ayonotlmiiii  miiropH,  OPntiieii,  Cut.,  ill,  402,  18111,  probiilily  WcBt  Indies. 
Ai/aiii  vticropt,  GOntheii,  Fiiilios  Central  America,  444,  plato  7U,  tig.  1,  18GtJ. 

368.  JOTURUS,  Poey. 

Johtmi,  I'OEY,  MomorlaH,  11,  203,  18U1,  {pichardi). 

Largo  fresh-water  mullets,  with  the  head  heavy,  the  blunt  and  tuiiiid 
snout  projecting  beyond  the  small,  inferior  mouth;  mouth  broad,  witli 


*Sue('iinon8  from  San  Ju8o  del  Cabo,  near  Capo  San  Lucas,  nbttiiuud  by  Mr,  Lyman  ItiMirj):, 
are  tiiUH  dcscnibi'd: 

Head  4}/<  tu  4V^  in  length  (to  base  of  caudal);  oye  V/^  in  licad;  maxillary  not  li>iii;<  i'  ilian 
interorbital  width',  contained  2'^  to  3}^  timcH  in  huad;  a  i)aiid  of  pterygoid  tvuth  oftiMi  hut  not 
always  duvuh)pi'd;  don<aI  Hpiiics  very  strong,  not  tiexiblo,  thu  origin  of  thx  tin  iicartM-  sjiniit 
than  tail;  caudal  well  forked,  the  niiddlu  rays  IJ-jJ  iu  outer;  maxillary  UHimlly  extemls  riliKlitlv 
beyond  front  of  orbit. 

Other  specimens  obtained  by  thu  Hopkins  Kxpodition  at  Ma/.atlan  are  dcscriboil  as  f(ill<i\vs: 

Head  4}4;  depth  4>;,.  P.  IV-1,  8;  A.  II,  10;  scaleM  4:!-13.  Eye  3%  in  Jiead;  snout  ;i-  ;  mux- 
illary  3V;,.  Pectoral  1  Vr',  in  head;  caudal  as  long  »h  head.  Body  moderately  olongiite,  nut  iiiin  h 
coinpresHcd;  nape  prominent,  rounded.  Interorbital  space  much  rounded,  its  wiiltli  it  in  luail, 
Preorbital  narrcw,  as  wide  aspupil;  moutli  rather  small,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  |>ii|iil; 
lower  jaw  included.  Kye  large,  without  udi|)OHe  eyelid.  Teeth  emull,  sand-like.  In  \;ii\i\y, 
vomer  roughish.  Oill  rakers  slender,  close-set.  Pectoral  short,  not  reaching  Hplmms  ilmMil, 
the  ventrals  inserted  under  middle  of  its  length;  ventrals  with  a  mnall  acccsnory  scale;  ii:i;il  ami 
soft  dorsiii  scalolcss,  their  free  c-dges  concave;  caivlal  well  forked.  Olivaceous;  sides  1  naiiiy; 
belly  silvery;  back  and  sides  with  many  blaclv  scales  scattered  about,  making  irre^'ular -impIs 
Pectoral  with  a  conspicuous  black  bar  at  base,  crossed  by  a  pale  streak;  a  narrow  (l;iik  rim 
around  lower  half  of  eye.  Fins  all  creamy  yellow,  the  ui)per  ones  dotted  airj  clomi"!  willi 
black.  Young  with  a  black  lilotcli  on  flrst  dorsal,  surrounded  by  orange.  Pectoral  lar  anil 
mottled  scales  of  body  evident  in  young  and  old.  Length  8  to  12  inches.  Kivers  of  Sinalmi: 
very  abundant  in  rapid  places  i  \  clear  waters;  our  apecimens  from  llio  Presidio.  Lucully 
known  as  Trucha  or  Trout. 


h\'ii'^'3.  *;>.*!•- 


i  lirsi.si.'a^wt.^ . 


.."->.s>-'f..feia>t. 


L'^ir^\ vJl^'  --i-vj ;<r-*jii'>i'»;?_:. y iit. 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Ahterua.        821 


il.     Aiitrrior 

llli(»V«    tllltll 

liuitil.     Stilt 

K    llllOVi     llic 
ill      llll     I'IMItl 
1>I<<,    till'     IllNl 

llO   )lc|)lli    III' 

oirlc.     Iliii'k 

'  biiiitl    liiiin 

of  lUTtnlal 

Hi«l«*H    III    I  III] 

,   KInIii'H  I'  iiiiitl 


klo,  which  id 

II      t  lulls  M'INI' 

',  niid  un  till' 
5  uutciioily; 
iryiii  of  i'\r; 
;we€)ii  (Idisiil 
siii^  iiiidwuy 
West  ImlicN 


it  aud  liiinid 
broad,  with 


Lymau  IIi'MIiik, 

not  longer  tliaii 

Il  ufti'ii  liiit  nut 

tin  nc'iirt'i-  snniit 

■xti'iiils  sli).'Mtly 

joil  ns  fiilliiw: 
Biiout  ;i-'  ;  niiix- 
inRUti',  iiiit  iiiui'li 
hitli  :t  ill  \w\\\. 
K  front  ol  pupil; 
l-lik(i,  in  U\\v\f-\ 
{  Bpln<iiis  i|in>iil, 
)r  Bcalc:  ii;i;ilan(l 
is;  giilcs  1  traiii.v; 

ilTCHUllO'  ^ll<'l^ 

iiirrow  (hiili  riiu 
ni  clonil'  I  vvitli 
i'fctonil  lar  iiml 
ivcrii  of  Siiialiiii; 
resldiu.    Locally 


littht  Intttral  cloft  ;  lowi^r  lip  very  thick,  ItH  vnX^vs  fortiiiiiK  a  Hoft  Hhurp- 
e(I(()'il  fold,  itH  oiitliiifl  vttry  olitiiMo.  'IWth  couiho,  Idtiiil  liiclHorN,  witli 
MTriiti'il  «'d);«<N,  arran>(od  in  Inoad  pati'hcn  on  Juwk  and  vomer;  two 
iiutrli<  M  of  lower  Jaw  not  conlliient.  No  adipone  eyelid.  Firnt  dorHal 
with  four  HpinoH;  nnal  with  three;  HcaleH  lar^e.  One  HnocieH,  livinf{  at 
the  fool  of  waterfallN  in  tropical  America.  (Ji>tun>,  the  KpaniHh  name  uf 
Joliirm pirlinnii  at  Havana.) 

IIOH.  JOTI'KI'H  i>irilAltl)l,  Pmy. 
(.hiTriiii ;  Itiiiio.) 

Ili'iiil'M;  dept'.i  3ij  ;  eye  (>  in  head,  :<  in  intororldtal  width;  Hnout  2ii. 
I).  IV-l,i);  A.  1II,»;  Hcales  12  to  45-i:}  or  It;  vertehrie  11+  13.  Hody 
rohiiHt,  a  little  conipre8Ho<l  behind.  Head  heavy,  little  comp'-"  T!>d,  (;ib- 
lioiiH  iiliove  and  anteriorly.  Snont  thick,  broad,  protrndintr,  Mm..  .  and 
tniiiiii  at  tip,  conHiderably  overhanging  the  nmall  inferior  mouth,  and 
entirely  below  the  level  of  the  eye.  Maxillary  reaching;  nearly  to  poste- 
rior iiiiirKin  of  eye,  2i  in  head,  hidden  entirely  beneath  the  preorbital. 
Moiitli  broad,  but  without  much  lateral  cleft;  lower  Jaw  included. 
rpprr  lip  thick,  Nlippiiifr  beneath  the  snout.  Lower  lip  very  thick,  itH 
anterior  edge  forming;  a  Hoft  Hharp-edged  fold ;  outline  of  the  lip  very 
ohtiLHe.  Teeth  rather  Htrong,  coarse,  bluntly  conical,  forming  a  largo 
oviUt'  ]iatch  on  each  side  of  lower  Jaw,  the  two  patches  not  conlluent ;  a 
Hiniilar  but  smaller  patch  on  the  vomer ;  no  teeth  on  the  palatincN  ;  upper 
jaw  w  ith  a  band  of  similar  but  rather  smaller  teeth.  Nostrils  roundish, 
clu.sc  together,  in  front  of  the  small  round  eye,  which  is  nearer  angle  of 
month  than  level  of  top  of  head.  Interorbital  space  very  broail,  trans- 
verHoly  convex.  No  adipose  eyelid.  Neither  lip  with  cirri  or  pa)ull)i-. 
Sculi's  of  head  each  with  many  smaller  ones  at  base;  accessory  scales  on 
ImkIv  largely  developed.  All  the  fins,  including  spinous  dorsal,  covered 
with  Niiiall  scales.  (>ill  membranes  largely  united,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
Dorsal  spines  compressed  and  curved,  becoming  rapidly  shorter  from  the 
llrst,  which  is  about  two-thirds  length  of  head.  Second  dorsal  aud  anal 
will)  their  free  margins  concave,  the  anal  somewhat  falcate,  its  longest 
ray  l]-,  in  head.  Caudal  forked,  as  long  as  head.  Pectoral  afi  long  as 
liiail,  reaching  middle  of  Itrst  dorsal.  Color  dull  olivaceous,  without 
(liNtinct  markings;  paler  below.  Length  2  feet.  Cuba,  Panama,  Costa 
Kica,  aud  Vera  Cru/ ;  a  robust,  vigorous  fish,  living  in  mountain  tor- 
rents; common  in  Rio  Almendares  near  Havana,  and  known  from  the 
nioiiiitaiu  streams  of  Costa  Kica,  and  from  streams  about  Panama. 
I'snl  as  a  food-fish  in  Havana.  (Named  for  Don  Esteban  Pichardo, 
"t'stiiiiable  auteur  d'un  '  Diccionario  Provincial  de  voces  Cubanos.'") 

.hiiinm  )ii<h(mU,  PoEY,  McmoriBH,  If,  203,  1801,  Cascades  throughout  Cuba;  JuitnAN,  I'roc. 

I  .  S.  Nat.  Mus.,188C,  35. 
Aijniii.nioiiiii  gtiihirejit,  Gl'NTiiKR,  Auii.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (4)  xiv,  370, 1874,  Myzantla,  Vera  Cruz. 
Jolunis  stipen,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  1882, 373,  Rio  Bayano  near  Panama. 

(Type,  No.  31010.    Coll.  Captain  Dow.) 


i 

y' 

.j^^ijMi 

1 

^'W9»wvv^^a»ifiifmi!^imi?^i^!^i^^ 


!     :;J 


I       I- 

I      i 


! 


822 


Bulletin  4j,  (United  Stairs  National  Museutn. 


Family  CVIII.     SPHYRyl<:NID.E, 

(TiiK  Hahuacudas.) 

Body  elongato,  suljterete,  covered  with  Hmall  cycl(»itl  Hcales.  Head  veiy 
long,  i)(»iiited,  pike-liko,  Hcaly  above  and  on  siduH.  Mouth  hori/ont.il, 
larg«i.  Jaws  elongate,  the  lower  considerably  projecting  ;  upper  jaw  non- 
protn  ctile,  its  border  formed  by  the  preniaxillaries,  behind  which  arc  tlie 
broad  maxillaries ;  large,  sharp  teet^  of  unequal  si/e  on  both  jawH  and 
on  palatines;  none  on  the  vomer;  usually  a  very  strong,  sharp  caninu 
near  the  tip  of  the  lower  jaw.  Opercular  bones  ^^  ithout  spines  or  hci  la- 
tures.  Gill  openings  wide,  the  gill  membranes  not  united,  free  fmiri  tlie 
isthmus ;  gill  rakers  very  short  or  obsolete.  Branchiostegals  7 ;  giilw  I,  a 
slit  behind  the  fourth.  Psendobranchiai  well  developed.  Air  bladder  iar>;e, 
bifurcate  anteriorly  ;  many  pyloi'io  c<i'ca.  Lateral  line  well  develoju'd, 
straight.  Pectoral  fins  short,  placed  in  or  below  the  line  of  the  axis  of 
the  body  ;  ventrals  1, 5,  abdominal,  in  t>dvance  of  the  middle  of  the  Ixidy; 
first  dorsal  over  ventrals,  of  5  rather  stout  spines ;  second  dorsal  remote 
from  first  dorsal,  similar  to  anal  and  opposite  to  it;  caudal  hn  forked. 
Vertebriu  24.  First  superior  pharyngeal  not  i)re8ent.  Second,  third,  and 
fourth  Ibeparate,  with  teeth.  Lower  pharyngeals  separ.ite.  A  .,iiif;lo 
genus  of  about  20  species  ;  carnivorous  pike-like  tishes,  often  of  largo  si/e, 
active  and  voracious,  inhabiting  warm  seas,  many  of  them  highly  valued 
as  food.     (Sphijrwnido',  Giiuther,  Cat.,  ii,  334-341,  1860.) 

369.  SPHYRiENA*  (Artedi)  Bloch  »Sf  Schneider. 
(Bakracudas.) 

SphiiriFiM  (AuTEi)i)  Block  *  Schneipkk,  Syct.  tchth.,  109,  ItiOl,  (splii/rirun). 
Sphnritia,  SwAiNsoN,  Class'n  Fishes,  ii,  175,  ISIJil,  {curopim  =  qihyriiim). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  {iT<l>l>f)(uva,  the  ancient  name, 
"  hammer  lish,"  from  aiivpa,  a  hammer.) 

(I.  Scales  large,  75  to  85  in  lateral  line;  origin  of  first  (lorsal  behind  root  of  ventrals,  ovit  last 
third  or  fourth  of  pectorals;  body  compressed;  lower  jaw  with  HeBhy  tip;  maxillary  jciicli- 
in.;  past  front  of  orbit ;  teeth  large.  imcida,  U'.IO. 

na.  Scales  moderate,  110  to  130  in  lateral  line;  body  subtcrete  or  compressed. 

().  I'ectorals  reachini^  front  of  spinous  dorsal  ;  >;iaxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit ,  origin  of 
spinous  dovsal  behind  root  of  ventrals. 
c.  Lower  jaw  with  fleshy  tip;  teo'h  very  strong;  scales  in  lateral  line  110.     kssis;.  I'JiiO. 
tr.  Lower  jaw  without  fleshy  tip;  teeth  strong;  lateral  lino  1.30.       ovacmanciio,  I2III. 
hh.  Pectorals  not  reaching  front  of  first  dorsal;  i.iaxillary  not  reaching  front  of  orliit. 
(/.  Eye  large:  teeth  small;   interorbital  area  convex;  niedii'.n  ridge  of  frontal  trnnivi' 
not  well  developed.  picunii.i.A,  1202. 

dd.  Eye  small;  teeth  larger;  interorbital  space  flattisb;  median  ridgo  of  frontal  groove 
prominent.  dopkai.is,  l'2t','i. 

aaa.  Scoles  very  small,  150  to  170  in  lateral  line;  origin  of  spinous  dorsal  well  behind  tip  of 
pectorals,  before  the  vortical  from  root  of  ventrals;  lower  jaw  with  fleshy  tip.  Body 
slender,  subterete. 


*  For  a  detailed  account  of  the  American  species  of  this  geuus  see  Meek  k  Newland,  Proc.  Ac. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1884,  67,  et  seq. 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         823 


•  .  Ilody  leKH  alcndor,  depth  73'-j  in  loiiKtIi;  Hvulea  in  latoriil  lino  ir>0  to  170. 

AKOENTKA,  1204. 

11'.  lludy  very  slondur,  duptli  9  or  Iir  in  IcuKth;  acules  in  lateral  lino  MM. 

»iMiYii.i-:.NA,  1205. 


lion.  S1MIYR1:NA  PICIJDA,  nioci'   >  Schneider. 


cient  name, 


)rliit ,  (irigin  of 


land,  Proc.  Ac. 


(Grkat  KAitnArriiA;  Picuua;  Reouna.) 

HcikI  .'{;  depth  2  in  lusad  ;  eye  rather  hmi.  11,  about  6  in  head,  equal  to 
widtl)  of  interorhital  area.  D.  V-I,  9;  A.  1,9;  xcaleH  10-75  to  85-10, 
the  ciiitss  Hcries  counted  t'roni  lateral  line  to  front  of  dorual  and  anal  fins 
resiitt'tively.  Body  oblong,  slightly  compressed,  covered  with  largo  scales. 
IKiil  lai}i;e;  maxillary  large;  nearly  \  length  of  head,  J*s  posterior  margin 
rciicliiiig  J>a8t  front  of  orbit.  Lower  Jaw  with  (leshy  '  .p,  bluntly  conical. 
Iiitcioi'bital  area  concave,  with  a  shallow  median  groove  (as  wide  as  pupil, 
at  ]M)sterior  edge  of  orbit),  divided  by  a  ridge  in  front  and  behind.  Supra- 
ocular ridge  bony  and  striate.  Preociilar  ridge  present.  Teeth  large  ;  pro- 
iiii'.xiilary  teeth  small,  little  compressed,  irregularly  set,  nearly  uniform 
in  si/^f,  somewhat  thicker  and  shorter  posteriorly  ;  prcmaxillary  with  two 
piiirs  of  very  large  compressed  teeth,  their  length  more  than  half  width 
of  pupil:  anterior  ones  directed  downward,  posterior  ones  downward  and 
backward;  teeth  in  lateral  series  of  lower  jaw  small  anteriorly,  increas- 
ing gradually  backward,  when  they  nearly  e<|ual  those  on  palatines;  pal- 
iitinc  teeth  similar  to  those  on  lower  Jaw,  arranged  in  reversed  order. 
Distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  front  of  dorsal  2f  in  body  ;  second  dorsal 
spine  longest,  1^  in  snout ;  second  dorsal  and  anal  equal ;  anal  inserted 
under  lirst  third  of  soft  dorsal;  caudal  forked,  upper  lobe  the  longer; 
pectorals  reaching  beyond  front  of  dorsal,  2i  in  head  ;  origin  of  first  dor- 
sal slightly  behind  the  ventrals;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly,  about  12 
rows  of  scales  on  cheeks ;  upper  ])art  of  head  with  small  embedded  scales. 
Color  silvery,  darker  above ;  sides  in  young  with  about  10  dark  blotches 
which  break  up  and  disappear  with  age.  Some  inky  spots,  usually  on 
posterior  part  of  body,  are  very  conspicuous  in  both  old  and  young  speci- 
mens. Soft  dorsal,  anal  and  ventral  fins  black,  except  on  margins.  Pec- 
torals plain,  except  upper  part  of  its  margin  ;  which  is  black.  Fins  of 
very  young  specimens  nearly  plain.  West  Indies  and  Brazil,  north  to 
Pensacola,  Charleston,  and  the  Bermudas,  very  common  in  the  tropicb. 
The  largest  and  most  voracious  of  the  Barracudas,  reaching  a  length  of  6 
fet't ;  valued  as  food  ;  sometimes  dangerous  to  bathers,  being  fierce  as  a 
shark.    {Ficuda,  the  Spanish  name,  from  the  same  root  as  pike.) 

I'mhld  minor  iimrimt,  the  Barracuda,  Oatesbt,  FiahoH  of  Carolina,  etc.,  pi.  1,  1731,  Bahamas. 
I'kwh,  I'akra,  Dif.  Piezos,  Hist.  \at.  Cuba,  90,  pi.  H;),  fi);;.  2,  17H7,  Havana. 
Siilii/ni Ml  sphnrieiia,  \t\v.  picitda,  Bloch  &  Scii.neideu,  Syst.  Iclitli.,  110,  1801;  after  Parra. 
Sphin:' mi  hecmm,  hkckvim:.  Hist.  Nat.   Poiss.,  v,  pi.   9,  fig.  li,  1803,  from  a  drawing  made  by 

I'l.rMiEii,  at  Martinique. 
Ksuj-  InnracHda,  SllAW,  Zool.,  v,  105,  1804;  after  C.vtksby. 
Sphijnina pktidu,  GGntiieu,  Oat.,  in,  336,  18G1 ;  Jokuan  &  Gilbert, SynopBia,  412,  1883;  Meek  & 

Nbwland,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  ac.  Phila.,1884,C8. 


,  ■^W!*?fWf?¥^«W?WSI)»»fip^'TV!t5^^  :yf 


824 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1800.  8PHTRJ0NA  ENSI8,  Jordan  k  Gilbert. 

(ViCDDA.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  8  or  9 ;  eye  6  to  7  in  head  ;  snout  2\.  D,  V-I,  9 ;  A.  II, 
8 ;  scales  110.  Body  moderately  elongate.  Pectoral  2f ,  reaching  aliout 
to  front  of  flrst  dorsal.  Ventrals  inserted  before  first  dorsal.  Canine 
teeth  of  lower  jaw,  palatiues,  and  inner  row  of  premaxillary  very  liii;,'o, 
much  as  in  Sphyrwna  picuda.  Maxillary  reaching  about  to  front  uf 
dorsal.  Silvery,  darker  above,  with  traces  of  uumerous  vague  darker 
crossbars.  Gulf  of  California  to  Panama;  rather  common;  a  food-ILsh 
of  some  importance.    Length  about  2  feet,     (ensis,  sword.) 

BphyriTiia  aim,  Jonvxs  &  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  ii,  1882,  106,  Mazatlan  ;  rvpc, 
No.  28210,  Coll.  Gilbert);  Mekk  &  Newi.ani),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1884,  70. 

S/phijrinia  fornleri,  Steindal'iinkr,  Ichth.  Beitriigo,  vil,  4,  1878  ;  not  of  OuviEii  Ji:  Vai.kniiknnks, 
which  is  ttu  East  Indian  species. 


1201.  SPHYR£NA  OUACilANCHi*.  Ci  vier  &  Valencienneg. 
(Quauuanche;  Ouaouanciig  Felon.) 

Head  3i ;  depth  2  in  head ;  eye  rather  large,  5^  in  head,  a  little  exceed- 
ing interorbital  area.  D.  V-I,  9;  A.  1, 8;  scales  in  lateral  line  120  to  130. 
Body  rather  slender,  subterete,  covered  with  moderate-sized  scales ;  licad 
large;  maxillary  small,  less  than  i  head,  scarcely  reaching  orbit;  lower 
jaw  bluntly  conical,  without  Hophy  tip.  Interorbital  area  flat ;  niedian 
groove  very  shallow,  the  lar-Ti:;  i  "  .igitudinal  ridge  very  small,  anterior ; 
supraocular  ridge  bony,  striate;  preocular  ridge  large.  Premaxillary 
teeth  small,  35-40  in  number;  premaxillary  teeth  pressnt;  anterior  pala- 
tine teeth  larger  and  more  compressed  than  those  on  premaxillary,  widely 
set,  decreasing  in  length  gradually ;  teeth  in  lateral  series  of  lower  Jaw 
small  and  closely  set  anteriorly,  larger  and  wide-set  posteriorly,  about 
loin  number;  a  large  compressed  tooth  at  symphysis.  Origin  of  iirst 
dorsal  above  tip  of  pectoral,  slightly  behind  the  ventrals;  distance 
between  dorsals  5i  in  body  ;  distance  from  tip  of  saont  to  spinous  dorsal 
2j^  in  body ;  scales  moderate,  almost  uniform  in  size ;  cheeks  and  opercles 
scaly ;  upper  part  of  head  witli  small  embedded  scales.  Color  light  olive, 
yellowish  on  soft  dorsal ;  anal  and  ventral  tips  of  caudal  rays  black  ;  top 
of  head  dark ;  dark  punctulations  on  upper  part  of  body ;  spinous  dorsal 
■with  some  dark  punctulations.  West  Indies,  north  to  Pensacola, 
and  occasionally  northward  in  the  Gr'  .Stvcam  as  far  as  Woods  Hole. 
A  slender  species,  rather  common  in  the  vi.!  >' js.  Length  2  feet,  (duc- 
guanche,  the  common  name  in  Cuba.) 

Sphyrxua  guacliancho,  Cuvier  &.  Valencien.nes,    Hist.  Niv  .   t'oiss.,  in    342,  1829,  (lapsiiH  (or 

giiafiuanche),  Havana;  (Coll.  Pooy);  J.irdan  &  Oilhgrt,  Sjiiopsis,  411,  1883. 
Bphyrmna  giintheri,  Haly,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xv,  1875,  270,  Colon. 
I^hyriena  guaijiumcJie,  PoBV,  Memurias,  ii,  166,  1860  ;   Meek  &  Newland,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci. 

Phila.,  1884,  70. 

1202.  SPHTR.ENA  PICUDILLA,  Poey, 

(PiCUDILLA.) 

Head  3^ ;  depth  2i  in  head ;  eyo  large,  about  5  in  head,  1^  times  inter- 
orbital space.    D.   V-I,  9;    A.  I,  9;    .-cales  110.    Body  rather  robust, 


&^*;.:: 


Ill  1       I  ■ii^w^* 


,  (liiiisiis  fiir 


\c.   Nat.  Hri. 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


825 


gubterete,  covered  with  scales  of  moderate  size ;  head  rather  large ;  max- 
illary rather  small,  about  2^  in  head,  not  reaching  orbit.  Jaw  with 
flesliy  tip,  bluntly  conical.  Interorbital  area  flattish ;  median  groove 
hIiuIIow,  divided  by  a  very  indistinct  median  ridge ;  supraocular  ridge 
bony,  striate;  preocular  ridge  rather  prominent.  Premaxillary  teeth 
Hiiiiill,  subconical ;  dentition  as  in  Sphyrwna  borealis,  but  slightly  weaker; 
posirion  of  spinous  dorsal,  in  comparison  with  ventrals,  variable ;  dis- 
taiico  from  tip  of  snout  to  origin  of  spinous  dorsal  about  2jV  in  body ; 
liectoials  not  reaching  spinous  dorsal ;  space  separating  dorsals  about  5^ 
in  ixnly ;  second  dorsal  equal  to  and  somewhat  in  advance  of  anal; 
choiks  and  opercles  scaly ;  small  embedded  scales  on  upper  part  of  head ; 
scales  on  body  moderate,  uniform  in  size.  Color  light  olive,  darker 
above;  soft  dorsal,  anal  and  ventral  fins  yellowish;  spinous  dorsal  and 
pectorals  darker;  upper  parts  of  preopercle  and  opercle  each  with  a 
(lark  spot ;  top  of  head  and  tip  of  snout  blackish.  Not  rare.  West 
Indies,  on  the  coasts  of  Cuba,  ranging  southward  to  Babia.  Length  18 
inclios.  S.  picudilla  is  very  closely  allied  to  S.  horealis.  Its  eye  is,  how- 
ever, much  larger  (when  specimens  similar  in  size  are  compared),  and  the 
frontal  groove  is  somewhat  different,    {picudilla,  diminutive  ot'piciida,) 

Sjthiini  lilt  jikiuUlla,  ToF.y,  Memorias,  u,  1G2,  1860,  Havana  ;  Meek  <fe  Newland,  Vroc.  Ac.  Nat. 
Sci.  riiila.,  1884,  72. 

1203.  HPHTRiENA  BOREALIS,  Do  Kay. 

(Northern  Barracuda.') 

Head  3;  depth  2*;  eye  rather  small,  about  6  in  head,  scarcely  exceed- 
ing width  of  interorbital  area.  D.  V-9 ;  A.  I,  9 ;  scales  115  to  130. 
Body  rather  slender,  subterete,  covered  with  moderate-sized  scales ;  head 
large;  maxillary  small,  less  than  i  head,  not  reaching  front  of  orbit  by 
i  diameter  of  eye ;  lower  jaw  with  fleshy  tip,  bluntly  conical.  Interor- 
bital area  convex ;  median  groove  very  shallow,  divided  by  a  'listinct 
longitudinal  ridge,  especially  well  denned  immediately  before  nostrils; 
supraocular  ridge  striate ;  preocular  ridge  moderate.  Premaxillary  teeth 
small,  about  40  in  number ;  front  of  premaxillary  with  two  pairs  of  large 
teeth  (sometimes  accompanied  by  smaller  ones),  canine-like;  anterior 
smallest,  directed  downward,  posterior  ones  downward  and  backward; 
anterior  palatines  larger  than  premaxillary  teeth,  and  more  compressed 
and  widely  set ;  posterior  ones  small  and  closely  set ;  order  of  teeth  on  lower 
Jaw  reversed,  but  similar  to  those  on  the  palatines,  and  smaller,  about  10  in 
series ;  largo  tooth  near  tip  of  lower  jaw  present.  Origin  of  dorsal  over  or 
slightly  in  advance  of  ventrals,  well  behind  point  of  pectorals;  distance 
between  dorsal  fins  5i  in  length  of  body ;  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to 
Hpinous  dorsal  2i^,r  in  body ;  scales  moderate,  somewhat  larger  behind  soft 
dorsal  and  anal ;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly ;  small  embedded  scales  on 
njiper  parts  of  head.  Color  olivaceous,  silvery  below ;  young  with  dusky 
blotches  across  the  back  and  along  the  lateral  line.  Atlantic  Coast  of 
United  States  from  Cape  Cod  to  Cape  Fear,  rather  common  northward ; 
a  small  species  closely  allied  to  Sphyrcma  picudilla ;  rarely  used  for  food. 
Length  rarely  more  than  a  foot,     {borealia,  northern.) 


.11 


i  U 


ill 

P'P 


i:;:ur 


1^ 


\iV 


I 


. 


m 


it 


826 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Mtiseum. 


Sl>h!irn-na  horeulis,  I)K  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fniiiiu :  Finhen,  :i7,  pluto  W,  ttn.  VM),  1842,  New  York  ;  aIkkk 

&  NKWI.ANII,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilu.,  1HH4,  7:1. 
tiphijriiHH  "pel,  Jordan  &  (]|i.BKUT,Syiio(wi8,  411,  IKK3;  iiut  uf  HXvT. 


.1 


1204.  KPIIYlt.t:^A  AKMKNTKA,  GIrard. 

(CALrrORNIA    IlABUACrDA  ;  BAnKACOlJTA.) 

Head  HJ ;  dejitb  7i;  eye  10.  D.  V-I,  !t;  A.  T,  8  ;  scales  in  238  series.  Kii; 
iu  the  lateral  lino.  Hody  elongate,  little  compressed.  Lower  Jaw  iniicli 
produced,  fleshy  at  tip.  Maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye,  alxtut  '.'>  in 
head.  Teeth  moderate,  little  compressed.  Spinous  dorsal  inserted  a  little 
nearer  snout  than  caudal,  just  in  front  of  ventrals,  well  behind  the  end 
of  the  pectorals,  which  are  a  little  longer  than  the  ventrals  and  less 
than  -/rt  the  total  length.  Scales  very  small.  Brownish,  with  liluish 
luster;  belly  white,  scarcely  silvery.  Length  .^  feet.  Pacific  Coast,  ironi 
San  Francisco  southward  to  Cape  San  Lucas ;  very  abundant  about  the 
Santa  Barbara  Islands.  A  long  and  slender  Barracuda,  very  closely  related 
to  the  European  S2>hyra'im  nphyr(vna;  an  important  food-fish  with  licsh 
rich,  firm,  and  delicate.     (aryentviiD,  silvery.) 

Sphyrmta  argetilea,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1854,  144,  San  Diego,  California;  Mkkk 

&  Newland,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  1«84,  75. 
Uphyriena  lucaaaiia,  Gill,  Vtov..  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1863,  86,  Cape  San  Lucas. 


1205.  SPHYRJ'INA  SPHYRJ<:NA  (Linna-us). 
(European  Uaruacuda  ;  .Si'Et  ;  Sknnkt.) 

Head  3J;  depth  9  to  10  in  total  length;  eye  8.  D.  V-I,  9;  A.  I,  9: 
scales  150-25  to  30 ;  vertebno  24.  Operculum  with  a  single  point;  lower 
jaw  with  a  long  fleshy  appendage  anteriorly.  Pectoral  12  in  total  length, 
and  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  ventrals;  the  spine  of  the  latter  is  nut 
much  shorter  than  the  rays.  The  origin  of  the  first  dorsal  is  far  behind 
the  extremity  of  the  pectorals,  and  somewhat  before  the  vertical  from  the 
root  of  the  ventrals,  in  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  fish,  the  caudal 
not  included.  The  interspace  between  the  2  dorsals  is  equal  to  ,';  of  the  tcttal 
length.  Above  uniform  greenish  lead-colored,  beneath  silvery  ;  the  color 
of  the  back  sometimes  emits  crossbars  intersecting  the  lateral  line. 
Young  individuals  brown  spotted.  Coasts  of  southern  Europe  and  neiijli- 
boring  islands ;  rather  common  ;  recorded  from  the  Bermudas  by  Dr.  Goode. 
(Eu.)     (Sphi/rwna,  atpvpaiva,  the  ancient  name.) 

Esojr  ephyrxna,  LiNN/Tius,  Systema  Naturip,   Kd.    x,   iil3,  1758,   Mediterranean   Sea;    altir 

Sphi/rana  of  Arteki. 
Emxspet,  HXrv,  Encyd.  Meth.  PoisB.,  1787;  after  LiNN.tius. 
Sp/if/rwHO  I'li/r/acM,  Cl'ViER  ifc  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii',  327,  1829,  Mediterranean; 

GilNTHER,  Cat.,  II,  334,  1860. 
Sphyrtena  virUlencem,  CvviER  >^  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Puiss.,  iii,  339,  1829,  St.  Jago,  Cape 

Verde  Islands. 
Sphyrtma  spet,  Goode,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  v,  1876,  61. 


iijtl.-i"L.:>::--v 


.-  ^■iM-^if^jt-i',c'}^Jft^Ji;^.-iSi'/-'j^iii:'A:- 


York  ;  Mkkk 


ifornia;  Mkkk 


n   Sea;    after 


Jordan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America.        827 


KiiiHttely  allied  to  the  PtrceaoccH  but  abowiug  also  certain  Tercoiil  char- 
actt'iH  is  the  singnlar 

vSuborder  RHEGNOPTERI. 

Actinosts  of  pectoral  fin  of  3  forms,  2  of  them  normal,  supporting  the 
pi'clDnil  fin,  1  of  them  longitudinal,  without  rays,  and  the  fourth  a  )ilat«« 
oil  (lie  coracoid,  supporting  3  to  10  free  and  separate  rays  or  feelers.  Post- 
temporal  and  shoulder  girdle  normal;  vertebri»>  10 -(- 1^  ■  -  24  ;  2  separate 
(luiHiil  tins,  the  first  of  a  few  spines.  Pseudobranchiie  concealed  ;  ventral.s 
HulialKlominal,  behind  pectorals.  One  family,  I'olynemUlif ,  of  uncertain 
origin  and  atlinities.     {i'.>i/yviij,  to  break  asuudei ;  nrf/joi',  fin.) 


Family  CIX.  POLYNEMIDyE.* 

(THK   TlIKKADKINS.) 

ISody  oblong,  compressed,  and  covered  with  rather  large,  loosely  inserted, 
ctenoid  scales.  Lateral  line  continuous,  continued  on  the  tail,  usually 
forked,  with  a  branch  on  each  lobe.  Head  entirely  scaly  ;  suout  more  or 
less  conical,  projecting  over  the  mouth,  which  is  rather  large,  inferior,  with 
lateral  cleft;  prenmxillary  protractile,  its  basal  process  vertical;  maxil- 
lary without  supplemental  bone,  extending  much  beyond  the  eye,  which 
is  anterior,  lateral,  rather  large,  with  a  well-developed,  adipose  eyelid. 
Villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  palatines,  and  sometimes  on  vomer.  Pseudo- 
linuichiiH  concealed.  Branchiostegals  7.  Gill  membranes  separate  and 
free  from  the  isthmus.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Two  separate 
dorsals,  somewhat  remote  from  each  other,  the  first  of  8  feeble  but  rather 
high  spines,  the  first  and  last  spines  very  short,  the  third  longest;  the 
second  dorsal  equal  to  first  in  height  but  base  somewhat  longer,  of  soft 
rays  only.  Anal  fin  either  similar  to  or  much  longer  than  soft  dorsal ;  caudal 
fin  rather  long,  widely  forked.  Second  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  fins  more 
or  less  covered  with  small  scales ;  the  first  3  or  4  dorsal  spines  winged. 
Yentrals  1, 5,  abdominal,  but  not  far  removed  from  pectorals;  pectoral  fins 
moderate,  ])laced  low,  in  two  parts,  the  lower  and  anterior  portion  of  sev- 
eral filiform  articulated  appendages,  free  from  each  other,  used  as  organs 
of  touch.  In  the  young  the  dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectoral  fins  are  dusky, 
the  anal  and  ventral  fins  white ;  all  the  fins  grow  darker  with  age,  the 
pectorals  usually  becoming  black,  the  operculum  blackish.  Bones  of  the 
skull  with  a  well-developed  inuciferous  system  as  in  Sciirnithi;  Basis  cranii 
double,  with  muscular  tube;  post-temporal  bifurcate;  hypercoracoid 
with  median  foramen ;  superior  pharyngeal  bones  4.  Pectoral  actinosts 
divided ;  2  of  them  nrrmal,  supporting  the  pectoral  fin,  1  longitudinal, 
without  rays,  and  1  a  plate  on  the  coracoid,  srj.porting  the  pectoral  fila- 
ments. Stomach  ca'cal,  with  a  few  pyloric  appendages.  Air  bladder 
various,  sometimes  wanting.   Vertebral  10  -|- 14  =  24.   Genera  4,  Galeoides, 


*  For  a  review  of  this  family  see  Kirscli,  Annals  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sci.,  v,  April,  1890,  231-236. 


I- 


V\:>\ 


i^2S 


Jiulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


i!  1 


PoUiitonemug,  PolynemiiH,  and  rohjdaclylua]  the  last  2  only  are  found  iu 
America ;  apccicH  about  25,  inhabiting;  sandy  shores  of  tropical  seas,  und 
soinetinies  entering  rivers.  Most  of  them  are  valued  as  food-flshes,  tlnir 
flesh  resembling  that  of  the  Svianidw.  The  relations  of  this  peculiar  fam- 
ily appear  to  bo  with  the  Schviiidw  on  the  one  hand,  and  with  the  MuijiJuUr 
on  the  other,  but  all  these  resemblances  may  bo  superficial.  (Polyiitiiihliv, 
Giinther,  Cat.,  ii,  331-340,  1860.) 

a.  Anal  (In  much  longtu'  tlian  soft  dorsal,  of  a))out  !I0  rnyH;  vomer  without  tnuth;  pri'diinnii- 
lum  entire;  frt'o  flIuiuoutH  of  pectorals  lonf^er  than  Ixnly.  I'oltnkmis,  ItTii. 

nu.  Anal  flu  not  much  longer  tlian  suft  ilorsal,  <if  alxmt  Vi  or  14  rayn;  vomer  with  tvetli;  pri'- 
operculum  serrate;  free  flIamontH  of  ])ectoi'aIs  moHtly  shorter  than  Itoily. 

POLVDACTYM  K,  ;171. 

370.  POLYNEMUS  (Gronow)  LinnnMis. 

Ptiljinemut,  GlioNOW,  Miih.  Ichthyol.,  .'ll,  1754,  {ijuiwiunrhu). 

Penlanemm,  Artkiii,  SoIhi;  Thesaurus,  i*:,  74,  1758,  ((jnini/uitriiu). 

t'libiwmnii,  LlNN.Klis,  Sysl.  Nat ,  Ed.  x,  1758,  ;tl7,  (In  part;  iiiimqunriu*;  virgmicut;  pnradiiviui). 

Penianemm,  (iCktiier,  Cat.,  II,  .1111,  1K(K),  {iiuinquariii»). 

Pulynemiu,  Gii.l.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  272,  1801,  (restricted  to  qiiimjuariuH). 

Anal  fin  much  longer  than  soft  dorsal,  of  about  30  rays  ;  vomer  without 
teeth;  preopcrculum  entire  ;  free  filaments  of  pectorals  lougerthan  body. 
In  other  respects  essentially  as  in  FolydactifJus.  (iro^vc,  many ;  i  /}/«i, 
thread.) 

1206.  POIiYNEIHlIS  QITIN<{UARIUN,  Linnicus. 

D.  VIII-I,  12;  A.  Ill,  30;  scales  7-73-17.  Anal  fin  much  longer  tluiii 
soft  dorsal,  of  about  30  rays ;  vomer  without  teeth ;  preoperculum  entire ; 
free  filaments  of  pectorals  5  in  number,  longer  than  body.  Atlantic 
Ocean ;  West  Indies  to  coast  of  Africa ;  recorded  from  Cuba,  Ashaiitee, 
and  the  River  Niger ;  very  rare,  and  for  a  long  time  unknown  in  collec- 
tions; not  seen  by  us.     {quinquarius,  from  the  Latin  quinqtie,  five.) 

Polyaemus,  Gbonow,  Mus.  Ichthyol.,  :il,  1754,   American   Ocean,  from  a  sixjciinoii   in  Die 

Museum  uf  Seba. 
Pentanemiiti,  Artedi,  "Scbro  Thesaurus,  in,  74,  1758,"  Museum  of  Seba. 
Pohjnenim  (jii imjuariuH,  LiNN.i-;r8,  Syst.  Not.,  Kd.  x,  1758, 317,  America;  after  Gronow;  Ghiinow, 

Oat.,  Ed.  Gray,  17G,  1854,  "  Oceano  America." 
Pentanemus  ijuiwiuariitn,  GOntiier,  Cat.,  II,  1131,  1860;  from  Cuba. 
Puliinemii'  urk'dii,  Uennf.tt,  I'roc.  Zoiil.  Soc,  1831,  146,  Africa. 
Polynemns  viacronenmn.  Pel,  llydrage  tot  de  Dierk.,  9,  1851,  Africa. 


371.  POLYDACTYLUS,  Lac^pMe. 
(Barbudos.) 

Tridiidiott,  Klein,  Historia  Piscium,  Missus.,  v,  28,  1749,  (IHracoalia,  MABCaRAVF.=firjmi'w), 

(non-binomial). 
Polyttemus,  Linnjecs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  317,  (in  part,  ijiiiiuiuarius;  virginicus;  paraduitun). 
Polydaclylus,  Lac£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiso.,  vili,  181, 1832,  (jittiuiiVri  =  rirginictu),  thus  leaving  l'"l'J- 

nemtu  as  the  name  of  quinquanut. 
Polynetmu,  Cnthir,  Cat.,  11,  319, 1860,  {paradiiaui). 
Trichidion,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1861,274,  (pbmieri  =  virginieu»). 


>■<.■-■- 


DACTVI.I  s,  ;i7I, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


829 


Aiiiil  tin  not  much  longer  than  soft  dorHal,  of  nliont  i:{  or  11  ruyH  ;  vomer 
witli  teeth;  preoperouhim  Herrutu;  free  (ilamenlH  of  pectorals  mostly 
Hlioitrr  than  body.  Teeth  in  villiform  bandH  on  both  jawH,  vomer,  pala- 
tiiifs,  and  xtterygoidH.  Preopercle  sharply  serrated  on  its  posterior  mar- 
gin, its  angle  with  a  scaly  flap.  Scales  rather  small,  finely  ctenoid. 
First  dorsal  with  7  or  8  feeble,  rather  high  spines,  the  first  and  last  short. 
Suft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  about  equaling  each  other ;  pectoral  filaments  \\ 
tu !).  Pyloric  caica  in  great  number.  Species  numerous,  in  warm  seas. 
(T'Vn;,  many;  ficiKrv'kw:^  finger.) 
,1.  rcctoriil  fllaments  6  (rarely  5).  ai-i-iidximans,  V207. 

an.  ri'ctiiral  fllunienti  7.  vntoiMiUM,  I'J08. 

aim.   l'ci-f(irHl  flIainontH  8  or  9. 

/<•  Maxillary  luHfi  tlian  J-^  length  of  lii'ad.     Pectoral  tHiknionttt  H.  (mtonfmi'S,  VJ(»U 

III;.  Maxillary  more  than  y^  length  uf  liuotl.    i'uctuntl  tiluiiii'iitii  iiBiiully  !). 

c>I-KIII't'l,AHI8,  1210. 


1207.  POLVDACTYLIJS  APPKUXIMANS  (Lay  k  lioniiett). 

(Baton.) 

1  lead  3j^ ;  depth  3.  D.  VIII-1, 12 ;  A.  Ill,  13  or  14 ;  scales  6-«2-10.  Hody 
rather  deep,  compressed,  the  back  elevated,  anterior  profile  from  snout  to 
Bpinous  dorsal  slightly  convex ;  maxillary  2i^  in  head;  snout  7  in  head; 
eyo  large,  less  than  interorbital  space,  5  in  head.  Scales  rather  large. 
Longest  dorsal  spine  1^  in  head;  caudal  lobes  somewhat  longer  than 
head  ;  pectoral  fin  \\  in  bead ;  pectoral  filaments  6  (rarely  5)  in  number, 
longer  than  head,  reaching  to  front  of  anal  fin  in  adult.  Color  yellowish 
white,  darker  above  ;  pectorals  black  in  adult.  Length  1  foot.  Pacific 
Cuiist  of  tropical  America,  from  Guaymas  to  Panama ;  a  common  food-fish, 
known  from  Guaymas,  Mazatlan,  Chiapam,  Punta  Arenas,  and  Panama. 
(approximans,  ap^^roaching.) 

Pohinemtm  approximartt,  txY  &  BENNETT,  Beechey's  Voyage,  ZoiU.  Fish.,  57,  1849,  Mazatlan; 

GrNTiiER,  Fish.  Centr.  Amer.,  423,  1869;  Jordan  &  Gilbkut,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882, 

:m,  ;t76;  Jobdan,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  Amor.,  66,  1885. 
I'nlijnemiis  ralifomientU,  Thominot,  Bulletin  do  lu  Societu  l'hiloiuatlii(|uu  (U>  I'aris,  Seance  dii  27 

.luin,  1886,  California. 
'IVichidion  approximant.  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  258,  1862. 


f  i 
^^1 


1208.   POLYDAC'TYLUS  YIROINICVS  (Liuuivus). 
(Barbvdo  ;  Barbu.) 

Head  3i ;  depth  3i.  D.  VIII-I,  9  to  12  ;  A.  Ill,  13  or  14  ;  scales  7-71-10. 
Body  deep,  compressed,  anterior  profile  nearly  straight ;  maxillary  2i  in 
head ;  length  of  snout  5  in  head ;  eye  large,  equal  to  interorbital  space, 
5  in  head.  Scales  moderate.  Longest  dorsal  spine  equal  to  longest  ray 
of  soft  dorsal  and  H  in  bead ;  caudal  lobes  about  an  long  as  head ;  pecto- 
ral fin  li  in  head ;  pectoral  filaments  7  in  number,  somewhat  longer  than 
head,  reaching  to  front  of  anal  fin,  in  adult.  Color  yellowish  white, 
darker  above;  scales  on  back  with  dark  punctulations  on  their  margins; 
the  young  silvery  white.    West  Indies,  north  to  the  Florida  Keys,  the 


r 


ai 


.11 


V- 


830 


Jiulletin  4y,  Uuiti'd  States  National  Museum. 


young  very  comtuou  at  Key  VVuHt  und  at  Ilaviiim;  tho  adult  a  food-f'iHli  of 
aoine  importance,  (vinjinicun,  from  Virginia,  but  tlio  HpeciuM  docN  not 
rungo  BO  far  to  the  northward.) 

Pirnnmiha,  Marcokavk,  HUt.  Nut.  Drit/.il,  17)i,  1<i48,  Brazil. 

Pohjui-muH  ririjiiii'iiM,  I.iN.N.Ki'g,  SyHt.  Nut.,  Kd.  x,  .'117,  IT.'iH,  America;  Jordan,  Pror.  II.  s,  sm, 

M«w.,  IIH,  1881;  .roRiiA.N,  Proc.  U.  H.  Nat.  Mus.,  3r,,  1H«(!. 
PiilililiicliiliiH  jilumierii,  IiAi'(:P^.l)E,  lIlBt.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  419,  IWCl,  Martinique,  from  ii  ilniwiu^ 

lljr  Pl.L'MIKR. 

t'tiljinemitiplitiiiirrii,  OrNTliKR,  Cat.,  II,  321,  lH(i(t;  .Tordan  *  (<ii,nKiiT,  Synoptiiii,  413,  IHs;), 
Triiliiiliiinpliimifii,  GiM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  fn  I.  Pliilii.,  27!t,  1801;  Poky,  SjiiopsiH,  3H7,  lN(iH. 
rdlijiii-mm  »i((H(/<),  LA(,'f:rf:i>l!,  Hist.  Aim  Po'm.,  v,  413,  417,  418, 1803,  America;  htmnX  on  V.  ri,-,,„„. 

CMH,  LlNN.KUB. 

Pohjmmiin  ntiieiiiawii,  OuviEK  &  Valknciennkn,  Hist.  Nut.  PoIhs.,  ill,  303,  182i),  SanDomingo 

(Coll.  Uiconl);  Martinique  (Coll.  Plf'o). 
PolimemiiK  uliyoJon,*  OCntiieb,  Out.,  ii,  322,  I860,  Rio  Janeiro. 

I20tt.  POIiYI>A(!TYLUS  OCTONEJIUS  (fJlrar.1). 

Head  3i ;  depth  3^.  D.  VIII-I,  12  or  13 ;  A.  Ill,  13  to  1.5 ;  scales  (i-7ii- 
10.  Maxillary  less  than  i  length  of  head ;  pectoral  filamentB  8;  IkmIv 
somewhat  compressed,  elongated,  anterior  profile  nearly  straight,  iiitl(> 
declined.  Head  much  compressed,  gape  oblique;  snout  5  in  head;  eye 
less  than  interoibital  space,  4^  in  head.  Scales  rather  small.  Longest 
dorsal  spine  Ii  in  head;  long'^st  ray  of  soft  dorsal  1^  in  head;  caudal 
lobe  slightly  longer  than  liead,  3i  in  body ;  pectoral  fins  1^  in  lu^iul ; 
pectoral  filaments  8,  reaching  to  vent  in  adult  (odofiUn),  longer  in  yoniij; 
(octonemus).  Color  light  olivaceous,  tinged  with  dark  punctnlatioiis; 
belly  whitish;  pectoral  black  in  adult,  pale  in  young.  South  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  Coast  of  the  United  States,  from  New  York  to  the  Rio  Grandt'  on 
sandy  shores ;  scarce ;  an  adult  specimen  corresponding  to  octofiVis  wub 
taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  it  is  very  rare,  entirely 
unknown  to  the  fishermen.  Along  the  Texas  Coast  the  young  are  more 
common,  these  corresponding  to  the  description  of  octonemua.  OctofiHx  is 
probably  the  adult  form  of  Pohjdactylus  octonemua,  from  which  it  dittVrs 
only  in  having  darker  pectoral  fins  and  shorter  pectoral  filaments,  dilVer- 
ences  which  come  with  age  in  other  species  of  Pohjdactylus,  and  no  doiilit 
in  this  one  also,    (oktu,  eight ;  vf/^a,  thread.) 

Pohjnemm  oclonnmiii,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliiln.,  1858,  107,  Brazos  Santiago;  Gal- 
veston; young;  GCnther,  Cat.,  ii,  320,  1860;  Goodk  A  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  IsT'.i, 
128;  Jordan  &  Gii.iikrt,  Syuopsis,  413,  1883. 

TrichidioH  ovtojllin,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ■'8«1,  280,  New  York;  adult. 

IVichUIioH  odiinemm.  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1861,  280. 

Pohjnemm  orlnlilin,  JORDAN  &  GILBERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  1882,  5',)0;  Jordan  &  Giliikkt, 
Synopsifi,  413,  1883. 

1210.  POLTDACTYIiUS  OPKRCULAKIS  (Gill). 

Head  3i ;  depth  3J .  D.  VIII-I,  12 ;  A.  Ill,  13 ;  scales  8-69  or  75-1:^. 
Maxillary  more  than  |  length  of  head;  pectoral  filaments  u'-nally  f*; 

*  Dr.  Gilnthor's  description  is  as  follows: 

D.  VIII-I,  13;  A.  II,  15;  scales  7-70-14.  Seven  pectoral  appendagos  of  moderate  lonplli. 
Distance  between  root  of  ventral  and  origin  of  anal  less  than  that  between  posterior  nostril  ami 
point  of  operculum.  The  villiform  teeth  of  palatine  and  pterygoid  bones  form  a  narrow  biind. 
Pectorals  and  top  of  flrst  dorsal  black. 


ood-fm 

M.f 

(lot'M 

not 

or.  v.  8. 

Silt. 

Ill  II  ilrii\\jii)( 

3,  IHSa. 

iHfiK. 

1  on  /'.  n 

■'j'"i- 

anDom 

ingo 

JorUtin  anii  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  JVorlh  America. 


831 


IkiiIv  floiigato,  coinprosscd,  outline  from  NpiiioiiH  dorHiiI  to  Hiioiit  Hli^litly 
('HUM'S,  and  littlo  doclined.  H«>ad  iiiiiuh  longer  than  liigli;  Niioiit  ronicul, 
7  ill  lioad ;  oye  latliur  large,  about  r>  in  head.  HcuIvh  of  Huiall  hi/,u. 
Luii^i'Nt  dorsal  Hpinu  Ijj  iu  liead ;  longcut  ray  of  soft  (lornal  1}  in  lioad; 
('aiiil:il  loboH  Hlightly  longer  than  head;  pectoral  lin  as  long  as  head 
licliiiid  pupil ;  pectoral  tilanients  8  or  !t,  reaching  near  front  of  anal  fin  iu 
ailiili.  Color  greenish  brow  n  above  and  yellowiHh  green  below.  Paciiic 
C'oiiMt  of  tropical  America,  generally  coinnion  from  Cape  Han  Lucas  to 
Panama,  {opemilarin,  from  the  dusky  blotch  on  the  operculum,  found 
alsii  in  most  other  HpecieH.) 

Tn./i./io,!  ojjcnH/un'H,  (iii.i,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  I'lilla.,  ISiill,  ICH,  Cape  San  Lucas. 
I\il;iiiriiii"'iiiiliiiinjmmii,  OCntiikii,  FInIi.  (Viitr.  Amvr.,  'I'-'l,  IKiKi,  San  Jose  de  Guatemala. 
I'tiliinimiiHoiieriultirix,  STKlNKAciiNKn,  IchtliyoloKist'li"  llritriigo,  iv,  !l,  l.nT.'i;  .Ioiiuan  ,V  (iii.iiKBT, 
Iliill.  I'.  S.  Fiah  Comni.,  ii,  107,  111,  1882;  Jordan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mu«.,  372,  1885. 

Group  AMMODYTOIDEI. 

(The  Sand  Launces.) 

This  group,  conBisting  of  the  single  family  Ammodytidn',  is  of  unknown 
relations.  It  has  been  usually  placed  among  the  Ophidioid  forms,  with 
whicli  it  agrees  in  the  long  dorsal  and  anal  iins  destitute  of  spines.  In 
tiie  cliaracter  of  its  mouth  and  gill  structures  it  resemblco  the  Athirhiida: 
ratiier  than  the  Ophidioidei.  The  ventral  fins  are  wanting.  Our  kuowl- 
tdjje  of  the  anatomy  of  Aminodytes  is  still  incomplete  and  gives  no 
c'crtuin  clue  to  its  relationships.  The  family  is  placed  by  Jordan  &.  Gil- 
bert between  the  PerccHOces  and  the  Scombroidei.  Knowing  no  better 
place  for  it  we  leave  it  next  the  Percesocea, 


I   &   GiLIIKTIT, 


Family  CX.  AMMODYTIDyE. 

(The  Sand  Launces.) 

Hody  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small  cycloid  scales.  Head 
long.  Mouth  rather  large,  nearly  horizontal,  the  lower  Jaw  considerably 
projecting,  its  symphysis  produced.  No  teeth  in  jaws,  (iiil  openings 
very  wide;  gill  membranes  not  united,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Branchi- 
ostegiils  G  to  8.  Pseudobranchiio  large,  lamellate.  Gill  rakers  long  and 
slender;  gills  1,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Opercles  well  developed,  with- 
ont  spines  or  serratures.  Eye  moderate.  Premaxillaries  very  protract- 
ile. Maxillaries  long  and  slender.  Lateral  line  rut.ning  along  side  of 
back.  Spinous  dorsal  absent;  soft  dorsal  very  long  and  low,  fragile, 
extending  from  behind  the  head  to  near  the  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  lin 
small,  forked.  Anal  similar  to  dorsal,  but  smaller.  Vent  inserted 
behind  middle  of  body.  No  ventral  fins.  Pectoral  fins  inserted  low. 
Lower  pharj'ngeals  very  small,  separate.  No  .air  bladder.  Pyloric  co'^ca 
usually  1.  Genera  3,  Aminodytes,  HyperopluHj  and  Bleehria  ;  one  genus  in 
India;  species  about  10.  Small  carnivorous  fishes,  swimming  in  large 
schools  near  the  shore  and  burying  themselves  in  the  sand,  along  the 


IS.    _i 


im 


832 


Bulletin  47,  f^niteU  States  National  Museum. 


coaatH  of  northern  regionH.  The  rolationHhipH  of  thin  family,  uh  Ntaicd 
above,  aro  Htill  obscure.  It  hna  beun  iiHiiully  placed  near  the  Oithiilini,,, 
but  the  osteology ,  HO  far  uh  exauiinod  by  uh,  approaohcH  nioru  noaiiv  to 
the  Ath*rinid(V,  and  there  is  no  obvious  afllnity  between  .tmmo(liiliH  ainl 
Ophidion  or  Li/codcv.  (Ophidiidw,  group  Ammodytinu,  Giinther,  Cat.,  iv, 
a84-388,  1802.) 

a.  Dody  witli  many  triiniivonu,  (iblitiuii  foliln;  a  luuKitiidliiul  tuld  ur  Mkiu  uIuiik  hIiIvh  of  ImII^; 
vomer  uiiartu  id.  amnuuytks,  ;i72. 

372.  AMMODYTES  (Artedi)  Linuu'us, 
(Sand  Launcks.) 

Ammodiiteit,  (Aiitedi)  Lll«N.l-;fR,  Sytit.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  17fiH,  247,  (lohimmn). 
Aruiirolii-uiii*  Oiu,,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  Am.,  40,  IHfil,  (ii«ii/m»). 

Body  elongate,  lanceolate,  the  skin  with  many  transverse  folds  run- 
ning obliquely  downward  and  backward,  the  small  cycloid  scales  innHtlv 
placed  in  cross  series  between  thoni.  Lateral  lino  concurrent  witli  tliu 
back.  A  fold  of  the  skin  along  each  side  of  the  belly.  Vomer  not  aimed 
with  a  bicuspid  tooth.  Color  silvery.  Vertebra*  G2  or  63.  One  pyloric 
ccRCum.  Carnivorous  fishes  inhabiting  sandy  shores  in  cold  regions,  living 
in  large  schools,  burying  themselves  in  the  sand  near  the  tide  mark. 
Valued  as  bait  and  useful  as  food  for  salmon  and  other  larger  liHliett. 
The  species  enumerated  below  are  verj'  closely  related  and  may  all  prove 
to  be  varieties  of  the  Euroxteau  Ammodytea  tobianua.  {ufifiog,  sand ;  iHu, 
to  dive.) 

a.  Doriial  fin  witli  G2  to  G7  rays;  anal  rays  30  or  more. 

h.  Dorsal  ruyH  t'>4  tu  07;  anal  :>:)  tu  aO;  laturul  fukUlSU;  bond  6}^.  Duiiirs,  IJU. 

bb.  Dorsal  rays  02;  anal  31;  lateral  folds  KiO  to  182;  head  4}4  to  4%;  depth  10  to  12. 

ALABCANl'S,  1212. 

aa.  Dorsal  fln  with  54  to  OU  rays;  anal  rays  fewer  than,30. 

c.  Dorsal  rays  60;  anal  28;  lateral  foldu  125  to  130;  head  4^;  depth  10. 

AMERICANUS,  1213. 
vc.  Dorsal  rays  54;  anal  24;  lateral  folds  130  to  ISO;  head  i]4;  depth  9. 

PEBSONATIS,  1214. 

1811.  AMMOOTTES  DUBIVS,  Relnhardt. 

Head  6| ;  depth  equaling  length  of  mandible,  2^-  in  length  of  bead. 
D.  64  to  67 ;  A.  33  to  36.  Skin  with  about  150  very  distinct  folds.  Dorsal 
fm  inserted  over  posterior  third  of  pectoral.  Greenland ;  occasionally 
southward  to  Cape  Cod.  (Giinther) ;  not  seen  by  us.  (duMuo,  doubtful.) 
Ammodyles  dubius,  Ueiniiardt,  Dansk.  Yidensk.  Selsk.  Afbandl.,  132,  1838,  Greenland:  Ul'.v- 
TUBS,  Cat.,  IV,  387, 1862;  Jordan  iSc  Gilbert,  Syuoiwis,  415, 1883. 


'^ 


1212.  AMMODTTES  ALASCANIJS,  Cope. 

Head  4|  to  ii ;  depth  10  to  12 ;  eye  1^  in  snout,  5^  in  head ;  lateral  folds 
160  to  182.  D.  62 ;  A.  31.  Dorsal  inserted  above  middle  of  pectoral.  Max- 
illary reaching  front  of  orbit ;  mandible  less  than  depth  of  body.    Lcii<;th 

*  This  generic  name  Argyrotieuia  rests  upon  what  seems  to  have  been  a  specimen  of  AmmuJutet 
americamu  with  a  mutilated  dorsal  fin,  the  first  seven  rays  appearing  as  small  free  spines. 


Hi 


Jordan  anU  fiver  ma  nn. — Fishes  of  North  AfUfrica. 


83;t 


li  to  !)  inclieH,  It  jh  not  niilikdly  that  tliin  t'uriii  iiihI  AmmodiiliH  diihiuH  coii- 
Htitiiti'  one  oirciiinpolar  HpeciuH,  i'roin  which  thu  cloHuly  ullitMl  t'orniH  tithia- 
iiuH.iiiii'  rioaum,  and 2»'>'iii>Hatiin  iiniy  ho  Hepitratoly  <l«8<;onile«l  in  tliotlilVcri'iit 
mIkik'n  iif  tlio  north  tompurato  /one.  Nortli  Facitlo  ('oaut  of  Nortli  Anior- 
ica,  Sitka  to  Aleutian  iHlundH. 
Ammi'fliit' '  iil(u<:amt»,  CoPE,  I'rr>R.  Am.  I'hIliM.  8<m-.,  1873,  7,  Sitka;  .Iohdan  .1c  Oiliirrt,  Hyu<i|wiH, 

ii:.,  ixsa. 

12l»^AMN0l>VTKS  AMKKICANI'S,  U<-  Kuy. 

(Sand  Lainck;  Sanh  Kri,;  I.ant.) 

llciiil  I?;  (lopth  ahont  10.  1).  GO;  A.  2H.  Poctoial  fins  much  lon^rer 
than  snout,  reaching  front  of  doiHal.  Lateral  foldn  l^.'i-llio.  Depth  oqual 
to  li<ii;;tli  of  niandihle,  whii;h  in  2^  in  liead.  OlivuceouH  above,  Hilvcry 
lieluu  ;  MidcH  with  aHteel-hliic  Htripe.  Newfoiindhind  to  Cape  IlattcraH, 
almiiil:int  on  sandy  sliorcH.  Very  cloHe  to  A,  tohiuHUH  of  Europe,  but  appar- 
ently more  Hlender  and  with  the  lieail  lonjrer. 
Ammiiiliil' 1  timerirmuiH,  Dr.  Kay,  New  York  Fniina:  FIhIioh,  HIT,  1M4'J,  Stratford,  Connecticut; 

.I(lll|l\N    Ji   (ilMIKUT,  SyilOpMltl,  4H,   ISHH. 

Amm-iliiir'  iill„liii>,  Vk  Kay,  N'uw  Yurk  Faunu:  KIbIioi,  318,  pi.  60,   tiK-  ti'7,  lH-12,  New  York; 

u|>|i;iri'iitly  a  iniitilatud  nih-i'Iiikmi. 
AnjijruUuiia  i-Uiata,  JoilUAN  ic  liiLliERT,  8ynu|)8iH,  414,  1883. 

1814.  AMMODYTEH  PKRSONATUH,  Oirard. 

(Sand  Launok.) 

Head  4J;  depth  9;  eye  2  in  Buout,  6  in  head.  D.  .54;  A.  24.  Pectoral 
fin  half  length  of  head,  reaching  past  the  front  of  the  dorsal.  Lateral 
foUlH  i;i0-150.  Length  6  inohes.  Clear  hyaline  green;  sides  Hilvery. 
Sandy  HJiores  of  the  north  Pacific  from  Alaska  to  Monterey  ;  very  abund- 
ant nortliward,  burying  itself  in  the  sand ;  perhaps  a  \  ^riety  of  Ammodijtea 
lohittiius ;  an  excellent  panfish,  the  ilesh  delicious,     (peraonatus,  masked.) 

.Immr.if;//. « ;)ow)ii(rfi((i,  GiRAHD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pblla.,  I860,  137,  Cape  Flattery;  Jobuan  it 
GiMJEUT,  Syuoiwis,  410,  1883. 

Group  BERYCOIDEI. 

(The  Berycoid  Fishes.) 

Body  naked  or  variously  s^aly,  the  scales  sometimes  highly  specialized; 
dursal  tin  with  few  or  many  snines ;  ventral  fins  thoracic  or  subabdomiual, 
•  acii  with  1  spine,  usually  7  soft  rays,  the  number  of  soft  rays  varying 
from  r.  to  10;  in  one  family  (Monoccntrida;)  the  spine  greatly  enlarged 
and  tlio  number  of  rays  reduced ;  head  with  conspicuous  mucous  cavities ; 
air  bladder  in  some  species  retaining  its  duct  through  life,  (a  character 
verified  only  in  Beryx);  vertebrae  in  species  examined,  24  to  .SO.  Shoulder 
girdh'  and  pharyngeals  normal.  No  suborbital  stay.  A  varied  group, 
allied  to  the  Percoidei  and  Scovibroidei,  but  characterized  as  a  whole  by 
the  retention  of  the  archaic  characters  of  the  persistent  air  duct  and  the 
1' .  N.  A 54 


i 

1 

'ii 

■--■       '  -,■ 

f-- 

'■I  '■ 

'l! 

. '  .i 

i 

ifallii  ■ 

1 

^BHii' ' 

1 

Hi 


Slii 


Jiulletin  ./7,  Unittui  Statt  tional  Afuseum. 


i  i 


a\ 


iiioioitMiMl  tiiiiiilM*r  <»r  vt^ntrnl  ruyH.  In  thn  ili)«p-N«<a  foriiiH  tlm  NpiiiiHiiiiiii. 
Hill  JH  Huuimly  »l«n«lo|MMl  iiihI  thn  Hritltm  iiro  iiHiiiilly  «iMiei«'y«'l<>i«l  i»i  wum 
iiiK.  Ill  Mm  H|M'r'i««M  of  trupifitl  hIioioh  \\w  HpiiioiiH  uriiiiitiiinor  (in^.ui.i 
Mcui«'H  in  lM<tt<!i-<l«)vt)lop«>il  tliitii  ill  inoHt,  vi  tlio  IVrcoiixirphoiiH  I'imIum  11,,, 
({i-iiiip  Im  u  v«<i-y  old  Olio  ill  ^tuilo^ii^  liiint,  tlitt  aliioH  of  /^n/j-  liuin^  niiiuii;; 
tlitM>itrlit>Nt  Mpiiiy-niytMl  HhIioh  known.  All  urn  iiiurino  IInIkih,  inlmliitjt.^ 
tli«'  tropical  hIioitn  Of  tim  iiliyHNCH  of  tliv  oriMni.  Tlio  p«irtini>ii('tM>r  iii,. 
J'ulymijeiith'  uiiil  MnUidtv  lu  tluH  group  in  qiiuHtituiublu, 

FamilicHof  HKKYCOIDKI. 

n.  riilii  wlllioiit  liiirtioln;  vfliiirnl  rit.vi>  I,  n  to  I,  10;  lirniicliliMlitKnlit  7  nr  M, 

'•.   JlorHiil  tin  nliiirt,  kIiikI)',  williiiut  Npliii'ii;  vi'iitrulH  miiiill;  HiiliJiiKUliir,  nf  I  n|>ii,..  „tii|  [, 
•oft  riiyn;  liriiiiilil<>Htii«iilM  7.  Hatiivi  i,i  ini.  i ,  im, 

Vt.  Donrnl  Mil  hiiikIc,  mIiIi  'i  In  H  iili>iiilHr,  Kriuliiatod  ii|iIdi'».     Anal  h|iIiiuh  I  h,  \\    Umw. 
rlli(iHl»|{»'>*  7  <■>'  ^• 
>',  Vi'iitrul  IliiH  Hiiltiiliiliiiiiliiiil,  riK'li  \vltli  I  Hpliiii  uiiti  n  Hoft  riiyii. 

HTKIMIANdllEltYi'lli  I,  I  Ml 

(■('.  Vitiitrul  DitM  llionirle,  of  I  ii|ilni>  and  about  7  MofI  tn,y»,  (I,  ti  In  I,  In). 

(I.  SnIxirtilliilH  viT.v  broiid,  covitIiik  the  rlicckn.  Tiiaciiii'I!tiivii<  r,  ixm, 

M.  HiilxiiiiituiN  1IIIITOW,  not  fovcrinK  till' <-liiMikN.  IU'.ii)ni>  i,  iaiv. 

hhli.   Doriiiil  fill  dct'plv  iiolrliud,  ItH  aiiti'rior  ilivirildii  nltli  many  Ntronx  h|iliii'n,  miitl  uitli  | 

HtoMi  H|iini'H;  tlic-  third  ninch  oulnr);!'*!;  boiicH  of  hi'iiil  ni-iirly  nil  m'iTut<'ii  Mn<|ijii. 

oun;  briini'liloNti'KiilH  H.  lIol.orKNriiiii  k,  ( \\ 

(III.  I'hin  wltli  2  lonK  lntrbelN,  iittiiclii'd  JuHt  liohiiid  HyinphyNiH  o!  luwtT Jiiw;  bi'iinuliiu.>i<'uaiM4^ 

fuinilli'M  of  iini'crtiiln  roliitlonidiip. 

I'.  Vi'iitcal  ru.vH  I,  7  or  1,  <!.     PorHiil  llii  Rlni;le,  rontlnuoiiN,  with  .1  MpincH;  aiiiil  p-|piiu'B;iiir 

■\.    HcalcH  inodurat'        'inuid;  iHidy  dorp,  cimipruiiw'il;  viTtrlirn-  '.iU. 

I'ol.VMI.XlllM  .  CXVI. 

fe.   Vi'iitntl  ritys  I,  0;  d^  '  'i,  w<<ll  xcparntud,  both  Nhort,  the  nmt  of  f,  uplurr,;  iinal 

hpineR  1  or  'i\  RCiilun  iurK*'i  aliKhtly  cti-noid;  lioily  ritthcr  •dongutf,  IIk'  |in>lil>'  {lar.i- 
bolic  ;  vertebrii' 24.  Mii.i.iu.i .  i  .\\ii. 

Family  CXI.  BATHYCLlIPEIDiE. 

A  pneumatic  duct  to  air  bladder;  ventradiform  body,  cycloitl  Knilen, 
Htraightish  lateral  liue,  llattiHh  excavated  crown,  long  inteiiiiaxillarivH 
extending  HH  far  back  as  the  supramaxillarieH ;  uliort  poHtiiiedian  ilorail 
without  Hpines  ;  long  anal  with  one  spine,  and  Huiall,  subjugular  vontralH 
with  a  spine  and  5  rays  each.  This  family  shares  with  the  Berycoideaim 
a  persistent  pneumatic  duct.  (Uill.)  liranchiostegals  7.  0\w  ireiiuH 
and  two  species,  in  the  deep  seas.  The  genus  Bathyclupea  wan  pliu  (mI  by 
Alcock  among  the  Clupeida;  the  thoracic  position  of  the  ventralH  and  tbv 
shortened  abdominal  region  being  regarded  by  him  as  a  fcatiiro  uf 
degradation.  The  species  bear,  in  fact,  considerable  resemblance  to  Hixki 
and  OpisthopteruH.  (BathydupHdw,  Gill,  in  Goode  6l  Beau,  Oceanic 
Ichthyology,  190,  1895.) 

373.  BATHYCLUPEA,  Alcock. 

Kathyclupea,  Alcock,  Ann.  and  Mug.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1891,  130,  {hothjni). 

Head  and  body  compressed ;  hexd  with  large  mucous  cavities;  lower 
jaw  prominent.    Small,  villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  palatines,  and  \ouier, 


Ionian  iin,i  /\irtmann, — Fishii  of  North  Amtridi.        835 


Uill  (•|iciiiiiKN  lurK«<-  ItriiiH'liitmtoKitlH  7.  IViitloltriiiicliiic  priwont,  litrK«. 
8cttli"<  •',Vt'l<>>*lt*l**<'><lii<**>'^-  I'ltti'i'iil  liiMMliHtiiK-t,  iii-iirly  Htriti^lit.  DorHitl 
till  |Mi^tiiif<liiiii,  willi  1  or  2  Npiiu'H  and  H  or  10  luyN.  IN't^toriilH  Inr^'S 
|)oiiii<  •!.  tl>»  ii|)|>*'t'  ■'i.V"  (1**^  loii^oHt.  Vi'titriilN  Niilijii^iilai',  Niiiitll.  ('iiiidiil 
(iirnilf,  Th«  ty|M',  lU{{h*jv\»\u»  himkuHi,  Alcoc^k,  wiih  ohlaiiifd  from  the 
AiiiliiMiiiii  M«>u  Ity  llio  hircMlhjiilor  ai  a  tlcptli  of  IXH  to  'i'.'O  fullioiiiH.  'I'liti 
|jir^'i'>i  NpticiiiK'ii  kiiowti  in  H  iiiclitm  in  li<nKtli.  (;iiiOi'i;,  tlcop ;  ('liiptu, 
belling.) 

liilA.   HATIIVCI.ri'KA   AK^KNTKA,  ()»o<l«  .V  lliitn. 

lliailM:  i\v«)'Jii  ;  Hiioiitl)  iiMWu.or^in  int«rurl>ital  widtli.  D.!*;  A.:{<>; 
V.  ti;  HtaU'H  M.').  Ilcud  un<l  lioily  roniprt^HHoil ;  tlio  iMidy  covuri-tl  witli 
lar^*N  rycloitt,  *l)>«M<liionH  hcuN'h.  Iltti^ht  of  hody  at  vent  limN  tliun  lon^tli 
(if  licuil,  «'i|iial  to  diHtanru  from  poHtrrior  margin  of  orhit  to  tmd  of  lowor 
Juw.  i'.yo  Hiiglitiy  ){n*att;r  tliun  dirttanco  from  itH  anterior  margin  to  tip 
of  l(»w»)r  Juw.  Mouth  Hiihv«^rtical ;  ionjjtli  of  upper  Jaw  Hli^htly  wxcewd- 
111).;  <liiuiiotrr  of  orliit.  T«>«^tli  in  villiform  ItandH  on  Juwh,  palatinvH,  and 
voiiicr,  DorHui  flu  placed  at  adiHtancti  from  tip  of  Niioiit  equal  to  twicu 
litM^lit  of  Itody  ;  ilH  lirHt  ray  intHMtod  in  vertieal  from  l)nHo  of  Hoveiitli 
anal  ray.  I'eutoriil  Hlunder,  itH  upper  rayH  tlio  lonf^i^Nt,  extending  eoiiNid- 
(>rii))iy  lieyond  tlie origin  of  tiitt  anal.  VontralNHnuiII,  faii-Hliapud,  iiiHtMled 
iiliniiNt  iiiidor  tlio  poHturior  margin  of  tlio  orbit.  Color  yollowiNJi  nil  very. 
One  Hpocimen,  13  inclieH  in  length,  olttuined  by  the  Jtltikc  at  Htatiun  H7, 
oflf  NeiiM,  ut  u  depth  of  305  fathoms,  ((juude  Si  lleuii.)  {unjvntvuH, 
Hilverv  ; 
UitlUydupta  aryttUeu,  (JouiiB  A  Bkan,  Orcanio  IflitliyiiloKy,  llH),  IW).\  off  Neria. 

Family  OXII.  SIKPHANOHEUYCIDyK. 

Hody  oblong,  comproHScd,  with  HoalcH  of  peculiar  form,  circular,  having 
iu  tiie  center  of  each  one  or  two  erect,  couhimcuoum  lines,  and  in  arrange- 
ment Hcarcely  iii\bricuted.  Head  large,  thick,  oblong.  cavernouN,  with 
Hliurt  convex  snout,  and  with  thin  ohhcouh  ridges,  especially  an  inner 
U-!«liaped  one  on  the  crown,  whose  limbs  diverge  ou  eaclt  side  of  the 
nupe ;  also  an  outer  sigmoid  ridge  on  each  side  above  ihe  eyes,  continuous 
with  a  similar  ridge  projecting  from  the  nasal  bone,  the  inner  and  outer 
ridjL^eK  being  connected  by  a  cross  ridge  o]>posite  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  orbit.  Mouth  very  wide  and  somewhat  oblique.  Lower  jaw  slender 
iuid  slightly  projecting.  Maxillaries  large;  premaxillaries  protractile; 
HulMirl)itals  narrow.  Teeth  small,  iu  a  single  band  on  the  intermaxilla- 
ries  and  dentaries;  palatine  toothless.  Hones  of  the  head  usually  ser- 
rated. Branchiostegals  7  or  8;  gill  membranes  separate,  3;  gills  4,  a 
slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchiie  present.  Gill  rakers  moderate. 
A  single  dorsal.  Dorsal  and  anal  without  spinous  rays.  Ventral  tins 
abdominal,  farther  back  in  the  adult  than  iu  the  young,  with  1  spine  and 
5  rays,  ((joode  &■  Bean.)  One  genus,  with  two  species,  found  in  the 
deep  iseas.  {Stephanobvrycidw,  Gill,  Standard  Natural  History,  iii,  1885, 
182.) 


I 

i 


I       V    ! 


I       ;  I 

I         'i    ! 

i      --i 


Mi 


jSf, 

•n 


830 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  M  iiseum. 


374.  STEPHANOBERYX,  (Jill. 

Sliphanoheryr,  GiLi,,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1883,  208,  (/noun). 

Beryci«lH  with  un  elongated  claviforiii  contuiir;  body  covered  witli 
cycloid  Hcales,  scarcely  iiubrieuted,  jind  urined  about  the  center  \vi;|i  mm 
or  two  erect  spines;  an  oblong  head,  with  a  moderate  convex  nuouI  and 
with  thin  osseous  ridges,  especially  an  inner  V-sliai>ed  one  on  the  ciiiwn, 
whose  limbs  diverge  on  each  side  of  nape,  and  an  outer  sigmoid  oiic  on 
each  side,  above  the  eyes,  and  Cv>ntinuoiis  with  one  projecting  fioiu  tiio 
nasal;  the  inner  and  rvter  ridges  connected  by  a  crossbar  on  a  line  witli 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  orbit;  rather  small  eyes,  in  the  anterior  half 
of  the  head,  and  the  teeth  small,  acute,  and  in  a  band  on  the  preniaxilla- 
ries  and  dentaries  (palate  toothless),  and  with  ventrals  having  1  .s|)inu 
and  5  rays.    Deep  sea.     (ffrf(^rti'of,  crown  ;  livryx.) 

a.  Dorsiil  and  nuul  cacli  willi  13  or  14  rays.  mon  i .  Yi\{\ 

aa.  Dorsal  aud  aual  each  with  11  rays.  hii.j.ii,  ViYi 

1816.  8TRPHAN0BfiltTX  SION.K,  Sill. 

Head  3 ;  depth  3i.  D.  14  ;  A.  13  or  14  ;  P.  10 ;  V.  1, 5.  Eye  4i  in  head  and 
nearly  eijual  to  snout;  u-pper  jaw  slightly  longer  than  postorbitai  jiait  of 
head,  (iill  rakers  long  and  slender,  about  2.5  below  the  angle;  distance 
of  anal  origin  from  end  of  heUd  equal  to  J  length  of  head  ;  ventrals  orig- 
inating under  middle  of  pectorals.  Color  brownish.  One  KpeeiintMi.  2 
inches  long,  o]>tained  by  the  Albatross  from  station  2077,  at  a  depth  of 
1,255  fathoms.   ((iioode&  Bean.)    (Named  for  Mona  Gill,  niece  of  Dr.  (iill.) 

^ephanoheriijr  moiitr,  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  258,  Gulf  Stream.     (Typo,  Nu.  'SMh. 
Coll.  Albatross.)     Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichth.,  186. 

1217.  STEPHANOBKRTX  OILLII,  Goodo  &  Roan. 

Head  3;  depth  3i;  eye  4;  snout  4.  D.  11;  A.  11;  P.  13;  V.  I,  5:  H.  7; 
scales  9-33-7.  Upper  jaw  as  long  as  postorbitai  part  of  liead;  gill  rakeiH 
long  and  slender,  about  15  below  the  angle  on  first  arch.  Origin  of  von- 
trals  behind  end  of  pectorals ;  distance  of  anal  crigin  from  end  of  iioad 
fully  equals  length  of  head.  Color  in  spirits  iiale,  the  back  in  f' out  of 
dorsal  showing  traces  of  rose.  Length  4|  to  6  inches.  Gulf  Stream,  at 
diflferent  stations  in  about  1,200  fathoms.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  (Naimd  for 
Theodore  Gill.) 

BtepluDKiherijx  gillii,  GoonE  &  IJean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  187,  fig.  200, 1895,  Gulf  Stream .  i  Tyi»', 
No.  33555.     Coll.  Albatross.) 

Family  CXIII.  TRACHICHTHYID^. 

Body  ovate,  deep,  much  compressed,  with  small  ctenoid  scales.  Mido- 
nie.^1  protected  by  a  dermal  scute  which  forms  a  serrated  edge  Head 
large,  deeper  than  long  ;  superficial  bones  excavated  and  with  consiiicuons 
muciierous  c&,vitie8.  Mouth  very  Avide,  oblique;  villiform  teeth  in  Jaws 
and  sometimes  on  vomer.  Suborbitals  very  broad,  covering  the  ciiceks. 
Braucbiostegals  8.     Gill  openings  very  wide,  the  gill  laminie  very  short. 


itream.  ("Vy,"; 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


837 


One  dorsal  fill,  short,  with  a  few  spines  iu  front.   Ventral  rays  I,  H.   Deep- 
sea  li^lies,  allied  to  the  Bcrycidw,  2  genera  and  10  species  known.   ( Trachich- 
Ihii'itlii .  (ioode  &  Hean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  187,  1895.) 
,1.  Viiiiicr  loothloss  ;  opcrcli>  entire  ;  iiiial  spineB  3.  HopLosTRTiiuti,  :i7.'i. 

375.  HOPLOSTETHUS,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

;^);)/<)<^ '''"',  CfviKR  &  Valenciennes,  Hlat.  Niit.  PoiSH.,  iv,  409,  l*<'2r,  {metlUirranem). 

liody  short  and  deep,  much  compressed.  Head  short,  compressed,  very 
liluiit  anteriorly,  deeper  than  long,  with  very  conspicnouH  mucous  cavi- 
ties. Kye  very  large.  Mouth  very  obliiiue,  the  jaws  e»|ual  when  the 
niontli  is  closed.  Maxillary  long,  broad  behind,  with  a  distinct  supple- 
iiu'iital  bone,  which  reaches  the  posterior  border  of  the  oye.  Teeth  very 
tine,  \  iliiform,  on  jaws  and  palatines,  none  on  the  vomer.  Suborbital 
with  radiating  ridges  and  a  few  spines;  a  vertical  ridge  on  the  front  of 
tlie  oiuTcle.  Opercle  little  developed,  its  spine  small  or  obsolete ;  a  strong 
spine  at  the  angle  of  the  preopercle;  the  long  vertical  limb  of  the  pre- 
opercle  finely  serrated.  Gill  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus, 
liraiichiostegals  8.  Scales  moderate  or  small,  ctenoid  ;  lateral  line  pres- 
ent, its  scales  enlarged  ;  abdomen  with  a  series  of  bony  plates,  each  end- 
inj;  in  u  retrose  spine.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  short,  the  spines  graduated, 
6iu  number;  anal  with  3  graduated  spines;  caudal  forked,  its  rudinien- 
taiy  rays  spinous;  pectorals  low,  rather  lojij^ ;  ventrals  I,  6, rather  short. 
Air  bladder  simple.  Pyloric  c«eca  numerous.  Vertebne  11  -\- 15.  Deep- 
sea  tislies.    Red  in  color.     (onXov,  armor;  (rrz/^^of,  breast.) 

1218.  HOPLOSTETHUS  MEDITEKRANEl  S,  Cuvier  &  ValoncienneB. 

Head  2i  ;  depth  IJ  ;  eye  very  large,  much  longer  than  snout,  about  3. 
D.  VI,  12  to  15;  A.  Ill,  8  to  11;  scales  28  to  31.  Abdominal  serras  9  to  13 
iu  number.  Body  above  with  very  small  roughish  scales  ;  sides  nearly 
or  (|uite  naked  (in  the  young  example  seen),  scaly  in  the  adult.  Pec- 
torals reaching  first  soft  ray  of  anal;  ventrals  to  vent;  fins  rather  low. 
Silvery,  rosy  in  life ;  fins  scarlet ;  peritoneum  and  inside  of  mouth  black. 
Coasts  of  southern  Europe,  in  deep  water ;  numerous  specimens  taken  in 
the  tinlf  Stream  by  the  Jlhatrosii  and  Fish  Hawk  hi  about  200  fathoms. 
Also  found  in  Japan,  if  If.japonicun  is  the  same  species,  as  Dr.  Giinther 
has  supposed. 

Unjili.^lHhm  mnliferraneim,  CuviEU  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Polss.,  iv,  460,  1820,  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  ;  G(1ntiiei!,  ('a?.,  i.  9,  185'J  ;  Jordan  &  Gilbeut,  Synopsis,  458,  188a  ;  Godue  <Sc 
Bkan,  Oceanic  Iclitli.vology,  181,  1895. 

TrtifiiiriiiiiiiH  prt-tiosiix,  Lowe,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lonil.,  18.19,  77,  Madeira. 

t U'lih.sliihiis  japimiriis,  IIilgendohk,  Sitz.  Ges.  Natiirfol'scliendo  Freunde,  Ilorlin,  78,  1S79, 
Japan  ;  apimroutly  u  variety  or  siiecies  witli  sliglitly  smoother  scales. 

Family  CXI V.  BERYCID.;  . 

(Thk  Bkkycoids.) 

Hody  oblong  or  ovate,  compressed,  covered  with  ctenoid  or  cycloid, 
foliate  or  granular  scales.    Head  with  large  muoiferous  cavities,  covered 


!    ■:  '  I 


I] 


838 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


by  tliiu  skiu.  Eye  lateral,  usually  large.  Mouth  wide,  oblique,  i're- 
maxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  rather  large,  usually  with  a  siiitple- 
mental  bone.  Suborbitala  narrow,  not  sheathing  the  cheeks.  Kamls  of 
villiforni  teeth  on  jaws,  and  usually  on  vomer  and  palatines;  caiuueN 
sometimes  present.     Opercular  bones  usually  spinous.     Branchiusti';^ralH 

7  or  8.  Uill  mcmbro^iies  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus,  (iills  i,ii><lit 
behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchia^  present.  Gill  rakers  modciiite. 
Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly.     No  barbels.     Dorsal  lin  continuous,  with  '1  to 

8  weak  spines;  anal  with  2  to  4  spines;  ventral  fins  thoracic,  mostly  I, 
7,  the  number  of  rays  usually  greater  than  1, 5;  caudal  flu  usually  foi  UimI. 
Pyloric  co-ca  numerous.  Genera  0  or  8  ;  species  about  40.  Fishes  nmstlv 
of  the  deep  seas ;  the  general  color  red  or  black.  This  group  is  un  ancicut 
type,  a  great  number  of  extinct  species  being  now  known.  {Ikfjichlo; 
Giinther,  Cat.,  I,  8-50,  1859,  exclusive  of  certain  genera.) 

Anoi'Loqastkina;  : 
M.  Scales  small,  granular  or  leal-tike ;  teeth  unequal;  palatines  toothless;  mouth  vcrv  wi>U' 
and  oblique. 
h.  Scales  louf-Uke,  pedunculated  ;  teeth  villiform,  with  two  pairs  of  long  fang-liki:  iciili 
above,  and  three  below.  Caui.oi.ki'is,  Mil 

hb.  Scales  reduced  to  minute  asperities;    teeth  villiform,  some  of  those  in  the  lower  jaw 
enlarged.  Anoplouastek,  ;!77. 

Mf.lampiiain^t:  : 
aa.  Scales  cycloid  ;  teetli  villiform,  none  on  palatines;  head  large  and  thick. 

c.  Teeth  small,  cardiform;  lower  jaw  projecting;  scales  thin  ;  body  short,  compress(;d. 

PoROMiTiiA,  :;78. 
cc.  Teeth  in  villiform  bunds  ;  scales  largo  ;  spinous  dorsal  short. 

d.  Anal  inserted  under  last  rays  of  dorsal  ;  a.iui\  with  ono  spine  ;  dorsal  with  tliiTc. 

Plectromi  s,  ;i79. 
Bfiiycin^;  ; 
(iiiii.  Scales  dcnoid  ;  teeth  villiform  on  jaws,  palatines,  and  vomer. 

e.  Muzzle  short ;  chin  jirojecting  ;   preopercle  gpinele^is  ;   opercles  serrated  ;  anal  rays  TV, 
20  to  :iO ;  ventrals,  I,  10.  Bkuyx,  ;i80. 

376.  CAULOLEPIS,"  Gill. 

Caulolepis,  Gill,  Forest  and  Stream,  xxi,  August  .30,  188:),  and  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  vi, 
1884,  258,  (longideiu). 

Contour  laterally  oval  or  broad  pyriform,  the  body  compressed,  covered 
with  small,  pedunculated,  leaf-like  scales;   forehead  abruptly  declivous; 

*Dr.  (lill  (in  Goodo  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology),  adds  the  following  details  : 
Body  compressed,  pyriform,  highest  in  front,  and  with  the  dorsal  and  inferior  outlines  ron- 
verging  to  caudal  peduncle-,  which  is  moderately  long  and  slender  Scales  small  ami  not  nr 
scarcely  imbricated,  upraised  by  peduncles,  and  with  the  surface  cxteudud  and  dentate  liiliiiiil. 
Lateral  line  distinct  and  developed  as  a  gro  )vo  running  jiarallel  with  the  back  and  coiiliiiudus 
to  tho  base  of  the  caudal  tin.  llead  higlier  than  long,  with  th((  cranial  portion  very  dcilivoiis, 
and  with  tho  suspensorial  portion  oblhiuely  extended  downward  and  backward  ;  the  >  riiniiim 
al)Ove  with  throe  naked  membranous  area.s,  au  anterior  pair  pointed  forward  and  diveririiij,'  to 
receive  tho  ascending  process  ofthe  internmxillariesand  a  median  hastiforin  one  behind:  al>o  with 
a  naked  horseshoe-shaped  urea  around  the  nape,  tho  naked  spaces  being  scparaidd  by  tin'  liony 
bars  limiting  tho  large  muciferous  cavities;  suborbital  bones  enlarged,  sculptured,  aiiM  with 
small,  erect  spines;  the  first  with  threo  radiating  bars;  the  second  largest,  send i in;  four 
depending  processes,  three  forward  or  downwar"',  and  another  articulating  with  the  pnoper- 
culum  obove  its  angle;  the  postorbital  expanding distally  and  articulating  with  the  preopcrculuiii 
above ;  the  interspaces  covered  by  a  tense  skin  with  tho  extension  of  the  scales  embeddcil  iu  it. 
Prcoperculum  augulated  downward  and  backward,  spinigerous  at  the  angle  and  with  nu  liori- 
zontal  liaeg ;   opercular  apparatus  much  reduced  ;   thu  operculum  extended  downward,  with 


ique.  Pre- 
1  a  8ii)i|ilu- 

Baiids  of 
ih;  caiuneN 
chiostciials 
ills  1,  a  slit 
I  moderate. 
18,  witli  '2  to 
c,  mostly  I, 
ally  forked, 
sheH  iiKi.stly 
8  auaiH'icut 

( Berjinihf, 


outh  viry  wide 

;  f«iig-liUr  Ici'th 
IauUii.ki'Is,  :i7li. 
II  tlio  IdWiI' jiiw 
PLOUASTKK,  :i77. 


comiircsswj. 

I'imOMITllA,  o"8. 

Ill  with  tliri'i'. 
lECTROMis,  :!T9. 


I ;  anal  rays  IV, 
BKitvx,  ;i80. 


I.  Nat.  Mils.,  VI, 

186(1,  covered 
y  declivous; 


or  ontlinos  ron- 
iinall  mill  ""t  it 

liMitati'  li'liiiiil. 

and  coiitiiiuiiii:! 

very  di'ilivous, 
(I ;  the  1  raiiium 
mil  diverijinj;  to 
)ehind;alM)Witli 
wA  by  till'  '"I'ly 
itiired,  iiii'l  "if" 
It.  sondiiii;  four 
ith  the  iMiopiT- 
le  preoiHTCuluiii 
I  ombcdd.'il  iu  it. 
md  with  no  liori- 
lownward,  with 


Jordan  and  F.7>ermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica. 


839 


eyes  small;  a  pair  of  very  long,  poiuted  tueth  in  front  of  upper  jaw,  clo8- 
in<r  ill  iVont  of  lower;  a  similar  pair  of  atill  longer  pointed  teeth  in  the 
iowei.  received  in  foveas  of  the  palate;  on  the  sides  of  each, jaw  two 
louj,' teeth  terminating  in  bulbous  tips;  a  row  of  miaute  teeth  on  the 
poHteiior  half  of  the  supramaxillaries ;  i)alate  toothless.  One  species. 
(rat '?.'". ,  sten  ;  Xtjr/f,  scale.) 

1219.  CAUIiOLEPIS  LONfilDENS,  Gill. 

D.  II,  17;  A.  II,  8;  C.  x-19-x;  P.  I,  14;  V.  I,  7.  Head  21;  depth  of 
body  \  its  length  inclusive  of  caudal;  upper  jaw  from  symphysis  to  end 
of  iiiaxillaiy  contained  3i  times  in  total  length.  Orbit  4  times  in  length 
of  lirad.  Front  teeth  of  upper  jaw  considerably  longer  than  eye  ;  those 
of  till'  lower  nearly  twice  as  long.  Scales  very  peculiar,  foliareous  and 
pediiiicnlate.  Color  uniform  black.  One  specimen  from  Gulf  (Stream. 
{(Jooik  tfe  Bean.)     {lonyuH,  long;  dena,  tooth.) 

amlohiiis  lonijidem,  Gil.!.,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  ISS.'J,  258,  Atlantic  Ocean,  latitude  39°  if, 
longitude  69°  56'  ao",  in  l,34tj  fatboms.  (Type,  No.  33270.  Coll.  Albatross);  tiooDH  A 
IUan,  Ociiiuio  Ichthyology,  185,  flg.  204,  1895. 

377.  ANOPLOGASTER,  (iunther. 


III..;, 


t.i,liisli-r,  GrNTHER,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  12,  IS.'iO,  (coniii^iui). 


lU)(ly  compressed,  deep,  with  the  scales  reduced  to  minute  asperities. 
Head  large,  with  thin  bones  and  wide  muciferous  cavities.  Cleft  of 
iiioiitli  wide  and  oblique;  chin  prominent.  Muzzle  short,  rounded,  not 
piotniding.  Teeth  in  villiform  bands  in  the  jaws,  with  reveral  larger 
teeth  in  the  lower  jaw ;  palatine  toothless.  Eye  large.  Preoperculum 
entire.  Suprascapula  and  angle  of  preoperculum  armed  with  a  spine. 
Doinal  Avithout  spines  and  with  about  17  rays.  Anal  with  9  or  10  rays. 
Ventral  with  1  spine  and  6  rays.  Air  bladder  small,  pyriform.  Brauchios- 
tejjai    8.     Gill  openings  very  wide.     (uvon?.ng,  unarmed;  yuari/p,  belly.) 

nuiiicroim  stria;  and  ridges  and  with  three  more  diverging  ridges  extended  backward  or  down- 
waril  into  spiniform  angles,  one  horizonttil  and  the  others  oblique,  leaving  omarginated  intor- 
upai'fs  between  ;  the  interoperculu  and  suboporcula  small,  the  latter  with  several  Ntriie  poiuted 
backward. 

Eye  moderately  develoiied,  near  the  anterior  profile.  Upper  jaw  not  protractile,  with  the 
pri'inaxillaries  extended  far  backward  and  the  supramaxillaries  lying  beliiiid  and  above,  and 
with  wide  oval  extremities  furnished  with  radiating  ridges  or  striav 

I.HWir  jaw  quite  deep,  with  an  upper  and  lower  portion  longitudinally  striated  and  an  inter- 
iiii'diiitc  region  provided  with  a  nuked  skin,  and  with  its  angle  emitting  a  spine  backward  ; 
(•bin  llafteiied  backward  to  a  median  inferior  point;  teeth  enlarged  oiid  few,  in  a  single  row  in 
eailijiiw.  (1)  In  the  upper  u  pair  slightly  curved  and  regularly  pointed,  closing  in  front  of 
luuei'  jaw,  and  on  each  side  two  at  intervals,  behind  much  smaller  and  witli  swollen  blunt  tips. 
('.i)  In  Hie  lower  jaw  a  pair  near  the  symphysis  more  separated  than  those  of  the  upper  and 
fitting  into  fovein  of  the  palate  on  each  side;  two  smaller  teeth  nearly  Htraight  and  with  glob- 
iiIhi'  points,  the  first  intermediate  between  the  fli'Mt  and  second  of  the  upper,  and  the  second 
bt'hiMl  tlio  second  lateral  tooth  of  the  upjier  jaw  ;  palate  and  tongue  edentulous.  (3)  A  row  of 
very  sniull  teeth  around  the  posterior  half  of  tho  supramaxillary. 

liiiisal  single,  commencing  above  the  upper  axil  of  tho  pectoral,  with  2  spines  and  17  bifur- 
cate rays,  the  Inst  of  which  is  double ;  anal  short,  mostly  behind  the  dorsal,  with  2  opines,  the 
first  very  short,  and  8  bifurcate  rays,  the  last  double ;  caudal  deejily  emarginated,  but  with 
roiin.led  lobes;  jiectorals  obliquely  inserted,  of  moderate  size,  with  1  simple  and  about  14 
brandied  rays ;  ventral  fins  subabdominal  or  decidsdiy  behind  the  pectorals,  with  1  spine  and 
C  bruucUed  rays.    Brauchial  apertures  deeply  cleft ;  branchiostegal  ruys  8. 


'i 


840 


bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  At  use  urn. 


1220.  ANOPLOUAKTKK  COKNIITIIN  (Ciivler  Jc  Vnloncieiines). 

Head  2J ;  depth  aliout  If;  eye  about  3.  D.  17;  A.  9  or  10;  V.  Ki;  v. 
7.  Iiitoiorbital  width  nearly  half  that  of  liead  ;  snborbital  arch  witli 
7cavitieB;  bony  ridges  of  head  ending  in  several  blunt  points;  ventials 
midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Deep  Atlantic  iivo 
specimens  known,  one  of  them  from  :Ut°  \^'  \W^  N.,  <;H°  %V  W.,  obtain.d 
l»y  the  AlbatrosH.     ((jioode  &  Bean.)     («»'»»«/««,  horned.) 

lloplotlelhwt  lormihiK,  Cl'VlEli  &  Vai.ENciennkk,  IIlHt.  Nat.  roisa.,  IX,  27(t,  18:i:i,  Mtoiimi  li  .  i  im 

Alliicorc,  3i°N..  40°  W. 
Aiiophijitiler  conmUif,  GCnther,  Cat.,  I,  12,  18.')!);  GooDK  Jic  Hean,  Oceanic  Iclilli.,  iHi,  1k!i:>. 


378.  POROMITRA,  Goode  &.  Beau. 

Pnrotnitrci,  GooDE  A  Bean,  Hull.  Mub.  Comi).  ZoiJl.,  1882,  214,  (capilo). 

Body  short,  compressed,  scopeliform,  covered  with  thin  cycloid  scales. 
Head  very  large  (in  young  specimens  nearly  as  long  as  trunk)  its  Hides 
scaly.  No  barbel.  Mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  i>roJecting.  Maigiii 
of  upper  jaw  composed  of  a  long  maxillary  and  a  short  preuiaxilian. 
Teeth  very  small,  cardiforni,  on  preuMixillarios  and  lower  jaw  only. 
Opercula  complete.  Dorsal  fin  in  middle  of  body,  its  origin  not  far  lii'liiiid 
veutrals,  its  spinous  and  soft  portions  about  equal  in  length  ;  aual  iinicli 
shorter  than  dorsal ;  the  last  rays  of  dorsal  nearly  above  its  niidtlle. 
Pseudobranchije  present.  Gill  openings  very  wide.  Deep  seas,  (-r./jof, 
pore;  /i/rpa,  stomacher.) 

1221.  POROMITBA  CAPITO,  Goode  &  Hoa.i. 

Head  2^  (in  young) ;  depth  3^.  D.  VII  or  VIII,  B;  A.  9 :  V.  7  or  s  :  P. 
12;  C.  5.  Eye  large,  as  long  as  snout;  maxillary  3^  in  head.  Scalen  as 
large  as  pupil,  with  concentric  striae,  about  24  in  lateral  line  and  10  in 
transverse  series.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and 
base  of  caudal ;  base  of  anal  half  that  of  dorsal ;  pectoral  inserted  \(iw, 
its  length  twice  its  distance  from  the  snout ;  ventrals  minute,  in  advanco 
of  pectorals.  Caudal  (mutilated  in  the  known  specimens).  Gulf  Stream 
in  latitude  34°,  obtained  by  the  Blake.  (Goode  &  Bean.)  {capito,  large- 
headed.  ) 

Poroinilrii  cupitn,  GoonE  *  Bean,  Bull.  MuH.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  215,  1882,  Gulf  Stream;  fJ.inK.t 
Bean,  Oceanic  Icbth.,  183,  1805. 


379.  PLECTROMUS,*  Gill. 

Pleclromuf,  GlI,L,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  267,  {mthorhitalu). 

Body  moderately  elongate,  covered  with  moderate  cycloid  scales.    Head 
large  and  thick,  with  wide  muciferous  channels,  the  bones  often  w  itii 


*  Tlio  followinjr  details  concerning  Pleclnmi'm  are  given  liy  Dr.  Gill  (Goode  &  Bean,  (''innic 
Ichtliyolojjcy,  178): 

Body  little  eomiiressed,  highest  behind  ventrals,  with  the  dorsal  outline  describing  h  slicrlit 
sigmoidal  curve  and  the  abdominal  almost  rectilinear;  the  caudal  peduncle  long  and  lulni^t. 
Scales  moderate,  imbricated,  cycloid,  and  readily  deciduous.  Lateral  line  apparently  un<l<'vel- 
oped.    Head  obloug  or  longer  than  high,  very  declivous  in  front,  and  with  the  suspeutii.iriuin 


ii^iii.K.iA..\*'..i.*Vrji,i 


^".-■W  !-i.i=*'>';_^u'",'U,l-_ 


Jordan  and  Iiiiermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         841 


fol'iK couH  expanHiotiH  ;  oporcleM  unarmed.  Month  inodorate,  obliquei,  the 
juwH  siibeqiial.  Teeth  villiforin,  luoHtly  in  two  rows,  the  inner  row 
Iaif;t'>t  ;  palate  tootlileHs.  One  dorHal,  with  2  or  '?<  HpineH  and  10  to  16 
nivf*.  Anal  inserted  below  last  rays  of  dorsal,  with  1  spine  and  8  or  9 
ra.vH.  Vcntrals  thoracic,  with  7  rays.  Caudal  forked.  Deep  sea.  Very 
el(i.s<«  l<>  McIumphacH,  from  which  it  chielly  ditfers  in  possessing  2  or  3  dor- 
Hiil  s]iiiics  instead  of  0.  Perhaps  the  two  groups  should  be  merged  in  one, 
as  hii>  l)t'en  done  by  (Jiinther  and  (Jilbert.  (n'/i/Hrpov,  spur ;  <'innr,  shoulder; 
•'two  Npines,  one  on  each  side  of  the  nape,  springing  forward  from  the 
slioiildor  bones,  give  a  strange  appearance  to  the  fish.") 

,1.  iMisil  riijH  III,  ir>  or  III,  Ifi. 

''.  Napo  with  a  8|iiue  on  each  side,  H|irinKin((  from  the  nhoiildor  lioneH. 

RniORIIITALIS,  1222. 

hi,,  Nn|ie  without  spiut!  uxuliovn;  bunos  of  hcnil  llriii,  without  ))ii|iory  exiuiiiHiuiis;    iiiaxil- 
litry  reaching;  vurticul  from  poRtorior  mart;iii  uf  eyv.  luoviiris,  \22ii. 

(M.  Kiirsiil  rajrt  II,  II  to  l:). 

'.  IIouil  3  ill  loii^th;  ]i(>rtorai  ii«arl,v  or  (piitu  an  long  aw  IkmuI.  iieanii,  1224. 

i(.  Eyo  larjfo,  4V,j  'u  hwitl. 

(/<{,  Kvo  Kmall,  7  in  Iioail.  oraksiceps,  1225. 

I' .  Head  'JJ  ill  IcM^tli;  pectoral  l!';j  in  1iua<l;  heiul  with  IiIkIi  thin  cn-xtR  ahovc;  hii>    t  with 

a  sleudur  t-piuo;  vyu  small,  ly^  in  head.  vkistickph,  l'22)i. 


Jean,  (i.-.;iiiio 


1222.  PLECTROMI'S  KUBORBITAUS,  <]ill. 

Head  3 ;  depth  2J.  D.  Ill,  16 ;  A.  I,  8 ;  P.  14 ;  V.  I,  7 ;  scales  about  30-6; 
the  exposed  margins  of  the  few  scales  present  marked  with  coarse  concen- 
tric striie.  Eye  as  long  as  snout  and  .5^  times  in  head.  Mouth  oblique ;  end 
of  maxillary  reaching  to  below  hind  margin  of  orbit.  Two  spines,  one  on 
eadi  wide  of  the  nape,  springing  forward  from  the  shoulder  bones.  Man- 
dible projecting  slightly.  Gill  membranes  deeply  cleft,  free  from  the  isth- 
iiiiiH  behind;  gill  rakers  moderate,  about  lt'>  below  angle  of  first  arch.  A 
single  series  of  weak,  somewhat  scattered,  curved  teeth  on  the  intermax- 
illii  and  mandible.  Dorsal  origin  over  the  sixth  row  of  scales  ;  length  of 
(loiHiil  base  equal  to  head.  Anal  origin  under  seventeenth  ray  of  dorsal ; 
anal  base  nearly  J^  as  long  as  head.  Pectoral  oi  in  body  ;  ventral  inserte<l 
nnder  base  of  pectoral.  Color  black.  The  typo  of  the  species,  3{'g  inches 
long  without  the  caudal,  was  obtained  by  the  AlhaironH  from  Station  2036, 
at  a  depth  of  1,73.5  fathoms.     Another  (No.  35451,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  was 


iilm.isl  vertical;  the  craniuin  above  with  a  naked  Bkin  extending  from  the  nape  forward  to  the 
niisiil  region,  covering  large  niueiforouM  cavitieH  xepiirated  by  ossecms  bars  and  with  lateral  crests 
«iiniil.itiiig  those  of  crested  Scorpa'nids.  .Suborbital  hones  with  the  Buperficial  aea  narrow  and 
eiiiitfing  snicatu  Kpiniform  processes;  cheeks  covered  with  skin  as  well  as  periorbitHi  region. 
l'ru..iiciouliim  with  its  inner  fold  parallel  with,  but  widely  Reparated  from,  the  external  margin; 
tlie  hitter  is  rounded  at  the  angle,  the  posterior  limb  is  vertical,  and  a  short  horizontal  one  is 
cl(vil..|i,.(l.  Operniiliim  normally  developed,  with  largo  cycloid  scales,  and,  behind,  railiating 
li'L'-:  siilioporculuin  extending  as  a  membranous  border  behind;  iutoroporculum  moderate. 
Evi' 111, 111,. rato  (its  diami^ter  eiiiialing  a  quarter  of  the  head's  length)  and  entirely  in  the  anterior 
li!iir  III'  the  head.  Mouth  with  the  cleft  moderately  oblique.  Upper  jaw  not  protractile;  the 
inteniiiixillaries  protracted  backward  alnio-t  as  far  as  the  snpramaxillaries;  the  latter  have  nor- 
mally dilated  smooth  ends.  Lower  Jaw  ()ult(!  deep,  curvr^d,  with  smooth  skin,  with  the  mini 
iiiilini'il  inward  below  and  nearly  contiguous,  and  with  a  truncate  chin.  Teeth  rather  small, 
cnrvi'il  and  |)ointed,  in  two  rows  in  each  jaw,  those  of  the  upjier  closing  around  the  lower  jaw, 
anil  tlie  teeth  of  the  external  row  (at  least  in  the  lower  juw)  smaller  than  those  of  the  internal. 
Braiichiul  ui>erturc8  normally  cleft.  Shoulder  girdle  emitting  a  spine  on  each  side,  behind  the 
naiie. 


I 


■'  1 1            i 

'       .1  1       ^   MM-  ? 

■"1 

I 

842 


Jiulleiin  47,  United  States  National  A/useum. 


tuken  from  Station  21!)0,  at  u  depth  of  1,800  fathoiiiH  ;  also  two  Hiiiall  imli- 
vidiialH  from  Htation  2585,  at  u  depth  of  l,14i)  futhoiiiH.  (Goodo  «&  itian.) 
(n«/>,  1»«1ow  ;  orhilitu,  orbit.) 

Pti-rlromim  $ii}u>il>iliiU>,  CiiM,  Proc.  I'.  S.  Nnt.  Mim.,  vi,  18«;i,  268,  latitude  38°  5a',  longitude 
69°  84',  \,r.\r>  liitliomH.  (Ty|M),  No.  33271.  Coll.  AlbiitroHH);  Uoouk  &  Ukan,  Ooouiii.  I,  i,ii,., 
170,  fig.  201,  nw,. 


•1  - 


!    ■  i 


\1 


■1 


iill 


1228.  PliKfTROMlIN  LIIUIJBKIM  (Oilbort). 

D.  Ill,  15;  A.  I,  8;  scales  2(5.  Head  very  hrood  and  heavy,  the  Hiiont 
extremely  broad  and  short,  its  anterior  profile  nearly  vertical.  Moiitii  very 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  protruding  beyond  the  upper,  the  premaxillarieH 
anteriorly  on  hsvol  of  lowermarginof  pupil,  the  maxillary  reaching  vtsiiical 
from  its  posterior  margin,  2i  in  head;  Hnout4^, its  width  cquulingtho  l*'M<;tii 
of  snout  and  eye;  interorbital  width  2 ! ;  eye  6i.  Teeth  minute,  uiiildiin, 
in  a  single  series  in  upper  Jaw  niid  in  front  of  mandible,  the  ]ow<t  J;iw 
laterally  with  a  narrow  band.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothless.  Iiiltior- 
bital  space  strongly  convex,  as  well  as  rest  of  head  deeply  excavated  for 
mucoue  canals,  which  are  covered  with  a  very  delicate  integument  con- 
spicuously  marked  with  fine  parallel  or  radiating  stril!^  Bones  finii  and 
cartilaginous,  not  ])upei'y  nor  with  thin  membranous expansionsas  in  ot  her 
related  species.  Margins  of  preopercle entire,  the  bono  firm,  the  posterior 
angle  scarcely  produced,  evenly  rounded,  the  margin  nearly  vertical.  No 
evident  ridge  on  opercle,  which  terminates  posteriorly  in  a  flexible  rounded 
procbSB  Avithout  spine.  Mandibles  meeting  along  median  line  posteriorly, 
but  not  forming  a  ridge.  Gill  rakers  as  long  as  eye,  slender,  about  11 
below  angle.  Dorsal  spines  very  weak,  the  third  half  as  high  as  tiist  soft 
ray.  Posterior  line  of  occiput  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  oiij^in 
of  dorsal,  liase  of  dorsal  equals  length  of  head  behind  middle  of  t;ye. 
Anal  small,  its  origin  under  base  of  last  dorsal  ray,  the  length  of  its  base 
equaling  half  interorbital  width  ;  spine  slender,  about  I  longest  soft  lay ; 
pectorals  long,  slender,  falcate,  with  14  rays,  the  longest  If  in  hi^ad. 
Ventrals  half  head,  not  reaching  vent.  Scales  large,  caducous,  with 
entire  edges,  covering  theopercles  but  lacking  elsewhere  on  head.  I'lii- 
form  brownish  black,  the  fins  dusky  ;  mouth,  gill  cavity,  and  peritoneum 
black.  A  single  specimen,  3J  inches  long,  from  Albatross  station  2!IL'I{,  in 
822  fathoms.  This  species  resembles  very  closely  M.  typhlopH,  as  tij{nied 
by  Giinther  (Deep-sea  Fishes,  C/)rt7Zew(/cr,  PI.  v,  Fig.  a).  In  tjiphlojix  *\iii< 
mouth  is  evidently  larger,  and  the  species  is  described  as  having  (i  d  :..<ai 
spines  and  11  rays,  although  the  artist  has  represented  it  with  D.  Ill,  II. 
(Gilbert.)     {iHyuhris,  sorrowful,  dark.) 

Melanq)lints  luynhiiK,  Gii.dert,  Troo.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mu    ,  1890  (1891),  .'in,  Atbalrofs  station  2>J2;i.  coast 
of  California,  south  of  I'oiDt  Concojicion,  in  ^22  fathoms.  (Coll,  Albatross.) 

1224.  PLECTKOMIIS  BEAM!  (Giinther). 

Head  3;  depth  3i;  eye  4^.  D.  II,  11  or  12;  A.I,  8  or  9;  V.I,  7:  P.l."); 
scales  about  25.  Pectoral  as  long  as  head,  more  than  twice  length  of  ven- 
tral, which  does  not  reach  vent.  Black.  (Bean.)  Gulf  Stream  in  deep 
water.    (Named  for  Tarleton  Hoffman  Bean.) 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        843 


pie<i:,.„iiitr,iiMicei>i>,  Beav,  I'roe.  U.  «.  Nut.  Mhs.,  1H86,  73,  Gulf  Stream.  (Type,  Nog.  %VMH, 
■S'M'.i,  iiud  ;U83f).  Coll.  AllxktruHs);  about  lutituilu  40°;  uut  SvojuIuh  .•ni*«('tvpii,  OOktiibr, 
Aim    Mug.  Nut.  Ilixt.,  t87K,  186,  uIho  a  fhrtromm. 

M.hii^i'h'iiA  htiinii,  <iVsrutu,  I)c('|i-B«a  Fi.ilit'H,  CVi((//cM;;i'r  Hi-port,  xxii,  2ii,  1887;  lifter  Hean. 

pliilmMiiilwani,  OoouE  &  Hkan,  Uct-auic  IchtbyoloKy,  179,  18lt5. 

laU.  l>lii:('THO.ni'H  <'KAHMi€KI>S,  (iantlier. 

Head  3;  depth  4.  D.  Ill,  12;  A.  I,  0;  P.  14;  V.  I,  7;  scales  28.  Least 
(Icptli  of  tail  »  of  its  free  portion.  Head  very  thick,  with  short  snout. 
Eyes  siiiiill,  ]  length  of  head,  and  i  of  that  of  snout ;  posterior  margin  of 
pieo|i(M(!ulum  descending  ol)li«|uely  backward;  lowerjaw  sliglitly  promi- 
iiuiit ;  deft  of  mouth  rather  oblique ;  maxillary  reachen  to  behind  eye, 
and  is  moderately  dilated  behind.  Origin  of  dorsal  hn  nearer  the  ventrals ; 
its  last  ray  is  above  the  anterior  anal  rays.  Pectoral  tin  narrow,  nearly  as 
hwii  as  head,  reaching  to  or  beyond  end  of  anal  fin.  Hlack.  Length  2^ 
Indies.  Two  specimens  known,  one  from  the  mid-Atlantic  (1,500  fathoms), 
the  other  from olf  Pernambuco.    (Giinther.)    (crrtN««x, thick;  -cf/>«,  head.) 

g<!()yiW»«  miMicc^w,  OCntiikh,  Aiiii.Ma);.   Nat.  IIlBt.,  ii,  1878,  IS."),  deep  sea,  mid-Atlantic, 

and  off  Pernambuco. 
Militmiihiiii  rraxticvjiH,  OCntiikk,  ChiiUvtigi'r  Itepurt,  xxil,  28,  PI.  vili,  Ki({.  li,  1887. 
Vl,:iviiiiisfrwt»icejiii,  GoouE  &  Bean,  Ucoauic  Ichtbyology,  180,  180r). 


3U  292:!,  coast 


122«.  PLECTBOMIIS  f  RISTICEPN  (Ollbort). 

Head  long,  2?  in  length ;  depth  3^' ;  length  of  caudal  peduncle  4J^. 
(Jreatest  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  A  its  length.  Plead  narrower  than  in 
M.  liifiubris,  its  anterior  profile  descending  more  gradually.  Mouth  less 
obliMue,  the  lower  jaw  included,  the  maxillary  extending  behind  eye,  2J 
in  head;  snout  4^;  interorbitai  width  2^;  eye  7i.  D.  Ill,  13;  A.  11,9. 
Pectorals  long,  H  in  head.  Ventrals  I,  7  or  I,  8.  System  of  mucous  canak 
ou  head  highly  developed,  their  margins  raised  into  high  thin  crests,  usu- 
ally with  undulating  margins  and  more  or  less  serrulated.  A  rather  long, 
sharp,  slender  spine,  directed  upward  and  forward  on  middle  of  snout. 
Two  or  three  spines  at  lower  posterior  angle  of  cheek  ;  marginal  portion 
of  preopercle  extremely  thin  and  flexible,  its  lower  limb  sharply  serrated. 
From  the  upper  anterior  angle  of  opercle  2  ridges  diverge,  the  one  run- 
ning backward  terminating  in  a  spinous  point.  Opercular  margin  serru- 
late. Mandibles  meeting  on  median  line  below,  their  edges  produced  to 
form  a  conspicuous  median  crest.  Their  lateral  margins  form  membranous 
wings  which  combine  with  similar  prolongations  from  the  suborbital 
bones  to  overlap  the  cleft  of  the  mouth.  Teeth  minute,  equal,  in  a  single 
series  in  both  jaws.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothless.  Gill  rakers  long, 
Itroad  at  base,  compressed,  weak,  about  15  below  angle.  Posterior  line  of 
occiput  slightly  nearer  front  of  dorsal  than  end  of  snout ;  length  of  fin 
e(nialing  its  distance  from  base  of  caudal.  Spines  slender,  pungent,  weak. 
Origin  of  anal  under  the  fourth  from  the  last  ray  of  dorsal,  the  length  of 
its  base  scarcely  exceeding  length  of  snout.  Anal  spines  rather  strong, 
the  two  intimately  soldered  together,  their  outlines  distinct.  Scales 
entirely  lost,  apparently  about  23  in  number.    Black  anteriorly,  brownish 


i      i: 


.■■•'t 


844 


liullctin  4J,  United  States    Wational  Afuseum. 


black  behind.  Moiitli,  \i,\\\  cavity,  and  peritoneum  Jet  black.  Fiii-<  all 
blackiHli.  One  Hpocinien  r>  inclies  long,  from  Htation  3075,  in  859  fi-tlioiim, 
((filbert.)     {crinlit,  crent ;  -(.r/;/*,  licud.) 

Meldiiiphai »  rritlireiiK,  fiil.iiKRT,  I'roc.   V.  8,  Nat.  Mm.,  18W)   (1«!*1),   00,   Alhulri)U  atatiuii  ;iii7ri 
coast  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  ii.  8s9  fathoms. 

380.  BERYX,  Cuvier. 

(Alkonsinks.) 

/t<-r.v.r,  fll'Vir.ll,  Kt-gno  Aiillii.,  Kd.  2,  vol.  11,  l.'il,  IH2it,  'lUrmUtclijlnn). 

Itody  deep,  coniprcHHed,  covered  witli  rather  large,  ctenoid  scales,  which 
are  regularly  arranged.  Abdomen  trenchant,  but  without  enliii;;<(l 
HCutcH.  Mead  large,  with  thin  bones  and  high  ridges  with  deep  mucifiT- 
ouM  cavities.  Snout  short,  tiie  mouth  oblique,  the  ohiu  prominent:  t-yo 
large;  both  Jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  villiform  teeth.  Openles 
serrated,  the  operclo  usually  with  spine ;  preopercle  unarmed.  Caiidai 
forked  ;  anal  spines  4,  the  soft  rays  2<i  to  80;  dorsal  continuous,  with  1  tu 
<!  spines  ;  ventral.^  with  about  10  soft  rays.  Air  bladder  simple.  Pyiinic 
i,u'ca  numerous.  Color  red.  Deep-sea  fishes,  beautifully  colored.  ( <*/)i',^, 
Vinw/J',  a  Greek  name  of  some  fish,  taken  by  (jcsner  from  Varinus.) 

(I.  .Scalc.'H  ill  lutcriil  liiii^  04  or  <!6;  1».  IV,  1(1  to  19.  iiEc.kiiACTYi.rs,  I'JJT. 

cui.  8culcH  in  lutoral  lino  71  tu  70;  D.  IV,  111  to  15.  ni>le.M)E.\s,  \ii>^. 

1227.  ItKUYX  I>K('ADA(!TYIiUN,  Cuvior  k  ValcncionnoH. 
(Alfonnin  a  Casta  Lakua.) 

Head  2^ ;  depth  2i.  D.  IV,  16-19 ;  A.  IV,  28-29 ;  V.  1, 10 ;  P.  14.  ISody 
oblong,  considerably  compressed,  its  height  greatest  at  the  origin  of  the 
dorsal ;  maxillary  bone  reaches  almost  to  middle  of  orlut.  Eye  very  lai},'e, 
about  2i  times  iu  head,  its  upper  limb  impinging  upon  upper  prolilo  of 
head;  distance  of  insertion  of  pectoral  from  snout  equal  to  lengtli  of 
base  of  anal ;  insertion  of  anal  nearly  in  vertical  from  tenth  to  twtli'th 
dorsal  ray,  its  middle  slightly  behind  last  ray  of  ('orsal;  ventral  inscitcd 
under  axil  of  pectoral.  Scales  sharply  ctenoid,  with  a  strong  middle 
keel;  the  number  in  the  lateral  line  64  or  65,  Red,  with  bright  sticakN, 
Deep  seas,  recorded  from  Portugal,  Madeira,  Japan,  and  Cuba.  I'oey 
mentions  it  as  "  Pez  hermoso  y  rarisimo."  (rftKo,  ten  ;  6aKTv7io^,  fiiif,'ii'.) 
(Eu.) 

llfriix  ihcnitwiiiliiH,  Ci'ViKR  yV  Vai.enciksnes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  iii,  222,  182  »,  Madeira  or  Por- 
tugal ;  I'oEV,  SyiKijiKiH,  297;  <iooi>K  *  Bean,  Oceanic  Iclitli.,  17"),  18'./. 

1228.  BERYX  SPLENDENS,  Lowo. 

(Au-oNsiN  A  Casta  Cumimuda.) 

Body  compressed,  elongate,  its  height  equal  to  the  length  of  the  htad, 
and  .contained  3i  times  in  the  total.  Pectoral  and  dorsal  tins,  which  are 
equal  iu  length,  J  of  the  entire  length  of  the  fish  ;  the  ventral  i.  Doinal 
and  anal  fins  are  higher  tuan  in  B.  decadaetylus;  insertion  of  the  anal  is 


*^.'.^Ai..,lV^'.li!-^* 


.-.C^^ 


ira  or  Por- 


JorUan  and  RTermann. — Fishts  of  North  America.         84/* 

iMidi  r  llio  end  of  the  duiHul.  Caiulul  deeply  fuiki'd.  SculeH  lar^o,  the 
wliiili-  Niirfacu  HpiiioiiH,  with  short  letlextMl  ]>oiiitH  or  prickleH,  ^iviti^  u 
geiK'iiil  I'onghiifHH  to  the  toiicli.  Luterul  line  neuiiy  Rtraij^hi,  foMowing 
till)  nirvature  of  the  back,  inrouMpiciioiiH,  and  witii  71  to  7()  Hoalen,  with 
M  iiliDve  and  20  below  the  hiteral  lino  in  tninHveiNe  HetieH.  Hh  color  iu 
thii.H  ilvHCi'ibed  by  Lowe:  "At  the  nionu>nt  of  capture,  whilHt  thiH  fiFtli  Ih 
yet  aliv«i,  the  whole  body  beneath  the  latnal  lin  in  of  a  pure,  leHplon- 
(luni,  Hilvory  white;  the  iiiiH  alone,  and  nioiely  th.>  lid^e  of  the  bark  and 
lifinl,  the  inside  of  the  month,  the  lower  jaw,  and  ])artH  beneath  the  eye 
heiiij;  of  the  brightest  scarlet,  contraNting  strongly  with  the  pure  silver 
of  till'  whol-j  sides  and  belly,  which  only  after  death  turn  iridescent  rosy, 
ur  Ni'iiietinniH  rich  golden  scarlet.  The  hind  parts  of  the  dorsal  and  the 
vetitiiil  fins  are  transparent ;  the  iris  is  italo  scarlet.  Tlnire  is  a  watery 
tninsparency  about  the  scarlet  of  the  back  in  this  state  jtorfectly  inini- 
ituMi'  by  art."  Color  paler  than  in  />.  dccdthiiijihix,  but  the  insi<le  of  the 
iiKMilh  deep  red.  Known  from  Madeira,  Japan,  and  the  Oulf  Stream, 
;t4°  l!i'  ;W  N.,  74"  34'  45^'  V'.,  in  424  fathoms.  ((Joode  &  Ilean.)  {npleH- 
daix,  glowing.) 

hniir  fjili'iiilniK,  liOWK,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loiidun,  1833,  142,  Madeira;  (Jhouk  A  Ukan,  Orouiiii; 
I.  Iithyol.,  176,  1895. 

Family  CXV.  HOLOCENTRID^. 

(The  SquiUKKi.-FisHEw.) 

ISody  oblong  or  ovate,  moderately  compressed,  covered  with  very  strongly 
ctenoid  or  spinous  scales.  Head  with  large  muciferous  cavities  ;  eye  lat- 
eral, very  large;  preorbital  very  narrow;  mouth  moderate,  obli(ine;  pre- 
niaxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  very  large,  with  supplemental  bone; 
bands  of  vllliform  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Opercular  bones 
and  membrane  bones  of  head  generally  serrated  or  spiuescent,  along 
tlxMr  edges.  Brauohiostegals  8.  Uill  membranes  separate,  free  from  isth- 
mus. (Jills  4,  a  slit  behind  fourth.  Pseudobranchia;  present.  Gill  rakers 
iiKKlnrate ;  no  barbels.  Sides  of  head  scaly.  Lateral  lino  present.  Dor- 
sal lin  very  long,  deeply  divided,  with  about  11  strong  spines  depressible 
ilia  scaly  groove;  anal  with  4  spines,  the  third  longest  and  strongest; 
veiitrals  thoracic,  with  1  spine  and  7  rays ;  caudal  deeply  forked,  with 
sharp  rudimentary  rays  or  fulcra  at  base.  Vertebral  about  27.  Pyloric 
Cd'ca  8  to  25.  Air  bladder  large,  sometimes  connected  with  the  organ  of 
h<!ii!  iiig.  General  color  red.  Young  with  the  suou*  sharp  and  produced 
(constituting  the  nominal  genera  Jlhynvliivhlhys,  Hhamf)hohei-yx,  ami  Jihhio- 
6(rj/.r,  based  on  peculiarities  of  immatnre  examples).  Genera  4  ;  species 
aliowt  70,  gaily-colored  inhabitants  of  the  tropical  seas,  abounding  about 
coral  roefs.     {Btrijddw,  part,  Giinther,  Cat.,  l,  19-r)0,  18.j9.) 

II.  ri'co|)erclo  without  couHpicuous  Bpine  at  it.s  iinji^le ;  air  bludd   '  divided  by  .i  contractioD,  tlio 
anterior  part  extcndiug  to  tlio  otocraue.  Mvrifristis,  381. 

"r.  Preoperclo  witli  a  conspicuous Kpi'io. 

h.  SnIwrbituI  arcli  HJinply  serrated;  ecaloH  niu<lerato,  38  tu  55.  Hoi.ocentri^s,  382. 

III.  Suborbital  arch  armed  witli  3  longHpiues  curved  forward;  KcaleH  undcserilted. 

Plectbvpoi's,  383. 


1  .  -    hi 


l|i    u-^ 


HM 


iUtiietin  4jy  United  States  National  Museum. 


-.  y 


.-A 


381.  MYRIPRISTIS,  Ciivi.r. 

(Fu^,«K-jA<'gUKS.) 

Mlirijiriilif,  ni'VlRB,  R<-kiiu  Alilroul,  Kit.  '^  Vol.  11,  IH'20,  (jtntiliiinj. 

.Vf/ri»/ir/ii/i'ii,  (jil.l,,  iitlli'llili'il  )i|HillliiK. 

(MlihUilJK,   I.A.N<ll4ll<>ll»'  MS.,  <'|  MKII  .V  VaI.KNCIKNNRM,  lllHt.   Nut.    I'lllhN.,  Ill,   17'i,  IH'itI,  (j>l/>..iiiMia|. 

liiiinit  only ;  piintilliK  rnruri'Mi'u. 
UUmii^ihiihi-riix,  (Jli.i.,  Troc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sri.  Plillii,,  lN(i;i,  87,  (;.ii.i7i.yiH«). 

TluH  ^tuiiiH  iH  <OoHt)ly  rnlut«)(l  to  //(WMr<;H/rMM,  difTuriiig  oxturiially,  <;|iii'ilv 
in  tho  al)Heiu;«<  of  tli*^  lur(;i)  Hpiiio  tit  tliu  uiikIo  of  th«)  pruopurclo.  Tin-  :iii 
bliiddvr  is  dividiMl  into  two  partH  Ity  u  tnumvutHo  c<»iiHtriction,  tii*-  iuitu- 
rior  pint  cxtcndin^r  to  thuotocrunu,and  tins  pyloric  (io'ca  iins  ratlm:  fn\v  (it), 
SpucioH  iinnierouH  in  tlio  tropical  scun;  }j;ay-coloi'u(l  inhubitantH  i»f  wyyfn 
and  rock  poolH.  Tho  ^ronp  containH  two  wull-nnirkod  Hiibgonuru,  foi  out. 
of  which  wo  retain  tho  niannacript  naniu  (MichlhyH,  given  it  by  LaiigNdoif 
Hoino  Hcvcnty  years  ago.  If  n(»  intermediate  forniH  exiHt,  (htichthfi^  nijiy 
Htand  as  a  distiuct  genus,  {fivindr,  myriad  ;  rrpiaTtij,  a  sawyer,  here  nMun- 
iug  saw.) 

OsTicHTilVH  (oartoi',  liomi;  ix^vf,  Bull): 

(I.  Sfiilei  very  largo,  about  ;j-29-7;  uiiiil  rayn  IV,  KlorU.  THAriivi'nM\,  Ij'jii, 

Myiiiprihtih: 

1(11.  Scaluti  iiioiluritto,  about  3-:)0-6. 

c.  Ann!  niyH  IV,  V.i;  a  deop  rod  or  Itlork  linrai'n>iiH  kIII  o|ieiiliiK  niiil  liaHn  of  iici'torul 

JAroiHN,  iJi'iii. 
('<'.  Aiml  riiyit  IV,  II. 

r'.  Ventral  till  |iluiii  rcddUli  or  wliitlnli;  ilorHul  iiule.  uocidkntai.in,  I2:iI. 

(/>/.  Ventral  fln  Mack  at  ti|i;  donial  raoHtly  dark.  puiUiLoi>u8,  1232. 

Subgenus  OSTICHTHYS  (LanRsdorf). 
Vi'iM.  NYRIPKISTIS  TRACIIYPOMA,  (iilnth<r. 

Head  2f  in  length  with  caudal;  depth  about  2}  ;  intororbital  width  )<  in 
h  >ad.  B.  8 ;  D.  XI-I,  13 ;  A.  IV,  10-11 ;  V.  I,  7 ;  P.  1.5 ;  C.  4-3,  2.5  ;  scjiIch 
1-29-7.  Ai!  tue  teeth  villiform;  the  upper  maxillary  bono  reaches  Iteiiind 
the  middle  of  the  eye,  and  is  not  denticulated.  Operclea  covered  with 
spines,  and  operculum  with  a  rather  strong  spinous  prominence;  NcaleH 
ctenoid,  but  the  dentioulations  equal ;  the  third  anal  spine  much  stroii<;or 
and  also  longer  than  the  fourth.  Carmine  red,  darker  above;  sides  with 
about  10  alternate  streaks  of  deep  red  on  rose  color;  fins  all  red.  ((iiin- 
ther.)  West  Indies;  rare  in  Cuba.  A  beautiful  fish,  closely  related  to 
Myripriatia  japonicus,  the  type  o{  Osiichthys.  (r/)o;j;(V,  rough  ;  7r<J^a,  oper- 
culum. ) 

Miinim$li!i  tnuhypoma,  OCntheh,  Cat.,  i,  25,  1859,  Cuba. 
MyrioprMUfulyeiie,  Poey,  Moniorian,  if,  160,  1860,  Cuba. 

Subgenus  MYRIPRISTIS. 

1280.  MTRIPKIKTIS  JACOBUS,  Cuvier  &  Valouciounos. 

(FBi!UE-jACgUK8  ;  Candii,.) 

Head  4;  depth  3;  interorbital  width  4.  D.  X-I,  14  or  15;  A.  IV,  13; 
scales  3-36  to  38-6.    Maxillary  reaching  a  little  beyond  middle  of  eye ; 


I  or  dan  itn<f  Evermann.  —  Fishes  of  A'orth  America.         847 


nn(>i<  li'  HtriuttMl,  tliu  Htrii*-  oiKliii^  in  tiiut  puiiitH  iit  poHtorior  nd^o  of  npflr- 
clc,  :iImiv«<  II  vury  tVuhlu  Hpinu.  IVcIoiuIh  Nhortor  tliiiii  vuiitmlH  ;  lliirtl 
mill  r<iiii'tli  anal  upineH  nearly  ui|iial  in  lunKtli,  tli»  former  hroa«l«r. 
Ui'i'|>  I'liiiiNon,  paltT  liulow ;  a  lilotKl-rfMl  bar  acroHH  opitrolo  an<l  haNo  of 
iifrtoiiil,  l>«coniing  hlark  in  HpiritN;  (inH  nnl,  tint  vfitical  tinH  «t«l^e«l  with 
wliltlNli.  Lon^tli  1  foot.  Went  IntlivN  to  Hrazil ;  roninion  ;  a  brilliantly 
culiiiiil  IIhIi.  (./iicobmi,  JanieH ;  tho  HpcciuH  Ih  uallutl  Frt^rv-Jao(|uvH, 
"bidtliur  Jim."  in  Martiniqiiu.) 

Miiii'ii'if  jiirDliim,  Ci'vii'.ii  ,V  Vai.km'iknnkm,   IliNt.    Nut.    Voixn.,  in,  KI'J,  183,  Martinique; 

i;i  NTIIBIt,  Cot.,  I,  10,  IMftit. 

Miiiiliiitiif  liiihiiii',  I'liRY,  Mi'iiiiirliiN,  II,  ITi'i,  iHi'iO;  Havana. 

UhiifiUniJ'  iliiinKim,  Coi'B,  Pruc.  Aiiier.  I'hiluH.  8uc.,  Iiil,  Ih70,  St.  Croix  laland. 


ItSl.  NYKIPItlNTIS  OCCIItKNTAIilH,  (iill. 

Head  ^  in  oxtremo  length;  depth  nearly  t ;  eye  2^ ;  Hnout  5.  I).  X-I, 
!.'{;  A.  IV,  11;  HcaleH  3-35  or  3t>-7 ;  pectoral  iiu  uontainod  U  tiiiieH  in  the 
toliil  iiMi^th,  the  ventralH  7i,  and  the  caudal  5  times.  C<dor  on  tho  upper 
Imlf  K'ddiHh  purple,  ailvery  below,  with  many  dark  pointH,  oNpecially 
itloii^  edges  of  acaleH ;  Ann  pale,  except  a  darker  border  along  upinouH 
tloisal.  Length  ti  iucheu.  (Gill.)  I'aciiiu  Coast  of  Mexico;  common  in 
rock  pools  about  Cape  San  Lucas.     (Dccidnildlh,  western.) 

Miiic'jnialin  occiilentaliii,  tiii.i,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Hcl.  Philu.,  18ti.3,  H7;  Cape  San   Lucas,     ((-'oil. 

\iinluR.) 
Hkmiiiiliobtryx  /ei(cr>jiiii,  (iiLL,  /.  v.,  88,  Cape  San  Lucas.     (Cull.  XaiituH.) 


1282.  NYItIPH18TIH  PWCILOPUK  (QUI). 

I le.'ul  4  in  extreme  length;  depth  3j|^;  eye  2;  snout  5,  blunt.  D.  X-I, 
14;  scales  3-35  or  36-7.  Olive  green,  golden  green  below,  and  cupreous 
uii  tliu  opercle ;  spinous  dorsal  dark  green  in  front  of  each  spine,  but 
light  behind  as  well  as  above  and  below;  black  in  spirits;  spinous  dor- 
Hul  margined  with  dark  ;  ventrals  with  a  broad  blackish  terminal  band; 
base  of  caudal  punctulate  with  dark  spots.  (Gill.)  Cape  Hau  Lucas. 
Known  from  the  types,  which  are  very  young;  probably  the  young  of ' 
lloliweHtruH  nuborbitaUn.     {noiKihir,  variegated;  TToi'f,  foot.) 

IVMmpholiKnjr  ptxcilopm,  UiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pbilu.,  I8f>3,  87,  Cape  San  Lucas.     (Coll. 
XautUB.) 


382.  HOLOCENTRUS  ((ironow)  Scopoli. 
(Squikkel-fisiies.) 

niilnientrnm,  Artf.di,  Seba,  lli,  about  1740,  nonblDoniial,  (nihmni). 

Ili'lori-iitnis,  Gronow,  Zoo|ih>'l.,  <ir>,  17C3,  (rodratut,  nonbiiiomiiil). 

;;.,/.„ ,>i//ini»  ((jRONow),  Scopoli,  Int.  Hist.  Nat,,  p.  449,  1777. 

Ih>lu,  minis,  Blooh,  Ichtbyol.,  iv,  til,  17!t«),  {mgo). 

Uhltiuhiihthijs,  CuviER  &  Valenciknnes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisK.,  vii,  50;{,  18:il,  (pilamiiliH)  (yuuiiK). 

Uotweiilrum,  of  autburs  guuerally. 


H 

if 
m 

"4 

■t 


:*  li 


I   I 


4 


:!i 


848 


HuUetin  47^  United  S/a/ts  JV(i/$4>na/  A/nie4*m, 


Hhimilt*riijr,  (lil.l.,  PriH-.  Ar,  Nat.  H<'1.  I'llllii.,  IMtU,  iiUT,  (hruiAyrAf/MfAii*);  young;  waIch  xahi  i.,  |hi 
'ilf,  iiiny  rii|irp«<'iit  n  ilUtlnct  k«i><»*' 

Itoily  obloiiKi  ino«l<irut)fI.v  c«>nipr<mH«Ml,  tlin  voiitrni  oiitliii*^  iiiiiriv 
HtruiKlit,  the  luick  »  littlo  uluvnttul,  tlitt  tail  viiry  Hluiitlur.  IIi-ikI  rcun- 
pn'HHcd,  iiari'owud  forwur-.l.  Opuruiiliiiii  with  uHtroii^  H|)iiiuiil>ov«>.  ImIdw 
wliicli  tluMxIgo  In  Hliurply  Henuti'd ;  11  Htr«)ii){  Hpiiiu  at  {\w  aii^lo  oi  jtit'- 
opuruli).  Orbital  riu^,  prooritital,  ptiMtpurclt^,  iiit«!ro|u«rclu,  nii)i(i|h  :r|i;, 
occiput,  and  Hliitiildui-  f^irdlc  witli  tliuir  cdguH  Hliaiply  Norrato.  Muutli 
Hinall,  tcriiiiiial,  the  lower  .jaw  projecting  in  tii»  adult;  in  tlit^ Mmn^r 
(which  ciMiHtitutu  tlio  HuppoHuil  ^*>n«>ra  lihynchivhthiiH  and  llhhiiiln it/r) 
the  Hiiout  m  much  prodntMul.  Maxillary  Immd,  Htriat**,  with  11  nii|i|i|«'. 
mental  bono.  Kyu  exccHHivoly  largo.  ScalcH  moderate,  clonely  imliii. 
cated,  the  poHterior  margin  Htrongly  NpinouH.  Lateral  line  nintiniidii.t. 
DorHal  deeply  eniarginate,  the  NiiinvH  iiMually  11,  deproHHilile  in  a  KHinvt); 
Hoft  dorsal  Hhort  and  high  ;  anal  with  4  HpincN,  the  tirHt  and  Hecond  i|iiitu 
HUiall,  the  third  very  long  and  utrong,  the  fourth  Huiallcr;  caudal  widilv 
forked;  both  lobeM  with  the  rudimentary  rays  Hpine-liUe:  vciiIihIn 
large,  I,  7,  the  npine  very  Htrong.  SpecicH  nuuierouH,  renuirkable  I'm  I  ho 
development  of  Hharp  spineH  almoMt  everywhere  on  the  Hurfacu  ol  ilit; 
body.     (oAof,  whole;  «fiT/ioi',  Hpine;  HpinouH  all  over.) 

(I.   l'r(>o|i))rciilur*  ii|iiiin  \iing,  tii|HTiii|;,  ucutn;    third  anal  Ninnn  vorjr  loni,',  ni(ir«  tliuti  UM 
(lr|itli  ut  liuily. 
6,  Muiitli  niodnratu,  lower  Jaw  cxti'iiilinK  to  below  (Irst  '  •,  to  }.j  ltiii);th  of  oyr. 

c.  8<'aleHKinHll,  TiO  to  rir>  in  latoral  line;  upiicr  lolio  of  cauilal  lonK*'r  than  luwi,  liil- 
cat)!-,  Hoit  (lorRal  and  uual  cIcviittMl,  iioiiiti'd  at  tip,  tliiH  cliaracter  hiiIi|><  I  ti> 
variation.  AHrENsioMs,  '.SM. 

ce.  ficalcH  moderate,  about  46;  depth  of  body  2i|  in  leiiKth;  nieniliranu  of  front  -pines 
of  dormil  blat'k.  giriii'Kit,  ):;.i4. 

ccc.  8oal('H  rather  larKo,  -IS  to  42  in  lut(>ral  lino;  caudal  lobeH  nearly  or  ijuitu  vipiul. 
d.  Maxillary  uxtoudiii);  to.  below  middle  of  eye. 
e.  Depth  of  l)ody  greater  than  length  of  head. 

/.  Third  anal  spiiio  V/^  in  liead.  sunoRDiTALis,  ISX'). 

ff.  Third  anal  8pin«  \\  in  head.  cuiiiHci  m,  l.'au, 

<!«.  I)<'|)tli  of  body  e(|ual  to  Ii  ii^jth  of  head.  liltACilYi>TKiiri<,  12;i7. 

eet.  Depth  of  body  Icsh  than  length  of  head;  dorsal  without  black;  i  heclis 

without  white  dotH.  mahiam's,  1^;18. 

dd.  Maxillary  cxteDding  to  below  flrst  third  of  eye;  dorml  with  blark  niaikiiiKH. 

'  VKXII.LAIIHS,   \ZV). 

hh.  Mouth  8mall,  maxillary  reaching  to  below  flrst  fourth  of  eye;  up|)er  lul)e  of  i  fiuilul 

longer;  cheek  with  a  white  blotch.  osrri.r.-.  MH^ 

aa.  I'reopercular  epine  Hhort,  flattish,  uotclied  at  tip;  thinl  anal  Hpine  short,  its  len^ith  ulioiit 

J^  depth  of  body;  soft  dorsal  and  aual  low,  rounded.  sanuti-I'aii.i,  1241. 

1288.  HOLOCENTRUH  ASCEXSIOMH  (Osbock). 
(Matejvelo;  SQUiRRKL-t'iBii;  SoLUADo;  Welshman.) 

Head  3S;  depth  3«  ;  eye  2js;  snout  H-  D.  XI,  15;  A.  Ill,  10;  soiles 
5-50  to  54-7;  co>ca  25;  vertebne  11  +  16.  Month  small,  little  obliiiiie, 
maxillary  scarcely  reaching  middle  of  eye.     Longest  dorsal  spines  more 


*  Little  dependence  can  bo  placed  on  this  analytical  key,  as  several  species  arc  iniperlVitly 
known  and  of  doubtful  validity. 


Jon/an  atuf  F.vfrnmnn. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


SIO 


iIpN  niiI.I  tu  Ihi 


ll.aii  lialf  length  oDhmhI  :  Hot't  <luiNitl  |)i)iiitf<l,aN  lii^li  an  the  lioily  ;  tliird 
itiiiil  -|>iiiit  voiy  Ntruii);,  hn  loii^  ax  loii^tml  anal  iuvn,  Iji  in  <l««|illi  ol'liody. 
rppi  I  liiliu  of  cunilal  innch  tlin  lunf(«M-.  In  litV  rliii^lly  Ini^lit  t°««l,  with 
tliiiiiii:;  lon^itMilinal  NtrcakN  alon^  Ww  rowH  of  hciIch  ;  nomi«>  N|M>i'iin«nH 
Hdiiii'Nv  liiit  ilarktM,  und  tin^tMl  witiiolivu  uliuvis  tinn  li^lil  mmI,  tliu  HpinouH 
iloiMitl  largely  Kol<l«>n  oUvm,  itH  «>i1^o  Hcarlrt ;  Iwail  i(iiit«  rol  uliovtt;  un 
olilii|ii<'  whito  bar  (lrNcen«lN  hackvvanl  fimn  tlitti'yit;  tlirHituoloiH  fading  in 
^|)iIil^  'I'iiiH  NproifH  viiiii'H  nuicli  in  tl,(  di-ptli  of  Itody  and  tlio  litti^lit  of 
(III-  liii-^.  licn^tli  uUont  '1  futtt.  WfNt  IiuliuH,  about  roclvH  and  it'ttfH,  rang- 
ing' t'loiii  Florida  to  8t.  Htduna  ;  very  ronunon  in  Cuba;  »  nioNt  brilliantly 
ciiliiivil  DhIi,  often  HtHin  in  tro|)ical  nuirkotH.  (Naiuu  from  AHCuuHiun 
iHluriil.) 

^T<'«  M-.MoiMiiM,  (NiiKi.'K,  Iter  Chin.,  HMR,  1771,  Aaceniiion  Uland. 

\UVm\i"'  /"iii'iimiiiMmh,   Hi.iicii,   AuhI.   Kinclir,  IV,    10,  pi.  Ulift,  171MI,   Brsfil;  »fti'r  Jnfiuiinna  of 

M»iiiltlAVK. 

lliiliH-iiiifii'  myo,  ItLocii,  /,  c,  01,  pt,  232,  1700,  Africa. 

SfiiiHu  nihrn,  BMiril   *  HcMNlUDP.R,   S.Vhti'iiia   Ichtliynl.,  82,   1W»1;  iiftcr  I'rmi  mimmi  nibrn  of 

t"M  K1IIY. 

Aiiipliil'iu'ii  iiiiilijutlo,  Ul.oc'H  &  SrilNKiiiKH,  Syst.  Iclitliyiil,,  2U<i,  1H()I,  Cuba  ;  iiflcr  Mntfjiii-tu  of 

I'AllltA. 

/iiiid'niiM /,,,/imr,  LActpflDK,  Illst.  Nut.  I'oIhh.,  iv,  280, 18(»2,  Brazil;  iift<'r,/.ii/i(m(i<ii of  Maik'oiiavk. 

Hull amiii  liiwiiiiiiiin;  Ci'viKii  A  VAi.KM'iKNNrN,  IIIhI.  Niit.  I'oixH.,  Ill,  IK.'i,  \H'1\>,  Martinique; 

San  Domingo;  Porto  Rico  ;  St.  Thomas  ;  Havana. 

Iltili''',il,ii»lul;jijiilllie,  (ir.NTIIEIl,  Cut.,  I,  2H,  IS.IIt. 
Ili'lnr.iilntniinlliirillllhlli;  .loHDAN  &  (ill.llKIIT,  HjIIOIwiH,  4M,  1883. 

.'  Il''l"'i  iifriin  siriiilii;  GitoNow,  Cut.  FIhIii-h,  173,  lK,')4,  Antilles;  iiiuiii'  iircocrnpiiMl. 

■f  li'lninilriiH  ronlniliii,  ijttoinivi,  I.  <•.,  173,  1854,  near  the  Equator;  .vouhk  H|i(«iiiH'ii;  iiiiiclcnti- 

lialilc. 


Kepreseuted  in  the  West  Indies  by 

123»a.  IIOLOCEXTRfS  ASCENSIOMS  Bl'FlS  (Wiillniuni). 

Specimens  of  this  species  from  Bahia,  apparently  representing  the  true 
anniisioniH,  differ  from  Cuban  examples.  The  latter  may  be  regarded  as  a 
distinct  Hubspecies,  for  which  the  oldest  name  is  that  of  rufim  of  Walbanm 
(=niher  =  nihra=jaguar=^lotigipinni8).  The  Brazilian  form  (var.  jcen- 
yiiniis)  has  the  preopercular  spine  not  reaching  past  the  gill  opening,  its 
free  portion  2k  in  eye.  Pectoral  short,  1^  in  head,  measured  to  end  of 
opercular  spine ;  ventrals  reaching  vent ;  third  anal  spine  measured  from 
the  HCiileH,  2^  in  head  ;  soft  dorsal  1^  in  head  ;  caudal  lobe  not  quite  equal 
to  lieiid.  In  var.  rufii8  the  preopercular  spine  reaches  about  to  root  of 
pectoral,  its  free  part  IJ  in  eye.  Third  anal  spine  li',,  in  head;  soft 
dorsal  ,V  longer  than  head  ;  caudal  lobe  about  i  longer.  The  color  and 
form  of  body  seem  to  be  the  same  in  both  subspecies,     (rufim,  red.) 

I'erca  riifa,  Walbaum,  Artedi  Pise,  351,  1792,  Bahamas  ;  after  Perca  mariiia  ruhia  of  Catmby. 

1234.  HOLOrENTRUH  RICCIFER,  Cope. 

llt'a<l  with  spines  2|;  depth  2^.  D.  XI,  13;  A.  IV,  9;  scales  3-45-8 ;  eye 
2Hiiiu's  in  head  and  i  interorbital  width.    Spinous  dorsal  rather  short, 

^•.  N.  A.  55 


III 


'iJ 


M 


850 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  N'ational  Museum. 


elevated ;  last  spine  very  short,  only  connected  with  first  soft  ray  w  ithin 
the  groove.  Second  dorsal  not  elevated,  first  rays  equal  to  \\  loii;;ili  of 
longest  spines.  Third  anal  ray  not  reaching  basis  of  caudal ;  seal's  Itor- 
dering  anal  fin,  prolonged  into  grooved  1)lades;  body  scales  stiongly 
pectinate,  not  grooved;  muzzle  contracted,  especially  laterally,  tlif  mux- 
illarj'  reaching  anterior  margin  of  pupil ;  anterior  supernumerary  juiixjl- 
lary  minute;  operculum  finely  denticulated ;  opercular  spines  2,  (iiual, 
elo/'gate;  a  pair  of  smaller  opines  at  summit  of  operculum ;  one  spine 
directed  backward  at  front  of  preorbital  1>'  ne,  all  the  lateral  lioiics  ser- 
rate;  interorbital  carina*  very  weak;  v  '^ral  fins  not  reachiiij^  vent. 
Color  in  spirits  silvery;  a  brown  long,  .lal  band  between  eacli  two 
rows  of  scales,  to  middle  of  sides;  below  this  brown  punctiB  in  the  same 
position;  head  browr.  shaded;  fins  white,  except  first  Uoisal,  wliicl;  Ih 
blackish  ;  the  membranes  of  first  to  third  spines  black,  with  white  or  palo 
spots  at  base  and  one  at  margin  ;  chin  brown.  Length  of  type  2J  inciicH. 
This  species  differs  from  11.  a8censioni»,  of  the  same  size,  in  the  wider  inter- 
orbital space,  narrower  muzzle,  upper  pair  of  opercular  spines,  free  oper- 
cular serration,  deeper  body,  color,  etc.  It  differs  in  coloration  fioni  the 
species  described  by  Poey,  Avho  also  does  not  mention  any  of  tiif  pecu- 
liarities of  this  fish  in  any  of  them.  Bahamas ;  one  specimen  known, 
(Cope.)     (»tcc««,  dry ;  fero,  to  bear.) 

Holocetilrnm  nicciferum.  Corn,  Trans.  Amer.  Pliilos.  Sue,  xxx,  1806,  465,  New  ProviJcnce, 
Bahamas. 

1285.  HOLOCKJfTBITS  SIRORBITALIH,  Oill. 

(MOJARHA  CaRDF.JJAL.) 

Head  3 ;  depth  2? ;  eye  2i  ;  snout  4^.  D.  XI,  14  ;  A.  IV,  9  ;  scales  l-;]H-7. 
Mouth  moderate,  scarcely  oblique,  maxillary  about  reaching  iiiiddle  of 
eye.  Longest  dorsal  spines  IJ  in  head;  soft  dorsal  about  as  iiijfji  as 
spinous  portion,  sheathed  with  scales  at  base  ;  third  anal  spinel^in  liead; 
first  anal  rays  about  as  long  as  third  anal  spine,  the  others  graduated  to 
the  last,  which  is  less  than  half  length  of  first ;  pectorals  about  as  long 
as  third  anal  spine  or  1^  in  head ;  ventrals  as  long  as  pectorals.  Steel 
colored,  thickly  sprinkled  with  dark  dots,  which  become  less  uiiiucrous 
downward;  the  fins  are  dark,  thedorsallighter  on  the  anterior  hall' at  the 
base  between  the  spines  ;  the  suborbital  chain  is  bright  silvery  and 
immaculate.  Adult  specimens  recently  obtained  at  Mazatlan  are  described 
as  follows:  Head  '6;  depth  2§.  D.  XI,  12;  A.  IV,  8;  V.  1,7:  scales 
3-36-7,  7  on  cheek.  Dorsal  spine  If ;  dorsal  ray  1| ;  caudal  13. :  third 
anal*.  Pectoral  I5.  Maxillary  slipping  under  preorbital.  Ventral  with 
accesstiry  scale ;  dorsal  in  a  groove.  Body  short  and  deep,  conii)re,s8ed 
with  slender  caudal  peduncle,  anterior  profile  rounded.  Moutli  small; 
upper  jaw  protractile.  Teeth  in  uniform  bands  on  jaws,  vonur,  and 
palatines.  Maxillary  moderate,  slipping  under  very  narrow  preorbital, 
•which,  like  rest  of  suborbital  ring,  is  armed  with  close-set  sharp  teeth 
turned  backward.  Preopercle,  opercle,  subopercle,  intercperclc,  pos- 
temporal,  armed  with  similar  teeth.  Preopercle  spine  nearly  as  long  as 
pupil ;  2  spines  in  opevcle.    Steel  gray,  underlaid  by  bright,  coppery  red, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        851 


wliidi  becomes  brighter  after  death;  everywhere  niuch  punctate  with 
bliuk.  the  (lots  coarHo  ;  Hides  and  especially  back  with  purple  reflections. 
Top  and  side  of  head  coppery,  a  curved  bright  si'-very  Htrea'.i  from  tip  of 
snout  lielow  eye  and  around  it,  ceasing  opposite  middle  of  pupil  ;  a  ver- 
tical silver  streak  on  edge  of  operclo  and  extending  out  on  spine;  head 
vtlliiw  ish,  upper  tip  reddish  and  lower  with  throat  silvery  ;  dorsal  brown, 
cloiidi'd  with  reddish  and  dark  ;  dark  brown  near  edge,  then  a  series  of 
grayish  clouds,  ronudish  irregular  whitish  spots  at  its  base;  second  dor- 
sal reddish,  its  ray  pale,  the  first  two  black  ;  the  caudal  red,  base  pale, 
the  upper  and  lower  rays  dark  yellowish,  darkest  in  young,  the  dark 
extending  on  peduncle  above  and  below  ;  anal  spines  whitish,  the  soft 
ravH  birch  red,  the  last  ones  pale,  the  first  soft  rays  dark  ;  ventral  reddish, 
tlio  spiiio  and  first  soft  ray  whitish,  the  first  ray  dark  red  ;  when  the  fins 
are  elosed  it  seems  reddish  edged  with  whitish  or  yellowish  and  with  a 
blackish  line.  The  dark  is  fainter  in  larger  specimens.  Very  common 
in  rock  pools  about  the  Gulf  of  California,  rarely  exceeding  8  inches  in 
length.  Mazatlan  to  Panama ;  a  small  species  abundant  in  rock  pools. 
{nuhorhitalis,  below  the  eye.) 

}liil,„iiiiiHiii  suborbUale,  GiLl,  Piw.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  181):!,  «Ci,  Cape  San  Lucas.     (Coll. 
.\:iutiis.) 


V  ProviJence, 


1286.  HOLOCENTiUS  (ORISCITS,  Popy. 

Head  2}  (3^) ;  depth  2.1  (3J).  D.  XI,  14 ;  A.  IV,  9 ;  scales  3-42-8.  Eye 
very  large,  2i  in  head  ;  snout  very  short,  2  in  eye.  IJody  shaped  as  in  H, 
suhiirhittilin,  a  Pacific  Coast  species,  to  which  it  is  nearly  related.  Mouth 
small,  maxillary  reaching  past  anterior  margin  of  pupil,  3  in  head. 
\Vi<ltli  of  interorbital  space  not  as  long  as  maxillary,  3k  in  head  ;  bones  of 
top  of  head  marked  as  in  Jloloceiitrun  suborbitalh,  except  that  a  few  of  the 
upper  occipital  ridges  are  serrated.  Spines  on  preopercle,  opercle,  inter- 
opercle,  preorbital  and  suborbital,  as  in  the  western  species  ;  spines  on 
8ul)()percle  a  few  more  ;  scales  on  body  as  in  (iscensionis  or  mthorbitalifi ; 
nuchal  scale  as  large  as  in  the  latter  ;  five  rows  of  scales  on  cheek,  none 
on  opercle.  Spinous  dorsal  moderately  high  ;  first  spine  3  in  head  ;  third 
spine  longest,  2i  in  head  ;  soft  dorsal  higher  th  n  spines;  not  falcate,  as 
in  asa-nsionin;  longest  ray  1^  in  head;  third  anal  spine  longest,  almost  2 
in  head;  longest  ray  1|  in  head,  not  falcate;  pectorals  1?  in  head;  ven- 
trals  1^  ;  its  outer  rays  not  produced,  about  f,  diameter  of  eye  fronk  vent ; 
upper  caudal  lobe  apparently  not  much  produced,  1;^  in  head.  Color  in 
npirits  pale  silvery,  edges  of  scales  showing  bright  steel-blue  reflections  ! 
a  leiUiish  shade  above  lateral  line;  bands  of  dots  following  rows  of 
Hcales.  those  below  lateral  line  widest  and  most  diff"u8ed  ;  no  markings  on 
head  with  the  exception  of  dots  ;  spinous  dorsal  dusky  ;  a  large  )»lack 
spot  between  first  and  third  spine ;  membrane  between  bands  of  posterior 
spines  with  dusky  spots  ;  a  row  of  whitish  angular  spots  on  the  anterior 
part  of  membrane  between  each  two  spines,  those  between  the  third  and 
sixth  spines  longest,  the  two  .'interior  well  developed  below  the  large 
black  spot ;  other  fins  pale ;  upper  angle  of  pectoral  with  a  group  of  dots  ; 
black  blotches  between  first  and  second  and  second  and  third  spines. 


fr; 


m 

1^:; 


II 


'w  ;■■!■ 


I' .' 


852 


:  1  1 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


West    Indies,   known    from    Cuba  and    the    Bahamas;    verj"  cIk-i'    to 

Holocentrua  suhorhitaUn.    (cornscua,  sparkling.) 

Uoloceiilmm  contscinii,  Poey,  Momurias,  ii,  158,  18U0,  Cuba;  JoiiuAN  <Sc  Bollman,  Vinr    \-   ,s 
Nat.  Huh.,  1888,  650. 

12S7.  HOLOCENTRrS  BRACHTPTEBUS,  Poiy. 

Head  3i  in  total  length  with  caudal ;  depth  3^  ;  eye 3  ;  snout  4.  1>,  XI 
13;  A.  IV,  8;  scales  40.  Mouth  moderate,  maxillary  reaching  middle  of 
eye.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  not  pointed;  caudal  lohes  equal.  Ciuinine: 
longitudinal  rosy  streaks  along  rows  of  scales ;  a  pale  hand  alon<r  hihikmih 
dorsal;  no  Avhite  band  on  cheek.  (Poey.)  Cuba;  a  doubtful  species,  pei- 
haps  the  same  as  //.  rexUlariua.  {3imxic,  short ;  nnfiuv,  fin.) 
Ilolucentrm  brachyplerus,  PoEY,  Ucpertorio,  184,  18GC,  Cuba. 

1238.   HOLOCEN'TBUS   XABIAXUS,  Ouvier  &.  Valunrioimeg. 

(Marian.) 

Head  3  in  total  length  with  caudal;  depth  3|.  D.  XI,  13;  A.  IV.  s. 
Body  rather  deep ;  snout  long,  mouth  large,  maxillary  reaching  midillc  of 
eye ;  opercularspines  2,  short  and  subequal.  Soft  dorsal  reaching  s  Iciigth 
of  caudal  peduncle ;  third  anal  spine  very  strong,  its  length  I  dejitli  of 
body,  longer  than  first  soft  n  \  Caudal  lobes  equal.  Pyloric  cmcm  h  to 
10.  Bright  red,  the  spinous  dorsal  with  two  rows  of  white  spots ;  dtlici 
fins  carmine;  no  white  blotch  on  cheeks.  (Poey.)  (Marian,  a  uefivowonl 
meaning  tough  and  lean — a  fish  of  much  bone  and  little  flesh.) 

Ilolorentinm  mnrianum*  CiiviER  &  Valenciennes,  Ilint.  Nat.  Poisg.,  in,  219,  1820,  Martinique. 
HolocetUrum  rostratum,  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  157,  1860,  Cuba;  namo  preoccupied. 

1280.  HOLOCENTBUS  YEXILLABRS,  Poey. 

Head  3^  in  total  length  with  caudal ;  depth  3^  ;  eye  2J.  D.  XI.  1!! :  A. 
IV,  8;  snout  short;  maxillary  reaching  first  third  of  eye.  Caudal  loUes 
equal,  vertical  fins  not  very  high ;  third  anal  spine  f  depth  of  liody. 
Metallic  white,  flushed  with  red-brown  streaks  along  the  ed<j;(s  of 
scales;  dorsal  whitish,  with  large  dark-red  spots;  spinous  dorsal  with  a 
black  vertical  bar  behind  each  ray, not  reaching  its  base;  soft  doisal, 
anal,  and  caudal  with  dark-red  border.  (Poey.)  Cuba  ;  not  seen  liv  us. 
(vcxillarhia,  pertaining  to  a  banner;  from  the'marks  on  the  dorsal  tin.) 

Holocenlnim  ve-riUariiiiii,  PoEV,  Monioriafl,  li,  158,  18G0,  Cuba. 

Ho/ofeM<n(mj)ro(fiif(»Hi,t  Poey,  Synopsis,  :iOO,  1868;  described  from  spccimon  3  iinlicN  long;  .mutij;, 

as  shown  by  the  iirotrudinp;  snout. 
lIMocentmm  ripariniii,^  PoBY,  Enumcratio,  .37,  1875,  Cuba. 

*  Ilolncenlnis  mariuniis,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes: 

D.  XI,  12  ;  A.  IV,  9.  Tliird  anal  spine  cxcoodingly  long.  Color  silvery  red,  withi.  Km-ltu- 
flinal  streaks.  No  Mack  spot  on  thndoreal,  nor  dark  pointe  on  the  scales.  Lower  jaw  i  !•  ■  tint;. 
Operclo  with  two  flat  points.     Martinique.  —  Cuvier  it-  Vali-nvieiinen. 

+  Head  3J  in  total;  depth  the  same  ;  eye  .3,  lialf  longer  than  snout.  D.  XI-15:  .\.  IV,  10; 
snout  projecting;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil.  Upper  spine  of  opercle  with  a  Mack 
jwint  or  perforation  at  base.  Dorsal  l(;w,  its  highest  spine  half  depth  of  hodv  ;  tliii'i  aim! 
apine  strong.  Kosy  ;  belly  silvery  ;  series  of  scales  scarcely  marked  by  streaks  ;  tins  n-cl  ;  lii^t 
two  and  last  two  interspaces  between  spines  dusky.     Matauzas. — Poey. 

X  Holocetilrnm  riparhwi  is  based  on  small  specimens  fimnd  in  shallow  water  along  tlic  i"  t-  iinil 
is  said  to  differ  from  verillariuf  in  having  the  first  three  spines  only  with  black  interspace.  It 
J8  possibly  a  distinct  species,  but  needs  verificatiou. 


■WW* 


"' 


',  Martinique. 


<'s  loiip;.vi'nnt.', 


Jordan  and  F.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


853 


1S40.  HOLOCENTUI'H  OMCITIil'S,  i'ui  y. 


U.  XI,  15;  A.  IV,  10.  Mouth  omall,  the  maxillary  reaching  lirst  fourth 
of  ovf.  Scales  deeply  furrowed.  Upper  lobo  of  caudal  longer.  Red  ;  a 
(lirt'iiNK  white  blotch  on  side  of  belly  and  one  on  cheek.  First  thrtse  anal 
Hpiiit'H  whitish.  Cuba.  (Poey);  not  seen  by  us.    (oscm^ns,  sniall-niouthed.) 

;/„/,„.  r'/iiH  iiHruhim,  I'oEY,  Mptiioriiin,  ii,  ISti,  W,n,  Cuba. 

Ilvi.i„::iim pcrliitiim,  I'oEV,  /.  c.,  ISV,  Cuba  ;  foiimlo  KiM-ciiiicn  with  ii  wbito  blotch  hobnid  tip  of 
euili  (lunial  gpiue  ;  wuutiug  iii  typo  uf  mculiim,  which  was  u  i»alu. 

1241.  HOLOCEXTKU!^  SANCTI  PAriJ,  Odnthcr. 

HoadS;  depth  2i;  eye  4;  snout  4;  iuterorbital  width  5  in  head,  includ- 
iiif,' oiiercular  ilap.  D.  XI,  15;  A.  IV,  10;  scales  48-3^.  Maxillary  not 
rcacliiiig  to  vertical  from  center  of  eye.  Operculum  with  a  strong  and 
tliick  triangular  spine,  and  with  denticulations  beneath  ;  preopercular 
spiiio  broad,  flattened,  and  cleft,  or  bifurcate  at  its  extremity ;  its  length 
3i  tiiiit's  in  that  of  posterior  edge  of  preoperculum  ;  ihird  and  fourth  dor- 
c'll  .sj)ines  longest,  a  little  less  than  half  length  of  head ;  soft  dorsiil 
ratliLM'  elevated,  more  than  half  height  of  body;  caudal  deeply  forked, 
ni»iioi'  lobe  much  longer  than  lower;  third  anal  spine  very  strong,  3  in 
ln'iulit  of  body.  Ventral  fins  about  f  length  of  head,  terminating  at  a 
great  distance  from  the  anus;  pectoral  shorter  than  the  ventrals.  Uni- 
foi'tii  K'd.    Length  16  inches.    St.  Paul  Rocks,  mid-Atlantic. 

IIvl>«i iitmm  mncti-pauU,  Gt'NTiiKit,  Shore  Fislien,  4,  1880,  St.  Paul  Rocks. 

383.  PLECTRYPOPS,  Gill. 

Pleclriipops,  Gil,!,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1802,  237,  (cctronpiHi.i). 

Tiiis  genus  differs  from  HolocentruH  chiefly  in  having  the  preopcT-cle 
armed  with  three  strong  teeth  curved  forward.  The  preopercular  s;)iiif- 
is  moderate,  and  the  third  anal  spine  not  greatly  developed.  One  species. 
(z'/.i/KTijov,  spur;  inb,  below  ;  utp,  eye.) 

1242.  PLECTR¥P*'^S  RETROSPIXIS  (G^iichenot). 

Iload  2f  in  total  length  ;  depth  2i  D.  XII,  14 ;  A.  Ill  (?)  or  IV,  11.  The 
infraorbital  arch  is  armed  beneath  with  three  long  spines,  curved  and 
directed  forward ;  the  spines  of  the  preorbital  and  of  the  posterior  part 
of  the  infraorbital  arch  with  smaller  spinous  teeth.  Hoth  limbs  of  the 
preoperculum  denticulated,  with  a  rather  strong  flat  spine;  oi»erculum 
and  snboperculum  armed  with  spinous  teeth,  the  former  with  two  long 
spines,  the  lower  of  which  is  the  stronger.  Spines  of  the  tins  rather 
slender;  the  soft  portions  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  rounded,  and  as 
high  as  the  spinous.  Caudal  forked;  scales  deeply  serrated.  Uniform 
red.  Cuba.  (Guichenot);  rare.  (j'e</'o,  backward ;  »i>JHfl,  spine;  but  the 
spines  are  directed  forward.) 

Hol,,,nilnimrelra!<pini»,  Guicm  NOT,  in  Bamon  de  !a  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba,  :i'i,  pi.  1,  fig.  3,1850, 

Cuba. 
Jfo/' .,)i/n(»i/iro»|)iiio/(Hm,  PoEv,  Memorias,  n,  343,  1861 ;   after  Guichenot.    Siibstitiitc  tuv  retro- 

•■•IHiiis,  aa  the  spines  turn  forward  and  not  backward  ;  GI'ntiier,  Cat.,  i,  49,  1859. 


■1! 

i 

1 
1 

■e- :: 

r-  : 

s 

i' 

h 

Ht 

^s'i  ■ 

S?: 

^k 

\\: 


i   I 


I    ■  ! 


I        -.1 
"  ! 


854 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Fuiuily  CXVI.  POLYMIXIID^E. 
(TiiK  Bauiiudos.) 

Body  rather  elongated  and  compresBed;  scales  not  serrated;  lalrral 
lino  continuous  with  back;  head  compressed,  and  with  a  dccurvi'd  jno- 
file;  preoperculuni  serrated;  mouth  with  a  lateral  and  nearly  horizontal 
cleft;  teeth  villiform,  on  both  jaws  and  on  palate;  branchiostegal  aper- 
tures large,  the  gill  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus ;  braiichi- 
ostegals  4 ;  dorsal  moderately  elongated,  with  several' spines,  incrcasinir 
backward;  anal  opposite  the  posterior  portion  of  dorsal,  armed  with  ;{ 
or  •!  spines ;  pectorals  with  branched  rays ;  ventral  fins  thoracic.  ( ;uli 
with  a  spine  and  6  or  7  rays.  Vertebrje  in  increased  number  (2!)).  Tiio 
family  is  distinguished  by  the  combination  of  chin  barbels,  inoicasod 
number  of  rays,  and  small  number  of  branchiostegals.  Its  atfinities  are 
doubtful,  but  on  the  whole  seem  to  be  rather  with  the  JUulUdw.  ((iill.) 
The  increased  number  of  ventral  rays  and  the  structure  of  the  fliiN  wem 
to  point  to  Berycoid  rather  than  Percoid  affinities.  For  this  reason  we 
leave  the  I'olymixi'uhv  near  the  BerychUi',  and  place  the  MuUifhv  next  to  it. 

A  single  genus,  with  1  to  3  species,  inhabiting  rather  deep  waters 
in  the  tropical  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  {Beryddw,  genus  Pulymixiu,  (iiin- 
ther.  Cat.,  i,  17,  1859.) 

384.  POLYMIXIA,  Lowe. 
(Bahbudo.  , 

Pohimixia,  Lowe,  Trans.  Cambr.  Phil.  Soc,  18.38,  198,  (no?.iVis). 

Naiiohrama,  Vai.enciknnes,  Ilerliur-Webb  &  ncrthclot,  Ich.  Ilos  Canar.,  40,  1844,  {wrhhii). 

Diiieiiiun,  PoEV,  Mt^morias,  ii,  ItM),  18(')0,  {veim^iis). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  (Tro/.if,  many;  fii^it;,  mixinf,'; 
a  mixture  of  the  characters  of  many  groups.) 

1243.  POLTMIXIA  LOWEI,  Giluther. 

Head  3f ;  depth  3|;  eye  3-.  D.  V,  30;  A.  Ill,  16;  scales  30.  Anterior 
profile  slightly  convex,  but  descending  rapidly  from  eye  to  snout ;  jios- 
terior  profile  gradually  descending  to  the  caudal  fin  ;  lower  profile  nearly 
straight  between  snout  and  anal  fin.  Snout  short,  obtuse,  lower  Jaw 
overlapped  by  the  upper.  Interorbital  width  4  in  head,  covered  witli 
scales  to  near  the  anterior  margin  of  the  eyes.  Cleft  of  month  wide, 
maxillary  reaching  to  behind  eye,  ending  in  a  broad  plate  with  a  convex 
posterior  edge  and  a  concave  superior  and  inferior  one.  Lower  jaw  with 
a  slight  prominence  in  front.  Eye  placed  high;  suborbital  less  (lian 
diameter  of  eye.  Opercles  without  spines ;  these  and  the  subopercles 
densely  scaled.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  snout  and  base  of 
caudal,  the  fifth  spine  iibout  half  as  long  as  the  first  ray,  which  is  the 
longest;  the  following  rays  become  shorter  and  shorter  to  the  seven- 
teenth, the  remaining  ones  being  short  and  nearly  equal  in  length.  Cau- 
dal fin  deeply  forked,  with  pointed  and  equal  lobes;  anal  fin  similar  to 
the  dorsal  in  shape,  but  shorter  and  lower ;  the  third  spine  about  ^  of 


'wm^'^mf^ 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


855 


tl.<>  tliHt  rny,  which  o<iualB  tho  fifth  doraal  ray.  Pectontla  short  and 
pointcil,  reaching  beyond  origin  of  dorsal ;  vontrals  very  short.  Teeth 
in  111 i>:i(l,  velvet-like  bands.  (Ciliinther.)  Uniform  greenish  above,  sides 
fjoideii  Nhining.  Caribbean  Sea,  In  deej)  water;  occasionally  taken  in 
Ciili.'i.  (Named  for  Rev.  Richard  Thomas  Lowe,  British  chaplain  in 
Matl<'ii:i,  an  accomplished  and  careful  ichthyologist,  author  of  the  Fishes 
of  Miidi'ira.) 

Pnliimn,!  hni-ei*  (iCNTHEu,  Cut.,  I,  17,  1859,  Caribbean  Sea. 
hiiifiiui!-  ivitiiMut,  PoEY,  MuiiioriaH,  ii,  160,  1860,  Cuba. 

Family  CXVII.  MULLIDJE. 
(TiiK  Surmullets.) 

hotly  elongate,  slightly  compressed,  covered  with  large  scales  which  are 
iisiiiilly  Hlightly  ctenoid;  lateral  line  continuous,  the  pores  often  branched; 
lar<;($  Kcules  on  the  head  ;  upper  profile  of  the  head  more  or  less  parabolic. 
Moiitli  small,  low,  subtermiual ;  teeth  mostly  small,  variously  placed; 
no  canines,  incisors,  nor  molars.  Premaxiliaries  somewhat  protractile; 
niaxilliirics  thin,  nearly  as  broad  at  base  as  at  tip,  without  supplemental 
bone,  partly  hidden  by  the  broad  preorbital.  Preopercle  entire  or 
slightly  serrate  ;  operclo  unarmed,  or  with  a  single  spine.  Eye  moderate, 
placed  high;  branchiostegals  4;  pseudobrauchisu  present;  2  long 
iiiibranched  barbels  at  the  throat,  attached  just  behind  the  symphysis  of 
tbo  lower  Jaw.  Dorsal  fins  2,  remote  from  each  other,  both  short,  the 
first  of  (5  to  8  rather  high  spines,  which  are  depressible  in  a  groove; 
anal  sliurt,  similar  to  tho  soft  dorsal,  with  1  or  2  small  spines;  ventrals 
thoracic,  I,  5.  Air  bladder  usually  present,  simple.  Vertebne  9-14=: 
23  ;  stomach  siphoual ;  pyloric  ca^ca  about  20.  Species  about  40,  refera- 
ble to  5  closely  related  genera,  found  in  all  tropical  seas,  some  species 
straying  northward.  Many  of  the  species  are  highly  valued  as  food, 
especially  the  European  Midlus  harbatm  and  MuUits  surmalctun.  The 
family  is  a  very  natural  one  and  not  closely  related  to  any  other.  It 
bears  some  superficial  likeness  to  the  Sckmidw  and  the  Cheilodipttridd,  but 
this  may  not  show  real  affinity.  The  singular  barbels  appear  also  in 
the  I'olymixUdw,  but  in  that  family  the  ventral  rays  are  numerous,  as  in 
lirrycidiv.  The  small  number  (4)  of  the  branchiostegals  is  found  both  in 
Miillidw  and  rolymixiidw.  As  the  singular  hyoid  barbels  are  not  likely  to 
have  been  developed  independently  in  two  unrelated  groups,  we  place 
the  MnlHd(v.  and  PolymixUdiv  together.  As  the  latter  group  seems  to  have 
Heiycoid  affinities,  we  leave  the  Mullidw  with  the  Berycoidei,  although 
they  siiow  no  resemblance  to  the  Berycoids,  other  than  the  characters 
shared  with  the  Polymixiida:     {MulUda,  Guuther,  Cat.,  i,  397-411, 1859.) 

'I.  Teeth  on  lower  jaw,  voiuur,  ami  palatines;  iipper  jaw  toothless;  the  bono  which  forma  a 
downward  huok  over  uiaxillary  strongly  developed;  interorbital  space  tiat  and  wide; 
oporcle  without  spino.  Muu.us,  38,'j 

*'riii8  species  has  been  recently  identified  by  Gtinther  with  the  rare  but  almost  cosmopolitan 
I'ohinii.nu  nobilix,  Lowe.  The  latter  has  D.  V,  37  or  ;J8,  a  difference  beyond  the  ordinary  range 
of  variation.  We  therefore  retain  the  American  species,  I'olijmUia  lowci,  as  provisionally  dis- 
tiuct,  altbuiigh  Dr.  GUnther  claims  to  have  a  complete  series  of  connecting  forms. 


lif 


■p 


■  fi''    ■ 


■in  I 


"ip 


jjHBWiiwJ*""^  ■'  •<'"'■-■ 


IS 

I     ■ 

m 


!   'i/l- 


1' 


if  i 


850 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


aa.  Tuctli  on  boOi  Jawa;  vomer  ami  i>ulutiiicH  toothli-HH;  tli«  bono  which  foriiiN  u  (lo',\nuiir>l 
hook  over  tlio  iiiaxlllAry  niodurutoly  ilovclopod;  intororbltal  8|)acu  rather  ii.iiiuw 
operclu  oiidiiig  in  u  siiiglo  Hi>iiui. 

t>.  Ti^uth  fimull,.Hiibuqual,  in  villiforni  bandH  in  both  Jawn.  MlM.Miiiii ..  ::ni;. 

Ui.  Ti'oth  rutliiT  strong,  uiiiM)iiii1,  in  onn  or  two  serieH  in  ciich  Jaw.  I'i'KM  i  >,  ;ih7. 


385.  MULLUS,  Linnii'us. 

(SUHMULKKTH.) 

MiiVuK,  LiNN;F.tm,  Systoma  Naturir,  Kd.  x,  1758,  2',t'.),  (Iinrhnliiit). 

Villiform  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatincH  :  ikuic 
in  the  upper  jaw  ;  the  hone  forming  a  hook  over  the  maxillary  well  (h  vcl- 
oped;  opercle  without  spines;  interorbital  space  flat  and  wide.  <)tht>i- 
wisoas  in  XJpencuH,  the  head  rather  shorter.  One  species  known.  (Latin, 
MullitH,  ul>/.?^<)c,  the  ancient  name  of  Miillus  harbaluH,  from  //i/^/.oi,  lip; 
hence  "  mullet,"  a  fiah  with  thick  lips.) 


1244.  MULLUS  AURATUS,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Head  3?  ;  depth  3*  to  4  ;  eye  3| ;  oblique  length  of  snout  2?.  D.  Vll-I, 
8;  A.  II,  G  ;  scales  abotit  40.  Form  essentially  as  in  the  European  Mullnn 
harhatus,  the  profile  a  little  less  steep,  the  interorbital  space  a  iiitJL' 
broader,  the  maxillary  extending  exactly  to  opposite  front  of  eye,  its 
length  2J  in  head.  Interorbital  width  3i  in  head;  barbels  IJ.  Tectii  in 
lower  jaw  small;  on  upper  jaw  obsolete;  on  vomer  and  palatines  coanso 
and  grauular,  forming  large  patches.  Gill  rakers  slender,  a  little  shorter 
than  pupil.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  compressed,  the  longest  about  Vl  in 
head  (1|  to  IJ  in  MuUua  harbatm)  ;  height  of  soft  dorsal  half  head  ;  cau- 
dal as  long  as  head.  Pectoral  If  in  head;  ventrals  1^.  Scales  mostly 
lost,  so  that  the  number  in  the  lateral  line  can  not  be  counted.  Color 
scarlet,  becoming  crimson  where  the  scales  are  removed;  snout  scailet ; 
side  with  two  distinct  longitudinal  yellow  stripes.  Caudal  scarlet,  tirst 
dorsal  with  an  orange  band  at  base  and  a  yellow  baud  higher  up:  the 
rest  of  the  fin  pale;  no  black  on  dorsal  fin.  Second  dorsal  mottled  .scai  let 
and  pale;  anal  and  ventrals  plain,  pectoral  reddish;  iris  violet,  dnsliy 
above;  sides  of  head  with  silvery  luster.  Length  8  inches.  Eastiin 
coast  of  North  America ;  Cape  Cod  to  Pensacola,  occasionally  take:!  in 
some  numbers  at  Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts,  and  found  among  tlio  spi'w- 
iugs  of  snappers  and  groupers  off  the  Florida  Snapper  Banks.  A^ery  tlosc 
to  the  European  MuUuh  harhutiiH,  and  especially  to  unrmuMua,  diflferinj;  in 
the  rather  lower  fins,  the  black  band  on  the  dorsal  replaced  by  yellow. 
(auralKH,  gilded.) 

Miilhi^hdihitiin  aindlim,  .lORPAN  &  GILBERT,  Proc.  V.  >S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1S82,  280,  Pensacola:  iTyjo, 

No.  ;?()828.     Coll.  .Jordan);  Jordan  .V Gilbert,  Synopsis,  !):il,  IKS.'?. 
Mullus  aimUim,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  39;  Hall  &  McCauohan,  Proc.  Ao.  Nat. 

Sci.  Pbila.,  1885, 161. 


JiirUan  and  J'h'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         857 


386.  MULLOIDES,  lilu»kei. 


^f^'^^'^mm 


I  v 


Mull'-''-,  lU.r.r.KT.n,  Ccriini.,  11,  r.(»7,  iH'i.'i,  (jlaniliiinilm). 

TliisH<'UUH  (lifters  from  Upcneim only  in  the  dentition,  the  teeth  in  both 
jawH  being  in  narrow  villiforni  ItandH,  none  on  vonior  or  i>iihitine8. 
Sptcii's  nnnierous,  chiefly  of  tho.Paciiic  Ocean.     {MuUuh;    d(hi<;,  resem- 

lliillU''.) 

124r>.  Mri.LOII>KK  KATIIHI'M  (Kvormiinii  .t  Jonkiim). 

Head  :>i ;  depth  4  ;  eye  large,  2S  in  head,  or  1  \  in  snout.  D.  VIII-I,  8  ; 
A.  i.ti:  Hcah'H  2^— ll-fi.  liody  slender.  Dorsal  outline  well  arched ;  pro- 
lili«  tiom  snout  to  origin  of  first  dorsal  regularly  curved, exceptahove  the 
eyes,  wliero  it  is  very  slightly  ilattened ;  from  first  dorsal  to  posterior  end 
of  second  dorsal  gently  convex,  and  from  there  to  the  caudal  slightly 
coiHMvt! ;  ventral  outline  nearly  straight  to  camlal  fin  ;  head  triangular ; 
Hiioiit  lihmt-pointed;  least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  2|  in  head,  and  its 
leiij;tli  1}  in  the  same  ;  nututli  sliglitly  oblique  ;  the  maxillary,  which  is 
3i  in  lioiul,  greatly  broadened  behind,  almost  reaching  anterior  margin  of 
orliit ;  preorbital  deep  and  broad,  its  depth  3i  in  head  ;  lower  jaw  slightly 
iiicliided  ;  barbels  moderate,  scarcely  reacliing  posterior  edge  of  opercles; 
pieoiM  rclo  very  weakly  serrate.  First  dorsal  spine  minute,  the  second, 
lliinl.  and  fourth  subequal,  liin  head,  the  others  decreasing  gradually,  the 
eiirlith  being  contained  less  than  3  times  in  head;  longest  soft  dorsal  ray 
2!  in  liead  ;  anal  spine  evident ;  longest  anal  rays  2'k  in  head  ;  pectorals 
1!  ill  licad,  reaching  posterior  edge  of  spinous  dorsal;  ventrals  equaling 
pectorals.  Scales  largo,  ctenoid  ;  head  well  scaled,  3  scales  upon  the  max- 
illary bono,  a  row  of  6  upon  cheek,  and  an  odd  one  on  its  lower  margin  ; 
])ie()i)oi(loand  opercle  with  about  2  rows  each  ;  preorbital  without  scales, 
lint  Knij^liened  by  a  very  evident  set  of  irregularly  radiating  lines ;  the 
liiiiiiclies  of  the  pores  in  scales  of  lateral  line  largo  and  numerous,  as  many 
as  11!  being  counted  in  some  scales.  Teeth  villiforni,  in  a  band  broadest  in 
front  and  narrowing  backward,  (iill  rakers  slender,  the  longest  3i  in 
maxillary,  about  16  below  angle.  Peritoneum  black.  Length  about  8 
inilies.  Known  only  from  (jruaymas,  Gulf  of  (California.  (Named  for  Mr. 
Hicliaid  Rathbun,  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Incjuiry  respecting  Food 
FiKlies,  United  States  Fish  Commission.) 

(■/..ii/Hs  ,alhhnui,  KvEUMAN.v  A  .Tk.nkixs,  I'roc.  C.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1891,  158,  \\\.  2,  fip.  4,  Bay  of 
Guaymas.     (Type,  No.  4o241,     Coll.  EvurmaDU  &  Joukins.) 


til 


387.  UPENEUS,  Cnvier. 

(GOATKISIIES.) 

I'jivn,  IIS*  CuviEn,  ROgno  Animal,  Kd.  2,  Vul.  '1,  l.l",  IS'iil,  (rillnliis;  rtissellii;  /n/iiwrn/iiv;  /n/<wcin/»«) ; 
(iv^trirtetl  by  Blookt'r  to  hiJ'ascUiliis). 


'Tlic  name  Upeneit'  wan  first  rc'Strict(Ml  by  lUoekor  to  tin'  ppocies  wliicli,  liko  hi/nscialiiii,  liavo 
tliMiith  in  liotli  jaws  coiiio  uikI  uiiisprial;  those  witli  teeth  on  jaws,  viiniiT,  and  palatines  also 
bcin^  I  ailed  Cpeiieoiilen.  Itut  as  Vitewniiles  riltatiis  is  the  first  species  inuntioned  under  Vpenetu 
by  I'nvicr,  Uleeker  afterwards  transferreil  tlio  name  I'pniem  to  this  group,  giving  the  now 
iiiiini'  I'arupiiieiiii  to  Vpi'iiem  hijasiiniiiK.  In  our  judgment  the  first  restriction  should  hold,  and 
the  naiii"  fj)eHeii«  should  go  with  Upettetts  bifasciiUiw. 


HU 


"i'i 
■  I 


"TrTT 


858  JiulUtin  ^7,  United  Slates  National  Afiiseutn. 


■  i 


:           ,i  i 

■    .;       t 

1^  ■! 

/ffZ/it'iKim,  AiiAMHi/.,  N'oiii,  /.iiiil,,  liiili'X  lIiiiv*>rNnllit,  tIMl,  184<i,  (niiii<riiloil  (irlliiiKnt|ili.v). 
/WHidi/irii'im,  III.KKKKll,  I'uIhh.  Cull'  ili<  (iiiiiifi',  M),  |H*i'.',  ( yini/zt-iMia) ;  (Imitli  biNorilll  iiliovr,  iiiij  <  mil 

Ipi'Iiiw). 
/'iini/iriiciii,  lli.KRKKll,  NotU'O  MUr  li>  I'tiniiinuiii  'ii/rKcmdi/i,  ilii  I'lloili-  lu  Itt'Ulllon,  :i4ri,  iHCiV,  {l.if.ii,. 

ii(i/ii«l;  (It'i'lh  iiiiini'i'iitl,  roiiir,  in  IidIIi  Jiiwh) 
.Vii///////ii'iiriiii,  l*iiK.v,  SyiioiwiH,  :ili7,  iKt'iK,  {mwiiliiliiH);  liii'tli  piirtly  MhitIuI  aliuvo,  uiiiiMiriiil  IxLav, 
Jlrmhiimiilliii,  iU.f.f.Kf.u,  Arfliiv.  Nocrl.,  xi,  IIXl,  187.\  [tiiruHiiihiH). 

no«ly  oblong,  (M>inpi'««HBU(I ;  month  inodomto,  iicurly  Iiori/oiitiil,  low,  llm 
JiiwH  NiiluM|ual;  oyo  lur^o,  lii^h,  ]M)Hti«i'ior  ;  op(>r*;lo  Hhort,  iUiv\t,  wiili  a 
)>(>bt(M'i(»r  H])iiu^ ;  lioth  Juwh  with  riitlior  Htroii^  iiiiuqiiul  tooth,  in  t)iii'  or 
two  HiM'ioH  ill  ouch  .jaw;  no  tooth  on  voiiior  or  )iiihitinoH;  lipH  woU  disci- 
opoil;  tlio  bono  wliioh  forum  a  hook  ovor  tlio  inaxiUary  Ionh  dovolopHl 
than  iiiJ/H//«M;  intoroibital  Hpaoo  concave  ami  narrow;  oporvlu  oniliii^ 
in  ono  Npino ;  baibolu  iioarly  hh  lon^  oh  hoatl ;  Koahm  voiy  hirj^o,  Nimifwliat 
otonoid  ;  hitoral  lino  oontiniioiiH,  itH  tnboM  raniifyin);  on  oaoli  Noalo  ;  head 
oovoiod  with  larjjo  Hcah's;  liiHt  doiHal  with  about  7  npiiioH ;  anal  witli'j, 
tho  iirHt  very  Hhort  ;  ouiitlal  tin  torkoil.  SpooioH  niiinorouH  in  tlio  trupical 
HeaH.     (All  old  nanio  of  hoiiio  fmh  ;  fi-oni  Ini/vii,  nppor  lip.) 

(I.  Teeth  In  Imtli  Jiiwh  uniHerijtl  (or  irri'Kiiliii'ly  liJHeriiil  nhnve);  ivll  tlie  teetli  coiirKeiiiiclilJslini  t. 
/>.   Kye  I  ill  lieail;  luirhelH  ]■,,  in  lieml.     SiiileH  III;  ileplli    I  In  lenjitli;  Niiles  witli  :i  Murk 

llldtclles.  MACI  LMIH,   I'JIl'., 

iiii.  Teeth  of  npper  jiiw  iiniHeriiil,  of  lower  lilHeriiil;  teeth  rather  ntronp;. 

<-.  Kye  moderate,  '.\\  in  head;  xealeH  ;t7;  ilepth  4;  ii  liroail  reil  hand  from  eye  to  niiiijal. 

DKNTATIH,  IJI7. 

(i<i(i.  Tooth  of  lioth  jawH  Mcorial,  at  l<>ant  in  front. 

•I.  Scales  moderate,  iilioiit  •10.     Teeth  all  olitnmdy  ronio,  dlHtlnetfrom  oarh  oilier;  leclh  ..n 
<ipper  jiiw  turned  inwiird;  color  red,  with  a  bright  yellow  lateral  Hlreiik. 
('.  Diirsali!  and  caiidiil  with  dark  croHH  liandH.  I'Aitvrs,  I.Ms. 

le.   Doi-KalH  and  caudal  jilain  yellow. 

/.  Kyo  ;i'  J  in  head  in  adult,  ^},  in  Hiioiit;  head  .1)/,  in  longth.       MAUTiNtii  s,  I'JlO. 
.;/.    hlye  :tg  in  head  in  adult,  l'-;|  in  Hiiout;  head  .'I'-'.,  in  lenntli. 

XANT1I0UI(AMI\H  S,  iL'.'iO. 

till.  Scales  larKc,  about  M'2;  outer  series  of  teelli  of  upper  jaw  fonned  by  very  obtuse  ti.-tli 

which  are  partly  conlluent;  <'ye  ■!  in  head;  a  pearly  siiot  on  each  scale;  each  siilenf 

body  with  2  black  blotches;  dorsal  spotted.  (jUANDIfivl'AMis,  IJSl, 


124«.  i;PKNKi;S  MACriiATl'S  (Bloch). 

(Red  (iOatfisii;  Sai.monrte.) 

Head  3i;  depth  4;  oye  t.  D.  VII  or  VIII-I,  8;  A.  II,  fi;  scales  .%  or 
31,  tho  lateral  liuo  high  up,  following  curvo  of  back.  Body  oblong,  mod- 
erately compreHsed,  tapering  backward  from  occiput;  ventral  outline 
nearly  straight.  Snout  long  and  rather  sharp;  mouth  terminal,  Miiall, 
maxillary  not  reaching  orbit,  23^  in  head  ;  eye  situated  backward  and  liigli 
up.  Teeth  on  under  jaw  imiserial,  on  upper  jaw  uiiiserial  or  occasionally 
irregularly  bisorial,  with  the  outer  teeth  turned  outward;  all  the  teeth 
coarse  and  distinct.  Barbels  extending  to  vertical  of  prooperclo  and 
extremity  of  opercular  spine.  Color  red,  the  color  deepening  after  death  or 
with  the  removal  of  the  scales;  sides  of  head  with  bluish  longitiulinal 
lines;  3  black  blotches  along  lateral  line;  each  scale  with  a  blue  spot  at 
base.  In  spirits,  steel  blue  above,  descending  on  the  sides  in  3  blotches — 
1  above  poiat  of  opercular  spine  (sometimes  extending  on  opercle),  1  under 


iii.iii!ll!iP9 


/<>ri/itn  atuf  /''.irrmann.  —  Fisfies  of  North  Ami-riitt. 


m\> 


uacli  iloi'Hiil  (In;  iiiitloi'  piirtH  of  body  piilu.  WnHt  liiilit'N  timl  Itra/il,  Koy 
Wohi  lo  Kio  Jaiittii'o;  gunurully  cuiiiiiioii.  A  fuod-liHli  of  boiiiu  vuIiio,  prot- 
tily  oiloMul.     (mui'iiloluH,  Hpottcd.) 

Miilliti  I'l'it  III. ilim,  lii.cii'ii,  li'lilliyiiliiK'iii,  :i'IH,  I7UII,  Brazil. 

(V/ifip""  »"!' "'"'"". '''viKii  A  Vai.knciknnkh,  llJHi.  Niil.  I'iiInm.,  Ill,  ITm,  IH'Jii;  I'oc.v,  Mi'iiioriuN, 
I,  ::ji,  iH.'il;  (irMiiKii,  <'iit.,  I,  40H,  lH6'.);  .Iohiian  .V  Oii.iicHT,  Hyiiii|wlM,  (ViiTi,  Ikh:i. 

Vulllini" iieim  iimniliiliiii,  ToKV,  Syii(i|wlH,  ;MI7,  IHO*. 

Ipnini-  liimdatu$,  CuviKtt  it  Valenciknnkh,  IIIhI.  Nat.  I'oIhm.,  hi,  'IWi,  |H'21t,  Martinique. 

I«47.  rPKNKrN  ItKNTATI'M,  (]ill. 

Iload  <'<A  ;  depth  4;  «yn  iii«Hlurut«,  M/t  in  h4;a*l  in  adult ;  Hnoiit2j.  I). 
VII-I,H;  A.  Il,<>;  HcalcH  U-ltT-'i.  Teeth  of  npporjaw  uniHoiial,  of  hiwttr 
liiscriiil ;  teoth  intliur  Hniall,  weaker  than  in  f'/K'nins  t/randimiiitimiM-  hai- 
ho\n  i'\ii^\uViini  nearly  to  vertical  of  ))r««opurclu,  »Scal«iH  very  decidnoiiH; 
Hecoiid  doi'Hal  spine  i'i  in  head.  Color  duHky  above,  HideH  bright  rimy, 
witli  Itroad  red  band  extending  from  eye  to  caudal  and  HiitliiNing  <-audal. 
Lt^ii>{lii  1  foot.  I'aci fit;  CoaHt  of  Mexico ;  rare.  Known  from  Cape  Kan 
LiiciiH,  La  Pa/,  and  TrcH  Marian  iHlands.     (iltntittim,  toothed.) 

i)u Hill'  ill niiiiim,  Gii.i,,  I'roi-.  At'.  Nut.  Ht:i.  I'lilla.,  U'Ml,  18(12,  Cape  San  Li'cab;  ynunn-  (Typf, 
Nn.  .lfi!l!».  Coll.  XitiittiH.)  .FdiiMAN  &  (Jii.iiKiiT,  rriic.  IJ.  S.  Nlll.  MuH.,  IHH'^  'iti:! ;  IIai.i.  A 
M(('AiuiiAN,  /.  c,  164, 188.'i ;  Eveiimann  .i  .Iknkins,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mub.,  IHIil,  UiT. 

124S.  ITPENErs  1>AKVI;N,  I'o.y. 

D.  VII-I,  8;  A.  II,  0;  HcalcH  2J— 10-6.  Snout  Hliort  and  decurved;  max- 
illary reaching  front  of  eye ;  barbels  roachiug  angle  of  preopcrcle,  on 
jaws  only.  Teeth  conical,  very  Hinall,  on  anterior  part  of  jawH  in  two 
Hi;rit>H;  lateral  teeth  in  a  Hingle  Hcries ;  all  the  teeth  ol)tuHely  conic  and 
(IJHtinct  from  each  other.  Vermilion  above,  fading  into  white  below;  a 
yellow  longitudinal  band  along  the  Hide,  with  similar  narrower  HtreakH 
below;  ventrals  and  anal  yellow;  other  fuiH  whitiuh,  with  duHky  croHS 
bandv,  3  on  first  dorsal,  2  on  second,  and  o  on  each  caudal  lobe.  (Poey.) 
Cnliii.    Known  only  from  Poey's  description.     {j>arvu>i,  small.) 

I'lHMiis punw,  I'oEY,  MriiioriiiH,  i,  22C,  1851,  Cuba. 


1249.  I'PKNKIIS  MARTINICrS,  CuviorA  ValcnciennoR. 
(Ykm.ow  Uoatfisii  ;  Sai.monetr  A.mahii.i,a.) 

Head  3i;  depth  4:  eye  3j^  to  3^,  large.  D.  VIII-I,  8;  A.  II,  6;  scales 
2i-li7  to  39-7.  Body  moderately  elongate ;  anterior  profile  gibbous  before 
tilt?  eyes.  Interorbital  space  flat,  3.;;  in  head.  Teeth  on  anterior  part  of 
jaws  in  two  irregular  series ;  lateral  teeth  in  a  single  series ;  all  the  teeth 
obtiistily  conic,  and  distinct  from  each  other;  teeth  on  upper  jaw  turned 
inward;  no  teeth  on  vomer.  Barl)el8  reaching  to  vertical  of  preopercle, 
U  in  head.  Longest  dorsal  spine  1^  in  head  ;  anal  small.  Color  pale  red, 
deepening  after  death;  sides  with  a  broad  longitutlinal  band  of  bright 
yellow;  snout  with  yellow  streaks  ;  vertical  fins  and  patches  t)n  sides  of 
heatl  l)right  yellow.  Length  1  foot.  West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West; 
generally  common;  a  handsome  fish,  valued  as  food. 


Ill 


Sit   i) 

"'I  ■" 

i 

m 


wpf 


1M 


M 


800 


Jiuiletin  4jy  UniteU  Statts  NiUional  Afuseum, 


L'ptHmi$  miirlimni;  ('I'ViKit  ft  VAl.KNciRNS^fi,   llUt.    Nat,  INiliM.,  Ill,  -IKt,  \^2\\  Martink|ue; 

jdiiiiK  ;  Ham.  A  MiCai'oiian,  /.  <•.,  Vii,  iHMft. 
Vprtiiiiit  hiiliiiiiiin,  CrviK.it  >V  VAi.»:NriKNNKH,  llixt,  Nat.  I'oIhii.,  hi,  4H4,  tM'J!),  Cuba;  yniiiiK. 
riinieiiHjIariiriiliititK,  ViiY.M,  Mi'iniiriiui,  I,  'J'i I,  Ix.M,  Cuba  ;  iidiilt. 
BMhiiUtjUuovUMiu,  (iCNTiiKii,  (Int.,  i,  im,  Wt'i. 

1260.  I'PKNKCN  XANTHOORAMNrM,  nillmrt. 

Head  Hi! ;  doptli  4  to  li;  oye  U  in  Hnont,  8[;  in  hoa<l,  in  Hpooinions  10^ 
iiH;b«>H  long,  (11  in  snout,  lU  i'>  l>«ii«l,  in  tiuirtinlvus  of  tlio  Miinio  HJzc.t  1). 
VII-I,  K;  A.  II,  0.  I'oioH  in  latoml  lino  HH,  not  coiintiii){  two  on  Ihim'  of 
cundal.  Two  and  one-liulf  rowH  of  HcaluH  hutwciMi  latotal  line  »n<i  liatte 
of  HpinouH  doi'Hal.  Fifteen  dovtsloped  gill  rakuiH  on  horizontal  liinlt  of 
oiitur  arch,  with  5  Hniallor  rnilinientH.  Spinoim  dorsal  not  high,  1*-ns  ilian 
depth  of  hody,  li  to  i;i  in  head.  Peiitorals  |»ointed,  Hcarcely  reacliiii;,'  tijiH 
of  ventralH,  11  in  head.  VcntralH  reaching  halfway  to  front  of  imal. 
Caudal  very  deeply  forked,  the  lobcH  nharp,  the  upper  the  longer,  ciinal- 
iug  the  length  of  head.  liarhelH  reaching  vertical  from  proopnclr. 
Teeth  in  a  narrow  liand  anteriorly  in  each  Jaw,  and  in  a  Hiiigio  scrii'M 
laterally.  Maxillary  very  wide  poHteriorly,  projecting  well  beyond  tlio 
border  of  the  jueorbital,  its  width  'i  orbit.  Red,  with  a  broad  yellow 
Htreak  along  sideH.  La  Paz,  Lower  California.  Very  cIohc  to  I'pnuuH 
martinlcuHy  the  head  smaller,  the  eye  much  smaller.  (^nvBU^,  yellow; 
ypnfi/ii/,  line.) 
Vjieiuuii  xaiiOioymmmng,  (Jimikkt,  I'roc.  l'.  8.  Nut.  M"1h.,  1»''j1,  553,  La  Paz.     (Coll.  .\lliatriis.<.) 

1201.  UPKNKrS  (atANDISQIIAXI8,  Gill. 

(Ciiivo.) 

Head  3  to  'ik  \  deptli  3  to  3? ;  eye  4 ;  snout  about  2i.  D.  VIIl-I,  >< :  A. 
I,B;  scales  2-30  to  32-5.  Teeth  on  anterior  part  of  jaws  in  2  series,  tlioso 
of  the  outer  series  of  the  upper  jaw  very  obtuse  and  partly  conllueiit. 
Barbels  reaching  to  vertical  from  root  of  pectoral  tins.  Color  lij^lit 
greenish  brown  above,  rose-colored  below  lateral  line;  scales  with  iiidis 
tiuct  pearly  spot  at  center  ;  black  blotch  on  lateral  line  behind  fi|tiiioii8 
dorsal;  a  smaller,  somewhat  indistinct  black  spot  behind  orbit;  (liir«al 
tins  si)otted  with  color  of  back  ;  other  tins  immaculate.  Pacific  Coast  of 
Mexico  and  Central  America;  Guaymas  to  Panama;  generally  coiniiiou. 
(firoinUs,  large;  nquama,  scale.) 
UpeMeiia  iimiKUiiqiKniiiK,  Gri.i.,   Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.,  lSfi3,  If.S,  west  coast  of  Central 

America;    Stkindachner,   Ichtli.  Bfitriigc,  iv,  fi,  1875  ;    Hali,  A  Mi'Caimiman,  ?.  ■..  lA 

ISH'i ;  JOVKKMANN  A  .Jenkins,  Pioc.  V.  8.  Nut.  Mus.,  1891,  15(). 
Upeiieim  lilraKpihin,  OCnthek,  Prop.  /(liil.  Sue.   London,  1804,  148,  Panama;  (J('ntiif,ii,  Tislien 

Cent.  Aiuer.,  i'M,  pi.  CO,  fig.  1,  1««4. 

Group  SCOMBROIDEI. 
(The  Mackerei,-like  Fishes.) 

Body  variously  formed,  usually  adapted  for  rapid  swimming;  the  scales 
usually  small  and  cycloid  or  wanting,  sometimes  transformed  into  roii<;h 


"^^W 


1.  All.iitrcj»rt.: 


iNTiiKii,  Kislies 


foniitn  and  J'lvi'rmiinn, — -Fishes  of  A'ort/i  Awi'ticn. 


801 


(,i  liiHis  plutuH,  but  raroly  ctciiuiU.  Lat«)ral  lino  viirioiiM,  iiNiiiilly  iiikIii- 
lute  )>r  with  an  untorior  ar<-li  an<l  u  poHterioi'  Ntrai^lit  |>art,  at  UnxM  not 
reKiil^iilv  an'hiul;  HonmtiincM  wanting;.  FIunIi  in  tyiiical  lurinM  tirrn,  uily, 
and  idliliNli  in  culor,  but  in  Nduut  caHUH  pain  and  Nul't.  Candiil  pi>(lnncl«) 
nliiiosi  jilwayH  slender  and  Htron^,  tliu  caudal  tin  if  |tn>H«'nt  morn  or  Icnh 
ilee|)l>  I'oikt'd,  uxcvpt  in  certain  dorp-Hoa  forniM  and  in  abiMiiint  fainilii^H, 
till)  Ml  I  net uru  typically  adaptod  t'orHwit't  propiilNion.  DoiNttl  tin  UNually 
loll*;.  iIh)  HpinoiiH  portion  ^ciuMally  Nliortrr  than  tht<  Not't  |)ai't,  i«oniotininH 
uliHtiii  ;  thn  Mpint'N  H«ddoin  very  Htn»njj,  Hoinctinii's  not  difVorcntJafiMl  from 
{\w  holt  layH;  anal  fin  uiwayu  lon^,  niuru  of  Icsh  Hiniilar  to  noI'I  durnal. 
VfiitiaJH  thoracic,  Hubju^nlar,  or  Hiiltabdoniinal,  iiNually  with  1  N|)-nd*-r 
HpiiK  and  r»rayH,8onietinieH  niany-raye<l,  HonictinicN  rudimentary  or  wholly 
villi tiiifi.  llraucbioHtcgalH  f»nv,UMually  7.  (JIIIh  I,  a  tslit  behind  the  fourth; 
^iil  lakerH  variuuH ;  gill  membranes  usually  Heparate,  Nometimes  joined 
tu^'ctiicr,  rarely  attached  tu  the  iNthmuN.  Mouth  and  dentition  variouN. 
8'iioleton  tirni  or  variouHly  Hoft,  the  Htnicture  as  in  spinouH-rayttil  liHlieH 
fTi'iii  riilly ;  the  Hhonlder  girdle  attached  to  the  cranium  by  a  diNlin<-tly 
forkt'd  ])o8t-tenii)oral,  which  \h  not  adnate  to  the  cranium.  \'ertei>rai 
Muyiiig  from  21  to  more  than  1(K),  the  high  numberH  found  in  pelagic  K\\Vi- 
I'it'H.  Intestinal  canal  generally  hhort.  TliiH  group  of  nuickerel-like  fiHheH 
is  not  capable  of  exact  definition,  its  deviatioim  from  the  ordinary  type  of 
H])iny -rayed  fiHheu  being  variouH  and  in  various  direetiouH,  no  that  no  Net 
of  (liii^iiiostic  characterH  will  cover  them.  The  f^roup  is  not  a  Huliorder  uh 
till)  term  iM  generally  underutood;  it  iu  incapable  of  nimpli)  delinition,  and 
in  \\^  divergence  some  niemberH  approach  to  otiier  groups  mor<;  nearly 
tliiiii  lo  extreme  or  even  to  typical  momberH  of  their  own.  The  group  ih, 
lio\vt\  tr,  a  somewhat  natural  one,  as  by  the  common  consent  of  ichthy- 
ologists its  different  types  have  always  been  kept  near  each  other  in  the 
syNteni  of  classification.  This  naturalness,  however,  has  been  oliscurud  by 
the  intrusion  of  aberrant  forms,  as  /a'xh,  (hromma,  ('apron,  Antiijoniu,  I'rm- 
phtris,  aiul  iMmpr'iH.  These  forms  have  no  near  relationship  to  Scomber, 
Cdrniix,  or  Coryphaita,  the  central  groups  of  the  Scomhro'ulii,  and  it  may  be 
that  none  of  them  are  Scombroid  fishes  at  all.  Perhaps  the  earliest  typo 
of  existing  Scombroids  is  that  of  the  genus  Lamprix ;  of  the  others,  the 
Scorn hrido'  projjcr  form  a  center  of  divergence.  The  Zciihr  and  Cuprolilot 
are  certainly  not  Scombroid  fishes,  nor  are  they  at  all  idosely  related  to 
each  other.  While  it  is  uncertain  just  where  they  should  go  in  a  natural 
iinaii;;<'ment,  wo  have  thought  best  to  remove  them  fri  ni  the  Somhroidii, 
with  which  they  have  usually  been  associated  by  recent  writers,  and 
reserve  them  for  insertion  elsewhere.  From  Scomber-like  forms  are 
descended  on  the  one  liand  the  (hmpyVuJn',  LvpidopUUi ,  and  TrUhiurUhv. 
Anotiier  lino  of  descent  leads  to  AcanthocyhiiiKf,  Jntiophor'uUr,  and  Xiphiiilwi 
still  another  apparently  runs  through  CurantjiiUv  to  Nome'uhv  iind  perhapc 
to  Coriiphanidw  and  BramUhv.  Other  forms,  as  Teirtitjo)inridii,nn')  api)ar- 
eutly  not  Scombroid,  but  their  line  of  descent  is  not  apparent  and  at 
Iiresent,  knowing  no  better  place  for  them,  we  leave  them  associated  with 
the Scomhroidei.     ((jKdfijSpor:,  mackerel;  tldnr,  likeness.) 


4  t 


fa 


I' 


n  . 


in 


(r-    -■> 


I  1 


802 


HullftiH  ^7,  Uniteii  Stites  National  Mustum. 


"I  Vlllll 

riflm. 


il;   ! 


FainilioiHol'H(;()MltK()ll)KI. 

II.  Vi>iitriil  Hum  i>«i-Ii  riini|itMi'il  uf  iilioHt  in  Mift  rityi),  •IImi'IiimI  In  u  viTy  Ioiik  |iiiIi|i'  Imn 
ritlcl  liiiiH'H  vi'ry  l*rK<)  nii'l  lixnvjr;  IxNly  vi'ry  <l<'<'|i,  i  i)iii|iri'HM'i|,  iiiinnni'il,  i'ii\<  i 

lllillllll'  rK-ltll'H.  I.AMI'llllill'  I 

(III.   Vi'iilrikl  lliin  Willi  IxM  tliuii  H  Nofl  rnyH,  iimially  I,  n,  »<>iiii'tiiiitti)  wnniliiu. 

\>.   Ilorifx  ol  niKiiit  mill  ii|i|ii<r  Jitw  iiiiiti'il  iitnl  |iriiloiiKfil  iiilo  iiilliillii>t  kmhiiI    v 
iilHiiit  'J4;  miili'N  iiiiiiiilii  III'  rinliiiii'iilitry. 
r,  Vi'tttnilM  of  I  to  It  ruyit  cikt'li;  tt>i>th  |iriwi>iit;  M'aliiN  ,iriiNi<iil.       Intiiii'miiiiii'  i    <  ww 
If.    Vi'litriklH  itliil  tri'tli  wiklillllK  III  lliii  mlilll;  uritlrN  iiIihuIi'Ii'. 

Xll'HIIli  1     .  SMii. 
fifi.    lldlii'H  iif  Mlliillt  nut  |ir<ili>IIK<><l  III  Ik  HWnl'il 

W.  Iluily  I'liNiriirin  ur  liikiiil-Kliu|M'il,  with  iiiikiiy  vxrli'lirii'  (;|ii  In  I'iU),  niiihII  u|  ininiit, 
■t'ltli'M  mill  iIIhIIiii  lly  fnrlii'il  niinlikl  mi  ik  nli'iiili'i'  |iiMliiiirli'  (tliii  Hn  xiiiiii'ijnim 
wniitliiK);  lower  jikw  wrll  (li'vi'li>|»'il,  iiHiiiilly  willi  ik  nlit  In  tin'  llifli  |.>  |ii  riiiit 
ItH  iniilli'ii;  ilorxnl  ikiulikiiitl  Imii:,  llui  n|i|iiiiiih  |iurt  iiI'iIiiihiiI  \vi>II  iIiV'  I  1 1 1|;  Wv 
likKt  rn.vH  iif  liiitli  lltiH  iil'liin  i|i>vi-lo|ii'i|  hh  IIiiIcIn. 
r.  Cmiilikl  tin  |ii'i'fii-nt. 

/.  Sort  ilni'Hikl  iinil  iinal  iliHtinrt  ft'oiii  MpliioiiH  |iurt,  tliu  ikiitiTlor  ruyn  ri>riiiiii):ii 

tiinri'  iir  li'KH  illxilnct  Inln', 

I/,  Ikiily  iiiiiiliiriktcl.v  I'liiiiKiil)',  fiiHirnrin;  cnmlul  |Mi<luiii'ln  wlili  a  <l|iiiiii  i 

ki'(<l|  tlnli'lH  ikhvuyH  |ii'i>ii>nt;  vtnitrulH  I,  A;  tliiiil  uml  t'oiiiili  |i|i  „ 

yiiKi'ikiN  nnitril.  Siumiiiiih  i  ,  i  wni 

^ij.   Iloily  ili'i'iili'illy  i'|iiii((ikli';  I'ikiiiliil  |ii'ilniii'li' witliniil  kci'l;  Dnlii'.  pp'.. 

cnt  iirutmunt;  vi'iitnilii  I,  Ti,  ur  vikriitUNly  ritluri'il;  iliintitjuii  Hirniig. 

(JKMI'Vl.lli  K.,  1  XIX. 

j(.  Hurt  iliirHikl  ikiiil  aiiiil  niorc  or  Ii'kh  ronllnumiH  with  Niilnoii.t  <li<i>iil,  Hn  ji 
ikiiti'rlor  I'uyH  not  forming  n  illKtinrt  liilir;  m'm  trills  nnllniiiilJiiN. 

Iii:i'il»ii'ih  V,  ix\. 

t«.  Caudiil  wiiiitinK,  tin'  Imily  tu|i<'rin){  tn  ik  iioiiit;  vi'iitriklo  nnliini'iilHrv  <>r  uimi. 

inK;  ilorgal  uml  anal  very  louKand  low,cuiitliiiioug;  ilentition  vny  atrnUK. 

Tuiciinmiii;,  cxxi, 
<((/.  Body  ami  fliiB  varioUH,  not  Hliowiai;  tlui  coinliiuatioii  aliovo  iintcil  iindi'r  <f. 

//.  Scales,  if  iiri'Bi'iit,  cycloid  or  cIkiuiIiI  or  loliatr,  not  Imiiy  nor  iiikrcliiiuiit-likc; 
Hunietliiips,  cNjK'cliklly  In  tliu  younijf,  with  a  ineilliin  rlil^i'  on  nm  li  nui'. 
I.  Caudal  flu  Innate  or  forked  (or  if  roiindcd,  tliiMliirmkl  with  very  weiik  N|j|ii('h). 
j,  Aual  fln  nut  longer  than  donial  and  more  or  lesii  Binillur  to  it  in  ixiy 
and  form. 
*.  Vertobra'  10+  12  to  15      21i  to  'lb. 

I.  Firat  donal  with  ItH  rayn  connected  by  inDmbriinfl,  Hoiiiitlnii'a 
becoming  oliHolote  with  ii^e. 
m.  Aual  jireceded  by  2  free  MpineB  (theRa  often  oliwililr  with 
age,  connected  liymemlirmii'H  to  the  fin  in  tlnyumigi; 
uo  teeth  in  the  irHoiihiiKUH. 
n,  ScaloN  minute  or  olmolete,  cycloid,  tlione  ainiii;  liitiTiil 
lino  Hiimetiine.s  armed;  tail  widely  fnrke'l;  lliird 
and  fourth  lihuryiiKeaJH  Heparatc. 
o.  No  free  aual  NpinoH;  dorsal  Bjiines  long  uml  flia- 
mentuUH;    pectoraU   very  loui;  and   I'aliutr; 
caudal  well  forked.       Nematistiid  i ,  cxxn. 
oo.  Porsal  Bpinex  not  long  and  tUamiMituiis;  mial 
with  two  free  Bpines,  in  yonng. 

Caranhipk,  cxxv. 

«M.  Scales  modorate,  weakly  ciliate;  tail  not  deeply  Inrknl; 

runiue  teeth  jiresent.  Pomaiomiu  r.  cxxvi. 

mm.  Anal  without  free  HpiueH;  Hcalca  moderate;  nM'pliaKUs 

with  tooth-like  prwesses,  dorsal  tin  very  Inn;:;  '»"• 

dal  littlo  forked.  Centboloi'iiiu.i:,  i  .x.\.\iv. 


Illili  li-h'  ;  .MM- 
I'll,  ri)\'  1'   i  Willi 

ii'iiinih  I .  '  \x\. 

rtwoi.l    V   rii'Ipri. 

I'lllMllli  I  '  \M| 
ll'lllll>  I  ,  '  will. 

HiTiiill  nr  iiilimli 

II'  till  -MM'  llllll''. 
11'  llir.|l  |..  |u  rlllll 
II  lIl'Vi  I'  I'll)  III' 

iir  ruyn  riTiiiiiiKii 

l«  Uilll    II   'listill't 

mill  fiiiutli  jilur- 
iiMiiliin  I ,  I  Will, 
kni'l;  ftnli't"  jirw- 
;  iliilititi'iii  Htri'lliE. 
ir.iw\  Mil  1 ,  '  \i\. 
mils  iloi'Mil,  Hull 
lilliiiriitiirs. 

I,KI'1|H1|'1|IV,  l\\. 

iiiciiliii'V  i>r  uiiiil- 
ilioii  vii.vntriiiii;. 
iciiiniiin;,  ixxi. 
iinili'i'  i'. 

I'  |iurrlimi'iit-lll(p; 

I'  nil    Olll'll  Hill'. 

vrrv  wi'iik  Miiliii'i-). 
iiiilur  to  il  iiiiii/.i' 


ilinilie,  rtiiinrtiini's 

I'tl'Il  (iIimpIiIi-  «itli 
fliiinlli'>"Uiigi; 

lidce  aliiiii;  liiti'™! 
(l«Iy  fiiiUi'il;  tliir'l 

0. 

ics  loiiR  ;iiiil  fil»- 
iiH  ami   liiliiiti'; 

.\TISTIII1  1  ,  IXXH. 

ilaniontiiiin;  aiiiil 

AKANdlPV,  cxxv. 
not  deeply  fiirlii-il; 
iiATiiMin  r,  I'xxvi, 
eratc;  u^'ililmgus 
tin  very  Ion;;; iiiii- 

LOl'UlB-i:,  I  XXXIV. 


fordiin  <///(/  J'.i'tt tthiHU.  —  I'ishfs  of  Aorth  Amtrica.         803 


//.  H|tlti<iiiit  iliirmil  ri'|ii'i'*ii<tiliHl  liy  ni'veriil  I'li'ii  ii|iliii'ii;  ImnIv  i<Iuu> 
Kitio,  riiHiruriii;  kciiIi'i  »iniiill:  inmlal  lltlli'  tnrkiil. 

UaUIYI  KNTHII>.»:,  ('\XVII. 

H.   Vnrli'lirii'  ;ui  or  mora  (in  oxi'i<m  of  II)  -f  14). 

\i.  <Kiiii|ili»Kiir«  ultli  |iiotli-llki<  ih'imi'mwh;  )i|ilnouii  ilorMtl  ami  \iiii> 
tnilH  rinlliiH'riliiry  nr  witiilliiK;  lunlv  ■  <iiii|iki'i<ni'iI;  rumlal 
ili'i<|ily  forked;  ^\\\  lllllllllirillleN  altm  In  i|  tn  tlie  InlliliiiiH  or 


mil. 


SiiiiiM  » I  t;iii 


\ \xv.  ■> 


n 


)if>.  <Ki*o|iliii|{ii4   wlllioiit   toolli-llke   |ii'iM'i'itiii'H;    )(lll    inetnlii'iuii'ii 
free  ri'iilii  III)'  IntlllllllM;  I'lilldal  till  ileeply  forked;  nki'luloli 
morn  or  Ii'hh  llriii. 
I/.   DiirMal  raVH  all  st  Itli  niiii|ile  riiyN,  iioiie  of  tlii'iii  urtleiilato 
or  liritiirlii'il;  veiitruln  Jugular,  I,  ;i  tu  I,  U. 

I'lKllArl.llH:.  IXXXI. 

)/</.   Dorxul  riiyH  not  all  i<ini|ile,  hoihk  or  all  of  tlii'iii  liraiiilied 
or  iirtiriilute;  ventral  niiH  tliorin  le,  I,  .'i. 
r.   Dui-Hiil  tin  uitli  a  ilintlnet  N|iinonx  |>art, 

a.  .SpinonH  domal  well  ilitvuluped,  llie  hpineH  lo  to  IS| 

ill  IMIIIllier. 

^  Srali'H  weak,  cyilold.  Nomkiii  t;,  cxxvin. 

U.  Sialt'it  linn,  rach  ouo  witli  a  inedlaii  riilKe. 

HTRINK.IIKIIIIIl.t:,  rxxxill, 

u.  HplDuiiH  dorsal  liltio  developed,  of:!  or  I  wink  and 
Hieiiiler  Hpiiii'K  I  oiitiiinoiiN  witli  tluiHnl't  riiyN; 
dor.ial  tin  lie^finnliii;  lieliind  the  hntd;  lnHly 
ovate;  McaleH  linn,  not  very  small;  liypereora- 
eold  very  larKe,  entering  ventral  outline, 
intervening  lietHeen  the  very  idiort  pelvic 
lioiii'  and  the  HJioulder  girdle. 

liii AMin.i:,  rxxxii. 
ri.  Dorwl  till  witlioiit  HpinoiiH  part,  all  tlie  rayit  lirancliod 
and  artinilate. 
II.  Dorsal   lieKinnliii;  iim  a  creHt  mi  tlie  head;    hody 
obluiiK;  HialeH  very  Hliiall. 

(Nmvi'ii.KNiii.i:,  cxxi.x. 

ii«.   Dornal  lii'KinninK  almve  tlie  axil  of  the  pertoral; 

cunilal  riMiududor  merely  einari;inate;  Hkelo- 

ton  without  llriniii'SH,  soft  like  a  wet  rag; 

dorsal  Npiues  fuw  or  none. 

Il'OSTEin.*,  IXXXVI,  ' 

.//.  Anal  till  exressivuly  lont;,  more  tlian  twiee  ns  lung  as  dorsal;  scales 
woll  dovelupud;  dorsal  spinuH  few,  );raduated. 

l'£MHIiEIlIII.K,  I'XXXIX. 

Ml.  Seali'H  firm,  linear,  parohinent-like;  liody  compressed;  spinoiiH  dorwil  short; 

I. oneK  of  head  rough;  mouth  small.  (JitAMMiroi.K.rin  i;,  rxxxvil. 

\tMi.  8ca1c.-<  hard,  bony,  arranged  in  uliliipie  spirals;   tail  with  'I  keelx;  teeth  in 

jaws  cuMib-iiku;  body  ublung.  Tktbaoo.nuihu.k,  t'xx.xviii. 


Family  CXVIII.  SCOMHRIDiE." 

(The  Mackkkels.) 

Hody  elongate,  fusiform,  not  much  compressed,  covered  with  minute 
cycloid  scales,  the  scales  antoriorly  sometimes  forming  u  corselet.  Lat- 
eral Hue  present,  its  course  undulate.     Head  suhconic,  pointed  anteriorly. 

*  For  a  review  of  the  Mackerels  (Scorn /<riii;i)  of  .\mcrica  and  Europe,  see  Dresslar  and  Fegler 
111  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  vn,  1887  (1889),  '129  to  446. 


,/. 


I    /  .  « 


..^-v. 


/>- 


•'\  ;xit 'J 


I'!;" 


% 


I    i, 

I  ! 


m 

V 


I  i 


I    '  1  i  ■ 


I        :l 


864 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Muuth  rather  large,  with  hvtorul  cleft;  jtieiiiaxillary  not  protrartilc 
maxillary  without  Hupi>lutneiital  boiu';  Jaws  with  sharp  teeth,  Iiiim<  or 
small.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothed  or  not.  Preopercle  entire  ;  oikitIi; 
unarmed.  In  the  very  young  tlie  preopercle  is  armed  with  radi.uinjr 
spines,  which  are  later  absorbed  and  lost.  Clill  openings  very  wide,  tlic 
membranes  not  nnite«l,  free  from  the  isthmus.  (Jill  rakers  usually  Ninjr. 
Pseudobranchiic  present,  largo.  Gills  I,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Iliaii 
chiostegals  7.  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  first  of  rather  weak  spines,  depnssihle 
in  Or  groove,  the  second  similar  to  the  anal;  the  elevated  anterior  lobe 
always  distinct;  anal  spines  weak  ;  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  dctiirlicd 
and  separate,  forming  in  each  ease  a  series  of  finlets;  caudal  peduncle 
extremely  slender,  keeled,  the  caudal  lobes  abruptly  diverging,  falcate, 
the  fin  adapted  for  rapid  motion ;  ventral  tins  well  developed,  thoracic, 
I,  5.  Vertebra-  in  greater  number  than  in  I'aruntiUhv,  the  number  1:1111;- 
ing  from  31  to  6(5.  First  upper  pharyngeal  present,  without  teeth  ;  Ntcond 
with  teeth;  third  and  fonrtli  coossified,  with  teeth ;  lower  pharyiij,'cal8 
separate.  Stomach  sac-shaped.  Pyloric  ca-ca  numerous.  Air  bladder 
small,  sometimes  absent.  Coloration  metallic,  often  brilli.uit,  the  ])ro- 
vailing  shade  steel  blue.  Genera  about  12;  species  about  r>().  Fislicsof 
the  high  seas,  many  of  them  cosmopolitan,  and  all  having  a  wide  laiifje; 
most  of  them  are  valued  as  food-tishes,  the  llesh  being  firm  and  oily,  but 
sometimes  coarse.     {Soomhr'ulw,  i)art,  Giinther,  Cat.,  ii,  349-373.) 

ScoMiiPiN.>: : 
u.  Caudal  iKHlancIo  '■  i  .>iit  median  keel  on  oiicli  »iil(>;  dorsal  liiis  well  separated,  tlic  iiitor- 
spaee  lienij^  less  than  lialf  length  of  head;  .-ipiiioiis  dorsal  short,  of  ;i  to  1-  r-iiiiis; 
liody  scal.v ;  vertelira<  normally  formed;  slender  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines;  maxil- 
lary entirely  covered  liy  preorliital;  a  deshy  lobe  on  each  siile  of  lower  jaw  iii;ir  its 
jnnction  with  niaxillarj  ;  corselet  very  small  or  obsolete;  f,'ill  rakers  long,  sleiid.r,  iiiul 
ui;merou8;  pectorals  inserted  hinh,  on  level  of  eye;  vertebra-  14      17 -    Ml. 

ScoMi.i:!:,  :1S8. 
(Id.  Candal  peduncle  with  median  keel:  a  small  keel  iibove  and  one  below  this;  i"  rtunil 
usually  inserted  below  eye. 
SAiiniN.T-; : 
(>.  Dorsal  spines  10  to  Ifi;  g.lls  normal,  the  lamina'  not  forniins  a  network;  teeth  eiilir<'. 

c.  IJody  Fcaleless.  excepting  about  the  lateral  line  and  corselet;  abdominal  vcilcl.ni  witli 
their  lower  foramina  enlarged,  and  a  portion  between  the  vertebra-  proper  ami  the 
hii-mapophysea  developed  in  the  form  of  a  network  or  trellis. 
'I.  Dorsals  well  separati'd,  the  interspace  nion-  than   half  head;  corselet  well  il'vcl. 
oped;  teeth  small,  some  present  on  vomer,  none  on  palatines;  gill  rakii>  l"ii|;, 
Blender,  and  numerous;  pectorals  rather  higli;  vertebra-  Ilfl.  Ai  xi-.  ^i"-'.*. 

(III.  Dorsals  contiguous,  tlie  interspace  more  than  .I  in  head;  palatine  teeth  vlllit  'ini: 
pectorals  low. 
<\  Vomer  toothless;  dorsal  spines  15  or  !•);  vertebra' ;i8.  Gvmnosahi'A,  :i!"i. 

ic.  Ilody  wholly  covered  with  small  scales,  those  on  tlu' corselet  aiul  lateral  line  suMetiijics 
la.-ger;  dorsal  spines  14  to  20;  vertebra-  normally  formed,  not  as  in  .•tHj/'siiMil  ''.'/»'• 
My,siir</(i. 
/.  Teeth  of  jaws  slender,  subconical,  little,  if  at  all,  compressed;  gill  rakers  niiiiiiT- 
cue;  corselet  distinct;  pectorals  inserted  low. 
g.  Vomer  and  palatines  with  villiform  or  sand-like  teeth;  body  robust,  not  i  oiii- 
prcssed;  vertebra- 39  to  41. 
h.  IVctoral  short,  not  reaching  much  beyond  tip  of  the  rnoderiiie  v  itial; 
size  enormous  Tiii  nm  -,  :"'l. 

hh.  Pectoral  very  long,  ribbon -shaped,  reaching  much  beyond  I'lont  "i   oliI; 
ttizo  moderate.  Geu.m",  :J'J2. 


i^i 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


.SC5 


!/</.  Voraor  tootlile§s;  palatines  with  a  siiiglu  row  uf  ratlior  Btroiig,  coiiiial  tootli; 

•joily  uiuiigato,  «lifflitly  ('(iiiiiircHfMid;  vtTtcbrm  50  to  .It.  Saiiha,  IWIl. 

/.  T'Mlli  of  jiiwH  HtroiiK,  siibtriaiigiiliir  or  kiiiro-lilie,  iiioro  or  less  conipri'sBcil,  viili- 

furii  trotli  oil   viimcr  ami  ]ialatini-H;  pill  riiiiorH  cuinpurutively  I'uw;  cornclit 

(ilwcuro;   pcrtonilo  im^ortod  iiuar  I(^v(!l  of  oyc;  (iorBal  »|iim'g  14  to  iK;   body 

I'lougatv,  coinpru88od;  licad  sliort;  suoiit  Hliort;  vortebnu  \h. 

ScOMnKROMORUS,  :)94. 

AcAxiii  "■vmiN.T-; : 
U.  hnrriiil  splnoH  al)out  2r>;  gills  with  tho  laiiiiiiii>  forming  a  network  hh  in  \i\>hiw,  tcctli 
liirp'',  coiniJrosBcd,  serrated. 
(.  I>ursiil  spines  i.4  to  20;  body  eUmKate,  fuBiforni;  enout  long;  vertebne  :i'J   '■  34      tiCi. 

At'ANTllocvmuM,  395. 

388.  SCOMBER  (Artedi)  Limiiiua. 

(MaCIvKHELS.) 

$((,m\»,-  (AnTEDl)  LiNN.T.rs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  297,  1758,  (sii.md/ioi). 

C-rdijI";  liHoNOW,  Cat.  FIhIicm,  1(13,  l,Hri4,  {umiiiliriis), 

Pin'ii"i"l"l'l(iinis,  JdiiUAN  &  GlMiKKT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  18.'<2,  M'.i,  {pneiimntophDnig). 

I5()(ly  fusiform,  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed  ;  caudal  podnn- 
flc  slender,  without  median  keel,  but  with  two  siuull  l^eels  on  each  side. 
Moutli  wide,  with  a  single  row  of  rather  small,  .slender  teeth  in  »'ach 
jiiw  aiul  on  the  vomer  and  palatines  ;  maxillary  slipping  under  the  broad 
jireoiliital,  a  lleshy  lobe  on  each  side  of  lower  jaw  near  its  junction  with 
niaxilliuy.  Scales  vary  small,  not  forming  a  corselet.  First  dorsal  of  !• 
to  11'  t'edjle  spines,  separated  from  the  second  by  an  interspace  greater 
tliaii  tho  base  of  the  fin  ;  second  dorsal  small,  followed  by  5  to  i)  detaclnd 
liiilets;  anal  similar  to  second  dorsal,  with  similar  finlets  ;  pectorals  and 
vciitials  small,  tho  former  placed  hiwh,  on  the  level  of  tho  eyes;  caudal 
fill  siiiall,  widely  forked.  Pyloric  mipmidnges  exceedingly  numeious. 
Air  liladder  small  or  wanting.  Vertebra'  nunillllly  fornuMl,  II  4- 17  =  31. 
Gill  ralcors  long  and  slender.  Species  few,  widely  distributed,  usually 
swimming  in  large  schools;  carnivorous  and  migratory;  everywhere 
liijriily  valued  for  food.  ((T/('V/3pof,  Scomber,  tho  ancient  name  of  the  com- 
mon mackerel.) 

ScoMiiHii: 
(I.  Air  bladder  wanting. 

''.  Iiorsal  spines  11  or  12;  sides  of  body  below  median  lint-  hilvery.  scnMiiiu  s,  I'J.'C 

I'.SEi  MATiil'lloRUs  (nvtvfxa,  ulf;  ijiopiui,  to  bear): 
(III.  Air  bladder  prcseut. 

c.   Uursal  spinas  9  or  10;  Bides  of  body  below  median  line  in  adult  mottled.      roi.uH,  12.53. 

.Subgenus    SCOMBER. 

1252.  SCOMUKK  SCOMIUU  S,   I.innj.u^ 

(Common  Mackerkl.) 

Head  3;  depth  3i;  eye  less  than  snout,  5  in  head.  D.  XI-12-V  ;  A.  I, 
11-A'.  Skull  with  inconspicuous  parallel  ri<lges  ;  suborbital  somewhat 
tria!it;ular,  posterior  border  of  eye  not  covered  by  radiating  scales  ;  first 
dorsal  about  as  high  as  long,  height  of  second  about  ^  its  length  :  a 
groove  connecting  dorsals ;  air  bladder  wanting.     Snout  rather  long  and 

F.  N.  A 56 


i  t 


n 

i!     1 


%  : 


'  m 


t 
ll 


i 


; 


■  -;;  j 


Hi 


SGG 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


pointed,  comincssed.  Muiith  large,  maxillary  extending  to  anterior  nuii- 
giii  of  orV>it.  Vontrals  and  i)octoral8  short,  the  former  nearly  half  l('iii,'tli 
of  head.  LnstroiiB  dark  blue  above,  with  about  35  wavy,  blackish,  tmus- 
versf  streaks  ;  below  silvery  ;  base  of  pectorals  dark  ;  base  of  i>rt!()|Mi(;lti 
with  about  15  or  20  small  black  specks  or  mucous  |)ores,  generally  anaiiffed 
in  a  single  rov,- ;  both  dorsals  margined  wiili  white.  Length  18  iiiclics. 
North  Atlantic  ;  abundant  on  both  coasts,  north  to  Norway  and  La'iiador; 
south  to  Spain  and  Cape  Hatteras.  One  of  the  best  known  food-fishes  of 
America  and  Europe.     (Eu.) 

Scnuihcr  sanitlinii^,  IiiNN.Kl's,  Syst.  Nut.,  Kd.  x,  2H7,  Mt'iH,  Atlantic;  ul'tcr  Scoiiihci-  piniu'lix  V 
of  Artgui;  .Toudan  A  Oii.iiKitT,  S.viio|PHis,  42t,  18s:!;  Hiikssi.ai.  &  Keslku,  /.  <■.,  4:!1,  l.->l). 

fy-iiiiihcr  ri'mdli",  Mnt'iilM,,  TraiiB.  Lit.  iiiid  I'liiloH.  ,S(jc.  N.  Y.,  Isl'i,  12:!,  Sandy  Hook,  New 
Jersey. 

Soiuiher  "romhn;  Linn.>:us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Kil.  XII,  VJ2,  ITt'iC;  iiftiT  AlliKiil;  til'NTllKK,  Cut.,  ii.  '■\:,~, 
1800. 

Subgenus  PNEUMATOPHORUS,  .lonliin  A  (iilbcrt. 

1253.  SCOMBKU  COLIAS,  Gnidiu.* 

(GHVI)  MACKKHEI,  ;   TlNKKIl  MaCKERKI.  ;  EaSTF.U  MArKKUEL;  TlIlMllI.EEVEll  MA(kElll;l,  ;  Sl\M>M 

MaCKEKEI,  (IK  Kngi.ami.) 

Head  3;  depth  3J;  eye  4  in  head,  nearly  equal  to  snout.  1).  IX-I,  IL'-V 
or  VI ;  A.  I-l,  11-V  or  VI;  scales  200.  H«M*d  rather  pointed:  ridtics  of 
skull  evident  but  not  parallel ;  subopercle  rather  more  elliptical  than  tri- 
angular; posterior  border  ot  eye  covered  with  large  radiating  scales:  i()|i 
of  head  with  a  largo  translucent  area;  no  groove  coinmcting  dorsals:  the 
first  dorsal  higher  than  long,  the  last  spines  shorfj  and  weak  :  secoinl  dor- 
sal twice  as  long  as  high.  Maxillary  reaching  front  of  puj)il.  Pectoral 
I  length  of  head.  Blue,  with  about  30  wavy,  blackish  stroak.s  wliicli 
extend  to  just,  ])elow  the  lateral  line;  some  of  these  form  reticiiliiiioii>, 
and  inclose  pale  spots  of  the  color  of  the  back;  more  than  20  1/1  i<k 
specks  or  mucous  pores  on  base  of  preopercle,  generally  arranged  in  more 
than  one  row  ;  belly  and  sides  silvery,  but  always  in  the  adult  with 
roundish  dusky  spots  or  cloudings  :  a  black  axillary  sj>ot.  Atlantic  aiul 
Pacific  oceans,  widely  distributed,  north  to  England,  Maine,  and  San 
Francisco  ;  very  common  in  the  Mediterranean  and  in  southern  C'alifor 
nia  ;  irregular  in  its  appearance  on  our  Atlantic  Coast.  Smaller  than  the 
coumion  mackerel  and  inferior  to  it,  although  a  food-fish  of  impoi  tmci . 
The  Pacific  Coast  form  called  Scomber  dk'oo  differs  in  no  tangible  charac- 
ter.    {coUds,  an  old  name  of  some  mackerel.)     (Eu.) 


*  A  siip]HiHeil  hyliriil  liotwccii  Srniulier  Kriiniltnm  iind  Scomlier  inline  was  olitaiiicd  at  JilmK  I 
oil  Illi<id(^  iHJaiid,  by  Dr.  Si'tli  K.  Sleek.     Tlu'  ioIInwiiiK  are  its  cliaraeters: 

Ileiid  4  ill  length  to  fork  of  caudal  lin;  eye  ."i  in  head.  D.  XII,  I-IO-IV;  A.  I,  Il-IV 
roliust,  lis  ill  ciilias.  CaiKlal  peduuelo  round,  as  in  <  o/icls,  rntliei- th.iii  drpressi'd,  a.<  in  >■ 
No  longitudinal  groove  hi'tweeii  the  doisali^.  A  Idaik  axillary  spot  Snout  more  like  v 
than  (  >'i,<.s.  Ventrals  and  lu'ctoials  .xhort.  Iliudniost  liiileta  double,  as  is  the  casi'  « 
.sr<)ii((>;ii,s.  Uidgcs  on  its  head  aro  in  thiee  parallel  lines,  as  uifcmnlinis,  not  as  in  (v./ikj.-.  Su 
clo  more  elliptical  thai  triang'.ilar.  I'osterior  border  of  eyo  not  covi'nd  with  la.'.;e  rai 
scuUm.  To])  of  hc^ad,  as  in  ,S'.  \cn}iil  nis,  without  translucent  aiea.  About  20 small  black 
or  pores  at  base  of  jireopercle,  avrai, 'jed  in  a  single  row.  Coloring  on  tlu^  back  in  lilol' 
in  c(i/((i.<,  rather  than  in  stripes,  us  i  .si'itmbni:!.  Sides  mottled,  much  as  in '(,/(((.•.■.  ISaM' ^ 
torals  (lark.  The  fidlowing  note  '-.is  made  by  Dr.  Meek:  ".September  ic,  IJlock  Islai 
peculiarly  iiuirkeil  Scdiuher  saniihruf.  oii.v  four  tinlets,  no  air  bladder,  low  spinous  dni^; 
markings  of  .S.  ctilitts.  Mr.  Blackford  tliMiks  it  is  a  cross  botweeu  the  two."  Lougtl 
iuchus. 


-laii.l, 

lin.b 

,J.r.r.. 

illi  .s. 

IjiipCf- 

li:ililjp 
.|..rU> 

■  r   |K.,- 

.>:.    .\ 

ll.  ;i>i<l 


■m 


M 


w 


Jordan  and  Evermanu. — Fishes  of  North  Awerica. 


8(>7 


ImevU',  Cetti,  Hist.  N«t.  Saril.,  Ill,  I'.IO,  1774,  Sardinia. 

Sntiihn-  coliii»,  (iMKi.lN,  Sy«t.  Nut.,  lliUlt,  17H8,  Sardinia;  biux'd  on  Lnci-rlo  of  Crni. 

liintiihir  Iwirtm,  Waldaum,  Art.  I'iw.,  2ii'J,  17!)ii,  Sardinia;  iiCtur  ('rni. 

iSiDMider  iiiiiiiiiiiildphiinin,  De  i.a  UitciiK,  Ann.  Mum.  Nat.  Hint.,  xiii,  IlLlaiid  :i;il,  Isiili,  Balearic 

Islands. 
Sciimh'r  iii<ii)(i}ilillialmnH,llAriifT.Ht)VV.,  Tndicu  d'lttiologiii  Siciliaiii),  1">,  IHlii,  Palermo. 
S^nmfiiT  gri'j;  MiTcilll.L,  TriiliH.  Lit.  mid  lMiilo.1.  Sue.  N.  V.,  l.Sl.l,  42',  New  York. 
Scomlnr  iiiiiciiliilM,  rdicii,  MaK.  Nat.  lllst.,  v,  22,  1832,  England. 
Si'niiil'iriiwliiliiliis,  SwAlNSON,  Nat.  Illst.  l"islii'«,  ii,l()l),  IK1!»,  Sicily. 
Siv.mf"i;;)((((7i«,  SwAiNsoN,  Nat.  Hist.  Fisliis,  11,  410,  1k;i!»,  Sicily. 
ft,:,mi"rili<'iiii,  Ayiirs,  I'roc.  Cal.  .\('.  i^vi.,  is'ifi,  '.i2,  Santa  Barbara. 
So'iiil")- tiehvii,  STOKEn,  Fisln's  Mass.,  i:!0,  ls(!7,  Massachusetts  coast. 
tk':ml:r  oilian,  DllESSLAll  &  FeSLEU,  I.  f.,   lo2,  1881). 


KKUi:i. ;  Si\M>ii 


II    JUocK    l-lMll.l. 


389.  AUXIS,  Cuvicr. 

(FUIGATK   MaCKEHKLS.) 

Au.n',  (  iviF.n,  RoRHf  .Vnini.,  E<1.  u,  Vol.  2,  11!),  182'.),  {nnhri). 

I'lddy  oblong,  pliiiup,  mostly  naked  poateilorly,  anteriorly  covered  with 
Hinall  Hcalee,  those  of  the  pectoral  region  enlarged,  forming  a  corselet. 
iSiniiit  sciy  short,  conical,  scarcely  compressed.  Month  rather  small,  the 
jawH  ('qnal.  Teeth  very  sniali,  m().stly  in  a  single  series,  on  the  jawsonly. 
Tail  very  slender,  depressed,  with  a  rather  large  keel  on  each  side.  First 
dorsal  short,  separated  from  the  second  hy  a  con.siderable  interspace. 
Second  dorsal  and  anal  small,  each  with  7  or  8  finlets.  I'ectorals  and  ven- 
trals  small.  No  air  bladder.  I'ranchiostegals  7.  Pyloric  cieca  dendriti- 
cal.  (iill  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  numerous.  Vertebrii'  JW  in  num- 
lier.  pconliarly  modified,  essentially  as  in  GjimnoxurdK.  One  sp^icies,  jiela- 
gic,  widely  distributed,  (uv^ic,  an  ancient  name  of  a  youug  tuuuy,  from 
(liinfu,  to  grow.) 

1254.  AI'XIS  THA/AKD  (LacopMe). 
(Fiti'  Ajy.   Mackfrei,.) 

Head  4;  depth  4i;  eye  5;  snout  5.  D.  X-IJ-VJII;  A.  VIM3  ;  Vert.  :«t. 
ISody  robust,  scarcely  compressed,  abruptly  contracted  at  caudal  peduncle. 
Opercle  very  broad.  Scales  of  corselet  and  along  anterior  <J///^al  region 
comparatively  large.  Maxillary  almost  entirely  concealed  by  p/zorbital. 
Doi  sal  spim  J  rather  stiff;  space  between  dorsals  i*  length  .Of  head.  About 
33  gill  rakers  below  angle.  Pectoral  reachi'ig  past  middle  of  fir-^t  dorsal. 
Blue,  variegated  with  darker  above,  becoming  plain  with  age;  Ixlly  sil- 
very. All  warm  seas,  occasionally  northward  to  Cape  Cod.  This  species 
IS  \  cry  erratic  in  its  movements,  swimming  in  Jarae  schools  if/  y^rioiis 
wann  seas.  It  rarely  reaches  the  coasts  of  the  United  States,  buf  it 
occasionally  comes  in  jmmense  numbers.  It  is  a  i>oOr  fi.sb,  <^f  Jijtitle  value 
as  tbod.  ( Thnzard,  from  the  French  Tassard,  a  name  applied  to  the  epficies 
of  Sconihcromoru:).) 

.^•iM,l")M,(,i(;/,  Imcki'kuf.,  Hist.  Nut.  Toiss.,  in,  ;i.  isoj,  6'  and  7'   S.  latitude,  coast  of  New 

Guinea 
S<itml,er  rochi'i,  Itissn,  Fclitli.  Nice,  105,  ISIO,  Nice. 
Scomber  bUiis,  RAii.NEsyUE,  Caratteri,  etc.,  45,  1810,  Palermo. 


i\ 


11 


■It , ' 


ii 


■I 

,,   i  ■ 


u;.0S^ 


i   '    i 

i     i 


■  ( 


#^ 


I  !'^f 


;  <   ; 


;      I 


f,; 


8G8 


Bidllctin  42,  United  States  National  Afuseuni. 


ni/iiiiimriiiliniiiiis,  KiRSii,  Kiir.  JK'iiiil.,  ill,  417,  IH'27,  Nice. 

AiixiK  viilijaris,  CvyiKti  A  VAi.KNrTiKNNKS,  HiHt.  Nut.  I'oins.,  viii,  lit!),  IKMl,  Mediterraneai 

Au.fis  liippimiHiHiKi,  Iti.KF.KKit,  Fauna  ifajiaii,  'lilH,  IH.M,  Japan, 

Aitjri.1  liijiiiiiiiiiliH,  Ki.KKKKit,  Toi'imtd,  v,  li'il,  IM"),'!,  Ternate. 

AiLrinrorhvi,  GCNTIIRIl,  Cat.,  II,  3t')ll,  l.sf.d. 

/liu'i'o  f/ia;ur(/,  JuKDAN  &  UiLUEKT,  Syii<i|)!«iH,  4'i'>,  IHHIl. 


390.  GYMNOSARDA,  (iill. 

(LiTTLK   TUNNIKS.) 

^'//iHii«wn/(i,  (Jii.i,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sei.  riilln.,  1802,  12.1,  (iiii/c«'"/). 

TiiiiiiH"',  lil'TKEN,  ,S|n)lia  Atlantica,  KiO,  IUMI,  (/;.-/,iih.</«);  not  nf  CuviKit  it  Vai.knciknnks. 

TUiiiinkhlhijii,  (iini.iiii.i,  Oatal.  I'esci  Ituliuna,  25,  1880,  (Ihunitimt,  noi  I'hiiiiuifhlhiis  of  Likkm  1:,  u 

genus  of  Ciii>riniil/i). 
Kitthiiimiis,  LOtkkn,  MS.  (in  Kjiist.  Feli.  1881);  Jokdan  A  (Jiliikut,  Sjnoiwis, 429,  lSKi,{lhiiiiii'ii:i) 

This  gonus  according  to  Liitkon  *  diflors  from  Thnnrnmi  (1)  in  the 
abaenco  of  tooth  ou  vomer;  (2)  by  the  completo  absenco  of  Hcales  outride 
of  tbo  corselet,  while  in  Thumnix  of  tbosiimo  size  the  skin  ia  covered  with 
Hiiiall  scales;  the  limits  of  the  corselet  ia  the  Ttiimy  and  Albicoio  mo 
obscure,  so  that  it  can  not  properly  be  said  that  they  have  distinct  toLsc- 
lets;  and  (3)  by  an  important  osteological  character,  namely  tlie  peciiliui' 
development,  in  the  form  of  a  network  or  trellis,  of  a  portion  of  the 
abdominal  part  of  the  backbone,  between  the  vertebrie  proper  and  the 
hieraapophyses.  Vertebnn  38.  Species  of  smaller  size  tlian  the  Tunnies, 
mlso  pelagic,  and  of  little  value  as  focd.  {yvuvuCf  naked;  aaixhi,  a  kiml  »{ 
tunny  caught  about  Sardinia;  Sarda.) 

(I.   Lat<'rnl  lino  with  a  decided  curve  lielow  socoiid  dorsal  ;  4  lengtliwiBefntripuH  on  sides  uriimly 

lielow  lateral  line.  I'F.i.ami-,  IJo'i. 

(((1.  Lateral  liuo  without  distinct  curve;  no  stripes  below  lateral  line.  ai.i.ktkiiata,  I'JMi. 

1255/OYMNOSARHA  TKLAMIS  (liiniwus). 

(Oi'EANIC  BoNlTO.) 

Head3i;  depth  4.  D.  XV-12-VIII;  A.  II,12-VII.  Body  oblong,  rohn.st. 
Lateral  liuo  making  a  decided  curve  immediately  beneath  the  second  <li)i- 
sal.  Corselet  strongly  developed,  covering  the  entire  space  betwciMi  the 
diagonals  connecting  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  spinous  dorsal  iind 
the  base  of  the  pectorals.  Posterior  margin  of  preopercle  about  1'  m 
inferior  margin.  Pectorals  reach  vertical  from  tenth  dorsal  spine.  Hack 
bluish;  belly  silvery;  4  brownish  stripes  on  each  side  of  belly,  jiaiiillt'l 
with  the  lower  curve  of  body;  no  spots  below  pectorals.  Warm  ncas; 
pelagic;  not  very  common;  north  to  Cape  Cod  and  Bermudas  on  tlie 
Atlantic  Coast  of  America,  once  recorded  from  California.}  (-////';/;, 
tunny.)    (Eu.) 


♦Spolia  Atlantica,  .IOC,  1880. 

fWe  follow  lliesslar  and  Fcsler  in  uniting;  F.uthiinnuii  and  f.'vim/osiiriJd,  licoause  llie  cNlniiul 
characters  of  t'lithintims  are  all  shown  liy  (lyhiiKn^diila  umln,  the  Asiatic  type  of  llio  liiltcr  -  nii-. 
Gymnosarda.     I'robubly  the  skeletons  are  al.so  einiilar. 

I  See  Eigeuiuauu,  I'roc.  Cul.  Ac.  Sci.,  iii,  1889,  8. 


I         -^ 


iterraneaii 


Jonfan  and  Evennann. — Fisfus  of  North  America. 


809 


f^wii)-,-  pflamin,  LiNN.v.UN,  Sysf.  Nut.,  Ed.  x,  287,  n.lS,   "in  Pelago  inter  Tropicos." 

.s. „/,/.,   jitUwiidcn,  LAnf:l'f!l)K,  Hist.  Nut.  I'oiHS.,  Iii,  14,  1802;  ultiT  I.inn.kir. 

7V,/;/, ,' •  ;i</..m//«,  CrviEK  it  Vai.enciknnf.s,  IliBt.  Nut.  Poiss.,  viii,  ll;t,  IKll. 

Thiinm-i  iiiliwiis,  Stf.in1;\(IINf.u,  Iclith.  Hcriilitc,  v,  7,  lutiH. 

rtn/(  .'<  inliiniHK,  Poky,  Syimpsis,  362,  18(i8;  Goodr  .t  Ukan,  Proc  T.  S.  Nat.  Miih.,  187H,  24. 

P,„lhn.niii*  j)c/i(i»//ii,  .TdllMAN  &,  CWmiriit,  .SyiioiiHirt,  4ll{»,  188:i. 

(,;iiiui'  ^'irdajieUtmie,  UllESSLAll  &  FesLEII,  I.  f.,  430,  1889. 


12o«.  <aMNOSAKI>.i  ALIiKTKItATA  (IlatliioHque). 
(Little  Tcnnv;  Hmnito.) 

Head  3J;  depth  M.  D.  XV-I,  12-VIII ;  A.  12-VII.  Hody  fusiform, 
roliiist.  Latei'cal  lino  nowhere  inakin*^  a  very  distinct  curve.  Corselet 
well  developed,  not  covering  the  entire  space  between  the  diagonals  cou- 
iicctiug  the  posterior  extremity  of  spinous  dorsal  and  base  of  pectorals. 
I'osicrior  margin  of  preopercle  alumt  2  in  inferior  margin.  Pectorals 
reaching  vertical  from  ninth  dorsal  spine.  Bluish  above;  sides  and  belly 
HJlvory  ;  no  stripes  of  any  kind  l)olow  lateral  lino;  above  lateral  lino  sev- 
eral wavy,  oblique  streaks;  5  round  black  spots  about  as  largo  as  pupil 
licldw  pectoral.  Warm  seas,  occasionally  northward  to  Cape  Cod  ;  com- 
iiinii  ill  the  West  Indies  and  the  Mediterranean  ;  not  recorded  from  Califor- 
nia.    (AUctmiln,  a  local  name  in  use  at  Palermo.)     (Eu.) 

Si.nnhn-  allellenUiis,  RAi'iNE-syUE,  Ciiriittcri  Alciiui  <ioui;ru,  (■tc.,4r>,  1810,  Palermo. 

TliiiimiishacliiiiHUs,  Ris.>io,  Kur.  Mi-rid.,  Ill,  414,  182fp,  Nice. 

So.uil',  r  <iuiidrq)iinclatii!i,  Geokfuey  St.  IIilaiiie,  Duscr.  K(,'yiit.  Poiss.,  \i\.  2\,  lip;.  3,  1827,  Egypt. 

VA/diHiK  Ihmmina,  Cl'viEu  &  Vai.knciknnes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poins.,  vrii,  101,  1831,  Mediterranean, 

Tii!iiiiiiix  limnilimsin,  CcvieeA  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nnt.  I'dIsh.,  viii,  UO,  1831,  Brazil. 

ThiiHiiiis  hn'ripinnis,  CuviFU  &  VAt.i-.N('iFNNE!»,  Hist.  Nat.  Puiss.,  viii,  112, 1831,  Mediterranean, 

(hriiiiKx  (tllilerdlHH,  GiM.,  Cat.  Fish.  Kast  Coast  N.  A.,  in  Il('|it.  U.  S.  Fish  Coiiim.,  802,  1873. 

I'lilhiiiiiiiisaUiteralus,  Joiidan  it  Gimieut,  Synopsis,  430,  18K3. 

Thiiiiiiiililhiis  lliHinihiu,  GiomiiI.i,  Cat.  dui  Pusci  Italiani,  25,  1880. 

Oniiiiiif  lliiiimiun,  PoEY',  Kniimuratiu,  72,  1875. 

'rhiiiiiius  i(/;i;(i,<,  Cantoii,  Cat.  Malay  Fishes,  lOii,  isno,  Sea  of  Pinang. 

Thiinnklithiiahreiipinniii,  GiULioLi,  Cat.  doi  Posci  Italiani,  2.'>,  1880. 


'   f 


391.  THUNNUS,  South. 

(GUEAT   TCNNIES.) 

Viijmmf,  CfViF.n,  Rt"^Kno  Animal,  Ed.  i,  313,  1817,  (Ihyunux;  not  of  FAnuinirs,  1775,  a  proniis  nf 

IJiitterdius). 
Th'iiiHiin,  SiPi'Tii,  Eiicyclop.  Mc'tropol.,  V,  020,  184.5,  {Ihiimm/i);  (fnle  Gii.i,). 
'////.im.s-,  Ciioi'Kn,  Proc.  Cul.  Ac-.  Nat.  Sci.,  18G3,  77,  (lliiimmi:;  not  OnjcniiK,  Gll.l.,  1801,  whirli  was 

iiiisiiially  a  misprint  for  On-iiiiii^). 
Alh.irnr,!,  Jordan,  Man.  Vort.,  Ed.  v,  100,  1888,  (lhijnmi!<). 

i!ody  oblong,  robust,  with  very  slender  caudal  peduncle.  Head  conical. 
Moiitii  wide,  with  one  series  of  small,  conical  teeth  in  the  jawsand  bauds 
of  minute  villiform  or  sand-liko  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  palatines.  Scales 
imsont,  those  of  the  pectoral  region  forming  an  obscure  corselet.  First 
dorsal  of  12  to  15  spines  which  grow  gradually  shorter  backward,  the 
interval  between  last  spine  and  second  dorsal  slight ;  second  dorsal  and 
anal  .short  and  rather  '  i^h,  each  with  8  to  10  fiulets ;  ventrals  moderate ; 
pectorals  mode'^te,  inserted  rather  below  the  level  of  the  eye.    Vertebra) 


I 


■  ;  I 


870 


Bulletin  4jy  Uniteii  States  N'ational  Museum. 


Dortnal,  3*J  to  41  in  number,  the  lower  foramina  very  Huiall.  Open  NuaH; 
tlio  Hingln  Hpecioa  widely  distributod  and  'ttaining  a  very  great  w/.w 
(divvor.  Thuniiiix  or  ThyHuuH,  an  old  name  of  the  Tunny.) 

I'iS;.  TIIIINMI8  TIIYNNTN  (Uiiiiiimir). 
(TuNNv;  HonsK  Mackkiif.i.;  Gukat  Ai.iiacihik;  Ti'na.) 

Head  3J ;  depth  4.  D.  XIV-I,  13-lX  ;  A.  1, 12-VIlI.  Uody  oblong,  very 
robuHt;  corHolet  well  developed,  extending  farther  back  tlian  jjeotoiiils; 
caudal  keel  extending  forward  to  (second  finlet  front  caudal.  Moutli  ratlitT 
large ;  nuixillary  reaching  pupil ;  posterior  margin  of  proopercle  soincwliat 
Bborter  than  inferior.  Eye  small.  Dorsal  and  anal  f  ilcate,  short,  L'  in 
height  of  first  dorsal;  ventrals  longer  than  anal,  caudal  very  widely 
forked;  pectorals  short,  reaching  to  about  ninth  dorsal  spine.  Dark  1>Ium 
above;  below  grayish,  with  silvery  spots.  Pelagic,  found  on  all  warm 
coasts;  north  to  England,  Newfoundland,  San  Francisco,  and  .Taiiaii. 
The  largest  of  the  Scomhmhv,  reaching  a  length  of  10  feet  or  nu)re  and  a, 
weight  of  l,riOO  pounds.  Occasionally  taken  along  the  California  eoawt, 
a  specimen  8  feet  long,  from  Monterey,  examined  by  us.  The  flesli  in 
excellent,  that  even  of  very  large  individuals  being  of  fine  flavor.  Tii(« 
subject  of  extensive  lisheries  in  Europe.  (i9/vi'w,  an  old  nanio,  wht'iico 
Tunny,  Tunc,  Thon,  etc.)  (Eu.) 
Scomhcr  Ihynnns,  LiNN.KUS,  Syst.  Nut.,  Ed.  x,  297,  1758,  Europe;  liaHi'il  on  Srnmher  fiiiiiiuli>  k«.ii 

9,  of  AllTEDI. 

Scomber  albmoreii,  BoNNATERiiE,  Eiicyc.  Iclith.,  140, 1788,  Jamaica;  luiscd  on  Si.oank. 
'flitimiii:i  uu'diUrrinieiis,  Risso,  Eur.  Bleriil.,  Ill,  414,  IH^f!,  Nice. 

?7///iimiKrH/i/((m,("iviKKit  VALKsriKNNK.s,  lIUt.Niit.  Poi>s.,  vii^.W,  [il.  210,1831,  European  seas. 
TliiiiiiiiiK  hriichiiptcnin,  OrviKii  .t  Vai.knciknnks,  Hint.  Nat.  PoisB.,  vm,  118,  ijI.  'ill,  iHlil,  Mediter- 
ranean. 
Thijnnun  cimlla,  CiviKii  it  Vai.enciknnes,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  viir,  102, 18;il,  Caribbean  Sea. 
fiiom/icr  s/o(iiici,  (JiviEU  &  Valencienxe.'*,  HiHt.  Niit.  Poins.,  vm,  14H,  18:11,  Jamaica;  Imsi-il  dii 

Sl.OANE. 

TliiiniiKs  secumh-ilormilis,  Stoueh,  Fi.slics  Mass.,  Mli,  1807,  Cape  Ann  and  Provincetown. 
Orqiniin  sildeycUi,  Steindachneh  &  DiiDKiti.K.iN,  Uuitriigi-  zur  Kcniitnis!)  dor  Fisclir  .Iiiluiii,  in,  11, 

pl.3,fig.l,188,-),  Tokio. 
Orciiiiim  thiiniius,  JoiiiiAX  iV  (iiMii'.UT,  Synojisis,  12!»,  188;t. 
AlhacorulliyimHs,  DliESSLAU  it  Ee.si.kh,  /.  <•.,  4;!9,  188!). 

392.  GERMO,  Jordan. 
(Alhacores.) 

Orniniif,  frvir.n,  Ri'pno  Animal,  Ed.  i,  3M,  1817,  {hIiiIiokjh);  not  Orcyniis  of  llafinp8(|iii',  Aiiiilyso 

d(f  la  Niiluri',  181.'"),  vliitli  is  cijuivaleiit  to  Si'DinhiidiiU's. 
fJiTiiio,  JuUDAN,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Piiila.,  1888,  ISO,  {idnhiiiiju). 

Pectoral  fuis  very  long,  saber  shaped,  their  length  in  the  adult  .'i))ont  l 
the  length  of  tiio  body.  Otherwise  essentially  as  in  T/im/(hh«,  to  w  liit'li 
the  genus  is  very  closely  related.  Size  large,  but  nuich  loss  than  that  ot 
the  species  of  Thunnun,  (Gei-mon,  the  French  name  of  the  long-fiiiued 
Jlbacore.*) 


*All)anir(' is  ti'oni  .l/fcoioxi,  a  I'lHtiiKiicsi'  name  said  to  bo  fnim   tlic  Arabii- ii?  a,  and  '"I'oni, 
little  pijj.     It  should  not  be  Hpellod  Albicore,  as  it  iH  not  coiiuocted  witli  albtu,  white. 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        871 


18fi8.  UEItnO  ALAIiUNia  (Omulin). 

(LoNa-FINNRI)    Al.llACOIlR;   Al.llKOOU;   Al.l  I.HNiilll  ;   (iKKMiiN.) 

Il(>a<l  3J;  depth  3i  ]).  XIV-II,  12-Vni;  A.  II,  12-VII.  Body  littlo 
coini'icsHod,  icjjiiliirly  t'Uipticiil,  its  weight  grout  in  projiortion  to  htiigtii. 
Tail  strongly  koekul,  hroadcr  than  deep,  the  keel  (extending  forward  to 
lilili  llnhit  from  last.  Corselet  Huiall,  indiHtinct.  Soales  ratlier  large. 
Dorsal  and  anal  of  ocinal  height;  pectoral  very  long,  Haber-Hhaped, 
iciiiliing  to  first  of  the  dorsal  linlets,  shorter  in  the  young,  inserted  a 
litlli'  holow  level  of  pnpil,  its  base  a  little  wider  than  the  largo  eye;  von- 
trals  short.  Metallic  steel-blue;  belly  silvery;  fins  dark,  with  metallic 
liistrr.  Tropical  seas ;  pelagic  and  widely  distributed.  Karely  seen  on 
the  Atlantic  Coast  of  America,  but  very  common  in  the  Mediterranean. 
It  is  found  on  the  Pacific  Coast  as  far  north  as  San  Francisco,  and  is 
cxtifiiiely  abundant  in  the  spawning  season  about  the  Santa  Itarbara 
LsIuimIh.  As  a  food-fish  it  is  of  little  value,  the  llesh  being  coarse  and 
oily,  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  Tunny.  Length  W  feet;  weight  15  to  20 
pounds.  {AUiluntja,  a  name  used  in  Sardinia,  fr<mi  alu,  wiug;  loiujttn, 
long.)     (Eu.) 

/l(.i-/"ii;/<i,  Cktti,  Hint.  Nut.  SurJ.,  in,  I'Jl,  1777,  Sardinia. 

Siniiil'ii-   ahilmiQii,    Omei.in,  Syst.    Nat.,   i:i30,   1788,  (Sardinia;  bosi^d    on    (V//i;  iiiiHprint   I'nr 

"../.(/»M!/a"). 
,Sv.v//.er  (/oiHrt,  LACfeHf.DE,  IliHt.  Niit.  I'oiKR.,  II,  .IDS,  and  in,  1,  1802,  17"^  S.  latitude  and  103'^' 

W.  longitude. 
Tliiiiiiiii^iilliDiliniH,  Lksson,  Voy.  Coc|uilli',  Zuiil.,  11,  Ki.'i,  1H2«,  Atlantic  Ocean, 
TItijiiiiiis  hiiKeatiid,  CuviKK  &  Valenciknnes,  Hiwt.  Nut.  Toiss.,  viii,  lltii,  IHill,  tropical   parts 

of  Atlantic. 
Tliiiiiiiits  piicijirim,  CuviEii  &  Valencienneh,  Hint.  Nut.  Puiss.,  viii,  lIs;!,  18:11,27'''  and  26"  S. 

latitude,  103°  W.  longitude. 
'riiiiiiiiiix  iiiijniii-riiidliia,  Ci'viEU  it  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poinn.,  viii,  i;t4,  18:!1,  Atlantic 

and  the  Indies. 
Tliiiiiiiiis  i(lli((cor(i,  I.nwE,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  J.ond.,  181)9,  77,  Madeira. 

Thiiiiiinii  mncioptcnis,  Temminck  \-  Sciii.EriKi.,  Fauna  ,Tai>aii,  Poiss.,  1)8,  pi.  Al,  IHAO,  Japan. 
■>i7/»»s  .«Mfi»?((/ii.s,''' PoKV,  Knnuii'i'atio,  "1,  187.'>,  Cuba. 
Oivi/iiMv  r(^(/")l;/o,  .JouiiAN  ifc  Oii.iiEUT,  .Syiiop.siH,  '128,  1883. 
AHxio'ia  iihtloiii/a,  Duesslau  ifc  Fesleu,  /.  c,  438,  1889. 


i  ! 


)i|Ui',  Analyse 


393.  SARDA,  Cuvior. 

(BONITOS.) 

■<'ii.ii,  CivTEi!,  lU'^'no  Anira.,  Ed.  2,  ii,  190,  1829,  {jiehiimis    --snrdu). 

/'./.r/Hv«,   Cl'VIK.ii  ,t  VAi.ENriENNE.s,    Hist.    Nat.    PoLsH.,    VIII,    149,  1831,  (win/d);  nut /V/uhii/h  of 
I'A!  iiiN,  a  gcntis  of  Hnakos. 

Hody  rather  elongate,  covered  with  small  scales,  those  of  the  pectoral 
lotion  forming  a  corselet.  Caudal  peduncle  slender,  strongly  keeled. 
Head   large,   pointed,  compressed.      Mouth   large.     Teeth   in   the  jaws 

*I'<K'y,  in  (Ict-ciiliuij:; '*rr//Hii.<  Ni(/)i(/(((H.>i,  sayH  till' pectoral  in  siibuhiliix  id  I'f;,  in  anal,  .'>  in  total 
to biisi' of  caudal,  ).jiii  ventral,  U  in  head.  "  Dr.  Liilken  nnitcH  otlier  douhtful  species,  ullikoni, 
pn'iii,  11.1,  ijiniii',  etc.^  with  alalimiju.  but  hesitates  to  Uo  the  siune  with  siilnditliis  tmly  on  account 
III'  t!ie  length  of  its  pectoral,  which  he  thinkii  is  a  little  too  long  lor  lliyMimi  and  not  nearly  loug 
uiiuudi  for  aklmiiju. 


4 


:  m 


872 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museutn. 


I  Mi 


rathor  Htroug,  oonicul,  Blightly  comproHHetl ;  Hiniilar  teotli  on  tho  pala- 
tinea,  but  none  ou  tbo  vomer;  maxillary  nut  concealed  by  preurlijtal, 
(lill  rakvry  long  and  strong.  FirMt  dorsal  long  and  rather  low,  of  IH  t..  l'2 
rather  stout  spines,  which  are  gradually  shortened  behind;  int*i\:i| 
between  the  last  spine  and  the  second  dorsal  short ;  second  dorsal  nukiII, 
followed  by  K-9  finlets;  anal  I'm  similar,  usually  with  one  less  Unlft; 
paired  fins  small ;  pectorals  placed  below  the  level  of  the  pui»il.  Xo  air 
bladder.  Pyloric  C(ectt  very  numerous,  dendritical.  Vertebni'  normally 
formed,  50  to  54  in  number.  Fishes  of  rather  large  si/e,  of  motalTic 
coloration,  (Sarihi;  o<l/)r5a,  the  ancient  name  of  the  typical  species,  a Ino 
known  as  Jmia,  I'damyn,  etc.;  so  called  from  its  being  taken  in  tlio 
neighborhood  of  tho  island  of  Sardinia;  hence,  also,  the  diminutive 
mtiidivri,  the  Sardine.) 
(I.  Piii-flal  Hpiii('8  21;  inuxillury  roachiiiK  lii'yoinl  orbit.  saiiim,  Ijriii, 

11(1.  Dursul  H|)iuc'H  IH;  iimxillary  nut  ruiichiiig  liuyoud  urbit.  ciiiLK.vsis,  \mi. 

1360.  SARDA  KABDA  (niocli). 

(BONITO.) 

Head  3J;  depth  4.  D.  XXI-I,  13-VIIl;  A.  I,  13-VII;  P.  10.  lio.k 
elongate,  moderately  compressed,  robust;  corselet  distinct,  Bnialj,  nut 
extending  beyond  pectoral.  Teeth  moderate,  slightly  compressed,  alioiit 
30  in  each  jaw.  (Jill  rakers  rather  small,  11  or  12  below  angle.  Maxil- 
lary reaching  beyond  orbit.  Lateral  line  slightly  undulating,  with 
nowhere  a  decided  curve.  Dark  steel  blue  above,  with  numerous  uai  row, 
dark  stripes  from  the  back  obliquely  downward  and  forward  from  the 
back;  silvery  below.  Length  21  feet;  weight  from  10  to  12  pounds. 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  both  coasts,  north  to  Cape  Cod;  very  abundani  :  a 
food-fish  of  rather  low  grade.  This  species  seems  to  inhabit  the  <i|n  11 
ocean,  approaching  tho  shores  for  food  or  purposes  of  spawning.     (En.) 

Scotiiher jiiliiiiiys,  BuC.NNIfii,  Iclitli.  Massil.,  03,  17(18,  Marseilles;  iidt  of  LiNN.v.fs. 

Svoiiihir  n<in}(i,  Iti.ocH,  Iclitlijologiii,  X,  IJA,  \)\,  ',i'M,  17!I3,  Europe. 

Si'ymhir  iinditvrnitieiis,  IJi.ocii  .t  Sc'iiNKiiiF.it,  SyM.  Tclilli.,  2:i,  ISOl,  Marseilles;  atliT  IIkinmiii. 

Simiihrr ]ii  1(1111  itiiH,  llAKiNK8<n'K,  CumttiTi,  44,  iil.  \1,  1810,  Palermo.   • 

rddiiijiK  fiirdd,  GCntiikk,  Cat.,  ir,  ;!<i7,  18(iO,  and  of  nioKt  European  writers. 

Siirdd  iiirdilnTdiieii,  .loiiDAN  &  CJii.nKliT,  .Synopsis,  427,  1883. 

Stirihi  natda,  DuE.s.SLAK  &.  Ff.sleu,  /.  e.,  440,  pi.  vill,  188!». 

l>280.'^SAItl>A  CillLKNSIS,  Ciivicr  A  Va'.encionncs. 
(California  Bomto  ;  Skipjack.) 

Head  3J ;  depth  4|.  D.  XVIII-1, 12-VIII ;  A.  II,  11-VI.  Head  pointed. 
conical,  naked.  Maxillary  not  reaching  eye.  Teeth  strong,  curved, 
about  40  in  each  jaw.  Pectorals  placed  just  below  the  level  of  pniiil, 
scarcely  half  as  long  as  head.  Gill  rakers  long,  strong,  16  or  17  litlnw 
angle.  Corselet  moderately  developed.  Lateral  line  undulating,  nia);  iiif{ 
a  sharp  curve  below  soft  dorsal.  Dark  metallic  blue;  sides  dusky; 
several  blackish  stripes  running  obliquely  upward  and  backward  tiDiii 
the  pectoral  region  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  tail,  the.se  variable  in  i;iiiii- 
ber  and  direction.     Length  2  to  3  feet ;  weight  16  pounds.     San  Franc  isro 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         873 

to  i'uiiigonia  and  .Jupan  ;  iiUundaiit  uurthwanl  iiiMuninior;  very  similar 
to  till  pi'occdiug,  but  wit!)  tliu  NpiiuMiH  dorHal  aivviiyH  Hliurter,  itH  li«)Hli 
siniiliiily  coarse,  dark  red,  and  oily.     (chilfiiHin,  living  in  Chile.) 

1',1'ini  ,■  ■hili'iuin,  Ci'viKii  A  Vai.knciknnkm,  HiHt.  Nut.  I'niKH.,  VIII,  Ittl,  1831,  Valparaiso;  OPn- 

Tlli;i;,  Cut.,  II,  :»>H,  lHt;0, 
I'ftdiir  -  '  < iVii/d/M,  Tkmmini'K  ,1c  Si'lll.KdEI.,  Kiuiiia  .litimii,  I'iiIhh.,  IMI,  pi.  Ti'J,  1Hr>0,  Japan. 
;v/<ii./'<  liii'iilalii,  (iiRAiiP,  I'lic.  It.  It.  Siiiv.,  x,  Kifp,  l>"iH,  San  Diego,  Calirornia. 
Sir./ii  'liitiiiiiii,  JoUUAN  ik   (iii.liEUr,  SyiioiwiH,  V2H,  IHSIi;  Diikhri.aii  ,V  Fksi.ku,  I.  c,  411,  1880. 


aftof  Itiii'sMiii. 


394.  SCOMBEROMORUS/  Laci^ptde. 

iieomliimiiinruii,  LACf.PftliK,  lliHt.  Xiit.  PoiM.,  Ill,  'Jitli,  18(l'.i,  {pliimierii). 
Ciibiiiiii,  Cl'VlKll,  l()'(;iio  Aiillii.,  Kil.  2,  11,  IH'l'J,  I'Jii,  [tiniiiiimiiHii). 
Aiiu'h'Uliii,  IIknnktt,  rrof.  ('(iiiiin.  /uijl.  .'<<n'.,  1,  1(1!),  iHlil,  (iiiiwimiii), 
l,.f,i.l.,,i\,lnm,  (Jll,l.,  I'loi-.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii  ,  12">,  l.S(i2,  (//i(n,).cii,m.  iim). 
fhiidiiiilni,  lidCKiMiTiiN,  I'Tic.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilu.,  187'J,  I'M,  {coitiulor). 
Sciiml'ini(li>n,  Van  Bknedf.n,  (foBHll). 

Hody  elongate,  wholly  covered  with  rudimentary  scales,  which  do  not 
form  :i  diHtinct  corselet.  Head  pointed,  comparatively  short  and  sinull. 
Moiitli  wide,  the  strong  teeth  in  the  Jaws  more  or  less  compressed  or 
kiiUV-Hhaped ;  villiform  01  Hand-like  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  palatines; 
maxillary  not  concealed  liy  preorhital.  (jlill  rakers  few.  Caudal  peduu- 
cal  with  a  single  keel.  Spinous  dorsal  low,  of  14  to  IH  feeble  spines. 
.Soft  ildiNul  and  anal  short,  similar,  somewhat  elevated  and  falcate,  each 
followed  by  7  to  10  Unlets;  ventrals  small;  pectorals  moderate,  near 
the  level  of  the  eye.  Air  bladder  present.  Verlebrn-  normally  formed, 
45  iu  number.  Fishes  of  the  high  seas ;  graceful  in  form  and  beautiful  in 
color:  among  the  best  of  food-lishes.     ((twiy/^/joc.  Scomber ;  o/^opof,  near.) 

ri,  Mali's  witli  HiilcH  silvery,  ih)  HpotH;  females  witli  -  rowH  of  brown  gpotfi,  fliis  nearly  plain. 

(■IINCIH.IIH,  1201. 
(I.I    llotli  Kcxps  with  ntimeroiKs  liron/.e  spotn  on  Biiies  ;  HpinoiiH  doreal  dark  oxcipt  at  liane. 

''.  .'^cift  dorsal  inserted  in  aiivaneo  of  anal.  macilatus,  12<>2. 

'.'1.  Soft  ilorsjil  inscrtod  over  anal. 

c.  Roily  dec)!,  the  deptli  less  than  5  in  loiipth 

(1.  Teotli  20  to  :\-l  in  each  .jaw.  KIKRUA,  1203. 

ihl.  Teeth  ahmit  '10  in  each  .jaw.  Rkoams,  1204. 

re.  Body  inoro  slender;  the  depth  about  0  in  length.  cavalla,  1205. 


12«1.  SCOMItKltOMOIU'S  COXCOLOi:  (LockiuRton). 

(MONTKIIEV   Sl'A.VIRII    MaCKF.RF.L.) 

Iliad  about  r>;  depth  rather  less;  eye  5h.  D.  XVII-10-VTII ;  A.  I, 
l(')-\  III.  Mouth  slightly  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  posterior 
mari^in  of  pupil.  Teeth  of  Jaws  comparatively  small,  subconical,  little 
c()ni]ire88od  ;  about  .TO  in  each  Jaw  ;  those  of  vomer  and  palatines  minute 
anil  u;ranular.  Lateral  line  slightly  wavy,  descending  oblirjuoly.  Pecto- 
ral lins  8  in  length,  inserted  rather  above  axiu  of  body  ;  ventral  fins 
Ninall ;  spines  of  dorsal  slender  and  fragile,  tlio  longest  J  as  long  as  head  ; 
dorsal  lins  separated  by  an  interspace  e(|ual  to  ^  length  of  base  of  spinous 

*  Ki  r  an  account  of  the  species  of  Scomberomorui  see  a  paper  by  Meek  &  Newland,  Proc.  Ac 
Xiit.  S.  i.  Phila.,  1884,  232-235. 


) 


i    in 


us 


H7I 


Hiillrtin  77,  UnilrJ  States   !V<itioHii/  Museuw. 


tloiNiil  :  caiiilul  Hlioi'tttr  than  lirud,  itH  lowrr  IoIm^  loii^cNt.  (iill  laKt-iN 
litii^,  IH  l»<lo\v  aii^lf.  Mair  <lark  Htt<<>I  liliir,  llH^  NiiloN  Hilvi>iy,  wiilidut 
MlrrakH  or  HpotH;  t'oinalc  willi  Iwo  allt«rnatf  nrriiN  of  lnown  Npnl  .  ilic 
NJlvi'iy  nil  NitlfN  cIoikIciI  witli  dusky  ;  Hum  in-arly  plain,  <larK,  Mium.  n^ 
Hay,  Calit'oinia  ;  appcarin;;  about  SantaCiii/  in  nioilriatt*  nunilins  <  mli 
fall;  not  known  olNtnv lino,  and  ahvayn  diNuppcarin^  in  Novt'nilii  i  .\ 
t'ood-DNli  of  v«My  IiIkIi  <|uality,  not  infoiior  to  any  otlu^r  of  tli*-  l';iiiiii\. 
(coiiiitlitr,  iinilornily  colonMl.) 

I'htiiiiiiiliii  iniiiiilni;  I.iM'KiMiTON,  I'i'iir.  Ac.  N'lil.  Scl.  I'lillii.,  Is7ll,  l:i:i,  Monterey,  Culiiornia. 

.•viillldnr./HiilIK  CllKri'/.x-,  .lullllAN  .V  (ill  IIKIIT,   I'rur,   I' .  ><.    Nut.    MllH.,l,'i,    1  HK|  ;  JiimiAS    .Sliijlllir, 

.•^.vnoixtiH,  -I'Jii,  ls,s;i;  Mk.kk  a  Nknm.ank,  /.  ■■.,  V!:i;i,  ImM;  |Iiu'.mhi,aii  .V  1''i.mi.hh,  /.  .  ,  ii.'.  Issm 
I'iti'l.  SCOMIIKItOMOItrS  NA(i  I.ATIM  (Mitrliill). 

iSl'ANINII    MaiKKIIK.!..) 

IloadH;  d.'ptli  li.  I).  XVII-1H-1\  ;  A.  II  17-IX  ;  maxillary  1  ,  in  li. nil: 
(>yo  I'j;  portoial  I'i  ;  ventrallA;  dorsal  and  anal  IoIh<k  HulM'i|ual.  L*.  \'<in\\ 
rlon^atti,  itH  dorsal  and  vt^ntial  ontlincH  o<|ual ;  pldt'lll^  stiai^lii  rimii 
Huont  to  dornal ;  head  Nuiall  and  pointed:  mouth  laii^*',  ol>li<|Ui',  jawN 
oqiial:  maxillary  rcacliin;;  jtoNlfrior  nuiij^in  of  oiliit;  toctli  lai;;i',  iinn- 
proHHod,  and  Hliarp,  llu>ir  fornuila  Ikmii^  'Ji-'Jl  t«i  ',i'2-',VJ;  ^ill  mkoiN  '_*  |  tl. 
iSoft  doi'Nal  inserted  in  ailvaiico  of  anal  a  distann'  aliont  «m|IuiI  to  diaiiK' 
tcr  «)f  I'y*' ;  latt'ial  lini"  undulating,  with  about  I7r>  poroH.  Colof  hilvtiy, 
bluish  above;  sidi^s  with  many  elliptical  spots  of  dull  (>run<;e  (M>j(ir,  two 
row'H  of  those  spots  bolow  lateral  line  and  one  row  above  ;  spinous  ilmwil 
white  at  base,  blaek  above;  soft  dorsal  tinj^ed  with  yellowish,  lis  nuu- 
^i]is  black;  anal  whit«':  ])osterior  sid«>  of  ])ectoral  black,  antcrioi  siilr 
yellowish  with  black  borders;  caudal  bhickish.  Moth  coasts  of  Nditli 
Anu'rica,  appearin<j  in  larj^ti  but  very  irr«'jfular  schools  in  the  (iiiU'of 
Mexico  and  aloii<;  the  Carolina  Coast ;  ran<>;in^  north  in  the  fall  as  I'nv  us 
Cajte  Ann.  and  south  to  Mrazil :  rare  or  unknown  in  Culia.  Weifjlit  SoiH 
p«)unds.  One  of  the  very  best  food-ftsbes  in  the  United  States,  {maitt- 
laiits,  spotted.) 

Sfomhrrwiuiiltiliii',  MiTc'Hii.i,  Trails.  I-it.  \-  Pliil.  Soo.  N.  Y.,  i,  1S15,  ilG,  New  York. 
Ciihiiim  tiiiuiiliUiiiii,  (ii'NTiiK.ii,  ("at.,  ii,  :i7'J,  isoo;  IIoliiiidok,  li-litli.  S.  Car.,  (Hi,  IMi'id. 
S'<>iii'"ii'i»<'iiis  i»<i(/i/,i(ii.<,  ,I()i!i>AN  .t  (iii.iiKiiT,  SviioiisiH,  4^li,  ISs;!;  Mkk.k  ,t  Nk.wi.aM', '.  ■  , '.l^O, 
1S8,');  l»ttK8:iil.AU  A  FfijiLEii,  /.  c,  113,  pi.  9,  ItiSi). 

126».  SCOMDKItONOKI'S  SIKKItA,  .Ionian  &  Slitrks. 

(SiK.UUA.) 

Head  4J;  depth  4J.  D.  XVIII-LVIX :  A.  ll-bV-IX  ;  maxillary  1;  in 
bead;  eye  5:  j)ectoral  I't;  ventral  ,'5A ;  dorsal  and  anal  lol)es  e(iu!il.  li  in 
head.  I?ody  elonj^ato,  its  dorsal  and  anal  ontlino  about  o(inal ;  indlilc 
straight  from  snout  to  dorsal;  head  small  and  pointed;  month  ll^'J,'(^ 
obli(]ue,  jaws  e(iual;  maxillary  reaching  to  posterior  edge  of  orliit. 
Teeth  large,  compressed,  and  sharp,  \';  on  each  side;  gill  iMUcrs 
4-fll.     Soft  dorsal  inserted  almost  directly  over  front  of  anal :  iiitcval 


I'JKI.  KCONHKItONOItrS  ItKiiAMS  (liloch). 

(fliKIIIIA  ;    I'lNTADO.) 

Iloiid  1];  «l('ptli  4*.  1).  XVII-I.  IfH-VIII  ;  A.  11,  ll-VIII.  Mody  rutlur 
oloii^'.'it*',  itH  tloiNal  niul  vitiitrul  ciirvrN  alioiit  v<|iial.  I.ahTal  lino 
(l(:s<  rtiilin<j^  <)l>Iii|ii«)ly,  tindiiliito  uloii};  tlio  tuil.  Month  liir^i-;  maxillary 
rciicliin^i  to  lirlow  oyc ;  aiijjio  of  piJMtjicrcIo  produced  liinkwiMd;  p(i(! 
torals  Hcaly  ;  caudal  podiinclo  ratlxir  Hlundttr,  itH  hsast  d<;|itli  H.Jt  in  head; 
(•amlal  IcHM  widely  foikcid  Mian  lu  mariihifim.  Ttirfli  tiiaiif^iilar,  Htron^jly 
r,oiii]in'HKed,  about  10  in  (laoli  jaw.  l'«utoral  ncaly.  Siiv«!iy;  Hides  witii 
two  IdackiHli  longitudinal  ))andH  (MOHNing  lateral  line  li«do\v  Hoi't,  doiHal, 
iiotli  |io>4t(M'ioi'1y  l)i'okon  with  longitudinal  HpotH;  ahovo  and  below  tiieuo 
iiuincrous  browniNli  Hpots  in  rowH  ]>ei'HiHtent  in  the  adult  ;  anterior  por- 
tion of  HpinouH  dornal  black.  Cape  (!od  to  Brazil ;  not  viuy  eoninion  on 
our  Atlantic  ('oaHt ;  abundant  in  Cul)a,  cloHcly  allied  to  ScombrromontH 
miitiiliilui^,  i'roHi  which  most  liHhcnn(ui  do  not  diHtingiilHli  it.  It  r(>acheH 
alciijith  of  r>  or  (!  feet  and  a  weight  of  20  pounds,  it  being  alHO  an  excel- 
lent I'ood-tish.     {rvijaliH,  royal.) 

Scnnilier  riijdlts,  Bi.ocii,  Iclitliyol.,  pi.  liit:!,  1705,  Martinique  ;  iiftiT  u  ilniwiti'^'  liy  I'mmiik. 
SeimihiidiiioriiH  iihiiiieri,  Ii.\ri:i'Ki)K,  IliHt.  Nat.  I'hIhh.,  hi,  292,  iKOfi,  Martinique;  aftiir  AriiitiKT'x 

Cnpy  (if  I'l.lIMIKIl's  (Iriiwiiin. 
Cithlim  ir./d/i',  (iCNTilK.H,  Cat.,  II,  1172,  IKOO. 

Ciiliiini  iicriiuiii,  (^rviK.ii  it  Vai.kN(Iknnk.«,  llist.  Nnt.  Poise.,  viii,  IHi!,  isni,  Cuba. 
Sii>,iiti,'miiii,ni.s  reijidiii,  .h)Hl>\n   .V  (ill.liF.itT,   SviiupsJH,   420,    lHHIt ;     Mkkk   &  Nkwi.asiii,   /.  <■.,  2.t|, 

1»S5  ;  DiiEbsLAii  &  I<'i;si,Eit,  I.  <.,  'IH,  jil.  .\,  1880. 


12«5.  KrOMBKKO.HOIU'S  CAVALliA  (Cuvlnr  &  VjilonciciincB). 

(KiNiiFisii  ;  Cavalla  ;  Oeno;  .'<ikuiia.  ) 

Uead  5 ;  depth  6;  eye  large,  2  in  snout.    D.  X  V-1, 1.5-VIII :  A.  II,  la-VIIl. 
Mouth  large,  maxillary  reaching  to  below  eye.     Lateral  line  desceuding 


:i 
1  ' 

Jordan  ami  Kvermann.    -  Fishea  of  North  Amcrict. 


87r» 


Ijiu  iiiidiihiling,  with  about  hr*  poren.  Silvery;  above  dark  Hteel  bluinli; 
Niitt'N  with  nuineroUH  found  Hpotn  of  Iho  Hauio  color  an  the  iiack,  three 
lows  of  thene  HpolH  below  lateral  line  and  one  above;  NpinouN  dornal 
nil  black;  Hoft  dornal  tinged  witii  yellowiHh,  itH  niarginn  Idack  ;  anal 
wliitr;  poNterior  tuce  of  pectoial  entirely  blatdc,  anttrioi  luce  yellosviHli 
with  lilai-kiHh  borders  :  caudal  lda<'k.  A  lai  ^e  example,  Niippuscd  to  be  a 
niiile,  liaH  live  rowH  of  npotn  below  tlie  lateral  line, anteriorly  IheHo  NpotN 
ilf(ir:isiiig  in  Hi/e  toward  the  belly,  but  extending  nearly  to  bas*)  of  ven 
tnil  liu.  l>ength  2\  feel,  I'acitic  Coantof  tropical  America:  generally 
I'Diiiiiion,  reproHonting  S,  inaiiihihiK,  which  it  rcHeiiibleH  very  doHely,  tlio 
more  backward  iiiHertion  of  the  Hoft  dorwal  and  the  coloration  being  tlio 
unly  distinctive  charactern  of  importance.  The  HpeiiicH  is  not  valued  as 
fooil.  hut  this  may  lie  due  to  the  poor  ways  of  cooking  lish  prevalent  in 
Muxico.     (•V(in«,the  vernacular  name,  meaning  Haw.) 

Si'miil'-'i  iiiorii*  wiiiiil.ihiH,    .loitDAN   <k  QlLliRIIT,    Hull.    IJ.    8.    Kixli    Chiiimi.,    II,    ISK2,    IOC;    not    uf 

Miiriiil.l,. 
Roiii/" i"i""'""  fhrrii,  .liiiiPAN  iV  Staiikh,  U<'|it.   KIhIich  Hitiiiloii,   MS.   iHit,'!,  Mazntlan.     (T,v|ii', 

N..   1720,  L.  S.  .Ir.  I'niv.  Miih.     (Nill.  HopldiH  ICxpodltlnii.) 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


V' 


w 

m 


^  «*% 


4^ 

4ip 


Z/. 


* 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


H4  12.8 

■so    "^" 


125 
*i^  iii    12.2 


US        . 


HUl 


2.0 


iU 


I 


1.8 


1.6 


-    6" 


.-^>.^V 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


«> 


"^ 


\ 


<N 


[V 


^^>%. 

v^^ 


6^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


^v- 


K^ 

w 


m 


^ 


%> 


■,r:'i*>.''i»;.r,:^T'T7''T^'^^T;r^rvi-;Y^WTJl**7?^ 


876 


Bulletin  ^7,  Ihiitcd  Statts  National  Museum. 


abruptly  below  the  seoond  dorsiil.  Teeth  triangular,  strongly  cor,i])if.sseil 
about  I^Oou  oadijiiw.  Pectoral  5  in  body.  Gill  rakers  very  short,  less  than 
^  diameter  of  eye,  about  8  below  the  angle.  Adult  iron  gray,  ncurly  or 
quite  ininiaculate ;  young  with  the  Hides  of  bod.\  marked  with  ilarkc; 
yellowish  sjiots  ;  spinous  dorsal  without  black  blotch  anteriorly.  Iiojii. 
cal  Atlantic,  in  the  open  seas,  coming  in  immense  numbers  to  the  Ilmida 
Keys  and  Charleston,  rjinging  north  to  Cape  Cod  and  south  tc  Africa 
and  Urazil ;  very  common  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast,  especially  unions 
the  Florida  Keys,  the  catch  at  Key  WeHt  very  large.  One  of  the  li< m  food- 
fishes  of  the  Florida  coast,  with  firm  rich  llesh.  It  reaches  a  1oii),m1i  of 
r>  feet  and  a  weiglit  of  100  pounds.  (CavaUa  or  Caballa,  a  Spanisli  luime, 
from  caballuH,  horse.) 

Ciibiim  mralla,  CuviElt,  Ri'giio  Aiiim.,  K(i.  2,  II,  200,  1829,  Brazil  ;  »ftpr  Gnnrnpum  ,,f  Mviir- 

OUAVF 

Cijhium  vtiliaUa,  CuviKu  k  Valknciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiw*.,  vin,  187,  1831,  Brazil  ;  Ci  nthki;. 

Cat.,  11,  :i7;i,  18(10. 
CjiUum  immaiiilwiiiii,  CuviKn  &  VAtENCiENNES,  /.  c,  viii,  101, 18U1,  no  locality. 
Sfomlinromniiiii  t iiIki'.Iii,  .InuUAN  *  Gii.iiEiiT,  Troc.  U.  S.  N'iit.  Mus.,  2G8,  1882;  .Fohdan  A  Uimif.ki, 

Synopsis,  127,  l.S8:i ;  Meek  i  Newi.and,  I  c,  'm:>,  ISKf). 
Scomhtromurm cavalUi,  Ukesslak  &  Feslek,  /.  c,  '114,  pi.  xi,  188!), 

39S.  ACANTHOCVBIUM,  Gill. 
(Petos.) 

Acaiilhocjihium,  (jll.l,,  Proc  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  18(!2,  125,  (mra  —  mlatuM). 

Body  elongate,  fusifoim.  Head  very  long,  slender  and  pointctl,  tho 
niandilde  being  longer  than  upper  jaw;  jaws  forming  a  sort  of  liouk: 
cleft  of  mouth  extending  to  below  eye;  posterior  part  of  iiuixillary 
covered  by  the  prcorbital ;  both  jaws  armed  with  a  close  series  of  trciicli- 
ant  teeth,  ovate  or  truncate;  their  edges  finely  serrate;  villiforiii  ti'etli 
on  vomer  and  palatines  ;  gills  as  in  Xiphiaa,  their  lamiuie  forming  !i  net- 
work ;  scales  small,  scarcely  forming  a  corselet;  those  along  the  liasc  of 
dorsal  enlarged  and  lanceolate;  keel  strong;  caudal  spinous;  dorsul  very 
long,  its  spines  about  25  in  number.  One  species,  a  very  large  mackerel-like 
fish,  widely  distributed;  especially  abundant  about  the  Florida  Straits. 
This  remarkable  genus  imlicates  a  long  step  from  Se(tmb(roMO''iin  towaid 
the  tj'pe  of  the  swordfishes.  (uKdvOa,  spine;  CUjMam;  the  name  hi  jUnv 
was  originally  applied  to  the  cured  llesh  of  nijhiftti'). 

12«e.  ACAXTIIOC'YBIITM  SOLANDRI  (Oiivior  A  Vnlonriennes). 

(Peto;  Wahoo;  GrAiiAniMi.) 

Head  4  ;  depth  6i ;  eye  5  in  snout ;  gape  more  than  half  length  of  liiad : 
piemaxillaries  in  front  prolonged  in  a  sort  of  beak,  which  is  nearly  liait 
length  of  snout ;  teeth  somewhat  irregular,  the  posterior  much  the  laiKost, 
all  strong,  serrated,  about  50  in  each  jaw.  Dorsal  spines  mostly  sube(iiial; 
lateral  line  descending  abruptly  under  sixteenth  dorsal  spiiu' :  the 
highest,  behind  the  middle  of  fin,  5|  in  head  ;  dorsal  and  anal  lobts  low. 
Caudal  lobes  short,  very  abruptly  spreading,  their  length  about  ii  head. 


/<> 


l'ect!>i:il 
below  :  no 
l/)(ly.    'fn 
(iontlii'i'ii 

of  t;  ff'  <>' 

ivfoo(l-ti>l>- 

O/iiii"  -  •''Oiil 
i)HK  ;  ope 

I 'ill, ill  III   -  Ml, 

Tat,  11,  ' 
Ciihiiim  t"  '"•• 

CljIliUlll  !■■  1,11111 

,{,m,thn':J'iiim 
Mmihuqil'iiiiii 


Mackerel 

presKiMl,  cti 

obsolete,  S( 

very  nlronf 

Lo\ver  jiiw 

Tree  from 

uuariiicd ; 

broi<l  fishes 

the  soft  pa 

ibnu  to  th« 

usually  not 

snull,  oftei 

number.     1 

atioii  mete 

Fishes  of  t 

ble  depths 

food.    The 

diverge  in 

sive  steps 

progressiva 

other  lian( 

ciali/.ation 

the  (hmpif 

posed  of  si 

and  liuckv 

been  verifl 

ther,  Cat., 

TiivnsiTiNA-.: 

a.  l)"(ly  mo 

h.  Ynni 

c.  ] 


fordan  and  FA'ertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        877 

I'ectonil  L'i  in  head.  Corselet  smiill.  Steel  bine;  dark  above,  paler 
lidow  :  110  distinct  markings,  yonng  faintly  barred  :  Una  colored  like  tho 
IkIv.  Tropical  seas;  not  rare  about  Cuba,  whore  it  spawns;  north  to 
(ioutlKiM  Florida;  not  rare  al out  the  Florida  Keys.  It  reaches  a  length 
of  f)  ft'  I  or  njore  and  a  weight  of  over  ;")(>  to  lt)0  pounds,  and  is  valued  as 
afood-tisli.    (Named for  its  discoverer,  .Solandcr,an  early  explorer.)   fEu.) 

Olhiiwi  ■■■'■I'in'Iri,   CrviKli  A  Vai.knciknnks,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  vill,  l!!-',  18:11;  ril'tor  MS.  of  Solan- 

py.i: :  open  sea,  exact  locality  unknown. 
/V.iiim  M",  llENNKTT,  Bcechoy's  Voyagf,  Zoul,,  63,  iil.2(>,  fig. '2, 184U,  Loo  Choo  ;  (ii'NTiiEii. 

Cat,  II,  :!7:i,  IrtfiO. 
<y.ii(w ;"'"«,  I'oEV,  MfinoriuB,  ii,  2:!4,  pi.  Hi,  titr.  1,  l.M'.ii,  Ha /ana. 
Ojltimii  oniiiii,  DiiDKKi.KiN,  Giorii.  di  Sr.  Nut.,  Ed.  Kcim.,  viii,  ls7'2,  Palermo. 
,ii(uil)ii"i,i'iiimfeluii,  I'oEY,  S}iio|)sis,  303,  18(!8. 
,{,aiithw:ihU(iiisolandrt,  JoiiBAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mm.,  1S84,  ll!t. 

Family  CXIX.  (iEMPYLID^E. 

(Thk  ESCOLAUS.) 

Mackerel-like  fishes  with  tbe  body  rather  elongate,  more  or  less  com- 
piesKi'il,  covered  with  niinuie  scales.  Lateral  lino  various,  sometimes 
obsolete,  sometimes  with  a  dorsal  branch.  Head  large,  compressed,  with 
very  ulrong  teeth,  usually  compressed,  some  of  the  a;iterior  canine-like. 
Lover  Jaw  projecting,  (iill  openings  wide,  the  membranes  not  united, 
iiee  from  isthmus.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  fourth.  Opercles  in  adult 
uuariiied  :  in  young  the  preoporcle  with  radiating  spines  as  usual  in  sconi- 
broitl  lislies.  Dorsal  fin  long,  a  notch  separating  tne  weak  spines  from 
the  soft  part,  which  always  forms  a  distinct  lobe  anteriorly,  similar  in 
ibnu  to  the  anal  fin.  Finlets  often  present.  Caudal  peduncle  slender, 
usually  not  keeled,  the  fin  moderate  in  size,  always  forked.  Ventrals 
snull,  often  reduced  to  a  single  ispine.  Vertebr;e  numerous,  32  to  53  in 
uuiuher.  Pyloric  cccca  rather  few.  Air  bladder  usually  present.  Color- 
ation metallic,  usually  brilliant.  Genera  about  6;  species  about  12. 
Fishes  of  the  high  seas,  widely  distributed  and  descending  to  considera- 
ble depths,  usually  breeding  about  rocky  islands,  most  of  them  used  as 
food.  The  Gempylidw  are  closely  allied  to  the  Scomhridtv,  from  which  they 
diverj^c  in  the  direction  of  the  Lcpidophhv.  and  Trichiitrida:  The  succes- 
sive .steps  are  indicated  by  the  progressive  elongation  of  the  body,  the 
prof^ressive  reduction  of  the  ventrals  and  tho  vertical  fins,  and  on  tho 
other  hand  by  the  progressive  elongation  of  tho  lower  Ja,,  and  the  spe- 
cialization of  the  dentition.  Dr.  Liitken  calls  attention  to  tho  fact  that 
the  (hmpylidw  possess  a  system  of  dermal  ribs  or  subcutaneous  ribs,  com- 
posed of  slender  bony  filaments  close-set,  directed  backward  and  upward, 
and  liuckward  and  downward  from  tin  median  line.  This  character  has 
been  verified  in  Thyrsiteti,  Nealotus,  and  Gemjpylus.  {Tnch'nirida,  part,  Gilu- 
ther.  Cat.,  Ii,  349-353,  1860.) 

TiiviisrriN.T-;: 
a.  lluily  modcr.itely  elongate,  the  dorsnl  spineR  Io.«s  tlinn  lio,  tlio  tinlcts  nBuall,v  few. 
').  Viiittrals  well  developed,  their  rays  I,  5. 

0.  Dorsal  and  anal  ouch  witli  detcched  finlotf,. 

d.  Lateral  Hue  well  developed,  moderately  curved;  Unlet.-'  2;  Bkiu  with  Bniall  lliin 
acaleii.  Bipinnula,  a'JO. 


i^ 


i  \ 


11 

in.  I 
1% 


'1 


n 

•i  u 

i  y 
fi 

It 


878 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  Stales  National  Museum. 


ilil.   Lateral  liiiu  ubaoldto  ur  neutly  ho;  linlutH  2;  skiu  witli  buiiv  tiilxTrUs. 

HfVKTMs,  ;)ii7. 
>'r',  >)orsiil  iiiid  anal  each  witliuut  IliilutB;  Inturul  lino  prcHont,  doiiblu. 

Ei'iNMi.A,  :i'jn. 
bh.  Vuntral  I'iiih  each  reduced  to  a  Hinglo  Hpinc. 

<•.  DiirHil  tin  morn  or  less  Ri>|iiirated  from  soft  part  of  the  fln;  body  iit't  grcutlv  eimi- 

i^iitc;  tlfilotH  few  or  rioiK!. 

/.  S|inco  between  vent  and  anal  tin  armed  with  a  daKKcr-sliapud  Hi;iiie;  Utiral 

lino  present,  Hiiij^lo;  2  or  It  tiiilets  present.  Nkai.hi  i  s,  ■.v.v.i, 

Jtf.  Sjiace  between  vent  and  anal  witlioiit  dagger-Hliapcd  siiino;  Unlets  J:  latirul 

lino  BJngle;  ventruls  minute;  (youn^;  without  tinletH  and  willi  the  vintral 

HpineB  very  long  anil  jag','od).  I'rometiii(|[|iii>,  iixi. 

(Jrmpvi.in.k: 

(Id.   Lody  greatly  elongate,  the  dorwil  tin  with  about  3(1  spineg,  the  Hpinoiis  part  ruiitinii.ni. 

with  the  Hoft  part;  dorsal  and  anal  flnlota  C;  dentition  strong;  ventrals  I,  Ti,  verv  sniuii. 

OEMI'I  lis,  Jul. 

396.  BIPINNULA,  Jordan  &  Eveimanu. 

lUpiiiniila,  .roniiAN  Ht  KvKiiMANN,  new  genus,  (rinlacin). 

Body  Hubfusiforiii,  elongate,  low,  nnifoim,  slender;  head  coiiipiPSHCMl; 
lower  Jaw  longest,  both  jaws  with  small  teeth  ;  teeth  on  vomer  faii^'  lik«. 
First  dorsal  low,  uniform,  of  20  slender  spines,  the  fln  near  soft  doisal, 
the  anterior  lobe  of  Avhich.  is  moderately  developed  ;  tinlets  2,  aii.il  Npiins 
3,  a  dagger-shaped  spine  before  it.  Ventrals  moderate,  I,  5 :  pii(oral>( 
inserted  low.  Scales  thin,  cycloid,  deciduous ;  lateral  line  single.  No 
gill  rakers.  One  species  known.  Dr.  Gill  divides  the  genus  'rinjrsUis, 
Cuvier  «fc  Valenciennes,  into  Thyrsitvx*  with  (5  or  7  flnlets,  the  latcial  line 
abruptly  decurved,  and  Thyrsitoj)^,^  with  4  or  5  finlets,  and  the  lateral 
line  nearly  straight.  The  American  species,  i"Jo/««'«,  with  2  fiiiU'ts,  and 
the  lateral  line  lightly  curved  is  still  better  distinguished,  uiul  Klionld 
probably  constitute  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  for  which  we  projM>.sc  the 
name  Bipinnula,    {Us,  two ;  jnnnula,  finlet.) 


12«7.  BIPINNULA  VIOLACEA  (Bean). 

Head  4;  depth  8.  D.  XX-I,  19  +  11;  A.  17  + III;  V.I,  5;  1'.  13. 
Width  of  interorbital  area  slightly  greater  than  length  of  eye,  which  is 
contained  nearly  li  times  in  length  of  head  and  3J  times  in  leiiuth  of 
upper  Jaw.  Least  height  of  tail  equals  width  of  interorbital  aica. 
Length  of  snout  twiccs  that  of  longest  dorsal  spine,  and  ^  distanco  from 
snout  to  origin  of  spinous  dorsal.  Maxilla  extending  to  vertical  tliiouj;h 
front  of  eye.  Length  of  upper  jaw  equals  'Si  times  width  of  interorbital 
space.  Mandible  reaches  to  vertical  through  hind  margin  of  eye :  its 
length,  including  the  lleshy  tip,  is  5  times  width  of  interorbital  aiva. 
Anterior  nostril  smaller  than  posterior ;  situated  in  advance  of  eye  1 
diameter  of  eye.  Posterior  nostril  a  narrow  slit  placed  midway  between 
anterior  and  eye.  Strong  teeth  on  intermaxillary  and  mandible,  'i'luce 
large  fangs  anteriorly  in  roof  of  mouth  ;  pseudobranchiii'  well  developed: 
no  trace  of  gill  rakers.     Spinous  dorsal  begins  at  a  distance  from  snout 

*  Thijruilix,  CuviK.li  &  Vai.kncie.jnes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  vui,  190,   ISIil,  (ci<im).     (T luimt'i,  un 
old  name  ol  some  tisli,  from  Ovptro^,  a  wand.) 
•j-  Thijrutopsi,  Gill,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  18()2,  125,  {lepidojmUies). 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        S7() 

which  fi|uals  twice  length  of  snout;  it  is  liinhest  in  middle.  Ninth  and 
thiittfiiili  Hpincs  slightly  longer  tlian  third  npine  and  more  than  twice 
us  long  iiH  twentieth,  their  length  eiinaling  \  that  of  unout.  Soft  dorsal 
liiuhcst  anteriorly,  its  longest  ray,  the  lifth,  being  nearly  twice  least 
liiMi,'ht  <it'  tail.  Caudal  forked,  its  middle  rays  ahout  \  as  long  as 
external  rays.  Anal  origin  under  the  third  ray  of  soft  dorsal,  its  dis- 
tiinc'o  fioni  vent  2i  times  length  of  dagger-shajied  spine.  Vent  directly 
miller  (Mui  of  spinous  dorsal.  Anal  rays  longest  anteriorly,  the  fifth  ray 
lieini'  nearly  as  long  as  corresponding  ray  of  S(>ft  dorsal.  The  dagger- 
sliiipcd  spine  in  front  of  anal  \  least  height  of  tail  ;  ventral  immediately 
iiiulir  third  spine  of  dorsal ;  its  first  and  longest  ray  J  interorl>ital  width  ; 
lit'tl)  ray  ahout  \  as  long  as  first ;  pectoral  heginning  under  second  dorsal 
spinis  itH  length  2^  times  width  of  interorhital  area,  extending  to  verti- 
cal iiiiilway  between  fifth  and  sixth  dorsal  spines.  Lateral  lino  well 
(levtlopod,  descending  gradually  from  upper  angle  of  gill  opening, 
leacliinji;  median  lino  of  body  under  soft  dorsal.  Scales  irregular  in 
sliajic.  thin,  elongate,  cycloid,  and  deciduous.  Puridisli ;  the  spinous 
dorsal,  pectorals,  ventrals,  and  inside  of  mouth  blackish.  Known  from 
one  Hi)C("imen  caught  by  Captain  Thomas  Thompson,  on  Lo  Have  hank, 
south  iif  N,>wfouudlaud,  in  12ij  fathoms.  (IJeau.)  (viohicm,  violet- 
colored.) 
Thiii«iii'i's  riiihtrcm,  Bean,  Prnc.  U.  S.   Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  .')i;i,   Le   Have  Bank.     (Type,  No. 

;i',ijs7.    Coll.  W.  A.  Wilcox);  Goodk  A  1U:a.n,  Ocoiiiiic  Ichtb.,  11)5,  1805. 
Thijrsikf  tiiijcr,  I'oEY,  Kuuuteratio,  74,  1875. 

397.  RUVETTUS,  Cocco. 

(ESCOLAKES.; 

Rmrtiiis,  Cr>crn,  Giorn.  Sci.  Sicilia.,  xili,  2,  1829,  (preliiiuvs), 

;l]i/nni<,  l.owK,  TruDS.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lonil.,  li,  IWl,  1841  (Ki)iijili:r), 

AcanHioihrmti,  Canthaine,  Journ.  Ac.  Hci.  BcUes-IiCttriH  ISruxellcs,  x,  18.35,  {IcmmMi). 

Body  fusiform,  modei'ately  elongate,  the  skin  covered  with  bony  tuber- 
cles remote  from  each  other  and  obli(iuely  placed.  Mouth  large,  with 
stroni,'  teeth,  some  o^'  the  anterior  in  each  Jaw  canine-like.  Lateral  line 
obseiue,  little  developed.  Abdomen  keeled.  Tail  not  keeled.  Dorsals 
near  together,  well  ditferentiated ;  dorsal  and  anal  each  with  2  linlets. 
Ventral  rays  I,  5.  Color  black.  One  species.  A  large,  deep-water  lish, 
generally  valued  as  food  in  the  tropics,  {lioveto  or  liuvetto,  Italian  name 
of  Unrctlus prvtiosua.) 

1268.  RUVKTTUS  PRFTIOSCS,  Cocco. 
(Kscdlar;  Rovetto;  Uuvetto;  Cmicolau;  Oil  Kisii;  Scouit  Fisii;  Plain-taii..) 

Head  \  ;  depth  6 ;  eye  large,  5.  D.  XV-1 8-II ;  A.  17-11 :  V.  1,  .5 ;  C.  !» +  ^ ; 
vertebra'  16  +  16=32.  Co'ca  11  to  14.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  not  greatly 

*  .Viiiithcr  tish  of  this  tjroiip,  nppareutly  allied  to  Encohir  lias  liocii  iiientioiicd  us  Thyntili-s  iiiijer, 

I'llKV. 

Iviiiiwn  only  fi-oiii  II  fiajrme'it  of  tlm  tail  of  a  specimen  weiKliiiij;  alxmt  100  poiiiiilH.  ('audal 
|iiJiiikIi'  with  a  distinct  keel.  Scales  thin,  smooth,  and  luunditih,  not  spinoui'.  Ctdor  cvery- 
whori'  iiitiiise  hliick.  Last  rays  of  dorsal  apparently  detached.  Klesh  white,  (•xi|ui.'<ite  in 
fl^voi,  .x^iii  Hiirdliiix  jin'tumiiK.  Havana.  (Poey.)  Thrown  on  shore  hy  a  stonii.  This  it^  prohu- 
I'ly  not  u  Thi/niU't:,  uur  a  Jiiviimuhi,  as  the  caudal  ptduuclo  Las  uo  ktel  iu  either  genua.  i,iiiijt:r, 
bluck.) 


M 


■-   I 


u 


'I 


:^T'  TJ>''i 


880 


Bulletin  y/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


oloiigate.  Head  largo,  coin|>act,  plain,  with  flat  and  oven  sides,  <  luinNicr 
than  in  Promctliichthyn,  the  lower  jaw  being  very  Htrong.  Toji  di  iicmi 
broad  and  (lat.  Mouth  very  large,  the  gape  extending  beyond  middle  oi 
eye  ;  teeth  strong,  Home  of  the  anterior  «!anine-like.  First  dorsal  Inw,  tlir 
spines  slender;  second  dorsal  and  anal  high  In  I'ront.  Caudal  larije, 
broadly  forked.  Pectorals  small,  vontrals  snuvUer.  Skin  appaiiiitly 
smooth  and  scurfy  in  appearance,  harsh  and  st  id"  to  the  touch.  Sl<in  cov- 
ered with  small,  irregular,  cycloid  scales  and  also  rows  of  glassy  lnilvid 
prickles  in  quincunx,  the  structure  of  thete  complicated  and  pcciiliui; 
each  one  X-shaped  or  X'^^l"*!'*'*^)  with  2  points  and  2  or  3  roots.  Color 
purplish  1)rown,  darker  above  and  with  blackish  patches  ;  inside  ol  nidiitli 
dusky.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic  in  deep  water.  Abundant  in  dccji 
water  about  Cuba  and  the  Madeiras,  frecpiently  taken  in  the  Mcditnia- 
nean,  two  specimens,  4  and  (J  feet  long,  taken  otV  the  Grand  r>anks  id' New. 
foundland.  Found  in  ;500  to  400  fathoms.  It  reaches  a  weiglil  id'  liiii 
pounds  and  is  valued  as  food.  "The  Ctiban  iishermen  go  *fi-scli(iliiriiif;' 
('ii  escolarear '),  after  the  Ashing  for  the  spearfish  has  ceased  and  licfom 
that  for  the  red  snapper  begins."  The  flesh  is  Ahite  and  flaky.  Imi  soft 
and  insipid  in  the  Madeiras,  according  to  Lowe,  where  its  extreme  oiii- 
ness  makes  it  unwholesome.     {jn-vtioHun,  precious.)     (Eu.) 

IlHiellii.1  jiriiiiisiw,  Coccn,  Giornah!  di  Srieuzo  jht  la  Sh'iliii,  xi.ii,  21,  ls2!t,  Messina. 

Telnigimuiim  shiiiilcx,  LoWK,  I'ror.  Zeiil.  .Sor.  Lotid.,  14;j,  183:!,  Madeira, 

ItoreOiHteiiiiiiiidii,  Cantu.vink,  Giorn.  Si-i.  et  Litt.  Tiwi,  183,3,  Malta;  tUlo  Pcikv. 

TliymlexdciiiUhodenttti,  Lowe,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Sue.  Lorid.,  1830,  78,  Madeira. 

ThiirKites  scholariii,  PoKv,  MemoriaB,  i,  372,  1861,  pi.  32,  tij;.  1,  Havana. 

Tliymtfs pretiomis,  GOnther,  Oat.,  351,  ISnO. 

Apliinis  f implex,  Lowe,  Trans.  Zuiil.  Soc.  Loud.,  ii,  1841,  180. 

liiivellim  leiiimitd-ii,  Valenc'ienne.s,' in  Weiiii  &.  Ueutiiei.ot,  Poiss.  Canar.,  .W,  iiliites. 

Acanthodervia  timviin'ii,  Oantbaine,  Juurii.  Ac.  Sci.  et  BollcB-Lettros,  UruxBllcs,  IKi'i,  x,  jil.  1. 

398.  EPINNULA,  Poey 

^)miiii{a,  Poey,  Memorias,  i,  3G9,  1854,  (magislralis). 

Body  fusiform,  somewhat  compressed,  moderately  elongate,  covered 
with  minute  thin  scales.  Lateral  line  present,  double.  Dorsal  Tn is  con- 
tiguous, barely  connected,  the  spines  A\ell  differentiated.  Ventmls  I.'). 
No  finlets.  Tail  not  keeled.  Deep  wateia  of  the  Atlantic.  (Name  sliort- 
eued  from  ejnnnulatus,  without  fiiilets.) 


12«0.  EPINNULA  MAOISTRALIS,  Poey. 
(Domine.) 

Head  3;  depth  5.  D.  XV-I,  16;  A.  Ill,  13;  V.  I,  5;  P.  15;  C.  8  +  7;  R 
7;  coeca  10.  Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed.  Maxillary  reucliing 
middle  of  eye;  eye  large,  about  2  in  snout;  opercular  point  sol'r ;  liist 
dorsal  low,  depressible  in  a  groove;  anal  beginning  but  little  lidiiml 
second  dorsal.  Caudal  forked,  the  lower  lobe  shorter;  pectorals  not  fal- 
cate; ventrals  half  smaller,  under  lower  angle  of  pectoral.  Inti-itinal 
canal  straight.  Head  about  as  \n  RuvctUm,  the  mouth  large;  the  maxil- 
lary nearly  half  head ;  lower  jaw  projecting ;   premaxillaries  boidcrcd 


^fii! 


fordan  ixnd  ETermann. — Fis/ies  of  A'orth  America.         ScSl 


witli  i'M  external  HerieH  of  nharp  teeth  ;  about  2  lai(j;o  cotiipresHod  canines 
oil  t'JKli  Hide  in  front ;  one  on  each  Hide  near  t  ip  of  low  jaw  ;  low»!r  teeth 
otlitiwiMo  smaller.  Scales  sniall,  caducous.  Upper  lateral  lino  very  high, 
imialli  1  with  hack;  lower  Joining  it  behind  the  shoulder,  thence  curving 
ildw II \\;ird,  following  outline  of  belly.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Hluish, 
(liiiki  r  ;ii)ove,  silvery  bolow.  (Poey.)  Two  specimens  liuown,  one  taken 
iienr  ll:ivana  in  IH."*?,  3  feet  long,  the  other  obtained  by  the  Alhutronn  in 
\)<Kk  I  .)/((//is/r«/i.'*,  Master ;  in  Spanish,  Dihiihii';  in  reference  to  its  resem- 
hliuii'c  to  the  scholar,  Encolar,  Jiufcthtx pnlloHnn.) 

fJHi.iiii''  i^in'jMriili",  I'liKv,  Mi'iiioriiis,  i,  iltill,  isr)!,  Havana;  (iCNTiiKit,  Cut.,  ii,  :il,»,  IHtiO;  (5(](iiiK 
\  111  AS,  Oioiinic  IchtUyol.,  lOS,  isns. 

399.  NEALOTUS,  Johnson. 

S:;ih'l"\  ,1'HINPOV,  Proc.  /oiil.  .''oi'.  Loiiil.,  180"),  4;!l,  (/Wjks). 

iiody  elongate,  much  compressed,  incompletely  covered  with  delicate 
scuIls.  Cleft  of  mouth  deep.  Small  teeth  in  jaws  and  on  palatine  Itones ; 
iioiir  oil  vomer.  First  dorsal  (composed  of  about  'M>  spines)  continuous, 
extt'iidiiig  to  the  second  ;  finlets  behind  dorsal  and  anal ;  a  diigger-shaped 
siiinc  Iithind  vent.  No  keel  on  tail.  Caudal  tin  well  developed.  Von- 
tiiiln  reduced  to  a  spine  each.  Seven  branchiostegals.  Deep  seas;  one 
N|H'cies  known.     (veaXwror,  newly  caught.) 

1270.  NEALOTl'S  TBIPKS,  Johnson. 

HeadU;  depth  9J;  eye  5;  snout  3.  D.  XXI,  19  +  11;  A.  18,  III ;  P.  13; 
V.  1.  lU)dy  very  elongate,  with  a  few  large,  decidtious,  simple  scales  of 
(Iflicaie  structure  here  and  there  upon  its  surface.  Head  flattened  above, 
coiiciu  0  in  interorbital  region,  with  4  low  ridges,  the  inner  pair  of  which 
iuclohe  an  elongate,  dianiond-shaped  space;  lower  jaw  longest.  Eye  round, 
lateral ;  opercle  with  2  obtuse  projections  behind,  separated  by  a  notch. 
Spinous  dorsal  inserted  in  front  of  root  of  pectoral,  its  height  slightly 
{greater  than  half  that  of  body ;  its  length  less  than  half  that  of  body, 
placed  in  a  groove;  the  second  dorsal  placed  close  behind  first,  not  so 
high  and  less  than  hiilf  as  long.  Pectoral  origin  under  angle  of  ope'cle, 
its  lenj^'th  equal  to  that  of  second  do  nal  fin.  Spines  representing  ventrals 
inserted  close  together  under  hinder  part  of  roots  of  pectorals,  their  length 
aliout  i  height  of  body.  These  spines  arc  longitudinally  grooved,  and  each 
aiipeaiH  to  consist  of  2  or  3  spines  coalesced  together.  Vent  very  slightly 
postinedian  ;  a  ilat,  dagger-shaped  spine,  longitudinally  grooved,  half  .is 
lonj;  as  height  of  body,  inserted  close  behind  vent.  Anal  fin  inserted 
behind  this  spine  at  a  distance  about  equal  to  its  kngtli,  and  opposite 
to,  lint  rather  shorter  than  second  dorsal.  Caudal  fin  deeply  furcate. 
Lateral  lino  descends  obliquely  from  above  opercle  to  middle  of  length  of 
fisli,  and  then  continues  with  a  gentler  obliquity  along  posterior  part  of 
body  to  tail,  -where  it  is  inserted  at  i  distance  from  ventral  to  dorsal  out- 
line. (Goode  &  Rean.)  Two  specimens  known,  one  from  Madeira,  the 
other  taken  by  the  Challenger  between  the  Bahamas  and  Bermudas,  ((ripen, 
3 -footed,  the  2  ventral  spines  and  the  anal  spine  forming  a  tripod.) 
yfuhiii^  inpeH,  .Johnson,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lond.,  18C5,  434,  Madeira. 
F.  N.  A. 57 


) 


i 


[' 


If 


! 


ip.,i.!,»-JH  IHUIVtlUJflllf  IlllfUJJI^II 


882 


1-: 


Jiulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 
400.  PROMETHICHTHYS,  dill. 

(CoNK.FOS.) 

I'rowrlhenf,  iiVO\  \  (iAIMARD,  MS. 

Promilheiif,  LnwK,  TniiiH.  /ool.  Soo.  Loinliiii,  II,  iHl,  l«r.,  (ullinilieiii') ;  nmiir  )irciMcu|ij,..| 
f /<iVt<i/ii(i,*  (irNTiiKH,  Cat.,  II,  :i}!),  iHtiii,  (iinii(i/ii»). 

Pioiiulhirhlhjiii,  iitl.h,  Bli'in.  Nut.  Ac.  Sci.,  vi,  115,  lii;i,  1803,  {(ilhiuliriiH;  Hulistltutc  fjr  I 'on,,' Hum 
of  Lowe). 

IJody  elongato,  slondor,  fusiform;  iiiotitli  largo,  with  two  strong; 
canineN  in  front  of  each  jaw  ;  HpiiioiiH  dorHal  lonj;,  contif^iKMiH  to  the  suit, 
which  iH  rather  high ;  two  finlotn  above  and  two  holow  ;  pcctoriils  ((m,. 
paratively  low  ;  caudal  without  keel;  veutralu  repreHciited  by  a  imii  of 
minute  HpincH;  no  daggor-shapodHpine behind  vent.  Preoperculuiiiiiiiiiinicd 
except  in  young.  Lateral  line  descending  in  an  oblii|uo  line,  midnlat 
ing  below  the  front  of  the  Hpinous  dorsal.  Scales  very  minute,  .sniootli. 
Voracious  fishes  of  the  open  seas,  reaching  a  moderate  size.  ("(iw(/";/r, 
wary ;  /v'^'t>  f'sh.) 

«.  Hciul  Hliort,  4  in  longtli ;  depth  7.  piiOMETjr: ,  >,  lj7i. 

aa.  Ilcait  longer,  2%  in  length  ;  depth  0.  I'akvu'inms,  1j72. 


1271.  PROMKTHHJIITIIYS  PltOMKTIIKIS,  Cuvier  *  ValencienueH. 
(Raiuiit  Fish  ;  Coeliio  ;  (-'onk.io  ;  IJeumupa  Catkisii.) 

Head  I ;  depth  7.  D.  XVIII-19  or  20-11 ;  A.  K^-II ;  V.  I ;  vevtcl.i;i  \iu  + 
14  =  41.  Body  elongate,  compressed  throughout,  nowherecarinatc.  Head 
smooth;  eyes  prominent,  the  space  between  them  Hat,  with  a  sliallow 
median  groove.  Mouth  large,  the  gape  aliout  reaching  middle  of  eye. 
Uoth  Jaws  with  an  outer  row  of  about  25  short,  strong,  CDUipiessed 
triangular  teeth;  anterior  canines  similar  but  much  stroijger;  vomer 
toothless ;  palatines  with  fine  close-set  teeth.  First  dorsal  low,  its  spines 
weak,  with  fragile  membrane;  second  dorsal  high;  caudal  forked.  A  en- 
trals  reduced  to  two  small  blunt  scale-li'ke  spines,  much  larger  in  tlie 
young,  where  minute  rays  are  also  present.  Lateral  line  abruiitly  bent 
downward  under  front  of  dorsal,  without  dorsal  branch.  Scales  iniinitc, 
apparently  wanting;  vertical  fins  "with  rudimentary  scales,  lliiifonii 
deep  coppery  brown  in  life,  with  metallic  iridescence,  with  some  blackish 
cloudings;  tins  more  or  less  dusky.  Tropical  islands  of  the  Atlaiitie,  in 
deep  water ;  west  to  Cuba  and  the  Bermudas ;  not  very  common.     ( Low  e. ) 

*  The  generic  iiitnie,  Dicrolus,  was  given  to  a  very  young  flsh,  Dlcrolim  ariiKilus,  Gi'NTnii:.  from 
unknown  locality.  The  cliaracterii  of  llicmlnn  are  tlio*^  of  larval  (leiiipyUiiit  and  'l'li;;i'iiiii:i. 
In  tliese  larva;  tlio  ventral  Hpiiics  are  elongate,  the  jaeoperele  armed  witli  sj)ines,  the  liiiliiMun- 
nectedwith  the  liody  of  the  fin,  the  anal  Bpiues  more  develojied,  and  the  body  nliurt.  liilktii 
regardti  liia-nlitu  ariualns  as  the  young  of  I'roiiielhich'hjin  prmnelluiis,  in  which  case  llif  ntiiii' 
Dicrotiis  (5i'(cpoTos,  two-oared),  would  supersede  I'rometliichthiis.  The  description  of  liirmlns, 
however,  applies  better  to  I'roDielhiilitliya  jiio)iie//ioi(<cs(Bleek('r),  an  Kast  Indian  Kpecics  liiiviiig 
D.  XVIII-II,  l.T-II,  A.  IT,  14,  II,  and  two  lateral  lines.  This  species  apparently  IiIhui:-  t" 
a  different  genus  from  Pnnnethichlhijn  jtromelliem.  For  this  latter  genus,  the  uameDicrnln.''  -houlJ 
be  retained. 

The  following  is  the  generic  description  of  THcrolun:  "Body  rather  elongate,  comiiri'Sfi'il : 
cleft  of  mouth  wide.  First  dorsal  continuous,  willi  the  spines  of  moderate  streiiiitli,  .iml 
extending  on  to  the  second;  finlets  none.  Vnntral  reduced  to  a  long,  crenulatcd  siiii;.',  Pro- 
operCTiIum  witli  several  spines  at  llie  angle.  Itody  naked  Several  strong  canines  in  ilir  jaws : 
minute  teeth  on  vomer  and  i)al'itine  bones.  No  keel  on  tail.  Seven  brauchiostegals.  I'siudi'- 
brauchiiic  prcscut.    (GUuthur.)    Fin  rays  J).  XVIII,  18  ;  A.  II,  16;  V.  I,  in  Vicruius  wimitii^ 


Joriian  anU  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  AmeriiU. 


88;{ 


"  I'hiH  tiub,  the  '  Cuollio  '  or  Kiihbit  FiHli  uf  MiuUuiu,  Hvuh  Iiiibitiiiill.v  at 
thu  liottuni,  uiul  iu  taktui  ut  iiioHt  nuuhoiih  al  a  depth  of  fium  KX)  to  3U<) 
or  IIH)  fathoms,  and  in  thu  Huiniiier  nionthH,  accordiiif^  to  Lowo,  it  iH  ^on- 
eriilly  onu  of  tho  coniinoneHt  and  chuape.st  fishea  in  thu  market,  where  it 
is  sold  in  bundles,  cliietly  to  thu  I'urtiignoHe.  It  breeds  in  August  and 
S('i)ioi>iber,  and  attains  a  length  of  \\  to  '1\  feet.  It  is  a  very  wary  lish, 
its  iiiiiiiti  uf  rabbit  lish  being  due  to  its  haltit  of  snapping  otVbait.  Sev- 
eral Mpecimens  were  obtained  in  Hermuda  in  1877  by  Dr.  (ioode.  The 
liMliciinen  obtain  it  at  a  depth  of  fiO  to  100  fathoms,  and  it  is  known  to 
tlitiii  iiH  the  'Catfish.'"  (Goode  &..  Dean.)  (PromethcuH,  a  classical  name 
"pur  line  allHuion  J'aviU  il  sainh:") 

lldiiliitUiK  promrtlu'im,  i/'l'ViRit  i:  Vai.rnciennes,  Ilist.  Nat.  I'oim.,   viii,  213,  pi.  222,  1831,  St. 

Helena. 
Oaiii'iilit*  miliiiidri,   CuviKU  &    V..i,encien.nks,    /.    c,    viir,    215,    1831,  New    Holland  ;   iifttr 

Siil.ANIIKll  M.'<. 

ili'iiijiiili'<  iiriimrlhniii,  Vai.encif.nnks,  Iclith.  I li'H  Canaries,  Til,  pi.  11. 
I'iniiiiiliiiis  (illimliiiin,  I.owK,  Trim.i.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loiulnn,  11,  IHI,  1841,  Madeira. 
Pnimillikhlhiiii  alliiiituiit,  (Jiionr.  \  IIf.an,  Ocean.  lelith.,  200,  189r>. 

We  provisionally  associate  with  VromethkhihijH,  the  fish  called  JHcrotuti 
pun'i2>inni8  by  Goode  &.  I?ean,  the  very  young  or  larva  of  some  unknown 
Hpecies.  If  tha  small  number  of  dorsal  and  anal  rays  is  pennanent,  this 
.species  would  form  a  new  genus,  between  I'romvlhichlhijH  and  CivrnpylitH, 
the  nmall  soft  dorsal  and  anal  marking  a  transition  toward  tho  LepidopUhv. 

1272.  PUO.'WKTHUHTIIYS  IMIIVIPINXIS  (Ooodu  k  Bean). 

Mead  2^ ;  depth  0;  eye  6;  height  of  tail  2  In  eye.  D.  XXI,  11;  A.  II, 
S;  I*.  12;  V.  1,  1,  or  I,  2.  Upper  jaw  reaching  vertical  from  front  of 
orbit.  Three  large  fangs  in  upper  Jaw,  a  large  fang  neartip  of  lower  jaw, 
and  M  smaller  teeth.  Three  weak,  diverging  spines  on  the  border  of  pre- 
u)K;rculum.  Dorsal  originating  at  a  distance  behind  eye  about  e<iual  to 
U  times  length  of  eye,  or  about  over  middle  of  operculum ;  spines  all 
serrated,  the  first  5  about  ecjual ;  they  diminish  gradually  in  size  from  fifth, 
aud  the  last  is  only  about  i  as  long  as  eye.  The  ventral  origin  is  under 
the  sixth  dorsal  spine  ;  the  spine  strongly  serrated,  its  length  equal  to 
that  of  ninth  dorsal  spine;  ventral  with  either  a  single  bifid  ray  or  2 
simple  rays.  Color  silvery  ;  caudal  peduncle  and  top  of  back  at  base  of 
dor.sal  brownish.  Western  Atlantic;  JUxitronH  stations  21537,2542,  and 
2t)(il:  about  40°  N.,  70°  W.;  known  only  from  larval  specimens.  {parvuH, 
small  ;  pinna,  fin.) 
UicivliiK  parvipitmis,  Goopk  A  Bean,  Ocuauic  lelitliyolofry,  201,  1805,  Gulf  Stream. 

401.  GEMPYLUS,  Cuvier  «.t  Valenciennes. 
(Snake  Mackekels.) 

Oetni^iiltit,  CuviEn  A  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  viii,  207, 1831,  {nfrpew). 
biiiuisiiiiin,  Lksson,  Voyage  C'oquille,  Pois.'^i .nn,  160,  lS2rp,  (Ihiirsiloiiles). 
Xiiplwlhi/ca,  SwAlNsox,  Nat.  Hist.  Fislies,  11,  1839,  230,  (<o//i!»t). 

Hody  very  much  elongate,  compressed,  and  band-shaped,  approaching 
the  form  of  Lepidopus.     Head  long,  pointed  anteriorly,  the  lower  jaw 


'i' 


"% 


( 


M.  t 


I:.    .. 

^fi'r7^--'.wf'7VI'"^ ' '  •' 


884 


Bulletin  47^,  United  States  National  Museum. 


projctctiiij;,  tho  imtoru»r  toetli  in  upper  jaw  very  loiiKi  caninu-like.  Scilin 
iiiiiMittf  or  oltMoloto.  SpinoiiH  ilorNiil  very  loiiij,  of  about  MO  Hpiu.'H;  M.ft 
(lorNul  low,  liut  with  a  <liNtinct  lobu,  Niiuilar  to  anal  and  both  foilowtil  U\ 
ft  to  7  liiil«itH.  VentralH  F,  5,  but  oxtrtinidy  iiiinuto.  Caudal  tin  latluT 
Hrnaii,  \v»dl  forkc^d.  Latoral  lino  Hiu^le,  arched  anteriorly.  Vcrttlmr 
'JH -f' Jf)  aH.  Air  bla«lder  present.  Youiij?  havinj^  the  "  />i'  /•»///«"  inini, 
witti  lar^e  liead,  HpinouH  ventralH,  and  Hpini^rerouH  preoperole.  Deep  Noa. 
{GcmpiihtH,  an  old  name  of  Honio  Scombroid  fiHh.) 

127l».  «KMI'VI,rH  SKIti>K>'S,  (liivior  \  ViiU'niiPiinf.H. 

HeudSJ;  depth  17.  D.  XXX-1, 13-V  :  A.  II-1, 11-VII ;  V.I,  7> ;  voMcI.ih 
28 -f  25  - 5H.  Eye7in  head.  Maxillary  uearly  reaching  front  of  pii|pi|, 
Kachjaw  with  a  Mcries  of  coiupresaed,  triangular, trenchant  teeth;  about 
(5  long  canincH  in  front  ofjawn,  Home  of  tiiesowith  an  omargination,  as  in 
Sphynviia  ;  palatines  with  a  row  of  small  teeth,  uono  on  vomer  ;  unii;illy 
a  Mingle  canine  at  tip  of  lower  jaw.  Lateral  line  straight  except  anterioily. 
Dorsal  spines  slender  ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  small,  with  numerous  liiilcts. 
Pectorals  pointed,  rather  long;  ventrals  minute.  Color  dark  metallic 
blue.  Flesh  firm.  Deep  seas;  a  rare  fish,  widely  distributed,  reachiiij,'  a 
length  of  3  feet  or  more,     (scrpettit,  a  snake.) 

flem)>!ili(ii  serpetti,  CuviKR  it  Vai.encik.nnks,  Hint.  Nut.  I'oinB.,  viii,  207,  ISal,  Martinique. 

tlimjiiihiii  terjieiin,  GCMllKit,  fat.,  li,  li.'id,  18tiO. 

(li-miiiiliiK  (i'liilier,  CiviKii  A-  Vai.knciknnks,  I  <•.,  211,  Otaiti. 

(liiiijiiiliiiiophiiUdiiKi',  I'orv,  McinorlaH,  ii,  2-l(),  isfil,  Cuba. 

LfiiiiiiMima  Ihymliiiilf",  TiKSSuN,  A'oyano  ('oiinillo,  1(!0,  182(1. 

Gempylus  eerpem,  GyODE  A  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichtli.,  202,  1895. 


Family  CXX.  LEPIDOPIDiE. 

Body  elongate,  band-shaped,  scaloless;  dorsal  long,  continuous  or  kuIi- 
continuous,  without  distinct  lobe  to  the  soft  dorsal ;  anal  comparatively 
short,  preceded  by  a  considerable  number  of  short  detached  spines ;  no  tiii- 
lets;  caudalsmalljbutdietinctandforked  ;  pectorals  with  someofthelower 
rays  longest ;  ventrals  rudimentary  or  absent ;  a  spine  or  scute,  or  i)aii  of 
scutes  behind  the  vent.  Lateral  line  conspicuous.  Mouth  large,  tlie 
lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth  very  strong,  premaxillaries  not  protraeiile, 
lanceolate  in  jaws,  more  or  less  larger  in  front;  uo  teeth  in  palatines. 
Air  bladder  present.  IJill  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  istiiiniiH; 
gills  4,  with  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Abdominal  and  caudal  verteln;!' 
numerous,  100  or  more.  Pyloric  cceca  in  large  numbers.  Three  genera, 
and  about  5  species ;  similar  to  the  TrichiurUue  in  habit,  but  retainint:  tlic 
caudal  fin  of  the  Gemjiylida;  This  group  represents  successive  steps  by 
Avhich  the  muscular  and  free-swimming  mackerels  become  transformed  to 
band-shaped  pelagic  surface  fishes  with  many  vertebra?.  The  fins  and 
tail  become  degenerate,  the  teeth  more  and  more  highly  specialized. 
The  retention  of  the  rudin>entary  caudal  furnishes  a  slender  character  for 
the  distinction  of  Lepidopidw  as  a  family  from  Trichiuridw.  (Lepidojyodida; 
Gill,  Standard  Natural  History,  m,206,  1885.), 


m 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         «S85 


Aril  wdi'IN.k: 
II,  liorHiil  <llvi(luj  inlii  tui)  |<urtiuiiH;  rrmit  of  uiial  with  w  i1iikk«>'-"I>i>I'U<I  K|iini'  Im-IiIikI  vuiiI; 
vcntrtiiri  wuiititi);;  viTtuhrtu  4U  \  ST --- 100,  Ai'IIANoI'I  m,  li''^. 

LKrii"i"iN.»;: 
ii.i    I)(iri<nl  (III  rontiniioiiK;  front  (if  niiiil  without  ilapRor-HliaixMl  Hpiiio;  vi<iitriiU  ri'iliii'iil  In  ii 
piilr  of  Hcal<'«;  Ifoily  imt  very  Hliiidor;  liiiiil  with  arrrst  iilmvc 
/..   Ddiwil  iiivM  IrHrttliiuiloO;  twiHliBtiiirt  iMwtiiiml  hciiIi'h;  vi'iitraltlirliiiiil  liani-  of  (piTloraln. 
c,   tloail  Hhurt,  lii^b,  ('uiii|iri'Htiud  abovutoa  trciichuutcdKt';  JawNi'i|iial;  iirdtllrcoiivux. 

Evo.\y»i»;Toi'iiN,  403. 

cc,  Ilonil  rather  loiit;,  with  latcrul  occipital  crcHtu  convcrnliiK  anteriorly;  louir  jiiw 

projiMtiii;;.  I-Ki'liiiiiTS,  1114. 

fcb.'  Iloily  low;  hi'iiil  wittiout  cront;  (lorHul  rnyN  aliuiit  150;  oiio   jiostanal  ^cntc;  vcntrals 

liuluw  liaiu  of  pfctoralN.  Ukmtiiuueij.mvm,  400, 


402.  APHANOPUS,  Lowo. 

y(])/miin;)in,  LOWK,  I'ror.  Zoiil,  See.  Lend.,  IR'.O,  79,  (rarhn). 

l!o(ly  very  elongate,  1>au<l-like,  scalcleHS ;  head  long,  pointed;  ch-tt  of 
nidiith  very  wide  ;  jaws  armed  with  strong,  lanceolate  teeth  arranged  in 
Kiii;;Io  Hcries  and  in  coninion  alveolar  groove;  no  teeth  on  palatine;  eye 
very  huge;  Lack  occnpied  l»y  a  long  dorsal  lin,  divided  in  two  Hnhocinal 
pnrtH;  anal  spines  numerous  and  feeble;  a  dagger-shaped  spine  behind 
vent ;  caudal  well  developed,  deeply  cleft;  pectorals  moderate,  rounded; 
vciitrals  absent ;  branch iostegals  7;  air  bladder  present.  Pyloric  append- 
(la{,a's  few.    Two  specios  in  the  deex)  sea.     (d^aw/r,  invisible;  TroOf,  foot.) 

1374.  APIIANOPl'S  MINOR.  Collett. 

Head  about  2.|  in  length  of  body  to  vent;  eye  about  4;}  in  h^ad.  D. 
XLI,  X  +  ?  )  B.  11.  Eight  long  teeth  in  the  intermaxillary,  the  two  fore- 
iiKKst  "canines"  the  longest ;  8  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  a  trido  shorter;  no 
teeth  in  vomer  and  the  palatine  bones.  Ventrals  none ;  a  strong  dagger- 
sliiiped  spine  behind  vent.  Air  bladder  present ;  pyloric  c<i!ca  7.  Dark 
silvery  or  steel-colored.  Length  from  tip  of  snout  to  vent  (in  the  single 
speeJmen  examined)352  millimeters.  One  specimen  known,  from  the  east 
coast  of  Greenland,  65°  N.,  31''  W.    (Collett.)     {minor ^  smaller.) 

Aphmoima  minor,  Coi.T.ETT,  Vidcnsk.  SelKk.  Forhandl.  Christiania,  No.  19,  11,  188C,  east  coast  of 
Greenland;  Gooue  &  Heah,  Occauic  Ichthyology,  207, 1895. 

403.  EVOXYMETOPON,  Pooy. 

(TiRANTES.) 

Ernrymelopon  (Poey)  Gilt,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18G3,  228,  (tienia/us). 

Body  very  elongate,  band-like;  head  with  the  supraocular  portion  com- 
prc'Hsed  into  a  trenchant  edge,  and  the  upper  profile  abruptly  descending 
toward  the  end  of  the  snout ;  eye  of  moderate  size,  much  below  upper 
profile.  Cleft  of  mouth  wide;  teeth  lanceolate,  in  single  rows,  with 
larger  ones  in  front ;  a  series  of  small  teeth  on  palatines.  Fins  as  in 
Lepidopua.    One  species.     (ei>,  true;  c'^if,  sharp;  jueruTr-ov,  forehead.) 


8H({ 


Jiulietin  y7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


11176.  KVOXVMKTOI'ON  T.KMATIS,  I'm«>. 

(TlUANTI-.i    I'VKANT  Fl«ll.) 

Iload  8  ill  cxtroiiiuloiiKth  ;  iU^pth  12;  oyo  about  0  in  lioftd.     15.7;  I).  87; 

A.  1!);  ('.  17;  1'.  12.     Ili'iul  ohlun^,  tioncliant  uliov*^,  olovtitful  ultovo  i  vih 

for  a  Hpaco  roiiHidorably  jjicaler  than  clianioter  of  cyo,  and  docnrvcd  vciy 

oltliijnrly  downward  to  Hnout.     Tho   lirHt  10  dorual   Hpinrs   undividrd; 

tho  rcHt  Hplit.    Color  Hilvery,  Avith  about  0  narrow  roddiHli  liaiidx,  inost 

diHtinct  holiind,  tho  Ih'Ht  on  thn   rid){n  of  tho  lM>ck  and  th»  (it'tli  almi;; 

lateral  linn.    Ciiha,  in  dut^p  wat«M' ;  rar».     Si/nHinall.     (I'ooy.)   According' 

to  DrH.  (iill  and  (>iinth«'r  a  H])«cini(3n  probably  iduntioal  with  this  wns 

recorded  early  in  the  jtresont  century  from  Scotland  by  Hoy.     {tanitiliis, 

with  ribbon-liko  HtripcH.) 

Evoxjimfl«i"<»  liiiii'iiitii{\'iir.\)  Cii.i,,  I'loc   Ar,  Niit.  Sri.  I'liilii.,  lHtj,1,  228,  Cuba;  Oii.i.,  I'm.     ,\.. 
Nut.  S<'i.  IMillu.,  IMrt,  20(1;  OooiiK.  \  ]Ikan,  Otiaiiir  Irlitli.,  204,  1805. 

404.  LEPIDOPUS.  <iouan. 

(FllOHT-KIbUKS.) 

Lfpiilopnii,  OovMi,  Hist.  Nat.  VdWh..  IH.'i,  17"0,  {gnwuii). 
\'<iii(lellitiK,  SlIAW,  (iciil.  /oiil.,  IV,  l!t!),  1H(K),  {liiHihiiiiciiii). 
Siiriiiiii,  ](Ai-lNKH(jrK,  Ciir.  Nuo.  Goii.  Sic,  2(\  I8I0,  {imiiirfu). 
Zipliulliicii,  MoNTAijf,  WorniT  Mom.,  1,  8'2,  IHll,  {Ivlnuhm). 

Jlody  very  elongate,  band-like,  scaleleaH;  head  pointed,  with  Jatcriil 
occipital  crestH  converging  anteriorly  ;  cleft  of  month  wide,  the  jaw.s 
being  armed  vith  ntrong  lanceolate  teeth  in  a  Hinglo  Beries,  larger oms  in 
front;  a  scries  uf  minute  teeth  on  the  margin  of  the  palatines.  Nodiiltn 
oblique.  Eyes  largo.  Along  tho  whole  of  back  ono  single  dorsal  liii ; 
anal  spines  numerous,  but  minute  or  hidden  beneath  the  skin  ;  no  ]i(ist- 
anal  spines;  caudal  well  developed;  ventral  tins  rudimentary,  insi'rtfd 
behind  pectorals.  Two  postanal  scutes.  Eight  brauchiostegals :  .lir 
bladder  present.  Pyloric  c<i'ca  somewhat  numerous.  Surface  fishes  (if 
tho  open  sea,  readily  chilled  by  cold  weather,  hence  the  name  frost tisii, 
(^cTTt';,  scale;  Troi'f,  foot.) 

12;«.  liKPIDOPl'S  rArDAXrs  (Kuphmspn). 
(FttosTKisii;  ScAiiiiAUi)  Finn.) 

Depth  15i;  D.  102  to  104;  A.  24  or  25,  C(T'ca23;  vertebr.T  41  + 71^-112. 
Body  very  elongate,  band-like;  cleft  of  month  wide.  One  single  didsal 
fin  extending  whole  length  of  the  back  ;  caudal  well  developed  ;  veiilrals 
reduced  to  a  pair  of  scales;  anal  spines  .numerous,  but  minute  or  hidilen 
beneath  the  skin  ;  no  scales.  Several  strong  teeth  in  jaws  ;  teeth  on  iml- 
atincs.  No  keel  on  tail ;  8  brauchiostegals  ;  air  bladder  present ;  pylmif 
appendages  in  increased  number.  Pelagic,  occasional  in  the  Atlantic, 
from  Norway  to  South  Africa  and  New  Zealand.  In  New  Zealand  it 
comes  to  tho  surface  periodically  in  great  numbers  to  deposit  its  spawn. 
Length  5  or  6  feet.  A  specimen  taken  by  .  .n  Xantus  at  Capo  San  Lucas ; 
not  otherwise  known  from  American  waters,    (vaiidatus,  tailed.)    (Eu.) 


Jordan  ami  Kvermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.        887 


7-,,./ .<  I  •iM>(></H«,  Ki  I'HiiANKN,  Mtot'kh.  K.  V«t.  Ac.  Nyu  lluiiill.,  .'ij,  \.\.  ii,  11^.  ,!,  17hh. 

I,.inl  i'>'"J'"""''i  III'"'  l<  >t  .'^I'llNRinKH,  8.VF<«.  It'lllh.,  2:i!),  IHOI. 
ji,. /,Huii.;//iii/iii«,  Hoi.iiN,  Kidliitiili.  SkrI.  \,  Nut.  Wclnk.,  v,  Ii:),  Iwft!. 
f,,,l,.,nti,,;iHij\„miii,  V.»NiiKi,i.i,  Ar.  Scl.  MhIi.,  17117,  Liibon. 
y.ni'i.ili'"  liitiiiniiiiii),  HiiA\«,  (ini.  /<m'>I.,  IV,  I'.)'.),  IHiKi,  Portugal. 

/..;m./  />iM  iHrrniili,  niHMO,  Irhtll.  Niic,  llH,  |il.  Ti,  181(1,  Nice. 

/„..'/..■.,  ieiiwtni»,  MiiNTAor,  Wcrii.  Mem.,  i,  H'J,  pi.  ii  iiimI  ;i,  IHll,  Great  Rritoin. 
/,.;,;,/-(m((  ii-;/(/riii«,  CrviKU  A  VAr.KNciKNNf.H,  llUt.  Niit.  I'uiHH.,  Mil,  2'j:i,  iKil.  France. 
L<fil'iiutei*ndutM,  Ul'MTUCit,  Cut.,  ii,  314,  18UU;  Quudk  ifc  Kea.n,  Uceuuli  Mitli.,  'Ju;i,  IH'IA. 


4 


405.  BENTHODESMUS,  (ioodo  <.V  noun. 

r,>i(ili''<leiu,u»,  GooDK  A  Hr.AN,  I'roc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Miw.,  iv,  1881,  :18(),  {i-loiiyntiiH). 

Itdily  luikod,  much  coinpruHsed,  attcnuuto,  taporiii^^^railnally  finin  vent 
to  lia.sc  of  caiulal ;  caudal  pedunclu  vi^ry  Hlundur,  Hiipportiii^  a  HMiall  hnt 
viill-dcvelopijd  caudal  tin  ;  vent  couHidcraldy  nearer  liead  than  to  tail. 
LatiTal  lino  Biniple,  in  a  deep,  wide  furrow,  nearly  NtraiKht,  in  front  of 
the  vent  f^radually  UHcendiiiK  to  the  scapular  region.  Head  conijireHsed, 
its  iijjjier  profile  nearly  hori/.ontal ;  nnout  gibbous  iiearitH  end,  as  in  Lipi- 
(litim-i.  Top  of  bead  very  Hat,  concave  between  tbe  eyes,  with  no  occipital 
cirst ;  inter{)rbital  ridges  not  elevated.  Eyes  large,  slightly  postniedian. 
OlicKMilunj  (d)long,  reaching  a  little  beyond  the"  liase  of  the  pectoral  (in. 
Nostiiis  horizontal,  in  front  of  the  eyes.  Suprauiaxillary  not  extending 
to  vert  ical  from  front  of  eyes  ;  lower  jaw  with  stout  cutaneous  appendage. 
Time  very  long,  simple,  compressed  teeth  on  each  intermaxillary  in  front ; 
outMide  of  these  a  few  minute  teeth,  and  behind  them  a  row  of  largo  acic- 
uiiir  teeth;  lower  Jaw  with  a  single  row  of  moderately  large  acicular 
teeth,  more  numerous  than  in  the  upper  jaw,  largest  in  the  middle  of  tho 
Jinv  ;  palatine  teeth  minute.  Dorsal  iiu  beginning  abo  ^  the  operculum, 
nearly  uniform  in  height  throughout  its  entiro  length,  and  continuous 
aii;:'_>Mt  to  tho  caudal;  rays  very  numerous,  150  or  more.  Anal  beginning 
near  tho  vent,  preceded  by  a  single  scale-like  appendage;  spines  very 
numerous  (numbering  with  the  rays  about  100)  all  except  about  'M  being 
Hpines,  minute  and  almost  hidden  ;  a  short  fin  jiostoriorly  ;  caudal  small, 
normal,  forked ;  pectoral  inserted  almost  horizontally,  with  lower  rays 
loni,^'st,  and  its  upper  outline  rounded ;  ventral  fins  rcnresented  each  by 
a  minute  scale-like  spine,  inserted  below  the  origin  of  tho  pectorals. 
I'Hiidobranchiie  present;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  tho  fourth;  gill  rakers 
Kliortand  spiny,  in  a  single  series  ou  tho  first  and  second  arches,  almost 
olisolete  on  tho  third  and  fourth.  Deep-sea  fishes ;  two  species  known. 
{■Vn<(k)i;,  deep;  dta/iui,  band.) 

/ 
1277yBENTHODESJHS  ATLANTICUS,  Goodo  &  Dean. 

Head  7i,  its  greatest  width  G  in  length  ;  depth  about  4 ;  snout  2i.  D. 
1."  t ;  A.  100 ;  P.  12  ;  V.  1, 1.  Body  attenuate,  its  height  at  vent  4  in  head,  its 
w  idth  ^  of  its  height  at  tlio  point  mentioned  ;  length  of  caudal  peduncle 
half  of  greatest  height  of  body ;  least  height  of  tail  +  width  of  inter- 
urbital  area;  width  of  interorbital  area  (ou  tho  bone)  4  in  bead.    Upper 


>    ! 


SiiS 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


jaw  not  reaching  vertical  from  anterior  margin  o^"  eye,  and  ccnialinjr  \h<m- 
orbital  portion  of  head  ;  lower  jaw  about  twice  greatest  height  of  body  ; 
mandibular  tip  nearly  3  in  eye.  Eye  slightly  poHtmodiau,  the  orbital  tllain- 
eter  C(iualiug  half  length  of  snout.  Besides  the  3  long  teeth,  thuro  an^  on 
each  intermaxillary  8  or  9  of  moderate  size ;  on  one  side  many  small  inUi- 
mediate  teeth  are  present;  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  varyiiiir 
from  13  on  the  one  side  to  21  on  the  other.  Gill  rakers  13,  the  loii^'cst 
about  2  millimeters ;  about  the  same  number  on  second  arch,  while  on 
the  third  there  are  but  6  or  7  very  small  ones,  and  present  only  in  ilio 
angles,  while  in  the  fourth  there  is  about  the  same  nunil)er,  very  incdu- 
spic-.^ouB.  Origin  of  dorsal  above  middle  of  oporclo,  and  at  a  distanco 
from  the  snout  equaling  twice  length  of  snout ;  anal  lin  conipostil  of 
about  100  si)iue8  and  rays.  Owing  to  the  mutilation  of  thespeciiiu'ii  it  is 
^mpoasible  to  determine  how  nmny  there  are  of  each,  but  there  aio  mi])- 
posed  to  be  about  28  rays,  uoruially  united  by  a  membrane  into  a  lin. 
Caudal  also  imperfect  but  the  middle  rays  are  seen  to  be  about  halt  as 
long  as  the  remnants  of  the  external  rays;  the  i^u  supposed  to  rcsoiniilo 
in  shape  that  oi  LipidopHs  caiidaitts',  pectoral  originating  under  tip  of 
opercular  hap,  its  outline  rounded  above  instead  of  emarginate,  as  in 
L(p!di>i>iis  caiidatus;  its  longest  ray  equaling  postorbital  part  of  luad  : 
Aentrals  originating  at  a  distance  from  the  snout  equaling  that  of  basiuil' 
pectorals  from  same  point,  rudimentary,  and  represented  jy  minute  s'-ntts, 
the  length  of  which  is  3A  millimeters,  or  about  half  interorbital  wiiltl'.. 
Cci'cal  appendages  8  in  the  specimen  examined  ;  some,  however,  may  h avo 
been  lost,  the  abdominal  viscera  having  been  i)artly  digested  by  tho  hali- 
but in  the  stomach  of  which  it  Avas  found.  Color  uniform  silvery,  with 
traces  of  dark  color  upon  head  and  tail.  Length  35^  inches.  One  speci- 
men taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  halibut  caught  on  tho  western  edij;e  ol' 
tho  Grand  liank  of  Newfoundland  in  80  fathoms.  (Goode  Ar  liean.) 
{aflanticun,  Atlantic.) 

Denlhoilcsiiiiiit  cloinjaliis,  GoouE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iv,  1881,  380-3;  not  of  Ci.aukk,  iIm- 

orit;inal  lUnnjiitiis  beiiij;  from  Nev  Zealand;  Joudan  it  Gii.bkut,  Syuojisis,  910,  ISS.'i. 
BeuthoiicemuD  a'Mmticus,  Guove  &  Bean,  Occauic  Ichtli.,  295,  1895,  Grand  Bank. 


Family  CXXI.  TRICIIIURID^. 

(The  Cutlass  Fishes.) 

liody  extremely  elongate,  baud-shaped,  naked,  tapering  to  a  point,  tlu' 
ventral  lius  imperfect  or  wanting  and  the  spinous  and  soft  parts  of  llm 
dorsal  fm  not  diiferentiated.  Mouth  wide,  the  jaws  armed  with  Ktionj; 
uneciual  teeth.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile.  Pseudobranchiai  present. 
Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth  ;  gill  membranes  separate,  free  from  tlic 
isthmus  ;  lateral  line  present ;  dorsal  fin  very  long,  low,  usually  continu- 
ous, the  rays  all  similar.  Caudal  lin  absent ;  anal  lin  very  long  and  low, 
scarcely  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  skin.  Veutrals  thoracic,  rinli- 
mentary  {Eui'lcurogrammus)  or  wanting.  Vertebrie  in  greatly  increased 
number,  about  160.  Air  bladder  present.  Pyloric  coeca  nuuioroiis. 
Genera  2,  species  about  6.    Surface  fishee  of  tho  tropical  seas.    ^'('Iy 


/ordan  and  Ejermann. — Sishes  of  North  America. 


889 


close  ti>  the  irjnV/ojjjrfa^  and  Gc»i|)i/rWrt',  differing  from  the  former  chiefly 
in  till  absence  of  the  caudal  fin,  the  hist  Htago  in  the  progressive  reduc- 
tion (if  i)art8  seen  in  these  groups.     {I'rkhiurulw,  part,  Giinther,  Cat. 

Fislu's.  316.) 

,1.  V.  hi  ml  tins  wontiug.  TBioiiniKUg,  406. 


406.  TRICHIURUS,  Linnaus. 
(Haiutails.) 

Trirhiiims,  LlN'N'/TT-S,  Syst.  Nat.,  K"l.  X,  24(1,  n.lS,  {lejilitms). 

(,i/mii";/'(.*to',  GiioNiiw,  MiiK.  Iclitli.,  I,  17,  No.  47,  17.')4,  and  Zooph.,  i,  liifi,  ITOIJ,  (tcplnruH). 

f.'iM'/i' /;/";'""  (Ki.EiN)  II(.ei:keii,  MOni  Poiss.  Guiii.,  0,  7.'i,  lH(i'2,  {leiilnnin). 

hi.lwf.  i  (Artedi)  Oill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  18G2,  120,  {iirgcuteus). 

Hody  e.Ktremely  elongate,  band-like,  the  tail  very  slender,  tapering  to 
a  line  i>()int,  without  caudal  lin.  Head  long,  with  a  very  wide  mouth, 
the  JawH  armed  with  unequal  and  vory  strong  teeth  ;  upper  jaw  with 
alioui  t  long,  strongly  compressed  barbed  teeth  ;  teeth  on  the  palatines, 
none  on  the  vomer  Lower  jaw  longest,  preorbital  covering  cleft  of 
iiioiitli  posteriorly.  Dorsal  fin  single,  low,  occupying  the  whole  of  the 
back,  the  spines  not  distinguishable  from  the  soft  rays  ;  anal  very  long, 
its  ba.M)  more  than  half  the  lengtii  of  the  body  ;  composed  of  detached 
spinis.  which  are  very  short,  nearly  hidden  in  the  skin,  the  anterior 
directed  backward,  the  posterior  forward;  ventral  tins  wanting;  pec- 
torals small.  No  scales.  Lateral  line  decurved,  concurrent  with  the 
belly.  Vertebra' 39  + 120,  ribs  e.Kcessively  frail.  Color  silvery.  Voraci- 
ous I'lslics  of  the  high  seas ;  reaching  a  considerable  size.  {rpixLov,  a  little 
hail :  wpii.  tail.) 


1278.  TRICHIURUS  LEPTURUS,  Linnneus. 
(Cl'ti.ass  Fish  ;  SiwiiBAiin  Fish  ;  Sii.veufisii  ;  Sabi.f,  ;  Savola.) 

Head  about  7^;  depth  about  1(5;  eye  2  in  snout.  D.  13.5  ;  A.  about  100; 
snout  long  and  pointed,  about  as  long  as  pectoral;  maxillary  reaching 
nearly  to  pupil,  concealed  by  jireorbital.  Uniform  bright  silvery  ;  dorsal 
(lark-edged.  Warm  seas,  chiefly  of  the  western  Atlantic,  north  to  Vir- 
ginia: occasionally  in  Lower  California  (Streets);  common  in  the  West 
Indies,  swimming  near  the  surface,  where  it  becomos  benumbed  with  the 
8li!j[btC8t  cold.*     (AeTrrof,  slender ;  o/'/j(/,  tail.) 

Trirliiiniis  h'liliinit,  LiNN-i-;i\s,  S.vst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  24G,  1758,  America;  after />«p<i(i-ii(i of  Aetedi; 

(1  viKii  it  VAtExciF.NNKS,   Ili^t.   Niit.  Poins.,  VIII,  2:57,  18:il;  (ii'NTliEii,  Cat.,  il,  :!4r>,  18(50; 

.-nil  KTS,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu.s.,  vii,  4f>,  1877;  Jdudan  &  Giliieut,  Synopsis,  422,  188,1 
Trklu'ni's  (iigeiilciiit,  SllAW,  Gcn.  Zoiil.,  IV,  90,  pi.  12,  1803,  after  Liuuivus. 
Leiiiirii.s  hjUunia,  PoF.v,  Knumeratio,  94,  1860. 


*''A  ronimercial  fishery  of  cuuBidcrable  importauco  uxigts  at  Jamaica.  This  specicH  enters 
till' c>tiinry  of  St.  Jolin'H  Kiver,  in  Florida,  an.'.;  has  l)cen  known  to  leap  into  io\vboat«.  Lin- 
iianis  wrote  of  it  iu  17.58:  'Tutud  urgcutous  exilieus  ex  aqua  Bxpe  in  uymbaiu.' "  (Syst.  Nat., 
hi.  X,  i,  21G.)    (Guodo.) 


890 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Family  CXXII.  ISTIOPHORIDiE.* 

(The  Sailfishes.) 

Body  elongate,  much  compressed,  covered  with  elongate  scnteH;  liones 
of  upper  jaw  consolidated  into  a  Hword,  which  is  ronndiHli  on  the  cdfres 
and  spear-like,  shorter  than  in  Xiphiaa.  Jaws  with  small,  ptMsistent 
granular  teeth.  Ventral  fins  of  1  or  2  rays  each,  attached  to  a  iiclvic 
arch;  dorsal  single,  or  divided  into  2  contiguous  portions,  the  first  iiuich 
longer  than  tbb  second,  the  fin  rays  distinct,  the  first  rays  of  doisiil  dis- 
tinctly spinoDs;  anal  divided,  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  sucloiial; 
caudal  peduncle  with  2  fieshy  crests  or  keels.  Vertebnn  12  +  1:.'  24, 
elongate,  hourglass-shaped;  neural  and  hiumal  spines  flag-like;  rilm  well 
developed.  Air  bladder  very  large,  sacculate,  of  numerous  Ncj'arate 
divisions.  Intestiiio  short,  straight.  Gills  reticulated  as  in  .\iphi,ii,. 
Two  genera,  with  about  5  species,  oceanic,  similar  in  character  and 
habits  to  the  swordfishes,  but  smaller  in  size.  This  group  represents  a 
younger  stage  in  the  development  of  Xqiliias,  and  is  intermediate  Ixtween 
the  latter  and  the  Scombroid  stock,  from  which  both  are  derived.  Tlic 
gaps  are  wide  in  the  series  Scomhefomonm,  Acaulhovybium,  Intioplionis, 
Tvtruptnrua,  X'iphias,  but  the  natural  sequence  seems  evident.  .Several 
fossil  genera  of  sailfishes  are  recorded.  Other  forms  are  apparently  inter- 
mediate between  them  and  the  mackerels. 

a.  Ventral  rays  2  or  3;  dorsal  very  liigli,  undivided.  isTinpiioias,  -(iiT. 

aa,  Veutral  rays  united  into  1;  dorsal  low,  divided  iu  tlio  adult.  TF.TnAPTnii  s,  li^ 


407.  ISTIOPHORUS,  Lac^pede. 

(Sailkisiies.) 

Isliophonts,  LAc£pflDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  in,  374,  1802,  {ijludi/er  —  ;//<«/ii(«). 

TIMio^ihoriin,  OeviEii  it  Valenciennf.s  ;  amended  siielling. 

Makiiini,  LAcftpfiDE,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  IV,  088,  1803,  {iiigricann). 

Macliina,  CuviEii;  amended  spelling. 

Macnrui,  Nardo,  Isis,  xxvi,  Col.  418,  1833;  amended  spelling. 

Noli'tinm,  Hr.nJiANN,  OI)serv.  /oiil.,  30.'),  1804,  (ijludius). 

ZaHclurus,  SwAiNSON,  Nat.  Hist.  Fish.,  ii,  239,  1839,  (imUcii.i  =  glaiUiis). 

Body  slender,  much  compressed,  covered  with  elongate  scales.  Numer- 
ous small  teeth  on  the  jaws  and  palatines.  Ventral  fins  present,  of  2 or 
3  rays;  dorsal  fin  extremely  high,  continuous,  as  in  the  young  of  Titrup- 
turuH  and  Xipliias;  the  rays  very  numerous,  none  being  aborted,  the 
height  of  the  first  much  greater  than  that  of  body ;  anal  fin  divided. 
Air  bladder  sacculate ;  intestine  short,  nearly  straight.  Sword  usually 
shorter  and  less  flattened  than  in  Xiphias,  the  edge  more  rounded,  tlie 
lower  jaw  more  developed.  The  skin  is  also  rougher.  Large  fishes  of 
the  warm  seas;  the  number  of  species  uncertain,  probably  several. 
{lariov,  sail;  ^opiu,  to  bear.) 

♦For  a  detailed  accouut  of  the  Inlioplioriilie  an<l  .Vi/i/iiiita?  see  Goodo,  Proe.  U.  S,  Nat.  llui-., 
1881,  416. 


Jordan  and  Eve r man n. — Fishes  of  North  America, 


S91 


1*270.  ISTIOPHUItl'S  NKUtlCANM  (Lact^x  <!••). 
(SAll.Fiiiii ;  Si'iKEFisii ;  Dooiioo;  OuKi  >  ou;  Voii.ikb  ;   Aiiima  Voi.ahoiia  ;  Adi'.ia   Tkirta.) 

Ileiid  -^1  (3i  in  length  with  caudal) ;  depth  about  0.  D.  XLl-7 ;  A.  fl-7. 
Loiii;ist  dorsal  spine  if  total  length  of  head.  VontialH  \\  in  head;  pec- 
toiiilH  ;i!;  caudal  lobes  IJ.  Snout,  from  eye,  2j  times  length  rest  of 
head;  lower  jaw  3i  in  head.  Front  of  eye  nearly  midway  between  tip 
of  lo'vor  Jaw  and  edge  of  opercle.  luterorbital  space  broad,  tiattish, 
]}  in  ))ostorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  reaching  to  slightly  boytuid 
eye,  which  is  2^  in  postorbital  part  of  head  and  10  in  snout  Sword  nar- 
row, reijiilarly  tapering,  depressed,  its  upper  and  lower  surfaces  both 
roniiilfd,  its  edges  blunt  and  rougher  than  its  upper  side.  For  its  entire 
Ifiiijltli  it  in  nearly  twice  as  bro.ad  as  deep.  Breadth  of  snout  at  the  mid- 
din  point  between  its  tip  and  the  eye  2.")  times  in  its  length  from  the  eye. 
Hluisli  Itlack,  p.iler  below  ;  dorsal  dnsky  bluish  ;  its  membran«!s  with 
iiianv  nearly  round  black  spots,  from  ^  to  i  diameter  of  orbit.  Length 
of  specimen  described  (obtained  by  Dr.  Jordan  at  Key  West)  (5  feet. 
West  Indies  and  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  north  to  Key  West  and 
Knuice ;  rather  common  about  the  Florida  Keys;  stragf^lers  taken  at 
NVw|i()rt  and  Savannah ;  very  rare  in  Europe.  DitVering  from  the  East 
Indiiui  lutiophorua  jilatHus  in  the  longer  and  slenderer  sword  and  in  the 
shorter  dorsal  fin.     (Eu.) 

M.ikiiini  iii.;W<(()i«,  LAcf:l)f:i)K,  Hist.  Xat.  I'oiss.,  iv,  088,  lRn:i,  Rochelle;  from  ii  (Irawinj;  l>.V  M. 

TlJAVKIlSAV. 

VijiAi.i^  iiiiiki(ira,  .SllAW,  Ooii'l.  Zoiil.,  iv,  1">4,  iHOil,  Rochelle;  after  L.\(  (I'KDK. 

//iVi../. //..)»«  (iiiiiricaniii',  ("iviF.ii  A-   Vai.knciennks,   Hist.   Nat.   I'oiss.,   viii,   .'WCi,  ISIil,    Brazil; 

aftii- (iiielmrii  of  SIaiichravk. 
'lliflii'l.Ui'iiiH  /m/(7i<7/H.«,  v'JeviK.it  iV  Valenciennes,   IIJHt.  Nat.   Poiss.,  viii,  1105,  ISIU,  Eastern 

Atlantic,  north  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Skei'  .hjiviliii  ijitebucu,  Naudo,  Isis.,  xxvi,  Col.  41(),  18:j:i,  Brazil;  after  Mari'c:i;.\vk. 

408.  TETRAPTURUS,  Rafines(|iio. 
(Spkarfisiies.) 

TihajtliirKx,  RAFlNERQfE,  Inilico  il'Ittiol.  Sicil.,  30,  1810,  (liclone). 
Sh-i.nii.,p..,l„s,  Nardo,  Isis.,  XXVI,  Cols,  •llfi,  419,  18,3'J,  ylnpus). 

body  much  compressed,  covered  with  rudimentary  embedded  scales; 
sword  roiiuded  on  the  edge;  caudal  keel  double;  small  teeth  in  the  jaws 
and  on  the  palatines ;  ventral  fins  represented  each  by  a  single  spine , 
(lorsiil  fins  separate  in  the  adult,  part  of  tho  middle  rays  being  aborted, 
not  {greatly  elevated,  their  height  not  greater  than  the  depth  of  the  body. 
Air  bladder  sacculated.  Vertebrie  12  +  12.  Intestine  short,  nearly  straight. 
Pyloric  cn^ca  very  numerous.  Large  fishes  of  the  deep  seas.  They  swim 
in  deep  water,  according  to  Poey,  and  pass  Cuba  in  pairs  in  summer 
bound  for  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Males  smaller  than  females,  (re-pa-,  four; 
-Ttfun',  wing;  ovpi'i,  tail,  from  the  wing-like  caudal  keels.) 

'I.  Ho'iy  lather  Blender,  the  lieifjlit  of  dor-al  in   adult  moio  than  half  depth  of  boiy;  caudal 

moderately  forked.  niPK.iATOii,  1280. 

"(1.  liody  robust,  the  height  of  dorsal  barely  half  depth  in  adult;  caudal  very  widely  furkcd. 

AMPLUS,  1281. 


892 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1280.  TETUAl'TUUUS*  IMPERATOR  (Bloch  &  Schnuider). 

Tetrapturun  indirun,  CuviKii  A  Vai.knciknnks,  Hist.  Nat.  Polm.,  vnr,  28tl,  1831,  Sumatra;  .m  „ 

flKiiri!  )iy  Daiika. 
TilniiilnniH  hirxrhelii,  (iii.w,  Ami.  Nut.  Hist.,  i,  HIS,  1838,  Table  Bay,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
]li!<li<iiiliiirus  herscluUI,  OOntiikii,  Cut.,  li,  .')i;j,  18<'i0. 

Hi»thph<iriiK  liiciirdyliin,  (iC.NTiiKii  A  Ti...  i  lAiu,  Kisli.  /aii/ilmr,  .W,  1800,  Zanzibar. 
Telmiitums  lamvlulii,  I.Ctkkn,  .Spoliiv  Atlaiiticii,  411,  18!M). 

(Dii.i.KiKir ;  Si'F.AHFiflii ;  Anu.iA  Dlanca  ;  Aodja  de  Palakaii.) 

IToad  (to  end  of  upper  Jaw)  2; ;  depth  7  to  8.  Length  of  caudal  lolios 
4i.  D.  Ill,  'M-D;  A.  II,  13-0.  Nape  elevated,  tlui  greatest  depth  ol  \hh\\ 
opposite  the  opercle.  Eye  midway  between  operclo  and  tip  of  lower  jaw, 
Dorsal  inserted  in  front  of  base  of  pectorals,  its  height  i  to  ,']  in  dcjitli  of 
body  ;  caudal  forked  at  an  angle  of  70  to  80  degrees.  Dark  bliu«  aliovc; 
•whitish  beneath;  fins  dark  blue.  Length  7  feet.  Weight  lo  Id  100 
pounds.  West  Indies  ;  not  rare  on  our  coast,  ranging  occasionally  north- 
ward to  Cape  Cod.  Our  species  is  hero  considered  to  be  identical  witli 
the  form  found  in  southern  Europe ;  but  no  direct  comparison  uas  yit 
been  made,     {impcrntor,  emperor).     (Eu.) 

Xiphiiis  itiiperator,  IlLocii  &  Si'IInkider,  Syst.  lihtli.,  (Ill,  pi.  xxi,  1801,  Mediterranean;  aUcr 

DuiiAMF.r.. 
T'iriiiiliiriis  belone,  Bafinesqite,  Carattori,  54,    pi.   1,   tig.    1,    1810,  Sicily;  Ci'vaat   \    Vu.kv- 

CIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisn.,  viii,  280,  18111. 
Ske})iiu<i})i>(hiii  tiqms,  Nauik),  Tsis.,  xxvi,  Col.  417,  18.3.1,  Adriatic. 
TelrapliiniH  ijiiinji!,  Lowe,  Proc.  ZoiJl.,  Soc.  Lond.,  viii,  1840,  ,30,  Madeira. 
Telmplnrun  alhiihui,  PoEY,  Momorias,  II,  237,  18C1,  Havana;  .Ioudav  &  Gii.iiert,  Synn|isi5, 4jn, 

1883. 
Telraptunishssoiii,  Oanestiiini,  Arch.  Zoiil.,  2.19,  pi.  vii,  1801,  Mediterranean. 
Hisliiiphoriis  ht'loiii',  GCntiikii,  Cat.,  ii,  r>13,  iHfiO. 
Tetraplunm  imperator,  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miih.,  1881,  417. 


1281.  TETUAPTUBUS  AMPLllS,  Pooy. 
(Aguja  i)k  Casta.) 

Head  2? ;  depth  5  ;  length  of  caudal  lobes  3^.  D.  Ill,  38-7 ;  A.  I!.  13-7. 
Body  stouter  than  in  TetrapturuH  imperator,  more  convex  at  naiic,  tlic 
greatest  depth  behind  opercle.  Caudal  forked  at  an  angle  of  !•()  to  100 
degrees.  Dorsal  inserted  rather  behind  base  of  pectorals,  its  liciijiit  '; 
depth  of  body.     Length  10  feet  or  more;  reaches  a  weight  of  400  to  800 

*  If,  as  Dr.  Goode  RUggosts,  tiio  species  called  imperalor  is  confined  to  the  MeditPii-iiiiinii,  the 
Ainorlraii  species  may  stand  ns  Telrapliinis  alhiilus,  »t  possibly  as  7'.  ijeorgii.  AccmhIIiii:  U> 
Liitken  tliero  an,  but  four  recognizablo  Hpecios  of  hliophoriiUf.  {llisliophonw  glailiiin  ami  •innHivf- 
Irix;  TclrajitKritK  belaiie  iiiul  liersrheli).  lie  identifies  both  of  rho  American  species  of  T' Imiiliirns 
with  Telriiptnriis  iiidirnx,  Cuvier  &  Valoucieiiiies.  This  view  is  perhaps  correct,  but,  as  Iwi-  lnoii 
pertinently  observed  by  Dr.  Goode,  the  identity  of  the  American  species  called  Tiirnitfuni*  ulliidni 
and  J{islu>pli(Wiiii  nmericaniis,  with  tlieir  Old-World  representatives,  is  yet  unproved,  and  In  imin)' 
respects  it  is  desirable  to  retain  the  American  names  until  this  identity  is  shown.  "Tn  unite 
species  from  widely  distant  localities,  without  ever  having  s(«n  them,  is  very  disiistrc.us  ti>  a 
proper  uuderstanding  of  the  problems  of  geographical  distribution."  (Goode,  Proc.  I".  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  1881,  427.) 

Should  Liitken's  view  prove  correct,  the  following  synonyms  should  bo  added  to  7'  /m/''"™« 
imperatnr  or  uUiiditK.  We  do  not  seo  any  notable  difl'erence  between  the  Anicrcan  form,  lalleil 
albiilu.i,  and  tho  European  imprmlm;  and  so  adopt  the  latter  name  for  both.  We  have  nu  meau» 
of  comparing  either  with  indicus  or  herscheli. 


Xiphiaf,  LinNj 


fordan  and  Eifermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        893 


]ioiiii<l>      (I'ooy.)     West  IndieH;   not  very   vuininoii,  uiul  iocoi(1«m1  V»y 

IVyoiily.     {ampluH,  iiiiiple.) 

frir'ij'ri'M  'implun,  I'ditr,  Moiiiurius,  II,  24:i,  18C1,  Havana;  .Ihiuian  \  (Jiliikkt,  Syiioimin,  420, 

Family  CXXIII.  XIPIIIID/E. 

(Thk  Swordkisiiks.) 

FishoH  of  groat  size,  with  the  body  elongate,  naked,  the  yonng  covered 
ivitli  loiigh  granulationn;  upper  jaw  very  much  i>roloiiged,  forming  a 
"sword,"  which  is  flattened  horizontally  and  composed  of  the  consoli- 
dated \  oilier,  ethmoid,  and  premaxilhiries.  Teeth  wanting  in  the  adult, 
jiieHt'iit  ill  the  young.  Dorsal  fin  long,  usually  divided  in  the  adult,  cou- 
tiuiious  in  the  young,  without  iiitfercntiated  spinous  part,  both  parts 
composed  of  soft  rays,  the  posterior  portion  much  smaller  than  the  ante- 
rior and  placed  on  the  tail,  resembling  the  second  dorsal  of  a  shark  ;  fin 
rays  enveloped  in  the  skin.  Anal  fin  divided  in  the  adult.  Caudal 
[ipdunclo  slender,  with  a  strong-median  keel.  Caudal  fin  widely  forked 
ill  tlie  adult.  Ventral  fins  entirely  wanting;  no  pelvic  arch.  Gills  of 
liccniiar  structure,  the  laminae  of  each  arch  joined  into  one  plate  by  reticu- 
lations. Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth  ;  gill  membranes  separate,  free 
from  tiie  isthmus.  Pseudobranchias  present;  branchiostegals  7.  Air 
liladik  r  present ;  pyloric  co'ca  very  numerous.  Intestinal  canal  long,  with 
iiiauy  folds.  Air  bladder  simple,  large.  Vertebrie  short,  14  +  12  ~  2(i  in 
iiimibf: ,  the  neural  and  hiemal  spines  normal ;  ribs  very  few.  One  species, 
an  enormous  fish  of  the  open  sea,  rivaling  the  largest  sharks  in  size  and 
of  iiniiiense  strength  of  muscle.  Very  young  or  larval  individuals  dift'ei- 
iug  much  from  the  adults ;  the  fins  high,  both  jaws  prolonged  into  a  beak, 
aud  the  head  armed  with  long  spines.  (Xq)hikla;,  part,  Giinther,  Cat.,  ii, 
511,512.) 

409.  XIPHIAS,  Linnieus. 

(SWORDFISHES.) 

Xiphiaf,  LiNN.KUf!,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  248,  1758,  (ijlaiUus). 

Swordtishes  without  teeth  and  without  ventral  fins.  Body  somewhat 
comiiiessed.  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  anterior  beginning  opposite  the  gill  opeu- 
iugs,  falcate  and  elevated,  its  height  rather  less  than  that  of  the  body ; 
second  dorsal  very  small,  on  the  tail,  opposite  the  small  second  anal.  In 
the  young,  teeth  are  present  and  the  2  dorsal  fins  are  connected,  the  fin 
oeinj:  elevated  as  in  the  species  of  Intwphorus.  First  anal  similar  to  first 
dorsal,  but  smaller,  less  falcate,  and  far  behind  it ;  pectoral  fins  moderate, 
falcate.  Skin  naked,  more  or  less  rough,  especially  in  the  young,  which 
have  rudimentary  scales.  Sword  flattened  and  trenchant.  Caudal  keel 
single.  Intestines  long,  sinuous.  Air  bladder  simple.  Pelvic  arch  obso- 
lete. Fishes  of  groat  size,  reaching  a  weight  of  300  to  400  pounds,  the 
flesh  red  and  rich  in  flavor,  highly  valued  as  food.  (Jupiuf;,  the  ancient 
name  o£  Xiphias  gladiua,  from  fj^of,  a  sword.) 


ill 


8!)4 


Jin/iedn  V7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


l!!M>2.  XinilAS  (a.ADirs,  LiniiMUH. 
(CiiMMiiN  SwoHDi'igii;  Khpaiia;  Khpadon;  Kmi'kraiiou.) 

Hnad  about  2\  ;  doptli  altuiit  HJ  ;  snout  3  in  length.  D.  40-1 ;  A.  IH-ll; 
Vortcliru'  II  j-12.  Cleft  of  iiioutlioxtondinf.' licyondoye.  Colordaik  inctnl- 
lie  piii'|)liHli  iibovo,  duMky  bolow  ;  "  Hword  "  almost  black  aliovo,  Ixlow 
lighter;  linn  dark,  with  Hilvery  Hhoen.  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  bofli  (oaHts, 
ni;)Ht  abundant  luitwcen  (^uba  and  Cape  Ureton  ;  not  luie  otV  CajM^  Cod 
and  the  N(!\vfouiulland  liankH;  rather  coninion  iuHonthein  Kmopi  :  aNo 
found  ill  the  I'acilic;,  occaHioually  taken  about  Santa  liaibaia  Island.',- 
but  not  elHewhere  recorded  from  the  eastern  Tacific.  The  object  otcxteu- 
aive  liHlierieH  in  the  Atlantic,     ((jiadins,  Hword.) 

Xiiihiiis  ijl'i'liii",  IiiNN.vas,  Synt,  Nut.,  E<I.  x,  2I»<,  \7'>»,  Europe;  iil'tor  .\li>liiaa,  of  AniKhi;  Hihc  m, 
Ichtli.vdldKiii,  I'l.  ■?(!,  1784;  ('trviEit  Sc  Vai.k.nciknnf.s,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oisH.,  viii,  zVp,  1s:!|;  (;(  x. 
TiiKit,  Cut.,  II,  •'ill,  18G0;  Stokeii,  Fisbt'B  Mass.,  71,  lB(i7;  Jordan  A  (!ii,hkut,  S.viKipsir',  i:n, 
iH.s;!. 

XipliitiK  runileh'li,  Leach,  in  Worn.  JIuiii.,  ii,  r>H,  jil.  -J,  ti^;.  1,  1H18,  Frith  of  Forth. 


Family  CXXIV.  NEMATISTIID.E. 

(TlIK   rAPACiALLOS.) 

IJody  oblong,  compressed,  rep^ularly  dimiuiHhing  in  height  toward  tiic 
caudal;  the  caudal  peduuclo  moderately  reduced.  Scales  cycloid  and 
Hinall,  but  conspicuous,  arranged  in  moderately  oblicjne  rows  above  iind 
less  oblique  ones  below.  Lateral  line  simple  and  unarmed,  scarcely  con- 
vex anteriorly  and  not  angulated.  Head  little  longer  than  high,  com- 
pressedand  trenchant  above,  with  t^ie  profile  strongly  decurved  from  tiic 
dorsal  fin  to  the  eyes,  the  snout  oblique.  Eyes  in  the  anterior  half  of  tlie 
head,  near  the  snout  and  the  profile.  Nostrils  double,  in  front  of  the  cve,s. 
Suborbital  bones  low.  Opercnla  unarmed.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  cleft 
very  oblique  and  continued  under  the  eyes.  Teeth  villiform,  sniall.  pres- 
ent on  the  vomer  and  palatine  bones.  Branchiostegals  6.  Dorsal  litis  2, 
folding  in  a  deep  sheath;  the  first  with  8  very  long  filamentous  .siiines; 
the  second  low,  long;  anal  fin  low  and  oblong,  shorter  than  the  (second 
dorsal  and  with  1  slender  spine,  which  is  attached  to  the  soft  rays  by 
membrane  for  its  whole  length;  caudal  fin  forked  .and  acutely  lolnsd; 
pectoral  fins  long,  acuminate ;  ventral  fins  large,  inserted  under  the  bases 
of  the. pectorals  ;  each  with  a  long,  slender,  compressed  spine  contiguous 
to  the  first  ray,  and  with  5  rays,  the  internal  of  which  is  compound,  and 
has  several  contiguous  branches  nearly  or  quite  distinct,  thus  ajipeaiinj,' 
like  several  rays.  A  single  species  known,  a  large,  showily  colored  lisli. 
found  on  the  Pacific  coasts  of  tropical  America.  The  group  is  closely 
related  to  the  CarnngUhv,  especially  to  Seriola,  It  is,  however,  well  distin- 
guished by  the  peculiar  development  of  its  anal  and  dorsal  spines  and  by 
the  st-ructure  of  its  ventral  fins.  {Ncmatiatioiila',  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci' 
Phila.,  1863.) 


*0n«  vury  lar^o  Hpooimcn  was  kcoii  by  .lordnn  A  Gilbert  in  1880,  oil'  Anucapa  Isli":,i,  an'tln'i 
t<il<cii  otl'Sunta  Ijosu  Island,  was  exhibited  at  tlio  San  Francisco  Midwintei  *'ai'.iu  18'J4;  uuutlier 
seen  n(>ar  Cerros  Island  by  Thos.  0.  Williams,  December,  1894. 


furdan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


895 


410.  NEMATISTIUS,  (iill 

\V«M/i«'/"S  «in,I.,  Proc.  Ac    Nut.  S.i.  I'hiltt.,  1H(«,  25H,  (y.^W.-r-,/..) 

'•i(rii>/ii''i"",  *  lii'ii'llKNdT,  Mi'-m.  .Si)C.  Sci.  Nut.  (Ihorliourif,  xiii,  0<»,  1S('(8,  ((•(iiii«</«i(/«(i). 

TIlit  j,'('nuH  iH  allied  to  Sirioht,  from  which  ittlin'oiH  iiotahly  in  the  dovol- 
.iiiiiiriit  of  tlio  spinous  doiHiil  and  the  pectoral  tins,  the  dorsal  liein>;  con<- 
iMWid  iif  '^  very  lon^;  lilanientouu  wpinoH,  the  pi'ctorals  l>ein<i;  falcate, 
atiiiiiiiiiito,  and  nearly  twice  nn  lonf;  as  the  ventrals.  The  lateral  line  is 
nearly  straif^ht  and  is  not  keeled  on  the  candal  i)ediincle.  Ventrals  1,  ">, 
the  iiimr  ray  ninch  braiif^hed  to  thobaseHo  that  thennniherof  rays  appears 
iiiucii  ^'reater  tiian  it  really  is.  One  species  known;  a  lar<;e  tish  of  an 
imiio-'iiif,' appearance.     ( 1  ■//,««,  thread ;  iaTiov,sa\\.) 

1288.  NKMATISTirs  PKCTOKAMS,  (!ill. 

(I'K/,    UK   GaI.Mi;    I'AI'AliAI.I.I).) 

Iloail  '.V.  ;  depth  2'i  ;  eye  5  in  head  in  young  •  snout  4.  D.  VI 1 1-1,  27  or 
'j8;  A.  1,17;  scales  ll'J.  IJody  oblong,  compressed;  caudal  peduncle 
slciidti.  Scales  very  small  and  inconspicuous;  lateral  line  Himjile  and 
uiiimiwd.  Moiith  rather  large,  very  obli(iue,  the  cleft  continued  under 
tiiceycs.  Teeth  villiform,  small.  Dorsal  tins  2,  folding  into  a  deep  sheath, 
tlit'liist  with  8  long  filamentous  spines,  the  second  low  and  elongate; 
anal  I'm  low,  long,  but  shorter  than  second  dorsal;  pectoral  fm  very  long 
and  I'iik'iitc.  Color  plumbeous  on  the  back  and  operdes  ;  sides  golden  ; 
an  in(li;;o-blue  cross  band  on  the  snout,  another  on  the  forehead,  a  third 
band  from  nape  to  subopercles  ;  a  broad  indigo  band  from  first  dorsal  spine 
to  near  vent ;  a  curved  baud  from  sixth  dorsal  spine  downward  and  across 
to  liase  of  upper  caudal  rays ;  dorsal  spines  banded  with  alternate  blue 
black  and  white;  lower  half  of  pectoral  black.  Length  of  adult  1  feet 
or  more.  Gulf  of  California  to  Panama,  generally  common ;  one  of  the 
most  Htately  hshes  iu  our  waters,  its  long  rays  brightly  colored,  giving  a 
striking  appearance.  Recorded  from  Cape  San  Lucas,  Guaynuis,  Piche- 
lno):;(>,  Mazatlau,  Magdalena  Bay  and  Panama.  {pectoraVm,  pertaining 
to  tlie  pectoral.) 

.\Vw(l^-/(".s  jieriiir.iliii,  Gri.i,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.,  Pliila.,  18C2,  2!>f),  Cape   San   Lucas;  (Coil. 

Xuiitus);  Steindal'iineb,  Iditli.  Bcitr.,  iv,  11,  187.1;  Joudan  A:  Gii.iikut,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut. 

Mils.,  1«81,  277;  ihiil,  1885,  375;  Jordan,  CntiiloKUc,  72,  18»u;  Evehjian.n  A  Jenkin.'*,  Proc. 

r.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1891,  140. 
fSiriiil,,i,liiis  vuriiwjukks,   GuiCllENOT,    M#m.  Soc.   Sci.  Nat.  Clicrl>  uij. ,  xiii,  !li),  18(;s,  locality 

unknown. 

Family  CXXV.   CARANGID.E.t 
(Thk  Pami'anos.) 

Hndy  more  or  less  compressed  and  often  elevated,  sometimes  naked,  or 
rnoic  usually  covered  with  small,  thin,  cycloid  scales.     Head  compressed, 


;  I  - 

,1';  ■ 


m 


*Sn-iiilii}iJiiiR,  nccordind  to  GiiitliPiiot,  is  (liatingiiislied  from  SrrioUi  in  having  the  dorsal  spines 
mill  li  prolonged  and  liliforni;  all  tlie  (>j>erculnr  liones  covered  with  scales,  l).  VIII-I,  lilt;  .\.  II, 
I,  111. 

t  Fur  an  account  of  the  transformations  of  various  memberH  of  this  family,  seo  Liitkon,  .Spoliu 
.\tlantica,  1880. 


4 


:1 


89(} 


BtUletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseutn. 


ii  r 


the  occipital  keel  prominent,  UHuiilly  trenchant.  Moiitii  of  varyin:^'  miv 
the  dentition  varioiiH,  the  teeth  generally  NUiall ;  preiiiiixillinifs  ii^iiallv 
protriietile;  maxillary  witli  or  without  a  Hiipplemental  hone;  |nto)u'r(.'lH 
iiHually  entire  in  the  adult,  in  the  very  youu^  armed  with  :!  or  nioro 
Hpiues.  Lateral  line  complete,  anteriorly  arched,  the  posterim  iniit 
Htraight,  HometimeH  armed  with  bony  plates.  Dorsal  tins  more  or  Ii  s.s  sep- 
arated, the  BpinouH  part  rather  Aveak,  the.HpineH  UHually  dt^irt-issilili'  in  ^ 
groove;  anal  fin  lonp,  Himilar  to  the  soft  dorual,  always  preceflcd  li\  tw,, 
Htitl'HpineH,  usually  separate,  but  in  the  yoiinj?  often  more  or  lesHooiiinctid 
with  the  tin  or  with  each  other;  these  sometimes  diHapj)ear  with  old  iij,'e, 
and  sometimes  the  spinous  dorsal  also  vanishes;  often  a  ]>ro('iiiiilKMit 
spine  before  the  dorsal  fin;  ventral  lins  thoracic,  well  ileveloinil,  |,  .•>; 
caudal  peduncle  very  slender,  the  fin  widely  forked  ;  pectoral  (ins  iiiiiniw. 
Gill  openings  very  wi«le,  the  membranes  usually  not  united,  free  from  tlie 
isthmus.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  last.  Gill  rakers  usually  lon^,  Itniii 
cbiostegals  commonly  7.  Air  bladder  present,  often  bifurcate  liclimd, 
Pscudobranchiie  large,  present  in  all  our  genera,  sometimes  disaii])  iiiin;; 
with  age.  (F.sophagus  unarmed.  Pyloric  (-(pciv  generally  iiiiiinious. 
Vertebrie  fewer  than  in  the  <Scomftnf/(r,  usually  10  +  14r-2i  in  iniinlpfi. 
First  superior  pharyngeal  without  teeth;  second,  third,  and  fonrtli  sepa- 
rate, with  teeth;  lower  pharyngeals  separate.  Color.itioTi  <,'cii(  rally 
metallic  and  silvery  or  golden.  Genera  2!t ;  species  about  20(1,  alionndin^' 
in  warm  seas,  often  moving  northward  in  summer,  like  the  Samihriiln. 
They  swim  swiftly,  often  with  the  dorsal  tin  above  the  surface  of  the 
water.  Most  of  the  species  are  widely  distributed,  and  nearly  nil  ,110 
valued  as  food.  {Caranyidiv,  jiart,  Giintber,  Cat.,  11,  417-185, 1 800, exclu- 
sive of  certain  genera.) 

ScoMniioiiMN.i':: 
a.  Priiiiuixillarics  not  protrartilo  (except  iii  the  very  j-onnp);  portoriil   tins  slmrt,  r.iirnlcil; 
Hoft  (loi-Hiil  Kiniilar  to  iiiml,  both  much  longer  than  abdomen;  biteral  line  uiiariii>'<i. 
h.  Maxillary  without  supplemental  boue;  no  pterygoid' tooth;  BcaloH  linear,  tMiiln'ildiil. 

Oi.ii)oi'i.rn>,  111. 
aa.  Premaxillaries  protractile. 

f>.  Anal  fln  much  Bhorter  than  soft  dorsal,  its  hoso  not  longer  than  the  abdomen. 
Sekiomn.'I';  : 
c.  Pectoral  fin  short,  not  faloato;  maxilli>ry  with  a  distinct  supplemental  b  )iii'. 
(J.  Dorsal  spines  low  and  weak. 

e.  Dorsal  and  anal^tins  without  finlets. 

/.  Membrane  of  dorsal  spines  disappearing  with  age.       Naitrato,  11'.'. 
ff.  Mend)nuio  of  dorsil  spinos  persistent.  .'^ekihia,  -tK). 

«<■.  Dorsal  and  anal  lins  each  with  a  di'tached  two-rayeu  finlet.      Ki-A^iATi-,  til. 
bb.  Anal  tin  about  as  lung  aa  soft  dorsal,  its  base  longer  than  abdomen. 

<j.  Maxillary  with  a  supplemental  lione;  lateral  line  arched  anteriorly,  ii.suallv  :ii]inil 
posteriorly;  pectoral  long,  falcate. 
Caranoin/k:* 

h.  Dorsal  outline  more  strongly  curved  than  ventral  outline. 

t.  Dorsal  and  anal  each  with  a  single  detached  finlet;  body  slender. 

DeOAI'TE !!'.■»,   II" 

*  The  genera  of  Caranginm  here  recognized  are  all  clo.sely  allied  to  Cnranx,  and  the  Unowii 
species  form  an  almost  unbroken  series  from  Decaptenis  on  the  one  extreme  to  iSV/oi-  "n  tin' 
other.    They  might  well  all  be  rouuited  with  CaraiiJC  as  Giiuthoraud  others  have  proposed. 


^,.-.-.J 


\lti' 


C 


■<v. 


.  Ji^j^^\.\.[ii.- ,: 


fordan  ana  Ever tnann. — Fisttes  of  North  America.        I^M? 


i<.  Durmtl  uiiil  iiiiiil  witliixit  lliilntii. 

J.   liatt'nil   linn  wltli  wiill-ilovclniu'd   inilrM  for  Km  I'ntlri'  |r>ngtli;  Im-ly 

tiliitiKJitu.  TuAi  III  lUrt,   IHi. 

^'.  L»ti<rikl  lliiK  witli  Hcuti'H  MU  its  dtralKlit  |iuHturii>r  iHirtimi  only  (IIiuhh 

tjiiiMi'tiniiH  VI1I.V  fi'w  iKxl  Hmiill,  i'ii|M}i-iully  In  tlinHi' K|i<'<-iuH  witli  tliu 

l>uily  liiiirli  ('cjiiiiH'i'MNcd). 

k.  Shoulclrr  «irill(i  witli  ii  (li'i'|>  <  rcws  furrow  at  iU  Jiiiii'tioii  willi  tin' 

iotliiiiUR,  iiliuvc  wlilc'li  Ih  II  lleHliy  |iroJt!Ctluii;  ImhIv  i'l(>iiKat<'. 

TU.MIIIUOI'H,  417. 
H'.  KlinuliliT  KJrillo  tioniiiil,   itrt  Hiirt'itii'i'vi'ii;  liuly  ili'o|ii'i'. 
\.  lludy  (ililciii;;  in  iiiiin'  or  Icih  (■icvutiMl,  not  lui  liduw. 

Ill,  Ti'ctli  uf  JnwH  ill  f«w  Herii'M  ur  In  onu  Hcriot),  1111041111),  or 

lit  li'iiHt  not  roriniiiif  vllliroriii  ImiimN,  tin'  oiidr  mtics 

iiliovc  Msimlly  ciilarKcil,  ihi'  lowfr  tcutli  iisiiiillv  iinl- 

M'riikl. 

H.  Muxillary  very  narrow,  its  urcatcNt  wldtli  Hcanoly  ' ,' 

cyu;  hi'iid  hiiiuII;  lateral  llni'  ntrotmly  arrluul  in 

Tront;    tictli    iiiiiscrial,    tliuxr   on    paliitiiicH  and 

voinrr  iiiiniilc  or  olwolt'to.  IIkmicaua.nx,  II> 

nil.   Maxillary  liroail;  lirad  ruthrrlar;.'!';  voiiiurancl  |iala- 

tiiKH  witli  tfotli.  (!aii\n\,  tl'J. 

iiiiii.  'I'l'i'lli  of  jawH  ('(|ually  Hinull  or  wan  till),',  I'orniint;  villi- 

form  liandKif  prcsmt;  maxillary  linnid;  l>o>ly  ciiin. 

prcsufd;  NpinoiiM  dorsal  wi/ak,  usually  disii|i|iuarinu 

witli  iiKi'. 

».  Tcctli  very  iiiiniitu,  lUHniiiivarliiKip  tliiuidiilt;  noti'eth 

uuvumnror  iialatinvN;  dorsal  fi|iiiii'ii  low  and  weak. 

Onatiianoihin,  I'J". 

<»o.  Trctli  poreiHtont,  in  liands;  voinurand  iialutiiios  wltli 

iiiiniitc  teeth. 

/I.  80ft  dornal  with  iioiiu  of  it.-<  rays  |iro(liiceil  in  flla 

uiunts;    lateral   linu    nearly  HtraiKht;    body 

oblong.  ('AllANilolllKS,   liil. 

fy.  Sol'tdorHal  with  1  to  (J  rays  jirodiiieil  in  Ii  laments. 

7.   Uody  nioilei-at<'ly  (Miiiipi'os.sed;   Hjiiiioiis  dorsal 

nioro  or  less  piTsistont.  <'ni'i.A,  42-. 

'/</.    Uody  dofp,  Kfi'tly  eoliipressod,  its  edges  all 

treiicliaiit. 

r.  Soft  dorsal  lolio  very  hi);h,  lilainytitoiis. 

Al,K<Tls,  4'j;i. 
rr.  Soft  dorsal  lobu  low. 

IIVNNIS,   4'JI. 

//.  Uody  liroad    oviito,   very  strongly  compri'ssod,   its    oiitliues 

overywliure  treueliant,  tho  luitoriur  protilu  nearly  verti- 

■     eal;  scutes  almost  obsolete.  VoMKii,  4ii.'i. 

Xi).   Lateral  lino  without  any  scutes;  body  short  and   elevated,  stron;;ly 

compressed.  Sklbnk,  120. 

(/'lll.OUOSCOHIIRI.V.K  : 

///'.  Dorsal  outline  less  strongly  curved  than  ventral;  body  much  coinpreB.sid,  its 
outlines  everywhere  trenchant;  urmuture  of  lateral  lino  ub.solete  or 
nearly  so.  Ciitouosco.Miiuis,  427. 

'rilAClllNOTIN.I-;  : 

1/1/.  Maxillary  without  supplemental  bone;  anal  fiii  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  Its  base  much 
longer  than  abdomen;  tail  unarmed;  pectoral  short,  not  falcate. 
1.  Forehead  convex;  teeth  small  or  deciduous.  TiiAciiiNorr.s,  42H. 

*  A  ilitiiiled  account  of  the  Americuu  species  of  Caraiiijmw  is  given  by  .lordan  &  Gilbert,  I'roc. 
U.S.  Niii,  Miis.,  1883,  188-207. 


!••.  N.  A. 


-58 


S08 


bulletin  4J^  UniteU  State i  Aational  Xluicum. 


411.  OLIGOPLITES/  Uill. 
(Lkatiikk  .Iackkth. ) 

iAi[)i>\>\\irk,  Oll.l.,  I'kh'  Ac.  Nnt.  Sli.   I'llilu.,  IHtst,  ItiO,  (,„ri,l,'nli,tiH       ■,iMlll«>. 

liody  (>oiii|ii'tmHu«l,  ohlong  (ir  luiiruoluto.  ('uinlal  |MMliiii*;hi  nIoihIi  1.  i,„t 
ktHfliMl.  Iluiiil  hIioiI,  <;oiii|iruMMu<l,  uciitu.  Oucipitul  ki'ol  Hlimp.  Moiiili 
rat  III!!'  lai't;*),  witli  small  Nliarp  tcutli  in  haiKlHoii  JawN,  lon^iio,  voim  r,  timl 
palatiiiim,  iioiiu  on  tliu  ptuiy^oitlH.  .lawH  alxiiit  t)<|iiai,  tlio  iippiM  imi  |iiu 
tiaiUilo,  uxcu^pt  in  tlio  very  yoiuiK,  in  winch  it  in  niovalilu  aH  m  nilici 
CaramjUlii ;  maxillary  very  narrow,  without  diHtinct  Hii|»ph'm»Mit;il  lione. 
(Jill  raktMK  rathur  long.  HcalfH  Hinall,  lin«;ar,  and  oxtromcly  ii;iiiow, 
omhtMhIetl  in  the  nkin  at  tlitlorttnt  anglcH.  Latural  lino  nnarnit'il.  IioimjiI 
HpinoH  ratht^r  Htrong,  3  tu  5  iu  niimbur,  nearly  iVuo  in  tho  atliilt  ;  hicoikI 
ilorual  vury  long,  itH  poHturior  ruys  ptMicillated  and  nearly  or  i|nit<'ili.>4('(iii- 
nt'ctutl,  tbrniiiig  tinlutis;  anal  rather  longer  than  Hot't  tlorual,  iniuli  linii^ti 
than  theahdomen,  itH  laHt  rays  I'ormingHimilar  tinletH  ;  anal  Npiiit'^  sticm;; ; 
ventral  (inHdepreHsible  in  a  groove;  pectoral  tinH  very  short.  Specie-.  Itw, 
in  the  tropical  Bean  of  America,     {u'/iym;,  few  ;  iiTT^lrr/r,  armed.) 

.1.   Itmly  nitliiir  cldiiKUlc,  I'lliplkal,  tlir  ilcptli  iihniit  4  in  Iciiglli. 

'>.  Muxilliiry  not  I'i'lU'liiiiK  poNtiTior  hordor  uf  i-jc;  IowunI  liifranrliilitl  Imiir  ii-ii,illy  n.ir- 

I'owi'i'  llmii  lli«  Olio  aliovi^  it.  .>\i  in  >.  I'>|. 

''f<.   Muxilliiry  riiai'liiiiKlx'yoiiil  poHtt'lior  liunler  ol  eye;  IowchI   iiil'iiiorliiliil  Ihmh'  iimi.iIIv 

lll'iiltdlT  tlllUI  tilCOIIl.  llrxt  llliovi'  it.  ■■MIKSs,  \M 

'('I.    Iliiily  rutlii'i' iU'r|i,  l)iu  (lulitli  in  luliilt  iiliuiit  I!  in  IriiKt'i  ol'  lioily;  louitt  Inli'itoiliital  Ihiii' 
lii'oiiilor  tliun  tlio  one  uliovc  it;  niaxillary  nearly  rciuliiii);  iMjHtorior  nmi'Kin  of  i-yo.     amis,  Um;. 


I2S4.  OlilliOIMilTKH  SAI'KIIS  (Ulorli  \  .^clmi'ldi'r). 
(Lkatiikr  Jacket;  Uunnkh;  Zai'atkho;  (^iikiiiia;  Sai'ikiii.) 

Head  5;  depth  1.  D.  V-I,2();  A.  11-1,20.  Hody  lanceolate,  sloiidn,  ami 
compreMsed.  Eye  as  long  as  snout,  about  I  in  head  ;  opcrclcs  hlimi. 
Maxillary  reaching  beyond  middle  of  orbit,  nearly  to  its  postcrim  cdj;!'; 
lowest  bono  of  infraorbital  series  usually  narrower  than  the  bone  alu.vo 
it.  Scales  very  long  and  narrow,  embedded  in  the  skin,  placed  olilii|uely 
at  angles  with  each  other,  their  appearance  unlike  ordinary  scales.  Fins 
low;  pectoral  as  long  as  eye  and  snout;  caudal  very  deeply  foiked.  ilie 
lobes  equal.  liluish  above,  bright  silvery  below;  tins  yellow,  lloili 
coasts  of  Tropical  America,  very  common  in  the  West  Indies  and  aloni; 
the  Florida  Coast,  ranging  north  to  New  York  and  Lower  Calil'iiiiiii ; 
not  valued  as  food,  being  dry  and  bony.  The  Pacitic  Coast  form  <:illeil 
inornaluH  seems  to  us  inseparable  from  saitrnn.     (naiints,  ani'imi:,  li/unl.  i 

tkomhvr  muim,  liLocii  k  .SCHNEIDER,  Syst.  Ichtli.,  '.i2\,  IsOl,  Jamaica;  tmwil  on  tlic  I.mthn  i'„iii 

or  SmirHH  itrijeiileim  of  JJltoW  NE. 
ChorinevwH  onittimtiiliK,  (JI'ntiier,  Cat.,  II,  475,  ISW);  not  GimtiTiirliiiiidiriileiiialis,  LiNMi-,  "iiiuli 

is  Home  other  Caran(;oid  fisli  weon  liy  IjI.nn.v.cs  in  tlio  Miisouin  dc  Giht;  tlic  di'scriptl"!! 'in- 

idi-ntltialile. 
Oliiji>l>liUs  orriilnitaliii,  Gll.L,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  IGC,  IStiS. 


*  In  tlif  Old-World  kcxis  Sfomhrniilvn  tlicrc  aro  Heven  dorsal  Hpiiies,  tlic  pti^ryKoiils  'H'    oiiiiil 
with  lec'th,  aud  in  most  of  the  .sjiccica  the  Kcales  are  normally  devoloiied. 


forUan  atht  Evermann.  —  h'iihei  of  Nori/t  Amerua. 


8U1» 


<'rMr"ii"''<<  »></"•''''<■•  l<A('(:l>»''.i>K,  IIUI.  Niil.  I'oiiM.,  Ill,  31)i,  IHO'J,  Equatorial  America. 
/.i.Ai'i '/"■''"'"i  ^iV'f*  it  *iAiMAiii>,  Voy.  Kruyc,  'A\M.,  'MVt,  \>^'i\,  Equutorial  Aiiiericu. 
,'j)„ri<i'  '"<  «it/fiiii«,  Ci  viv:ii  ,V  V'Ai.KNriKNNtH,  llixt.   Nitt.   ruJHi  ,  Sill,  :i'.i !,  IKII,  Martinique. 
Bru 'il,  and  San  UominKO. 

l'/l«rin'  ""<  </ll"'<('il,  ('(  Vll'.ll  .V   VAI.KNrlKNN'KH,  /    I.,   Mil,  :i'.lli,   IKIl 

>,iii,/,i. ,.(. iihiiliili',  ,\n\K\<\\  A  itii.MKin,  Syiiii|iMlH,  417,  ImhM. 

nhjifiilit'^iniiriiiihiK,  (iii.i.,  I'ruc.  Ar   Nut.  Scl,  I'lillii.,  Itiii,  \H<V.\,  Panama. 
i%,iiiiii  ii'iii  iuiiniiitiii;  OCntiikii,  Kinh  Cciilr.  .Viiii'i.,  IMII,  ISI'ili. 

(Jll.jul,!,!^   «i(liril»,  JuUUA.N  ik    tilLIIKIlT,  ."tyilDllHlH,  !l7;i,     18K);   ,I«III>AN,   I'icir.     [' .  S.    Nlll.    !»ll|H,,   iMN.'l, 

:i7.'.. 

ISHfi    <»M4J4>i>I.ITi:M  H.ilJKNM(iil>Nli). 

(SAI'TKIIII.) 

Il(>uil  r>i  in  tutui  lt>n(;tli  with  <^niulal ;  duptli  t^  (witii  ctuidal).  I).  IV-I, 
l!i;  A.  11-1,20.  l'p|»»M'  iiui.\iliary  very  narrow  |ioHti'i'i(>:l,v,  n-ucliin;;-  li««y(Miil 
vuitical  front  poHtorior  lini  of  oildt;  lou^tii  of  intoriiia.viilaiy  half  tlial.  of 
huiiit;  Nuuiit  u  littlo  lon^tT  than  cyu;  thu  infraorbital,  Hitnatuil  aliovn  thu 
inaxillitry,  iH  hroaUfi  than  tlitt  lionu  next  al>ov«tit;  imhiu  of  thuHU  liont>8 
luacli  to  anterior  ]>ruup*'rcular  t)^lyt^  I'oHtorior  margin  of  infiaorhital 
rill;;  nearly  vertical.  Coloration  uniform,  ((iiintlier.)  Weut  IinlieH ;  not 
Heeii  li.v  u.s:  perhapH  not  diHtiuut  from  Olnioyl'itit  ntminH.  Len;;th  1  foot. 
{mUiiih,  leaping.) 

rknmlitr  !"iliiHi>,  lll.ocil,  IcIltliyoloKiil,  [il    :i:t."(,  I7u:t.     .S'O  V,(l.  .\. 
.S.  m('»-r.M'./.«  Kii/M/.'-r,  I.Aif.l'P.liK,  llixt.  Nut.  I'ciiNH.,  ii,  pi.  1!»,  li^,  'J,  l(j(MI. 
('/li.n'iii»ii<««i/iVii«,  Cl'VlKit  A  Vai.knciknnkh,   Hint.  Nut.  I'oiiiw.,  viii,  ;iH!l,  isyi. 
O/i;/../''''- >  "ii'ifHii,  (il'MiiEU,  Cut.,  II,  47r>,  18(1(1. 

HopreHentud  in  Laku  Maracaibo,  in  fruHh  or  liruckiNh  waters,  hy 


I  ' 


i  'i 


I'Jsria.  OliKitM'LITKS  SAI.IKNS  I'.Vl.tt.YIKTA  ((Jiivior  .V  Valoiici.'iin.'N). 

Kiitiroiy  Hiniilur,  hut  with  the  poijterior  margin  of  the  infraorhitai  rinj; 
deeply  concave,  ((iiinther.)  Lake  Maracaiho,  Venezuela;  «aid  to  he  a 
loud HhIi  of  Houiu  iniportance.  (pulumita,  u  SpaniHli  name  uppliud  to  var- 
idii.s  .sjiecios  of /^r«H«i</«i',  SlromatcUlu;  and  Caraiigida:) 

I'hniiiirniiiM  iKihiiiutii,  ('vvifAi  X  Va i.K.Nci KNNKs,  Hint.  Niit.  I'dIhr.,  vim,  .'t'.iv;,  IHMI,  Lake   Mara- 
caibo. 

liH».  OLHiOI'I.ITKS  AI,TrS(Oliiitlic'r). 
(.ll'IIKI.  ;  M<iD(lli.) 

1  lead  3|1  to  4i  ;  depth  '3  to  'Si  ;  eye  'Si  to  4  in  head  ;  snout  'Si  to  1  in  head ; 
iiiaNiiiary  very  narrow,  lv|  in  head,  not  (|uito  r<-aching  posterior  border 
ol'()ii)it.  D.  .V-I,  lit;  A.  II-I,  UK  Lower  jaw  projecting;.  Lowest  bone 
of  iiilVaorb*  l  broader  than  the  bone  above  it.  IVctoral  (in  louder  than 
tilt!  ventral,  nearly  a«  louj;  aa  the  head  without  snout.  Hody  much  deeper 
and  more  compressed  than  in  other  species.  Ctdor  silvery,  bluish  above. 
I'acirK!  Coast  of  tropical  America  from  Mazatlan  to  Panama  :  a  jnetty  fish, 
rather  common,  easily  distinguished  by  the  deep  body,     (tiltna,  high.) 

Clinriii'iiinsalliiH,  0(?ntiieii,  FistK'H  Ccntr.  .Viiior.,  4:1.1,  18ti!t,  Panama. 

(//,,,„,, ;,/,,  „/(h,^  .Foriian  .t  Gii.iiKHT,  I'liM'.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Miih.,  1X82,  ;174;  i(.i./,  Hull.  V.  8.  Kisli.  (,"0111111., 
1>'*>'^,  100  uiid  110;  JoKUA.N,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8.,  1886,  ;i75. 


uoo 


Hullftin  V7,  UniUU  Slatts  National  A/usium. 


li 

'.'■ 

1 

: 
; 

m 

4X3.  NAUCRATES,  Kutiuoaquu. 

(I'lLOT-l'lHIIKH.) 

l'inliimiitiiii,X4l{r(:Pit>r.,  Il'nl,  Nitl,    I'hUn.,    hi     ;||I,    ImO'J,   (,,-inlH(tiir);  imt  t'luhiiunltiH  ,<t  IIim.h  ,^ 

H<'HN».ii>>:u,  INIII,  uliii'li  Ix  liii'lm. 
Siiiiiiiili-,  ItAKiNiMii  »,  <'itriill('ii  ill  Alriiiii  Niicivl  (iiitii'il,  \t  .,  lr*lli,  11,  {iimiliieliir). 
IS.miiliilii;  MiMilMi,  Li'lirli.  Nrit.  Klw  hr,  Km,  IMII'.!,  (./ii./..r). 

.V((iii7.it(»,  <U;viRH  )t  VAi.r.spir.NNi'.H,  llUt.  Niit.  I'liihH.,  'JI7,  1h:i;i,  («iiim;)»i««i4«  ;  yoiiiiK). 
\llMinihiin»,  Itu'iiAiiimiiN,  Voyunu  KruliiiN  itiid  Ti>ri'i>r,  'i^,  lull  ;  vt'iy  yniiiiK. 

ThiN  ^niiiN  <li(V«M'H  from  Sirioltt  only  in  (hu  rt'dui'tioti  of  tlit*  H|iiiiiiim 
•lorNiil  to  a  ft)\v  (I  or  '>)  low,  iiii(;uiiii«)ctetl  HpinoH.  Tlio  yoiiiif;,  rallnl 
Xitiichrun  ttiid  Xynlojihiprnx,  Iiavu  thu  NpiiicH  of  tliu  (l«>i'HalH  ooiiiircii  il  Ity 
niMiiiliiaiio,  uiul  a  iiioro  or  Iuhh  diHtiiiut  Ntroii^  Hpiiio  at  tlio  aii^lo  <il  tlic 
(»pui'(!i|l|iiii.  A  niii^ht  ftula^ic  HpttciuH  wiiluly  tlintribiittut  ill  thu  opfii  Ncait. 
(I'di'siii'iTi/r,  riiltM'  of  thu  HliipH,  I.  ('.,  Iioldiiig  NhipH  I'uHt— a  iiaiiiu  applied  liy 
iho  aucieatH  to  EvhtHi'm  aud  utbur  fiubuH.) 


l!iN7.  NADt'UATKS  III  <'T(»lt,  l.iiniii  uh. 
(PlLoT-risll  ;   KoMKim.) 

Iload  I;  dopth  I.  D.  IV-I,  'M;  A.  II-I,  10.  Ilody  rather  oloii-;ii.., 
littht  (toiiipruHHuil.  Hnoiit  rather  hliiiit;  mouth  tormiiiul,  ubliqiiu,  niimII; 
maxilhiry  Hi-arcoly  rea<'liing  orbit.  Caudal  kuel  large,  tli>Hhy  ;  poctoials 
tthort  and  broad;  vuntralM  rather  large.  liluiNb,  with  f)  to  7  broad  dark 
vertical  baru,  extending  on  the  liiiN.  Length  2  feet.  A  pelagic  IIhIi  loiiml 
in  all  warm  Heau  ;  occaHional  on  our  Atlantic  Coaut  from  Cape  Cod  in  ilio 
WeHtludieu;  not  common  in  uiarketH  or  in  collectiouH.  {dudor,  leader.) 
(Eu.) 

(JiiHleronlnm iliii'lor,  LlNN.Ki'g,  Sj'st.  Not.,  Eil.  x,  •JO.'i,  IV.IH,  "in  Pelago." 

A'liMmi^s  (((i'7<>r,  GI'NTliKli,  ("lit.,  II,  ;ni,  IH^O  :    .loitliAN  A  (ilLUKur,  MyiiopMiM,   4l:i,    iXHA  .   (iiii,, 

TrtM'.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mum.,  l.sHJ,  i'M). 
(liiHlvroHlniH  aiilciisniii;  ItAi.DoiiK,  .'•kriv.  Nut.  .St<lHkiili.  Kjol).,  ii,  Kill,  18IKI. 
4»(.()i(((>iT  Air/ivH/cri,  lll.iicil  \  SriiNKlDuli,  SyHt.  Irhlli.,  fiTO,  IMdl. 
CetilitiiwIiiH  loudiiitiir,  LAcf;i'f;i)K,  Hint.  Nat.  I'disM.,  in,  ;tll,  18()2,  no  locality. 
A'(iM(ni/r>i/(iii/(ini.i,  ItAKiNKSfirK,  (y'lirattofi,  IHlO,  4,'),  Sicily. 
Niincnitex  iiiilinin,  Lk.sson,  Voy.  ('(i(|U'l!v  1.17.  l8'J'.»,  India. 

yiiurmliHiiiinliiiriueusis,  Cl.viKii  &  Vai.knciknnk.s,  IliHt.  Nat.  I'oiKH.,  viil,  li'J.'i,  ISIll,  New  Yurk. 
ikritUi  diummiiUTi,  Ct'viK.tt  >t  Vai.knciknnks,  /.  <•.,  ix,  '217,  18U;i,  Gulf  of  Bengal. 
Seriiila  tuccinctii,  CuviKn  &  Vai.k.nciknni-  ■,  I.  c.,  ix,  218,  18:t;i,  south  of  St.  Helena. 
NiiucliTiis  ciiiiipresiiiis,  CuviKR  A  Vai.k.nciknnks,  I.  c,  ix,  24!>,  1833,  P'lolucca. 
Njuchntii  iihhreniUiiH,  Ci'viKiiA  Vai.knciknnk.s,  I.  c,  i.x,  2"il,  IRt'!,  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Nimclernshiarhijceiilnis,  CiviKii  &  Vai.knciknnk.s,  /.  c,  ix,  2jlt,  183J,  Indian  Ocean. 
Kauclenii  Iriacaiithm,  CuviKii  It  Vai.enciknnks,  /.  c,  ix,  'iSa,  1S3:1,  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Sauclenis  anuHlari»,  CuviER  A  Vai.kncif.nnks,  /.  c,  ix,  254,  183;$,  south  of  St.  Helena, 
Stmclenis  leiwiinit,  OuviKii  &  Vai.kxciknnew,  /.  <■.,  ix,  2>^>,  1833,  south  of  St.  Helena. 
AiiHcni/cn  niniioiilin/n,  .SwAlNSON,  Clnssii.  Fishes,  ii,  412,  183!»,  Palermo. 
Siiiuralcs senatiis,  SwAiNsiiN,  /.  c,  41:5,  183'.»,  Palermo. 
niiHinin  yimipihif,  (iiioNow,  Cat.  Fishes,  123,  IS.M,  Palermo. 
Xyoloplwrus,  IIiciiakdsun,  Voy.  Erobiis  ami  Torror,  f)2,  1844,  Palermo. 


/ori/tin  iimi  F.jrrmann. — FishfS  of  Xorth  .tfntriai. 


1N)1 


413.  SERIOLA,  Cuviur. 
(Amiiku-kisiiks.) 

,4-ri.7.i,  Cl'Viril,  n>>K>>"  Alllril.,  I'M.  'i,  11,  UIm,  iK'Jt).  (•Iiiniirili). 

Il„l,ii'"lif,  llll.i.,  I'i'iir.  Ac.  Nnl.  8<-l.  I'lillii.,  \t»>,i,  41.!,  iiliimirili;   milHlltiiln  lor  Hirmla,  iin'il  tii 

l>Ml,iiiy). 
Mi.fi'i'iii-r,   AoANDiT!,    rinr.  llriiNll.,  1H2(I,  (ihiiiniili,  xiilmlitiili'   Tor  N> ri'"/.!,  iimmI  Hi  IliIuiiv  ;  nut 

.I/m  Kp/iJiri.-,  llriiNril,  IHIC,  II  Ki'liliM  iif  IiimhIh). 
/,;wl,il„n,  Sw.MNiiiiN,  Nut.  IIInI.  ("liiHHii.  KIkIii'H,  II,  1h:io,  'JIh,  r/ii».  /.i^h). 
/.).„/. (»c7il«,*,  'riloMlNMT,  Hull.  S.I.  I'lllliilll.    riilln,  JHKil,  IV,  17.1,  (miiillni). 

Itody  <)l»loii({,  tiKxIoi'iiti^ly  r(inipr«>HH«Ml,  not  olMViit<><l.  Occiput  and  liioiiHt 
mil  hfiichunt.  II«>ii*l  iiNiially  iiioio  or  lt>NN  conical,  not  very  hliint. 
.Miiiitli  coinparativoly  lar^u,  witli  Itroa.i  lianilH  of  villii'orni  tcclh  on  ho'ii 
Jaws,  ton^^ne,  vomer,  anil  palatinoN;  a  l»roa«i,  Ntronfr,  Hiipplcnicntal  max- 
illitiy  itonn;  pronuixillaiiuH  protractile.  HcalcH  Hinall;  lateral  line 
Nriiicely  arched,  forming  a  kutd  on  tho  caudal  peduncle,  not  ariiietl  with 
liiiiiy  |ilate:4;  Hideaof  hotxl  with  Hinall  HcalcH.  FiiNt  tloiMal  witlial)ont  Hcven 
l(i\\  Hpinca,  connectctl  by  nionihrane;  Hecontl  dorHiil  very  l<>n){,  cloviitotl 
ill  front;  anal  Hiinilar  to  the  Hoft  dorsal  hut  not  nearly  ho  Ion);,  nhortur 
lliiiii  the  abdomen,  prcccd'Ml  by  two  very  Hinall  free  hiiIiich,  which  dis- 
ii|i|M','ir  in  old  HnhcH  ;  nolinlotn;  ventral  IIiih  very  lon^  ;  pe<-toralH  nhort 
iiiiii  liroatl.  (iill  rakorn  moderate.  SpecicH  of  moderate  or  laifre  ni/e, 
(it'lcii  fjracefnlly  colored ;  most  of  them  valued  iih  food-fiHheH.  (Seriola, 
tho  Italian  name  of  Seriola  dumerili.) 

Sk.ii|(ii,\  ; 
<i.  lli'iul  IniiKor  tlinn  iIpi'P,  tlio  |iroflli>  nut  vory  Kt<'('|i.     DiirNiil  anil  hiiiiI  IIiin  nnt  fiilratn,  tlin 
lii'i|;lit  III' tlirir  lolx'H  li'NH  tliiiii  lialf  ili'|itli  of  ImkIv.     Durmil   rayn  lio   In  '.\x  ;   «|ii'rli'H  nf 
liirK«  "i/*',  •^loi'K'it*'.  with   a  <ir  '1  lii'diiil,  ilark   rioHs  Iuhh  »Iii>ii  yoiiii);,  IIkwi  liocoiiiiii); 
iilisiili'tn  with  UK*';  u  yolldw  lati'ral  banil;  iiiirlial  liar  |>ali'. 
/■,  DoiHal  rayH  !tO  to  MK  ;  dark  luimls  on  yoiiiiK  vi'ry  IhoriI. 

r.  Mouth  ,-<niall<'r,  tliii  inaxlllary  liaroly  rvarhliiK  I'roni  o{  |iu|)il,  2-!<|  in  licnil.     Ilrail 
4  in  IciikHi.  lioitHM.ift,  1'JH8. 

fc.  Mouth  1arg«,  tlin  maxillary  roarhin);  niiilillc  of  orliit,  2<„  in  IiimkI.     Hiail.'l)^  in 
loiiKth.  /iiN.\TA,  128!). 

hi'.  Dornal  rayH  ItO  tu  34.     Mouth  ralhrr  Inrp',  tin-  niaxillnry  ri'iirhinK  miililli'  or  |iii|iil ; 
dark  liandH  uii  younij;  liroad. 
</.  Body  Mli^ndi-r,  dopth  llj.j  to  3')^4  in  lonnth.  i.Ai.ANni,  IJOO. 

(hi.  IVidy  dui>|H>r,  thiMlcpth  Din  longth.  ih'mkkii  1,  12!)1. 

Z.iNr  iiTiivs  (^oi'dt,  baud;  ix^tit,  lish): 
"'I.  Ilrad  di'epur  than  loug,  tho  anterior  proiilu  steep  ;    no  yellow  longitmlinal  liand  ;   Htze 
HUiall. 
I'.  DorHiil  not  falratn,  it«  Hoft  rnyH  ,12;  youiifj  with  alioiit  12  narrow  dark  rrosH  hars. 
/.  Body  rather  elongate,  the  depth  HJ  in  length;  nuihal  Imiid  ulwrure. 

MAZATI.ANA,  1202. 

ff.  Body  rat)u>r  deep,  tho  depth  ,'i  in  length;  dark  nurhal  hand  distinrt. 

FASciATA,  12'.>;i. 
<•••.  Dornal  and  anal  falcate,  tlieir  anterior  lobes  morn  than  half  depth  of  Imdy  ;   head 
deeper  than  long  ;  body  deep;  dorxal  rays  27  to  ISO. 

g.  N'uchul  iiand  dark  brown  or  black,  iiivoi.ivna,  121*4. 

3!/.  Nuchal  band  jiale  yellowish.  i'ai.cata,  I'.'l,'). 


'  Siiid  to  differ  from  Seriola  io  having  no  free  unal  spines  and.  tho  flrst  durwl  spine  nut  turned 
rur»ard,  both  characters  being  probably  due  to  age. 


.Ill; 


m: 


■J 


902 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


VMH.  SKKIOLA  IM>U8ALIH  (Qill). 
(  Yki.i.iiw-taii..) 

Head  I ;  depth  4.  D.  V  to  VII-I,  m  ti  3!»;  A.  II-I,  21.  Body  roKulavly 
fiiHirorin,  Homowlint  com  pressed,  tapering  to  the  sharp  snout  and  slctulci 
candal  peduncle.  Maxilhiry  barely  reaching  front  of  pupil,  2.it  in  ImikI. 
month  not  very  largo.  Oill  rakers  long  and  strong.  Head  naked,  cxcciit 
on  the  cheeks  ;  linHscaleless.  Caudal  keel  moderate  ;  caudal  lobes  ncailv 
equal.  Spines  of  moderate  development,  the  free  anal  spines  disiipiiciir 
ing  with  age;  pectorals  shorter  than  veutrals,  which  are  half  leiij,rtli  of 
head  ;  longest  dorsal  ray  I  height  of  body.  Pyloric  cceca  very  nnim  ions. 
Itriglit  stool  blue  above  ;  sides  dull  silvery,  an  irregular  yellowish  iiittial 
band;  fins  dusky  yellowish  green;  caudal  dull  yellow;  young  witli  Ki 
indistinct  dark  bands,  twice  as  wide  as  their  intervals,  the  second  lictwotn 
the  second  and  fifth  dorsal  spines;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  nearly  black,  tlio 
.'interior  angle  of  the  latter  lighter,  Length  3  feet.  Pacific  Coast,  fioiii 
Point  Concejjcion  southward  to  Ma/atlan  ;  abundant  in  summer  about  the 
Santa  Marbara  Islands.  An  excellent  food-fish  and  mucl.  sought  aittr  Ipy 
anglers,     {dorsalh,  pertaining  to  the  back,  from  the  long  dorsal.) 

IhtUilriiihin  thrmilh,  (liij.,  i'nir,  Ac.  Nut.  i^ci.  Pliilii.,  180;),  84,  Cape  San  Lucas,     (("nil,  Xiinlus.) 
Scr(o?ii  liihiiiili,  .Iouda::  &  Oimikkt,  Pidc.  U.  ;-,.  '^'at.  Muh.,  1880,  4.^(1;  not  of  ('itviku  \    Vai.f.v- 

CIKNNKS. 

Serioln  (hnKnlin,  OUPAN  A  (iiMiEliT,  Proc.  U.  ,S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1882,270  and  .fr)!):  Kosa  Smith,  I'-i'c. 
I1..S.  Nut.  Mii.-i.,188:t.  2:!4;.Ic)Ui).\N,  Proc  V.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1884,  12;i;  (Johdk,  Ki.-ili.n  Imlus- 
frioH  of  U.  .S.,  ;!;U,  |)l.  108,  1884;  .Iordan,  Catnlojiuc,  72,  ISSr);  .Iordan  A  (ilLBKiiT,  .'^yiidiwU. 
444,  188:5;  in  part. 

12H0.  NKKIOLA  Z(»NATA  (Mitohi!!). 

(RUDDKR-FISII  ;   SMAUK'S   PiI.OT.) 

Head  3*  ;  depth  3;^.  D.  VII-I,  38  ;  A.  II-I,  21.  Head  longer  than  dooii : 
profile  descending  in  a  gentle  cnrvo;  top  of  head  to  base  of  dorsal  fin 
compressed.  Mouth  small,  nearly  horizontal ;  maxillary  reaching  to  bolow 
the  middle  of  orbit.  Pectorals  small,  rounded,  as  long  as  eye  and  snont : 
ventrals  t  length  of  head.  Vent  behind  middle  of  body.  Bluish  above. 
white  below  ;  sides  with  about  6  broad  black  bars,  these  forming  tliroe 
large  Idotches  on  the  dorsal  and  two  on  the  anal ;  the  bars  growing  faint 
or  d'sappearing  with  age  ;  an  ol)li«iuo  dark  band  from  the  spinon.s  dinNal 
to  the  ej'e,  the  space  above  this  olivaceous;  spinous  dorsal  black:  ven- 
trals mostly  black.  Length  2  to  3  feet.  Capo  Cod  to  Cape  Ilatteras  :  tlie 
banded  young  rather  common  northward.     (zohoIhh,  banded.) 

Scomber zdiKitiis,  MiTrniM.,  Trnns.  Lit.  an<l  Pliilos. ,Soc.  N.  Y.,  1815,  427,  New  York  Bay. 
Stuiola  wnatii,  GCntiikii,  Cat.,  il,  iCt'y,  W>0;  .Iurdan  &  Giliirrt,  .Synopsis,  44fi,  188:i. 

Represented  south  of  Cnpe  Hatteras  by 

1289a.  KKRIOLA  ZONATA  CAROLINENSIS,  Holbrook. 

Very  similar  tc  Seriola  sonata,  but  more  elongate,  and  paler  in  color. 
Head  di ;  depth  4S  ;  eye  Gi.     D.  V  to  VJI-I,  36  or  37;  A.  II-I,  !!•  to  21. 
Bouysnbfaai form,  more  slender,  highestt  at  origin  of  second  dorsal,  tlioncp 


Jordan  and  Evermann.-  -Fisht'^  of  North  America. 


903 


tapi'iiiip;  evenly  to  auout  ami  tail.  Caudal  peduncle  soniowhut  depressed, 
with  lateral  carinas  and  strong  transverse  grooves  above  and  below  ; 
iiiaxilliiry  reaching  vertical  from  middle  of  orbit,  about  2\,  in  head. 
Iv^ctli  villiform  in  jaws,  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  in  one  median  and  two 
latt'iiil  series  on  tongue.  Scales  small  on  the  cheeks,  none  on  limb  of  pre- 
(ipon  It'  or  the  remainder  of  the  head.  Adult  bluish  above,  whitish 
lionciitli,  ft  baud  of  greenish  yellow  as  wide  as  e,vo  extending  from  pre- 
(ipeirlo  to  extremity  of  tail ;  lins  greenish  ;  traces  of  bands  on  the  oporcle ; 
ciiiiilal  (liisky,  not  yellow  ;  second  dorsal  and  anal  dusky  ;  tip  of  dorsal 
pal":  jioctoral  dusky  ;  ventral  creamy,  its  inner  edge  somewhat  dusky; 
iiisicK;  of  mouth  pale  ;  young  banded.  Gulf  of  Mexi^  o  and  South  Atlan- 
tic Coast,  fommon  north  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

!vnolii  •■'intHiiemiM,  IIoMinnoK,  Iclitliyol.  S.  </.,  72,  18ti(),  Charleston.  South  Carolina;  Jordan 

A  Cii-iiEUT,  SyiiopHiK,  44.'>,  lHHIl. 
S.ri../.i  -I'linmii,  GooDE  *  Ukan,  Pnic.  V  S.  Nut.  Muh.,  187!),  IH,  Pensacola,  Florida.     ('I'.vi"', 

Nm.  .:2;i2u.     Coll.  Stearns.) 


12»0.  SKUIOLA  liALANDI,  (hivier  .V  Valoncicnnefi. 
(GuEAT  Amiieu-fibii  ;  Amiif.ii  .Iack  ;  ConONADO.) 

Head  3J  to  4i  ;  depth  -H  to  3|.  D.  I,  34  ;  A.  I,  27  ;  dorsal  lobes  2h  in 
lioad  ;  maxillary  21.  Body  slender.  Dorsal  fin  dusky,  with  a  light-yellow 
suliiiiarginal  band ;  pectorals  dusky  yellowish ;  ventrals  yellow  and 
liiacki.s'h;  anal  blackir.h,  with  pale  edgs.  Young  and  old  specimens  have 
ossontially  the  same  general  form,  being  in  all  stages  more  slender  than 
Striold  (himcvilL  A  food-fish  of  some  importance  reaching  a  weight  of  100 
pounds  and  a  length  of  5  or  6  feet.  West  Florida  to  Brazil ;  rather  common  ; 
occasionally  north  to  New  Jersey;  the  specimens  here  described  from  Key 
West.  (Naiued  for  M.  Delalande,  a  well-known  naturalist,  who  collected 
li.slicM  for  Cuvier  in  Brazil.) 

S.iin;„  hilamU,  ('uviKR  &  V.m.enciennes,  Hint.  Nut.  I'oiss.,  IX,  208,  \H'X\,  Brazil;  GOntiier,  Cut., 
II,  Ilia,  IHOO;  Steindachneu,  Iclitliyol.  IJorich.,  v,  40,  18fi8;  Goouk  &  Be'.:i,  Villi.  V.  S.  Kisli 

I' uiissioii,  I,  1881,  43;  .Ioai>AN  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S,  Nat.  Muf.,   1882,  271;  Jokhan, 

I'roo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1884,  122  and  123. 

Strl'ihi  ijiiids,  PoEY,  Mi!moria.s,  ii,  227,  18fiO,  Cuba. 

/jiniflilhiix  fjigan,  PoEV,  Syuopsii),  371,  1808. 

1201.  SERIOliA  DVMEKILI  (Risio). 
(Amber  Jack;  Coronado.) 

iloitd  3|',f;  depth  3.  D.  VII-I,  32;  A.  II-I,  21.  Lobes  of  dorsal  and 
anal  low,  not  quite  half  length  of  head.  Nape  scarcely  carinated.  Very 
•  loso  to  Scriolu  lalaiKli,  but  reaching  a  smaller  size,  and  with  the  body 
deeper  and  little  compressed  j  mouth  larger  than  in  iS.  do;-srt/t»,  about  as 
in  S.  lalandi,  the  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  pupil,  2(*jf  in  head.  Gray- 
ish, silvery  below  ;  a  gilt  baud  through  eye  to  base  of  caudal;  another 
tiirough  temporal  region  to  front  of  soft  dorsal;  no  dark  cross  bands; 
<inH  plain.  Length  24  inches.  Mediterranean  to  West  Indies,  north  to 
Key  West  and    Pensacola ;    common  southward ;    a  food-fish  of  some 


II  h 


11 


I3 
it  ! 

7.! 


it; 


.!_!  \ 


I  fS 

^1 


ii 


004 


liulUtin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


iiiip(»rtunce.     (Named  for  A.  M.  Constant  Dum^rii,  icbthyologiHt  m  tin; 
Mnsouni  at  Paris,  abont  1810,  father  of  Auguste  Dunn^ril,  1870.)    ( Ku.  i 

Ciiriwx  dumniU*  UiSHO,  Iclitliyol.  Nice,  170,  pi.  (i,  i\\i.  at,  1810,  Nice. 

Siriiilit  fhiiiinili,  KiRso,  E-.ir.  Mc-ritl.,  Ill,  424,  1827;  'jivieh,  lU'giio  Animal,  Ed.  2,  13'i,  pi.  '.i,,  tj^, 

I,  1H2!t;  (JnviKB  .t  Vai.knciknnks,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  i.\,  201,  id.  2.')8,  18;i;i;  (ilMiii  k,  i  ,,t    i,, 

4il2,  ISfiO;  >SrEiNi)ACiiNEii,  Iclitli.  ncriclitc,  v,  40,  l8tiH;  Steindach.neh,  Idiili.  11. m  ,  ..  , 

20,  1874;  .Iniii.AN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nnt.  Mils.,  1884,  122  miil  123. 
Triuhmitfialidiilii)!*  Uafines((|;i;,  Ciiriitti'rl,  42,  pi.  .\i,  11(1.  2,1810,  Sicily. 
Ti-iichiiniH  fiinriiiliiM,  IUfinksi^I'E,  Iiulicc  d'htiolo^iu  Sicil.,  21,  No.  108,  uiid  ii|ip.  M,  Ni,.  |.;.  |s|(i 

Sicily,  nut  Sciiiiihri  /iiKciiihis  t){  Bi.oi  ii. 
Hiriiihi  jirii.riiiia,  I'UEY,  Alt^iiKiriiiH,  ii,  229,  18(10,  Cuba. 

Subgenus  ZONICHTHYS,  Swninson. 
1202.  SKRIOIiA  MA/ATLANA,  Stoiiidunlinor. 

Head  Si  ;  depth  3?.  D.  VII-I,  .32;  A.  II-I,  21.  Eye  4^  in  licad  :  snout 
3.  Maxillary  not  reaching  middle  of  eye.  Longest  dorsal  ray  2i  in  licad: 
longest  anal  ray  .3.  Pectoral  half  as  long  as  head  :  ventral  1 :  in  licaij. 
(irayish,  with  nnmorous  narrow  bluish  cross  bands,  more  or  less  n.niilcd 
with  brown.  Ma/atlan ;  one  young  specimen  known.  Coloration  as  in 
Svriohifdncldln,  but  the  body  formed  more  as  in  Seriolit  (hniirrili. 

Seiiiila  vin::iilhiu(i,  STElNDAniNEK,  Iclitli.  BeitriiKO,  v,  8,  1870,  Mazatlan. 


:SH!\! 


i4' 


li: 


120S.  SKRIOLA  FASCIATA  (Blo(  h). 

(Medregal.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  3|.  D.  VIII-I,  32 ;  A.  II-I,  20.  Body  oblong  oviil,  coiii 
pressed.  Ma.xillary  reaching  front  of  pupil;  pectoral  8  in  total  lenutli: 
second  dorsal  low,  not  falcate,  its  longest  ray  not  half  depth  of  1kii1\  : 
anal  similar,  but  lower.  Grayish,  with  golden  reHections,  a  brown  iiaml 
from  eye  to  nape;  no  yellow  longitudinal  band;  young  with  ahdut  U' 
very  narrow  dark  cross  bands  which  disappear  with  age,  tlieHc  hands 
continued  on  the  vertical  fins;  fins  greenish.  Size  small.  Lcngtli  alMoii 
one  foot.  (Poey.)  Wsst  Indies  north  to  Charleston  ;  not  very  coniinon: 
not  seen  by  us.     (faaclatus,  banded.) 

Scomhcr  fdsciatiiK,  Bl.ocn,  Iclitliyologia,  pi.  341,  1793. 

Si'rioht  /tmintii,  CuviKR  &  Vale.nciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIbs.,  ix,  211,  1833;  GrNTiiKR,  <  ui  ,  n. 

404,  1800;  .Jdudan  &  Gimieut,  Synopsi.s,  445,  1883. 
Iftd(drii<liisf(i>iiii(tii«,  Poky,  Synopsis,  373, 1808. 
fterinld  xciuicoiwKilii,  Poey,  McmoriaH,  ii,  232,  180(»,  Havana.     Tlip  name  fnfuinUi  wiis  u'ivii  I'v 

Poey  to  baudcd  spccimenB,  that  of  Kciiiicoroimid  to  tliosu  from  wliich  the  hands  Im  I  ili^-i|  ■ 

pearcd. 

129t.  SEBIOIiA  BIVOLIANA  (Ctivior  <t  Valonrionni's). 

Head  3i;  depth  3,^.  D.  I,  29;  A.  1,20.  Body  elliptical,  deep,  com- 
pressed;   the  nape  not  very  sharp;    caudal  keel  weak.      Head  a  little 

*  Wo  do  not  know  which  of  the  two  names  (hnin'rili  and  aUciolim  lias  priority  of  dnto.  W-  fol- 
low custom  in  recognizing  the  names  of  Risso  pivon  in  1810,  in  preference  to  those  of  IUI'hihs.iiu' 
of  the  same  year.  The  far  greater  accuracy  and  value  of  the  excellent  work  of  Uimi  jusfities 
this  preference. 


fordan  and  Everviann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


006 


lnn<;<'  than  deep;  snout  Itlniit,  coinpreased,  not  conical,  3  in  head;  max- 
illarv  reaching  to  near  middle  of  pupil,  2\  in  head.  Dorsal  fin  falcate,  its 
lolic  I!  in  length  of  body,  13  in  depth,  1^  in  length  of  head,  and  2\,  in  base 
of  fin.  Olivaceous;  a  dark-brown  or  black  band  from  eye  to  soft  dorsal ; 
the  body  otherwise  plain.  Mediterranean  to  Brazil,  the  West  Indies,  and 
Sdiiili  Carolina;  occasional  on  the  Florida  Coast.  (Named  for  the  Due 
lie  Kivoli,  who  collected  the  types  of  the  species  in  Greece.)     (En.) 

Sri"/"  nr..;i((»n,  CuviKB  &  Vai.knciknnes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisB.,  ix,  'J07, 18.'5.'i,  the  Greek  Archipel- 
ago; LI'TKEV,  Spolm  Atliiiiticii,  CO:i,  1H8();  .lonnAN  k  fiii.iir.UT,  SyiiopBiH,  4'I4,  1883;  JmiinN 
AfiiMiKRT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mils.,  1884,  W,\  .Ioutiax,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nut.  Miih.,  I88fi,  r.:t2. 

,«,ri,.;.i  '•..«<ii,  OrviKR  Si.  Vai.en(  rKNNEs,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIhs.,  ix,  208,  18:!:t,  South  Carolina. 

t.wWiiis  h„^r\,  (Jill,,  Cat.  Fish.  E.  CiiHflt  N.  A.,  :i6,  1861. 

Il.il,ii,arliishn.tci,  Gii.L,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18<i2,  442. 

.<,ii"/(  J'imnrieiisin,  CvMF.n  &  Vai.encienves,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,211,  ls:i:t,  Buenos  Ayres; 
1'mkv,  Mcmorias,  ll,  2:j!i,  18G0;  GOntiikr,  Cut.,  ii,  404,  1800. 

]li]„l,:i,iiis  honarifHrn,  Poev,  Syiiop.siH,  :i7.3,  IHCS. 

Sr/'/"  roiniiiilii.  Poky,  MiMiiorias,  ii,  2;i2,  ISfif),  Cuba. 

IM'iii'iiliificiiroiiiiliiii,  PiiEV,  SyiioppiB,  371!,  18G8. 

/,.»/.  hihiis  rnrnnatm,  PoEV,  Eiiunieratio,  83,  1875. 


tii^ 


1295.  SRItlOLA  FAI.CATA,  <^Hvi.-r  A  ValpiicienneR 

(MaDUEcIAI.  :   "  llciCK  Sai.jkin.") 

Hond  3i  (4?  in  totaD;  deptl.  3?  (4  in  total).  D.  VII-I,  29;  A.  II-I,  21. 
Cnca  !!0.  Body  rather  deep  and  compressed.  Head  somewhat  longer 
that  deep,  not  conictal.  Snout  2^  in  he<ad ;  maxillary  reaching  front  of 
pu])il,  3i  in  head,  its  tip  broad;  eye  large,  .5i  in  head,  IJ  in  snout.  Occi- 
put Homewhat  carinated.  Interorbital  space  wide,  convex.  Caudal  keel 
littlo  developed.  Dorsal  high,  somewhat  falcate,  its  anterior  lobe  1*  in 
lieii(l,2i^  in  the  base  of  the  fin;  pectorals  2  in  head;  ventrals  13 ;  anal 
loliolj;  anal  spines  small.  Life  coloration  as  follows:  Grayish  above, 
paler  but  hardly  silvery  below;  fins  blsvckish,  the  pectorals  pale,  the 
caiuiiil  not  iit  all  yellow;  oye  white;  lining  of  opercle  pale;  a  very 
nl).scure  olivaceous  band  from  eye  to  front  of  dorsal,  scarcely  visible  in 
frosh  specimens ;  preorbital  and  pieopercle  shaded  with  olive.  West 
Indies,  north  to  Florida  and  Carolina;  more  common  than  the  preceding, 
witii  which  it  is  probably  identical,  differing,  so  far  as  we  can  see,  only  in 
tlic  fiiint  color  of  the  temporal  baud.  If  the  two  are  the  same,  the  name 
Sirii>}a  rh'oliana  should  be  used,  as  having  priority.  Seriola  fasciata  is 
apparently  a  different  species,     (falcatns,  scythe-shaped). 

^n.liifalnila,  CuviEU  *  Valencienxe.s,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  210,  1833,  Gulf  of  Mexico  ; 
KiNTHEit,  Cat.,  It,  464,  U'60  ;  LPtken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  603,  1880;  .Foui^an  Sc  Gilbeut, 
I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1882,  271;  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Miis.,  1882,  237; 
.luKiiAN,  Proc.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Blue.,  1884,  123. 

I<eri',hi  ihihm,  LowE,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loudon,  vn,  1839,  81,  Madeira. 

Serii-la  decUns,  PoEV,  RIcmorias,  ii,  230,  1860,  Havana. 

Serinlit  ligulata,  PoEV,  Mtimorias,  ii,  231,  1860,  Cuba. 

/ouHlithys  declivii,  Poey,  Synopsis,  372,  1868. 


mm 


M ; 


i  'X:.:,m 


•3t. 


i^ 


900 


liulletin  4J,  United  States   National  Museum. 


414.   ELAGATIS,  HeniHitt. 

(UUNNKUS.) 

r.lnijniin.  Wr.ssf.yk,  Nnrrntivc  of  a  WlmliiiK  Vojhkc,  11,  283,  1K:?r.,  (hiiiinntilntn). 
.•<i-iii,lirhlli!iy,  IJiKKKKii.  Niitiiiirk.  T.vclHclir.  N(>(lcrl.  Iiid..  vi,  1!10,  iHfi-J,  (hijiimiiilnlii) 
liiriiiilim,  I'oKv,  MdiiiKriiiH.  II,  iHiid,  'ii.'i,  (iiiiiitiilnliiH). 

Hody  loiij;  and  .slefulwr.  Second  doiHul  iind  aniil  loti<j,  oacli  witli  mw 
d<ita(!ht'<l  (iiilut  coinpoHfMl  of  2  rays  Imliiiid  tlio  rost  of  tlio  (in.  otlici- 
wiso  oHHcntially  nn  in  Siriola.     One  HpecicH  pelagic.     (i/AimuTi/,  a  .Hpiiullc.) 

I2»«.  KLAtlATIS  BIPINNHIiATrS  ((Mo.v  .t  (Jaimurd). 
(UlINNKU  ;  Vk.i.ijpw-t.mi,.) 

Head  ;if|  ;  deptli  3:1  ;  oyo  oj ;  Hnont  2J.  ^.  VI-I,  i7,  2;  A.  II-I,  17,2: 
HcaleB  about  100.  Maxillary  triangular,  its  gniatcst  width  2!  in  its 
length;  Hupplcnientary  bone  long  and  lit. ear,  all  except  its  caudd-vintial 
margin  slipping  under  the  preohital ;  preorbital  and  preoperele  cntirf. 
Length  of  mandible  e<iual  to  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  niiildic  of 
pupil ;  distiinco  from  tip  of  upper  Jaw  to  posterior  end  of  maxiilmy  1), 
in  head.  Body  oblong, 'elliptical,  the  back  little  elevated;  head  latlui 
long  and  pointed,  tlie  mouth  terminal;  a  slight  occipital  keel,  (iill 
rakers  about  all  below  the  angle,  cephalic  ones  gradually  shortn.  tli.' 
longest  about  li  in  eye.  Lateral  line  wavy,  origin  at  dorsal  edge  of  ninTcic. 
the  ceph.'ilic  end  running  slightly  dorsal  to  opposite  origin  of  s]iiiiiiiis 
dorsal,  then  turning  slightly  ventral  until  opposite  origin  of  anal  lin, 
and  then  median  to  caudal  fin.  Origin  of  soft  dorsal  sligh:ly  neani  tip 
of  snout  than  base  of  caudal;  sp'nous  dorsal  low,  the  thinl  and  louiili 
spines  longes',  about  5^  in  licad  ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  similar,  racli 
slightly  falcate  ;  longest  dorsal  ray  24  in  heiid,  the  thirteenth  slioilcst, 
fii  in  head  ;  second  ray  of  dorsal  iinlet  t\t  ice  length  of  first,  or  I  in  liciul: 
longest  anal  ray  3+  in  head,  about  as  long  as  second  ray  of  finlit:  tlii' 
tn'o  small  anal  spines  remote  from  the  rest;  pectorals  short  and  lnoad, 
nearly  2  in  head  ;  ventrals  short,  2  in  head,  folding  in  a  ventral  dcinx's- 
sion ;  caudal  widely  forked,  the  lobes  attenuate  and  slightly  longer  tliiiii 
liead.  Body  covered  with  small  cycloid  scales  ;  head  naked,  except  jioi- 
tion  of  cheeks  and  part  of  its  dorso-caudal  margin  ;  scales  on  clunks  in 
about  6  series,  those  on  nape  smaller  than  those  on  upper  portions  of 
body.  Color  dark  blue  or  lead  above,  becoming  pale  yellowisli  liciow; 
two  conspicuous  blue  bands  on  sides  of  body,  the  upper  one  beginning'  at 
the  orbit  and  passing  to  dorsal  margin  of  caudal  peduncle,  its  width 
abont  equal  to  diameter  of  eye ;  the  other  beginning  at  snont  and  pass- 
ing along  lower  margin  of  orbit,  across  opercle  and  above  pectoral  lin  to 
caudal  ;  caudal  yello*.  ish,  with  a  darker  margin  ;  ventrals  and  pectoialu 
yellowish,  with  some  blue.  Length  21  feet.  Tropical  seas,  occasioTially 
in  the  West  Indies,  straying  northward  to  Long  Island,  where  the  spioi- 
mens  upon  which  the  above  description  is  based  were  secured  hy  Dr. 
Meek.     {hi-pinnulatu.s,  with  two  pinnules.) 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Nort/i  America. 


007 


Srn'xf'i ''i/>i)i»><'n<"i  <{<«>Y  ><c  Qaimaki),  Voy.  I'niuic,  /oiil.,  I,  :<t'i:i,   pi.  Ul,  1)^.  :!,  1x21,  Keeling 

Islrnds. 
<^y,uU\'Minhittt*  Tory,  Bfi'inoriaH,  ii,  2:)3,  18)'>(i,  Havana. 
Wij/ir/i- ''7ii»»ii''i'"«,  Hknnkt.",  AVlmlinK  Voy.,  ir,  UK;*,  IK;1.''i;    Mkkk   A    Hoi.i.man,   I'nii'.   Ac.   Nut. 

8.  i.  rhila.,  IHH!),  42. 
f\i»}»\t-  hiiiiuniiliilti,  OCSTIIER,  (!at.,  II,  401"    IMfiO. 
f:i,iii'(ii-  iiiuiiiiliiliiH,  JoitiiAN  ill  OiMiEitr,  SyiiopHiN,  44(;,  1S8;). 


415.  DECAPTERUS,  Blo«iki'i. 
(Mackkkkl  ScAns.) 

l)fr,ii)lrni\  ni.EF.KEn,  Natunrk.  Tj-dschr.,  v,  417,  lHri5,  {hinn). 
f.ii-l'iiihihiilm.  Oil. I,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  IMiilu.,  1862,  2t!i,  {himiiiles). 
i;iini\itjiiiji"ilhiis,  Gill,  I.  c,  2'il,  (inneronomn). 
Hi-tltigfiniiiiiK,  GlI.L,  /    r.,  2(!1,  (lll/limiiii'). 

Hody  elongate,  little  coniprcHsed,  almost  perfectly  fusiform.  Head 
slioit,  pointed.  Moutl»  rather  sniiill ;  jaws  about  ci|nal,  the  dentition 
tVehlc;  maxillary  rather  broad,  with  a  supplementary  bone.  Preniaxil- 
laricH  protractile.  Scales  moderate,  enlarged  for  the  whole  length  of  the 
latcnil  line,  but  spinous  and  bony  posteriorly  only ;  second  dorsal  and 
iiiial  each  with  a  single  detached  finlet;  free  anal  spines  very  strong; 
first  dorsal  well  developed,  persistent;  pectorals  comparatively  short. 
Alxlonicn  rather  shorter  than  anal  fln.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender. 
Specii'H  numerous.  ((5t«rt,  ten  ;  tttkiwv,  Rn;  there  being  10  fins,  counting 
the  spurious  finlets  and  excluding  the  free  spines.) 

'(.  .Slii(!ld8  of  lateral  lino  niimorous,  40  to  50  in  numl)er;  depth  fi  in  lonetth;  tocth  j)r<\-i<Mit  nn 

j!nv8,  vomer,  and  palatinos;  none  on  tongno. 

I'.  Dorsal    with  .'iO  soft  rays;  lateral  lino  anteriorly  with  about  1'.',  diRtinct,  Rinull  Mack 

points.  PIJNCT.\TI'8,  129Y. 

W'.  Doraa'i  with  27  soft  ray.s.  scoMimiNiLx,  12!t8. 

'in.  ,'^hi('lds  of  lateral  line  few,  20  to  30  in  numhor. 

'.  Teeth  iiiiniito  on  both  jaws,  vomer,  palatinon,  and  tongtio;  ghields  22  to  28;  depth  .'>  in 

length.  s.\NCT.i:-iiELKN.r;,  12!>!l. 

'■■■.  Teeth  diRtinct  on  lower  jaw  and  tongue;  caudal  koel  of  30  dintiuct  Hhieldn;  depth  T)'/^ 

in  length.  iivi'oniw,  1;100. 

r,i:  Teeth  oliHoloto;  caudal  keel  of  2r> RhicldN;  depth  5%  in  length.  m.m'.miki.i.i'r,  l:i01. 


1207.  DECAPTERUS  PITNCTATIIS  (AguRsiz). 
(ScAP;  KoiiNn  RoiiiN  ;  Cioar-firii  ;  QiriA-yriA.) 

Head  4^;  depth  5.  D.  VIII-I,  30-1;  A.  II-I,  24-1.  Eye  rather  small, 
sliortor  thjin  snout,  about  equal  to  the  width  of  cheeks  or  the  inter- 
oiliital  space.  Maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Teeth  on  vomer  and 
palatines,  none  on  tongue ;  teeth  in  jaws  in  single  series.  Lateral  line 
littlo  arched  ;  arch  of  lateral  line  nearly  as  long  as  straight  part ;  scutes 
miiiierons,  deep,  crowded,  about  40.  Pectorals  short,  shorter  than  head. 
Breast,  cheeks,  and  top  of  head  scaly.  Bluish  above,  silvery  below;  a 
dark  opercular  spot.     Length  12  inches.     Cape  Cod  to  Hra/il ;  occasionally 


"There  seems  to  be  no  difference  hotween  llu  American  form  called  pinnnlaliis  and  the  East 
Indian  bipinnulatuii. 


i 


M 


I' 


11l 


908 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


iiortliward ;  very  coniinon   oti   the  cuatitH  uf  Florida  and  in  the  Weitt 
IndioH.     (pundatuH,  ihittcd.) 

fti'iiiiihir  hiitjHis,  MiTriiii.i,,  Trann.  Lit.  k  I'hil.  Sor.  N.  Y.,  I,  1816,  (il.  5,  fij;.  P;  not  (if  F.inn  jih. 
Varims  pniuliitim,  AuAssr/,    S|iix,    Piw.   Hiiik.,   lOH,  pliitd  6f)a,   flu-   2,   18'J!t,    Brazil;  I'lviru  ,v 

V.\1.>:N(  IKNNKH,  Hint.  Nut.  I'dJHH.,  IX,  US,  iHKt,  (JCnthkii,  Cut.,  II,  A'iC,  ISCO. 
C(irmi.r«ii(iiTH«(KiHS()),  (!i'VlKil  !i  Vai.kniik.nnk8,  IlUt.  Nat.  I'oIhs.,  ix,  :i:I,  ISHU,  Mediterranean 
!ieni)ilinis  ihiiicIiiIks,  I'ok^,  Syiiii|iHi»,  UtW,  ISTfi;  .liiiiDAN  Si  (Jii.iiKliT,  S>'uuj)ai*,  Ci'J,   |s>  ;•,  .l,,|i|,,\ 

.V  (iii.liKiiT,  I'roc.  V.  S.  Nut.  MiiH.,  I88;i,  Ih'J. 

l>iftH.  !»»:(' A PTKKI'K  SCONRKINrM  (Vatcm  lonneN). 

Heads.};  depth  lij.  D.  IX-I,  27-1;  A.  II,  23-1;  scales  42,  liilcial  liiio 
very  Hiijjiitly  bent.  Ey«^  Jiirjjo.  3A  in  head;  Hnont  cciiialin^eyo:  )ii(toinl 
li  in  head.  Uieonish  above;  paler  below;  no  distinct  oporcnlai  siioi- 
no  black  spots  in  tim;nie.  ((Jiinther,  after  Valenciennes.)  (iiilii])ii};(),s 
Islands;  not  seen  by  ns.  Close  to  Dcvajitcr  iia  jmnctatna,  tho  doisal  aiipar- 
ently  shorter.     {scinnhrhiuH,  niackerel-Iiko.) 

Cimni.f  mtinhriiiKs,    VAl.KNciKNNrs,    VoynKO  do    la  Vonus,    .i;i2,  jil.  7,  i\ii.  1,  184(',,  Galapa(;o 
Islands;  (irNTiiKii,  Cut.,  ii,  i'M,  1800. 

I2»».  DKCAPTKniTS  SAN<'T.K.|IKLKN.F:  (Cuvl.r  Sc  ValonclonnoH). 

Head4jt;  depth  5.  D.  VIII-I,  32-1;  A.  II-I,  27  or  28-1.  .Shields  L'K 
to  32  (in  Japanese  examples;  22  to  28  in  specimens  from  St.  Hclciia; 
Steindachnor) ;  pectoral  IJ  in  he.ad.  Maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye; 
eye  moderate,  rather  shorter  than  snout.  Teeth  minute,  in  sinj^Ii^  siMics 
in  jil  ws ;  also  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.  Bluish,  a  black  ojMiciilai 
spot;  tip  of  soft  dorsal  brown.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  on  Imtli 
coasts  of  South  America;  not  seen  by  us.  According  to  Poey  this  niucIcs 
occurs  in  Cuba,  where  it  differs  from  DvcapteruH  punctaiua  in  ha\  iiii;  its 
scutes  subdenticnlate,  less  narrow,  and  beginning  much  boliind  the 
origin  of  the  anal.  According  to  Stoindachner  this  species  is  identical 
•with  a  common  Japanese  species,  Decajdn'us  maroadni  (Teiinninck  A 
Schlegel). 

Cm      ■  minrttr-hflenir,  Ct-vrKn  &  VAi.ENrir.NNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  37,  18XJ,  St.  Helena. 
Derajiteriin  siiiKiii-litlriiii,    I'dkv,  SyiiopsiH,    W<H,   1808;   .IiiitPAN  .k   Gii.iikrt,  Syiiii|isis,   i'xi,  W\; 

Steindachnku  \-  l)(")i)Kiii,KiN,  FJBolin  .Ia|ia.\t<.,  iii,  17,  pi.  1,  fig.  1,  1884. 
fCnrnihr  viiiriKidsi,  Tkmminck  il  Sciii.KiiKi.,  Fauna  .laponlca,  108,  pi.  58,  lij;.  1,   IslJ,  Japan: 

GOntheu,  Cat.,  II,  425,  18(iO. 

ISOO.  DEfAPTERrS  IIYPODITS,  Gill. 

Head  4  in  total ;  depth  nearly  5.  D.  VII-I,  2I-I ;  A.  II-I,  2fi-I :  s.alcs 
70  4- 30,  lateral  line  with  a  very  slight  sigmoid.il  flexure,  and  covoilmI 
with  very  conspicuous  scales,  trifid  on  each  scale.  Teeth  on  lower  jaw 
small  and  uniserial ;  tongue  with  a  longitudinal  narrow  band.  Color 
above  greenish  blue,  the  opercular  spot  small.  Cape  San  Lucas;  five  speci- 
mens known.  It  is  perhaps  a  subspecies  of  DecaptcriiH  macanUuK,  the 
differences  in  the  size  of  the  teeth  being  of  minor  importance  and  of 
doubtful  permanence,  and  both  forms  may  be  inseparable  from  Dcatptcnis 
sanctas-heltAa!.     (iTro,  below ;  ofJoef,  tooth.) 

Decapieriu  hiipodus,  Gii.i,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1862,  2G1,  Cape  San  Lucas;  (Coll.  Xantus); 
Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miib,,  1882,  3.58. 


I  or  dan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.         '.K)9 

1301;  l»Kt'AI>TKItrs  MACAUKIJJ'K  (Ciivioi  k  Vuluiiuii'iniM). 
(Mavkkiikj,  Shad;  Anthmnu.) 

Ilcadr.;  »l«pth  (».  D.  VIII-I,  ;U-I ;  A.  11-1,27-1;  t«<'tlM>l»Holot«;  HcutcH 
lie<;iiiiiiii;;  nt  ODil  of  dorsal,  25  ot  tlieiii  witli  kuulM.  Lutenil  liiiu  iiuarly 
>tniij,'lit.  Silvery,  plunibeona  boluw  ;  u  Htiiall  black  Hpot  on  tlio  opoiTlt). 
W'uriii  partH  uf  the  Atlantic,  Htrayin^  uurthward  to  Cape  Coil ;  Hcarce  on 
our  coast.  Length  1  foot.  (French  maqiicrvau,  mackerel,  the  name 
a|iiilieil  to  the  apecioH  in  Martinique.) 

OimiiM».(c<iif//ii»,  Ouvir.ii  &  Valeni'ibnnks,  MM.  Nul.  I'niHH,,  ix,  Id,  is:i:i,  Martinique;  GCn- 
TiiEii,  Cat.,  II,  42f.,  18(X). 

lltollihni'    iiKUiiri'lllln,    I'ltEV,    Klllimurutio,  7!t,    ^H^^)■,  .FlIHUAN  A    (ilLUKUT,  I'roC.   V.  S.    Nlll.     iMllh., 
IBM,  I'Jil;  JuRUAN   ti  UlLUEUT,  SyilupHIH,  433,  1883. 


416.  TRACHURUS,  Kalinemine. 
(Sauukls.) 

7'nir/,iiiM-,  li  \KINF,SQ<'F.,  Iliilico  tl'Ittiuloxia  Siciliiuiii,  2(1,  IHIO,  {trniliiiiiis). 
TtMliiini',  Ct'ViKU,  Itugiio  Aiiiliml,  K(l.  1,  1H17,  (h-achinns). 

Uudy  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compresHed,  iiot  elevated,  tapering  to 
aBloiulcr  caudal  peduncle,  which  is  as  broad  as  deep.  Scales  itresent,  not 
very  Niiiiill.  Lateral  line  armed  throughout  with  plates,  those  on  the 
I'uudal  jit'duncle  larger  and  spinous;  an  accessory  dorsal  branch  to  the 
lateralliue.  Snout  rather  long.  Mouth  moderate.  Minute  teeth  mostly 
iu  8iii;;l<)  series  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Dorsals  2,  the  first  pre- 
ceded liy  a  procumbent  spine.  No  finlets.  Two  strong  spines  before  the 
anal,  connected  by  membrane.  Pyloric  cteca  numerous.  About  4  species 
kuown  :  found  iu  all  warm  seas.  (r^<a,|;o(i/wf,  the  ancient  name  of  Travhiirns 
truchurns;  from  r/OT;j;i;(; ,  rough  ;  oiyxl,  tail.) 

(I.  Iloilv  ulougatp,  littlo  coniiirotwed,  tho  depth  ti  in  luiiKtli;  KcuteH  aliuut  W)  (50  | Ki  to '18)  in 

n\iiiibi<r,  the  hei^lit  uf  tlu;  luiterior  scutes  '.jtliiit  of  tho  posterioi'  iiiid  ahuiit  2' -^  in 

iliiimetor  of  eye;  (".irved  puif  of  hiti'rnl  lino  waricly  Hliortor  than  straight  part;  niaxil- 

liiry  2%  in  Load,  roauhiug  jist  boyoud  vortical  from  fronc  of  oyo;  lining  of  ojiorclo 

scarcely  blnckiHk.  i'ictuuatus,  1302. 

<i((.  liudy  comparatively  deep  and  coniprcgsed,  tho  depth  4  to  4Vi  in  length;  gcntes  about  72 

(34  to  30  -|  30  to  38)  in  nunib.-r,  tho  anterior  scutes  scarcely  lower  than  tho  posterior, 

their  height  about  1J4  •"  diameter  of  eye;  length  of  curved  part  of  lateral  lino  1?  to 

1^  in  straight  part;  maxillary  reaching  post  froi;t  of  |iupil,  2)4  to  'i\  in  head;  lining 

of  opeicio  blackish.  tbaciiuuih,  1303, 


1802.  TKACHIfRUS  PICTl'ltATl'S  (Uowdich). 
(Housk-mackeukl;  Xukb;..) 

Head  31;  depth  5.  D.  VIII-I,  31;  A.  II-I,  27;  scales  50  +  47  in  Cali- 
fornia examples,  90  to  108  in  others.  Similar  to  Trachtirua  irachurus,  but 
sleuderer  and  less  compressed  and  reaching  a  much  larger  size.  Arch  of 
lateral  line  longer,  as  long  as  straight  part,  the  junction  of  the  two  much 
beyond  tip  of  pectoral;  plates  on  the  anterior  part  small,  crowded,  their 
lieijrht  lees  than  half  eye.  Length  2  feet.  Warm  seas,  especially  common 
on  the  coast  of  California,  from  Sau  Francisco  southward  to  tue  Galapagos 


J)  10 


Hullitin  y7,  Ihiitfi/  States   National  Museum. 


IhIiumIh  1111(1  Chili;  not  iiuticed  on  thu  ooast  uf  Mexico,  ivltuinlant  in 
HiiiiiiiK'i-  111  thu  iiiurkotH  ut'  Sun  Fruuoiscu,  where  it  in  u  foud-liuh  ol  ;;<i(m1 
<iuaiit.v.  AIhu  \vi<luly  diHtrihutud  in  the  open  Hca,  rua-^hin^  tlie  Mtilitui- 
I'untnm  and  New  Zealand.  It  liaH  not  been  recorded  from  theuuNt  loaHtof 
oitlmr  North  or  Houth  America,  whore  Trachitnm  trachuruit'iH  tho  only  well. 
known  HpeciuH,  even  thiH  being  rare.  The  Calilurnia  Mpeoius  may  provu 
Huparable  from  thu  Atlantic  form,  in  which  cuhc  it  wonldntand  uh  'I'ntilnirii^ 
nyiHiiielrieHH,  AyruH ;  no  ditl'urencu  iH,  however,  known  to  ii.s.  I-mkon 
rucordH  HpecimcnH  from  the  Went  Indieu,  A/orus,  and  Chili,  {pwinitiln^ 
pictured.)    (Eu.) 

Siriiiln  fikhiralii,  liuwDicil,  KxciirHioii  tu  Slailoirn,  l2:i,  ll^.  27,  18'jri,   Madeira. 

Ciirini.r  iiirliDnlim,  Jc)i(i)AN  A  Gil.liKitT,  I'riK'.  l'.  S.  Nut.  Mum.,  1Hn2,  Unit. 

'J'liiiliiinin  imiiinilii.i,   STKiNliACii.NKii,   Itlitli.  llrricli.,  V,  114,  IWW;  .louii.w  &  (Jii.iii.in,  I'li.r  C  s 

Niit.  MiiH.,  \HH•^,  MH;  JuiiD.VN  k  GlI.liKUT,  I'roc.   U.  H.  Nut.   Miih.,  I.sm:1,    I'.H,  .Iiiiihas  ,v  (in, 

iiKin,  s^'iii>|>HiH, '.)ll,  18h:i. 
CamiiJ- 'riirhiiniH,  "Uoiixli'iiui  Hulxliviitioii,"  OuviElt   *   Vai.kn(;iknnkn,  lliHt.  Nut.  I'liins  ,   iii   i: 

IKIII,  Mediterranean;  Valparaiso. 
Ciirmix  viiriiii,  l.iiwK,  TniiiH.  /ui>l.  Sex  .  lioiitl.,  n,  18li7,  IKI,  Madeira. 
CtuiiiiJsiiiiiimliicnK,  AvuKs,  l'toc.  Cal,  Ac.  Nut,  Sci.,  i,  18.">.">,  02,  San  Francisco. 
Tmchiirm  fiMax,  ('atkixo,  Cutul.  I'oix.  I*ortH(,'iil,  310-318,  l8ti7,  Lisbon. 
Triwiiiiriis  iwoi,  UiUMuLi,  (Jatulugo  iIukH  Aiilllii  <t  I'eBci  Italiuui,  27, 18Ki),  Italy;  I>:i.m'(I  mj  c.u.iuj 

aiiiia,  UisNo. 
('iiiiiH.1  {I'mrhiiriiH)  iiiviini,  8tkiniia<'iinek,  Ichtli.  Iteitr.,  ii,  10,  \»lt>, 
'lYdfliiiniK  nii;iiri,  LCtkkn,  .Spuliu  Atluntit'ii,  12(i,  1880. 
TritchuiiiKKi/iitmdricuii,  CJiLL,  I'roc.  A';.  Nut.  Sci.  Thila.,  186'i,  Uiil. 


1S0».  TKACIIIIIirS  TItACIIlIUl'K  (Liiiiiiiiii*) 
(Saurel;  UA8fUN,) 

Head  3^;  depth  4;  eye  large,  equal  to  snout,  4  in  head.  1).  VI 1 1-1,  •JH; 
A.  II-I,  28;  HcaluH  40  +  37.  Hody  more  compreBSud  and  deeper  thuii  in  the 
preceding.  Head  rather  long.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  n-achin;; 
the  front  of  eye.  Arch  of  lateral  line  abort,  reaching  scarcely  beyond  pec- 
toral, H  in  straight  part,  the  plates  high,  nearly  as  high  antcriuiiy  a.s 
posteriorly,  their  height  more  than  half  eye.  Greenish,  sides  silvtuy ;  it 
dusky  opercular  spot.  Length  1  foot.  North  Atlantic  chielly  on  tiie 
coasts  of  Europe,  south  to  Spain  and  Naples ;  it  is  very  rare  on  our  coaHt, 
recorded  from  Newport,  K.  I,,  Pensacola,  and  Capo  San  Lucas.  A  lliird 
species,  Trachurii8medUeri'aneu8,  not  known  from  America,  largely  rcpliices 
it  in  southern  Europe.     (Eu.) 

Hvombi-f  Iravhm-uK,  liins.v.m,  Syst.  Nat.,  K<1.  x,  1758,  298,  Mediterranean  Sea;  iiftci-  fio^mUr 
lim-iitlaliruH  avuleata  of  AllTEDl;  D.  VIII,  34;  probably  iiicliulos  Truchiirioi  iiieiUlrninc  "-.* 

IViiWiHiHd  Iriiclinriii,  Uloch,  Natur);ei<ch.  Ichthyulof^ia,  Ii,  138,  pi.  30,  1784;  jjuod  liKiiif  auil 
dcHcriptioii  of  tliu  iiorthorii  species,  hero  called  IraclmruK. 

Carmu  tracliiiriiit,  CuviEii  &  Vale.nciennkb,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oisK.,  i.\,  11,  1833. 

Tiachtii-m  <r((c/n(n(/i,  Steindaoiinkh,  Iclitli.  Borich.,  v,  32,  1808;  Jordan  A  Giliieut,  I'lm.  I'.  S. 
Nat.  MuH.,  1882,  20!l;  GOnthku,  Cat.  (in  part),  il,  419,  1800. 

*It  iH  possible  that  fliosi)eciflc  name  <cacAHrH(>,  being  based  entirely  on  Moditerranr.ui  s|ieci- 
mens,  Hlioiild  bo  transferred  to  the  coniniouust  sjiecics  of  th.-it  region,  now  called  'Jhn-hin"^  mali- 
IfrraueiiK.  In  that  case  the  name  Trucliundi  neniispinosiii  (Nilssou)  is  probably  to  be  retaimil  fi'r 
the  form  here  called  TrachtiriiH  irachiirna,  which  ranges  farther  northward  than  tin  "tliers. 
lilocb's  dflscription  of  Iracliv.ruH  belongs  to  this  form,  and  probably  two  cr  three  species  « i  ru  i  ou- 
founded  by  Artodi  and  Liunasus,  ua  by  very  many  later  writers. 


Jordan  ami  Everinann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        Oil 


'('jiilii" '"■■'•"»  i''"""''^«"""»i    I'Acfcl'llllB,    Hint,    Nut.    I'lilxH  ,    III,    HI,  |il.    U,  IMIJ;    HnilTcly    llll'lltl- 

llaM'',  troiii  It  IlKnro  liy  I'mmiku,  hii|i|>(>hi'iI  tn  liii\ci  I n  iiimli'  In  Miiitliiiciiic. 

/Viii/dii"^  ..im"«,  llAriNKSylf^  lliclic'o  il'lltiiil.  Siiiliuiiil,  'JO,  lH|(l;  Iiiihi  il   on  Sc..)ii/i,  r  /;in7iiiiii«  ul' 
I.ONII'h;   JdiiIIAN  i&  OiLIIKHT,   8yilii|HtiN,   Ull,   IHM;  JohdaN  Hi   (ilLliKlil,   I'kic.    I'.   S.    Nut. 

Mil",  l'**l.  I'Jl- 
(',,r,iii>' » 'Hinjiiii'ixiii,  Nli.HHciN,  I'lmlr.  Iclitliyiil.  Snincl,,  H4,  1h:12,  Scandinavia. 
/V.iWiiiiM.  I'liriiini im,  (iiioNow,  Cat.,   Kil.  (im.v,   IH.M,   I'Jf),  seas  of  Lurupc;  iillii   Sinnihir  Ixmn 

(,ifii.i/i  I  iii'i'o  iiiiiiiiiKi  liiimnlii  >>r  (JlloNiiW. 
Tuu'hiiiii'hiiiini,  Mai.m,  lliiliiiKliiiiH  Kiiiiiiii,  I'JI,  Bohusl'an,  Sweden. 

iriuliiiri'-  Inuhiiriif,  LClkKN,  Slioliu  Alllllltlcil,  Vl!>,  18M0. 


417.  TRACHUROPS,  (Jill. 

/'rii(7ii'/'7'«,  (ill.l.,  I'roc.  .\f.  Niit.  8ri.  Pllila.,  4:11,  I8tl'2,  (niimrinifililhiUiius). 

Tlii.s  jteiius  is  cIoho  to  Caraiix,  diHoriMf;  in  the  iidio  clunjjiito  I'oriii  iiiul 
cHiHiiiilly  in  tho  Htructniu  of  tiio  Mhonldtir  j^irdlo  wliicii  Iium  a  (Uiup  ciohm- 
I'liiiow  at  itN  jnnctiou  with  tliu  JHthnuiH,  witli  11  llcNliy  |irojvctiou  ubovt; 
tl'c  tin  row.  JSpucieu  low,  found  iu  ull  warm  80U8.  (Travhitnin;  Cnji, 
aiiiioaianco.) 

i:i04.  TltA('lirm»l>S  <it|lMI<>NOI>IITIIAI.MI7K(ni<»li). 

(GotmLEU  ;  Itiu-KYKU  Si'ad;  Goaiii.K-KYK  Jai'K  ;  CiiiniAiiiio.) 

lltatl  :iV ;  depth  3i ;  eyo  3.  D.  VIII-I,  2li ;  A.  II-I,  22 ;  scutoH  35.  lU.dy 
iilildiij;  rloii^ate.  littlo  conipreuHcd,  the  hack  not  eleva.  eJ.  Iluad  elongate, 
iiitlitr  pointed,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  nia.xiUary  reaching  past  the 
t'loiit  (if  the  eyo,  which  is  very  large,  longer  than  unout,'  much  deeper 
than  the  cheeku,  and  greater  than  tho  interorbital  width.  A  single  HorieH 
(pf  Hiiiall  teeth  in  each  jaw  ;  very  weak  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines;  a 
patcli  of  teeth  on  tongue.  Shoulder  girdle  near  iHthmuw  with  a  lleshy 
pidjt'ction,  in  front  of  which  is  a  deep  crosH  furrow  ;  adipose  eyelid  largely 
(levclojied.  Scales  comparatively  large.  Cheeks  and  breast  scaly.  Gill 
inkers  long,  numerous.  Lateral  lino  scarcely  arched,  its  scutes  weak,  but 
little  carinated.  Dorsal  spines  slender;  free  anal  spines  strong;  pectorals 
falcatt',  shortish,  about  11  iu  head.  An  angle  at  lower  posterior  part  of 
opuiciilar  region  as  in  Chtpva.  Hluish  olive  above,  silvery  below,  a  faint 
oiierciilar  spot.  Length  about  2  feet.  IJoth  coasts  of  tropical  America, 
occaHionally  north  to  Capo  Cod ;  common  in  tho  West  Indies  and  on  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico;  specimens  examined  by  us  from  Cape  Sau  Lucas, 
Mn/atlan,  Acapulco,  and  Panama.  We  are  unable  to  see  any  dift'eronce 
liet'.v;  lii  the  Pacific  Coast  form  TrachuriiH  brachychirua,  Gill,  and  the  ordi- 
nary cnitninophihulmitii.  Specimetis  from  Havana,  Acapulco,  and  Mazatlan 
a^rt'c  perfectly.  Also  found  on  tho  coast  of  Africa  and  iu  most  tropical 
M'as.    (cr«mt'w«,  purse  ;  (iiplla?i.iiur,  oyo.) 

Ik'niil'ir  rnimnKiplithtilmim,  ItLocii,  Iclitliyol.,  pi.  ,'{43,  1793,  Acara  in  Guinea. 

l><i'iiili,r  jilnniiiri,  Biocii,  Ichtliyol.,  pi.  344,  ITiKl,  Antilles. 

Hiimlnr  I'lihiiithphthalmiin,  Blocii  &  Schneidkk,  Syst.  Iclith.,  20,  1801,  Guinea. 

<<ir,iMr  iiKirropMlialmm,  AuASSiz,  Spix,  Pise.  Uniti.,  107,  1829,  Brazil. 

TmrhirojiK  hriwhijchirus.  Gill.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Philu.,  1862,  2G1,  Cape  San  Lucas. 

Cmviij  (rmnemiitliOialmtts,  LACtl'kDK,  Hist.  Nut.  PoiBH.,  iv,  107,  ISlKt;  (,'iviKit  A  Vai.kni^iknnkh, 
lli^^t.  Nut.  PoisB.,  IX,  02,  1833;  Joiida.n  &  Giluebt,  Syuoposis,  ■134;  uiid  of  receutwriterBgeu- 
eiilly;  Gt'NTiiEU,  Cat.,  II,  429,  1800. 


4i 

'hi 


^\ 


UVJ 


liullttin  ^j^  United  Stales  Nutiomil  Mmeutn. 


TViu'Aiiro/ix  (TMiiKiio/iAMii/mii',  JiiniiAN  A  <lii.M»:itT,  I'ror.  U.S.  Niit.  Mii-i  ,  llMi,  ISN3. 
OiniMJ-y'iimiiii,  t'lviKit  ifc  Vai.I':ni'Iknn»:n,  llUt.  Nul.  ToinH.,  l,\,   lO,  lHU3. 
Tiiichurojuniliimieri,  1'uky,  Euuiui.'ruttu,  7H,  IMTS. 


418.  HEMICARANX,  Ithmkor. 

r.ir.iH!/. ./)«,*  fill.l.,  I'roc.  Ar.  Nut.  Scl.  I'llllll.,  IW,,;,  1:11,  (fnlmti,,), 
lltiiiiKiiiiiij-,*  Iti.KKKKli,  Vcrnl.  Kiiii.  Ak.  Wilt.,  \i\,  1;IJ,  18ny,  (iiiiiriiinnliui). 

Muxillary  vuiy  nurruw,  itu  ^riuutuHt  widtli  hciiiooI.v  i  «y«( ;  lifad  snmll. 
Teoth  utiiHuriul,  fuw  or  nunc  on  voniur  or  iiuliitin*^H.  UoihuI  ami  una!  Iiiin 
very  low  anUu'iorly,  not  falcutr,  their  liast^H  with  11  coiimjikmioiih  Nli.atinit 
sctiluH.  Lateral  linu  nioro  or  Iunh  urchod  in  tVoiit,  tho  plates  Miiall  ami 
niiiiioroiiN.  Tropical  hcuh.  Allictl  to  Caraiur,  dillcring  chiclly  in  ilir  nai 
row  maxillary.  The  American  HpecicH  arc  all  rare  aud  need  I'liuiit  1  cdin 
pariHon.     (/}//<,  half ;  Curaitx.) 

>i.  Arcli  iif  lateral  line  vi>ry  HtroiiK,  itH  lixiKlit muro  thnii  ■.',  iti  l«iiKtli;  UtNi'ol'i t'>i'iil  iwu\\ 

(liiHky;  lii'itd  very  Hniiill;  cinicliil  IoIicn  vi'iy  iiiirqiml.  Auiii.iiiin  m  in  >  l.tn'i. 

ml.   Ari-li  of  liitiTiil  lliiu  lufH  ciiiivi'.x,  itH  luii^lit  nut  ' .,  IIh  Ii'ii^th;!  ('iiinliil  loln'i  miIh'<|uuI 
/>.  IhiRti  of  |ii'('turul  with  u  largo Jet-lilm-k  area;  Hidi'H  in  luiiiit  not  l>ani'cl,  IkuiI  'imill. 

A  IKIMAM  ^,  Dm,. 

hh.   Iliuiii  orin'ctDrul  witliiiut  liliti'k  blotch;  bIiIoh  luini'd  with  liluik;  lii'uil  lallur  l.iii,'> 
I'.  Ilcitii  nlioiit  ;i}.j  ill  length;  NciitcN  or  i;>ti'ri>.l  liiiu  iiiuutly  ariiicMi. 

il.  Hoft  ilursal  with  !!0  rayn;  iiiial  »itli2'J.  ht:irM>is    |:;ii; 

itil.  Hon  (liirHul  with  ~>i  lays;  anal  with  21.  Kiiiriiii,  liinx 

<'<',  IIcikI  :i  in  lun^th;  houIum  Tuolily  urniuil.  lki'i  riii.s,  i:)ii!i. 


liiO."!.  IIKIHICAKANX  AMHIiVKIIYX'lll'S  (Cuvi.  r  .«  Vul<  iici.nn.  »). 

IToad  4^;  depth  2i ;  eye  large,  aH  long  au  unoiit,  '■ii  in  Jiead.  1>.  \  III. 
28;  A.  11-1,25;  shieldu  50.  Arch  of  lateral  lino  very  wtrong,  itn  liiij,'iil 
mote  tlian  k  itu  length,  which  is  much  Icnh  than  half  length  of  hti;n;;lii 
)>art.  Kody  oval,  much  comprcHHcd,  with  the  axiu  nearly  midway  liitutcii 
the  hack  and  Itvlly  ;  prutilo  very  convex.  Mouth  very  HUiall,  olilninc,  tliu 
maxillary  reaching  little  paHt  front  of  orbit.  Head  umall,  Hliort.  alnmt  a» 
deep  aH  lung.  Gill  rakeru  Hhortidh,  rather  utroug,  20  below  arch,  anal  s|iineti 
Hmall,  the  tjccumi  longest;  upper  lobe  of  the  caudal  falcate,  more  tiiaii  a 
third  longer  than  the  lower.  Lateral  scutes  numerouH,  very  Htion^'. 
Teeth  rather  strung,  in  one  series  in  each  jaw ;  teeth  on  tungiio  lew  or 
none;  those  un  vumer  and  palatines  minute,  deciduous;  scales  ^mall; 
cheeks  naked,  breast  scaly ;  lateral  lino  strongly  arched,  the  aicli  aluiiit  k 
the  straight  portion  ;  scaly  sheaths  of  dorsal  and  anal  very  high,  eMmii- 
ing  the  whole  length  of  fin.  Pectoral  falcate,  little  longer  than  IkikI, 
reaching  anal,  (ireenish  above,  with  blue  retlectiuns;  sides  aud  ialow 
gulden  ur  dark  silvery;  caudal  fin  yolluw,  inner  edge  of  njiper  lolic 
black;  base  of  pectoral  dusky;  a  black  axillary  sput;  upercle  I'aintl.v 
blutched.  Tropical  America  from  Cape  Hatteras  to  Hrazil ;  ratln  1  coiii- 
mon  in  the  West  Lidies,  occasional  on  the  coast  of  Carolina  aud  I'loi  ida. 
(a/i/j/.i'c,  blunt;  fwyxog,  snout.) 


*  Wo  havo  MO  nieaiifl  of  knowing  which  of  these  two  nuinca  han  priority  of  dato. 
Jlemicarmu  was  tiiift  printed, 
f  Character  not  voriflud  iu  Ilcmivarmu  sccundux. 


.\|.|i:|v.|lll.V 


i 


;fe'i 


Ionian  and  I'Uertnann. — Fishes  of  JS/ot//i  .imiriia. 


013 


,iiM,.r.ii«'.c/(.</i«r/("«,  <'i  virii  .V  V*i,r.N(ir,Mixr.H,  lllxt.  N«l.  I'dIm*.,  iji.Kk*,  |iI.  '218,  Im:W,  Braill; 

lilNTIII  II,  <-'ltt..  II,  til,  \Hm. 
r.mm/  /</">'ii«,  Iloi.iiiiiicih,  li'litli.  Siiiilh  ('nnilliiii,  !il,  IHtiii,  CharlcBton. 
r.iMiiiJ  *'''""('.'/i/M»,  I'hkv,  Mciiii.rlaM,  ii,:ill,  Iniii,  Cuba. 
luMiij/'-j" '" ''■'■"VW'*!  I'oKV,  Kiiuiiiurutid,  77,  lH7r). 

i:)UA    IIKMICAKAXX  ATKIMANIH  (Jonhiti  .1  (illhcrt). 

llfiKl  I:  dt'iitli  U'.  1).  Vl-I,  li!t;  A.  II-I,  1.'5:  Hciilt'H  (Id  (.Ul  pliifoK). 
Iliiily  !i';;iiliii'I.V  elliptical,  cuiiiprrHmul  luxl  imicli  «>lt<vattMl,  tlio  iIimnuI  aiul 
\t'iiinii  I'lirvrM  alioiil  equal,  and  tlic  ^luatvNt  ilt«ptli  of  hoily  iiuarly  in  tliu 
iiiidillc  <>r  loti^tli,  oxcluHivo  of  caiuial  pt>iltnicl».  Huiid  Hniall,  Hliort.aiiil 
liiw,  lis  ili'ptli  latlicr  IvNH  tlian  itH  htn^tli,  tlio  uppttr  piotilo  (limcttiiiliii); 
1,'i'iitl.v  III  tlio  nIiui'p  Hnuiit ;  jawH  aliuiit  u(iiial;  pnMiiaxillaricH  anteriorly 
iJKiiii  ill  ilii'  iixiHof  body;  niaxillariuN  narrow,  n^iu-liiii^  Hli^litly  liuyond 
:iiiiiMiiir  iiiai'^iii  of  orltit,  '^  in  lumd;  caidi  jaw  with  a  siii^lu  r*>^iilar 
Miles  oi  vi'iy  Hniall,  cloM«5-Het  teeth,  without  larger  tt-etli ;  no  teeth  on 
Miiiitr.  |iiilatineH,or  tongue.  Kye  moderate,  Hiijrhtly  longer  than  Huout, 
if  in  itilerorhitai  width'  ocuiput  witli  an  evident  eariiia.  (iill  rakeru 
iiiiMli'iati',  alioitt  15  on  tlie  anterior  liinh,  the  longent  half  the  diameter  of 
(iiliit  Head  nake«l,  with  the  exception  of  a  patch  of  NcaleH  on  the  teiu- 
jioritl  rc^non.  Dintance  from  Huoiit  to  origin  of  Mpinoiitt  dorHul  leHH  than 
l('iii.'lli  III'  pectoralu;  dorual  HpiucH  Hlender  and  fra<;ile,  the  higheut  ei|ual- 
iiii;  distance  from  Huout  to  front  of  pupil;  a  well-devtdoped  antrorue 
>|iiiii'  liclDro  dorual ;  Hoft  dorual  and  anal  Himilar,  not  falcate,  the  raya 
itH;iiliiiI,v  (lecieaHing  from  the  lirHt;  liiglieHt  soft  ray  of  doiHal  about  half 
ilistiiiiri'  from  Hiiout  t(»  baHe  of  pectoral,  and  Honiewhat  lt>nger  than  tlie 
lii;,'lu'si  my  of  unal ;  free  anal  Hpines  little  developed  ;  dorsal  and  anal 
wicli  (IciHCNsiblo  into  a  very  higli  Hhoath  of  scaloH,  which  leaves  only  the 
last  two  or  three  rayH  uncovered  ;  caudal  tin  wide,  well  forked,  the  upi)er 
Io1m>  evidently  longer  and  more  falcate  than  the  lower,  but  Ichh  produced 
than  in  llcmicaranx  nnihlyrhynchua,  the  longest  ray  about  ^  length  of  rest 
ul'lisli;  pectoral  tin  very  long  and  falcate,  reaching  o))poHite  to  l)aHo  of 
stvcnlii  ray  of  anal,  about  half  longer  than  head;  ventrals  rather  long, 
leiicliiii;;  beyond  vent  and  slightly  more  than  halfway  to  front  of  anal. 
ilieiist  entirely  covered  with  very  tine  thin  scales;  upper  part  of  sides 
uiiteiiorly  with  irregular  series  of  scales  which  are  not  well  imbricated; 
lateiul  lii'e  witi-  a  strong  curve  anteriorly  (but  less  arched  than  in  Car- 
(iiu  (uiil'hirhynchuii),  the  height  of  the  curve  );  of  its  length,  which  is  a 
little  more  than  half  length  of  straight  portion  ;  the  line  becoming 
alirui)tly  straight  opposite  front  of  anal ;  plates  of  laterol  lino  developed 
aloiif,' entire  length  of  straight  portion,  the  plates  not  large,  the  height 
itl  the  largest  one  not  more  than  half  diameter  of  eye.  Color  blackish 
olive  al)()ve,  dusky  yellowish  below  with  a  silvery  luster;  top  of  head, 
snnnt,  and  a  large  diflt'nse  blotch  on  upper  part  of  opercle  black;  cheeks 
and  lower  parts  of  head  thickly  dusted  with  large  brown  points;  vertical 
liiiK  dusky,  the  caudal  and  anterior  rays  of  anal  with  much  greenish 
yellow ;  ventrals  largely  white ;  pectorals  dusky  olive,  the  axil  and  a 
lar^e  black  blotch  ou  both  sides  of  the  fin  at  base  jet  black,  the  blotch 


:J 


Hi 


■>  h 


I: 


K.  N.  A. 


-59 


I» 


m 


U14 


hulletin  77,  UnitfJ  Statfn   XatiotutI  ,\fu\,nm. 


«ovfli-inu  llu'  liiiHd  of  all  (lui  rii,,M  ol'  iMTtonil  fxct-pt  tin-  Ikwi  i,  iiinl 
oxtciidiliK  oil  tlu)  liii  tor  »  (liHtiiiuut  ki'*"^^"''  tl><^'>  '  li'iiKtIi  of  llu  ;  itisi,!,. ,,( 
inoiitli  mill  liiiiii);  of  o|m>i'(;I«)h  not  liiiu-k.  I.fii^lii  1'J  inciirN.  A  miiikIc 
rt|M-(;iiii«>ii  ('r\|M%  No,  2!),:M1)  wum  taken  in  Hut  Itay  of  I'anain.i  (.(/,,, 
lilack  ;  muiiiiH,  iian<l.) 
tUritiu  •iiriiiiiiiiii',  .liiuiiAN  .V  (lii.iiKiiT,  Hull.  ('.  H.  KMi  I'omtii.,  i,  IM41,  ;((m,  Panamu. 

I!t07.  IIKMICAKAW  HM  IMM  H  H'ooy). 

(StlilMio  ;    Vill  AMIS    ) 

Iload  Mt  in  total  with  canilai  ;   «l«ptli  ',1.     I).  VII-I,  :«();  A.  II,  1,  jj;  ty,. 

r>  in  lioatl.     Hody  oval,  nioiUtratuIy  uluvatnil,  tlin  curve  of  tliv  iVoni  a  Ijitli 

floater   than   that   of  tiiroat.     Maxillarv    roacliin^  liiNt   foiiitli  nf  ivt; 

adipoNo  t\vcli<l  wull  ilttvuJoptMl ;  Hcalt'H  vory  Hniall ;  p<!(;toial  lonK,  laliiitr. 

tlio  bnckliTH  of  latoral    line   bv^innin^  oppoHiti*    itH    point,  liii;^'i'  ami 

nnniuronH;  ciirvo  of  lateral  linu  not  ih'HcrilttMl.     Cainlal  lohvH  iioi  wiilily 

Noparattxl,  )irol>al)ly  Hii)KM|tial;  dormil  and  anal  witliont  Malicnl  loin,    j'ali 

violut  above,  white  below  ;  Hideu  witli  (i  broad  dark  ItandH,  IomI  vviiliaK<': 

liiiH  inoHtly  blackiHli,  the  caudal  };reeniHh  ;   throat  blackiHh.     (iica  I'o, 

Cuba;  not  very  eoiunion,  reaching  a  woijjht  of  I^  |iounds;  used  an  lood, 

(I'oey);  notHeen  by  us.    (hcchikIus,  second,  from  tim  SpanJMli  nam*'  SuiiiikIii 

".I'ignore  le  motif  qui  I'a  fait  nommer  ainHi." — I'ocy.) 

Oiriiiu iterinKliiii,  I'liKV,  MfiiiDrlim,  ii,  'iZi,  Ixild,  Cuba.     (('i>ll.  I'diiy.) 

Ciiriiiiii<i}i»  miiiiiiliii),  I'lPFV,  Svnii|inlH,  litlV,  lM(i7. 

f  Citiiiiix  /(«iiii<ii»,  CiiviKii  iV  VAl.KNriKNM.'..<i,  Hint.  Nat,  PciIhm.,  ix,  7(1,  l«:i:i,  Mexicu:  on  luliiiH- 

iiiir  liy  MiK'KiNii  >V  liK.MHl^:;  a  biiiidi'il  Npucluu,  with  iiiik'l<'  <>t°  latcriil  line  umli  i   Irout  n|  w.m 

cli'irtal. 

1808.  IIDMK'AKANX   IIKTIIII  (Stilndiu  Iiik  i). 

Head  ;H;  depth  2;  eye  3^  in  head.  D.  VIII-I,  28;  A.  II-I,  '.M,  mih,, 
57.  Hody  deep,  Htrongly  comprossed,  the  back  arched,  tin;  vent  in!  line 
little  curved.  Maxillary  reaching  pupil.  Dormil  antlanal  tin.sratlici  lii^^ii. 
but  the  anterior  rays  not  exserted  beyond  the  rest ;  highcMt  rayis  dl'  ildi 
Hal,  l:^  in  length  of  head  ;  sheath  at  base  of  dorsal  little  deveioptMl :  cau- 
dal tin  not  deeply  forked  ;  pectoral  moderate,  as  long  as  head,  twice  liiif,'tli 
of  ventral ;  curve  of  lateral  lino  not  quite  twice  in  straight  part,  Sciitc;* 
small,  but  each  ending  in  a  spine.  Teeth  slender,  rather  long,  uiilHiiial 
above  and  below;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  15ody  even  w  lure 
linely  punctnlate,  with  G  rather  sharply  dotined  broad  dark  baiH,  l«!,si(k's 
one  on  the  head;  pectoral  and  caudal  yellowish;  other  tins  d:«k  <;ruy ; 
axil  with  some  dusky  ;  caudal  tin  pale.  Pacitic  coast  of  tropical  Amtnica, 
known  from  three  specimens,  the  largest  5  inches  long,  from  I'aii.iinii. 
(Steindachner.)  Perhaps  not  distinct  from  Caranx  Icucurun,  (Naimd  loi 
Ignatius  Fiirth,  Austrian  Consul  at  Panama.) 

Carmix f'urthii,  Stkinpachneii,  Icht  i.  Beitr.,  iv,  12,  1875,  Panama.     (Coll.  Fllitli.) 

1300.  IIKMIC'AUAN'X  LKUCUltl'S  (QUntlicr). 

Head  3;  depth  2.     D.  VIII-I,  28;  A.  II-I,  24  to  26;  scutes  fn;  Miont 
rather  obtuse,  the  jaws  equal,  the  maxillary  reaching  past  front  nl  eye 


/.trJiiH  and  Evi'rttMnn. — Fisfirs  of  Xorl/i  .Ipnerua.        JM5 

li'fili  iiiii^iMiut,  very  hiiiuII,  iiuiiu  on  puluU'.  Luturul  lino  \vitl\  u  Homicir- 
,.i,l;,i' itii  li,  the  luiigtii  of  wliit'li  Ih  lif  to  U  in  Htmi^lit  part;  itH  ati^Io 
IkIiovI'k'oI  uC  hucoikI  (IimniiI  iiiid  with  iihoiit  riOHiiiiill  low  Hhit^lilH,  hut  iVtw 
iil'wiiicli  I  :i\  <f(h«prc<NH<'<l  NpiiH-H.  IN'Ctoriil  ri>iu;hiii^  uiiiil  N|iiiioN.  ItiowiiJHh 
;;m}J*'"'>  ^vith  (>  liurk-hrowii  vtutioul  IiuihIh,  thu  first  JM-hiiid  hiiHr  of 
M'llurul.  iliu  fourth  frum  niidtlh)  of  Hoft  «hirMul  ;  a  hir^u  hhtck  Hpot  on 
„|iew  Ic :  <lorNui,iiiiul,  anil  vtMitnil  hliicli ;  lutctoral  and  caudal  palo.  Two 
ijivciimtii-i.  cauh  'A  inuhuH  loii);,  from  runaina.  (Ciuntliur.)  (A(t'\(V,  whitu ; 
AM^  tuil-) 

,■,,„„,/ ;,ii."/M»,  UI'NTMiiii,  rriH'. /(i()l.  Hill'.  I.omloti,  tMti4, '.'I,  Panama;  (Ccill.  ('ii|ii.  Julni  M. 
liiiH);  i.r!«rm,ii,  I'Uli.Ci'Ulr  Aincr.,  'I:!!!,  iNHii;  .liriii,A>  ,v  (iniimr,  rim.  U.S.  N.  Viii., 
l»(i:l,  I'.' I. 


419.  CARANX,'   Lacrpcdt). 
((Jukvai.i.i';h.) 

liiMii/  (( iiMMK.Iin(iN)    l.vrri'fliiK,   IIlNt.   Niil.    ToInm.,    Ill,  r.7,  IHIfJ,    (^ai/iiiiiK,   Mjiii-iuiiin,  ri,niM|;(i», 

111/11 1,  I'll .  I, 
•iiruK/,  U.\('iNKHyrK,  (JarnttiTl  Alcuiil  Nimvl  Ui'iutI,  II,  iHln,  (lli'Kt  ruNtrictlnu  tu /ii/mi,  iii(..r, 

I'll'.). 

Tiin'fliriii.,  lUriNKMgrK,  (!lirnttrri,  '11,  IHld.t  ('(ini»i/i(»       hilipim). 

Cifciiiyii.,  liiiii'Hiii,  (hivinr'ii  Nut.  lllMt.  KIhIuim,  Ultfl,  1837,  (biiHcil  mi  /.c*  rii)'iiM!/Hr.i  nt' (hiviKll; 

tyiHt  I  'iiMiii.i'  I'liriiHi/Mii). 
',lr^,'/r/«')i'»,  SwAINKON,  CIiwm'ii  KiHiii'K,  11,  '^'17,  1«;W,  (iiifliiHiiiihrii). 

.1/171..,  ."^W  MNMlN,    riUH§'ll    KiflM.'H,    'JIS,    IKlit,    (  H'll/'l    liiinih,    Ul'.«t!KI,l,        lli'jriliillllin,    Dav;    H|lr('ll'« 

with  III)'  tcrth  iiiiiHcrial  uii  Jitws  iiiul  tongue  uii I)",  liudy  ritnit'oriM;  nliirlilN  iiuimiruiix;  (lurxal 
luw). 


•The  limpiT  typ»  of  the  ki'IIIIn  fVimiir  Hcomx  to  1)0  Sannher  riiher,  IJIncli.  Tlio  liainn  CuniMj' 
ttimilipiiii'Mtly  I'i'i'iinlod  In  iniiMiiHci'i|it  liy  ConinK'miin,  wlio  ii|i|illi'il  it  tn  Cunni.i-  nm'insiin.  In 
|iriiili'il  iiiiiiii'iii'littiii'r  I'liriiMX  wart  Di'Ht  iiHcil  liy  Larr>|ii'(li',  \vliiiail(i|iti'il  tliii  liaiiii-  rriilii  (!oiiiiii(<I'niiii 
ii|ipl,viiJt{  il  t'l  a  lai'gii  Ki""!!!'  •'•nitainint;  ainoHK  utlicr  HpccirH  IiiiiIiiiihh,  <  iiniiii/iix,  »yii  riiiniiH,  finUui, 
■m\ni\i,i.    TIiIh  );i<iiiih  whh  nnxt  furtlior  limltcil  by  l(atlii('si|ii)>  in  (lit)  I'ollowinK  wiinlrt: 

"lo  liiM'i'i'liiti)  iloviTit  (iiviilfro  in  i|uattrii  tscni'ri,  ilneiicro  Carnnjf  ilcl  inoilt'riii  iltioloni  <'ln'  li" 
iintniniiti  'rnirliiiiin,  ('(iniii.i',  TiiVi'iiyifcnin,  ii  lliiimilin;  v  iinosti  ti'i'  nitiiul  nmi  olTerisciiiio  vituiio 
•pri'ioSii'iliiiiiii;  IliiioihiM  (////(iixjiii)  ilifferlHon  ilal  TrdclniniH  iii'll' avcru  <lni' aln  anali,  u  il  CnraiiJ' 
iirH'iivcii'  nil  riiKKio  >>  rtpinu  Noioitu  du  lu  duo  iiIh  diirtiali  imI  il  TricroptiruH  noli' avunin  tm 
f'lniitl  (if;iiiiiiii  d'liiia  inoinlirana  alurc." 

Tlu'sni  liiiractiTs  aru  all  partly  fallacioim  and  (if  no  HyKtoniutic  inipnrtiinco.  All  of  tlicin  arr 
lakiufriMi  l.iii'i'pi'do'rt  Rualytical  kt-y.  Wu  nniKt.  Iiirn  to  l,aci'|K'(ln'rt  work  In  tl'id  tlii'ir  Hijiniti- 
raiici'.  '/'i''i'/ii(nni  evidently  rorrrrtpondrt  to  Larrpi-du'H  "premier  MiiuH-di'iii'i', "  Sniinlier  Irinliiiriiii 
lieinn  itH  tyiin.  Co'iiii.!' currecpcmdrt  to  llic  "si'cnnd  HouH-gonrc,"  including  the  Hpccii'n  J'enliw, 
«/«•,  i/,'i :,  »ii/ijii(ii,  and  hunh.  llijiiniliH  (iirno,  liclow;  /Sn,  two;  two  fri't'  anal  Hpines  or  llnletH)  ii) 
ImiU'iI  (HI  Sriitiilier  <//ii»i'kj<,  L.  I.irhia  j/imcii,  Cuvicr,  a  Kumpean  spcoicH.  'l'r'n<i>\ilvniK  \»  baNcd 
I'll  I'liriiii.r  1  iiMiiii/M(i,  and  i.stliei°('for«Hyn(inynuiuH  witli  tliu  later  <  'urunijiis  of  (iriflitli  and  ( 'iirKiii/iix 
(if  (iiranl. 

'iir.iii.i' is  next  further  rewtricted  liy  Cuvier  A  ValenclonneH.  Anions  tliolr  "  Ciiriiii.r  propre- 
iiii'iil  ilits"  are  two  BpecieH,  yV'n/dit  and  ruhii;  placed  in  ('iiidii.i'  liy  liotli  Ualine«(pie  and  Iiaeepede. 
iHiBiif  tlh'M'  two  specieB  should  ap|iarently  lie  retained  iiH  the  type,  unleHS  wo  aro  tn  return  tiitlio 
iiiiihUNcripl^  of  (NimnierKon  for  our  underHtaiidiiiK  of  the  ^fonp-  I"  Swaiimon'H  work,  in  IMIli), 
iii/'iris  still  ntained  in  connection  with  the  name  Vnritiu.  \it  tnichiinm,  «y/»'<'ii).ti(«,  and  fiiriiiiijiiit, 
niK'cics  liTi'tot'ore  taken  liy  authorn  as  typcH  of  (.'i<niii;>',  are  none  of  them  available  for  tliiM  pnr- 
im-i'  lii'cim^e  all  of  them  were  referred  to  other  (;enera  by  Balinewpie.  we  must  apparently 
(.liiidKn  lictweon  )-ii/«caiiU  fenlmi.     Wo  therefore  Helect  Cwiinx  nilwr  an  lyp(!  of  the  nenus. 

lillliii  iMi'i'i  adopted  «/<i'ci(W/(ii  as  the  typ(^  of  Ciinm.f  because  this  waM  the  only  HpecicH  mentioned 
li)'f!iiiiiiii.isciii,  from  whoso  mnnuarripfs  I,ac(''pe(lo  adopted  the  name  Oinoi.''.  It  is  not,  however, 
I'viilint  tliiit  I,a('(''pedo  retfiirded  this  species  as  his  type.  If,  however,  wo  sliould adopt  this  view, 
till' iiaiiif  ( 'iri-ai).!'  would  ai'.persede  (Imilliimnihm  and  the  genus  hero  called  i'umux  would  hecoiiio 
TtirvKjiirriis.  The  name  C'i(ra»i.r  is  really  derived  from  Ciiritiujiie,  and  several  writers  have  taken 
''imii.r  cnfiMi/Hx  ns  its  typ'-.  This  arran},'ement  seems  to  us  not  tenable.  Its  adoption  would 
'liift  tlie  ijiiiiies  of  tho  suogouera,  C'iir(iM.r  taking  tho  idate  of  Tiiifj>hnif. 

t  Uiiiu„V,~,  Hatinesiiue,  J.  c.  (based  on  Smmber (jUiiims,  L.),  is  oquivalout  to  Lichia,vm  is  also  Uuti- 
"''S'lUf's  f;i  iius  JlmtiicaiUtia,  I.  c,  43.     Licliia  is  of  lator  Uatu. 


ill 


i 
I 


■!j 


W  y 


H 

'■ 

f  ■' 

r; 

■i 

V 

Ll 

s' 

i 

i 

t: 

1 

» 

■'1 

; 

■f 

[- 

1 

■i 

r; 

1' 

I 

1, 

'i 

f " 

l 

|:' 

•if 

OUJ  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Mar,  Ili.KKKKK,  Verhiiiidl.  llutiiv.  Uunootmii.,  xxiv,  1851,  (hoopn;  tooth  m  oiiimuh;  |ii|||,,ii 

JMlllltO). 

LfiiiijIoHnuH,  Iti.KF.KKn,  f.  c,  (car(ingoi)le«;  tooth  in  ono  row;  tootli  on  vomer  and  ]i;tlutiii<x,  iii>iic  un 

tonKUo). 
Vriujiin.  Ul.KKKKR,  1.  c,  {carangoiden;  tootli  2-roweJ  in  jiiws  only). 
Leplii'iiin,  ni.KEKEH,  /.  <•.,  {le}iltihpis;  uniBerliil  luoth  on  luwor  jiiwaud  tongui^;  iionr  ipiMi]i|„.r  jm,- 

or  piilntd). 
MuroidiH,  Ili.p.KKKii,  I.  ('.,  {leptoleim). 
Vammjiililhii'i,  Di.kkkkk,  Uijdnigcn  Ichtliyol.  Fiinna  CoIoIicb,  iii,  7(!0,  nbont  IHri'i,  (^/;i"-.  y"iiii(;,f 

Bomo  f<|)eci('S  iillicd  to /ii/iid;  iiri'oiicrclo  Hcrnito;  ti'utli  iii  sovj-ral  rows,  outer  onlmijid;  iwn, 

on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongiii^), 
(Viruni/Mn,  GiKAitn,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  Plilla.,  ISfiS,  1()8,  (eKviileulus  -hiiipoK). 
raratrailm,  OiLi,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  riiila,,  18G2,  432,  ijiiw/iit/iin  -trj/dod). 

Body  ovate  or  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  soinetiines  coiiHi(lt'ral)lv 
elevated,  Hoiiietinies  little  arched.  Head  moderate  or  ratluT  iiir>,M',  moro 
or  IcHHcoiiiprcHScd.  Mouth  moderate  or  large,  oblique;  iiiaxilluiv  l)rou(l, 
with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone,  extending  to  below  oyc  I'n- 
niaxillaries  protractile.  Teeth  developed  in  one  or  few  series,  uii('(|Uiil, 
or  at  least  not  in  villiform  bands.  Villiform  teeth  usually  pie«t)iit  oi' 
vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue,  Avanting  or  deciduous  in  suiiic  sj  cvach. 
(iill  rakers  long.  Eye  large,  with  an  adipose  eyelid.  Dorsal  siiincs 
rather  low,  connected;  second  dorsal  long,  usually  elevated  in  front :  l)otli 
tins  deprcssible  in  a  groove.  Anal  iin  similar  to  second  dorsal  and  neaily 
as  long,  preceded  by  two  rather  strong  spines,  its  base  longer  tlian  the 
abdomeii.  Caudal  Iin  strongly  forked,  the  peduncle  very  slender.  Vi'ii- 
tral  fins  moderate;  pectorals  falcate;  no  finlets.  Scales  present,  mostly 
very  suiall.  Lateral  line  with  its  posterior  portion  armed  with  stionj; 
bony  plates,  which  grow  larger  on  the  tail,  each  plate  armed  with  asitiiio; 
a  short  dorsal  branch  of  later.^1  line  usually  present.  Preopercle  cntiru 
in  the  adult,  serrate  in  tho  young,  usually  with  a  membranaceous  liunler. 
Species  very  numerous  in  all  warm  seas,  most  of  then,  valued  for  food. 
As  here  understood,  this  genus  includes  a  considerable  variety  of  furni.s, 
differing  in  the  dentition  and  in  the  shape  of  the  body.  Its  meinbei  s  seem, 
however,  to  form  a  natural  series.  (Name  a  corruption  of  the  Portngueso 
Acarauna,  French  Caranguc.  Lac^p^de,  however,  claims  to  derive  it  from 
mi>u,  head,  "A,  cause  de  I'espece  de.  prominence  que  pr^^sente  lenr  tite, 
de  la  force  de  cette  partie,  de  I'dclat  doni.  elle  brille,  et  d'ailleiirs  pour 
annoncer  la  sorto  de  puissance  et  ue  domination  que  plusieurs  osseux  de 
ce  genre  exercent  sur  uu  grand  uombre  des  poissons  qui  frdquenteiit  le» 
rivages." — Lac6pMe.) 

u.  Teetli  on  vomor  and  palatiuos  pcraistont. 

h.  Soft  dor:$al  and  anal  low,  not  nineh  clovatod  in  front,  Httlu  if  at  all  fulcatL<;  teeth  in 
jaws  in  one  or  few  series,  w^th  no  canines, 
Selab: 
<•.  Lateral  lino  strongly  arched;  arch  of  lateral  line  not  half  as  long  as  stniij-'lit  por- 
tion; the  angle  under  front  of  soft  dorsal;  breast  scaly;  lateral  eiiite.i  stiimjr^ 
abont  48  in  number;  scaly  sheath  of  dorsal  and  anal  very  deep.   Iliad  li'o; 
depths;  second  D,  I,  24;  A.  I,  19;  sides  with  broad,  dark  bars;  a  blm  k  "I'lr- 
cular  spot;  fins  largely  yollow.  viNm  s,  1310. 

Cakanx  : 
(•<■.  Lateral  lino  little  arched,  its  curved  part  not  shorter  than  its  straight  [nirt;  iiiax- 
illaries  scarcely  reaching  front  of  eye. 


/onian  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        917 


W^  .:'\ 


(I.  0|)orcular  Hpot  obsolete;  liody  ratlirr  elongate,  tlio  duptli  '.i  to  ^\:j  in  longtii; 
§iiout  3  in  heuil;   lioud  :il.,  in  body;  Ht'cond  I>.  I,  2I>;   A.  I,  2'2;  ihiuldrt  26 
to  29. 
«.  Dody  Blender,  tlio  dcptb  about  ny.j  in  length;  ' -'ur  dark,  cbiutly  bluiah. 

UUIIKR,  Hill. 
ee.  Body  deeper,  tin-  doptb  abouc  2j  in  length;  color  pale,  inoHtly  golden. 

IIARTII0U)M.1':r,  1.')12. 
'.'.    SdCt  dor8.il  and  anal  murb    lovnted  in  front  and  muio  or  Iorh  falnite;  upper  teetli  in  a 
biuid,  the  o'ltcr  enlarged;  lower  teeth  in  one  serieH;   dorHal  Bliuath  of  sculeH  not 
greatly  developed;  Hoft  doreal  and  anal  both  rather  Hhort. 
'riiiciKiiTKiii's  {rptU,  three;  axpof,  point;  nrtpov,  tin;  from  the  It  free  spines  Huppoaod  to 
Ktitnd  iHjtweon  the  doreals): 
/.  llreuMt  naked,  except  a  small  rhombic  area  before  vontrals;   twi    <ma11  canines  in 
front  of  lower  jaw;  body  robust,  compressed. 
(/.  Opercular  spot  large;  adult  with  a  black  spot  on  pectoral;  pectoral  .1  in  length. 
IIoad:)i<^;  depth  about  3;  second  D.  I,  20;   A.  I,  10;  scuteti  (duvoloiied) 
about  25.  Ill  I'l'os,  1313. 

//.  V.reasi  entirely  covered  with  small  scales. 
I'AiiATnACTUH  (jropa,  near;  arpaKToi,  spindle): 
A.  Body  subfuslform,  the  depth  less  than  J/,  the  length ;  breast  scaly;  teeth  of  outer 
seriessniall,  not  canine-like;  a  black  opercular  spot;   no  spot  on  pectonil; 
arch  of  lateral  Hue  about  iialf  straight  |iart.  citYSos,  1314. 

t.  Pectoral  flu  moderate,  rarely  longer  than  head;  Hcutes  about  ."iO. 
«'.  Pectoral  fln  very  long,  much  longer  than  head;  scutes  about  40. 

CAIIALI.US,  1315. 
CARANOiniTHYB,  (Caratix;  l\Ovi,  fish): 
hh.  Body  oblong  ovate,  the  depth  more  than  %  the  length;   outer  teeth  rather 
strong,  lower  teeth  not  canine-like. 
j.  General  color  silvery;  vertical  flns  not  all  black. 

/•.  Body  moderately  elevated,  the  depth  in  adult  2   to  2',^4  in  length. 

Opercular  spot  very  small  or  ob.soleto;  no  pectoral  spot;  pectoral 

3  in  length. 

/.  Body  rather  elongate,  the  depth  in  adult  'Z%  in  length;  dorsal 

aad  caudal  fins  largely  black;  eye  larger  than  in  (\  liilii>i,  the 

head  less  obtuse.     Head  Zyy,  second  D.  I,  19;  A.  I,  15;  scutes 

30,  MAllOINATUS,  l.'llC. 

II.  Body  mcKlerately   deep,  the  head  bluntish,  the   eye   small;   the 

depth  about  2*^  in  length;  dorsal  fln  scarcely  dusky,  caudal 

fin  pale.     Head  3};  second  D,  I,  20;  A.  I,  17;  scutes  30. 

I.ATI'S,  1317. 
kk.  Body  much  elevated,  the  depth  in  adult  2}>  in  length;    no  dark  cross 
bands  nor  opercular  spot;  a  sniall,  dark  spot  in  axil;  caudal  and 
dorsal  lobes  dusky;  curve  of  latisral  line  IJ^  in  straight  part; 
caudal  lobes  as  long  as  head;  pectoral  J  longer.     Head  3^;  depth 
2J;  second  D.  I,  C2;  A.  II,  I,  19;  scutes  32.        mehusicoi.a,  1318. 
jj.  General  color  brassy  or  blackish;    vertical  fins  Hack;    lower  teeth  not 
canine-likn. 
m.  Anterior  profile  gibbous;  head  very  large;  curve  of  lateral  lino  less 
than  %  straight  imrt;  second  dorsal  and  anal  strongly  falcate; 
anterior  lobe  of  dorsal  about  %  head;   pe<'toral  very  long,  2J^  iu 
length;  color  nearly  uniform  black.      Head  33';'i;  depth  2J;  second 
D.  I,  21;  A.  If,  I,  18;  scutes  28.  Luouimis,  1319. 

mm.  Anterior  profile  scarcely  gibbous;  curve  of  lateral  line  a  little  inoro 
than  V,  straight  jMirt;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  strongly  falcate;  ante- 
rior rays  of  dorsal  %  head;  pectoral  a  little  more  than  J^  lM)dy; 
coloi  dark  olivaceous  or  brassy ;  sides  with  many  small  dark- 
brown  spots.  Head  3%;  depth  2%;  second  I).  I,  22;  A.  I,  19; 
BcutcB  about  35.  MELAMPvaus,  1320, 


•■i  &■■ 


~  ( 


wm 


5 
I 
11. 


im- 


918 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I'lUHPIH  (oupa,  tail;  d(rtr(«,  fthiold): 

(III.  Teeth  on  vomer  und  ]inIatincH  wantiiif;  or  ilecidiiouH  ;  tectli  in  jaw  Hnbor(niil,  Mm  tiiih   j,| 

unit  or  two  rowH;    lateral  lino  not  strongly  ui'clicd;  Hoft  dorsal  and  aiiiil  <<.u:  AMiV 

rather  few. 

H.   Hody  deej),  ronipresRod,  the  liack  and  belly  arclicd;  Nliieldit  '24  to  .'l(»;  wriiml  h    I,  jd.  ^ 

I,  22;  opercular  H|)ot  preHeiit.  (.    mu,  l.'):i| 

Subgenus  SELAR,  Dloeker. 
1«10.  TAIIANX  VIXt'TliS,  Jordan  \-  Oilhert. 

(COCINERA.) 

Head  3i;  depth  3.  Second  D.  I,  24;  A.  I,  19;  lateral  scntcs  Mtroii;; 
about  48.  Body  elongate,  elliptical,  oompressed,  upper  proCiIc  evenly 
arched  from  snout  to  caudal  peduncle,  the  lower  nearly  rectiliiicfir  from 
snout  to  origin  of  anal  fin  ;  upper  profile  slightly  carinato  anteriorly. 
Width  of  cheek  about  equal  to  diameter  of  eye.  Mouth  moderately 
oldique,  the  jaws  snbeqnal,  the  lower  scarcely  included  ;  intermaxillarits 
anteriorly  about  on  a  level  with  axis  of  body,  just  below  level  of  lower 
margin  of  eye;  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  orbit.  .3  in 
head;  teeth  very  small,  Mun,,  •  a  narrow  band  in  each  Jaw,  Itecomin;; 
a  single  series  in  sides  of  uiuiiuiiile;  the  outer  series  slightly  en larjied: 
teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue  similar  to  those  on  jaws,  (iill 
rakers  very  long,  numerous,  the  longest  f  diameter  of  orbit.  tJieir 
number  about  10  -f  27.  Eye  large,  less  than  length  of  snout,  about  e(|iiiil- 
ing  interorbital  width,  4  in  head.  Adipose  eyelid  moderately  developed. 
Preopercle  with  its  posterior  margin  very  oblique,  the  angle  broadly 
rounded;  preorbital  thin,  its  least  width  ?  diameter  of  orbit.  Spinous 
dorsal  well  developed,  the  spines  high  and  flexible;  the  antrorse  spine 
well  developed ;  the  fourth  spine  the  longest,  the  fifth  but  little  shorter: 
those  posterior  rapidly  decreasing ;  the  fourth  spine  equaling  =  leiijjtli  nf 
head ;  length  of  longest  dorsal  ray  less  than  \  length  of  head ;  anal 
spines  strong,  the  soft  rays  a  little  lower  than  those  of  dorsal;  soft 
dorsal  and  anal  entirely  received  within  a  very  deep  membraiiacoons 
scaly  sheath,  which  is  |  the  height  of  r^^dian  dorsal  rays,  and  terminat- 
ing before  the  ends  of  the  fins,  leaviii;,  ti?n  last  2  rays  free;  the  2  fins 
not  falcate,  the  rays  regularly  decrea'  1  txn  first;  pectorals  very  lonp, 
falcate,  reaching  much  beyond  origin  .>t  -•■  jl,  and  to  twelfth  lateral 
scute;  the  fins  \:  length  of  body  ;  ventrals  joa'-hing  to  or  slightly  beyond 
vent,  which  is  nearly  equidistant  from  their  inner  axil  and  from  second 
anal  spine;  caudal  lobes  not  falcate,  the  upper  slightly  the  lonjjer,  p 
little  less  than  length  of  head.  Lateral  line  with  a  strong  curve  ante- 
riorly, the  width  of  which  is  less  than  \  straight  portion ;  the  depth  of 
curve  about  i  its  width  ;  plates  very  strongly  developed,  exteudinj];  the 
whole  length  of  straight  portion  of  lateral  line,  which  begins  under  first 
dorsal  rays ;  top  of  head,  opercles,  jaws,  and  preorbital  scaleless  or  with 
a  very  few  scattering  scales;  cheeks  scaly;  breast  entirely  covered  with 
fine  scales;  membrane  of  caudal  fin  w'th  series  of  scales.  Color  dusky. 
bluish  above,  silvery  below,  with  golden  and  greenish  reflections  :  8  or  ? 
vertical  dark  half  bars  descend  from  back  to  below  lateral  line,  the 


4asr 


Jordan  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


919 


w  idest  about  equaling  diiiiiiotur  of  orbit,  and  more  than  twice  us  wide  as 
tilt'  iiirlit  iiiterHpaces  ;  breuHt  blackiHli ;  head  dimky  ;  end  of  snout  blaclt; 
a  distinct  black  blotch  on  upper  anjjle  of  opercle  ;  fins  somewhat  dusky  ; 
tliP  liiwcr  yellow  in  life;  pectoral  without  spoti  axil  dusky  ;  anal  white 
at  tip  'it  lobe.  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico,  Ma/atlan  to  Funta  Arenas.  A 
well  iii;iiked  species,  abundant  about  the  entrance  to  the  (lulf  of  Califor- 
nia, its  range  extending  thence  to  the  coast  of  Central  America.     (i'jhc<»««, 

Itaiidctl.) 

Cimii.'  r;ii'7»«,  JiiuDAN  A  GiMiF.nT,  I'roc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Miih.,  1881,  iVIf*,  Mazatlan;  (Typo,  Nos. 

HKn;:,  luiil  -JHIlfiO.    (!oll.  CilliiTt);  .IiiiiDAN  >fe  (!iuiF.HT,  Troc.  V.  S.  Nut.  Miis.,  1883,  1!)7. 
Cams.  *\\..  I-AV  k  Bennktt,  Ik'i'rlioy'H  Voyii^so,  .'V>,  18411,  San  Bias;  Mazatlan. 


Subgenus  CARANX. 

ISlt.  CAR4NX  KUnEK  (Uloch). 

(Ciiii  Mancho  ;  Cadbonebo.) 

Ifpiid  3;-;  depth  3i  D.  VII-I,  26;  A.  II,  I,  22;  scnteb  25  to  20. 
Str!iii;lit  portiin  of  lateral  line  considerably  longer  than  curved  part,  2i 
in  body.  Lateral  line  not  strongly  arched;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching 
trout  ol"  oyo ;  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines  persistent,  those  on  Jaws  in 
a  t't!\v  series  without  canines.  Dorsal  low,  its  anterior  rays  slightly 
falcate,  2;^  in  hecad.  Color  bluish  olive,  silvery  below,  scarcely  yellowish 
in  iit'o;  a  va>»uely  defined  horizontal  stripe  of  clear  blue  just  below  the 
dorsal;  dorsal  yellowish  gray,  other  fins  dusky  olive,  a  distinct  black- 
ish liar  extending  along  lower  lobe  of  caudal.  West  Indies ;  not  rare. 
{rumr,  red,  which  the  species  is  not;  it  was  originally  named  from  a 
drawing  erroneously  colored.) 

&vii«'nT  1  i/kt,  Block,  Ichtliyologia,  jilato  .342,  179:5,  Ste.  Croix. 

Carms  riiht'i;  Bi.ocii  .fe  Sciinkidkii,  Syst.  Ichtliyol.,  29,  1801;  Jordan  ifc  (iii.nEUT,  Proc.  U.  S. 

Nut.  Mns.,  1884,  32;  GOntiieu,  Cat.,  i.,  iW. 
Cimmx  I'lKchii,  CijviF.u  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  >T<it.  Foiaa.,  ix,  69,  18;t.'l,  Ste.  Croix;  hhiik?  type. 
Ciiniii.r  Iridmus,  PoEY,  Memorias,  ii,  22('>,  1800,  Cuba. 
Vnmii.joiilee  iridinuB,  Poey,  Synopsis,  300,  1808;  Poey,  Enumeriitio,  77,  1875. 

1S12.  CAKANX  BARTHOLO.n.VI,  Oiivier .«;  Valuncieauus. 
(Yei.i.ow  .Iack  ;  Cirii  Amarillo.) 

Head  3i  ;  depth  2^  D.  VIII-I,  27  ;  A.  II-1, 23  ;  scales  28.  Body  ovate, 
deep  aiul  compressed,  somewhat  elliptical ;  the  profile  anteriorly  not  ele- 
*"atcd,  forming  an  even  curve  continuous  from  the  snout  to  the  base  of 
tlic  dorsal,  the  snout  therefore  not  blunt.  Top  of  head  not  much  com- 
pre.s.sed.  Premaxillaries  on  the  level  of  the  lower  edge  of  the  pupil ; 
niiixiliary  not  reaching  to  opposite  the  front  of  the  pupil.  Teeth  rather 
einali,  in  a  narrow  band  on  each  Jaw,  without  distinct  canines  ;  villiform 
tcelii  on  tongue,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Cheek  about  as  deep  as  the  eye, 
wliicli  is  rather  smsvll,  considerably  shorter  than  snout;  adipose  eyelid 
little  developed.  Gill  rjikers  long.  Breast  entirely  scaly ;  soft  parts  of 
tlio  vertical  fins  densely  covered  with  small  scales.  Dorsal  low,  its  anterior 
rays  slightly  falcate.    Pectoral  fiu  falcate,  a  little  shortei  than  the  head, 


wjJMi'aiPWMWW 


I': 


1% 


920 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Afttseum. 


II 


3  .fcJ 


I -4 


! 


II 


roachiii^  past  the  front  of  the  anal;  caudal  equally  forked.  .Strai);lii 
part  of  lateral  Hue  2-*  in  body,  scarcely  as  luujr  as  curved  part  ;  \t\;\\yn  ,,| 
lateral  line  snioll.  In  life,  bluish  silvery,  everywhere  strongly  waslicd 
with  golden,  the  younfj  with  golden  spot'J.  Fins  all  pale  yellow;  no 
black  on  opevcle  or  lower  lobe  of  caudal.  West  Indies,  occiisidiinllv 
northwiird  to  Florida  and  North  Carolina;  common  in  Cuba.  (Naimd 
for  the  Island  cf  .San  Dartolom^.) 

Carimr  hm-lliolomni,  ("I'viKK  .t  Valknciennes,  Hint.  Nat.  PoIhh.,  ix,  KHI,  ISSi,  St.  Bartholo- 
mew; .loRDAN  &  GiMiRiiT,  SyDopniH,  41)0,  ^W.Y^. 

Cwaiircihi,  I'dky,  Meiiioiias,  II,  224,  IHOO,  Cuba. 

Ciiraiu  l/ci(i((,  JoiiDAN,  Proc.  V.H.  Nut.  Mus.,  1880,  480,  Beaufort,  North  Carolina.  iTypc, 
Nc I.  27372.    Coll.  Gilhurt.) 

CariwyoUks  dbi,  PoF.y,  Synopsis,  ;tOG,  1867. 

Subgenus    TRICROPTERUS,  Baflnesaiio. 

1S18.  CARANX    HIPPOS  (Liiniwus). 

> 

(CBEVALl.fi;  ToRo;  Horse  Cuevai.l(:  ;  Cavam.y  ;  Jack;  Jiovaova.) 

Head  3^ ;  depth  2i ;  lateral  line  (scutes)  about  30.  D.  VIII-1, 20 :  A.  II-I, 
17.  Body  oldong,  the  anterior  profile  very  strongly  arched,  lb  ii<l  lai;;o 
and  deep.  Mouth  large,  low  ;  lower  jaw  prominent ;  maxillary  oxtcmliiii; 
to  nuarly  opposite  posterior  border  of  eye,  2^  in  head.  Teetli  in  iijipcr 
jaw  in  a  broad  villiform  band ;  an  outer  series  of  large,  wide-set,  ((Piiiial 
teeth  ;  teeth  of  lower  jaw  in  one  row,  a  distinct  canine  oh  etwh  .side  of 
symphysis;  villiform  teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  toii^Mii-. 
Lateral  line  with  a  wide  arch,  its  length  IJ^  in  straight  part,  tlio  aiii{lc 
under  fifth  dorsal  ray  ;  plates  not  covering  all  of  straight  part.  DoihuI 
spines  short,  rather  stout ;  gill  rakers  stout,  riither  long,  15  lielow  anjjle. 
Occipital  keel  sharp.  Eye  not  very  large.  Pectoral  falcate, ),  loii^ci  tlian 
head.  liroast  naked,  with  only  a  small  triangular  patch  o'i  Ncalos  in 
front  of  veutrals.  Caudal  lobes  equal,  nearly  as  long  as  head,  oliva- 
ceous above;  sides  and  below  golden ;  a  large  distinct  black  blotcli  on 
opercle,  bordered  behind  with  pale;  a  large  faint  black  spot  on  lower 
rays  of  pectorals,  the  latter  sometimes  wanting  in  young  ;  axil  of  picto- 
ral  with  a  black  blotch ;  edge  of  soft  dorsal  black ;  upper  edge  of  (aiidal 
peduncle  dusky  Warm  seas,  generally  abundant;  found  on  both  coasts 
of  tropical  America,  north  to  Cape  Cod  and  Gulf  of  California,  also  in 
the  East  Indies;  a  large  and  wel.  known  food-fish.  More  aliinidant 
northward  on  our  coast  than  any  other  species  of  the  genu.s  exempt 
Carnvx  cryaos.  Easily  distinguished  by  its  canines,  its  naked  bnast.  and 
the  color  markings.     (Zn-n-of,  horse.) 

Scomber  hippos,  liinsiRva,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  494,  1706,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Scoinher  caraiif/us,  Blocu,  IcLthyol.,  pi.  34(),  1793,  Antilles.  • 

Carmijc  eriilhriirtu,  JjAokpiiDR,  lliat.  Nat.  Poiss.,  in,  68,  1802,  South  Carolina;  lm»cil  mi  S'<'mlei 

hippof,  LiNN*i!8. 
Ciiranx  daulii'tttoHii,  Lac£p£de,  Hist;  Nat.  Poiss.,  ill,  72,  1802,  Martinique;  on  a  diiiwiin;  I'V 

Plumieb. 
Curanx  camngua,  Lac£p£de,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  lii,  59,  74,  1802,  Martinique;  oiindr.iM  iiiL'l.y 

Plvmirr;  Cuvier  it  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  91,  1833;  GUntiikk,  Cat  ,  n,ii\ 

1860,  aud  of  authors. 


II' 


Jordan  and  pAicrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


021 


r,ii,iii'   omlhnjiiniiin,  Ci'viKit  .V  Vai.ekciknnkh,  Hint.  Nat.  PdIhh.,  ix,  109,  18!V},  Isle  de  France. 

Ciinuu  (iiil'i,  Ci'viKii  1%  Valkni'IENNKij,  IltMt.  Nut.  I'liiHH.,  IX,  117,  la'M,  Vizagapatam;  alter 
KAii.'.i  ifiirah,  of  llussm.l,. 

,\iritii.riitiiilliiruni,  JIENNKTT,  Wlmliiitr  V.i.vaKo,  u,  28'J,  IH-Id,  West  Indies. 

('(iriiii/  ih/i'iiHiir,  DkKav,  N.  Y.  Kuiiim:  FiMlics,  12(1,  181'J,  New  York;  Hoi.iirook,  lolitli.  Soiiili 
Caiuliiiii,  S7,  18(;o. 

niwwj"^  (■■"-iil'iiliiH,  (iiitAitii,  r.  S.  M(!X.  1!oiiiiil.  Siirv.,  2U,  jil.  xi,  Hus.  l-'l,  IH.VJ,  Brazos  San- 
tiago, Texas.     (Coll.  WUrilcmaiiii.) 

CiiiiiKiiii  I  hri/iuiii,  Gll.l.,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  riiilii.,  4^4,  18(','J;  yoiiiiK. 

r.irmij' >"»/«"«,  flt'NTiiKii,  KIhIi.  Coiitr.  Aiiicr.,  ■I.'t2,  IKfiO,  Panama. 

OiHi/i;/"<  hii'iKiH,  Gii.i,,  I'ror.  Ac,  Nut.  Sc>  I'hilii.,  1802,  4H;i,  ami  lOscwlmrp;  Piikv,  Kiiiimpratio, 
V\  1«T">. 

Card:.'- /,;,,yiH.«,  .loiinAN  *  fJii.nKiiT,  Proc.  I  .  S.  Nut.  Miib.,  1882,  200;  Jokdan  & liiMiRRT,  .'tynuiiaiH, 
137;  .loiiDAN  A  OitiiEBT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Miih.,  1883,  200. 


Subgenus  PARATRACTUS,  Gill. 

1»14.  i'ARASX  t'BlSOS  (Mitchill). 

(TlAiiD  Taii,  ;  Kr.NNKii;  .Ti'rf.l;  Yki. low  Mack krei,;  Cn(:VM,i,r..) 

Il.iid  :i|;  depth  3J.  D.  VIII-I,  24;  A.  II-I,  19;  lateral  line  50  (scutes). 
I{o(ly  oliloiif?,  moderately  elevated,  tlie  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  about 
('f|iially  arched.  Profile  forniin};  a  uniform  curve.  Snout  rather  sharp. 
Moiitli  Hiightly  oblique,  a  little  below  axis  of  body.  Maxillary  reaching 
iibiiiit  to  middle  of  orbit.  Teeth  comparatively  large;  a  single  series  in 
lowei  Jaw  ;  upper  jaw  with  an  inner  series  of  smaller  teeth;  no  canines; 
tctitli  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.  Eye  rather  small,  shorter  than 
Htiout,  ;H  in  head.  Gill  rakers  long  and  numerous.  Pectoral  as  long  as 
liead,  liaroly  reaching  anal;  rarely  longer  than  head  in  certain  specimens 
from  KcivWest,  possibly  referable  toC.  cahallun.  Scales  moderate;  cheeks 
and  breast  scaly.  Lateral  line  with  a  weak  arch  anteriorly,  which  is 
alwut  half  length  of  straight  portion.  Lateral  scutes  numerous,  devel- 
oped on  whole  straight  part  of  lateral  line.  Greenish  olive,  golden 
yellow  or  silvery  below  ;  a  black  blotch  on  opercle;  fins  all  pale.  Length 
1  foot  or  more.  Cape  Cod  to  Brazil ;  generally  abundant,  common  farther 
north  than  any  of  the  other  species  of  Caranx;  a  well-known  food-fish 
rarely  exceeding  a  foot  in  length,  not  found  in  the  Pacific,  where  it  is 
replaced  by  Caranx  caballus.     (.Ypi^ffof,  gold.) 

S.,.,H(),Tr,7/so.i,  MiTCilin,,  Trans.  Lit.  it  Phil.  Soo.  N.  Y.,  i,  18ir.,  424,  New  York. 
r,„niiri,i!.quelii!<,  CiiviER  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisB.,  IX,  97, 18*!,  San  Domingo,  Cuba, 

and  Brazil;  .Tordan  &  Gimiert,  Synopsis,  435,  ISS."?. 
Trwhiirii.i  KiinnmoHHii,  Groxow,  Cat.  Fishes,  Kd.  Gray,  12.5,  18,')4,  Carolina. 
Oir.iH.  ();,«.*,  De  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna  :  Fishes,  121,  18-12;  GOntiier,  Cut.,  li,  445, 1860. 
/'.ii.,^.ir/;(.s/,)sv/i„7((s,  GiM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  432;  Poey,  Synopsis,  Xii),  18G8. 
Ctiriuiy ,  li,-iisiis,  .loRDAN  &  GiLuriiT,  Pioc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  I'JO;  Joruan  &  Giluekt,  Synop- 

Kis,  '170,  1883. 

1315.  CARANX  CABALLITS  (G(inther). 
(CociNERO  ;  CociNEUO  DoRADO  ;  Jurel.) 

Head  4 ;  depth  3Jt.  D.  VIII-I,  24  (22  to  24) ;  A.  II-I,  21  (20  or  21) ;  lat- 
era!  line  41  (developed  scutes).  Pectoral  usually  longer  and  scutes  fewer 
than  in  Caranx  cryaon.    Form  of  C.  crysos)  rather  elongate,  not  greatly 


m 


1  > 


l.i 


W" 


92li 


Hullt'tin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


noiiiproHNed  ;  the  dorNiil  iiikI  ventral  outlineH  regularly  and  neiirl\  ciiuallv 
arclied  ;  a  low  ociripital  carina;  a  proinineut  Hnpraot-nlar  rid^r,..  Scale's 
comparatively  larj^e,  tlio  scaly  HhoatiiH  of  the  vertical  liiiH  iikkU mtt'lv 
developed.  ChoelcH  and  upjier  part  of  opercloH  scaled ;  l)rt'ast  seaiv. 
Teeth  in  a  narrow  hand  above,  those  in  front  Honie.vhat  ciilaii'eil, 
those  of  lower  jaw  mostly  in  one  series;  feeble  teeth  on  tonf^m  .  vdnici, 
and  palatines.  Month  rather  small,  the  Jaws  nearly  e(|Uiil ;  iii!i\illiii\ 
reaching  front  of  i)npil,  2it  in  head.  Eye  large,  3.J  in  head,  (lir  ndiposo 
eyelid  well  developed.  (lill  rakers  nnmorotis,  very  long  mikI  hIciuIci,  L'K 
below  angle.  Curve  of  lateral  line  low,  the  straight  part  beginning;  iiikIcm 
first  ray  of  second  dorsal ;  length  of  arch  Ijr  in  straight  part.  Scutes  of 
lateral  line  strong.  Pectoral  fins  very  long,  slender,  and  falc.iic,  tluii 
length  considerably  more  than  that  of  the  head,  2.J  in  longtl'  ol' IkkIv, 
their  tips  reaching  fourth  anal  ray;  ventrals  short;  second  (IoismI  iind 
anal  a  little  elevated  in  front,  the  longest  ray  half  length  of  licud.  tlic 
last  rays  of  the  lin  scarcely  rising  above  the  scaly  sheath.  (Jictnisli  nlxivr, 
golden  below;  a  black  blotch  on  the  operde,  no  spots  olHcwlifrc;  tin> 
greenish,  with  faint  dusky  shades,  nowhere  distinctly  black.  Parilic  ('oust 
of  tropical  America,  Cerros  Island  to  Panama,  straying  nortiiward  to  S.in 
Diego ;  very  common  from  (itiaymas  southward.  Closely  related  to  ( '.  <  ci/miv, 
of  which  it  is  a  representative  on  the  Pjicific  Coast.  Among  our  Npcciiiuns 
of  Carnnx  crysos  from  Key  West,  are  some  which  agree  closely  witli  tlic 
type  of  Carnnx  cabalhiH,  having  the  pectoral  scarcely  shorter;  it  is  imt 
likely  that  the  two  forms  can  bo  distinguished  as  species,  ami  [k  rliaps 
not  even  as  varieties,  (cahallun,  horse;  the  names  Caballo  aii«l  ilorso- 
mackorol  are  often  applied  to  species  of  Caranx.) 
T^-admrt's  h<u>jis,  GiRAHD,  Piic.  R.  R.  Siirv.,  Fisli.,  108,  tSSg,  San  Diego;  not  i'urniix  l,i.,. /,.■._  Ct  \  im 

&  VAlKNriKNNF.S. 

ruriiiij-  <(i/i(i//H«,*(ir"NTiiEii,  Fisli.  Oeiitr.  Anirr.,  4.'!1,  1SC!»,  Panama;  Joiihan  .V  (iii.iiKUT,  I  nic.  I' 
S.  Nut.  Mn«.,  1S80, -ISfi;  Jdudan  &  Gilheiit,  I'mc.  V.i^.  Nat.  Miis.,  iss.'i,  lii'.i;  .l.,iti,*\  a 
GiLiir.RT,  Syiioiwis,  i'.iii,  1H83. 

CiriDi.r  j/min^',*  Steinuaciinku,  Iclitliyol.  Notizcn,  ix,  2!\,  18()!»,  San  Diego;  luiscil  on  Tnulmni^ 

/.(wiyis,  GiRAItl). 
Cirmi.e  («"./«»,  (ii'.L,  Vruc.  Ac.  Niit.  Sci.  riiilii.,  18(>2,  '.iCil. 

Subgenus  CARANGICHTHYS,  Blcoker. 

l»i«.  CAIUNX  MAIUUNAXrS,  Oil). 

Head  ;U  ;  depth  2? ;  eye  3.  D.  VIII-I,  19;  A.  II-I,  15;  scutes  'M).  iiodv 
more  elongate  than  in  Caranx  latuH,  the  back  less  elevated,  and  tlio  pro- 
file less  steep.  Eye  larger,  3^  in  the  young  of  C.  lattm  of  h.iiih'  size. 
Teeth  moderate,  the  anterior  in  both  Jaws  little  enlaiged  ;  maxillmy  2  in 
head,  reaching  beyond  pupil ;  teeth  and  mouth  essentially  as  in  (Unni-r 
latus.  Gill  rakers  rather  long,  about  12  below  angle;  scutes  latiicr 
weaker  than  in  C.  Intits;  arch  of  lateral  line  Ih  in  straight  prut,  an 
.abrupt  angle  at  junction  of  the  two  parts  which  is  under  sixth  dorsal  ray  : 
pectoral  }  longer  than  head;  cheeks  and  upper  parts  of  operde  scaly; 


*  W<'  do  not  know  whioli  of  thcso  two  names  of  llio  saino  diitu  ih  entitled  to  priuiil\      I'ii"- 
tiler's  paper  was  written  first  and  probably  printed  first. 


l)rea^*t  s 

iiveiN  .s 

tiint'H  w 

dorsal  ;i 

of  lin 

atM:i''i 

vvitli  ''' 

rcatlil> 

(/ilKl'l/N, 

r.iiiiiiJ'  1"' 

Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amrrini.         KS^IW 


lircaHt  •<caly  ;  scaly  sheath  of  fins  little  developed.  HIiuhIi  ;  sides  );()ldcii ; 
aveiN  .iinall,  hluuk  opercular  spot  uiid  a  black  axillary  spot ;  youii^soiiic- 
tiiiD's  with  faint  cross  bands;  tins  all  deep  golden,  especially  the  anal; 
(lorsiil  ;ind  caudal  broadly  margined  with  i-lack.  the  color  covering  nu)st 
of  I'm  :  no  sjiot  on  pectoral.  Pacific  C«)ast  of  Mexico ;  rather  connnon 
lit  Mu/iitlan  ;  recorded  from  M.i/atlan  and  Panama;  long  confounded 
ffitli  ('(iniiixlntuH,  which  lives  in  the  same  watersf  Caratix  mtinfhiatKH  is 
rt'iulily  known  by  the  slenderer  form,  dark  colors,  and  larger  eye.  {mar- 
ijiimhix,  edged.) 
CuaM  iiiitryiiialitH,  GiLi.,  Proo.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  Plilln.,  1800,  Ifitl,  Panama.     (Coll.  ('mit.  Dow.) 


■•!  ii  I 


1»17.  CARANX  I.ATIIS,  AgiisHlz. 
(JiiRKl. ;  XfiiKi. ;  HoiisE-EYK  .Jack.) 

H(>aa  3^ ;  depth  2*.  D.  VIIl-I,  22  ;  A.  II-I,  1(5  to  18;  lateral  line  with 
;i")H(iitoH.  Form  of  Carunx  hippos,  but  the  profile  not  so  strongly  arched. 
Tfiotli  nmch  as  in  (-.  hippos,  the  canines  considerably  weaker.  Gill  rakers 
ratlitM  long,  about  12  below  angle,  iireast  scaly.  Scutes  present  on 
wliole  of  straight  part  of  lateral  line;  arched  part  of  lateral  lino  Ik  in 
straijilit  part ;  an  abrupt  angle  at  junction  of  the  two  parts,  which  is 
under  third  dorsal  ray.  Pectoral  about  as  long  as  head ;  maxillary  reach; 
ill};;  posterior  edge  of  pupil ;  cheek  and  upper  parts  of  opercles  scaly  - 
Hcaly  Hheaths  of  fins  little  developed.  Uluish  ;  sides  golden  or  silvery;  a 
very  small,  black  opercular  spot ;  young  sometimes  with  faint  dark  cross 
liaiids;  fins  mostly  grayish.  Anterior  part  of  soft  dorsal  fin  dusky; 
caudal  yellow,  without  black;  no  spot  on  pectorals;  no  axillary  spot. 
WcHt  Indies  and  .  ^  warm  seas,  occasionally  north  to  Virginia;  very 
abundant  southward;  not  so  common  northward  as  Caranx  hippos. 
Equally  abundant  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico ;  our  specimens  from 
Panama,  Clarion  Island,  and  Chatham  Island  appaicntly  not  difi'erent 
from  West  Indian  examples.  Also  common  in  the  East  Indies,  if  Caranx 
hehcri  is  the  same,  as  we  suppose.  The  fiesh  is  sometimes  poisonom  in 
tli(!  tropics,  giving  rise  to  the  disease  called  Ciguatera,     {hitits,  broad.) 

Cariiix  hitim,  AoASSlz,  Pise.  Bras.,  105,  1829,  Brazil  ;  Jorhan  &  Gimikkt,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 

ISK:t,  2(M). 
Ciimux  li'iiUmw,  AoASsii!,  Pise.  Bras.,  lOfi,  1820,  Brazil ;  OCnther,  Cat.,  ii,  -tl". 
.SV'iwf'iv  hi'hiri,  He.nnf.tt,  Fishes  Ceylon,  pi.  2(1,  1830,  Ceylon. 
Ciiniii.r  J'lilhij;   CrviKK   &  Valenciennes,  Hist.   Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  9,'>,  ISS.'?,   Antilles;  Brazil  ; 

I'liKY,  Kcpertorio,  328,  1875;  Jordan  A  Gii.iieht,  Synopsis,  4:j7,  18,sn. 
rmiiiiiiii.if<(Uii.r,  (JiLi,,  Proc.  Ac.  Mat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862,  4;W,  anil  elsewliiTi';  I'oey,  Synopsi.f,  ;i(;4. 

ISC,8. 
Cmmi.r  xem,  CtiviEll&  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Polss.,  IX,  10.5,  1833,  Pondicherry. 
Ciir.iii.r  fnrslcri,  (^uviEB  it  Vai.encienner,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  107,  \H'M,  East  Indies. 
Ciimii.r  imimi,  CuviEii  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist,  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  112,  18.(3,  East  Indies. 
Ciiratix  lessoni,  CirviEU  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  ix,  11.:   18.'-3,  Malabar. 
Cmiiii.i-  Mcmjeri,  CuviEii  &  Valen(!iennes,  Hist.  Nttt.  Poiss.,  IX,  116,  18.33,  Malabar. 
(Wtiii.i-  iinnvipinleH,  RioiiARnsoN,  Voy.  Erobus  and  Torror,  136,  1814,  Port  Essington. 
Curttiu-  /iiyijjiw,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  ii,  440,  1860,  not  Scomber  hijtimitjj.;  GCntiiek,  Fishes  Ciuitr  Amer., 

l:n,  I860;  Day,  Fishesof  Mai,-l.ar,  86,  1865;  GOntiier,  Fischo  dor  Sildsee,  131,  fig.  84,  1876. 
(Wnii.f  riehivdl,  Holbrook,  lehthyol.  South  Carolina,  96,  pi.  13,  fl({.  1,  18(X»,  South  Carolina. 
Cimtnx  aurvm*  PoEY,  Knuineratio,  76,  187.'),  Cuba. 

*  ('(iroiix  rtMreim,  Poey.  Brilliant  yellow;  silvery  below;  veiitriils  straw  color;  anal  yellow;  tip 
of  second  dorsal  and  caudal  lobes  greenish,  Leunth  10  inches.  Seen  iu  Cuba  after  north 
winds  iu  winter.    Said  to  ditler  from  Varatix  lalus  only  in  color.— (Poey.) 


^f^ 


nmAW'"})      Sta^r^^i^, 


t 

f 

; 
t 
I 

1 

1 

i^V 


UL'l 


HiiUftin  -/7,  Untied  State'-  Natiomtl  Afuseum. 


lUIN.  CAIUMX  MKIIIIKK'OI.A,  Jonliiii  A.StiiikH. 

Head  3?;  dopth  2^.  D.  VII-I,  22;  A.  II-I,  1{»  or  IH;  hcuUn  :;2.  iv,.. 
tural  j^  longer  than  head.  Durual  lobo  IJ  in  huud ;  caudal  lohus  <'(|nal  in 
h<>ad ;  citrvu  of  lateral  lino  1^  in  Htraight  part;  lieiglit  of  tucii  ju 
itH  chord!.  £yu  tin  head;  Hnout3;  maxillary  3;  ventral  L'^.  jtodv 
unuHually  deep  ami  com prosi^od,  deeper  than  in  Varunx  lulus;  tlmliack 
elevated,  tlie  belly  similarly  arched  ;  head  moderate,  deep,  the  na|ic  iircliol. 
Month  Huiall,  maxillary  broad,  with  broad  supplemental  bone,  'i'li'th  ji, 
moderate  bands,  the  outerenlargedbnt  not  canine-like;  upper  t<>ftli  ratlu'i 
larger  than  lower  and  in  a  broader  band.  Villiform  bands  on  voukm',  pala- 
tines, and  tongue.  Eye  moderate;  preorbital  rather  narrow.  (Jill  rakers 
rather  long  and  slender,  about  12  below  angle  of  arch.  Soft  tlorsal  uikI 
anal  with  falcate  lobes.  Caudal  well  forked,  the  lobes  e(|Uiii.  I'lctoral 
very  long  and  falcate;  ventrals  short.  Lateral  lino  rather  Mirmi^rly 
curved,  with  moderate  armature.  Breast  entirely  scaly.  Clear  liluc 
above,  silvery  belaw  ;  no  bands  or  spots  anywhere,  except  a  small,  lilack 
axillary  spot,  and  a  blue-green  ))atch  on  back  of  caudal  peduncle;  ]iec- 
toral  bright  yellow;  anal  and  caudal  yellow,  the  lobes  blackish;  caidal 
grayish,  the  lobes  black  with  whitish  posterior  edge;  ventrals  yellow ; 
young  with  a  deep-blue  spot  above  the  eye  in  life.  Length  (5  to  IL'  inelies. 
About  Mazatlan,  on  sandy  shores;  very  common;  the  young  of  an  iiieh 
in  length  very  abundant  in  the  body  cavity  of  a  large  translucent  Jelly- 
fish found  about  the  Veuados  Islands  in  January.  {Me<luna,  ajolly-HNh; 
colo,  to  inhabit.) 

faiviii.r  mrdnmcoln,  .ToiinAN  Jt  Stauks,  Ilopt.  FIhIioh  Siiialoa,  MS.,  ISOfi,  Mazatlan.    (Cull.  IIi<|iklijH 
BxiK^ditidii.) 

1310.  CARANX  LIJflVBRIS,  Pocy. 

(TiSOSA.) 

Head  3jt;  depth  2? ;  eye  4}.  D.  VH-I,  21;  A.  II-I,  18."  Body  ohl.nifj 
ovate,  compressed,  deep,  the  back  elevated,  but  not  arched.  I'rotile  y;ili- 
bous  from  occiput  forward  to  above  eye,  thence  straight  and  steep  at  ii 
considerable  angle  to  a  point  in  front  of  nostrils,  Avhence  the  snout  au'iiiii 
projects  at  a  strong  angle.  Outline  of  back  nearly  straight  from  occiput 
to  front  of  second  dorsal^  thence  declining  regularly  to  caudal  pediinelo. 
Ventral  outline  nearly  straight  from  lower  jaw  to  origin  of  anal,  the  liaso 
of  which  is  placed  at  a  similar  angle  to  that  of  soft  dorsal.  Head  lame, 
very  deep,  deeper  than  long,  occipital  ridge  not  sharp.  Month  large,  the 
broad  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  front  of  pupil.  Lower  jaw  .stnuij;. 
the  chin  projecting  when  mouth  is  closed.  Teetu  in  upper  jaw  in  a  •  now 
villiform  band,  with  an  outerseriesof  larger,  conical  teeth,  6  to  8  in  iiiiin 
ber  on  each  side,  subequal  and  regularly  arranged.  Lower  jaw  with  a 
single  series  of  teeth  similar  to  the  larger  teeth  of  upper  jaw,  a  few  smaller 
teeth  intermixed  with  them.  No  differentiated  canine  teeth.  Villiloi'm 
teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.  Gill  rakers  rather  long,  closo-Het, 
?  diameter  of  eye.  Eye  large,  with  a  distinct  adipose  eyelid,  its  diameter 
equal  to  that  of  the  broad  preorbital,  which  is  wider  than  maxillary. 


fordaii  ant{ Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amen'iu.        025 

• 

Clu'ckN  closoly  Honied  ;  opercIeH  nioatly  ikiUimI  bolow ;  a  few  HeitleHon  Hiib- 
(riiiTclf  Mild  iutei'opei'cle.  HcuIhh  «>u  body  not  veryHinull;  bruuHt  uloHuiy 
i«i'ali>*l'  Jjutorul  linn  with  a  moderate  curve  uuteri(»r!y,  becoiiiiiifr  HtraJKht 
at  fi'unt  (if  anal,  the  len^fth  of  the  arch  liuin^  Ichh  than  jj  that  of  Htrai^ht 
part;  ^'leiiteut  depth  of  arch  about  \  itn length.  Ainiatureof  lateral  line 
|)e);iiiiiiii!^  at  the  curve  ;  the  platcH  rather  lar^re,  very  broad,  28  in  number. 
KiiiM  vvitli  very  few  Hcaleu  or  none.  Si>inouH  di»rHal  moderate,  tiu)  HpineH 
rather  strong,  itH  lant  Hpine  Htout  and  free,  nearly  horizontal.  Second 
(liimil  falcate,  the  longeHt  rayH  more  than  half  length  of  itH  batie.  INmte- 
liiirpail  of  tin  rather  low,  rining  well  above  itH  low  Itanal  nheath  of  HcaleH 
wliii'li  tcrminateH  near  middle  of  fin  ;  anal  uimilar  to  Hoft  dornal,  itn 
aiitoridi  rays  more  than  half  baue  tof  fin.  Free  anal  HpinoH  moderate. 
Caudal  lubeH  rather  broad,  ecjual,  not  very  long,  the  upper  aH  long  an  from 
Hiiuiit  to  edge  of  opercle,  depth  of  tin  from  tip  to  tip  about  v(|ual  to 
ijpptli  of  head.  Ventral  Hub  nhort,  not  tilanientoua,  an  long  aHfroniHnout 
tueiul  of  maxillary.  Pectoral  extremely  long,  falcate,  reaching  to  tenth 
plate  of  lateral  lino,  or  about  to  seventh  anal  ray,  itn  length  2}  in  that  of 
budy,  loHS  than  greatest  depth  of  body.  Color  sooty  blackish,  neiuly 
uiiifonii,  the  belly  not  paler  than  back.  A  black  spot  at  angle  of  opercle, 
iiuiio  oil  pectoral.  Ventrals,  anal,  nud  dornal  wholly  black,  aH  are  the 
Hliifldn  of  lateral  line.  Length  18  inches.  Rocky  islands  in  the  tropics, 
both  ill  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  We  have  compared  our  specimens  from 
Clarion  Island,  Revillagigedo8,with  one  of  Poey's  specimens  from  Cuba, 
auil  with  specimens  obtained  by  Dr.  Streets.  These  ditfer  somewhat  in 
t'unii  and  in  the  height  of  fins,  but  we  have  no  doubt  that  all  belong 
to  the  Hanie  species,  this  being  another  of  those  common  to  the  two  coasts 
of  tropical  America.  The  species  is  rather  common  about  Cuba,  where  it 
is regardedas  poisonous,  and  its  sale  in  the  markets  is  forbidden.  ( lutjnbr'm, 
mourn  fill,  from  its  dark  color  and  especially  its  bad  reputation,  associated 
with  the  dread  Ciguatera,  a  disease  arising  from  fish  poisoning.) 

Si-omhir  HKCfHHwnia,  Dlocii  &  Sciineideu,  SyBt.  Ichth.,  33,  1801;  i\o\.  Scumher  agfensioms of  Ohiieck, 

wliicli  may  lie  (larunx  guara. 
Carmij  Iwjnbriii,  PoEY,  Mi!inoria8,  II,  222,  18C0,  Cuba;  Joni>AN  &  Gilueut,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mub., 

\m,  227;  JoiiDAN  k  ^Silbeht,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  18H3,  201. 
('<miii.i-  fnmtiilin,  I'oEY,  MomoriiiB,  ii,  222,  18C0,  Cuba. 
Vmiu.'-  moiiKinnh,  CuviEii  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  ix,  102,  18;{3;  GttNTHEn,  Cut.,  li, 

4:1.',  18U0;  GCntiieu,  FiHche  SUdsee,  xi,  132,  pl.85, 187G;  OUntheii,  Voy    Olialleugur,8bure 

Fislu's,  4,5,1880. 
Caramjuii  liKjiibru,  PoEY,  Synopsis,  366,  1808. 

1820.  CARANX  MELAHPTGUS,  CuvK-r  &  Valcuciouucs. 

He.'d  3i ;  depth  2f ;  eye  2  in  length  of  snout,  li  in  depth  of  broad  pre- 
orbital,  2^  in  postorbital  part  of  head,  and  2  in  interorbital  area.  Second 
D.  I,  22;  A.  1, 19;  scutes  about  35.  Body  oblong  ovate,  compressed,  the 
back  arched,  the  profile  not  steep,  the  curve  from  snout  to  dorsal  being  a 
rearly  regular  arc;  ventral  outline  nearly  straight  from  the  chin  to  front 
of  anal,  where  an  angle  is  formed  with  the  ascending  base  of  the  anal. 
Head  moderate,  compressed,  not  blunt  in  profile,  the  occiput  and  inter- 
orbital region  elevated  and  considerably  cariuated.    Mouth  moderate, 


lii 


*    Si 


i  1;  ■ 

#1 


^1): 


'I 


1)20 


liuileiin  y7,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


I 


luw,  ol)li(|ii»,  tliu  lowoi'Juw  pruiiiiiioiit,  Huiircely  piojucttin^  ixtyoinl  ii|>|i«)r; 
iiiuxilliiry  harely  ruucliiii)^  toopputtito  fnuitof  Hiiitill«yt).  Uppvrjau  ^^  jih 
a  l)uii*l  of  villii'onn  tcutli,  in  tVuiituf  which  iHuruwot'  ation^  tt'utii,  ulioui 
10  on  uauli  Hido,  thu  imtorior  liUKCHt,  lurgtu'  than  in  niout  Npocir-*,  Imt 
hui'illy  i'uninoH.  Lowerjaw  witli  UHin^lu  row  of  iiitliur  lai^ottMttli,  iiii'^'u. 
luiiy  phiciul  much  Hnmllur  than  tlio  lai'f{«>r  tcutii  uf  tiic  npp<M'  Jaw  ;  villitoiin 
tcutli  on  voniur,  palutinuH,  and  tonguo.  Kyu  Hniall,  phiccil  lii^h  ami  far  l>iick  ' 
adipoHuuyulidHmall.  CheukHand  upper  part  of  opurclcH  witli  Hinall  NcalfN; 
leHt  of  head  naked.  (Jill  rakuiH  long  and  Mtron^,  au  luu^  an  cyu.  Sciilrg 
rather  Hmall  ;  hiuattt  cloHcly  Hcalud ;  lateral  line  not  stronf^ly  aiiind, 
bucumliiK  Htraight  oppuHite  front  of  anal,  its  curved  part  !<!  in  lcii;;(li  of 
Htrai);ht  part.  Plateiton  anterior  portion  «>f  Htrai^ht  part  scarcely  (liU't^r- 
ent  from  ordinary  HcaleH  ;  thoue  on  poHterior  ])ortion  moderate,  witli  lii^rh 
keelH  and  appreHued  HpincH;  37  plates  in  all,  counting  from  hejriniiiii^Mjt' 
Htraight  part.  SpinouH  dorsal  moderate,  the  Hpines  slender,  ratli*>r  IiIkIi. 
Procumbent  spine  obsolete.  Soft  dorsal  low,  falcate  in  front,  tiit^  loiixoHt 
ray  little  more  than  half  Viaso  of  Ihi,  or  1^  in  length  of  head.  Antfiitir 
part  of  tin  with  a  distinct  soaly  basal  sheath,  which  becomes  obsiiltti'  at 
about  the  fourteenth  ray.  Anal  iln  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  a  little  sliorter 
and  lower,  its  scaly  sheath  more  developed  ;  free  anal  spines  modi^iiitu. 
Caudal  iiu  widely  forked,  its  lobes  subequal,  Ij^  in  head,  distamu^  I'luia 
tip  to  tip  more  than  length  of  either  lobe.  Pectorals  long  and  fa'i  atu, 
their  tips  reaching  sixth  anal  ray,  longer  than  head,  and  a  trillu 
less  than  greatest  depth  of  body.  Veutrals  short,  ^  length  of  jici;- 
torals.  Coloration  in  spirits  olivaceous;  dark  above;  pale  bel(»w,  but 
nowhere  silvery  ;  top  of  head  clear  olivaceous;  opercular  spot  obsuleto; 
lower  jaw  soiled  golden ;  no  pectoral  spot ;  base  of  pectoral  soiii<;wliat 
dusky;  small  irregular  dark-brown  spots,  smaller  than  the  pupil  iiiid 
irregular  in  size,  scattered  without  order  over  the  body,  rather  most 
numerous  about  pectorals.  Caudal  fin  dusky,  especially  on  its  pu»turiur 
edge;  dorsal  aud  anal  dusky,  their  lobes  black;  veutrals  dusky  at  tip; 
pectorals  olivaceous.  Pacific  Ocean,  about  islands  in  mid-ocean,  witlely 
distributed.  Our  specimen  from  Socorro  Island  of  the  Kevillagif,'e(lo 
group,     (^t/tof,  black ;  Trvy;/,  rump.) 

Ciiranx  mehimiiijijuii,  CuviKit  &  Valknciennks,  IliHt.  Nat.  Toisa.,  ix,  IKi,  \W.V\,  East  Indies. 

OCnthkh,  Cat.,  II,  440,  1800;  GtlNTiiEB,  Fisclin  dor  SildHeo,  l;i;t,  i)l.  Sli,  187(ij  Stiikets,  lliill; 

II.  S.Niit.  MiiH.,  VII,  69,  1877;  Jonn.iN&GiLUKRT,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.,  1881,  '230;  Joukan  A 

(tiMiKiiT,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nttt.  MiiH.,  1883,  201. 
I'lmm.r  Klelliitiis,  KvDciux  &  Soui.KVET,  Voy.  Hoiiite,  I'oihh.,  I(i7,  1840,  Hawaiian  Islands. 
Oiruiu  hUaiithupteriin,  RUppell,  Nuue  Wirbultkleru,  49,  1837,  Red  Sea. 

Subgenus  URASPIS,  Bluokur. 

1821.  €ABANX  UUAUA  (Uonnaterro). 

("ENXAufto.") 

Head  3h',  depth  2J;  snout  2i  in  head;  eye  4?  to  5^.  D.  VII-I,  'JC;  A. 
II-I,  21.  Shields  24  to  29, 112  scales  in  lateral  line.  Body  oval,  compioNHed, 
the  outlines  evenly  curved ;  head  compressed ;  upper  profile  steep,  not 
strongly  decarved;  mouth  small,  the  broad  maxillary  barely  reachiiig 


/orUan  atuf  Kvermann. — Fisha  of  Aort/i  .Iwfruu,        IIJ7 


lioiit  <>t  uy<S  teotli  in  jawH  biNorial  in  yoiiiiu,  uniM'riiil  in  adnlt,  tlio 
iwtli  hiilit<i|tuil,  lilnnt ;  viliifoiin  tovtii  on  voniur,  p»liititu>H,an(l  ton^jno  in 
thr  voiiii^s  tliuHu  tliMuppuaiing  ontiiuly  witli  a^**,  trat't'N  itMnainiiiK  in  h|iuu- 
iiiii'iiit  <il  1^  inchoN  ;  lipn  thick  in  thu  adult.  Lat«M'al  lint)  littl«MirclM'<l,  itM 
ciuvi'd  |iart  rather  longer  than  itH  straij^ht  part.  I'uctoral  lon^i  t'al«-atM, 
ruiiciiiii^;  Nuvonth  Hoft  ruy  of  unal,  HJij^htly  lon^^ur  than  hcail.  Soft  dorHal 
mill  i>ii:il  low,  Hcarculy  tdttvatvd  in  front,  tiio  rays  'iii  to  ',i  in  hcatl.  Camlul 
IiiIk'!4  loiii;,  aH  long  aH  Imad.  liluiNli  and  Hilviay ;  u  idaek  opurenlar  Npot; 
III)  !4|iiiis  on  IhiH.  Lrngtii  2  fuct.  (Htuindatdinor.)  'l'ropi<>al  purtH  (»f  thu 
AtliiiitM',  \vi«loly  diHtributiHl ;  not  raro  in  tho  Mcditcrnnotan  ;  conunon 
;iliiii^'  thu  coaHtH  of  Africa,  nrazil,and  tlioMaduirau.  Not  certainly  known 
iViiiii  liio  WfHt  IndicH,  though  douhtluHN  occurring  there.  It  iH  aluoahun- 
liitiit  ill  the  South  VaciWu,  it'  Caranx pl(ilesM((  and  Citriiiw  cliilnmiH  are  really 
till!  Hiiiiii' HpecieH,  UH  iH  HiippuHed.  We  have  not  Htudied  thin  HjtecieH  and 
uiu  iiiil  sure  of  all  itH  nyuonyniy.  {Giutra  Ttnhu,  a  Ilra/ilian  uauie  uued 
by  Marcgrave  for  Bonie  Caraiix,  apparently  darunx  latiix.)    (Kn.) 

ttii;vmkniilr'iiiiilimiii,OHur,vli,  Iter  Cliiiiu,  IT.'iT  uiiil  1771,  Kii);liHli  iMlitioii,  Ascension  Island; 
(Kill  I'.  "S;  A.  2ri.  (iray  iiliovc;  hIcIi'h  wilvt'i'y.  Iii'ii|{tli  1  foipt.  Miiy  \>v  inini'iiuiiliihiilniii!)  m 
nilfi:   not  Saiiiilirr  nitiiiiHiiniiii,   Fdiintkh,    IsOl,    nor    Ctiriuix  imciHHiDiiin,    Civieit  \    Vai.kn- 

Cir.NNKS,    Wtlicll   in    <'.   Illllllhiin. 

.Slim/"!-  !/"'iri(,  IloNNATKiiKK,  Kiicycl.,  17SH,  l.ia,  ]il,  68;  uiiiiMpecinii'ii  from  America  in  Jumtiuu'H 

riilli'ition. 
ticnmhir  ilriilij;  Hi.ocif  &  SriiNriPEii,  Syst.  Iclitli.,  :!'),  l»(il,  Brazil. 
Ciiniii.' I'lH/cr,  ClviEH  A  Vai.knciknnfo,  IliHt.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  ix,  «7,  1k:»:I;  OCntiikii,  Cat.,  ii,  Ml, 

iMio,  crroncoiiiily  iiHrrilii'il  to  New  Orlciiiis;  STKiNnAciiNKii,  Ichtli,  lierlclitu,  v,  :ir>,  |il.  1,  Ihom; 

J.iiiiiAN  \  Oll.iiKUT,  Troc.  V.  S.  Nut.  Mnn.,  ISKt,  1!)H. 
f  TniclmrtiH  iiiiiivrinliH,  ItAKiNKHgiiK,  Curiitturl,  I'J,  l«l(»,  Palermo. 
t\irmi.r  tiiiiii,  (iK.ornioY  St.-IIm.aiuk,  DcHcr.  Knyiitc  I'oifiM.,  pi.  iil,  iiliuiit  l.vJO,  Egypt. 
(Vnlii  tiiinhi,  ItiKSo,  Kiir.  Murid.,  iii, '12'2,  Ix'JIi,  Nice. 

fi'aniii.'-  iiliilimi,  C'l'viKii  it  Vai.encik.n.nks,  lliiit.  Nut.  I'oiHH.,  jx,  HI,  M''V.i,  seas  of  the  Indies. 
f  ('<ir,iiir  (iinriiiiiiiiiit,  CrviKK  it  VAi.r.Ni'lENNEs,  lliHt.  Niit.  I'oJBis.,  IX,  M.^,  iMill,  Australia. 
'icinii,i*ci/«ii,  Ci'viEii  &  Valenciennes,  Hint.  Nut.  I'oIhh.,  ix,  «6,  IKW,  Brazil. 
Oirmtx  iiwiUi',  Cl'ViBii  &  Valencjenneh,  Hist.  Nut.  1'oIkm.,  ix,  SH,  iKiH. 
f  Caraitx  cliikiuiii,  (jAV,  llist.  Chili,  Zuol.,  u,  200,  ItiOO,  Juan  Fernandez. 


420.  GNATHANODON,'  JJleeker. 


(Iiiatli.iiiiiihu,  Dl.EEKER,  Vorli.  Batav.  Ocnootucli.,    .xxiv,   Makruel'.',   18.')1,   {Kpecwuiu;    teutli    on 

liiii^'iii'  only,  none  on  jaws  or  jMili'te). 
'•(Mil..,  (lii,i,,   I'roc.  Ac.   Nut.  Sci.    I'liilu.,    1«H2,    4;j;i,  {spichsiis;  not   ('(iniiij;  uh   roHtrktutl    by 

m.rkcr). 
IlijlMnrnnjr,  Klunzinueb,  Fischo  Avu  Rutbun  Mceres,  92,  1884,  {itpeciomi>). 

This  genuB  differs  from  Caranx  niaiuly  in  the  dentition,  the  teeth  being 
very  auiall,  granular,  and  entirely  lo»t  with  age.  The  maxillary  in  broad, 
the  body  compressed,  and  the  tins  are  without  lilumeuts.  Tropical  seas. 
(j-KiCdi-jjaw;  (i,  without;  Move y  tooth.) 


*Slii.iilil  tlie  name  runm.!;  bo  reKunlfd  as  limited  to  tliPHimcies  (nyit'ciVinKn)  tirKt  plarcd  in  it   in 
tliu   iiKuiuscriptB   of  Cominersou,    tlio    proxout    genuH    would   bu  cullfd   Vanm/;  ruthur   than 

(ill<lt/l(IIIO<(uil. 


nww^ !  Ji)i.  jupi 


J.  pi  -^M^.qip  i>  I 


J)li8 


bulletin  ^7,  Vnittii  States  National  A/useutn. 


^ilHn" 


lll«<.  (IMATIIANOIIOM  SI'H'IOMUM  iKumkiil). 

(MdjaHHA    IhtHAIiA.) 

Ilttiid  :<,', ;  ilfptli  'i\t  to  2.  H««c()ii(l  ]).  I,  'JO;  A.  I,  Ki;  NciitcH  wiiik.  nlioin 
ir>.  'r««(ttli  vttry  iiiiiiiitti,  iliNa|ip(«iii'iii^  utirlv  :  iii)ium)ii  vuiiiit  or  iijiliiiim.^; 
(ihitukH  Hculy  ;  bmiHt  eiitiroly  ncuI.v.  ('hi  vc  of  liilmal  lino  i^iu  sii;ii<r||| 
part.  Hotly  lirou<lly  oviito,  Htioii^ly  coinpn'Msfil ;  vtMtit'ul  liiiN  NonnNNiiai 
falcntu;  tliu  lohu  uf  tlio  Noft  doiHul  uboiit  liult'  li<>u«l ;  pi^utoral  ruliati.. 
luiif^ur  tliiiii  lioatl.  (iill  lukciH  miiiiioioiis,  lon^,  about  L'O  Im'Iow  an^rlr. 
Color  lirilliaiit.  koMdii,  with  W  broatl,  tItiNky  croNN  IiuihIh,  a  iiariow  Niii|H' 
butweuii  uacli  pair  of  broad  oih>h;  optuciilar  Hpot  obNolrttt,  a  Ninall  lilai  k 
axillary  npot ;  vandal  IoIiuh  with  diiNky  iiinor  «mI^o  ;  no  dark  ,H|iMih  oi, 
caudal  in  young  or  old.  LtMigth  2  IVmI.  Tropical  partH  of  tin'  i'aciiir 
and  Indian  ocuauH,  Capo  San  LncaH  to  tlut  Kvd  Sua;  on  Handy  hliniis:  an 
excellent  and  valued  food-llHh.  Tlit)  three  dark  blotclieH  on  tlic  raudal 
tin  deHuribed  and  tiffured  by  authorH  aH  chaructcriHtic  of  (i.  njininsiiinn: 
nut  found  in  our  HpeuiniuuH.     (njnriomiM,  beautiful.) 

tti-iimher iiin<-inini»,  FhkrAi.,  I>«h(t,  Aiiltii.,  ITT'',  xii,  Red  Sea,  at  Djiddo,  Arabia. 

ti<oml»r  rim,  KohhkAi.,  /.  <:,  177ft,  M,  Djidda. 

Ciiniiix  iiiiloDiioi),  IticHAUPHDN,  Viiy.   KntltiiH  Ji  Tuiror,    Iclitli.,  |il.  M,  flu.  l  iiml  .'i,  |h||,  i.illiil 

r 'iiMiii.i'  KiiiriimiiH  ill  text;  Australia. 
('(iniH.!'  HiiiriiiHiiii,  (jrNTIlKll,  ('lit.,  II,  'J44,  l«(10;  (JCntiikii,  l''inli.  (N'litl-.  Aiiht.,  ClI,  iNii'.i;  .Imums 

\  (iii-iiKiiT,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Bli       IHH'.!,  aT.I;  ihul,  Im«;i,  Jiia 
Ctiriiiu  puniimeimit,  Uui.,  I'ruc.  At  8ci.  I'liilii.,  IHUU,  Ititl,  Panama. 


421.  CARANGOIDES,  lilceker. 

Uarmiiiiiiilfii,  Bi.KRKr.ii,  Iliitiiv.  (iciKMitHcli,  Verb.,  xxiv,  Makrcoli',  18,')I,  {iilinjhliiiiiir,  tvtU  < '|ii;il 
Htivural  Herii'H  in  liotb  Juwh  iiiiil  mi  puliitc  uiiil  touKUo). 

Teeth  persiotent,  all  Huiall,  iu  villiforin  bandH  on  ,jawH,  vonici,  |iala- 
tines,  and  tongue.  Lateral  line  scarcely  arched  in  front,  itody  (ililmi^, 
not  much  elevated;  none  of  the  dorsal  rays  produced.  Otherwise  csweii- 
tially  as  iu  Carano;.    Tropical  seas.     {Carunx]  dJot,  likeuesH.) 

1:123.  i'ARANOOIDES  ORTIIO<atAM.MI'S  (.Tordiin  Ik  Oilltirt). 

Head  2J;  depth  3J;  eye  large,  broader  than  proorbital,  its  dianicttr  1} 
in  length  of  snout,  4$  in  head.  Second  D.  I,  32;  A.  I,  2(j;  scutes  17. 
Hody  elliptical,  compressed,  the  back  regularly  but  not  strongly  arcluil, 
the  ventral  outline  forming  a  rather  even  but  less  convex  curve.  Iliad 
longer  than  deep,  rather  pointed  in  profile,  its  median  ridge  Hoiiu'what 
elevated.  Month  low,  oblique,  the  maxillary  extending  to  nearly  opiin- 
sito  front  of  pupil,  its  length  2k  in  head;  lower  jaw  slightly  pnijoctiiii;. 
Teeth  all  equally  minute,  in  villiform  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines, 
and  tongue.  Adipose  eyelid  little  developed.  Cheeks  and  teiii|Miiiil 
region  with  fine  scales;  rest  of  head  naked.  Scales  rather  small,  tliosu 
below  pectorals  smaller;  a  naked  area  on  breast,  becoming  wider  t'ur- 
ward  from  base  of  ventrals.  Lateral  line  almost  straight,  Hli<;litly 
undulated  and  curved  upward  above  pectorals,  becoming  straight  liy 


/or dan  dmi  Etvrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


020 


itlmoMt  iiiiix'io'ptililo  «l«^;{rtH>tt  opptmito  loho  of  anal.  (irnnt»at  tinptli  of 
till'  ai<  li  l*'MM  tliaii  iliuiiioh>r  of  pupil ;  tliv  litnt^tlt  orHtraJKlit  part  I«)hh  than 
ihiii  (il  ilittuiirvo.  I'latcH  (l*u-el<>|i(>(l  only  on  tlio  p(»Nt««riur  tliinl  uf  th«i 
^titii;,'lii  part;  tlio  p1ai««N  Hinall,  with  low  k««OH,  tlioir  Hpini'H  littht  proinl- 
iit'iit:  I  '  t*>  IH  phituN  tlttvolopotl,  inrhidinK  Ninall  on«;H,  in   front  of  wlii«;li 

;iit' nl I  M)  onlinary  Nciilt'N  on  tli««  Ntrai^ht  portion  of  thu  lati'ral  lino. 

S|iiiHnis  ilorHal  vitry  Ninall,  of  .'(  wuak  HpinoH  Hli;;htly  connocttMl  hy  nutni- 
liiiitii'.  iliK  hi^liTHt  Hpini^  not  longer  than  diatnctiM-  of  pii|)il  (th«>so  Hpint'N, 
|iiii!iiilil\ ,  rnoro  iinnioronH  antl  liirK^r  in  yonn;^  oxainphm).  Holt  dorNal 
Idii^  and  low,  witli  HJundor  rayH;  u  widl-dov  do|)()d  Hcaly  UaHal  hIumUIi 
iiiittTJoily.  Klovatcd  rays  in  front  a  littlo  nion*  than  k  \\w  hami  of  thu 
liii,  a  litll)^  moro  than  half  len^tli  of  head  ;  anul  nhortta'  than  tlorHal,  itH 
aiituriiM  lohu  (Mpially  hi^h,  and  witli  a  niniilar  ItaHul  Nlu'utli.  Krcu  anal 
ti|iiiit'N  (ilmoluto  in  typical  Hpecinien.  (.'audul  lolitm  niodoratu,  (M|nul,  aH 
|iin<{  a's  licjid,  thuii  l«-ngtli  ()i|iial  to  thu  d<i|)th  of  the  tin  from  tip  to  tip. 
I'tIohiI  llii  fiilcattt,  itH  tip  vory  Hlundor,  ruaidiiii^  ui);htii  ray  of  anal,  itu 
li'ii);tli  I'i  in  liody.  VontralH  Hhort,  2^  in  huutl.  Coloration  in  HpiritH, 
iiiiiiltx  (ills  iicfouH,  uYurywhon*  irrogularly  clouded  with  dark«tr,  thu  Ixdly 
Houii'i'lv  paler  than  thu  buck  ;  opercular  Hpot  olmolutu.  DorHal,  anal,  poH- 
tt'iior  liordur  of  caudal,  and  tipH  of  vuntralu  IdackiHh;  Huh  otherwiHu 
(lull  <)liv:ii'cuuB.  Length  l(i  iucheH.  Uuvilia^iKcdo  InlandH;  onu  Hpeciniuu 
known:  iliu  HpecieH  in  poHsibly  identical  with  the  onn  called  ('iiranj: 
firiUiii  liy  Giinther  (Fischu  der  .SiulHeu,  134,  187<)),  from  the  racilic 
islainls.  It  iN,  howovur,  certainly  ditVureut  from  the  original  Svombvr 
/mill  I  of  Forrtkill,  from  the  Red  Sea.     (oiiOik',  straij^ht;  ypn/t/ii/,  lino.) 

OiimiJ-  '■iitio.jiiimmiin,  JuuDAN  .t  (Jii.iiKHT,  I'roc.  I'.  8.  Nat.  Mim.,  22ti,  IHMI,  Sulphur   Bay, 

Clarion  Island,  Revillagigedos.    (Ty|i<',  Nu.  28.115.    Coll.  Meiit.  Ni<  IiuIn.) 
Oiriiii</ui</i,<ior(/iu(;ru(iimti«,  JouuAM  Si  Quuekt,  I'fuc.  U.  8.  Mat.  BIiiii,,  2U2,  lb83. 


422.  CITULA,  Cuvier. 

(Vii/.i,  (TviKn,  llrRnr  Animal,  K<1.  i,  ;tl5,  1817,  (nrumlti). 
Miifii';  Ci'viKH,  Ui'gno  Aiiinuil,  Kd.  i,  1817,  :i24,  (alnipim), 

ThJH  ;,'(iiuH  ditlbrH  from  VardiujoidcH  mainly  in  having  one  or  more  of  the 
anterior  rayu  of  the  Hoft  dorHul  produced  in  tilaniontM.  The  body  hau  not 
tilt)  distorted  form  seen  in  Alictis,  but  is  more  like  that  of  C'aranx.  The 
yuuiig  Im  mure  like  Caranx  in  form  and  appearance  than  the  adult,"  itu 


♦Conipiircil  witli  tho  contral  upocien  of  Caranjr  (us  ('ar",nx  latiin),  CUnta  doritilu  dlfTerH  Htrikiii|;ly 
ill  miiiiv  luspwlH,  iiniuiiii;  othern  tho  fiilliiwiii)::  The  (freatiT  ('uiiiprcHHioii  niiJ  oloviitioii  of  tlm 
l»ii|.v,  llir  ^TciitcT  leii^tli  and  sliarpiicsR  of  the  lni'iist,  tlio  much  Kr''"'<-'''  depth  "f  tho  proorliitui 
r(';:i(iii,  till'  (.'I'latcr  promiiiuiico  and  HharpiicKH  of  tho  frontal  and  otTipituI  kool,  thu  nioro  (ililii|iiii 
|n>>iiiuii  III'  till'  bonus  of  tho  Iioud,  thu  foohlonoKM  and  uniformity  of  tho  tooth,  tho  approximation 
iiflnw  ul'  till'  niiindiliulur  rami,  tho  rodurtion  in  nI/.o  of  thu  HoaloH  and  wiitoN,  and  tho  incroaHo  of 
thi'iiiiki  <l  anas,  thu  rodiiotion  or  lo8g  (in  tho  adult)  of  tho  dorsal  and  anal  spiuoH,  thu  incroaHo  in 
K'liKtIi  III  tlio  lulioH  of  thu  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal,  and,  finally,  tho  incroat-o  in  thu  diflToroncu 
lii'twi'oii  till'  old  anil  the  youujj;.  Not  one  of  theso  features  is,  liowover,  well  adapted  for  gonoric 
ilintiiHtJiiii,  aB  they  incruaso  by  easy  trunsitious  from  HjKicies  to  spocies.  On  the  other  hand, 
coiii|iariii(;  Cilitln  dorsitlut  with  Hrleiie  mmer,  wo  find  that  in  almost  ovury  one  of  the  difToroncoH 
almvi'  luili'd,  tho  latter  species  carries  those  characters  to  a  still  greater  extreme,  and  differs  from 
''i(ii/(i  ilms.ilis  in  just  the  roHpects  in  which  tho  latter  difTurs  fmni  I'tiranx  l(Uii».  Vmuer  $eli)niitiii 
is,  ill  siiiiii'  ri'i;arilM,  a  species  still  more  oxtronio  than  Heteiie  vome^,  iilthoUf;h  it  has  not  quite  lost 
the  Intel  111  MUtoH.  As  a  matter  of  fact  tho  (Viroiii/iiiH  (excepting  Metfnlnii\iii>,  liemiileruf,  and  \wa- 
filily  7V.I. /iiinid)  fiirm  a  continuous,  almost  unbroken  seri's,  only  divisihle  into  genera  for  oon- 
veuieiicu  Kaku,  beginning  with  Trachuru»  on  tbo  ono  band  and  ending  w.itb  Stkni!  on  tho  other. 

F.  N.  A. 60 


/■-   ■     .  1 


f5l»: 


7w«^BW!ifip?p«^w?'Bipr 


930 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States,  National  Museum. 


later  devolopmont  carrying  the  tish  farther  in  the  direction  of  the  c  aicnK 
forms  Aleclis,  Ilyitim,  and  Sdctif..  Warm  seaH.  (Vitula,  an  Italian  nm.n. 
of  Zeus  J'aber. ) 


'f 
i  ■' 


■,1?s.v 


1824.  CITILA  nORSAIiIS*(Uill). 
'PAmpano.) 

Head  3]  ;  depth  2,^,j.  D.  VI-I,  19;  A.  II,  1, 17;  eye  4J  in  head;  mu.i.i  l'. 
Pectorals  \  longer  tliau  head;  ventrals  short,  3  in  head;  dorsal  loins  ij  jn 
body  reaching  middle  of  caudal.  About  25  developed  scutes.  Caudal  loli,. 
eciual  to  bead.  Dorsal  with  1  long  tilament,  anal  with  1.  Caudal  niodciati', 
the  lobes  e(|ual.  Dorsal  sheath  of  scales  "ery  low.  Pectoral  very  lonj;, 
falcate,  reaching  tenth  at-al  ray.  Ventrals  small,  reaching  just  pimt  vent 
liody  deep,  compressed,  rather  ovate  than  angular,  i>rofilo  straifjlit  from 
the  vertically  truncate  snout  to  nape,  then  rounded,  then  straight  to  (rout 
of  dorsal.  A  nearly  straight  line  from  chin  to  front  of  anal.  Eye  ratlin 
small;  adipose  eyelid  small;  i)reorbitaI  deep;  mouth  rather  larj^e,  tin 
lower  jaw  included  ;  teeth  small,  in  broad  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  pal 
atines;  maxillary  reaching  pupil,  2i  in  head.  Cheek  entirely  scaly,  some 
scales  )u  opercle  above;  breast  naked,  body  well  scaled;  a  partly  nakwi 
area  above  lateral  line;  body  with  small  scales,  the  nuchal  region  naked, 
scarcely  carinate.  Gill  rakers  rather  long,  2  +  15.  Lateral  line  evenly 
curved,  the  curve  high,  equal  to  straight  part.  Scutes  small,  IM  with 
keels,  the  total  iiuraber  of  scales  on  straight  part  58.  Steel  bine  above, 
silvery  below,  with  golden  reflections  and  shades;  lins  all  pale,  tin;,'ed 
with  yellowish,  some  of  the  posterior  membranes  of  dorsal  dusky;  no 
black  on  pectorals;  axis  jet  black ;  ventrals  tipped  with  dusky.  Openlr 
with  a  dusky  streak  along  its  edge;  blackish  within;  a  dark  spot  en 
orbit  above.  Young  more  elongate,  the  produced  rays  shorter.  Leni,'tli 
about  1  to  2  feet.  Pacific  C'oaat  of  Mexico,  not  rare  on  sandy  .shores  in 
the  surf,  Mazatlan  to  Panama,     {dorsalis,  pertaining  to  the  back.) 

Oirunfiiiiik'n  ilnisalis,  GiLi.,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1803, 100,  Panama;  not  Vomer  i^;/-.i/  -,  f!ii  i, 
Ciiniiu:  ihmtlin,  UCntheb,  Fish.  Ceutr.  Aiiier.,  432,  IHOS). 
Ciliila  ildfsdliit,  JoiiUAN  A  GlMiKiiT,   Proc.   U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.,  1882,  375. 

t'aranx  (■irinUer,  .Tohda.n  Sc  (Jii.iiKUT,  Proc.  U.  .S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  202;  a  now  name  as  a  sul.stitut' 
for  (lorsalis,  preoccupied  in  Caninx,  if  Vomer  ilormlis  is  regarded  us  a  spc^cies  of  Cnnui.r. 


*A  larp;t' specimen  from  Ma/atlaii  apparently  represents  the  adnit  condition  of  ilii>  ^|Ml■il-, 
ItHcliaructors  arc;  Head  'A%;  deptli  'V/^.  Second  D.  I,  IH;  A.  I,  17;  about  th  si  iitis  (kvilu|i.  .1. 
Uody  rattier  elon^rate,  moderately  compressed,  with  angulai  outlines.  Protile  of  liiiel  roiiniliil; 
that  of  bully  soiML'what  concave,  forniins  an  af>gle  at  front  of  anal  similar  to  that  iit  limil  uf  ilni- 
sal.  Eyo  ."i  in  head;  maxillary  2)-^;  mouth  n'oderatc;  lower  jaw  included.  Teetli  in  Im.uuI,  villi- 
forii:  liamls  on  both  jaws  anil  on  vomer  and  palatines.  Nostrils  large,  ei,iuil,  close  ti'^itla'i-.  Gill 
rakers  3 -f  14,  rather  stout,  shorter  than  eye.  Dorsal  spineo  all  obsolete  in  sji''  iiiieiis  idiiniiinl. 
First  dorsal  ray  soft,  lilanientous,  \%  in  body;  longest  anal  ra;  2%  in  body.  Canilal  K'  il  ("IihI 
erably  'evateil,  with  a  small  keel  above  and  below  it;  scutes  not  sharp;  caudal  loin  s  Mil«'i|\ial, 
about  as  lout;  as  head;  pectorals  falcate,  JL  longer  than  liead;  ventrals  short,  3'f.,  in  ln.i.i.  V\n\r 
of  lateral  lino  low,  1V„  times  in  str.aight  part,  its  height  ';,  the  length  of  its  chonl.  Maxillari 
l>road,  with  very  broiid  supplemental  bono,  its  greatest  .vidth  '%  eyo.  Color  silviiv,  struiiulj 
tinged  with  golden,  olive  on  e.pper  parts,  with  pearly  reHectioris  lielow;  a  large  l.la.k  f|n)tiii 
axil,  nearly  as  large  as  eye.  Fins  uU  palo.  A  single  large  specimen,  2  feet  in  leuglli,  taken  in 
the  Astillero  at  Mazatlan. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


931 


423.  ALECTIS,  KatiueHquo. 

(TlIItKAUFIBIlRS.) 

CiiWw,  TAi'f;pfii>E,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poisg.,  iv,  683,  1802,  (nvi'Kcn*;  nanio  prooccupicil  in  lilnls). 

.iMi*,  liAMNKHguE,  AnalyMo  dv  In  Nature,  iHlTi,  (Hiil)8titiitt>  for  (lulliin,  iireuccu{ii«id), 

W.|)/iiin\  CuviEit,  lti>giio  Aiiiiii.,  II,  322,  1817,  (ti7i(i)i«;  iiitnio  proocciiplod;. 

Sum,  Ci  \  iKii,  U6gne  Aniiii.,  Ed.  11,  Vol,  11,  20!),  1829,  (iii</iVi!). 

tinllklilhii'.  ClviKU  A  Vai.enciknnkh,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisB.,  ix,  108,  1833,  (ijiiUim;  8illi»titutufor  tlaUiw)- 

Hklihiihrliihi/'',  GiLl.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'bila.,  1802,  431,  {ciUaris;    stibHtitutu  lor  JUipharis,  yro- 

0(l'll|ill'll). 

Body  rhomboid,  deep,  strongly  compref':.od,  more  or  less  completely 
covi'it'il  with  minute  embedded  scales,  sometimes  apparently  nuked ; 
sciitt'H  on  the  straight  portion  of  the  lateral  line  enlarged,  bony,  and 
t)|)iiiouH,  us  in  Caraiix,  but  much  less  developed.  Mouth  moderate,  with 
baudN  of  villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.  First 
dorsal  tin  little  developed,  the  spines  short  and  rudimentary,  mostly  dis- 
appearing with  age ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  similar  to  each  other ;  the  first 
live  or  «ix  rays  of  each  lin  elongate  and  filiform  in  the  young,  becoming 
nliortei  with  age;  ventral  fins  elongate  in  young,  short  in  the  adult; 
pectorals  falcate;  no  finlets.  Caudal  peduncle  narrow,  the  caudal  widely 
forked.  Gill  rakers  moderate,  stout.  This  genus  is  not  essentially  different 
from  Citranx,  the  great  change  in  form  arising  from  no  important  modifi- 
cation of  the  skeleton.  The  changes  due  to  ago  are  surprisingly  great, 
an  Dr.  Liitken  has  shown,  the  characters  of  the  nominal  genera  being 
cliietly  Htuges  in  the  growth  of  individuals.  The  young  individuals  are 
almost  orbicular  in  form,  with  the  filaments  excessively  long.  Tropical 
seas.  {liAtKTup,  a  cock ;  different  species  having  been  known  as  Meerhenne 
or  (iaUiiH  marinuH,  Peixe-Gallo,  Gal,  or  I'oisson-Coq',  these  names  first 
applied  to  Zvun  faher.) 


"4 

1 

I 


u 


i 


1826.  ALECTIS  CILIAKIS  (Blodi). 

(TllREADt'ISlI  ;   (JOBIILEK  FiSH  ;   SUNFISII.) 

Head  :!i;  depth  U  to  2.  D.  VI-I,  19;  A.  II-I,  16;  scutes  12.  Body 
oval,  much  compressed,  highest  at  the  elevated  bases  of  dorsal  and  uuul 
lius.  Pieorbital  very  deep.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal  in  the  adult,  very 
obliqut;  in  the  young.  First  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  filamentons,  exceed- 
ingly long,  in  the  young  much  longer  than  body,  becoming  shorter  with 
age.  Lateral  line  with  a  wide  arch,  the  curved  portion  about  e<iual  to 
the  straight  part.  Scaly  sheath  of  fins  little  developed.  Scutes  becom- 
ing stronger  and  blunter  with  age.  Ventrals  broad ;  occipital  keel  sharp. 
I'eetoiiils  long  and  falcate,  longer  than  heud.  Bluish  above,  golden  yellow 
below ;  a  dark  blotch  on  opercle ;  a  black  spot  on  o  ■')it  above ;  a  black 
blotch  on  dorsal  and  anal  in  front.  Tropical  Ameiica  on  both  coasts, 
rangiujr  north  to  Cape  Cod  and  Mazatlan,  generally  common  southward, 
about  the  Florida  Keys  and  Cuba;  a  food-fish  of  some  importance.  The 
many  nominal  species  of  this  type  have  been  reduced  by  Liitken  to  three 
or  foil  I  :  gallus  and  ciliaria  of  the  East  Indies,  alexondrinus  of  North 
Afiica,  und  crinitua  of  America.    We  have  not  examined  the  East  Indian 


4.^. 


932 


Bulletin  V7>  United  States  National  Museum. 


rl' 


,l! 


i^ 


iui'iiiH,  but  wesoe  no  rutiHuii  for  doubting  that  ct/j«m  is  the  youimof  ,/„//„, 
ii8  has  been  Hiippouud  by  Dr.  Day  and  others.  The  name  {itdlnn  w  us.  Ikiw. 
ever,  originally  applied  by  Linnii-UH  to  Selene  vomer.  Our  yomi^r  siieci. 
mens  of  iriiiitiis,  moreover,  agree  fully  with  the  figures  of  (//((m i«.  \V(. 
think  it,  therefore,  e>:trcmely  probable  that  all  the  nomiiuil  siKcies  (j| 
this  type  are  forms  of  Aleetis  ciUarix.  As  has  been  sliown  by  Liitkin 
(Spolia  Atlantica,  li>7),  the  nominal  genera  SvyriH,  Jilejiiitirix,  anil  <iiit\k\,. 
ihjjs,  are  simply  stages  in  the  developmeiit  of  individual.s,  tlir  cliarai 
ters  assigned  to  these  genera  changing  with  age.  {eiUurin.  witli  loin- 
lashes. ) 

/euH  viliarix,  Ulocii,  lohtliyol.,  vi,  2'.),  pi.  29,  1788,  East  Indies;  yDiiiiu. 

Scomher  JildiiieiiloKUs,  Mimio  I'auk,  Ti'uiih.  IjIihi.  Soc,  hi,  H(i,  17!t7,  Sumatra. 

(lalliia  viicumiK,  l.Ai^fil'f.DK,  Hist.  Nat.  PoinH.,  iv,  .ISS,  IHOIi;  iiftiT  Linn.kus. 

/ei's  cfiiiilnn,  MnciiiM.,  Amcr.  Juiirii.  Sci.  Ai'tH,  xi,  1820,  H4,  Shoreham. 

lilepIiiiiiKniiiUiiH,  I)K  Kay,  N.  Y.  Faillia:  FislicK,  123,  1842. 

AlciiiH  criiiiliis,  JoiiDAN  ik  Gii.iiKRT,  SynoiKsin,  4118,  1K8H. 

Blijilnirichthiis  criiiilM,  (JiLl,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Niit.  Sci.  IMiihi.,  18G2,  2t'>2. 

Omtiij-  viiiiilii.1,  JoHDAV  *  GlLIlEUT,  True-.  V,  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  1H82,  35!);   ihiil  1SK3,  Jn:; 

(!allkhth!is(riiiili(\  LrTiiFN,  Spolia  Atluntini,  131,  107,  ISSO. 

Illeiilmri.i  siilnr,  ('uviKit  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Toisi-.,  ix,  IIJl,  18;):t,  Caribbean  Sea. 

Caniiu  siiloi;  GCnthek,  Cut.,  Il,  4.J4,  1800. 

Dlepliiirin  iimjor,  CuviEii  it  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  ruiss.,  ix,  lO:!,  1833,  West  Indies. 

Gulliclitlinn  <:h)r<ihi,  OuviEit  &  Valenciennes,  Illst.  Nat.  ToisH.,  ix,  175,  ls33,  liast  Iiidieb. 

CaraiKjoiileK  hkj)hari»,  Uleekek,  Vorhaiiil.  Uatav.  Gunootsch.,  xxiv,  3Iaki-.  07,  |S'J,  Last 
Indies, 

CnranijoidesgaUkhlhiiK,  Bleekek,  /.  c,  68,  East  Indies. 

4>i'^nVi  nn(i/i*-,  I'OEV,  S.vnoiwis,  liOil,  1808,  Cuba;  a  largo  t<|iociiiion  williuut  tilaiiicnlinis  lajs  .m 
the  aiiti^'ior  part  of  the  anal;  pr(i1>al)l.v  an  accidental  variation  ;  the  dursal  Imk  tJji'  hicninl 
ray  ns  louf;  as  the  body;   the  other  filamentous  rays  sliorter.     A.  I,  14. 


i.'J' 


424.  HYNNIS,  Cuvier. 

Ilijntm,  CuviEii  k  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  ix,  195,  is:i3,  (gorccmiii). 

This  genus  has  the  high,  compressed,  angular  body  of  tSelrnc,  the  (loisal 
and  anal  lobes  not  ending  in  filaments,  and  the  caudal  peduncle  aiiiicil 
with  a  few  weak  plates,  as  in  Alcclis.  Its  position  is  between  Ahilis  and 
Selene,  with  close  affliiities  to  both.  As  elsewhere  stated,  the  scpjii  at  ion  of 
these  peculiarly  formed  genera  from  Car:  nx  and  from  each  other  lias  no 
basis  in  any  structural  character  of  importance.  Tropical  seas.  (1  r//*;,  a 
vomer  or  plowshare.) 

K.  Kye  moderate,  OJ^  in  her.d  in  adult;  pectorals  Jiale.  ciiiknsis,  VVli: 

aa.  Kyo  very  large,  3^  in  head  in  adult;  pectorals  tipped  with  dusky.  iiui'iuxsi,  VSl'i. 


1828.  HYNNIS  CUBfcNSIS  (I'ooy). 

Head  4  in  total  length  with  caudal  (about  3.^  without)  ;  deptli  :>  C-i 
without).  D.  I,  19;  A.  I,  1(5.  Eye  5|  in  head  in  specimen  dC '-'i  feet. 
Maxillary  reaching  nostrils.  Teeth  villi:J"orm,  present  on  jaws,  vomer,  and 
palatines.  Scales  minute.  Arch  of  lateral  line  very  convex,  ils  scutes 
weak.  Pectorals  fjilciform,  a  little  longer  than  head.  Insertion  i>t'  anal 
opposite  second  third  of  pectoral.  Dorsal  moderately  falcate,  ilH  lieiglit  t 
that  of  body  below  it.     Caudal  deeply  forked.     Silvery,  with  itriglit 


Ionian  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  Nortli  America. 


933 


rellcotions ;  a  large  blue  spot  ou  opercle ;  lipH  bhiish  ;  no  Hpot  on  pectoral. 
Lciiiu't'i  •'  foet.     Cuba.     (Poey.)    Wo  bave  examined  Foey's  drawings  of 
this  H|)t'('i<3S  and  are  sure  that  it  is  distinct  from  UynniH  alexaiidrhiUH, 
tlieK^'vptian  spi  lies. 
Il„iim» 'iihi iisif,  I'OKV,  Muiiioriofi,  ii,  235,  1800,  Havana.    (Coll.  Pooy.) 


1827.  HENNIS  IIOPKINSI,  .Tunlaii  .fe  Starkg. 
(Pampano.) 

Hoa<l  :!i ;  doptli  2  ;  eye  3-5.  D.  VI-1, 18 ;  A.  II,  I,  ir> ;  snout  2J  in  bead  ; 
iiiiixillaiy  2J ;  pectoral  '3\  in  body  ;  V.  2i  in  bead  ;  dorsal  lobes  2}  in  bead  ; 
laialalloliesl,^  ;  anal  2i ;  proorbital  4^  in  bead.  Body  oblong,  compressed, 
ik'vatfd,  witb  angular  outlines,  ventral  outline  sbarp.  Top  of  bead 
sliarply  lur'nato ;  profile  nearly  straigbt  from  snout  to  nape,  tbere  boldly 
convex,  then  nearly  straigbt  to  elevated  front  of  soft  dorsal,  a  concavity 
in  protllo  before  soft  dorsal  and  before  anal.  Moutb  oblique,  ratber 
liuno,  tilt)  jaws  e*iual.  Broad  bands  of  small  sharp  teetb  on  Jaws,  vomer, 
and  palatines.  Eye  very  large.  Dorsal  and  anal  lobes  low,  none  of  tbo 
lavH  prolonged.  Lateral  line  witb  a  long  arcb,  as  long  as  straigbt  part, 
which  has  about  12  elevated  scutes  and  37  scales  in  all  from  end  of  curve; 
curved  part  of  lateral  line  undulating  bebind.  Gill  rakers  sbort,  ratber 
few,  12  in  all,  tbose  above  angle  obsolete.  Body  minutely  scaly.  Belly  and 
lower  jiaits  largely  naked,  a  large  patcb  of  scales  on  cheeks;  bead  other- 
wise naked.  Pectoral  long,  falcate,  reaching  seventh  anal  ray  ;  ventrals 
not  short ,  reaching  past  vent.  Caudal  moderate.  Bright  blue  above,  with 
bright  rellections ;  sides  bright  silvery  ;  no  golden ;  a  narrow  brownish 
streak  not  quite  so  wide  cs  pupil  from  upper  part  of  gill  opening  to  middle 
of  hase  of  soft  dorsal ;  pectoral  tipped  witb  black  ;  axil  of  pectoral  dusky  ; 
upper  iinH  rather  du^ky,  lower  white  ;  dusky  on  angle  of  opercle  inside 
imdout.  lint  without  definite  spot.  One  specimen,  26  inches  long,  taken 
with  a  Mcine  in  the  surf  at  Puerto  Viejo,  near  Mazatlan.  (Named  for 
Timothy  Hopkins,  esq.,  of  San  Francisco,  founder  of  the  Hopkins  Labora- 
tory on  Monterey  Bay,  in  recognition  of  his  deep  interest  in  biological 
research.) 

Uijmiiii  hdiikiiisi,  .ToRi>AN  &  Stahks,  Rept.  Fishes  Sinaloit,  MS.,  ISOr),  Mazatlan.     (Typo,  No. 
lufi:!,  I..  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mus.     Coll.  Hopkins  Expedition.) 

425.  VOMER,  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes. 

Vmiier,  Ct  viKit  .t  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  189,  1833,  {hroirnii). 
FI>tlijsomii>,  SwAlNSON,  Class'ii  Fislios,  ii,  2ri0,  183!»,  (broiniii). 

This  <j;enn8  is  closely  allied  to  Caranx,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  its 
distortion  of  form,  and  in  its  weak  teetb  and  very  low  lins.  Body  broad 
ovate,  very  strongly  compressed,  all  the  outlines  sharply  trenchant. 
Head  very  gibbous  above  the  eyes,  its  anterior  profile  vertical ;  lateral 
line  strongly  arched,  its  posterior  portion  with  very  weak  shields.  Scales 
minutf,  ruilir.ientary  ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  extremely  low,  not  falcate. 
doling  nuich  deeper  in  form  ti..in  the  adult,  all  the  fins  higher,  resembling 
iekne.    Warm  seas,    (vomer,  a  plowshare,  from  the  form  of  the  body.) 


•M 


I' 


I'll 


^1 

■'I 


934 


Bulletiti  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


((.  Soft  donial  with  about  25  rayH;  duptli  iii  adult  leiti  than  half  lungtb. 
iKi.  Soft  duraal  with  21  or  22  rayii. 

/>.  Do|ith  in  mliilt  ahoiit  half  luugtli, 

hh.  Depth  in  adult  much  morn  than  half  length. 


1828.  VOMER  D0R8AIiIH,  nill. 

Depth  less  than  half  length  of  body.  D.  VII-1, 25 ;  A.  1, 20.  WoHt  IiulicM 
and  west  coast  of  Africa.  (Giinther.)  A  doubtful  species,  not  ho»mi  liv  uh. 
(domaliH,  pertaining  to  the  dorsal,  which  is  longer  than  in  I'omeractipiin'iH.) 
ArijureioHiiH  HctiphmUt,  var.  B,  OrNTiiF.R,  Cat.,  ii,  4S9,  18f>0,  St,  Vincent,  Cape  Verde  Islands. 

West  Indies. 
Vomer  ilonuiUn,  GiiL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1862,  436;  after  UCntuf.u. 
Voiiiir  Heiieyaleimh,  Guiciienot,  Ann.  Sue.  Linn.  Maine  et  Loire,  1865,  3.'i,  Senegal. 
Vomer  yorecmiH,  Gukjiienot,  /.  c,  37,  Gorea. 
Carmuc  aelipinnia  donalia,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  ISS^t,  204. 


./' 


noBsAi.is,  lijox         ■ 

■         Ar'j;irfi""" 

1 

H            jamuic 

HETiNNNis,  i;i2;i.        ■ 

1         \:mnij'il""i' 

oAiinNKvsis,  i:i:io.        1 

1         .4r.(;/c"i">"- ;/ 

1 

H         f.uiniJ-  ■«'■'';" 

i-  .;t 


Ii  1 1  " 


1820.  VOMER  SKTIPINNIS  (Mitcliill). 
(JoROBADo;  Moonfish;  HobskFl.^h;  Blvnt-nosri>  Shinf.r.) 

Head  3i ;  depth  2  in  adult,  IJ  to  If  in  young.  D.  VIII-I,  21  or  22;  A, 
11-1,19  or  20;  scutes  20.  liody  oblong,  rhombic,  less  elevated  th;iii  in 
Selene  vomer',  profile  anteriorly  nearly  vertical,  highest  above  (he  eye, 
snout  somewhat  protruding,  belly  mostly  arched  in  the  youiijj; ;  inoiitli 
oblique;  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  orbit.  Ventral  lins 
minute;  dorsal  and  anal  very  low,  especially  in  the  adult,  the  loiij;;  rays 
disappearing  very  early ;  pectorals  falcate,  about  as  long  as  head.  (Jroeii- 
ish  above,  below  golden  or  silvery.  Young  with  a  black  blotch  at  ()ri<,'in 
of  straight  part  of  lateral  line.  Tropical  America,  on  both  coasts;  from 
Maine  to  Brazil,  and  Cape  San  Lncas  to  Peru;  generally  common  soiitli- 
ward,  the  young  coming  northward  in  the  Gulf  Stream;  also  iu  Western 
Africa,     {seta,  bristle;  pinna,  fin.) 

Zeti*  oeUpiimiii,  Mitchili,,  Trans.  Lit.  and  PliiloB.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  181.'),  384,  New  York. 

Vomer  hrovmi,  CuviEB  &  A'ai,bncif,nner,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  189,  plato  25t!,  l«;i:i,  New  York 

and  West  Indies. 
AriiijreUiHiis  netipinniii,  GPnTIIER,  Cat.,  II,  4'>9,  1860. 
Vomer  setipiiiniH,  Gli.l.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1862,  4:56;  .Iobdan  .t  Gii.nEUT,  Sviioiim.^  110, 

1883;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1883,  204. 
Selnie  seliphinu,  LCtken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  135,  |880. 
r/a/j/dojHHn  Kjitci'i,  SwAlNSON,  Class'n  Fishes,  ii,  1&'»,  2,'iO,  406,  Brazil;  after  Srix  and  AiiAssiz, 

pi.  57. 
rialHKomm mioropleryx,  Swainron,  I.e.,  406,  Pernambuco. 

Arijijrcumm  tinimaciilatns,  Batchelder,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1845,  78,  Maine:  yoiinp. 
Vomer  smiclii-mmihie,  colnmliiaiiUK,marlinicenm,  ilomiuieenniii,  iioreborai-eiisiH,  Hniirlii-inlii,  /:/.i(ii/ii'i..«is 

cnyenuemis,  and  culm;  GricnENOT,  Ann.  Soc.  Linn.  Maine  et  Loire,  18t)5,  ;18  f»  11,  localities 

indicated  by  the  names. 
Vomer  cuHw,  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phllos.  Soc.  Pliila.,  1870, 119,  Rhode  Island;  yomiK. 

1880.  VOMER  OABONEN8I8,  Guichcnot. 
Depth  in  adult  more  than  half  length.     D.  VIII-T,  22;  A.  I,  is  or  1S>. 


West  Indies  and  we^t  coast  of  Africa  (Giinther). 
seen  by  us. 


A  doubtful  species,  not 


Jordan  ami  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


035 


^r./;(r«i">i'-  ic/iifinnM,  viir.  A.,  fSONTiiKii,  ('at.,  II,  450,   18<i(»,    Fernando   Po  ;  San  Domingo  ; 

Jamaica  ;  Bahia. 
r.imir;;'!'"""'""'',  finciiENOT,  Aim.  Hoc.  Linn.  Main«ut  Loire,  18»i."i,  4J,  Gaboon. 
H,,iiiri'i,'>i'>  ijiihoueiiiiiii,  Htkini>a(!||nkii,  ViBcli-Fiiiinu  (leH  SencKiilH,  3«,  iHfill. 
Cimiij-  "liiii.iiiiii  iiahoneii  tin,  Johuan  A  Qii.ubht,  Pruc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mnn.,  1883,  2(1-1. 


426.   SELENE,  Lac<^pO<le. 
(M00NFI8HK8.) 

.■v/ciic,  I/AifpftnE,  IIlBt.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  iv,  500,  180:1,  (iminuen    -  young  of  comer). 
.IrVVCci"-"-.  I/AlflPKDK,  MXh"-.  Nftt.  I'oiHfl.,  IV,  .">0(i,  180.%  (i'oimit). 

Itody  very  closely  coiiipreHHed  and  much  elevated,  the  profile  very 
iililiiliic  or  nearly  vertical ;  edges  of  body  everywhere  trenchant,  OHpe- 
ciiilly  aiiirriorly.  Head  short  and  very  deep,  the  operclo  /cry  sliort,  and 
the  iin'(irl)ital  extremely  deep ;  an  abrupt  angle  at  the  occipital  region. 
Miititli  I'tither  small;  premaxillaries  protractile,  fitting  into  a  nc  ch 
hotwcoii  tlie  bases  of  the  maxillaries  ;  maxillaries  broad,  each  witli  a 
Hupplcmcntal  bono.  Tongue  narrow,  free.  Teeth  minute,  on  Jaws, 
toii<;ii<!.  vomer,  and  palatines.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Spint^s  of 
fins  usually  weak,  more  or  less  filamentous  in  the  young  ;  free  anal  spines 
iminovahle,  sometimes  obsolete  in  the  adult.  Soft  fins  falcate,  much 
elevated.  No  finlets.  Head  naked.  Scales  minute.  Lateral  line  wholly 
iiiiarnied.  Coloration  silvery.  Tropical  seas.  Notwithstanding  its  extra- 
oidiiiaiv  form,  this  genus  ditfers  in  no  important  regard  from  Caranx. 
{ntl'iivti,  tlio  moon.) 

11.  Piirsiil  with  iiliout  18  Hoft  rays,  anal  witli  alioiit  16;  anterior  profile  of  head  curved;  hones 

III'  Iliad  lower  and  less  uhliijno  than  in  Scliin-  vmiier.  iiiiistkdii,  111.31. 

(1(1.  IiiFisal  with  ahout  2.1  noft  ray.i,  anal  witli  aliont  18;    anterior  profile  of  head,  from   hase 

of  Hnout  to  occiput,  almuNt  perfectly  straight.  vomeu,  i;i:t2. 


1881.  SELENE  (ERSTEDII,  LUtken. 

Head  8;  depth  2.  D.  VI-I,  15;  A.  (H)-!,  14;  eye  4  in  head;  snout  If; 
maxillaiy  2§;  ventral  3^;  caudal  lobes  equal  head;  pectoral  i  longer 
than  head.  Body  compressed  ai.d  elevated,  but  loss  so  than  in  Scleuv  romer; 
profile  oblique,  concave  over  snout,  then  straight  to  occiput,  which  is 
well  rounded;  line  of  back  straight  to  soft  dorsal,  then  slightly  curved 
to  caudal  peduncle ;  ventral  outline  rounded  on  breast  to  ventrals,  then 
straight  to  anal,  forming  an  angle  at  first  ray,  then  straight  to  caudal 
peduncle.  Mouth  projecting,  with  minute  teeth  on  Jaws,  vomer,  pala- 
tines, and  tongue;  gill  rakers  thick  and  blunt,  many  of  them  knobbed  at 
tip— in  old  examples  at  least,  1  above  angle  with  3  or  4  rudimentary 
ones,  and  13  below.  A  large  thickened  knob  at  occiput,  very  conspicu- 
ous in  adult,  due  to  the  thickening  of  the  supraoccipital  crest.  Pectoral 
falcate,  reaching  to  tenth  anal  ray ;  dorsal  and  anal  lobes  filamentous, 
reaching  past  tips  of  caudal  lobes;  lateral  line  strongly  arched,  its  curve 
c(iHal  to  its  straight  part.  Color  silvery,  with  bluish  rofiections  above; 
dorsal  and  caudal  dark,  pectoral,  ventral,  and  anal  white;  axil  dusky. 
Leugth  15  inches.    Pacific  Coast  of  tropical  America,  frouiMazatlau  to 


03C 


Jiulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Afiiscum. 


Pauaina;  not  common.     Hore  doscribed  from  an  adult  oxarnplo  tiiktn  ;,t 
Ma/atlan.     (Named  for  Profeasor  0r8ted  of  Copunhageu,  its  discovtuer.) 
Miiif  iiisifiUi,  Iii'TKKN,  SpoUa  Atluiitica,  144,  IMMO,  Punta  Arenas. 
Silnie  iiiHlnlii,  JuHDAN  Jll  OlI.liRHT,  i'roc.  V.  8.  Xut.  MilH.,  188:t,  'Mi. 


t 


ISh 


188'i.  KKIiKM;  VOMKU  (Liiiiiiiuiii). 
(MooNKiHii  ;   JoitDiiAiiii  ;  LnoK  Down  ;    IIoiiheiirad.) 

Head  3;  long  dorsal  layH  2 ;  pectoral  2J  ;  long  anal  ruyn  2ii,  ;  dciiili  i'. 
the  young  much  deeper.  D.  VII-I,2H;*  A.  Il-I,  18.  Anterior  jnoiili' (loin 
tip  of  Huout  to  occiput  almost  perfectly  straight  in  the  adult.  Itiiiincii'i 
of  eye,  length  of  opercle,  and  distance  from  eye  to  jtrotile  ahoiii  I'ljnal ; 
eye  2  in  maxillary,  2i  in  preorbital ;  mandibles  very  d»ie|>,  tlic  iltniarv 
bones  thin,  approximate  ;  one  or  two  of  the  dorsal  spines  greatly  *'liiiii;at)' 
and  (ilamentouB  in  the  young,  short  in  the  adult;  ventrals  varial)lt)  in 
length,  usually  about  as  long  as  the  eye  in  the  adult,  variously  (ioii^aic 
in  partly  grown  specimens.  Color  uniform  silvery  in  the  adult.  Om 
observations  of  this  species  tend  to  confirm  the  correctness  of  Dr.  I,iitkc'ir.s 
views  (Spolia  Atlantica,  139)  as  to  the  transformations  incident  to  its 
growth.  Tropical  America,  on  both  coasts,  from  Capo  ('od  to  I'.ia/il,  and 
from  Lower  California  to  Peru.  Very  common  southward  on  .sandy 
shores,  both  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  Tlie  Pacific  Coast  form,  Im- 
rooriii=iHwijicun,  is  not  evidently  dift'erent  from  Selene  vomer,  {nniiir, 
a  plowshare.) 

/eiM  vomer,  LiNN.i;ue,  Syst.  Nat.,  Eil.  x,  1758,  260,  America;  ul'tor  /ens  rain/d  hi/iii;,i  cii  \.\s- 

SJKVH,  Mu8.  Adolph-Krod.,  i,  00. 
AtyymoHiis  romei;  I.AcfirflDB,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  .'iOO,  180IJ;  (!itL,  Proc.  A.'.  Nat.  .'^ri.  I'hilii., 

1802,  41)7,  anil  olHOwtion-. 
SiIeHc  vomer,  CuviEit  &  Vai.enmennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  177,  \KVA;  OCNTiiEit,  Cut.,  ii,  1'», 

1800;  LCtkkn,  Spolia  Atliiiitica,  1S8(),  547,  (with  tigureH  nliowiiig  tlic  vaiioiiH  (•liaii;.'cs  iMidir- 

gone  with  ago);  Jouiian  .t  Gilhkut,  Synopsis,  4.'l!l,  18,s;;;  IJukvooiit,  Ann.  li.vr.  Nil.  Ili>l, 

N.  Y.,  V,  08,  pi.  4,  185.');  Giu.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  4:i(;;  .ImmAN  .'.  'iii.ii.iii, 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  188;!,  20r>. 
^■m  gaUiiit,  LiNN.KUs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  207,  America;  after  %<'uneaH<Ui  lifunn  nl'  Vkikpi; 

confused  with  Aleclix  (i/niris. 
Zi'm  niijer,  lii.ocii  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.,  98,  1801,  (confonndcd  with   rnmaciiiilhus  ,(,■•  mil'i  . 
Sfleiie  mgentea,  LAcfa'finE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  500,  pi.  0,  fig.  2,  180:1,  (adult). 
Zens  capillaris,  MiTciiiii.,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc,  1,  1815,  .S83,  (young).  New  York. 
Argnrumis iiipiUmis,  Gii.1.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat. Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  437. 
/a-iis  roslraliiK,  MiTCMiLL,  /.  c,  384,  New  York,  (young). 

Xiu« (jeomelriiiis,  MiTCUii.i,,  Anicr.  Slonthly  Mag.,  li,  1818,  245  (adult),  New  York. 
AnjijrioKm  trUiaiulhm,  Swainson,  Nat.  Hist.  C'last  .1  Fish.,  ISliO,  250,  Brazil;  after  Si'i\  ,\  .\i..»s- 

siz,  pi.  58,  (young). 
Argijriomn  filanirnlosus,  SwAlNSON,  1.  c,  250;  after  Cuvier  &  Valenoiennes,  pi.  25.'i. 
Argijriosiis  mlifei;  Swainso.n,  I  <:,  409;  after  Ci'ViEii   &  Valenciennes,  pi.  2">."p,  fiiil»tiliiii'  fir 

router  and  filameutosnu. 
ArgyrioBtiK  iiianricei,  Sw'WSiion,  I.  c,  408,  Brazil,  (adult). 

Argiirioms  milch illi,  De  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  1842,  120,  (young),  New  York. 
ArgijrUMiif  njiUii,  Castelnai',  Aniin.  Nouv.  Itares,  21),  18,5.5,  (adult). 
Arggriomshrevoorii,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1803,  83,  Panama,  (young). 
Argyreioms  paciftcus,  Lockinoton,  Proc.  Ac.   Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1876,  84,  Lower  California, 

(adult). 

*  D.  I,  20  to  22;  A.  1, 17  or  18,  iu  Pacific  Coast  specimons  =  SeLne  hrevoortii  (Gill). 


•im 


Jordan  and  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        937 


427.  CHLOROSCOMBRUS,  Giianl. 
(Casahks.) 

CW'.n  <.    '"'ifin,  OinAWT),  rror.    Ar.  Nnt.  Sci.  I'liilu.,  1H.")H,  1(18,  {mniii'iiolitn). 

,i;i. /"/''"."' I  ''I'NTllF.li,  anil  otlifiH,  lull  Miiri'iilniij;  A()A88I/,  wiiHglvoii  hm  u  Hiilxitltuto  (tir  SiTinlii, 
(iC  w  liii'li  iinmit  it  iiiiiHt  III)  coMNiilcrtMl  u  Hyiionyiii. 

Ilodv  olilonjj  ovate,  closely  coiiipresHed,  but  not  elevated ;  the  abdomen 
prnniitiiiiit  anteriorly,  its  curve  beinj;  much  greater  than  tlie  curve  of  the 
back.  Occiput  and  thoracic  region  trenchant.  Caudal  peduncle  very 
iiaii'iiu  ,  the iln  widely  forked.  Scales  Huiall,  Huiooth.  Lateral  line  arched 
in  fidiit,  unarmed,  or  with  a  few  small  plates.  Head  nearly  naked.  Pre. 
()iliit;il  low.  Mouth  rather  small,  olili(iue,  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting  ; 
iippcijaw  protractile;  maxillary  broad,  emarginate  behind,  with  a  largo 
siipiilfincntal  bone.  .Taws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  feeble  teeth,  mostly 
ill  siiiylo  scries.  First  dorsal  of  feeble  spines,  connected  by  membrane; 
Hi'coiid  dorsal  and  anal  long  and  low,  similar,  much  longer  than  the  short 
aliddiiuMi.  No  finlets.  Anal  spines  strong.  Ventrals  small ;  pectorals 
fiilciitc.  Ciill  rakers  long.  American  ;  small  species,  little  valued  as 
I'odd.    (  vXcj/jih;,  gi'oen  ;  rrKo/ifiixic,  mackerel.) 

II.  I'lhinl  iif  ciirvi'il  ]iart  of  lateral  lino  considoralily  lonRor  than  lieail,  l';i  to  IJ  in  Ktmi(;lit 

)piiit;  lateral  lliio  aniioil  ]M>.sti'rii>rly  with  mnall  bony  Hliir'UlH,  a«  in   IVjik.t;  coluration 

riillicr  (lufky,  llii"  tins  largely  li|ilie(l  or  cilgcil  with  lilaiklsli.  oiti/tiKTA,  llilt,'!. 

iiii,  I'licii'il  (if  ciirvi-il  part  of  lateral  line  about  u8  lung  hm  head,  nicosureil  from  tiji  of  lower 

jaw,  and  l-.j  to  1;'.^  in  length  of  Btruight  i)art;  lateral  Hhieblw  wholly  ohsoleto;  color- 

ittiun  rather  pule.  ciinYBCiirs,  1:i.'14. 

1SS8.  CHLOIlttSCOMBItrH  ORQrETA,  Jordan  .t:  Gilbert. 
(Orqukta  ;  Xl-REI.  liK  Castim.a.) 

Head  3J ;  depth  2^^^.  D.  VIII-I,  2fi ;  A.  II,  26.  Body  ovate,  strongly 
conipicssed,  the  edges  trenchant.  Dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  very  regu- 
larly curved,  the  curve  of  the  belly  considerably  stronger  than  that  of  the 
back,  llio  axisof  body  much  nearer  the  latter.  Caudal  peduncle  very  slen- 
der. Young  less  elongate  than  the  adult,  otherwise  very  similar  in  form. 
Head  Hinall,  rather  pointed,  the  anterior  profile  nearly  straight.  Mouth 
small,  very  oblique,  the  lower  ,jaw  projecting.  Maxillary  broad,  extend- 
iiie;  ii  little  beyond  front  of  eye,  its  length  2J  in  head,  its  tip  marginate; 
supploniental  bone  well  developed.  Teeth  very  small,  those  of  the  jaws 
not  villiform,  forming  very  narrow  bands  or  single  series  in  both  jaws; 
villilorni  patches  on  vomer,  palatines,  a. id  tongue.  Adipose  eyelid  well 
devclojied.  Preorbital  very  narrow,  not  half  width  of  orbit.  Gill  rakers 
miiiifions,  very  long,  slender,  close-set.  Head  nearly  naked.  Body  cov- 
ered with  well-developed  imbricated  scales;  the  ventral  ridge,  and  a  nar- 
rowly triangular  area  forward  from  front  of  dorsal  naked.  Lateral  line 
with  a  rather  strong  arch  anteriorly,  the  chord  of  the  curve  being  consid- 
erably longer  than  head,  and  IJ^  to  1?  in  the  straight  part.  (In  Chloroscom. 
hniK  chnjsHrus  the  chord  of  the  curve  is  about  as  long  as  head  from  tip  of 
lower  jaw,  and  H  to  li  in  the  straight  portion.)  A  distinct  keel  along 
caudal  peduncle,  the  scales  of  lateral  line  enlarged  and  bony,  with 


ill 


m 


I 


938 


Bulletin  47,  (United  States  National  Museuth. 


-I 


bliintiHli  tipH.  (Id  C,  chrysuruH  thu  HcaleH  ut'  lateral  lino  arc  littii-  ii  lu  nil 
(tittereiit  from  tho  other  HcaluH.)  DorHul  and  unal  nuked,  tiii>  nIk  .ims  at 
their  haHeH  largely  developed  along  the  anterior  half  of  each  lln.  AhtKUHr 
dornal  Bpine  concealed.  SpinoiiH  dorsal  perHiutent,  the  HpincH  sltiidt;), 
longest  ulightly  Hhorter  than  anterior  rayH  of  uoft  dornal,  which  arr  uliout 
half  head.  Soft  dorHal  and  anal  with  anterior  rayn  highcHt,  tho  llns  imt 
falcate.  Caudal  widely  forked,  tho  upper  lobe  slightly  longer  ilnni  tin- 
lower,  which  about  0(jualH  head.  Anal  HpinoH  strong.  PentoniU  m  ry 
long,  falcate,  a  little  more  than  Hongth.  Ventrals  short,  ahont  \wm\. 
Color  somewhat  darker  than  in  C,  chrijsurns.  In  life,  back  giciii  wjtii 
blue  reilections;  sides  and  below  silvery  white,  with  bluish  and  [i  upliNli 
retloctions;  a  distinct  blacK  blotch  on  upper  angle  of  opercle,  c\t  mliii^r 
ou  shoulder  girdle;  inside  of  opercle,  and  skin  lining  shouhlci'  .inlli' 
below,  largely  dusky.  A  quadrate  black  blotch  on  back  of  tail,  oicimI- 
ing  backward  along  bases  of  upper  caudal  rays.  Fins  light  yellow  inh, 
the  dorsal  and  anal  edged  with  black ;  tip  of  upper  caudal  lobo  Mack. 
Ventrals  whitish.  Tongue,  base  and  roof  of  mouth,  and  skin  of  ii]i|)i'i 
branch iostegals  black.  Pacilic  Coast  of  tropical  America,  Mu'^dalcna 
Bay  (Stoiudachner)  to  Panama  ((iilbert);  common  at  Panama,  Imt  not 
seen  at  Ma/atlan  either  by  Gilbert  or  Jordan.  {Orqueta,  the  Spanish 
name  at  Panama.) 

ChhirnHCfmiliniM  f,r<i»ein,  .TnnnAN  *  (iii.iiKKT,  Pror.  U.  S.  Nat.  MiiH.,  1KH2,  (Mti,  Panama.    (Tv|«', 

N08.  i!itlf;r.,  2U'J7H,  2!t'J«.'>,  and  29:U:J.     Coll.  ailbort.) 
CliWdsfoiiihriis  stiriirns,  JotlKAH  &  GlI.liERT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8.,  188.'),  20('>,  (/(i^wn.v  lor '././ii.l.i, 

uiicorroctod  proof  Hlioot). 

1894.  ('IIL()ROS('OMBRU!$  CHRYSHRUK  (Liniin  iih). 
(Casaiir;  Bi-Mi'Kit.) 

Head  3J;  depth  2k',  eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  about  .3  in  lend. 

D.  VIII-I,  26;  A.  II-I,  '2Ct.     Head  rather  deeper  than  long  ;  oporcics  vtiy 

short;  snout  short.     Mouth  very  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  anterior 

margin  of  ej  e.     Chord  of  curved  part  of  lateral  line  scarcely  longer  tiiiin 

head,  IS  to  If  times  in  length  of  straight  part.    Lateral  line  wlioily 

unarmed.    Caudal  peduncle  longer  than  deep,  its  diameter  loss  tliaii  tliat 

of  eye;  ventrals  very  small,  fitting  into  a  groove  in  which  the  vent  is 

situated ;  pectorals  long,  falcate,  k  the  length.     Greenish  above,  siilcs 

and  below  golden ;  caudal  peduncle  dusky  above  ;  darl    opercular  and 

axillary  spots;  inside  of  mouth  black;  fins  not  bordorru  or  tipped  with 

black.     Cape  Cod  to  Brazil;  very  common  on  our  south  Atliintie  Coast 

and  in  Cuba;  not  valued  as  food,  the  flesh  thin  and  dry,  the  bones  larjic. 

{X(>vai>C)  gold;  oi'fui,  tail.) 

Srnnihir chriiHuriiK,  Linn.kus,  Sj'Bt.  Nat.,  xii,  494,  17Gfi,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Scomber  chlorh,  Ulocii,  I(dithjologiii,  plato  339, 1793. 

Microitlerii.c  comKipiilita,  Agassiz,  Spix,  Pise.  Bras.,  1()4,  1829,  Brazil. 

Serioht  mminpnlitu,  CuviEii  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  219,  pi.  250,  1833. 

Scomber  Utlm,  Guoxow,  Catiiloguo  Fislicw,  Kd.  Gray,  127,  1854,  Carolina. 

Cldoroscombrm  c(in}>J>iiiis,  Giuari),     'ex.  Bound.  Siirv.  Zoiil.,  21,  pi.  9,  tig.  C,  IS.W,  St.  Joseph 

Island,  Texas.     (Coll.  Wiirdomann.) 
Microi>leryx  chn/miriiH,  GCntiieu,  Cat.,  II,  4G0,  1800. 
CMoroKcombnis  chriiminw,  GiLl,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  U«:2,  4.'»7;  Jordan  it  Gimikut,  .•^yiiop- 

sia,  441, 1883;  Jordan  &  Gilbekt,  Proc.  U.  S.  N.at.  Mus.,  1883,  206 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


U3{> 


428.  TRACHINOTUS,"  Lac(<pMe. 
(I'Xmi'anos.) 

U'lrhiiii'l"^.  TjAOftPflPF,  Illst.  Nut.  Polw.,  Ill,  79,  IHO'.',  (/niraliin). 
iv«./w..'"-.  I.Acfl'i:i>n,  HiB(.  Nut.  1'oIhh.,  hi,  !I,'i,  lWf.i,  (i,l„rl,ii}. 
Aaiulhiii"-i.  }>\((v(.l>r.,  IIlBt.  Nut.  PoIkh.,  IV,  WX),  1S0;i,  {rlitiiiihoiilff). 
IMr'ihi'friin,  lldi.nniioK,  Icli.  Sdiilli  f'arollim,  8'J,  iHtio,  (/xoh/ikhh/i). 
Inlinilini,  ClHAIlH,  I'riir.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  IMllla.,  1H58,  lllH,  {nmiliiiiiH). 

Hody  C(»nip;'088e<l,  niodorately  elevated,  tlie  K^peral  outlino  oviitr. 
Caudal  peduncle  Hliort  and  rather  Hieiider.  Ahdoineii  luit  trciicliunt, 
shorter  tium  the  aiiul  fin.  Head  moderately  coinproNHod,  very  Idniit,  the 
Hiioul  aliniptly  truncate.  Month  nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  reach- 
int;  the  middle  of  the  eye;  premaxillaries  protractile  ;  maxillary  without 
(liHtinrt  supplemental  bone.  .Faws,  vomer,  and  palatiubH  with  bands  of 
villitortii  teeth,  whieh  are  deciduous  with  age.  Preopercle  entire  in  the 
adnlt.  (iill  rakers  short,  (iill  membranes  considerably  united.  Spinous 
dorsal  represented  by  fi  rather  low  spines,  which  are  connected  by  meni- 
liraiKt  in  the  young  but  are  free  in  the  adult.  In  old  specimens  the  spines 
appear  small  on  account  of  encroachments  of  the  flesh,  and  ultimately 
often  disappear.  Second  dorsal  long,  elevated  in  front ;  anal  opposite  to 
it  and  similar  in  form  and  size ;  2  stout,  nearly  free  spinea  in  front  of 
anal,  and  1  connected  with  the  fin,  these  often  disappearing  with  ago. 
Scales  small,  smooth.  Lateral  line  unarmed,  little  arched  ;  no  caudal 
keel.  "  When  extremely  young  the  preoperculum  is  armed  at  the  angle 
with  !t  large  spines,  and  smaller  ones  above  and  below.  The  spinous 
dorsal  is  developed  as  a  perfect  fin,  and  teeth  are  present  on  the  Jaws  and 
palatine  arch.  In  this  stage  the  species  has  never  been  described  by  pre- 
vious naturalists,  and  consequently  has  received  no  name,  as  the  cor- 
responding stage  of  NaucratcH  (Xauderm)  has.  At  an  early  period  the 
preopeicular  spines  are  absorbed  into  the  substance  of  the  preoperculum 
and  disappear.  The  spinous  dorsal  and  the  teeth  are  still  retained.  In 
this  ecndition  it  remains  for  some  time,  the  spinous  dorsal,  however, 
gradnally  losing  its  relative  size,  while  the  soft  vertical  fins  increase. 
In  this  stage  the  species  belongs  to  the  genus  Doliodon  of"  Girard.  At  a 
later  period  the  ra*)mbrane  connecting  the  dorsal  spines  has  beconu)  obso- 
lete; and  the  species  then  represents  the  genus  Trachynotus,  as  understood 
ly  Cnvier  &.  Valenciennes,  and  others.  Finally,  in  old  age,  the  teeth  of 
the  Jaws,  palate,  and  pharyngeal  bones  have  fallen  out,  and  the  lobes  of 
the  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  fins  attain  their  greatest  extension  and 
become  pointed.  This  final  stage  has  been  made  known  by  Ilolbrook 
under  the  new  generic  name  of  Bothrohvmus"  (Gil),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pliila.,  1862,  440).  The  pseudobiauchiie  also  disapi  v  in  old  specimens. 
Sorn(' of  the  species  of  Trachinolun  (carolinm,  etc.)  a.,  among  the  most 
highly  valued  of  our  food-fishea.  Most  or  them  are,  however,  not  of 
superior  quality.  {Tpnxix,  rough 
Travhyiiotus. ) 


vwTOf,  back ;  hence  properly  written 


.'■■■I 


121 


For  a  review  of  the  Bpecioa  of  TrachimUis,  see  Meek  &  G0S8,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Piiila.,  188-i, 


i'  ■ 


m\^ 


940 


Jiulletin  4j,  United  StaUs  NaliomU  Xfmeum. 


II.   I><iri<al  with  10  to  %»  Nol't  ray«;  HrmI  with  17  to  ID  mirt  ruyi. 

\>.  IIikIv  vi'ry  iiiiirh  roiiipp'NNi'il;  nIiIiih  wIIIi  iiikrniw  liliick  cruHa  liani;  lnlH'r*  i>r  \ 

t'lollRUtr,  ri'Ul'llllIK  pItHi  llljllllll'  llfniiullkl  III!  ill  Ulllllt, 


riiriil  nii> 


r.  Hiuiiit  niilitniiicniu  or  hourly  vurticul;  |irulllc  rrmn  Hii|iriiiirliilikl  to  frutit  nt  'ii>r«nl  fl 


vi'x;  ImiiilN  on  IhhIv  narrow,  oliMilutn  in  tlw 


II 

'•""VOX.  (ii.Ai ,  I ,,  i:u',, 

re.  Hnoiit  low,  very  olilii|uii;  prufllu  from  HiiiirikorbllHl  ri'Kloii  to  ilorwkl  wiik,  iv  con- 

young;  Vfrtlritl  lliiHwItli  i,,|, 

iiiiMiM,|.i .,  i:tif,, 

/>'>.   Iloily  iiioilorikliily  riini|ir<'iii<'i|;  hIiIi'h  without  iinrrow  lilikik  ii'unh  luirii;  Inlii..  i,i  Miiimi 

tliiM  Hlmrlcr,  riirriy  rriivliinK  Iihii-  of  cikiiilul;   loht'H  of  <luriiiil  ami  itiiitl  ii<iiully 

lihktklHh. 

i\.  Iliiily  liroiiil,  iiviilo;  thi'  liiick  nri-hcil;  tlif  uri'ikloKt  ili<|ith  at  all  uki'h  n<'itrl,v  '  .  Iiul-iIi 

III  lioily;  |ii'(illl<'  friiiii  noNtril  to  ilornikl  I'vuryNvhiiru  iiiurly  uviiul.v  rc>iiv<  \:  umI 

uilliout  liliii'k  N|Mit. 

>',   liiilii'H  lit'  vurtlral  lliiH  iiiiirh  i-li'viktud,  that  of  ilorNul  in  ailult  iiiiii  li  \< 


liuikil;  riilor  |iuli> 


IIX'T  tliuii 
FAI.IAIIH,  \XA'. 


I't.  Iiolii'H  of  viTtirikl  tluH  low,  lliikl   of  iliirHiil  in  adult  Hliortor  than  Iii'ikI:  ml., 


cliiHky. 


IT  I.  Mill,  IIW. 


ili\.   Iliiily  oliloiif;,  thii  |ii'i>flli*  not  Hti'oiiKly  airhril;   th(Mlu|ith  in  yiiuiiK  ami  nM  J  In '.'jj 
in  li'iiglli  iif  lioily;  iliirKal  IoIm'm  low. 
/,  Axil  with  a  Ji'l-liliki'k  Hjiut;  ilt>pth  alNiiil  2*.^  In  Inngth;  inout  hliiiii.  iiriijirt- 


iiiK  lii'yiiiiil  the  mouth. 
jj[.  Axil  not  Mark;  ilcpth  ahout  2j{  In  li-nKtli. 


KK.NNK.ini,  i;t:tii. 


iliMihll, 


I:i4ii. 


nil,  nin>al  with  'J'l  to  27  Hiift  rii.VH;  aiiitl  with  'I'i  t<      .  mift  rayn;  iHiily  oMoni;,  nillnT  I'lhii.t; 
Kl'i'ati'Nt  tliirklirNH  W  in  K>'ruti'Kt  ili'|itli  of  hiiily ;  ili'|ith   Ii'hh  than  liult' li'ii!,'tli:  lulxoul 
viTtiral  tliiH  Hliort,  not  hlark;  hIiIi'h  without  dark  rroHH  liiin*. 
I/.  llDrnal  with  2ri  Biil't  rayn;  anal  with  'J'J  Hoi't  rayN;  prollh-  rnnii  Niioiit  l<>  pruriiinluiit  -|>iii<' 


I'Vi'iily  convex. 
h.  ItiHly  Vi'ry  ik-(>|i,  thii  deptli  ahout  half  length. 
»/i.  Doily  iiiodi'i'alrly  iloi-p,  thu  dopth  alioiit  2'  j^  in  louKth. 
i.  Kriid  iiiiidiirati',  alimit  \  In  hiHly;  ilorHiil  lolii'  pale, 
II.  Ili'iid  larK<',  'Ij.i  to  ;)■._;  in  body;  dorvul  IuIk)  lilack. 
ijij.  Donial  with  27  Hoft  rayH;  anal  with  20. 


AltOKMKI  H.  i:ui. 


OAKOI.IM  M,  \.\\L 

I'.M.iiM  \.  |:'.i:i. 

lAVF.NNKNSIS,  I;I4I. 


ia»f..  TBACHINOXrS  OIiAlK  I'M  (Illorh). 

(fiAKK-TOI'SAlI,  P.kMI'ANO;  Oi.n  WlFK  ;   I'ai.ometa.) 

Head  4  ;  dopth  2;  eye  3?.  D.  Vl-I,  1»;  A.  II-I,  18.  Pyloric  nicM  Hi. 
Body  elliptical,  niiicli  compreHHcd ;  Buoiit  blunt,  Hnbtriiiicutc,  viiiiial 
from  mouth  to  horizontal  from  upper  edge  of  eye;  the  profile  fVoni 
supraorbital  to  front  of  dorsal  fin  convex.  Mouth  nearly  Iioii/ontiii: 
niiixillary  nearly  reaching  vertical  from  middle  of  eye,  its  It-n-^tli  I!  iu 
head;  jaws  Avithoiit  teeth  in  the  adult;  dorsal  spines  separatoiii  the 
adult;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  falcate,  the  anterior  soft  rays  reaching'  miilillu 
of  caudal  (in ;  dorsal  lobe  lA,  anal  IJ  in  length  of  body  ;  ventrals  n  .idl- 
ing },  distance  to  vent,  their  length  2=  in  head  ;  caudal  very  deeply  fm  1<<<1. 
its  lobes  nearly  half  length  of  body.  Color  bluish  above,  yioldfii 
below;  lobes  of  dorsal  and  anal  very  dark;  rest  of  fins  pale,  with  Mnish 
edges;  caudal  bluish;  pectorals  golden  and  bluish;  ventrals  wIuiinIi. 
Hody  crossed  by  four  black  vertical  bands  ;  the  first  is  under  tin-  i>ni- 
cunibent  spine,  the  second  under  the  third  dorsal  spine,  the  tliinl  .iiid 
fourth  under  the  soft  dorsal;  a  black  spot,  representing  a  tifth  baml.  on 
lateral  line  between  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal ;  this  is  sometiiiu->  iiiso- 
lete;  the  position  of  these  bands  appears  tobesnbject  to  slight  variuiion. 


fordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        WW 


Tilt*  yoxiiK  of  tliiH  N|)oci(>H  Iuih  not  y«)t  1)e«ii  (l«>H(>rihe«l.  Lt^i^tli  i;<  incliuH. 
'I'lopiciil  Aiiiurica,  fioiii  Virginiu  to  tlut  Citriltltvati  Hmi,  Keiiurully  roiiiinon 
t'ruMi  (.'iiroliiia  to  Florida;  a  very  liuudHoiiiu  tiub,  not  lii){lily  valuud. 
{ijliiiicii't,  y'/avKo^,  Ijoiiry  liluo.) 

,/„w,j.  ri;//iiiiciM,  ni.iirii,  Iclithyol.,  |il,  210, 1TH7,  Martinique  ;  on  a  (lKiiri>  l>y  I'm'mikii. 

IViic'^iH  '"V/'"'"*"'! ''''^■'">>^  VaLKNI'IRNNKn,  IliMt.  Nut.  Vi^K*.,  \lll,4lKI,  IKII;  JtildiAS  .V  (ill.llKIII, 
|>|M  I'.  S.  N»t.  MiiH.,  •iVl,  IHH'J;  JiiiiiiAN  AUiLliKiiT.  S>ii<>|mIm,  14:1,  1HM:I;  AIkkk  i&<Jimi*,  True. 
Ac    Nut.  S<1.  I'hilu..  laj,  IMK4. 

■tyiuhn'i'^iii"  •jlii»MU,  UVmtuku,  t'ttt.,li,  4M3,  18tKi;  QiLi,,  I'nto.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  I'liilu.,  I:ih,  tH*>'.'. 


198«.  TKAC'IIIN'OTl'N  KIIODOPrM,  (iill. 

(I'AMl'ANITd.) 

llcii.l  :U  ;  depth  2.  D.  VI-I,  20;  A.  II-I,  18.  IJody  inoro  olovatod  timn 
in  TniiliiiiotuH  ylnucim,  tho  Huont  lowor  and  tliu  antoiioi-  prolilt^  mmk^Ii 
iiiuro  straight;  mouth  rather  huge,  obli)|ii«s  the  JawH  nearly  u(|nal ;  tiie 
HiiDiii  low,  Homowliat  prominent.  Anterior  ruyH  of  dornal  and  anal  nuich 
IH'odiiccd,  reacliing  nearly  to  middle  of  caudal  in  the  adult,  nhort  in  the 
yoiniji;  caudal  deeply  forked,  its  lobes  2}  in  body.  Vonirals  Hhurt,  not 
leiiiliiiig  vent.  HhuHh  green  aitove,  Hilvery  below ;  uidoH  with  r>  Mhurt, 
luiirow,  vertical,  blackiuh  stripeH,  the  first  two  nearer  together  than  the 
otlieiH.  (he  last  two  sometimes  reduced  to  spots;  these  banils  always 
fiiitit,  obsolete  in  the  young,  in  which  the  vertical  fins  are  also  much 
lower;  caudal,  dorsal, and  anal  lobes  largely  of  u  l)right  iiuiroon  color, 
ur  Diiiiige  brown  iu  life,  the  anterior  edge  1)lackish,  shading  oil'  into 
pinkish,  this  color  present  at  all  ages.  Pacific  Coast  of  tropical 
Aniuiica  to  Panama;  very  common  on  Hun<lj'  shores,  replacing  Trachhiotua 
ijlanntH,  which  it  much  resembles.  The  ditVerence  in  profile  is  constant  and 
I'hinictcristic.  Not  uiuob  valued  as  food.  Length  2  feet,  {podui,  rutte-col- 
ored;  To/f,  foot.) 
TraihijiciluK  rho(li>2)iui,  OiLi.,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1KC3,  8.5,    Cape  San  Lucas;    (Cull. 

Xiuitiifl);  yoiint;,  2  iiiclicH  Iodk- 
f7Vii'%iii'/H»H(MM<»(i,  Gill, /.  c,  180;j,  85,  Cape  San  Lucas;    (Coll.  XuutuN);   young  of  1  luch, 

|iiis<ilily  yuiiiig  of  T.  ki'iinedyi. 
TnicliiiiiiiiKHfitiidiiluH,  Gill,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  iKfilt,  80,  Panama;  OCntukii,  FIhIi.  Contr. 

Anii'i-.,  434,  18(i9;  Mekk  A  Gobs,  I'roc.  Ac.  Niit.  Hci.  I'liila.,  I8M4,  12:J. 
Tradiiinutuii  ijlaucoidet,  GCntueb,  Troc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lonil.,  18C4, 150,  San  Jose  de  Guatemala. 


1887.  TBACHINUTU8  FALCATIIS*  (LiuimniH). 
(Round  P.iiwi'ANo;  Palometa.') 

Ikatl  3J;  depth  U.  D.  VI-I,  19;  A.  II-I,  18.  Body  broadly  ovate, 
iiiotlcrately  compressed,  profile  very  evenly  convex  from  procumbent  spine 
to  level  of  upper  edge  of  eye,  where  it  descends  almost  vertically.  The 
vi-rtii-al  portion  is  about  IJ- times  tho  eye;  length  of  snout  n.^arly  equal 
to  eve;  mouth  nearly  horizontal;  maxillary  reaching  to  vertical  from 
niidiilo  of  eye,  its  length  2^  in  head ;  jaws  without  teeth  in  adult ;  dorsal 


'  >l  mU\  TrachiuoliiH /iilealUH  \wo\o  to  l>o  identical  with  the  East  Indian  T.  urdtiis,  ns  ae\ora,l 
«ritci>  havu  Buppuaed,  the  American  name,  falcatiu,  has  prucoduuco  of  date. 


kJ 


Ill 


942 


bulletin  ^7,  UniUd  Stales  Notiomil  Museum. 


it|>iiii'H  hIiuiI  ttiid  thick,  not  cunnuctud  by  iiiuiiiliraiiu  in  udult;  sintritU 
HJiorl,  tiirir  tipH  Hciirculy  rcucliiii^  halfway  to  antorlor  anal  N|iiiii,:i  In 
iiitad :  luiuilal  witiuly  forktui;  loltuH  aliout  L'jj  in  lonj^th  ot'lMMly;  durNul 
anil  anal  llnH  t'ulcatu;  anttjiior  layH  rtMiciiinK  alnioNt  to  itoHtitrioi  iihI  oI 
llnH;  in  adultH,  dorHal  loho  2/i,  anal  lolm  1^,  in  lun^th  ut' body,  ('oldr 
liinihli  above,  Hilvery  btdow  ;  lobuH  of  dorttal  blauk  in  yonn^;  in  .hIiiIih 
tint  IliiH  art)  all  bliiJHh  with  li^htor  tipH.  Thu  yonn^  dill't'i'  from  tlio  utluit 
aN  abovo  dtmrribud  in  Ww  following  rimpuvtH:  Tliu  protllu  in  Hcaicily  con- 
vux ;  Hnont  Hliorter  and  I«>hh  vertical;  HpinoH  ninch  lon^ur  an<l  (KiuiucU'd 
by  nienibrant'K ;  lobuN  of  vurtical  llntt  Hhoitor;  dormil  lobu  witli  lilmk; 
tinr«  all  nnidh  darkui'iJawH  with  bundH  of  villifoiin  teeth;  *■>!«  Iar>{('r. 
WoBt  IndifH;  Capo  Cod  to  Mru/il;  abnndant  Honthwanl;  ran^nn^'  nortii 
in  thu  (inlf  Htrt-ain  to  Woodu  IIolo,th()  adnlt  raruly  tukon  noitliwuiil.  As 
a  fuod-litsh  thiH  B))ocicH  iH  Ichh  valuablu  than  itu  cuni^euui,  tardUinin, 
{J'aU'iitiiH,  Hcytho-Hhaped.) 

/,.(/»ii«  7'ii/<.i/"»,  I-iNN.nH,  SjHt.  Nat.,  K(l.  X,  17fiH,  281,  America;  Muhoiiiii  ilu  (icn. 
'DruchiHiiliiK  /iiUiitiiK,  .liiiiKAN,  rrcpc.  U,  ,S,  Nat.  Muh.,  .OTri,  l«Mti;  Mkkk  .V  (ii*N,  /.  r.,  1sn|,  1i;|, 
Chiiloilou  rhimifniiihf,  in.oiii,  |il.  iiot),  17H7,  Martinique;  <>ii  uilruwini;  iiiaili'  tiy  I'l.i  miv.ii. 
Tiiiihitiiiiii'  /<yi(iii«H«,  De  Kav,  N.  Y.  Fiiiiim:  Fishi'H,  117,  |il.  1!»,  tlj?.  6;i,  lHl'2,  New  Yoric  Harbor. 
Afiulliiiiiim  rliiiiiih<iUh.i,  liAif.l'l  DK,  l\M,  Nut.  I'dIdh.,  iv,  MO,  IHOII. 
Triiihiiiiitiii'  rhoiiilitililiH,  OuviKH  it  Vai.Enciknnkn,  Hist.  Nut.  I'dlM."*.,  viii,  4()7,  1831. 
Triwhyiiolun  rhomliiiidvn,  JnltiiAN  &  OlMiEIlT,  S.viiippHiH,  ",t74,  IWt. 

'I'riivliiiKiliio  /hkciki,  Cuvir.B  &.  Valkncif.nnf.B,  IliHt.  Nut.  I'oIm.,  viii,  410,  l8;tl,  Brazil. 
'I'Titihimolm  uinUm,  Ol'N'l'llEU,  Cut.,  II,  481,  IbCO,  (iu  part,  not  of  IilN.N.»;fM),  ami  of  niiin.v  ivum 
writtTB. 

181JH.  TRAt'HIN'OTI'S  CrLVKBI,  Jonluii  *  StorkH. 

Head  3)!;  depth  IJ.  D.  VI-I,  17;  A.  11-1,17.  Maxillary  .'<  in  lirad: 
eyo  'A'i ;  mtout  4^.  Dorsal  lobe  l-i',,  iu  head  ;  pectoral  If^,, ;  cainlai  ,',  loii;,ar 
than  head.  IJody  very  deep,  compressed,  the  back  nmcholevateti.  Snout 
very  blunt  and  convex,  the  rest  of  profile  straight  and  steep  ;  lower  Jaw 
somewhat  included ;  base  of  doi.sal  and  aual  very  oblique.  Doinal  and 
anal  lobes  rather  low.  Caudal  long.  Lateral  line  little  elevated  iti  iVoiit, 
the  curve  li  iu  straight  part.  Gill  rakers  very  short,  about  x  +  U-  Teeth 
persistent.  Uluisb  gray,  silvery  below,  tinged  with  yellow,  every  wlioio 
much  soiled  with  blackish  dots,  no  distinct  markings  anywhere;  the  axil 
only  slightly  dnsky  ;  fins  all  dusky  except  middle  of  caudal  and  hdic  of 
anal,  and  the  veutrals  which  are  whitish.  Five  specimens,  each  aljoiit  8 
inches  long  taken  in  the  Astillero  at  Ma/:atlan.  Close  to  TruchiiioiiisfdlatluH 
and  to  T.  ovaiii^,  but  with  the  vertical  fins  lower.  (Named  for  (Jeoi^e 
Bliss  Culver,  its  collector,  a  member  of  the  Hopkins  Expedition  to  Sin- 
aloa,  December,  1894.) 

I'riuhiiiuliis  riiU-eri,  .loiiiiAN  &  Staiikn,  Ui'iit.  Fisht'M  Siiialou,  MS.,  18'JO,  Mazatlan.    ('I')!"',  N"- 
2UU1,  L.  S.  jr.,  Uuiv.  Muh.    Cull.  UopliiuH  Expedition.) 

1839.  TRACHlNOXrS  KENNEDTI,  Stoindachuer. 

(Palometa.) 

Head  3? ;  depth  at  vent  2fr ;  at  anal  2i^„  in  specimens  2  feet  lonp,  yonn? 
somewhat  deeper,  with  lower  fins.  D.  VI-I,  ID;  A.  11-1,10.  Curve ni  lat- 
eral Hue  'i  in  straight  part.  Eye  5  iu  head  ;  maxillary  2^.  Dorsal  lobe  1-, ; 


fordan  and  FA't'rnuinn.— 'Fishes  of  North  America. 


043 


,;,iiilal  iulioH  \  loiigttr  lliiiii  liuatl.  routonil  1^  in  liuail.  •Snout  3^.  Louiit 
,li.Mtli  'I  caiHlal  iiu«liiiiolo  \\\  in  iii'iid.  Hodv  ol)l()nK,ct)iM[»r«)HHtMl,  and  <du- 
uiiud  at  liam-Hot'  (lorHuI  an<luna1.  Anturior  piotlloof  liiMulanovun  (mhvm, 
tliiNrii'iil  blunt  and  cunviix,  lino  Ntrui)(lit  froni  napo  to  tloiHui.  Moiitli 
iitudi'iiii)',  v«M-y  obH({ue,  HUlHuloiior,  tliu  lowur  Jaw  iiiunli  Hlioitoi'  tiutu 
iipiM'i'i  tl>o  nuixillnry  nsacliin^  to  poHtfiior  liordor  of  pupil.  Tuotli  oimo- 
letu.  I  oil  widuly  foi'k«;d,  tli«i  loltcH  ('i|ual.  LobttMof  doiMal  and  anal  low, 
nut  nIimi )i.  (iniy  ahovt^  with  dtiup-^riM-n  r«tluctionH,  lowur  liulf  Nilvury, 
v>itli  ^ll()n^  goldun  tiufjo;  axil  ,j«)t  blauk,  tlio  color  oovurini^  itano  of  tin 
iiiiilextfntling  Itubind  for  u  dintancu  nt-aily  tM|ual  tu  ryu,  ho  tliat  tlio  tin 
(Idi'H  mil  covor  it,  tliiH  iiuiik  uaid  to  bo  faint  or  wantinp;  in  tlu)  youn^; 
uii|ii'i  I'm  duHky,  tlio  caudal  ml^t'd  with  jtabM  ;  anal  dunky  witli  k**I*I('I> 
tiii^'r;  vttntialH  purplish  white;  puctoialHtluHky  ;  maxillary  with  abla<;k- 
IhIi  stii'uk.  Tropical  America,  in  thu  Nurf,  ratliur  common  from  Hahia  <lu 
Mapliilt'na  to  Panama;  hero  dcHcribcd  from  a  lar^c  Hpucinutn  from  Mazat- 
laii,  tlifpcr  in  )»o«ly  than  Htoindachner'H  typen,  which  have  the  depth  li! 
to'-'  in  length.  The  Pacific  Coant  repr«-Hentativo  of  TruclihiolHH  ijoodn, 
(Niiiimd  for  itadlHCoverer,  Lieutonunt  Kennedy,  of  the  HteaniHhip  IJuHnlcr.) 

j'/Mi/>//ii'^i<  Ariiii(''///i,  MTKiNiiAriiNKii,  Iclitli.  lii'iti'.,  Ill,  17,  |il.  VII,  ltt7r>,  Magdalcna  Bay. 
Trudiimlm  hnntdyi,  Mekk  &  Oo»«,  /.  c,  1884,  123. 


1H40.  TItAt'illNOTrK  <100I»KI,  Jordan  k  Kvcriimiiii,  now  HpocloH. 

(PEKMIT  ;    I'AI.OMKTA  ;    QltEAT    I'.iMPAN".) 

Ik'iul  :};  depth  2j}.  D.  VI-I,  19;  A.  II-I,  17.  Body  oblong,  elliptical, 
inudtMiitcly  compresued  ;  profile  nearly  Htraight  from  procumbent  Hpine  to 
uostril,  where  it  desceiulH  nearly  vertically,  forming  an  angle;  vertical 
[lurtioii  from  angle  to  Huout  nearly  equaling  eye ;  Huout  obliquely  truu- 
catt'd;  maxillary  reaching  slightly  behind  vertical  from  middle  of  eyo» 
its  lt'ii;,'th  2'i  in  head ;  jaws  with  bands  of  villiform  teeth  (these  disappear- 
ing with  age);  ventrals  reaching  ;■'  distance  to  vent,  their  length  2  in 
lieud ;  tips  of  pectorals  reaching  slightly  past  tips  of  ventrals ;  do;  .al  and 
aual  tins  falcate,  their  anterior  soft  rays  less  elevated  than  in  Ti'(uhinotu8 
falciitiiH,  but  extending  beyond  middle  of  fins  when  depressed,  their  length 
ill  tlut  young  4  in  length  of  body  ;  caudal  forked,  lobes  about  3  in  body  ; 
lateiiil  line  nearly  straight,  slightly  curved  upward  above  the  pectorals. 
Color  liliiish  silvery  above,  silvery  below  ;  dorsal,  caudal,  and  anal  lobes 
black;  no  cross  bars.  Length  3  feet.  West  Indies,  north  to  West  Florida  ; 
not  VL'iy  common.  Here  described  from  a  small  specimen  from  Key  West, 
tilt;  characters  of  the  adult  taken  from  Giinther.  The  sjtecies  reaches  a 
very  large  size,  larger  tliau  any  of  tlie  others  in  American  waters.  The 
^ijiecicfi  is  allied  to  the  African  TruchinotitH  gomiittis,  Cuvier  &  Valen- 
eieiiiicM,  but  it  has  fewer  dorsal  rays  (D.  VI-I,  22,  in  T.  (joransix).  (Named 
for  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode,  who  tirst  noticed  the  species  as  an  inhabitant  of 
the  waters  of  the  United  States.) 

'l\mhiim,fm  gnre'ihmi',  GCntiieii,  Cat.,  II,  483,  1800,  in  purt;  not  of  (JrviEii  \  Valenciennes; 

tiuoiiK.  \-  Hean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  187!»,  112  and  'XV.);  ayioi'wnvu  nuarly  3  feet  loiit;. 
'Ihicliiiii.iiis  fhuiUipim,  Jordan  &  Gildeut,  SynopsiB,  442,  1883,  and  of  Meek  \  (io.ss,  /.  c. ;  not  of 

Gill. 


'1 
-  t 


m 


^ 


944 


Bulletin  ^7,  [United  States  Natiomil  Museum. 


'ly.irhiiuitiiii  jiiioilii,  JoiiDAN  \  KvKKMANN,  MS.,  Key  West,  Florida.     (Coll.  Ji.i. 

No.  14ri5,  I,.  S.  Jr.  I'liiv.  Miib.) 
'I'raihijmUiii  airoliniiH,  I'oEV,  S.vuopsin,  371,  1868;  not  of  otlier  aiUhorB. 


'>!"■, 


;*, 


n 


1»41.  TRACHINOTHS  AltGKNTKi:s,  Cuvi.-r  &  Valencicnn.-s. 

Depth  2  in  length  in  specinwiiH  (>  inches  Iomj?  (2,',,  in  orifjinal  tyiic,  a 
loot  long);  cauilal  lobes  3\.  D.  Vl-I,  24;  .^  11-1,21,  (1).  2;"):  A.  :;:;,  i,, 
original  typo).  Lobes  of  dorsal  and  anal  '  ching  to  middle  of  Iimsc  oi 
lin.     Silvery,  with  blackish  on  tip  of  do  obe  and  on  nuddic  of  pec. 

toral.  Atlantic  Coast,  usnally  confonnded  witij  Tritclnimliis  c(niilitiiiKj  \t 
really  distinct  from  it.  According  to  Ur.  Bean,  this  may  ltd  a  valid 
species,  allied  to  Trachinoiiix  carolimts,  but  vith  the  body  d(;c]Mi,  the 
depth  being  half  length  without  caudal.  West  Indies.  Wo  have  situ 
only  the  original  type  of  nnjenttuH  in  the  museum  at  Paris,  fiom 
"America."     {mujentcuH ,  silvery.) 

TraMuotiiH  unjeiileiiK,  CfViKli  Sc  Vai.kmiif.snks,  Hist.  Nat.   PoisB.,  vill,  4i;i,  ls;!l,   New  York 

and  Rio  Janeiro.     ((!iill.  Dclaliinde.    Coll.  Milhcrl.) 
Tnahii  nlns  iiijirrun,  CuviEli  &  Valk.ncien.nks,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oi.ss.,  I.  c,  viii,  411,  1831,  Martinique. 

(Coll.  I'luc.) 

1842.  TRAC'IIIXOTl'S  CAROLJXrS  (LiiimMis). 
(Common  I'ami-ano.*) 

Head  4;  depth  2^  to  2*.  D.  VI-I,  25;  A.  Il-I,  23.  I'.ody  obloni;,  ((.m- 
paratively  robust ;  greateot  thickness  3  in  greatest  depth.  .Siioat  tVoni 
month  to  horizontal  from  upper  edge  of  eye  nearly  vertical,  wmie- 
what  bluntly  rounded  ;  proHIo  from  U])per  edge  of  snout  to  procuiiilient 
spine  evenly  convex.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  maxillary  reacliiiif,'  to 
vertical  from  middle  of  eye,  its  length  2J  in  head  ;  eye  4^  in  ht-ad,  alioiit  as 
loi'sr  as  snout.  Jaws  without  teeth  in  adult.  Ventials  reach  !  diNtance 
to  vent,  about  2  in  pectorals,  2A  in  head.  Dorsal  and  anal  liiiN  I'alcatc. 
anterior  rays  nearly  reaching  middle  of  fins  when  depressed  ;  dorsal  lolic 
4A  in  body;  anal  5A  in  length  of  body.  Color  bluish  above,  silvery  oi 
slightly  g<dden  below;  pectorals  and  anal  light  orange  shaded  with 
bluish  ;  caudal  and  upper  portion  of  caudal  peduncle  with  bluish  idlei - 
tions.  Length  18  inchee.  South  Atlantic  and  (Julf  coasts  of  I'liited 
States,  ranging  north  to  Cape  Cod  on  sandy  shores,  veiy  conuuoii  south- 
ward, rare  or  accidental  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  lirazil.  The  most 
valued  food-fish  in  our  southern  waters,  its  llesh  rich,  firm,  and  deliiate, 
superior  to  all  others  of  its  genus  or  family.  On  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is 
scarcely  known  as  a  food-fisL,  perhaps  from  its  scarcity.  (ccroUnuH,  from 
Carolina.) 

(laslrnisleim  cfirolinv:.,  LinNvKVS,  S>>t.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  lllO,  ITCifi,  Carolina.     ((!<>11.  Dr.  (Iiinlm.) 
f  Traehijnotiis  <irg<'ntem,  Ci'ViEli  &  Vai.knciknnes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisH,,  vili,  410,  lX;il,  New  York: 

Rio  Janeiro. 
'!  TrarhijHoUui  cupreu.i,  CrviKUi-  Valkncif.xnks,  Hist.  Nut.  Poiss.,  vill,  414,  18'J1,  Marti:  iqiie. 
'jyacliipioliis  pampaiiiin,  Oi'ViErt   \-   Valenciennes,  HiBt.   Nat.  Poiwi.,  viii,  41'),   18:il,   Brazil; 

Charleston. 
TinchynoUiH  cwcVmux.  .Tordan  k  Gilbeiit,  Synopsis,  442,  1883. 
TracbinotMcarolinM,  Meek  &  Goss,  l.  c,  1884,  127,  and  of  most  recent  writers. 


*  This  word  (meaning  Rrapt  leaf)  is  properly  spelled  P.impauo.  not  Ponipano. 


I 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        945 


1848.  TRACHINOTITS  PALOMA,  Jordan  k  iSturkt). 

Head  :!\  to  Sf, ;  depth  2i.  D.  VI-I,  24;  A.  II,  I,  23;  eyo  'i\  in  head; 
snout  -  ;  maxiUary  2i.  Dorsal  lobe  Is  in  head;  caudal  li',,.  Body 
ratkr  ilouj^ate,  the  back  moderately  and  regularly  arched;  Hnout  blunfc- 
ijli:  tlif  protilo  straight  from  before  eye  to  dorsal.  Mouth  large,  hori- 
/(iiitiil,  tilt)  jaws  siibe(|ual,  maxillary  reaching  past  pupil.  Lateral  line 
little  iiiilii  (1,  its  curve  1^  in  straight  part.  Teeth  well  developed.  Cau- 
ial  not  widely  forked.  Gill  rakers  shortish,  about  8  below  angle;  dorsal 
audaiiitl  lobes  about  reaching  middle  of  fin.  Silveiy,  without  spot  or 
band;  :iiial  creamy  orange,  its  tip  whitish.  Other  fins  i)ale,  except 
(Idiaal  It'lio,  which  is  blackish  ;  pectoral  a  little  dark,  axil  silvery.  West 
coast  of  Mexico ;  rather  scarce,  found  on  sandy  shores.  Length  about  a 
tout.  Ht'i'orded  from  Cape  San  Lucas,  Mazatlan,  and  San  Juan  Lagoon. 
It  is  extieuivily  close  to  TraehiHotus  carolinun,  hnt  has  the  head  rather 
laigur.  As  a  food-fish  it  is  unknown  to  Mexican  fishermen,  who  do  not 
(Ihtm^'iii^h  it  from  other  species.  Here  described  from  2  specimens 
t'loiii  Ma/atlun,  and  from  1  from  San  Juan  Lagoon,  the  largest  5  inches 
lon^.    (pidoma,  a  dove,  a  name  applied  to  fishes  of  this  group.) 

Tniihiiiolii^  1,'iUiiiiii,  Jdudan  itfc  Stakks,  Kept.  FiHhes  Siniiloa,  MS.,  18'J5,  Mazatlan.     (Tyiio,  No 
Ji:;,  I.,  s.  ,Jr.  Univ.  Mus.    Coll.  llopkiiiii  Expuditiou  tu  Maisutlaii.) 


,:.;  >, 


,,,   _..    ^. 


1344,  TKAt'HINOTUS  t'AYENNEXSIS,*  Cuvior  .t  Valencioiiiies. 

Deptli  (in  young  of  2i  inches)  2  in  length.  D.  V-I,  27;  A.  II-I,  2G. 
Form  of  Trachiiiolus  falcatuH,  the  body  very  deep,  the  snout  short  and 
very  tilmit  ;  eye  very  large ;  preoperclo  (in  type)  with  very  strong  spines. 
Dorsal  lolit!  2  in  head,  in  young.  Fins  all  pale.  Coloration  plaiu.  Cay- 
enne; known  from  one  very  young  specimen  in  the  museum  at  Paris,  in 
bad  coiKlition,  examined  by  us.  Close  to  TracMnotuit  J'alcatus,  but  with 
more  numerous  fin  rays. 

Tmliiiiiiiii'  . .i//('HHf iisi*,  Cl'viiii  a  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  vui,  417,  IS31,  Cayenne; 
GCiiiiiKit,  Cat.,  II,  485,  1860  (copied);  Meek  &  Goss,  I.  c,  1884,  12^ 


'I 


•i' 


Family  CXXVI.  POMATOMIDiE. 

(The  Bluefisiiks.) 

I5o(ly  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  small  scales,  which  are 
weakly  ctenoid.  Caudal  peduncle  rather  stout.  Head  large,  compressed. 
Mouth  large,  oblique.  Premaxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  not  slip- 
pinj;  under  the  preorbital,  provided  with  a  large  supplemental  bone; 
lower  J:nv  projecting;  bands  of  villiform  teeth  on  vomer  and  i>alatines, 
those  on  tlie  vomer  forming  a  triangular  patch;  jaws  each  with  a  single 
series  of  very  strong,  compressed,  unequal  teeth,  widely  set;  upper  jaw 
with  an  inner  series  of  small  depressed  teeth;  villiform  teeth  on  the  base 
of  the  tongue.     Occipital  keel  strong;  free  edge  of  preopercle  produced 


'Similar  to  tins  species  is  Trachiiiolnn  paitomn  from  Payta,  Peru,  also  known  from  a  very  young 
•■sauiple.    Dipth  2>^  in  length.    D.  28;  A.  27.    Dorsal  lobo  black,  snout  low,  bluntisU. 


if'.  ■• 


i\  N.  A.- 


-61 


wmr 


■m 


i;; 


•  1-.. 


:■'«; 


940 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum 


and  serrated.  Gill  membranos  free  from  the  istlunus,  not  unit- <1.  iSian. 
cliiostogals  7;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  PHoudoliranclii  c  \\\\^<f 
Gill  rakorH  slender,  rather  few.  Opercle  ending  in  a  Hat  point.  Cluelo 
and  oporcles  Hcaly  ;  lateral  lino  present,  unarmed.  Dorsfii  tinH  2,  tlio 
anterior  of  about  8  weak,  low  spines,  connected  by  ineinlpiuiio  and 
depressible  in  a  groove ;  second  dorsal  long,  similar  to  the  cioii;;iitt!  anal, 
both  fins  being  densely  scaly  ;  fin  rays  slender;  2  very  sniall,  fico  anal 
spines,  sometimes  hidden  in  the  skin;  ventrals  thoracic,  I,  5:  ixdiinci,. 
stout;  pectorals  rather  short;  caudal  fin  forked,  the  lobes  Itidad;  aii 
bladder  simple,  with  thin  walls.  Pyloric  ctpca  very  nunierouH.  XCrti'Iii:! 
10+14=21,  as  usual  in  Camiighhr,  A  single  species,  found  in  nearly 
all  warm  seas.  This  family  is  closely  related  to  the  Curumjidn,  inm 
which  group  it  seems  to  be  an  offshoot  toward  the  Percoids.  (CortniifuUi, 
genus  Temnodon,  Gunther,  Cat.,  11,  479,  480,  1860.) 

429.  POMATOMUS,*  LacC'pede. 
(Bluefisiies.) 

Pomnlnmns,  LAff:rftl)F,,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oif    ,  iv,  430,  1802,  (skih). 

(loiiciiii'ii,  l{AFiNKS()rK,  Ciirattori  Alcuiii  Nuovi  GeiiiTi,  53,  iHln,  i^irra). 

LiijihiiriK,  ItAnNKSOlK,  I.  c,  h'A,  1>*10,  {iiii'ililciTniicii»      hipliai). 

Tciiiwxl.m,  CrviKii,  Rt'^iic  Animal,  Kil.  2,  Vol.  Ii,  200,  182!),  (millotor). 

Kllliliriis,  Eici(WAi.i>,  Fauna  Casiiio-Caucasana,  1841. 

C/(n)»//.i,  (Uaidcii  MS.)  Giio.Now,  Cat.  Fishes,  E<1.  Gray,  18.'i4,  14!),  {riiiairuniiu), 

CheihiUiilims,  ISlkkkeii,  Nat.  A'cili.  IIoll.  Maats.,  Vi\t.  V,   2,  No.  1,  74,   1871,  {liei,lani,ill„i^:  ii.,i 

of  LAffii'KDE,  aH  earlier  restricted  by  Cuvieu). 
Spamctudoii,  Dk  Uociieukune,  Bull.  Sci.  Philom.  Paris,  iv,  159,  1880,  (nahial). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,  (t^)^",  operculum:  rnu,,!. 
cutting;  from  the  serrated  preopercle.) 

1845.  POMATOJirN  SAIiTATRIX(LinnH  iix). 
(Rn  EFisii;  Snap  MAfKEnEi.;  Skipjack;  Fat-hack.) 

Head  3^;  depth  4.  D.  VIII-I,  25;  A.  II-I,  26;  scales  il;").  Ijody  robust, 
moderately  compressed  ;  belly  compressed  .to  a  bluntish  edge.  Heiul  dcqi; 
top  of  head  and  a  ridge  on  each  side  above  the  cheeks  naked.  C'liutks 
much  longer  than  opercles.  Pectorals  placed  rather  low,  ilnii  Icnjjtlia 
little  more  than  half  that  of  head.  Coloration  bluish  or  yreen  !i  above, 
silvery  below  ;    a  blackish  blotch  at  base  of  pectoral 


Lenyi     '^  feet. 


*  The  following  words  of  Mr.  U.  G.  Elliot,  are  jwrtiucnt  as  to  cases  of  this  kiuil.  in 
generic  name  commonly  nsed  can  claim  no  rifilit  of  jpriority; 

*'  The  law  of  priority  is  very  clear  in  regard  to  the  treatment  of  such  cases,  but  soiuf 
object  to  have  itenforccd  on  the  ground  of  expediency,  and  because  it  would  bcapl  !■ 
fusion.     Doubtless  such  would  be  the  temporary  result  in  this  and  all  siuiilar  iiiHiii 
errors  are  corrected  which  have  been  continued  by  writers  who  liavo  .simply  t'l'llowiii 
without  making  independent  investigations;  but  the  confusiou  is  originally  caused  I  > 
commit  errors,  not  by  those  who  correct  them.     *    *    *     It  may  Ik)  incouvenient  l"i 
have  become  familiar  with  any  special  gro\ip  to  have  their  ideas  of  its  nuiiienclHtiiii 
by  showing  that  errors  have  been  committed  and  then  knowingly  continued;  bat  tli  i 
a  most  indefensible  reason  to  advance  why  these  should  not  be  corrected.     *    *    *■ 
tism  is  an  excellent  principle  when  it  serves  as  a  bulwark  against  the  commission  of  : 
it  is  a  most  baleful  principle  when  it  is  exerted  ugaiust  the  correction  of  errors.'"— iicoi'' 
Monograph  of  the  I'Ulidm. 


iiiiiiiralii't- 
I'lvati' ('"li- 
nn 's  Wlll'll 
cimIi  oilier 

IIh.-i'  Willi 

thiisi'  wh.i 

lii^tll^lll'll, 

1  u.iulil  I'P 

(  'oIlMTVil- 
lIlUH'S  lillt 

/  (.'.  KUul: 


1'  ■' 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


947 


Atlantic  aiul  Indian  oceans ;  widely  distributed  ;  of  late  years  very  al>un- 
(laiit  uii  our  Atlantic  Coast ;  a  lar^ru,  voracious  t'lsh,  extremely  destructive 
((I  otlici  iinlies  ;  highly  valued  for  food,  the  llesh  being  most  excellent. 
Occasional  in  the  Mediterranean ;  (specimens  from  Athens  examined  by 

iisi.    {sdlttdrix,  one  who  leaps.)     (Eu.) 

IWfii  mll'ii'ix,  liiNN.i'ius,  Syst.  Nut.,  K(l.  x,  1768,  i,  'i'M,  Carolina;  iiflcr  IWrn  miiriiia  milliiirir, 

ilicSKipJiick  of  ('atk.si)y. 
;>,pii /")'/('  ,  KiiubkAi.,  Pescr.  Aiiini.,  177.'),  Constantinople. 

i%iMiiitriiii  liri:l(iciiiilliiii<,  LAcd'^DK,  HJHt.  Kut.  I'iiIkh.,  Poft  Dauphin,  Madagascar. 
l'„itMlifm)is sl;llf,  LAuf:rP:i)K,  IIlHt.  Nut  I'oii-s,  iv,  4'M,  IHW,  Carolina. 
l„j,hiri»wlilerrauvns,  Rakinesqik,  Iiidicc,  17,  1810;  lifter  FdkskAl. 
limeiii"!!  frill,  Kafisksqve,  Iiidico,  f>3,  1810,  Sicily. 
rhnmisiiii'  nriinnii,  OnoNiiw,  Cat,  Ed.  Gray,  1-10,  1854,  Carolina;  "  Pisciw  HapidisHimuH  ct  palato 

I'liiiui'ium  uratiHsimus." 
5j,iiraito/"ii  uiibiiil,  Dk  Rociiedrune,  Hull.  Sci.  I'liiloiii.  Paris,  159,  1880,  Senegambia. 
i;miern»tiiin fiiltiUrix,  liiNN.ias,  S.vst.  Nat.,  Kd.  xii,  4fll,  17(i(i. 
Teimoilnn  s,ill,^lor,  ri'viEii  .t  Valenciennes,  Iliht.  Hat.  I'oIhs.,  ix,  225,  183;J;  iSToiiER,  IIlKt.  Fisli. 

Miiss.,  159, 1)1.  15,  fig.  1,  1839;  GCntiieb,  Cat.,  ii,  479,  18fj0;  Steinuachneb,  Ichtli.  Bcitrago, 

l^»>l. 
r.'iwilnimf-  xiiltiitnr,  Jordan  &,  Gimiert,  SynopsJH,  448,  1883. 
I'uiiMtuiiiim  HittiUrU,  Jordan  ik  Uiluert,  Synoi)sis,  914,  1883. 


Family  CXXVII.  RACHYCENTKID.E.* 

(Skkgeant  Fishes.) 

Body  elongate,  fusiform,  subcylindrical,  covered  with  very  small,  smooth, 
udliertiit  HCiiles.  Lateral  line  nearly  parallel  with  the  back.  Head  rather 
liioad,  low,  pike-like,  the  bones  above  .ippearing  through  the  thin  skin. 
Mouth  I'iitiier  wide,  nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  about  reaching  front 
ot  eye;  both  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue  with  bands  of  short, 
bbarp  teeth ;  lower  jaw  longest;  premaxillaries  not  protractile  ;  preopercle 
unaiined.  First  dorsal  rr^i-esented  by  about  8  low,  stout,  equal,  free 
8piue8,  each  depressible  in  a  groovo  ■  soft  dorsal  long  and  rather  low, 
somewhat  falcate,  similar  to  and  nearly  opposite  anal ;  2  weak  anal  spines, 
one  of  them  free  from  the  lin  ;  pectorals  moderate,  placed  low  ;  ventrals 
tliuiacic,  1,5;  caudal  tin  strong,  forked,  on  a  moderate  peduncle;  no  caudal 
keel;  IK)  fiiilcts.  Gill  rakers  rather  short,  stout;  no  air  bladder;  branchi- 
ostegals  7;  pyloric  C(vca  branched  ;  vertebra*  12  +  13=^25.  A  single  genus 
with  piohahly  but  one  species;  a  large,  strong,  voracious  shore  fish,  found 
ill  ail  warm  seas.  Its  relations  are  with  the  Scombroid  fishes,  although 
uut  elo.se  to   any   of    the  other   groups.      The   superficial    resemblance 


*Tlii'  .istcoloKy  of  tills  family  is  plvon  as  follows  by  l>r.  Gill:  "Acantliopterygiatis  with  a 
(lt|iie.wcil,  l.iuail,  distcnoiiH  iTaniiim,  thcf  medifroiitliuw  doulde,  plnn(>,  snilptiircil,  and  perfectly 
ccuriiiiitc;  the  splP'iiotiiK  with  the  upper  Piirface  piano  and  scarrely  declivous;  thi^  parethnioids 
exipitt'ij,  w  itii  the  upper  surface  nearly  continuous  with  the  iiiedifroutinefl  and  the  lower  with 
till' l«iriis|>h(  Moid,  and  imperforate;  theprosethnioid  with  a  larKo  and  nearly  s(|Uiiie  tubular  aiir- 
faiuiiiii\;t  -hurt  declivous  portion  at  a  very  olitiise  angle  with  the  former:  tin'  Bupraoecipitine 
»itli  an  aiit.riur  ecarinato  plane  portion  and  a  jionterior  eristiform  portion;  the  lateral  posterior 
cre-tsviry  I.. \v,  depressed,  and  ceasiuR  at  the  iiiedifroiitines;  th<^  basioecipitine  solid  below;  th(! 
exii'-rijiitiiir  idndyles  distant  from  each  other;  the  parasphcnoid  very  broad  and  eciirinate;  the 
Contour  111  (111.  body  fueiform;  tho  head  wedge-shaped  and  broad;  the  scales  small  and  cycloid; 
tlii^  cnuiliil  liii  with'  procurrcut  raylets;  dorsal  fin  lung  and  preceded  by  free  spines  recliiiuble  in 
growes,  uiid  normal  pectoral  uud  ventral  flus." 


J 


948 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Uachi/cntron  bears  to  Jicheneia,  as  Dr.  Gill  has  shown,  is  not  connt.ctnl 
with  any  intiniato  honiolofjy.  (ScomhruUv,  part,  Giinther,  Cat.,  i;,  37,-, 
l«t)0;  liachiccntridw,  Gill,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18S>5.) 

430.  RACHYCENTRON,  Kaup. 

Riichycpiilroii,  Katt,  Isis,  xix,  Col.  8'.t,  IS'Jfi,  {I'lpiit). 

Jliti-liiiciilidii,  Kai  T,  JhIh,  XX,  Col.  0'.i4,  1><2";  uiiieiitled  Kpullliig, 

I.en  I'AiwiiIrs,  CuviKii,  llcKiie  Aiiiiiml,  Kd.  2,  ll,  20;j,  lH2!t. 

Eliwate,  CuviF.n  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIsb.,  viii,  .328,  18.11,  {malabarku   .oi,iii,lu>) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  (pux'C,  lower  part  of  back- 
KtvTfwVf  spine.) 

1346.  BACHYCENTItON  C'ANAbUS  (Liunaus). 

(Serof.ant  Fish  ;  Crad  Eateu  ;  Donito  ;  Coiiia.) 

Head  Hj  tlepth  5|.  D.  VIII-I,  26;  A.  II,  25.  Head  much  <l(|>i(,s.seil : 
mouth  moderate,  the  short  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  I'lctoi til's 
broad  and  falcate  ;  caudal  deeply  emarginate,  the  upper  lobe  ,sli;,'liily  tlio 
longer.  Lateral  lino  wavy  and  irregular,  descending  posteriorly.  Olive 
lirown,  sides  with  a  distinct  broad  baud  of  darker,  and  a  Icms  distinct 
band  above  and  below  it;  silvery  below.  Length  .5  feet.  Wiiim  .•mus; 
common  on  our  Atlantic  Coast  in  summer,  especially  in  Chesiiiicakc  liay 
and  southward  ;  north  to  Cape  Cod  ;  not  recorded  from  tlif  Ka.sicin 
Pacific,  but  abundant  in  the  East  Indies.  (Name  from  Canada,  wlitif  tlic 
species  is  not  found.) 

(Imliroflciis  cimadiin,  Li.nn.kus,  Sj-Bt.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  491,  1700,  Carolina.     (Coll.  (iiirdc'ii.) 

Sciiiiilicr  iiiyei;  Bloiii,  Iclithyologia,  pluti' :«7,  1793. 

Ciiitroiioliit yanU-tiii,  IyAcf:pi":iiE,  Iliflt.  Nat.  PoisH.,  iii,  357,  1803,  Carolina. 

Ceutfoniihin  njimoms,  MlTCiui.L,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Pliilos.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  490,  pi.  3,  li;;.  n,  IMS,  New 

York. 
Klamte  jxmdkerianu,  Ci'TiEU  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisH.,  viii,  329,  IKil,  Pondicherry. 
KIwatr  iiiiitlii,  CuviEit  it  Valencikxnes,  Hint.  Nat.  Poiss.,  viii,  332,  1831,  Orixa. 
Ehirutc  vialaharka,  CrviKn  k  Valencie.nnes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoitiB.,  vill,  .332,  1831,  Malabar. 
ICIdcak  tilUnilicii,  Crvitai  &  Valenciennes,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  viii,  .334,  1831,  Brazil. 
Ehcafe  rawn^a,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fishes,  113,  i)l.  2.5,  fig.  77,  1842. 
Eliicdle  hiriltald,  Ci'viEii  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoiBB.,  viii,  338, 1831,  Molucca. 
Eliiciile  fiilciphmix,  GossE,  Jaiiiaini,  208,  1851,  Jamaica. 
Eliu'iik  iiiijrii,  GrNTllEii,  Cat.,  li,  375,  IHOO. 
Elucaie  caiiadu,  JuuDAN  &  tiiLUEUT,  Syuopsis,  418,  1883. 


Family  CXXVIII.  NOMEIDvE. 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  cycloid  scales ;  lateral  line  con- 
tinuous and  unarmed  ;  head  compressed  ;  opercula  unarined ;  nostrils 
double ;  mouth  with  a  lateral  cleft ;  upper  jaw  scarcely  protractile  :  teeth 
small  and  conical,  on  the  palate  as  well  as  jaws  ;  gill  menibiancs  tree 
from  the  isthmus  ;  branchiostegal  rays  .5  or  6;  dorsal  more  or  le.ssilivided, 
and  with  the  spinous  portion  shorter  than  the  soft,  but  well  dtx eloped, 
and  the  spines  slender.  Skeleton  with  numerous  vertebra-  (in  Xomfun 
16  +  25) ;   pyloric  appendages  very  numerous.     Genera  6  or  ^  ;  species 


for  dan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


949 


about  l'>,  mostly  of  the  open  etea ;    small  tishes,  rarely  used  as  food^ 
(.V,,Hi<(//((,  GUuther,  Cat.,  ii,  387,  1860.) 

K,  MKIM 

n,  Fiiilc  tH  nono. 

/,.  Vi'iitralH  very  long  nnd  brond,  longer  than  thn  pectorals;  attaclicil  by  a  membrane  to 
tliK  abUomon  ami  deiircgsiblu  iu  a  deep  Tiirrow;  niuiitli  narrow;  (cftli  on  Jiiwh, 
voiniT,  and  palatinoH.  Numkin,  4:!1. 

Ih.  Vi'utrals  niudoruto,  much  shorter  than  pectorals;  snout  inflated.  Phknkk,  4:!'J. 


431.  NOMEUS,  Cuvier. 

s,,mfv*f.ys\t.^^  B«»Kno  Anim.,  Ed.  i,  li,  ;il5,  1817,  (gronnrii). 

Hody  oblong,  rather  compressed,  covered  with  rather  small  cycloid 
scales.  Head  llatti.sh  above ;  occipital  crest  little  developed;  cleft  of  the 
moiitli  niirrow.  Teeth  small,  in  a  single  series  in  the  Jaws  ;  teeth  on  tlie 
vomer  and  palatines.  Pseudobranchiin  large.  First  dorsal  with  10  or  11 
8|)ine8;  .second  dorsal  and  anal  very  long,  similar  to  each  other,  without 
tinlets:  anal  fin  with  3  rather  strong  spines,  nono  of  them  free;  caudal 
tin  not  deeply  forked  ;  ventral  fins  long  and  broad,  attached  to  the  belly 
l)y  a  ineinbrane,  depressible  in  a  deep  furrow  in  the  abdomen.  Lateral 
line  nuiiiing  high.  Air  bladder  present.  Pyloric  cu'ca  very  numerous. 
VerteliiM'  16  +  25.  Small  fishes  of  tho  warm  seas,  our  species  living  com- 
monly under  the  protection  of  the  "  Portuguese  Man-of-\Var,"  swimming 
freely  among  its  poisoned  tentacles.  (ioo<le  &  Hean  mention  the  capture 
(if  10  individuals  under  a  single  colony  of  this  '*  Man-of-War."  (rofierr, 
pastor;  early  travelers  having  compared  the  fish  to  a  mullet,  harder  or 
umjcr'm  Dutch.) 

1347.  NOXEI'S  (JRON'OVII  (Gmcliu). 

(PoRTt'orERE  Man-iif-Wau  Fish  i  IIaudkk;  I'astoii.) 

Head  3? ;  depth  3* ;  eye  3,!  ;  snout  4,', ;  interorbital  width  4^.  D.  X-1, 
26;  A.  Ill,  26.  Body  compressed,  back  and  ventral  line  eijually  and  gen- 
tly arched.  Maxillary  reaching  to  below  the  front  of  tho  eye;  ventrals 
reacliinj;  front  of  anal,*  Ij-;  in  head;  pectorals  reaching  past  front  of  anal, 
a  little  longer  than  head.  Brownish  above,  silvery  below,  the  sides  below 
with  large  round  brown  spots;  cheeks  and  operclcs  silvery;  ventrals 
lilack,  with  silvery  edgings;  anal  with  3  brown  spots ;  caudal  with  brown 
spots ;  pectorals  brown  above,  white  below.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Indian  oceans  in  rather  deep  water,  swimming  near  the  surface,  very 
abnndant  in  the  Sargasso  Sea,  common  north  to  Florida  and  Bermuda, 
occasionally  farther;  Woods  Hole,  Mass.  (Barton  A.  Bean.)  Alsorecorded 
liy  Ei  jienniann  from  Panama.  (Named  for  Lawrence  Theodore  Uronow  or 
UronoviuH,  a  senator  of  Leyden  and  one  of  the  ablest  ichthyologists  con- 
temporary with  Linnajus.) 

(.v./(ii(sy,. „„„■;;,  Gmei.in,  Syst.  Nat.,  xiii,  120.5, 1788,  Tropical  America;  after  Gronow. 
Nimeusijrnmvii,  GCntheh,  Cat.,  II,  387,  18G0;  JoROAN  A;  Gilbert,  Synop.sb,  449,  188.'$. 


w 


r-:^:fi 


*Tlio  large  fan-nhapcd  vi-ntral.s  aro  used  in  support  iu  rusting  ou  tho  bottom.    In  swimming 
iney  aru  usually  closed  in  their  groove.    Goode  &  Beau. 


.riti; 


950 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Kleotru  muuritii,  Bl.ocii  A  Sciinkidkr,  Syst.  Mitli.,  (IC,  1801,  Brazil;  lifter  Piiinck  Mai  lin  »,. 
<inhiiimiirii.i  yroiKiriitiiiiK,  LacAtkuk,  HiHt.  Nut.  I'oiiw.,  ii,  ()h4,  IT'J'.I;  iil'tcr  filtoNow. 
Nonii-iiH  miiciilimiK,  IIk.nnktt,  I'roc.  Zmil.  Siic,  I,  18.'tl,  14(i,  East  Indies. 
Seriolu  imjiiroyiiilaii,  CtiviKB  &  Vai.e.nciknnkh,  IliHt.  Nut.  I'oisH.,  ix,  pi.  2ti2,  183;j. 
NoiiifUH  tiiiicuhiliiH,  Valkncikxnkh,  in  Cuvikii,  Uo^no  Aiiiiii.,  in,  I'oigg,,  pi.  r><i,  Ar.  2. 
Nuiiwuv  ujcyuriiD,  PuEY,  MuuioiiaH,  ii,  23U,  1860,  Havana. 


I    ■; 


i^- 


432.  PSENES,  Cuvior  &  Valonciennes. 

Pi>enei>,  Cuvier  .t  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  PoIhs.,  ix,  259,  183!!,  (>iiati«]>hriiH). 
Cnhirept,  LoWK,  Proc.  /oiil.  Sor.  London,  184IJ,  82,  {<jrm:itis}, 
Aliiiiiiiliiiiia,  Smith,  111.  Zoiil.  S.  Africa,  Fisb.,  pi.  xxiv,  iiliont  1842,  {c(i))eniie). 
Kiinirrhuii,  Dk  Filipi'I  und  Vf.iiany,  Mem.  Accud.  Sri.  Turin,  2d  Her.,  xviii,  7,  (mlcalii"). 
Ihwhelocimis,  Doi'MET,  lU'V.  ot  Mug.  Zoiilogie,  ISO,  pi.  XV,  (titedilpn-timiix). 

Body  compressed,  covered  with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  size.  Mouth 
narrow,  beneath  the  short,  swollen  snout.  First  dorsal  with  (>  to  lU  .siiincH; 
second  dorsal  and  anal  much  longer,  similar,  without  iinlets;  anal  spinvN 
3,  joined  to  soft  part  of  fin  ;  pectorals  larger  than  ventrals.  Lateral  lino 
unarmed.  Small  teeth  in  Jaws.  Branchiostegals  5  to  7.  Waiin  seas, 
known  chielly  from  very  young  specimens ;  found  in  the  open  ocean. 
(i/)//i»V,  the  osprey,  Pandion,  the  allusion  not  evident.) 

n.  Dorsal  rnys  ulioiit  XI,  I,  34;  anul  rays  III,  34;  body  docj);  iinsputted.         PELU'cinrs,  l.'MS. 

mi.  Dorsal  riiyH  X,  I,  2!)  to  27;  anal  rays  III,  25  to  27;    siduB  witli  parnllcl  dark  HtnuUs:  Inuly 

deep.  cVANoi'iiins,  lliln 

aaa.  Dorsal  rays  XI,  I,  22  or  23;  uniil  rays  III,  23;  body  oblong,  mucli  blotcbod  uii>l  l.,iiiil<il 

MACrLATIS,  infill 

nriaa.  Dorsal  rays  X,  I,  15;  A.  Ill,  15;  body  oblong,  inucb  spotted  and  mottled. 

UEori.rs,  1.151. 

184S.  PSENES  PELLUflDUS,  Llitkon. 

Head  4;  depth  2jt;  eye  2? ;  snout  4.  D.  XII,  34;  A.  Ill,  134.  liody 
high,  short,  and  compressed.  Pectorals  1^  in  head;  ventrals  as  lonjj;  as 
head,  extending  considerably  beyond  the  end  of  jiectorals ;  vertical  fum 
quite  high,  IJ^  in  head,  showing  a  tendency  to  become  falcate  postci  imlv: 
caudal  An  furcate.  Lateral  line  placed  high  ;  scales  small.  Dentition  as 
in  the  other  species  of  the  genus ;  teeth  in  the  maxillary  finei  and 
farther  apart  than  in  the  mandible ;  end  of  maxillary  reaching  to  verti- 
cal from  anterior  margin  of  pupil.  Ne.arly  colorless  and  seniitraiKsparent. 
Deep  seas,  one  specimen  taken  at  32°  24''  N.,  76°  55'  W.,  in  528  fatlionw, 
by  the  AlhatronH,     (Goodc  &  Bean.)     (iwlhicidus,  transparent.) 

Pnenes  ppllnciihiK,  LCtken,  Spolia  Atlanticn,  51fi  (10!»),  tig.  fiOl  (198),  1880,  Strait  of  Surabaja; 
GoouE  &  Bean,  Ocean.  Itlitli.,  221,  ttg.  228,  1895. 


1849.  PSENES  CTANOPIIRTS,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

Head  4;  depth  1;^  D.  X,  I,  25  to  27;  A.  Ill,  25  to  27.  Snout  sliort, 
truncate,  as  long  as  eye ;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting;  soft  donsal  and 
anal  scaly.  Body  brownish,  with  dark  parallel  lines  of  dots  aioii<r  tlic 
rows  of  scales,  sometimes  a  bluish  streak  above  each  eye.  Open 
sea,  widely  distributed,  in   the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Indian  oceanF; 


i4ii< 


fordan  and  Kvermann. — Fisfies  of  North  America. 


951 


rcconlcd  by   Liitken    from  deep   wuter  ott'  Jumuicu    and    Martini«{iio. 

(*iDi/iM«;,  blue;  <i<pi>rr,  eyebrow.) 

;Vii<<'.'/">i'';''i'','/»',  CuviKii*  Vai.ENoiennks,  Hint.  Nut.  1'oUh.,  ix,  2tiO,  pi.  2V,r>,  183;{,  New  Ice- 
land; LI'TKKN,  SiKilia  Atlniitiiii,  110,  IH8I1. 
I'tiuearii-'iiiicKM,  CuviKii  it  Vai.knciknnkh,  Itlwt.  Nat.  roisfl,,  IX,  2C4,  l«;i;!,  Java. 
;'.,.„,..,. I r.i/Hd,  Cuvieu  A  VAi.EsriKNNKs,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIhh.,  ix,  2(14,  l«:i;t,  Gulf  of  Bengal. 
/'„>„,.  '">riM,  GuicHKNoT,  Mem.  Sue.  Scl.  Nut.  f'liciliDurjr,  ISOfi,  i;i8,  Madagascar. 
i«(.ii./'-  iiiultiiadiatue,  GC.NTiiEli,  Proc.  Zoijl.  Soi'.  Loiul.,  1H"1,  tWll,  pi.  (il,  Manado. 


'   ■! 


I35U.  PHEXKS  .WACl'LATrS,  Liitkuii. 

Head  3^,  to  3J ;  depth  about  3.  D.  XI,  I,  22  or  23;  A.  Ill,  23.  Body 
liitlii'i' elongate ;  eye  3  in  head,  half  longer  than  Hnout ;  fina  somewhat 
Hcaly  ;  scales  behind  eye  and  on  interopercle;  no  others  on  head.  Pec- 
toral length  less  than  depth  of  body.  Teeth  in  one  row  in  each  jaw. 
Dusky,  with  diffuse  spots  forming  7  broad  cross  bands  on  back  and 
tail,  extending  on  the  fins;  first  dorsal  mostly  black,  second  with  2 
(laik  bands.  Open  Atlantic.  (Liitken.)  One  specimen  taken  by  the 
AlhairosH  in  27°  49^  N.,  76°  12'  W.,  at  the  surface  in  033  fathoms.  Accord- 
ing to  Liitken,  this  is  very  likely  the  young  of  I'liencn  cupennis,  Hmith, 
but  that  species  has  D.  X,  I,  19;  A.  I,  19.     {macitlatus,  spotted.) 

;Wi(( « //.iini/udw,  LOtken,  Spolia  Atlautica,110, 1880,  open  Atlantic,  39°  N.,25°4'  S.,  and  butwcon 
;il   mid  27°  W. 

1861.  PSENKS  ltE(i)l)LUS,  Po*>y. 

D.  X,  I,  15;  A.  Ill,  15;  V.  I,  5.  Eye  median,  3  in  head.  Body  regu- 
larly oval,  compressed;  teeth  uniserial,  cylindrical,  short,  slender,  close- 
set.  Silvery  with  blue  spots,  some  large,  others  rounded,  about  20  in  all, 
distributed  without  order  and  about  as  Largo  as  eye,  a  band  pas.sing 
through  eye  ;  cheeks  silvery.  Coasts  of  Cuba.  Length  3i  inches.  (Poey.) 
SpecinienH  apparently  similar  to  the  type  of  Pnenes  reyuhis  have  been 
recorded  under  other  names  from  the  East  Indies.  (rtv/M/Ms,  diminutive 
of  rc.c,  king.) 

/•«.ii,v  ,,;;ii/»,v,  Poky,  Synopsis,  .'175,  1808,  Cuba. 

Cnlili'i'^  iiiillriis,  Day,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lonil.,  1871,  flOO,  Madras. 

Ciil,iiri>s  indicinidUitiin,  GOntiier,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  x,  1872,  423,  Misol. 


f    * 


Family  CXXIX.  CORYPIIiENIDiE. 

(Thk  Dolphins.) 

r>()(ly  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small  cycloid  scales.  Cleft  of 
tilt*  mouth  wide,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting.  Cardiform  teeth  in 
tlie  jaw.'s  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatine  boties  ;  a  patch  of  villiform  teeth 
on  tlie  tongue;  no  teeth  on  the  a'8ophagu.s.  Opercular  bones  entire. 
Skull  with  a  crest,  which  is  much  more  elevated  in  the  adult  than  in  the 
youii^f.  A  single,  many-rayed  dorsal  fin,  not  greatly  elevated,  extending 
from  tlie  nape  nearly  to  the  caudal  fin  ;  anal  similar,  but  shorter;  both 
witlunit  distinct  spines  ;  pectoral  fins  very  short  and  small ;  ventrals  well 
deviloi)ed,  thoracic,  I,  5,  partly  received  into  a  groove  in  the  abdomen  ; 


T 


052 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


caadalflu  widely  forked.  Lateral  linepreueut.  Gill  iiiembrancH  t'w.v  t'lom 
the  iHthimia.  liraiichiostegaU  7;  no  pHoudobraiichiif.  Nu  uir  liliiildfr. 
Pyloric  appeiidageu  very  numoroua.  Vertebrm  about  30.  A  Hiiij^lc  ;;(iiiin. 
with  probably  but  two  Hpecies.  Very  large  ttubeH,  iuliabitiiig  the  Iiijri, 
NeaH  in  warut  regioiiH,  uoted  for  their  brilliant  and  changfahlr  iitUnx. 
{Scombi'id<f,  geuuM  Cori/phmui,  (jiiiuther,  Cat.,  11,  '104-108,  1800.) 

433.  CORYPHiENA,  Linnieus. 

(DOLl'IlINS.) 

0)r//;)/((PHn,  LiNN.r.118,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1768,  201,  (/ii;ij)i(n((i). 

CiiraiuomoniH,  l.Acfn-KDE,  Hist.  Nat.  I*ui88.,  ill,  20,  1S()2,  {prlayiitiit). 

IjejnmiiliiK,  UakinekijCK,  Ciiriilti'i'i,  etc.,  .'5.1,  1810,  {liii>]iiin>iilii<). 

Laiiqiiii/u$,  CuviEit  it  Vai.knciknnks,  IIJHt.  Nut.  Toixg.,  i.\,  :117,  1X33,  (piliiyicuH-  .vom,^'  (i.nni. 

Characters  of  the  genuH  included  above.  The  HpecicH  are  not  well 
known,  having  been  unduly  nniltiplied  by  authors.  Acconliiij,'  tn  I)i. 
Liitkeu  all  are  probably  reducible  to  two.  (KoplipuD'ii.,  the  naiiic  a|)]ilit'il 
by  Aristotle  to  Coryphwna  /iijy>«rM«,  from  «.Vt";,  helmet ;  (paiiu.!,  {o  sliow.i 

(I.  Dorsiil  nij'H  55  to  65;  nuul  2(;  to  30;  adult  iiiali' with  tlii' frout  Kf'-'at'j' "'I'vatiil,  toriiiin;:.! 

li it'll  <T08t.  iiii'i'liirs,  l:i.v: 

aa.  DorHitl  ra.vo  51  to  55;  onal  21  to  26;  profile  of  adult  malo  not  vnry  Htci'|i,  not  vitv  ililTinni 

from  tliut  of  tho  female.  f.ijiiski i^,  i:tj:;. 


:.:., 


185'2.  CORTPHKNA  IIIPPURIIS,  LIunicuH. 
(Common  Dolphin;  Douado;  Douuade.) 

Head  4f  to  55  ;  depth  5.  D.  .55  to  65;  A.  26  to  30,  Profile  in  .'uliilt  iiial.' 
nearly  vertical;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye  or  beyond.  Vcittdmi' 
30  or  31.  Ventrals  inserted  slightly  behind  upper  ray  of  pectdial,  it> 
length  1^  iu  head ;  pectoral  li.  Colors  brilliant  in  life,  the  head.  IkhIv, 
and  tail  greenish  olive,  changing  suddenly  at  death;  brownish  olive 
above,  white  or  goldea  below,  with  a  series  of  about  15  bright-biuc  spots 
on  back  along  each  side  of  dorsal,  the  largest  on  the  back  and  hcu<l,r<)riiiiii>; 
bands  on  the  snout ;  dorsal  purplish  blue,  with  paler  oblique  11  iies :  otlier 
fins  tinged  with  blue;  caudal  yellow  ;  in  spirits  pale,  with  blackisii spots 
aa  the  lower  parts.  Length  6  feet.  Pelagic,  north  on  our  coast  to  Cape 
Cod;  abundant  from  South  Carolina  to  Texas;  not  definitely  known 
from  tho  eastern  Pacific.  Remarkable  for  its  brilliant  coloration,  wliicli 
fades  at  death,  although  the  change  has  been  much  exaggerated.  A  ^'ood 
food-fish.     (Eu.)     (iTTTTOf,  horse;  oi/kI,  tail.) 

Cnryphima  hippiiriis,  LiNN.»:us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Kd.  x,  1758,  201,  open  seas;    GI'ntiiki!.  (mi..  ii.  I"''. 

ISiW;  Jordan  &  Gildebt,  Sjnopsisi,  914,  1883,  and  of  autliorn  (generally. 
Scomber  pelagktts,  Linn.t:vs,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  299,  no  locality. 
Corjiphniia/ascinlalm,  Pai.ias,  Spicil.  Zoiil.,  viii,  pi.  3,  fig.  2,  1772,  Amboina. 
Coriqihiiiui  cliryHiiniH,  Lac£i'£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poi8.s.,  ii,  pi.  18,  flj;.  2,  1799. 
Corypfiima  imperiiili^,  Rafinesqve,  Caratteri,  &c.,  33,  1810,  Sicily. 
Lepimphis  liippuroiden,  Rafinesque,  Caratteri,  ic.,34,  1810,  Palermo. 
Coriiphena  immaailata,  Auassiz,  iu  Spix,  Pise.  Bras.,  in,  pi.  56,  1829,  Atlantic,  off  Br.T/il. 
CoryphtKua  niorcyracii,  Cuvieb  &  Valenciennes,   Hist.    Nat.   Poiss.,   ix,    301,    1'*'X'.    South 

America. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


953 


0)r'/;i/(.i"<i  (Mfiirii,  Ci'ViKu  A  Valkncirnnkh,  Hint.  Nnt.  I'oiiH.,  ix,  »iiy,  iMli;),  Philadelphia. 
Oiriijih'' "■' il<i'"'l",  Ci'viKii  .V  Vai.knc  ik,nn>;h,  lliNl.  Nut.  I'oisH,,  i\,  3lt:i,  18:t;t,  Brazil. 
(■..niyhi  ••'!  iliilfim,  Cuvimi  .t  V  \l.KMiKSNKs.  Hint.  Niit.  I'liiHM.,  IX,  Mor),  iK!!:),  Antittcs. 
(;iri(j>'i.>"'i  t'i'!/>i(<i,  Cuvieii  ti.  VALK.Nc'iCMXtit*,  IliNt.  Nut.  PuiKM.,  ix,  3U8,  I8a:),  Martinique;  nfiiT 

i'l.l  MIKIi. 

Oinjiili:""!  ,iriii/ruru»,  OuviKu  A  Vai.knciknnkh,  /,  c,  ix,  ;tl»,  lM.i:i,  Sea  of  Coromandel. 

lUiijil I  rtiiiiiiiiijii,  Ct  viKii  A  Vai.km'iknno,  /  >.,  IX,  :iir>,  lKi:t,  seas  of  India;  urtcr  I!knai(ii. 

;,,„»;.";(">  «it'i/H«,  CiiviKii.V  Vai.kni'iknnbs,  /.  .■,,  IX,  iiiil,  IKlll,  Sicily. 

(!,r//;./i.'' "'I  urtiiiiherniilrH,  CUVIKII  A  VaLKNCIKNNKS,  /.   C,  IX,   III'),   18;i;t,  South    Sea;  ftfliT   (luterii- 

tjU 4  nrCoMHKRHIIN. 

Oinijilci  ii't  Hiii'ltri,  JoUVW  A  UlI.IIKHT,  SyiliipSlH,  4fir>,  1HH3. 


13ri».  C'OIIVI'II.KNA  KijI'ISKTIS,  Lliiiia>aR. 
(Small  Ddlimiin.) 

Il.ad  \{  to  4,i? ;  depth  35  to  4.  D.  r.l  to  Ho;  A.  '21  to  26;  vertebrsi'  3:^. 
Prolili'  of  lioad  convex,  Imt  not  noaily  vortical,  even  in  the  adult;  niax- 
illaiy  icacliinjj  front  of  pupil,  3*  to  4.,'  in  head.  Inuertion  of  dorsal  behind 
CM';  ]if(;toral8  e<|ual  half  length  of  head;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of 
oyi>;  prolilo  of  snout  becoming  nearly  vertical  with  age;  front  of  anal 
mikUm  middle  of  body.  Colors  brilliant  in  life,  changing  Huddouly  at 
(lentil  :  brownish  olive  above,  white  or  golden  below,  with  bright-blue 
8|i(itt>,  the  largest  on  the  back  and  head,  forming  bands  on  the  snout; 
(IiiimhI  ])iirplish  blue,  with  paler  oblique  linos;  other  fins  tinged  with 
hliw;  (.aiidal  yellow  ;  in  spirits  pale,  with  blackish  spots  on  the  lower 
imrts.  "  Male  with  the  front  elevated,  forming  a  crest,  which  projects  a 
little  beyond  the  upper  jaw  ;  female  with  l)lue  spots  along  each  side  of 
the  till],  regularly  arranged."  (Poey.)  Length  30  inches.  Open  Atlantic; 
rare  in  the  West  Indies;  not  recorded  from  coast  of  the  United  States. 
(«yMH>.  horse  ;  «</«,  bristle,  tail.)     (Eu.) 

t'.irv;i/i.iii.(  d/Hise^M,  LiNN^:us,  Syst.  Nat.,  KJ.  x,   1758,  201,  (iiiiHprintoil  eiiuineliii),    high  seas; 

.till  1  Dormlo  of  (Isiikck,  Uowi  (Jliiliii,  liOS,  17.'.7;  CrviKi!  A-  Valknciknnks,  Hist.  Nat.   rjjsc., 

i\,  J'.iT,  ISM;  .IdUDAS  >t  GiLiiKUT,  Syiu>i)his,  !il4,  1S8:5. 
O'l-iijil,:! ,ii(  (iiiiiUn,  Kakinkshi'e,  Caiiitteri,  Ac,  15:!,  THlo,  Sicily. 
iU-jijili:!  i('(  hssiiiiii,  CiviKii  A  Valknciknnks,  Hint.  Nat.  I'dIks.,  :jo7,  IHItt,  India. 
iMiiijiii.iiix  inimliiUtlus,  CuviKH  A  V.VLKNi.'iENNKS,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  ix,;'i27,  18:!;!,  Atlantic  at  the 

Equator. 
/,<im/»i.//(- )i.(ij)o/i7rtHHK,  CiiviEii  A  Valknciennf.s,  Hist.  Nat.  I'l'iss.,  ix,  liM,   \K\:,.  Naples;   alter 

l!i   'II. 
i''mij,li:i  ,in  it;:<i}i(ii,  CuviKii  A  VALENriKNNKs,  IliBt.  Nat.  Polss.,  IX,  :i06,  ISitlt,  Azores. 
'■"//,,(,  I /M  iiiiiivhdiita,  .?oiti>AN  iV  (iiLiiKitT,  .Syiio[)«iH,  4.54,  1881!. 

Family  CXXX.  LAMPRID/E. 

(The  Makiposas.) 

liiidy  ovate,  compressed,  and  elevated,  covered  with  minute,  cycloid 
sciilts.  Head  small,  rather  pointed.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  without 
teetii  in  the  adult,  its  angle  with  slits  in  the  skin  to  permit  the  motion  of 
tile  jiiws,  as  in  the  tunnies.  Premaxillaries  protractile.  Opercular  bones 
entire  Dorsal  fin  single,  very  long,  elevated,  and  falcate  in  front,  with- 
out ilistinct  spines;  anal  long  and  low,  not  at  all  falcate;  both  tins 


f 


■A   L  .i 


{»r>4 


'I 


i:'>^ 

h 


Jhtlletin  47,  Um'tfd  Statis  National  Museum. 


tlu|M'CHHil)l«)  ill  a  {{roovc;  vuiitriil  Diih  thoracic,  liiit  licliiiid  tli*;  |M-ctiinilH 
attai^litul  to  a  very  long  piihic  lioiut,  coiiipoHoil  of  II  to  17  mift  ra>-^:  pe^. 
tornl  tiiiH  lur^o,  t'alcatu,  tli<Mi'  Iuihuh  liori/ontul ;  (lamlui  tin  iiiiiil<  luttly 
forkoil,  JtH  immIiiik'Ic  Nliort  and  Hli-iidcr,  without  kctd.  A  pit  at  li;iNf  1,1 
caudal,  ahovc  and  litdov  ,  aH  in  ciMtaiii  NliarkH.  LattMal  lino  iniNriit. 
much  ainhod  in  front.  |{ianchioHtt>^alH  l>.  (iill  iiiciiihraiicN  free  rinin  tlir 
iHtliiniiH.  <KNO])haKiiH  not  arincd  with  HpinoiiH  tcrtii^  Air  hladdn  lur^'c, 
hit'iircate  hchiiid.  Pyloric  appondap^H  vttry  niiincroiiH.  Vcrtcliii-  I,'). 
Ilypocoracoid  very  iniicli  dilatutl  as  in  Jhamii.  the  entire  Hlioiildi  r  ;rir(llt> 
very  heavy;  the  ]nihic  bone  niiich  loii^^er  than  in  lirumn.  I'isht.s  ni 
lar^e  Hi/e  and  );oi)feoiiH  coloration,  inhabiting  the  open  NeaH,  tlu^  ijuiji 
liriii  and  rich.  A  Hiiiule  );enuH  with  probably  but  one  HpecicN.  Ii  iistni- 
bleH  tlie  tunnicH  in  the  cliaracter  of  the  IIchIi,  but  the  form  is  ver,\  liillcr- 
ent,  and  the  character  of  tlie  anal  iiuH  HeparatcN  it  widely  from  ail  ilm 
niackorel-like  liHlicH.  It  \n  tiot  certain  that  it  really  belon^rN  with  tlui 
Sioitihru'tdii,     (Sivmbridti ,  ^enuH  Lamj))'i>i,  Oiinther,  Cat.,  11,  II,'),  llil,  iKi'iii.) 


434.  LAMPRIS,  Jeot/iu8. 
(Mauii'Oha.) 

Litiiiprh,  Uktzii'h,  N.vii  IlandlnnK,  ill,  01,  179!),  {■j:.ihiliii>). 
Chriimlimin,  liM'kvf.W.,  IIi»t.  Nat.  I'oiHH.,  IV,  .IMti,  180'_',  (\i»w). 

Characters  of  the  ^cniis  iniduded  above.  The  siufjle  npncies  is  cdsnm- 
politan,  most  beautifully  (uilorcd,  and  uiiHurpaMHed  uh  food,  the  llvsli  rich, 
firm,  aud  delicate.     (/(i/i7r/w(,  radiant.) 


J 


1864.  LANPRIM  LUNA*  ((JinHin). 

(Mariposa;  Opaii  ;   Moonfihm;    San    I'kihio    Krsii  ;   Chavo;   .Ikiii  sai.km    IIahmoik  ;   (liwir 

FiKit  ;  (irin  AX  ;  I'diHSuN  liiNH.) 

Head  ;U ;  depth  I't  D.  53  to  r>o;  A.  ;W  to  41;  V.  II  to  17;  v(iiil.i;i 
23 -j- '22-=  15.  Hody  short  and  very  deep,  the  sides  much  coiii|ii(sm(1. 
Mouth  toothless.  Lonjjest  dorsal  ray  shorter  than  pectorals,  which  are 
nearly  as  lonjj  as  the  head.  Anal  very  low  in  front,  a  little  liiu'licr 
behind.  Color  a  rich  brocade  of  silver  and  lilac,  rosy  on  the  lully; 
everywhere  with  round  silvery  spots;  head,  operdes,  and  back  witli 
ultramarine  tints;  jaws  and  (ins  vermilion  ;  llesli  red,  of  varyiiiji  >lia<U's. 
Skeleton  strong  and  linn.  Length  3  to  ♦!  feet.  Open  waters  of  tlu' 
Atlantic  and  Pacific,  frequently  taken  off  the  Coah  .s  of  Eurniii:  not 
rare  off  Madeira,  occasionally  taken  olf  Newfoundland.  Maine,  uml  Ciilia. 
also  at  Monterey  and  other  places  in  California.  Our  specimiMi  i-  IVoiii 
Monterey.  One  of  the  choicest  of  fishes,  the  llesh  rich,  firm,  ami  nl  (Icli- 
cate  llavor.     (/</na,  moon.)     (,Ku.) 


*  W<^  liavo  lioforo  us  a  (IrRwiiig  of  a  Kpecimon  of  Lamprin  liimi  madi*  at  Snl'lo  Isliiml  I'V  .iMrnos 
Farrjiiliiir  ill  IKuli,  aud  soiit  with  an  aoroinpaiiyiii);  letter  to  Dr..).  BiTiianl  Oil|iiri  "I  lliililax. 
Mr.  Fari|iiliar  writes:  "  Jiimt  itiniKine  tli<'  body  a  lioautil'iil  Hilvor,  iiiti'r.<iirisiMl  with  -i'"!-  "i  1' 
lifflitcr  color  alioiit  tlii;  n'w.e  of  a  Hi-xponrc,  tli<'  eye.''  very  lar;;c  and  lirilliaiit,  wllli  a  irolli-n  riiiS 
around  tlKaii.  You  will  then  liavc  hoiih'  idea  uf  tliti  Hplimdid  appcarancu  ul'  tliu  lisli  »liiii  liv^h. 
If  Caligula  had  eeeu  hiui  I  might  have  roalizud  a  fortunu. 


Ionian  and  F.7>ermann. — Fishes  of  Nortii  America. 


1155 


/,«. Icii.i.    (iJiiti.iN,  Hyi-l.  Nut.,  Mil,  Vi'iU,  17HH,  Normandy;  iilli'r  I'dUkoh  ilr  Liim-,  l>i'  IIamki,, 

Dm  l',i:lii«,  111,71. 
I.,i,,yii\.<  »'*  IIkCnnh'ii,  DiuiNki' i^rlnkr.,  in,  :UtH,  ITHh,  EUinore,  Denmark. 
hwf'i""*  ll<iNNATKiiii»:,   KiK'vcl.  Ic'lilh.,  7'J,  |il.  :i!),  I7XM,  Torbay,  EnKland;  iiFIit  Opnh  of 

PlN>  \NT. 

/,,,«.()■.."/ 1 i,  Wai.bai  M,  Artiill  I'iM'ilini,  :i!i8,  17i»'J,  Norway;  iifh-r /iin  r.iiii/<i  l>(iiirr,,  of  SrniiM 

jj,',,m("r    i"M>i>Ti,  lll.Di'll    ,V  Si'llNKiiiKli,  Hytt.   Ii'litli.,  :|M,  lSO|;  itftiT  Sfniihif  ;ii7>i{/ii'i-' iif  (llNNKD; 

ii|H'('itiiciiK  ri'iiiii  Moiir  Throndhjem. 
//«. iw;. n.(//»,  Siiwv,  Nut.  Mi»i'.,  IV,  11(1,  IKiKl,  Torbay;  aftiT  (i|iiili  of  I'i.nnant. 
■/,m.fi!i,  Shaw,  Oi'iil.  '/.t<i\\.,  i\,  liH7,  1n(i;i,  Torbay;  iifiiT  I'bnnant. 
/..i/iij»'i<  I'tulii,  Ijiiwk,  KInIii'm  Miiilcirii,  'il,  \H\:\,  Madeira. 
iiviil'rm  ■ji'""li",  <'rvlKII  ii  VaLKNCIKNNKH,  Hint.  Nut.  I'liiHH.,  X,  :iu,  |il.  2H2,  18,'irr,  .Idhdan  &  QlL- 

11KRI,  SyiicipBiH,  Vi'A,  IKHII. 
Impri^  li""i,  iirNlliKli,  Oat.,  II,  4in,  IKflO;  Day,  KIhIi.  Great  Urituiii  llH. 
liminis  iM/iiid,  (iuoDE  <t  IIran,  Ih'cunir  Iclltll.,  '22:(,  INOA. 


Family  CXXXI.  l'TEUA(."LIDJE. 

Dors.'il  fill  vfli-y  hif^h,  continuoiiH,  with  itHiiiyHuU  Hiinpio,  not  articulate 
noi  liiani-liod  ;  anal  Hiiiiilar  to  doiHal ;  vtuitralH  jii<{iilui-,  iiiNortud  ht^t'oro 
pcotdialH,  about  iiiulur  the  oyu,  tiieir  rayH  I,  ',i  or  I,  5  ;  HoaloH  linn,  lohuto 
or  (>iiiar<;iiiatu ;  doi'Nal  and  anal  oach  with  u  husul  Hlu^uth  of  onlar^fd 
NcaloH,  tlio  tin  othorwiKo  naked.  OtherwiMo  chh*  iitially  an  in  tlm  Bidniidn . 
.Skt'lt'ton  not  oxaniinud,  the  vortohni'  jiiobably  uiinteroiiH,  tiio  attachnwMit 
of  till-  vcntrals  to  tho  Mlioiilihu*  girdlu  (U'iduntly  nnliko  thatHiHUi  in  th«« 
Iknmidii .  Two  gcMHM'a,  with  about  5  spocioH ;  Nniall  pchif^ic  tiHht'H,  notablo 
t'oi  till-  v«!ry  high  lins. 

II.  tViritml  riiy§  I,  :i;  Iiitoral  lino  faint,  Imt  pri'Hon*;  ilorsnl  lii'KiniiiiiK  "ii  IkmhI,  Its  bIioiI  riiys 
I'l'W  (aliuiit  2  or  :S)  iu  niinil)er,  tlio  tliinl  cir  forrlh  ray  Ihiiki'hI;  tci'lh  on  vnnicr  ami  pala- 
liiii-H.  I'TKitAi'i.is,  4:<.'i. 


435.  PTERACLIS,  Gronow. 

nrni-lis,  ORONOW,Actft  Hclvctlcu,  vil,  44,  1772,  (nli/eru). 
I)li.jnp,:lii^.  I,A(  (:pfil)E,  Hist.  Nut.  I'oirtg.,  II,  512,  1800,  {lelifera). 

Hody  oblong  ovate,  nincli  conipreHHcd,  deep  anteriorly,  growing  rapidly 
and  ii'<;;uiarly  Hlonder  behind  ;  scaleH  rather  large,  liiin,  «>a('li  one  with  a 
median  hori/ontal  furrow  or  einargination,  these  forming  distinct 
ati'iiitcd  lineH  along  the  rowH  of  Hcalea.  Lateral  liiu;  not  oii.solcte.  A 
slieatli  of  very  large  Hcales  along baHes of  doiHal  and  anal ;  a  iongaxilhiry 
Ncale  at  base  of  ventral ;  scales  on  head  aiul  breast  small.  Caudal 
pedmicie  slender,  the  caudal  fin  short,  Innate.  Vent  nearly  under  jtre- 
opiircic,  f  li<>  breast  very  short.  Abdominal  cavity  extending  mucii  behind 
vent,  a.s  in  the  llounders.  Ventrals  Jugular  in  position,  directly  under 
the  eve,  each  of  a  feeble  spine  and  about  3  soft  rays.     Pectorals  moderate. 

♦Wo  liiivc  no  moans  of  liiiowin);  wliii.li  of  tlit^  three  Bpccifln  iianiog  given  to  tliin  siiecie.i  in 
1788,  liiiKi,  (jiilliiliii,  refihiK,  irt  ciititleil  to  priority.  We  lmv<»  elscwlieie  rrpirdi'd  the  niinies  of 
'•ini'liri  as  prior  to  tlioce  of  Hoiiuiiterre,  uriil  we  liiiow  of  no  I'inlsoii  for  Hiipposlii);  llic  \viiil»  of 
llriiniii.il  to  111-  carliiT  than  eitlier.  Tlio  Rtill  earlier  name  jii'liuiiiii.^,  (jiven  by  (iunner,  in  an 
frroi-.il'  iiiciitificaliipii,  t\>i!  Hiomher  pclayUiiH  it{  Linnii'U.s  lieiiij;  a  i 'orijplnnin. 

t  Till-  .lapancHe  penus,  < 'intrdithnVm,  Hilpendorf,  lia.s  the  ventral  rays  I,  .'>;  lateral  line  olisolete; 
ilursil  I  .  _'iiiniiin  hcliiiul  head,  with  about  l;t  ;rradnatcd  rave,  tin-  fourleentb  ray  b>nt;e.-it;  no 
teeth  uii  \uiuer  or  pulutiues.    The  type  is  Veitlrophvlit  peUrii,  Ililgeudorf. 


onu 


Jiitllt'lin  V7,  I  ^nited  StaUs  Natiomil  Afitsenpn. 


/ 


DoiNitl  (III  fVct-NHivuly  liiKl>)  ull  tlio  luyH  uliko,  Hiiiipit),  fnmili',  and 
iiiiltraiM-litttl,  appciiiiiiK  liUu  liairH;  hoiiik  of  tliu  utittnior  niyN  lnL;ht>r;  j 
or  li  of  tlu)  anterior  Nliortur  iiimI  (;rii<liiiit«Ml  ;  thu  poHtorior  I'liyn  iho^ti'm- 
Hivoly  Hlioi'tor  ;  iiiNt  doiNal  ray  on  tlio  Iiuad.  Anal  Hiniilar  tu  ilnisul, 
<M|iially  lii^li  aiitl  alinoNt  art  \m\\1,  tlio  rayH  all  Hiinplo,  thu  tliNt  my  slinii 
Kyo  lar^o  ;  \n\.\w  uluvattMl ;  iiioiitli  lai't^M,  iiuatly  vortical ;  inaxillaiy  lniHtil. 
Bcaly  ;  tt'i^th  hiiuiII,  Hlnulur,  on  JawH,  toii(>;iio,  voiiiur,  ami  |iiil;ttiiii'N. 
l'Hontl()l)i'aii(!liia<  piuHoiit ;  air  hlatUluiHiiiall ;  co-cu  6.  Pula^ic;  liilus,  w  ii|,.|\ 
tliHti'iltiihMl.  (Trz/mr,  lliiorwin^;  K/.tiut,  to  cloao.  "  Tliunanio  iiMllratin<; 
tlio  (loiiblo  rowH  of  HcaluH  which  unibraoo  tho  baHOH  of  the  twd  vittical 
aiiH.") 

i:tr>A.  PTKUACIilS  CAKOIilNrM,  Ciivtor  A  Viiluiiclonni^H. 

D.  LII;  A.  XLIV.  Month  larK««r,  HcalcM  larger,  and  fonrth  or  l()ii),'OHt 
ray  of  tli«  doiMal  stonier  than  in  othor  spocioH.  Silvery,  willi  li|i,i>|| 
rt^lluctionH.  CoaHt  of  Sonth  Carolina;  known  from  a  nnitilati'd  Hpccinicii 
'1  inchoH  lonjy,  ovidcntly  th«  yonng  of  Honic  pttlagic  HpcciuN.  ((,'uv.  A  Val.) 
A  Nucond  HptH-.iiMtMi,  agrcoing  in  ffunural  with  tliiH  duHcription  lias  liuen 
lately  ohtainoil  hy  tli«>  AllxttvoHs  (Uoodu  Jlc  Koan). 

f  lieriiiliH  tiirhopliriin,  OrviKii  A  Vai.bnciknneh,   IIlMt.    Nut.  PciiiK,,    ix,  IKl",    iKi:!,    locality 

unknown.    I),  fid;  A.  44,    (('oil,  (jiioy  it  tiiiiiimnl.) 
IliTmlimninliiiiiii,  (U'viKii  A  Vai.knciknnkh,  /.  r,,  IX,  HUH,  18;i;i,  off  coast  of  South  Carolina, 

(irNTIIKIt,    <'ilt.,     II,    411,    |M(!U;    JuUIIAN    \,    <ilLlir.llT,    8yllO|IHia,    45.'i,    IMK:|;  (JomIiK    a    \\}.\tt; 

Ocoiuiic  Iililli>i)loKy,  212,  1«'J5. 


it 


Family  CXXXIT.  URAMIDiE. 

(TlIK   rOMKRKTS.) 

Body  oblonp;,  more  or  loss  elevated,  strongly  compressed,  covered  \\  itii 
firm  adherent.  HcaleH,  large  or  small.  Scales  lirm,  <!ycloid,  lohatc,  or 
emargiiiate,  or  with  a  median  ridge  or  spine;  this  character  tomicl  In  tlic 
young  of  all  species  but  disappearing  with  age  in  some  of  them,  .Moiitli 
moderate,  very  obliqne,  tho  maxillary  broad  and  scaly,  the  i)r(iiia\illar,v 
protractile  ;  Jaws  with  bands  of  slender  teeth  ;  teeth  on  vomer  ami  |i;iiii- 
tines  present  or  absent.  IMeopercle  entire  or  serrulate,  serrate  oi  s)piiioii(( 
in  tho  young;  operclos  well  developed.  Dorsal  and  anal  tins  loiij;.  HJinilar 
to  each  other;  each  with  3  or  4  anterior  rays  short  and  simple,  (h\  eloped 
as  spines,  the  remaining  rays  all  articulated;  soft  dorsal  and  aiiiii  hiuIv 
or  with  a  sheath  of  scales ;  ventrals  small,  below  the  pectoral ;  tlie  axil- 
lary 8(^ale  well  developed,  the  rays  I,  5,  Pectoral  long.  Caudal  ])ediiii(le 
slender,  the  fin  lunato  or  forked,  sometimes  widely  so,  liraneliio.-^te^'als 
7.  Pseudobranchia^  present.  Pyloric  cteca  few.  Air  bladder  present  or 
absent;  supraoccipital  crest  large  and  high,  extending  forward  to  t  lie 
snout.  Vertebra' numerous  (10  4-23:^39  in  lirama  ritii).  Skeleton  linn. 
Shoulder  girdle  thick  and  heavy,  tho  hypocoracoid  especially  laij^e  and 
much  dilated,  entering  tho  ventral  outline,  excluding  the  pubic  boiie.s  from 
contact  with  the  shoulder  girdle;  pubic  bones  short  and  small:  neurals 
and  iuterneurals  small  and  slender.  Fishes  of  tho  open  sea,  widely  di.s- 
tributed  and  ofteuiuhabitiugcousiderable  depths, subject  to  great  chiiuges 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  Amirua.        1>57 


ffitii  ii'.'i      Genera  3  (//)'((>/(((,  I'ltnnitH,  I'h riiioinhun)  w  ilh  alioiit  lOHpucioH. 
[Honiiliifid,  |»urt,  (iJtluther,  Cut.,  ii,  lOH-lll,  inm.) 

„.•  |)iii-al  (111  liORlniilnK  "t  a  iiolnt  iMihliiil  tli«  k'H  t>|ii>iiinK, 

h.  Sili'H   liirK"  ( "•  '"  f""  '•!   Ii'iitltliwlw)  m'rlcH);  lutrnil  llii"  (iliwilrtc  ;  i'i»ih  hoiiIb  ilccply 

uimirKli>i>ti'  "»*'  villi  a  iiu>iliuii  ImrixiititJtl  tUitii-  iiix  in   I'lnnilit  iiinl  tin'  yniinK  of 

lliniim);  tliiH  clinriii'tor  |><iriiiit«iit  tlirniiKli   lift';  fmlt  Dun  clilclly  Mitly  at  Inixii  itnd 

nil  til"  Ulitcrliir  liilii';  vi'lltrulH  ilidiTtfil  Ik'Toic  pec  IhIIiIk.  TAMAirr.'',  1:111. 

lili.  S  iilt'H  Niiiiill  (iiliuiit  roi  in  liitiTiil  lliii')  tlioHiMif  mIiIi'n  uIiIi  ii  Imikt  lioiiy  vtirliiiil  rlilK" 

mill  Ik  iiurrow  cyi  liiiil  l°ri-<i  inirl,  wlil<'li  roiu  ritlH  tin'  riil^o  in  IIikucIiiII;  lutrml  jjnr 

iU<Tulu(iuU;  itul't  Iku*  ttluiuDt  uutiruly  ticuly ;  vutitrulH  iimcrliil  Ih-Iuw  iiiMtoiuln. 

llllAMA,  1.17, 


436.  TARACTES,  Lo\v«. 

Turiulf,  l.'iW*:,  I'roc.    /iiiil.  Sue.  I.oiiil.,    IHOIJ,  H2,   ("»;"t,    prnljiilily  yiniliK  "f  lliiiiiui  i>r    7'iir.nY<« 

Inll'JII'lllllin). 

,\rifi,i Mil. KIN,  III  BlPlniliirlincr'M  KIhcIik  Jiijiuii,  ill,  7,  iHMl,  (WiiMiMWiiim);  imliH!  |in'i)C«'iipiuJ 

III  Mollllnkr',  by  lIcilmdNrli,  17111. 

Hodv  ovato,  coinproHsed,  tlui  iiapo  Iohh  olevated  tlian  in  Iir(imn,theihav,k 
iiKiro  N(i;  NcaleH  large,  firm,  doojily  enmrginate  an«l  witli  a  liori/.oiitui 
iiicdiaii  I  itljieorspiue,  lis  in  tin*  young  of  UraiiKi,  tliiH  character  ptirMintent; 
no  liilt'iiil  line;  dorHal  and  uiiul  more  or  lewH  falcate,  the  HpiiicN  lew  aiitl 
dIlmuIi'I.  iulnute  to  the  Boft  rayw;  hcuIch  on  the  Iiiih  largely  conliiied  to  tiiu 
antmior  lohe;  ventrals  small,  inserted  before  pectorals.  Caudal  simply 
himitf,  on  a  slender  peduncle.  A  well-marked  genus  interme<liate  Itelween 
I'll rticl i  1^  iind  Bnimn.  The  large  scalers  (lateral  line  4:5)  of  Tannim  asjicr, 
show,  as  Dr.  Liitken  has  indicated,  that  it  is  the  young  of  liniiiKi  Ioikj'i- 
liiiiriix,  rather  than  of  Brama  ruii.  This  species,  lontjipinni)*,  is  very  closely 
related  to  the  Japanese  form  culled  Anjo  ittciiitlachncrl.  The  name  TarncteH 
may  tlurcforo  supersede  Aryo,  which  is  preoccupied.  (rapuKn/r,  a  dia- 
tiirber.) 

litr>«.  TAUA<'Ti:S  SAl'HSI  Itll  (Liinol). 

Head  H  i"  total  length;  depth  2i.  D.  Ill,  MO;  A.  II,  20;  V.  I,  5;  B.  7; 
Hcalen  TiO.  Ikuly  compressed,  elevated;  back  and  belly  slightly  keeled; 
lino  of  iirotile  strongly  elevated  toward  front  of  dorsal,  thence  descending 
jjiaduiilly  to  the  forehead,  where  it  is  abruptly  decurved  in  a  semicircle. 
Eye  lai^e,  3  in  head.  Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  nearly  reaching  pos- 
terior margin  of  eye.  Dorsal  beginning  behind  base  of  pectoral,  its 
len^'tli  of  base  equal  to  height  of  body;  second  soft  ray  longest,  nearly 
^  of  iicight  of  body;  anal  inserted  below  fourteenth  dorsal  ray,  its 
tirst  Hot't  ray  Jdepthof  body  ;  pectoral  reaching  twelfth  soft  ray  of  dorsal ; 
ventral  under  base  of  poctoivtl,  its  first  ray  J  height  of  body.  Silvery 
and  gray;  the  dorsal, from  its  first  soft  r.ay  to  the  ninth,  brosidly  bor- 
dered with  white,  the  rest  of  the  fin  with  black  ;  first  7  rays  of  anal 
perfectly  white,  the  next  4  bordered  with  white,  the  rest  of  the  fin  black- 
ish; hoth  lobes  of  caudal  broadly  bordered  with  white,  the  (5  middle  rays 


*Di'rs;\l  lii'giiiniiiK  on  tlio  hcail  abuvo  ttin  proop^rcli'  In  I'leriiiDiiihus,  Frir«.  I'leri/nimlnis  lirama, 
Frii's,  till'  known  siH'cics  ol'tliw  ficinis,  iHthuH  far  known  from  Iceland,  Norway,  and  iifigliboi-iug 
waters.     It  Uoubtlugs  occurs  in  Greeulaod  waters. 


-^. 


Wf- 


'ii-iiitiig^iwiiiiiiinij^mnjmyMr' 


958 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


blackiHli ;  itoctorals  and  vcutmls  yellowish.  Each  scale  of  sidcn  1  in  spoci. 
iiieii  12  inc'icH  long)  with  a  spinous  lidgo  along  its  niiddio.  il.uiifl.) 
Havana.  Onu  Npecinien  in  thu  niusciini  at  (Joneva.  It  is  ovidthtly  w, 
Tarnctva,  bnt  with  the  lins  much  lower  than  in  TaractcH  l(iiiiiij,i„,iU. 
(Named  lor  I'rof.  Henri  do  Saussure,  of  (Jeucva,  a  writer  on  cnisiatea 
insects,  etc. 

Umiiiii  Kiiissiiiii,  lii'NKi,,  Kiiviio  (III  Gt'iiro  IJriiiim,  Moui.Soi-.  I'liyn.  IIJNt.  Nat.  Qeiii-rc,   \mi.  \^; 
jil.  •^,  18ti5,  Cuba;  1'oey,  SyiiopsiH,  'M'>8,  iHtW. 


m\ 


437.  BRAMA,'    IMoch  «.V  Hchneider. 

(POMKKET.) 

i.ramii,  Iti.ncil  k  ScilNRlliKR,  Syst.  Iclith.,  98, 1801,  (ntii). 
LijKiiliis,  ItAFiNKSyiK,  Curattori,  etc.,  63,  1810,  (wrnijn-). 

Body  ohlong  or  elevated,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  small  cyeloid 
scales,  each  of  which  is  usually  composed  of  a  bony  ridge  or  spine,  with 
a  cycloid  free  edge,  the  bony  vertical  portion  often  becoming  hiildtn  with 
age.  Mouth  wide,  oblique,  the  lower  Jaw  the  longer;  the  Jaws  and  pal- 
atines provided  with  slender  teeth  ;  maxillary  broad,  scaly.  No  tieth  in 
the  (esophagus.  Opercle  moderately  developed;  preopercle  entii",.siriu- 
late  in  the  young.  Snout  obtrse  and  convex,  supraoccii>itaI  civM  liii,'hly 
elevated,  extending  forward  to  tip  of  snout.  Dorsal  and  anal  fuis  very 
long,  both  wirh  th*.  anterior  lobe  more  or  less  elevated,  the  rn.>?i  lay  of 
dorsal  over  the  ventrals  and  notably  behind  the  head;  a  few  (Sort)  of 
the  anterior  i ays  developed  as  slender  graduated  spines;  ventrals  .small, 
thoracic,  the  number  of  rajs  1, 5.  Soft  parts  of  vertical  fins  eovtivd  with 
small  scalcj  except  along  the  edge.  Pyloric  co'ca  o ;  branchioHto^'als  7; 
vertebrae  about  40;  pseudobranchias  large;  air  bladder  large.  Slioulder 
girdle  very  heavy,  as  in  Lampris,  the  hypocoracoid  especially  thick  mikI 
large,  excluding  the  small  pelvis  from  contact  with  the  clavicle.  Neiirals 
and  interneurals  comparatively  snia!!.  Large  pelagic  fishes  of  du-iky 
colors,  widely  distributed  and  descending  to  considerable  dejulis,  tlio 
adu't  quite  unlike  the  young,  {Bruina,  bream,  Ahrumia,  the  species  hav- 
ing been  called  Jirama  marina  by  John  Ray.) 

((.  Doraal  rays  about  III,  30;  anal  rays  II,  19  or  20;  cauda!  not  det-ply  forked. 

h.  Caudal  fin  bordered  with  wliito  (ivs  in  Taracleii),  its  middiu  rays  notealiunt;  Idiij^cst  dor- 
sal rays  more  than  half  de|itli  of  body.  Acia^si/h,  1:i57. 
hh.  Oaudal  fin  without  whitish  border,  its  middle  rays  somewhat  salioiit;  luii^c.-i  u.rKil 
rays  g  dei)th  of  body.                                                                         iiRKViiomii,  !:!>. 
aa.  Dorsal  rays  'II,  31  to  33;  anal  rays  II,  26  or  27;  fieales  in  lateral  line  80  to  W\  longest 
dorsal  ra.'s  about  half  depth  of  body;  caudal  very  deeply  forked,  its  middle  nivs  nut 
talient,  KM  I,  l^nil*. 


♦  A  vory  elaborate  study  of  Tiramd  has  been  completod  by  Liitkon,  based  upon  alaifT''  scries, 
chiefly  of  young  specimens.  ConcerniiiK  li.  rail  he  concludes  that  it  is  (juite  cosim  P'liliin  in  its 
distribution,  occurring  from  the  Fariie  Islands  to  the  Cape  of  (Jood  Hope,  and  is  re|ii .  -intiil  I'V 
closely  similar,  if  not  identical,  forms  on  the  coast  of  Chile  (/i.  fhiliiixiH  &i)i\  ansliali'.  aid  New 
Zealand  (B.  sijimmnsii)  and  in  the  waters  of  Japau.  He  states  that  It  has  not  ye'  1"«  n  lomid  in 
the  West  Indies  or  off  the  east  coast  of  North  America,  overli)oking,  iierhajis,  tlie  iMCt  tliiit 
7?nima  rail  was  observed  at  the  Bermudas  in  1880  by  Dr.  Goode.  Ho  considers  D.  nrrini  m\<\  Ii. 
(himiimiiri  auii  Tdniclen  aajifrto  bo  immature  forms  and  gives  a  very  doubtful  accept^iiii'  fi...ix 
species,  claiming  to  be  distinct  from  JJ.  ruti,  described  from  various  parts  of  the  At!  lutic— 
{Goode  it  liean.) 

Bnima  rail  is  not  unl'reqently  taken  on  tht!  coasts  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Watliitigton. 
TaracUa  asper  is,  however,  not  the  y  /ung  of  Urumu  raii,  but  belongs  to  a  distinct  geuu^^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  JSiorih  America. 


i)59 


1357.  liltAMA  AOASSI/II,  Vwy. 

11,11(1  \\  in  total  with  caudal;  depth  ;i  D.  Ill,  21>;  A.  II,  21.  Nunihor 
ofNCttlt-^  not  stated,  piobahly  about  as  in  I\.  rnii.  Eye  3i  in  head  (iu 
j[Miiiiii  II  -  f»'et  long);  maxillary  reaching  past  middle  of  eye.  .laws  with 
haiidi  "I  villilbrm  teeth,  thoHo  in  front  larger;  no  canines;  villiform 
tirtli  III  the  i>alatinc8  ;  two  strong  teetii  on  the  vomer.  Form  of  the 
sciiles  iiliout  as  in  Ji,  raii,  their  free  border  thin  and  not  ciliated,  giviug 
tlMMlltit  of  an  opiuennal  membrane  attached  to  each  scale  and  n-tlect- 
jii^riidiill  silvery  color.  Longest  ray  of  dorsal  a  little  more  than  half 
(Icptli  of  body  ;  anal  inserted  under  thirteenth  ray  of  dorsal ;  ventrals 
twice  iiH  short  as  pectorals;  caudal  concave,  its  middle  rjiys  not  at  all 
linidiiiiil.  Air  bladder  large;  vertebrie  more  than  21.  Dusky,  with 
l)ii;,'iit  roliections;  caudal  largely  bordered  witii  whitish.  Cu'ca  7. 
C'lilia:  known  from  one  specimen.  (Poey.)  Apparently  allied  to  litama 
■i\\,  but  the  tins  are  shorter.     (Named  for  Louis  Agassiz.) 

ar.iiiMi.r/'i'^M.ii,  I'dev,  Me;iioriiis,  ii,  '2l»-t,  I81IO,  Havana. 


ISriH.  DUAMA  BREVOORTII,  Popy. 

Ileud  H  in  total  length  with  caudal ;  depth  2s.     D.  Ill,  1.7  (or  III,  30); 

A.  II,  21.     Eye  3J  in  head,  (in  specimen  1(5  inches  long).     Teetli  as  in 

IWamn  itiiitntizH,  but  none  on  vomer.     Second  ray  of  dorsal  ?  heigiit  of 

body;  anal  inserted  much  farther  back  than  front  of  dorsal.     Scales  as 

m  Jlraiiiii  agaashii.     Caudal  blackish,  without  pale  margin,  its  middle 

rays  Halicnt,  half  the  length  of  the  oiilci  ;    pectorals  shortor  than   in 

other  species;  tins  higher  than  Ii.  raii,  lower  tliini  in  H.  luiasnizii,     (Nioa 

><.    Color  as  in  Ii.  aijansizii,  except  the  caudal,     ilaviilia,  Citlia ;   known 

fioin  (lilt;  specimen.     (Poey.)     (Named  for  .James  Carson  llrevoort. ) 

llraiiui  hrrruoriii,  I'uKV,  Mcmoriiis,  11,  VdOO,  18('.0,  Havana. 

,/ 
1»5U.  IIKAMA  KAII  (Blot^ti). 

(PoMFRET;    ('AST.\(iNOI.E  ;   KhNDANIS.) 

Head  3J;  depth  2h  \h  111,  32;  A.  II,  27;  scales  13.80-23.  Pyloric 
ca'ca  .").  Vertebra  Ul -f -^^  =  '^0.  Eye  large,  4  iu  head,  as  long  as  snout. 
MiuilJary  2-,  in  head.  Teeth  on  palatines,  none  on  vomer.  Scales  of 
sides  of  body  in  adult  much  elougato  vertically,  consisting  of  a  loi.'^  ver- 
tlcul  bony  portion  which  is  sharp  at  either  end  and  does  not  appear  at 
the  .surface;  this  projection  extends  under  each  scale  above  and  Itelow 
for  ii  distance  nearly  eiiualing  diameter  of  the  visible  part  of  the  scale; 
this  til  o  part  forming  a  cycloid  lobate  flap  deeper  than  long;  axil  witli 
a  fiiii.;o  of  long  scales  attached  by  one  edge;  scales  of  back  and  belly 
smaller,  nearly  normal  in  form;  fin  rays  of  anterior  part  of  doisal,  each 
*itli  a  scaly  flap  free  at  one  edge.  Mi:xillary  and  opercles  scaly;  lower 
jaw  w  ith  rudimentary  scales.  Pectorals  long,  falcate,  reaching  middle 
of  .inal.  2i;  in  body;  dorsal  and  anal  high  in  fioiit,  but  lower  than  in 
Bmmn  ugassizii,  the  lonu'cst  rays  about  2J  iu  depth  of  body,  5i  in  length 
of  body  ;  caudal  tin  on  a  slender  peduncle,  deeply  forked,  its  middle  rays 


II  JULMITI"-!?;?- 


900 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


:  4 


not  salieut,  its  longost  rays  3J  in  hody.  (Jill  rakers  moderatti,  x  13. 
Color  sooty  jjniy,  with  sonio  soiled  silvery;  snout,  vertical  lins,  and 
region  above  anal  black;  edges  of  dorsal  and  anal  darker  ;  axiljci  lilack 
within.  Bon«!8  iirni.  Length  2  to  1  feet.  Open  seas,  widely  diKtiiliiitfd, 
descending  to  considerable  depths;  occasional  on  the  coasts  of  Ijiiop,. 
as  far  north  as  the  FaWie  Lshinds,  rarely  taken  on  our  Atlantic  ('o.i.st. 
lierniuda  (Uoode);  Cilraud  Bank  (Bean).  It  has  lately  been  fi(i|iii'iitlv 
obtained  on  our  Pacitic  Coast  in  diflcrent  localities  from  Santa  (.iialina 
to  Puget  Sound.  Here  described  from  a  si)ecinion  fotnul  in  tlic  Los 
Angeles  market.  Tu  our  sjtecimen  the  pectoral  is  a  little  longer  ukI  the 
scales  a  little  larger  than  in  Day's  ligi  re  of  tlie  Kuiopean  toim.but 
doubtless  the  SMne  species.  Many  of  the  known  specinu-ns  hav.  Iicen 
beached  by  storms.  An  excellent  foo<l-(ish.  (Named  for  liev.  .Jolm  Kay 
a  learuetl  naturalist,  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  predecessors  of  Liiiiiiius.) 
(Eu.) 

ISramn  mnrinn  i  niidii  foreipata,  Ray,  Synoiisis  Motliixlica  I'isciiiiii,   llTi,  171:1,  Middelbiirj;. 

Sfhiriixruii,  Bl.iiiit,  Iclitliyol.,  pi.  '27:1,  17!)1 ,  ftftor  Kav,  etc. 

Spanis  cimtani Ilia,  SllAW,  (it'll,  /oiil.,  iv.,  404,  180:5;  affrr  IiAi'Ki'i  hi:,  who  copi  i|  li'irn  l;i,..c  ii, 

Spitr'is  nii/ir,  'Vvnv»\,  IJritisli  Fmiim,  itH,  1S07,  Swansea. 

LeiKiilKK  saitniuK^  Rakinks(Mi-',  Ciiriitteri,  utc,  .■);!,  lUKi,  Palermo 

Brama  ibinmimiin,  CiviKii  \  Vai.knciennek,  IliBt.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  mi,  'I'M,  \HM,  Indian  Seu,  Lon- 
gitude 85^  E. 

.f/indMacnaii,  C'uviKK  .V  Vai.knciknnks, /.  c,  VII,  li'J.'i,  ls:)l,  Indian  Sea,  Longitudi  85°  E.; 
from  KtoiiKuti  (if  lio-iiifi  ulahiiKjii. 

f  llriiniinhiliwi",  Ga\,  Hint  A'hiU,   I'ecos,  21H,   1H4:!.  Chile. 

liraiiia  riiii,  Vm.f.mu.nnes  in  ('iviKit,  UoKiio  .\niiii.,  lUiistr.  I'fiiss.,  pi.  26,  titr.  },  ].■■,'  Chile 
after  (iAv's  typo. 

Iira,.i(i  raji,  Buicii  iV  II^ciinkiiiku,  Syst.  Iclilli.,  !•!!,  IKOl ;  .IcutiiAN  iV  fiii.r.iKT,  Synoip.sis,  il).  l^v;. 

Bramaraii,  Gi'Ni'iiKR,  Cut.,  11,  40i<,  18(10,  LriREN,  Spolia  .Vtlaiilica. 

Family  CXXXIIl.  S'0]INK(;ERIIDil=:. 

Dorsal  fin  low,  divi  led  by  a  deep  notch  into  an  anterior  part  of  .ibont 
11  slender  spines  and  a  ])oste -ior  part  of  about  18  soft  ni  ys;  scales  modor- 
ate,  each  with  a  median  keel;  veutrals  I,  5,  inserted  before  pociuials, 
otherwise  essentially  as  in  the  Itramiihv,  so  far  as  external  chaia<ter.s 
show.  The  true  relation  of  the  group  remains  to  be  shown  from  a  .itiuly 
of  the  skeleton.     One  species  known,  from  rather  deep  water. 


438.  STEINEGERIA,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

Sleintijersii,  Jokdan  it  K\  kkmann,  I'ruc  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mu?.,  1886,  4il7,  (ni'xwiii.v). 

Body  ovate,  considerably  compressed,  thickly  covered  with  ratlior 
large  membianotis  scales,  whicii  are  closely  imbricated,  and  each  wiilia 
distinct  median  keel.  CI 'ft  of  mouth  very  obli((ue,  the  lower  Jaw 
strongly  projecting.  .Jaws  ■  ith  bands  of  small  cardiform  teeth,  tlnse  in 
front  largest,  especially  in  tin  lower  Jaw;  teeth  in  villiform  liaiuls  oii 
the  palatines,  but  absent  from  fhe  vomer.  Premaxilhiries  proti.K  til'': 
preopercle  without  angle,  with  a.scending  limb  finely  serrulate,  ami  «itli 
a  few  coarser  teeth  about  the  angle      No  distinct  lateral  line.    Poisal 


'.'.*•'     !'■■ 


Jordan  aiuf  F.vcrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


9(51 


mid  aii.'il  fins  Boniewhat  elongate,  the  fonnor  deeply  notched,  with  11 
(jlfinU  r  spiiHiH,  tlio  latter  with  2  BpineH ;  caudal  lunate,  witli  short  and 
slc;iilt  1  i:'3duncle;  voutrala  I,  5,  inserted  before  pectorala,  not  depiessililo 
in  11  ),'ioove,  each  with  1  spine  and  5  rays.  Vent  well  behind  ventrals. 
A  single  species  known,  from  the  (iulf  of  Mexico.  Its  8kelot(>n  has  not 
IjttMi  1  xiiminod.  It  is  therefore  not  known  \w\\  close  its  relations  to 
/.'/■((mc  may  be,  1)nt  it  cannot  be  removed  far  froni  that  group.  Its 
dividi  il  dorsal  suggests  relations  with  Komcus,  but  the  scales  are  more 
liko  I  hose  o£  liruma.  (Named  for  Leonhard  Stejueger,  curator  of  rej)- 
tues  in  tiie  United  States  National  Museum,  one  of  the  ablest  systematic 
zoolo.^isia  of  our  time.) 


i:{(tO.  STKINGOKKIA  ItUltKSCENS,  .lordan  k  KNcrnntiiii. 

IIoad2S ;  depth  2;  snout  short,  f)  in  head.  D.  XI-I,  18;  A.  II,  20;  V. 
I,  ')•,  scales  5()-2ri.  IJody  ovate,  considerably  compressed,  the  greatest 
thickness  a  little  less  than  half  length  of  head.  Anterior  profile  from 
tip  of  snout  to  base  of  dorsal  nearly  straight;  outline  of  belly  prominent, 
tlit>ii\iH  of  body  being  rather  nearer  dorsal  than  vential  outline;  breast 
and  belly  not  carinate.  Head  but  little  longer  than  deep,  its  upper  sur- 
tacc  liiittish,  the  bones  not  very  firm;  intcrorbital  space  nearly  flat,  with 
2  ri<i>ios  about  as  broad  as  eye,  which  is  3J^  in  head;  preorbital  very  nar- 
row, somewhat  cavernous,  its  edge  sharply  detitate;  mouth  very  obli(iue, 
the  lower  jaw  strongly  projecting,  the  broad  maxillary  reaching  lo  below 
middle  of  eye,  its  length  i  that  of  the  head.  Each  jaw  with  a  band 
of  email  eardiform  teeth,  those  in  front  largest,  especially  in  the  lower 
jaw,  lint  all  of  them  small;  a  band  of  villiform  teeth  on  each  palatine 
hone,  Idit  none  on  the  vomer;  premaxillaries  protractile.  Lower  jaw 
with  conspicuous  pores ;  preopercl'j  forming  a  nearly  even  curve,  without 
distinct  angle;  ascending  limb  of  prcopercle  very  finely  serrulate,  with 
eoiue  1  or  5  coarser  teeth  about  the  angle;  ot'ier  opercular  bones  very 
tliin,  with  entire  edges.  Checfks,  operclea,  nu^xillary,  and  top  of  head 
closely  covered  with  scales  similar  to  those  on  rest  of  body,  l;rit  a  little 
smaller,  (iill  rakers  rather  short  and  w  ide  apart,  8  or  9  develope/l  //u  the 
1(  wer  part  of  the  arch,  the  longest  about  i^  length  of  eye.  Body  closely 
covered  with  membranous  scales,  which  are  closely  iml^ricated,  deeper 
than  long,  each  with  a  distinct  median  keei,  besides  which  are  some 
smaller  radiating  ridges,  especiaily  on  the  scales  of  the  sides  of  the  body. 
These  ridges  on  the  scales  form  continuous  ridges,  which  give  the  t/ody  a 
loiijili  appearance,  although  they  are  not  spinigCiTous;  stales  largf^cst  on 
middle  of  sides,  becoming  smaller  on  back  and  on  Ijelly;  no  distinct 
lateial  line;  fins  with  few  scales  or  none.  £)oisal  spinas  very  slender 
and  llexible,  some  of  them  ending  in  filaments  (all  more  or  less  inutilated 
Ml  typical  example);  soft  rays  separated  from  spines  by  a  deep  notch 
extending  neitrly  to  base  of  fin ;  soft  dorsal  elevated,  the  longest  rays 
about  1^  in  liead;  caudal  lunate,  its  peduncle  very  short  and  shnder; 
anal  I'm  high,  its  spines  short  and  slender,  the  longest  ray  IJ^  in  heal  ;  no 
free  anal  spines;  ventrals  iusti'ted  before  pectorals,  their  length  1',  in 
K .  N.  A. 03 


1;:: 


,^-^° 


i'HIPnwif 


i.       I 


902 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


head,  not  depresHiblo  into  a  Iihuuio  of  tho  ulxloniun  ;  poctoriilH  li  in  luad 
vent  well  buhind  vontialH.  Color  iu  liib  Miilniou  red,  liitlu-r  biii;lit  and 
nearly  nniforni,  darkur  on  back,  silvery  under  the  chin  ;  iinu  nil  salmon 
with  black  areas  toward  base  on  both  dorsals  and  anal ;  ventrals  liui,'ilv 
black;  liniuj?  of  opcrcles  pale.  Lenf^th  5  inchcH.  A  singio  spcciincn  in 
fair  condition,  waa  found  in  the  Htouiiich  of  a  Ked  (Jroupor  IVoni  the 
Snapper  lianks  off  Pensacola.     (ruhcucena,  reddening.) 

Slviiiiyoiid  ,vi/<c«i)/»,  .IimiiA.v  A;  Kvkiimann,   I'luc.  U.  S.  Niit.  Mum.,  1«80,  407,  Snapjiir   Banks 
off  Pensacola.     (Tyjic,  No.  IJT'JOl.     OdII,  Jurdiiii  A  Kveriiittiin.) 


Family  CXXXIV.  OENTKOLOPIIIDiE. 

(TlIK    KUDDEU-FISIIKS.) 

liody  oblong  or  elongate,  compressed,  covered  witli  luoderatu  lycloid, 
adherent  scales.  Lateral  lino  present,  straightisli.  IJones  of  htiul  .sdinu- 
timcs  serrulate.  Mouth  moderate,  with  small  teeth.  I'remaxillaiits  pro- 
tractile. (Esophagus  with  tooth-like  processes  as  in  Stronuttridn .  \ fite- 
bra)  in  normal  number,  10+  11  or  15  =  21  or  25.  Dorsal  fin  lonn,  '■>  tu  10 
of  the  anterior  rays  simple,  more  or  less  spine-like;  analsiniilai ,  ^lioiln; 
caudal  lunate,  on  a  ratlier  stout  peduncle  ;  ventrals  well  develoiitil.  tlm- 
racic,I,5.  Skeleton  moderately  firm.  Fishes  of  tho  open  seas,  inlialii! 
lug  moderate  depths.  Three  genera  and  about  (i  species  recogiii/nl.  Tliis 
group  is  closely  related  to  the  StromaithUv,  but  seems  worthy  ol  >()iiinit( 
recognition.     Hkntrolophinu',  Gill,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  xxi,  (ititl,  ],s,sl.) 

CK.NTUcii.oniiN.i-: : 

((.  iJoi'.sal  Hpiiies  sleudor,  (j;iiulliatod,  joined  l)y  thu  meinlinmu;  soft  iiivh  iuoili:i:ilrh  .  irviit^il; 
Iwml  iiiikcd,  itH  btmori  entire.  CKNTU'ii.nnn  >,  l;i;i, 

Mui'iN  v:: 

(HI.  Dorsal  spinos  blmrt  and  stont,  sulieciual,  about  as  long  a.s  soft  rays;  liiis  not  tiilrai.-.  .-jj.  r- 
of  liead  sraly. 
6.  Kyes  small;   dorsal  spinea  Heareoly  eonnoctod  by  nioinbrunu;  ineopenl' .  ini' in|i  ivlc 
and  suboperole  linely  Berrato.  Palinikp  iiiii\s,  llD, 


iv 


r* 


439.  CENTROLOPHUS,  Lac6pede. 
(Black  Kukfs.) 

Ceiitrnl-ipliiif,  liAOi':pi^:DF.,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  411,  1803,  {iiign-). 
I'uiiijiUks^  Lowk,  I'roc.  7ii>i'A.  Soe.  Lon<l.,  81,  ISM),  (piniijiilusi. 
AcenlnilojihiiK,  Nakho,  Prodr.  lelith.  Adriat.,  sp.  G2,  iiiiaciilosn.s). 
Gijiiminfiihuhis,  ('ocfo,  Gioiii.  Soi.  Lt^ltr.  Sic,  20,  1829,  (iiicsKini'mfh). 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  minute  t,:  t^les;  lateral  line  presenl,  aiolied 
anteriorly.  Head  naked,  unarmed.  Mouth  rather  small,  with  small  tt'itli 
in  jaws  only.  Epibrauchials  of  fourth  gill  arch  with  long,  tooilnd  ino- 
cesses  as  in  Stromatvun,  lllwmhux,  Mnpns*  and  I'alinitrichthyn.  Doisiil  loiij;, 
continuous,  not  falcate,  with  about  3  slender,  graduated  spines.  Dorsal 
aud  anal  scaly  ;  anal  with  .^  slender  spines.     Ventrals  moderate,  ilidiaoic. 

*  ^flllllll',  Cocco  Leinis,  Lowo,  bused  ou  Mttjnts  imperialiK,  Cocco—  OeiUroloplins  •ir<ili.\  I'initr 
.t  Valcneionucs. 


(■.■   ! 
4  ■ 


Jordan  anU  liver mann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


963 


I  ,').  rccioralu  inodorutu.  (Juiulul  foikud.  Air  bltuhha*  hiiiuU.  Pyloric 
cdta  1'  "1"  10.  Tlueo  Hpocius  kuowu,  from  tho  Atluutic  uud  Pacitic. 
{xivT^ov,  siiino  ;  /\6i>«(;,  crest.) 

13«1.  t'KNTIUUiOlMUS  NHiKIl  (Giiiuliu). 
(Bi.Ai'KriKii  ;  lii.ACK  KiKCK  ;  Burlark.) 

Head  r.  in  total  length  ;  depth  4  to  5.  D.  Ill,  H5  to  .3H;  A.  Ill,  20  to  22; 
vertelir:"' 11  +  11;  cd'ca  9.  Maxillary  reaching  to  below  frontofeye.  JJor- 
nal  iuHeitcd  above  lirst  third  of  pectoral.  Scales  minute,  forming  a  Hheath 
aloiij;  lianal  third  of  vertical  (iua.  Dark  l)ro\vn,  clouded  or  spotted  with 
|ialer.  Coasts  of  eonthern  Europe,  not  rare  in  rather  deep  water;  one 
HIieciiiK'M,  i)  inches  long,  taken  at  Ueuuis,  Massachusetts,  in  \Wi,,  (niyvr, 
black.)    (Eu.) 

iVrai  iifjrii,  flMELiN,  Syst.  Nat.,  1321, 1788,  Cornwall. 

Onirnl,>i.hii!<  lijiiirii,  IliB.«o,  Kiir.  Murid.,  lit,  liliT,  IS'JO,  Nice. 

Coilriitniiliiix  miiiii),  CIuviER  &  Vai.bnciknnks,  Ilist.  Nat.  I'oiRs.,  ix,  lU'J,  l.x'tM,  Mediterranean. 

Cetitriihii'hi'x  }ir'iiijiihi.i,  Cl'ViKn  &  Vai.Evciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'uisti.,  i.\,  .Til,  In:!:!;  m.t  uf  I.inn.i:iis, 

will)  iliscrilic'8  some  very  diirort'iit  fish  aH  Oiriiplnimt   iiiiiiipHun. 
,ireiiir,:lfi'!iiis  )iiaiiiliisu»,  Naudu,  I'roJr.  Iclitli.  Ailriut.,  No.tia,  IhIh,  (UA.  ns,  l.'^JT,  Adriatic. 
i'aitrulvplnii  iiiya;  (Jt'.NTUJSU,  Cut.  Fislies,  ii,  403;  Ouode  &  Bean,  (Jci'uu.  Ithtli.,  '.iH. 


440.  PALINURICHTHYS,  Bleeker 
(Black  Rudder  Flsuks.) 

PaUniirm,  He  Kay,  Now  York,  Fauna:  Fishes,  118,  1842,  (perfifomiis)  (iiriM)ccui)it'il  in  < 'iHntaceu,) 
Piitiiiiinrhlhiiii,  Bi.EEKER,  Kiiiini,  Spcc.  I'lsc.  .Vrcli.  lud.,  22,  Novcmlx'!',  IK'i!),  (j><  ni/oniii"). 
PiiliwiiK  hlhi/s,  Oii,L,  Troc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc-i.  I'liila.,  Jan.,  1800,*  20,  {percifunnu'). 
Piiiiiiiirl<i~^  (ICnthku,  Cat.,  II,  485,  June,  1800,  {pfn-ifi)rmis). 

Body  oblong,  ovate,  moderately  compressed.  Profile  very  blunt  and 
convex.  Mouth  moderate;  maxillary  narrow,  with  a  small  supplemental 
bone;  premaxillaries  protractile,  little  movable.  Jaws  nearly  e^ual,  each 
with  aiiout  one  series  of  small,  slender  teeth  ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pala- 
tines. Preoperculuin,  interoperculum,  and  subuporculum  finely  serrated. 
Gill  rakors  long ;  gill  membranea  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Scales 
small,  wniooth ;  larger,  thicker,  and  more  adherent  than  in  Sfrumainis. 
ClieekH  Hcaly.  Fins  rather  low  ;  dorsal  fin  long,  preceded  by  0  to  8  short 
8ube(iiial,  rather  strong  spiue.s.  the  last  ones  connected  by  membrane,  the 
otliei'.s  nearly  free,  all  much  lower  than  the  soft  rays  ;  anal  fin  similar  but 
sbortiM,  preceded  by  3  spines,  which,  like  the  dorsal  spines,  are  nearly 
embedded  in  thick  skin ;  vertical  fins  densely  scaly  toward  their  bases; 
caudal  lin  emarginate;  caudal  iieduncle  stout;  ventral  fins  large,  thoracic, 
1,5;  ])eetoral  fins  moderate,  rounded,  or  falcate.  One  species,  differing 
from  tho  European  genun  Mnpiis  Cocco  (=  Leirnn  Lowe)  by  the  low,  partly 
free  tiiiiiies,  and  thosmaK  oyo.     (Tmlwovfior,  ralinurun,  a  pilot ;  /^'^r';,  fish.) 


*"T1 
tbe  qii 


!••  paper  in  tlie  Proc.  Acad,  was  i)rol)al)ly  puldished  earlier  tlian  Dr.  Blecker's  Imt,  happily, 
■^tion  is  innnateriul."-  Gill,  I'roc.  Anie'r.  Philos.  Soc,  xxi,  007,  1884. 


064 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I.'    I 


I 


h 


»?:■ 


13(12.  PALINIKICIITIIYS  PKRCIFOBMIS  (Miuhill). 
(Rui>DF.it-Fi8ii;  LuuFisii;  8nii>-nobe  Mi'llet.) 

Head  3it ;  depth  2A.  1).  VIII,  20 ;  A.  Ill,  10;  lateral  lin«  7.");  rye  rntlier 
lur^u,  nearly  «'«iiial  to  Huout,  4^  in  head.  Body  ovate.  Maxillaiy  icmli- 
ing  to  opposito  front  of  pupil;  eye  with  adipoHu  eyelid,  'lop  of  i„.;„i 
Bcalelesa,  covered  with  small  uiucouh  pores.  Pectorals  nearly  ,is  lone  ;,h 
bead.  lUackish  green,  everywhere  dark,  the  helly  scarcely  piilcr  and  hdi 
silvery.  Length  1  foot.  Atlantic  Coast  of  North  America,  from  (',i)m.  ||j,t. 
teras  to  Maine;  rather  common  northward,  especially  ahoiit  CaiicCod: 
one  specimen  once  taken  in  a  live  box  off  Cornwall,  having  driftctl  across 
from  America.     {Vvrca,  porch;  forma,  shape.) 

('iirniilieiKtXKriifiiniiiH,  MnciiiLi,,  Amor.  Monthly  MiiKm  I'l  -'I,  IHlK,  New  York  Harbor, 
Pi)ii<hfiliniit  cnnmhieimiK,  CoiiNisii,  /oiilogint,  IX,  1874,  'liW,  Penzance,  in  Cornwall,     ii'iiii.'!'. 

Coriilsli.) 
riiHiiiiriiii iiirci/dniiin,  I)K  Kay,  Now  York  Fauna:  Fishes,  llH,  pi.  24,  tin.  -Si  IM-. 
I'aliiiiiriihlhiis  jierri/oi-'iiix,  Oii.L,  I'roc.  Ar.  Nnt.  Sci.  I'hilii.,  2n,  iHdd. 
raiiimctiis  jiiicifcniiit,  (il'.NTIlKU,  ('lit.,  II,  4S.'>,  IHIiO. 
Liru»  jn'rc{foimiii,  .lonn.v.N  A  (jimikut,  Syuopsis,  4.52,  1883;  Koiipick,  Vmr.  Ac  Niil.  Si  i.  I'hilii.,  ;!lr., 

1884. 

Family  CXXXV.  STROMATEIDyK." 

(TlIK   FlATOLAS.) 

Hody  compressed  and  more  or  less  elevated,  covered  witli  small  or 
minute  cycloid  scales.  Profile  canteriorly  blunt  and  rounded.  Mouth 
snuill.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile.  Dentition  feeble ;  iu>  teeth  ou 
vomer  or  palatines ;  pharyngeals  little  developed ;  o'sophagus  armed  with 
numerous  horny,  barbed,  or  hooked  teeth.  Opercular  bones  siiiootii,  not 
serrate.  Cills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Gill  membranes  either  st'p.ii. 
ate  and  free  from  (Strontateiii(i)  or  broadly  Joined  to  the  isthmus  {Stroiuii- 
teokliuo),  restricting  the  gil!  openings  to  the  sides  as  in  VhatodqiltrHs.  (iill 
rakers  rather  Ions;.  Pseudobranchiie  present.  Cheeks  scaly,  rirojieule 
entire  or  serrate.  Lateral  lino  well  developed.  Dorsal  fin  siiif^'le.lonj;,  with 
the  spines  few  or  weak,  often  ob.solete  ;  anal  iin  long,  similar  to  suf't  dmsal, 
usually  with  3  small  sitines,  which  are  often  depressiblc  in  a  fold  cf  skin: 
ventrals  thoracic,  I,  T),  in  the  young,  but  reduced  or  altogetliei  wantini; 
in  the  adult ;  caudal  tin  well  forked.  Usually  no  air  bladder.  I'yloric 
cteca  commonly  numerous.  Vertebric  30  lo  3(5  (/»7(o»i/)».s  30  orSl ;  Sli'im- 
atcns  36).  Genera  3,  species  about  30.  Fishes  usually  of  .small  sizf. 
found  in  most  warm  seas,  many  of  them  valued  as  food.  We  luir  icuiovc 
the  VvntroU)i)liUhv,  a,  group  usually  associated  with  the  StroiiKih  iiln ,  Iml 
differing  in  appearance  and  in  the  smaller  number  of  vertebra,  a!thouj;li 
agreeing  in  the  possession  of  teeth  in  the  (e?4ophagu8.  (Scoinhrltla .  \K\r\. 
Giinther,  Cat.,  ii,  397,  1860,  genus  StromateuK.) 
aPelvicf  hone  iirojiicting  froiu  tlio  sl<iii  as  an  evident  flpino  ;  no  trace  of  voiitriils. 


*  For  a  review  of  tlio  American  species  of  Slromatcidir  see  |>ftpor  hy  Fordice  in  Pi' 
Sci.  I'liila.,  1H84,  311-1117. 
+  Tho  pelvic  bono  is  not  externally  visible  in  SlromcUeits. 


A,'.  Kat. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amirica. 


905 


441.  RHOMBUS,  Luc^pMo. 

(BUTTEK-FISHKS.) 

(fdmndiK,  L^ffrj^rr,  Hist,  Nat.  Poiw.,  11,  wix,  180<),  (aleiMoinf). 

I'^ynhi*,  Ci  viKit,  Ri-Ktiu  Ariiiii.,  E<1.  'i,  Vol.  11,  'IXW,  lK2!t,  (hmiiiiiiiinii), 

['„r..iiiito,  lill.l.,  Cut,  Fish.  K.  Count  N.   Aiiicr.,   18(11,   iJ.'i,   not  cli'irttctori/.t'd,  (/rmrdiW/iMd);  Proc. 

Am.  I'liil.  Soc,  XXI,  (;70.  1884,  (diuniioscMl). 
rMmeht,  ,li>iii>.vN  &  Kvkhmann,  iit'w  HUbKcniiH,  (pulomelti). 

liody  ovate  or  suborbicular,  strongly  compressed,  tapering  into  a  slen- 
der camliil  peduncle,  which  is  not  keeled  or  shielded.  Head  short, coni- 
pri'SHod,  I  lie  profile  obtuse.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  the  jaws  suhequal. 
Premaxilliiries  not  protractile.  Jaws  each  with  a  single  series  of  weak 
tcetij.  Scales  very  small,  cyloid,  silvery,  loosely  inserted,  extending  on 
the  vertical  fins.  Opercular  bones  entire,  (jlill  membranes  separate,  free 
frum  tiic  isthmus;  gill  rakers  moderate.  Lateral  line  continuous,  con- 
curreut  with  the  back.  Dorsal  fin  long,  more  or  less  elevated  in  front, 
pvccedotl  I)y  a  few  indistinct  spines — usually  one  or  niore  procumbent 
■ipines  ill  front  of  dorsal  and  anal,  each  of  these  with  a  free  point  both 
auterioriy  and  posteriorly;  anal  fin  similar  to  dorsal,  or  shorter,  usually 
with  til ree  small  spines;  ventral  fins  wanting;  a  single  small,  sharp 
spiiio,  attached  to  the  pubic  bone,  occupying  the  place  of  the  ventrals; 
pectorals  long  and  narrow;  caudal  widely  forked.  Species  few,  mostly 
American.  This  genus  ditt'ers  from  Stromnlviin  chiefly  in  the  prominence 
of  the  pelvic  bone,  which  projects  as  a  lamina  beyond  the  skin.  Species 
of  Stromat('H8  occur  in  Europe  and  South  America,  but  none  within  our 
limits.    (imni3o(;,  a  rhomb  or  diamond,  from  the  form  of  the  body.) 

RiliiMiirs: 
II.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  very  liigli  in  front,  the  anterior  lobo  falcate;  body  suborblcnlar. 

;..  i»nisal  rays  III,  40,  anal  rays  III,  4;i.  I'Aitr,  V.\ra. 

W>.  Ifiirsal  rays  about  III,  40;  unal  rayis  about  III,  .TJ.  xanthi'rt's,  l;iG4. 

cKi.  Por.siil  luid  anal  tins  moderately  (devuted  in  front,  the  anterior  lobo  searculy  falcate. 
I'ai.cimkta  (Siianisb  name  from  I'aloiiia,  a  dove); 
I.  .Sides  of  back  without  couspicuous  series  of  pores  above  lateral  lino. 

1/,  Anal  rays  III,  45;  boily  ovate,  the  depth  half  its  lcni,'th.  talomi-.ta,  ISC'). 

lit.  Anal  rayH  III,  ;J2  to  39. 

e.  Body  broad  ovat(S  the  depth  rather  more  than  half  the  length;  A.  HI,  :i2. 

MKOiis,  l;tfiO. 
ic.  Body  elliptical,  the  depth  not  half  the  length;  A.  Ill,  .'W.     simillimi  s,  KiOT. 
I'.iitiiNMTi  s  (TTopos,  pore;  i/wtos,  back): 
IV.  Sido  ot  hiiek  above  lateral  line  with  a  Keries  of  large,  wide-set  pores. 

/■.  Body  elliptical,  the  depth  2';^  in  length;  anal  rays  III,  :J7.  tiiiacantiius,  l.'iOS. 


Subgenus  RHOMBUS. 

1363.  RHO.>inrS  PAKIJ  (Llnufcus). 

(Harvest  Fish.) 

Head  .3 :  depth  U.  D.  Ill,  45 ;  A.  II,  4.S ;  scales  about  90 ;  vertebrtB 
I'l  +  1"'  Body  suborbicular,  bounded  by  even  curves  ;  mouth  very  small, 
f'lliquc;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  No  pores  along  sides  of 
'<ack.    Dorsal  and  aual  fins  falcate,  the  length  of  their  longest  rays 


ipf 


^i»  I  'ly  f'li.ywwi  .•v"P*!<P"' W'l^'M 


<|      I 


900  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 

greater  than  head ;  pcctoralH  much  longer  than  head,  reaching  hiilfwnv 
to  caudal ;  caudal  lohuH  uiiual ;  HcalcH  thin  and  du(;iduuuH,  not  vci  v  hhiiiII 
Pelvic  8j»ine  crenuhite  in  joung.  (lirecniHh  ahov«i,  golden  yclldw  lidow. 
Length  G  inchcH.  South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States  and  \V,.,st 
Indit's;  not  rare  Houthward,  ranging  from  Capo  (!()d  to  iFiiiiuiii  ii,  anil 
alHO  to  Kraxil ;  often  found  Hwimming  heneath  the  PortiigueNc  ninn  (,| 
war  with  Aomrna  gionuvii.  (Puru,  a  Brazilian  name  of  a  siiccicN  ot 
romacatithiiH.) 

Piii-u  llrafiUnine  ciitiijriier,  Hr.oANF,  .Tnnmicn,  285,  1727. 

StrnmalviiR  imrii,  LlNNKts,  S.vst.  Nat.,  YA.  x,  17r>K,  'JI8,  Jamaica  (l)ii80(l  on  Sl.OANr.i;    .fniniw  ,t 

Gil.iiKiiT,  Syiio|wiH,  914,  18*1;  FciitDiCE,  /.  «.,  :112,  1M84. 
Omtiidnn  iihiiiiloiiis,  LiNN.THs,  SjHt.  Nat.,  Eil.  xii,  40(»,  I7t'>(i,  Charleston,      (<'(ill.   Pr.  (i:iiil..||.) 
Hlirinnilij.r  ijarihiiii,  Di.iicii  ,V;  .ScilNKinKii,  Syst.  lolitli.,  Wl,  Isol,  Carolina;  al'tiT  I, inn  i  i  s 
Siriiiiinlriis  hmiiiiihiiiis,  'Mircuu.i.,  Trans.   Lit.  and  I'hilug.  Sue.  Now  York,  i,  Ittlf.,  .ur,,    New 

York  Bay. 
likomhm  alejMolHn,  LA('f:PKi)E,  Hint.  Nat.  I'oisB.,  li,  1121,  IHWI. 

Ulin>tihusliiiigii>innis,  CrviKn  A  Vai.bnciennkm,  IIIhI.  Nat.  I'om.,  ix,  401,  pi.  274,  Imin. 
Hlrnmntfim  ijanli'nii,  (JCnTHKH,  Cat.,  ll,  ;t9!>,  IKOO. 
Slrnmaleii^    akpidulus,  LCtken,  Spolia  Atluntica,  621,  IHHO;  .Toiidan  ,\-  Oii.iir.iii,  ,><viiii|."l'',  4rj|, 

1883. 


> 


vrith  vci  y  i 

oiii*.  sniiill, 

iMii'lal  !"■•' 

mill;  N-'ii 

,.st:  pci'iHi 

l,i'n;,'tli  L', 

,Uivi;.) 

Vrrlllil''""  /"''' 

bia,  l.itit 

iTj'l'v,  No 

13«4.  ItllOMRrK  XAXTHUnilS  (<M(.y  A- Oainiar.l). 

Allied  to  lihomhuH  jxiru,  but  perhaps  distinguished  by  the  slioiioi  dor- 
sal and  anal.  D.  IV,  10,  A,  III,  I{0.  East  coast  of  S<»utii  Aimiica, 
Cayenne  to  Montevideo;  not  seen  by  us;  perhaps  not  distinct  fiom 
IthomhuH j'arn.     (f«i'i?<ic,  yellow ;  ffi/w,  tail.) 

Si'mitiim  rinilhitrim,  QrOY  .4  Oaimakh,  Voy.  Froyc,  Zo'jl.,  3*1,  1H24,  Brazil. 
lilinniliim  fiiiioilipiiniin.  CiviKR  iV  Vai.bnciennks,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  rx,  AOH,  181!:!,  Montivideo. 
llliiiiiil)iiittriuiiliilii.t,  CrviKii  it  Vai.enciennkk,  /.  <:.  ix,  410,  183.'},  Cayenne. 
i</ioi/(fii(«  «/fciui(/ari»,  UuiciiENOT,  Mem,  Sue.   Inii>,  Sci.  Nutur.  Cherliourt;,  xn,  24.'i,  Imh;,  Cay- 
enne. 

Subgenus  PALOMETA,  .Tordan  \  Kvennann. 

13«r).  ItllOMIU'K  I'AL(».1IKTA  (Jordan  *  nollnmn). 

Head  2?  to  3;  depth  2;  snout  shorter  than  eye,  4^  in  head;  eyn  riitlior 
large,  3  to  85  in  head  (young).  1),  III,  45  to  47;  A.  Ill,  45.  Hodv  ii\;it<>, 
compressed,  rather  deei)er  than  in  /»'.  iri(ic(tiiliiii.s;  ventral  outline  most 
arched;  protile  evenly  convex  to  nostrils,  where  it  abruptly  dcsocntls, 
rendering  the  snout  very  blunt.  Mouth  sniail ;  maxillary  reaciiing  initl- 
dle  of  i»upil,  15  in  head.  Jaws  equal.  Teeth  comparatively  lontr,  Nhndci. 
and  close  set,  especially  in  the  lower  Jaw,  where  thi'y  form  an  tvcn  cut- 
ting edge.  No  teeth  evident  on  vomer  or  tongue.  (Jill  nuMnlimiicK 
entirely  separate.  (Jill  rakers  long  and  slender,  the  longest  alii'Ut  liiilf 
eye,  about  17  developed  i»elo\v  angle.  Dor.sal  and  anal  spiin's  sulitijiiiil, 
the  longest  not  half  eye:  distance  from  tip  of  s;iout  to  lirhi  Mill  riiv  ul 
dorsal  less  than  depth  of  l»ody  by  ji  diameter  of  eye;  basi'  il'  anal 
slightly  shortei  than  base  of  dorsal  ^peihapH  longer  in  adult);  iiiMiKralf 
as  long  as  head  ;  no  trace  of  ventrals,  the  puliic  bone  ending  in  a  ""Imrii 
spine;  the  usual  antiorse  spiiufs  befort^  the  dorsal,  He^iiion  above  lutcnil 
line  without  evident  porntt.    CheekHuoaly  ;  oporoles  naked ;  body  covureil 


Jordan  and  livermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


U07 


with  vti.v  Hiiiall  scales.  Color  silvery,  bltiiMli  abovo;  liody  witli  iiiiiiier- 
0114,  siiijkll,  Itlavk  (lots,  which  are  most  nuiiieroiiH  alon^  biiHes  of  fins, 
Qii'lul  |>i'<luucle,  top  of  head,  and  on  snout,  and  hir^i'i^t  alon^  l>asr  of 
anal;  \titical  fins  covered  with  small  hlack  dol.s,  tho.sron  caudal  sniall- 
cst:  pciiorals  dotted.  Length  3  inches.  Pacific  Ocean,  off  Colombia. 
l.iii^'tli  -I  inches.     (Palomcta,  Spanish  name  of  these  lislie>4,  from  I'ulomu, 

,lllVL',) 

.r, iN.idM.  /  .l^l"((;M,  .loRDAN  A  BoLLMAV,  Troc.  r.  S.  Nut.  IMiH.,  Ihk:',  Ifi'i,  off  Coast  of  Colom- 
bia, I.ititude  8'^  i6'  30"  N.,  longitude  79°  37'  45"  W.;  Albatross  Station,  No.  2804. 
^TyI"■,  Xu.  11136.    Cull.  All.iitruss). 

i:t«((.  UIIOMItrs  MKIUrS  (Put<'n< 

(I'AMiMK.TA.) 

Hoatl.T}:  depth  l,',,;  pectoral  2);  in  body;  dorsal  lobe  \\^\  caudal  2},. 
n.  Ill,  U:  A.  111,32.  Form  broad,  ovate.  Fins  diHtinctly  punctn'ate. 
Ltii^itli  7J  inches.  Otheruiso  essentially  as  in  JUiomhiis  Himillimm*. 
I'licitio  Coast  of  North  America,  Ma/atlan  to  ranama,  scarce.  Tliis 
•ipccies  is  now  known  only  from  the  orij^inal  type  in  tiie  museum  iit  IJerlin. 
In  l^S'i.  mimerous  specimens  were  collected  at  I'anauia  l»y  Dr.  (Jilbtut, 
all  of  w  iii(!h  have  since  been  destroyed  by  lire.     {nKdiim,  midway.) 

*.,», !/•  "•  nii'iliiin,  rKTKR8,  Berliner  Moimtslierifliti',  707,  ISG'.i,  Mazatlan;  Jouhan,  I'roc  Ac. 
Nut.  .>>i.  riiiltt.,  1S83,  284;  Foudiue,  /.  c,  311,  1884. 

i:te7.^I{|IO.niil  S  SIMILLI.MI  S  (Ayros). 

(OaI.IFOHNIA    I'OMPANO.) 

Head  t :  depth  2.  D.  Ill,  4(5 ;  A.  Ill,  40.  Body  ovate,  blunt  anteriorly, 
with  a  short,  slender  tail,  the  caudal  tin  widely  forked.  Mouth  very 
small,  t(>rminal,  the  maxillary  extendintj  to  the  eye.  Teeth  very  feelde. 
Uiil  iiikoi'.s  short,  slender,  less  than  half  diameter  of  eyt>.  Kyi'  small. 
i)iit>  or  2  procumbent  spines  before  the  dorsal ;  lon^^est  rays  of  dorsal  ^  of 
iicad;  piibic  spintr  small;  i)ectoials  longer  than  head;  no  pores  jilong 
liiisc  (if  ilorsal.  Spines  of  dorsal  and  anal  very  small  or  entirely  oli.soli<le. 
Scalo.s  Hiiiall,  silvery,  deciduous.  Bluish  above,  bright  .silv(*iy  l>elow; 
lliis  |tiiiiotiilate;  anterior  IoIm^s  of  dorsal  and  anal  dusky-edged.  Length 
10  iiiclus.  I'acilie  Coast  of  the  I'liiled  .Stales,  I'uget  .Soimii  to  .San 
l>it'i;ii;  iibundant  in  summer,  especially  about  Santa  ("riiz  ;  highly  prizcid 
as  afiiiMllish,  its  llesh  bein);  rich  and  delicate.  (iiiiiiiUinmH,  very  similar, 
to  llhiimhiiK  IriacatilliHs.) 

/<iiM(„./„v  ~,u,(llii,iits,  Avi(K.«,  Vr»i .  ('ill.  \v.  Niii.  81I.,  IHHO,  M,  San  FranciHco. 
^r<,m>tleii>   unilUiiiUt,  Jul(l>A.S  A  (ill.ltt'.HI',  Sj'iiii|i»in,  -Ifil,  iss;;,   Knld'H  »,  /.  •.,  Hit,  IHHI. 


Subgenua  POKONOTU8,  <ail 

laitN.  KIIONIIIM  TUIirANTIIIM  (l-»<l(i. 
(I1111.1.AI1-HN11  :  IIaik  ».>.i  iixii     III  iTrii-riKii;    !.i   K<)nil!.) 

Ii<:nl    I:  depth  'Jk;  eye   I      D.   Ill,   (.'•;  A.  Ill,  :IN.     Iludy  o>ul,  much 
coin|M>  .M^l.     IhUHul  and  ventral  oiitllittiN  alxiiil   e<|Uall>  curved.     Hiioil 


068 


Bulletin  47 ^  United  States  National  Museum. 


very  ttliiiit,  rouixlud  in  prolilc.  Mouth  Hiniill,  tlut  iiiaxilliny  nut  Kiuliiiiir 
orbit,  ('uiidul  immIuucIc  v«My  hIioiI;  antoiitir  rayH  of  dormil  iiiid  ntmi 
littlo  <;levat<>«l.  Lutoral  linu  lii^li,  a  HoricH  of  coiiHiiicuoiiH  |Mti«-s  jihnvi'  it 
nuar  tlio  baNtMil*  (loiHul.  I'uctoralH  iiiuch  loiifrur  than  hnuul.  (ijll  lakiis 
rather  lonfj,  it  «liani«t«r  of  «y«.  lUiiiHh  abovo,  Hilvery  boh>w.  [,tMi,Mli  lit 
inclieH.  Maintt  to  Florida;  v«>ry  abundant  nortliward  ;  rare,  and  tmnHl  ji, 
(l»<>p  watrr  Noutli  of  Cape  IlattoraN;  an  oxriillcnt  pan-lish  of  lini-  iluvur. 
tliongli  luHH  highly  valnotl  than  itH  California  cungunor,  which  it  cUihcIv 
r(!Honibl«;8.  (r/if/c,  thre«s  »k((I''^((,  Hptne.) 
Bliiimiil'iiK  Iniuiiiithiii',  Vy.t n,  Mem.  Anirr.  Ac,  ii,   |wirt  2,  ix,  pi.  'J,  (li;.  'J,  IwMi;  Pistntaqua 

River,  New  Hampshire;  Joiu>an,  .V  Ciii.iiKiiT,  S.viii>|i«is,  ■ir.l,  inH;i;  Ki.uniii,  /.  ...:;i,i, 

1H8I. 
StroiiKilriiH  rriiiiloHuii,  MiTCllM.l.,  TriinH.  Lit.  A  I'hlliw.  .Sdc.  N.  V.,  i,  lull,  ;i(l,'"i,  plui..  i,  ii_.   j  Nj^^, 

York  Bay;  CrviKii  A  Vai.kncik.nnkh,  IIlHt.  Niit.  Poiiw.,  ix,  40H,  lH;i:i. 
Rhoiiibux  liiiivimlliii'',  Vf.  Kav,  N.  Y.  Kikuiiu:  yishoa,  la7,  i>liitu  2(J,  IK'12. 

Family  (^XXWI,  ICO.STEIDJi:. 

(TlIK   ]4A»i    FlHIIK.S.) 

Body  oblong,  comprossod,  naked,  prickly,  or  coverod  with  sinall 
cycloid  scales.  Head  moderate,  not  externally  l)ony,  the  oiuicUs 
unarmed.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal;  premaxillary  not  protract  ili>:  max- 
illary moderate,  without  Kujiplementalbone.  TeetliHUiall,  inHin<.;lt'.siMifN; 
vomer  and  palatines  without  teeth;  no  teeth  in  the  throat  or  on  tin'  )iliar- 
yngeals  (in  Icaxli  hi  ot  Jtr(»/««).    No  barbels.    Lower  pharyn.t,'eal«s.ii:iialr. 

Ihanchiostegals   (>.     (till  openings  wide,  the  nu<nibrancs   free  I'l tlic 

iathmus;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth;  gill  rakers  slendei.  I'-.(M(1o- 
branchiiv  large  Pyloric  cu'ca  few.  Air  bladder  present.  I.atcia!  hue 
present.  Dorsal  tin  very  long,  continuous,  without  distinct  N)iiiics:  anal 
long,  wi' hunt  H]iineH  :  caudal  tin  convex, its  pedunch> slender  :  vciitial  llii»i 
thorncic.  separate,  lint  very  close  togetii(>r,  I,  \,  «»r  I.  Ti,  wanting;  in  mif 
gei  ih;  poctorais  Kiuntted,  lleshy  at  base  ;  vent  nornuil,  witlmiit  |ia|iilhi. 
Sket^ton  very  soft  and  cartilaginous.  Vertebrn'  in  large  nnnibci  This 
gro\i(),asat  |»rescnt  constituted,  is  <'onip<tst'd  of  I  (|uite  divcr^r  uiiiria, 
inhabiting  the  deeper  waters  of  the  Atlantic  and  I'acilic.  l)r,  dill  nniios 
Irosttiild  with  the  Stromiilriiln .  'Ihe  reason  of  Ibis  association  i^  not 
evident,  as  the  peculiar  throat  dentition  Heen  hi  the  Slrotinihiihi  'li'«>  imt 
occur  in  Ivoyhiis  oi  .tvnthix  'I'lie  /((»<i/(((/ti  show  atbiiiticK  «  ith  ' '<>'i"'"'- 
jthii»,  but  apparently  their  reuognition  as  a  distinct  family  is  in^tiiii-ii. 

tf('IIKI>i>l'M|||»i1  : 

n,  lfcNi,\  i'<>vi4riiil  Willi  kiimll,  lyi'liilil  urnliNii  im  |irli'kli«<i  \«iilriil«  I,  .'■:  iiniilnl  r'lM'.i 'i  cm) 
li'itinaii' 
I'.    Ilixl)  I  liiiiHiilr,  Milt  rittii|in'iwril  Ml  !•«•<'•  i>f  wlilnti  Ali«  I'  i'  " 

l-ti    IIihI,  iiviiIiI,  •lr<iliiil)r  i'iiiit|iri'Mi)>i|.  t>«|tm'li«ll>  nI  liirx'n  iil  vi<rtlrMl  flu* 

M,  MIX     <  < 
Ml.    IVmI)   ■iHIiiIi'M  ,    V)iM|«nI  ItllK,   II    |tri'M<Ml,  Willi   till'  tllllll|ll-l   III    IHtll  ||<M  lllllll    I 
ii'lillKI^  4 

I,  ^Kiiiml  ilii*  |tr«i*<ttt.  iwiiiliil  iKiin^M 

■(    Vmiiial  ruin  I,  4i  Au  mif«iiii4  IntHKl  linn  rniifti  wlllii|iliMttNt  idmnt  '< 
HitiiMimft  I'   ' 


11. 


ii«  "' 


Jordan  utui  KvermatiH, — Fis/irs  of  JVorlh  .luifriiti. 


U6U 


Arii  IIS  »:: 
K.  v  uiiti'iil  tliiH  vMiiiliiiK:  <  iiiiiliil   t<iii»rt(li>iilr;    luti'iiil  linn  ultlioiit  h|iIiiiiIi'h:  ilorxal   t\n 
vi^i'j  luiiK,  III  iiboiit 'ill  rujH.  A I  Bull  f,  446. 


442.  ICICHTHYS,  .Ionian  iV  <iill.Pit. 


f,i.*Wii/>.  .I"IIIMV  A  (llMiKiii,  I'liK.   r.  S.  Niil.  Mim.,  IkMo,  :v\\  (liM'kitiiilimi). 

|lo(l\  (Idujjalc,  not  t'Icviited,  not  comj>v«)H8c«l  at  tliohaHCH  of  tlio  vortica) 
liiifi.  Iliad  ni(>(loiat(>.  KyoH  lateral.  Moiitli  t*uiiiinal,littlii  ohli(|ii)>,  with 
cinali,  >iiaii>  tt'ctli  in  oni)  moiioh,  in  tli(^,ia«H  only.  I'lt-nnixiilarieM  not 
lirotiiH'tile.  ("ill  inonibrancM  Heparatci,  froe  from  tlic  istlinniH;  yill  rakorH 
Idii;;.  I'stuidoluanclii!!' i»rt!«ent :  1)raii<;hioHftL;als  7.  Koily  covi'it'd  with 
8iiiall  rycioid  Hcak's.  Lateral  line  contiMiioiiH.  nnainied.  liuHeH  ot°  Duh 
witlmni  spinnleH;  dorsal  and  anal  tins  lon^  and  low,  conipoHeil  of 
soft  rays  only ;  pectoral  (inn  niodcnatc,  their  ham-H  lleHhy,  as  in  I(i»iliun\ 
vential  linH  Hniall,  thoracic,  I, .").  ('andal  ronndcd.  Pylorii;  cn-ca  ahont 
(i,  Imni'.  Rones  all  very  llexiltlo,  carliiaj^inons.  Deep-sea  lishes.  (i!h<,>, 
toyiciil  (irHiilnnit;  t\"i\,  i\n\\;  in  alluMion  to  the  llexihle  skeleton.) 


1S««.  I<  ICIITIIYS  l,(M'KI\«n'ON'I,  .Toidan  *  (1111m  rt. 

llouil  ."• ;  depth  1  ;  «\ve  huj,'o,  lateral,  lonjjer  than  snont,  I  in  head.  1). 
Ill;  A.  -'H;  seah's  120.  Mody  ohlonj;,  somewhat  conij>res»e<l,  the  caudal 
linluiicli!  rather  slender.  Head  niod«'rate,  eonipresHcil,  with  veitieal 
rliti  ks.  rather  broad  and  elijihlly  convex  iihove,  the  snout  alirn|itly 
ili'NieiKiin^.  Mouth  moderate,  little  <ddi(|ne,  tlic  Hlendcr  maxillary 
M-arcciy  widened  at  the  tip,  extending  to  beyond  front  of  i)upil  ;  anterioi 
iil^'o  iiT  premaxillary  (III  lev(>I  of  lower  rim  of  eye  :  lipstliin;  piemaxil- 
lary  lii|ii'rin){  backward,  not  I'oiniiii^  the  wliole  mar;;in  of  upper  jaw  ; 
iimxlliaiy  behind  slippinf;  entirely  under  the  membranous  ed^e  of  preor- 
liital ;  |ircorbital  lather  wide  with  on*'  01  two  s(>ries  ot'  ratliei  lai;;e,  tliin, 
lyi'liiiil  Ficah'H ;  lower  jaw  prominent,  project  in;;  in  Irmit,  included  at  tli(« 
»u\en.  Teeth  in  jaws  (uily,  minute,  sharp,  clustdy  and  evenly  H<>t,  larger 
and  IcNH  numerous  than  in  liiiHlnis  n  niiimnlii  11$,  Cheeks  rut  her  wide; 
|iii'ii|M'ii'le  \>ilh  a  (irominciit  ciext.  behind  which  iire  some  lailiatin^ 
iiiii('tiii>  lavilies ;  the  bone  with  a  Itroad,  pmloni^fd,  llexilih  ,  meuibiana- 
•'(Min«  I'tl^e,  odvei'vd  with  rudiatini;  Hlriie,«*ueli  of  wliieli  ends  in  aliexilde 
iHiiiii  Mperele  and  Nuliopetele  iiither  lar|{tt,  extremely  thin,  and  each 
rhm»iiili\  ladialinK  sti  iii'.  Ilia  ''ionle^alNT.  <i|ll  lukein  loiiu,  Nleiitbi , 
"liMiji,  ilo»«*-iM)t,  und  modciiilel>  nllH,  thttii  leiiMlh  iieail>  'j  diumeler  of 
cvr.  .>*cult4it  very  (iiii.ill,  mifi ,  and  Hiitnolh,  •MiveiliiK  llu'  ImmIy  evenly, 
lint  lii'i'iiiiiiii((   HiMiilli  I    be|iM\  ;    laieial    line  iicailv  Hlialuht.  appiiieiills 

'••Hill tin,     Ihuxui  tin  \i>\m  and  I<>m  ,  beuiiiniiiu  tnail.v  muhms   bclMeeii 

M'lil  iiiid  Ummt  »(  VRiilrHln;  mII  Ihe  rM>>t  mtfl  ttlid  iiilleiiliMtMl,  and  rII 
••»(T|ii  lite  rtrtit  briUM'tied  ;  lilnl  !»>•  »niy  low,  the  Mil  Uliidiitttl)'  iloliiK 
|H)«li  I  iiil^,  the  hinhcNl  lay*  M  in  head,  NomimliNi  Mcal>  1  anal  llii  nlMilbtl, 
•luiiii  i    ImnHittliiK  nhghlis  in  fioitl  of  (lie  iitlddli*  id  thu  Um\^  Aiid  iMidlltg 


iH^ 


^^^„o. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


|2£ 


|Z5 


™2.2 

1^    i2.C 


I 


1.8 


U    IIIIII.6 


6" 


1^ 


y] 


/J 


""^ 


i%j^ii>V> 


'? 


'/ 


%\^'^  mJ^I 


J 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


.<&'. 


a 


^x^ 


i 


l\ 


t1;- 


1        u 


'm  I 


';! 


.'^^ 


5)70 


Bulletin  4/,  UnitfU  States  National  Museum. 


jnst  in  front  of  last  rays  of  (lorual ;  caudal  broad,  fan-shapod,  on  a  hIch. 
dor  podnncle;  tho  acoosHory  rayw  nnniorous  and  procurrcnt;  basd  of  jnc. 
toralH  a  little  liclow  the  axis  of  body,  their  outline  rounded  ;  tlio  fin  hIkui 
and  small,  Hhortor  than  h«-ad  ;  ventrals  short  an<l  Huiall,  thoracic,  ])lii< kI 
a  little  behind  ])ectora!H,  with  1  olmolete  Hpine  and  5  Hoft  rayn,  1  of  wiiicli 
IB  slightly  lilaniontouH,  the  lin  ',\  in  head  ;  (in  rayH  not  beset  with  H])iiir<i  .s. 
Vent  normal,  immediately  in  front  of  the  aiuil,  without  papilla.  Air 
bladder  wantinj^.  Uonea  all  soft  ap.d  dexiblo.  Skin  not  thick  and  toii!.;li, 
as  in  IconteiiH,  but  thin  and  scaled.  Color  plain  brown,  paler  below,  soim - 
what  punctnlate.  Length  7i  inches.  Deep  water  oft'  San  FrancisiD. 
California;  one  specimen  known.  (Named  for  William  N.  Lockiu^jiori. 
its  discoverer,  at  that  time  ichthyologist  of  tho  Califoruiu  Academy  oi 
Sciences.) 

Iriihlhijn  lorkinglnni,  JniiiiAN  .V  ttiMiKRT,   I'Mo,   U.  ."*   Nut.  MiiH.,  HI,  IKSO,  ;!0."i,  deep  water  off 
San  Francisco;  ((*oU.  W.  (!.  W.  llHrfor<l);  .Idudan  I.  (iii.iiKitT.  S.vnopsin,  (i'Jl,  IKKi. 

443.  SCHEDOPHILUS,  Cocco. 

Mirdoiihihif,  Cocco,  Oiorn.  Tnnoin.  MoBsiim,  Anii.,iii,  7,  .17,  '\H'M,{mi'(ln<ioplia(jus). 
<Vii(«,  Vai.k.sciknnes,  Iclitli.  IsU'H  CuimricH,  1;$,  lH;i(>-1841,  (Imlliiliili). 

Body  ovoid,  strongly  compressed,  covered  with  small,  smooth  sralos, 
without  prickles.  Head  small,  the  interorbital  space  broad.  Eye  small; 
snout  obtuse;  margin  of  preopercle  with  licxible  tpines.  Mouth  nuKliM- 
ato,  oblique,  with  one  row  of  small  teeth ;  none  on  tho  palate.  Gill  oihmi- 
ings  wide;  gill  rakers  long,  narrow,  wide-set.  One  dorsal  with  a  iVw 
llexible  spines  in  front,  beginning  at  the  nape,  its  rays  numorons  :  anal 
similar;  caudal  rounded,  or  slightly  emarginate;  base  of  vertical  Iihh 
closely  compressed;  ventrals  small,  I,  5.  Branchiostegals  7;  pseudo- 
branchiai  present.  Skeleton  extremely  soft,  as  in  leontetin.  Open  seas, 
the  young  found  at  the  surface.  Several  species  recorded,  (axediu,  a  raft; 
(^i'Aiu,  to  love.) 

1370.  SCHEDOPHILUS  MKDIISOPHAOUS,  Cocco. 

Head4J;  depth  2J;  eya  4.  D.  40  to  .50;  A.  25  to  29.  Body  stronsly 
compressed,  elongate,  ovoid  in  shape.  Head  small,  as  deep  as  long.  Inter- 
orbital space  convex,  broader  than  diameter  of  eye,  which  is  sitnatctl 
immediately  below  the  upper  profile  of  head,  nearly  as  long  as  snout. 
Snout  obtuse,  with  projecting  lower  jaw  and  oblique  mouth;  mouth  of 
moderate  width,  the  cleft  extending  to  below  front  margin  of  eye;  max 
illary  rather  narrow,  but  widening  towa  d  its  extremity.  Teeth  minute. 
implanted  in  a  single  series  on  the  sharp  edge  of  jaws ;  palate  toothlo.ss. 
Preopercular  margin  armed  with  short  spines,  which  usually  become  a 
little  longer  on  posterior  margin;  these  longer  spines  have  an  obli(iiie 
dorsal  direction ;  interoperculum  spinous,  the  suboperculum  less  so  ;  oper- 
culum membranous,  its  upper  portion  shows  radiating  osseous  strife,  which 
project  beyond  the  margin.  Gill  rakers  of  the  outer  branchial  arch  loit^s 
narrow,  and  rather  widely  set;  gill  openings  very  wide.  Dorsal  fin  com- 
meuciug  above  root  of  pectoral  and  terminating  at  a  short  distance  from 


■^ 


f 


m. 


Jordan  and  /'Irierwann. — Fishes  of  North  Ameruu.         \)1\ 


)(1,  oil  il  hIiii- 
baso  of  i>((- 
tlio  tin  hIkhi 
Jiucic,  i»l;ii  1(1 
H,  1  of  wliich 
kvitli  Hpini'i  s. 
piii]iillii.  Ail 
ck  aii<l  ton;;li, 
r  bolow,  Hoiiii - 
in  Fiiineisci). 
.  Lockiiifiiiin, 
a  Acadoiiiy  ol' 


,  deep  water  off 
rt,  (Kl,  18Ki. 


1..). 

smooth  Rcalos, 
il.  EyoRiiiiiU; 
Mouth  niotlcr- 
te.  Gill  oiKMi- 
lal  with  il  few 
in»erou8  ;  anal 
f  vertical  tins 
lis  7 ;    pstniilo- 

1.     Open  HOiiH. 

{ax^(*hii  a  raft; 


Body  stTonsly 
18  long.    Intoi- 
ch  is  situated 
ong  as  snont. 
ath;  mouth  of 
I  of  eye;  max 
Teeth  minute, 
late  toothless, 
lally  become  a 
ve  an  obliinie 
I  less  so  ;  oper- 
18  strife,  wliieh 
hial  arch  Ions:, 
dorsal  fin  com- 
distaace  from 


caudal,  the  caudal  p«idnncle  being  about  as  deep  aH  hrig;  tills  liii  rather 
low,  the  longest  rays,  l>ehind  the  middle  of  fin,  being  not  erectile  into  a 
vcitical  pcsiiion  ;  caudal  tin  (slightly  injured)  with  a  rounded  margin, 
ami  rather  shortt>r  than  the  head ;  pectoral  tin  with  a  broad  bast;,  moro 
tliaii  half  as  long  as  bead,  and  with  the  upjier  rays  longer  th.  n  the  lower; 
villi  raiN  ratht^r  small,  close  together,  inserted  in  advance  of  pectorals. 
Till- entire  fish  is  covered  with  minute,  cycloid  scales;  on  the  head  they 
iiliipiar  to  be-  present  on  the  <  heek  only  ;  iijiper  i)art  of  tin*  head  (!ov(ued 
Willi  a  thick,  spongy  skin,  as  in  Ciiilrolojilntx.  Color  in  life  a  pale  greenish 
olive,  marbled  with  <larker,  the  markings  bei  ig  in  the  form  of  spots  on 
the  upper  and  in  irregular  longitudinal  bands  on  the  lower  half  of  tne 
Imily;  vertical  tins  also  spotted  with  blackish;  iris  nearly  white,  a  ring 
of  small  white  i)ore8  encircling  the  orbit.  The  specimen  described  is  UV 
iiie'ies  long  and  in  good  condition,  with  the  exception  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  abdomen,  which  is  lacerated  and  shrunk  in  conseciuence  of  the  loss 
')f  t  ho  intestines.  All  parts  of  the  body  are  in  that  state  of  softness  which 
is  peculiar  to  many  deep-sea  fishes.  (Giinther.)  Pelagic,  the  young 
alniuvlant  in  the  mid-Atlantic,  the  adult  taken  in  the  Mediterranean,  otf 
Ireland  and  oft"  Samoa.  "  This  is  primarily  a  pelagic  surface  form,  but  it 
seems  very  possible  that  it  inhabits  the  middle  or  low«r  strata  of  the  ocean 
as  well.  Dr.  (iiintlH  r  says  that  it  is  evident  that  at  least  in  the  adult 
state,  it  descends  to  some  ('opths.  Ihe  want  of  firmness  in  the  ti.ssiies 
seems  to  clearly  indicate  it  as  a  decp-se.'i/  fish.  Ho  hazards  the  opinion 
that  the  depth  to  which  it  may  descend  probably  does  not  exceed  100 
fathoms.  Calling  atcention  to  tlio  fact  that  the  young  of  the  species  are 
iiiir'h  more  frequently  found  near  the  surface  than  the  adult,  he  nicntions 
the  habit  of  this  and  similar  forms  of  congregating  around  the  floating 
}ft(lus(i',  and  also  questions  the  accuracy  of  the  theory  that  fish  ever  feed 
upon  Meilmw,  since  he  says  the  fish  could  draw  but  little  nourishment 
from  these  animals.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  many  of  our  surface  oceanic 
fishes  feed  voraciously  upon  various  forms  of  Mcduxw  and  upon  Sal2)a. 
We  have  often  taken  large  quantities  of  this  kind  of  food  from  thestomachs 
of  various  surface  Scomhrovh,  as  well  as  from  Alutcra  and  Mola.  Dr.  (Jiin- 
tber's  full  description,  which  is  quoted  above,  is  taken  from  a  specimen 
obtained  at  Port  Rush,  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  in  August,  187H,  captured 
in  a  salmon  net.  Mr.  Ogilby,  who  sent  it  to  the  British  Museum,  was  very 
much  impressed  by  the  softness  of  the  flesh.  'It  was,'  he  says,  'the 
most  delicate  adult  fish  I  ever  handled;  so  much  so,  that  within  twenty- 
four  hours  after  its  capture  the  skin  of  the  belly  and  the  intestines  fell 
off  when  it  was  lifted,  and  it  felt  in  the  hand  quite  soft  and  boneless.' 
This  is  quoted  to  emphasize  what  has  been  said  regarding  the  softness  of 
its  tissues,  and  its  similarity  in  this  respect  to  the  fishes  inhabiting  the 
abyss."    (Goode  «fc  Bean.)    (J/erf«««,  jelly-fish;  i^njeZi',  to  eat.)    (Eu.) 

.Wi.v;oj);n7,(8me(fii«oj)7(a^H»,  Cocco,  Giom.  Iiinnin.  Messina,  111,7,57, 18:!4,  Messina ;Gi'!JTTri:R,  Cut., 
II,  412,  18C0;  GOntiieu,  Deep-Soa  Fislics,  Chullouger,  'Ifi,  1887;  Goode  &  Uean,  Oceanic 
Idith.,  214, 1895. 

Crim  bertheloti,  Valenciennes,  Voy.  Canarios,  Poiss.,  43, 1836-1844,  Canaries. 


^ii; 


^i.; 


iiiiii 


1 


"*n! 


072 


Bulletin  -/7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


444.  ICOSTEUS,  Lockington. 

hmlenx,  Tj()"KiNaTON,  I'roc.  V .  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  hi,  IK80,  fiH,  (HiiiV/md^Viiii). 
Si7i('i/«yi/(i7()yj«js, Stein'DACIINKH,  Iclitli.  Ilcitri'ne,  XI,  4,  1HS1,((i^iii«>'<h«). 

Hody  oblong,  much  coiiipreHHed  thioiighoiit,  the  liead  thicker  than  ;iiiy 
part  of  the  body.  Dorsal  outline  rising  rapiiUy  to  thoorigin  of  thtMlorsiii 
fin,  thcnco  more  regularly  curved;  the  region  at  the  base  of  the  doiMa! 
an<l  anal  strongly  coniitressed ;  caudal  peduncle  slender,  widened  at  tlio 
base  of  the  fin.  Mouth  large,  horizontal;  maxillary  narrow,  reaching'  to 
beyond  middle  of  eye.  Teeth  in  jaws  in  cne  row,  slender,  sharp,  closely 
and  regularly  set,  those  in  the  lower  jaw  largest ;  no  teeth  on  vomer,  \\\\X- 
atines,  or  pharyngeals.  Gill  rakers  flexible,  few  ;  gill  membraaes  sepaiiite, 
free  from  the  isthmus.  I3ranchiostegals6;  psoudobrsinchiiu  well  dovelojicd. 
Lateral  lino  conspicuous,  continuous,  decurved,  groups  of  small  spines 
present  along  its  entire  length ;  no  scales  anywhere  on  body  cr  fins.  Fins 
rough,  with  small  spinules;  a  series  along  eaci)  ray,  dividing  as  the  ray 
branches  ;  dorsal  fin  commencing  above  the  axil  of  the  pectoral,  omposed 
of  50  to  60  rays,  which  are  all  soft  and  flexible,  some  of  the  anti  rior 
unbranchad;  the  fin  low  in  front,  increasing  in  height  behind;  noneof  tlie 
rays  more  than  once  forked;  anal  shorter  than  dorsal,  similar  to  it,  of  35 
to  40  ray  s ;  some  of  the  anterior  apparently  undivided ;  caudal  fin  elongate, 
fan-shaped,  t'  0  middle  rays  produced;  accessory  rays  numerous,  procur- 
rent;  pectorals  with  a  fleshy  base,  fan-shai)ed,  the  middle  rays  loiijjjtst; 
veiitrals  thoracic,  inserted  just  behind  the  pectorals,  narrow,  con8i;<tiug 
of  1  short  subspinous  ray  and  4  long  soft  rays.  Air  bladder  large.  Ver- 
tebrse  numerous,  the  vertebral  column  extremely  flexible  and  soft.  Cranial 
bones  tolerably  firm  ;  bones  of  the  face  and  operclea  very  flexible.  Dcc])- 
sea  fishes,  from  the  Pacific.  (fi«w,  to  yield,  submit;  har'wvy  bono — tiie 
"entire  body  being  characterized  by  a  want  of  firmness,  as  it  can  be 
doubled  up  as  readily  as  a  piece  of  soft,  thick  rag.") 

/ 
1371^  ICOSTEUS  .ENIOMATICUS,  Lockington, 

Head  4 ;  depth  3.  D.  52  to  55 ;  A.  37  to  40 ;  V.  I,  4 ;  scales  110  to  120  (groups 
of  spines).  Longest  ray  of  dorsal  nearly  reaching  base  of  middle  caudal 
rays.  Eye  (5  in  head,  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  snout  or  the  \vi<ltli  of 
the  intororbital  space;  diameter  of  caudal  peduncle  about  5^  in  greatest 
depth.  Pellucid  yellowish  or  brownish,  with  purplish  spots  aud  blotdies 
of  irregular  form  ;  the  spots  largest  above  aud  most  numerous  alonj;  the 
lateral  line;  fleshy  bases  of  caudal  and  pectorals  spotted;  throat  and 
gill  membranes  with  dark  punctulations;  fins  dusky,  obscurely  blotciied. 
Length  about  12  inches.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States;  some  10  speci- 
mens known  from  deep  water  olF  California,  Oregon,  and  Washingtim; 
the  example  before  us  from  Monterey.     (ahuynaTiKoc,  puzzling.) 

Icostetis  tiui<jmiiliciiii,  Lockington,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lit,  1880,  GU,  off  San  Francisco;  (Coll. 
W.  G.  W.  Harford);  .Tokdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  620,  188:5. 

Sche(lophiloi>si»  spinosM,  Steindaciinek,  Ichth.  Eeitr.,  xi,  4,  1881,  with  figure,  off  San  Fran- 
cisco 

Bchedophilus  enigmaticm,  GCntuer,  Deep  Sea  Fishes,  Cballenger,  46,  plate  44, 1887. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


973 


"!',   bone — the 
aa  it  cuii  be 


445.  ACROTUS,  Uoan. 

Acri<l<'!>,  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.,  1887,  ti31,  (withwjhhiji). 

Shape  of  the  body  as  in  IcoHteun,  from  which  it  ditlors  in  the  absence  of 
vcntrals  and  spiny  tubercles  aUmg  lateral  line,  and  in  having  a)i  emargi- 
natc  caudal.  Head  abort ;  mouth  niodei ate  ;  eye  HUiall.  Teeth  minute, 
lUilHurial,  on  intermaxillary  and  mandible ;  vomer,  palate,  and  pharynx 
todtliless.  Gill  openings  wit'e,  the  membrane  not  attached  to  isthmus; 
gillH  1,  a  wide  slit  behind  the  fourth  ;  giil  rakers  short,  soft,  and  llexiblo  ; 
l)8eiitlobranchiie  well  developed  ;  branchlostegals  (5.  Vent  somewhat  in 
advance  of  middle  of  body.  Caudal  peduncle  very  slender;  ventrals 
aliHcnt;  caudal  large,  emarginate.  Skin  naked.  Lateral  line  without 
tulit'icles.  Vertebrjo  70.  Bones  all  soft  and  llexible.  Size  large.  Probably 
worthy  of  family  rank.     {uKporog,  without  oars  (ventral  tins).) 

1372yACROTL'S  WILLOl'WHBYI,  Itoan. 

Head  6;  depth  3jt;  eye  12;  snout  4;  interorbital  width  3.  D.  41 ;  A. 
38 ;  P.  20.  Upper  jaw  3  in  head,  maxilla  reaches  to  below  middle  of  eye. 
Caudal  peduncle  very  slender ;  its  least  height  little  more  than  ^  its  length 
and  not  much  exceeding  i  length  of  head.  Gill  rakers  15,  9  below  the 
aiiKlf,  longest  about  as  long  as  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  not  clearly  made 
out,  the  first  ray  that  can  be  seen  without  Jisaection  is  nearly  midway 
between  eye  and  end  of  dorsal,  but  dissection  reveals  Trays  in  advance  of 
thits ;  dorsal  beginning  much  nearer  head  in  Icostcus,  and  dissection  may 
show  that  rays  are  developed  much  farther  in  advance  than  we  have  been 
able  to  distinguish  them;  longest  dorsal  ray  about  3  in  head.  Caudal 
peduncle  as  long  as  head  without  snout ;  caudal  large,  emarginate,  its 
middle  rays  |  as  long  as  external  rays  and  s  as  long  as  head  ;  vent  at  a 
distance  from  tip  of  snout  equal  to  3  times,  and  from  base  of  caudal  a 
space  equal  to  3^^  times  length  of  head ;  the  first  evident  anal  ray  at  a  dis- 
tance behind  the  vent  equal  to  i  length  of  head  ;  longest  anal  ray  a  little 
less  than  i^as  long  as  head  ;  pectoral  placed  close  to  the  head  and  nearly 
iu  the  middle  of  the  height,  its  length  'i  length  of  lead.  Lateral  line 
with  a  slight  curve  over  the  pectoral  and  becoming  uedian  about  half- 
way between  the  pectoral  and  vent.  Skin  naked.  Peritoneum  very  dark. 
Chocolate  brown;  inside  of  mouth  and  gill  opening  rich,  dark  brown. 
(Bean.^  One  specimen,  5i  feet  long,  obtained  at  Damon,  Washington 
(Quinault  Agency)  apparently  thrown  up  in  a  storm  from  deep  water. 
(Named  for  its  discoverer,  Charles  Willoughby ,  Indian  Agent  at  Quinault.) 

Acrotim  triUonijhbyi,  Bean,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1.S87,  G'il,  Quinault  Agency,  west  coast  of 
Washington;  (Type,  No.  39310.  Coll.  Chas.  Willoughby);  Goobe  &  Bean,  Occftuic 
Ichthyology,  217, 1890. 


!'■ 


'^''   ' 


off  San  Fran- 


Family  CXXXVIL  GRAMMICOLEPIDIDil!:. 

Body  compressed,  covered  with  vertical  linear  scales.  Mouth  small, 
terminal ;  teeth  minute,  asperities  on  the  Jaws  only.  Lateral  line  sinuous, 
unarmed.     Two  dorsals,  the  first  very  short,  triangular,  the  second  and 


ill!  |[ 


974 


liulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


tho  anal  lon^;  anal  fhi  preceded  by  two  short,  stout,  separate  spineN. 
Vertebra'  nuinerouH,  10 -f  36 i— KJ  in  number.  One  jjenus,  witli  a  isiiif,'it) 
:ipecies,  found  in  deep  waters  in  the  West  Indies.  {Orammkohiiidhlaj 
Toey,  Auul.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.,  ii,  lb73.) 

446.  GRAMMICOLEPIS,  Poey. 

(I'nimHiiV'i/cjiw,  I'dEY,  Aliiil.  Soc.  Ehi\  Hist.  Nat.,  II,  iHT.i,  (hracl  iimriiluf). 

liudy  deep,  uonipresued;  eye  large;  mouth  small;  head  and  o^micIcn 
partly  rugose;  teeth  minute,  none  on  the  vomer  or  palatines.  l'('('i(jr{i| 
short  and  rounded.  Kays  of  dorsal,  anal,  and  pectoral  brauchcil.  A 
single  species  known.     ( y/jf(/</ut/c6i, ,  linear;  'Acnir,  scale.) 


1379.  (mAM.MI<'4)LKlMS  ItUAt'llIIJSn  LI'S,  Pocy. 

Head  5;  depth  nearly  2;  D.  VI,  34;  A.  II,  33;  V.  I,  6;  P.  15;  C.  I,  KM. 

Eye  very  large,  2^  in  head.  Body  much  compressed  and  (luitu  (liep. 
ISranehial  apertures  deeply  cleft,  apparently  only  i  branclii()Mtt'j;al(!. 
Snout  short.  Prefrontal  turbinal  and  anterior  suborbital  extremely  luml 
and  covered  with  spiny  rugosities.  Preoporcle  and  interoperclo  with 
rugose  borders;  remaining  opercular  bones  entirely  rugose.  Mouth  mnall, 
subvertically  cleft ;  premaxillary  process  large  and  lodged  in  a  JoKsa  of 
the  cranium ;  maxillary  complicated;  teeth  simply  a  narrow  row  of  niiuutu 
prickles,  none  on  vomer  or  palatines.  First  spine  of  dorsal  rugose,  as 
are  tho  lirst  ventrals,  the  two  postanals,  and  the  external  ones  ai'  tail; 
rays  of  pectoral,  second  dorsal,  and  anal  compressed,  not  branched  at 
tip;  pectorals  very  short  and  rounded;  vertical  fins  all  well  developed; 
tail  injured  in  the  type;  caudal  peduncle  large;  ventrals  thoracic,  with 
a  rugose  spine  and  6  llexible  ones  that  are  branched.  Aside  from  the 
frontal  bones  and  the  suborbitals  where  the  skin  abruptly  terminates 
and  the  nasal  portion  of  snout,  all  the  trunk  and  head  is  covered  with 
scales,  including  the  inferior  mandible;  scales  very  ditterent  from  those 
found  among  related  fishes,  their  length  greatly  exceeding  their  width; 
they  have  the  appearance  of  parchment,  transparent,  brittle  when  dry, 
overlaping  each  other,  aud  strengthened  longitudinally  by  a  raised  lineal 
ridge;  their  contact  with  each  other  is  so  extremely  intimate  that  it  lends 
to  the  skin  of  either  side  a  very  smooth  appearance  although  rough  to  the 
touch  ;  the  scales  are  so  long  that  4,  5,  or  6  of  them  are  sufficient  to  sj/au 
the  height  of  the  trunk,  one  of  such  a  series  being  crossed  by  the  lateral 
line,  where  its  presence  is  denoted  by  a  raised  ridge;  leading  scales  ou 
the  body,  above  as  well  as  below  shorter,  and  where  carried  on  to  tlm 
head  much  more  firm  than  those  found  on  the  fin  rays ;  scales  of  the  head, 
although  shorter,  of  the  same  f  rm  as  those  of  the  trunk ;  no  scales  upon 
the  fins.  Caudal  peduncle  without  cartilaginous  or  osseous  plate  at  its 
sides;  posterior  to  the  anus,  the  ventral  keel  is  rough.  Cranium  rather 
cartilaginous  than  osseous  in  structure,  except  the  frontals,  which  are 
rugose  in  line  in  the  supraorbital  region,  and  bristly  in  front,  as  are  the 
turbinals  and  suborbitals ;  these  latter  are  4  in  number,  the  last  3  heinft 
very  slender;  2  supratemporals ;  lower  jaw  with  several  rows  of  niiuute 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        975 


Jopiirate  nimuch. 
»,  with  u  Hiiiijlo 
ravimkoUiiidula, 


spiniH  upon  the  ("  atary  and  articular  oIuiuentH.  Vortebrm  10  +  30  =  46. 
Aut<  rior  ueural  spiuu  not  excavated,  being  lufty  and  Hnioutli ;  the  5  that 
fullow  are  nhort  and  inclined  backward;  remaining  ones  slender,  us  alsu 
tlifii  lummpophyseH  ;  last  vertebne  withuut  lateral  spines.  Pleurupop- 
liysi'H  inconspicuous,  feebly  developed,  of  much  the  same  si/.e  and  shape  as 
the  I'pipleuruls;  but  one  pseudo-interneural  spine  in  front  of  the  one  that 
HUpi'trts  the  first  dorsal  fin  ray.  (Poey.)  A  single  specimen  of  this 
leiiiJirkable  fish  was  obtained  by  Poey  ut  Cuba,  in  1872.  (Name  a  Latin 
(liuiiiuitive  of  fifiaxiov,  arm,  from  the  small  pectoral.) 

Ornmiiiiiolvpuhradiimniliiii,  Poey,  Aaiil.  Soc.  Ksp.  Hist.  Nat.,  If,  1H73,  I  uba;  SiK'FerDT,  Juiiriiul 
Jlorpliology,  II,  1888,  271,  with  i:i  figures;  Goodk  &  Ukan,  Oci'ttiiic  Iclitli.,  21H,  tig.  'I'll,  l«'.i5. 

Ill  a  natural  arrangement  the  Grammicolepiduht;  should  apparently  be 
followed  by  the  Ephippidw,  and  these  in  turn  by  the  ChitodonlhUv  and  their 
allitsH,  from  which  are  derived  the  long  series  of  aberrant  or  degenerate 
I'orins  known  as  Flectoytiathi.  The  needs  of  a  linear  arrr  .gement  make  it 
desirable  to  interrupt  the  series  here  to  givo  place  to  tlio  TctraijoHurUlo 
aud  other  aberrant  forms  which  may  be  allied  to  the  Hcombrida;  and  also 
to  the  long  series  of  Percoidea,  which  are  also  very  closely  allied  to  the 
uiackcrel-like  fishes.  When  the  Percoid  series  is  finished  we  shall  revert 
to  tho.io  remote  branches  from  the  Mackerel  stem,  if  such  the  Chwtodan- 
tiih  aud  the  Flectognatha  should  prove  to  be. 


i!  !V- 


Family  CXXXVIII.  TETRAGONUKIDiE. 

(The  Square  Tails.) 

Body  long,  slender,  plump,  not  compressed,  covered  with  hard,  ciliated, 
grooved  scales,  which  are  very  adherent.  Lateral  line  single,  straightish. 
Ileiid  scaly;  opercles  entire;  eye  large;  mouth  short,  obliijue,  the  jaws 
box-like,  armed  with  one  series  of  close  set,  comb-like  teeth;  teeth  on 
palate.  Dorsal  divided,  short  and  low;  spines  about  15;  soft  rays 
few ;  aual  very  small,  its  spines  indistinct ;  caudal  peduncle  long,  rather 
Hieiuler,  with  cartilaginous  expansions  at  the  base  of  caudal;  caudal 
rather  small,  forked;  ventrals  small,  subabdominal,  placed  below  middle 
of  pectoral,  I,  5;  pectorals  short;  no  air  bladder.  Atlantic;  pi-obably 
but  Olio  species;  in  deep  water,  apparently  rare.  The  relationships  of  ihe 
giou])  are  doubtful.  Lowe  places  it  among  the  mackerels,  GUnther  near 
the  MiKjilidw.  It  seems  remotely  allied  to  Branddw  and  other  Scombroid 
fonii.^,  but  it  forms  a  distinct  group  without  near  relatives.  {Telrayon,' 
urina,  Uiinther,  Cat.,  iii,  407,  1861.) 


hi 


K' 


447.  TETRAGONURUS.  Risso. 

TcdvifloiiMiiMt,  R18SO,  Ichth.  Nice,  347,  1810,  (curieri). 

Cteiio'hiy,  Macleay,  Pfoc.  Liiiii  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  1885,  718,  {winimoni). 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,    (rerpaywpof,  square ;  oipd,  tail; 
square-tailed,  from  the  form  of  the  caudal  peduncle.) 


;;.!# 


'4'! 


i'!  'I' 


I 


Hi 


i   I 


IMl 


970 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afiiseuni. 


1»7*.  TKTKAIIOXI  nrs  nVIKKI.  ItlMHo. 
(Ks<'iii.Aii  UK  Natura  ;  Coi'BI'ata  ;  Hquaiik  Tail  ;  Hka-Uavkn.) 

Head  W,  depth  7;  eye  about  3*.  D.  XV-ll;  A.  IF,  i);  V.  I,  T.;  scales 
90.  IJoily  I'liHifuriii,  not  coinprcsHcd,  plniiip  iiiitl  compart,  tliotail  iHCDiiiing 
distinctly  tonr-anj?l«d;  at  liawo  of  caudal  tlicHo  four  (Miuidintant  aimifH 
rlHo  Hiiddonly  into  four  short,  elevated,  laccrato-Hcrrato  crests  01  mlnco 
of  produced  toothed  scales,  these  serrate  keels  iiicetin;;  ii\  tho  loik  ot 
the  tin,  the  keels  as  long  as  eye.  Melly  underneath  round,  witii  ;i  line, 
closed  groove  from  ventral  fins  to  vent;  a  similar  groove  ht'hiiid  mial, 
Head  broad  above;  eye  very  large;  snout  short,  truncate, as  long  as  eye; 
jawsetiual;  nuixillary  slipping  below  preorbital ;  gape  luoderiile,  icacii- 
Ing  front  of  eye;  lower  jaw  with  very  high  guuis,  shutting  witliin  iiiipti 
Jaw  like  a  trunk  within  its  lid;  teeth  bony,  white,  and  glassy,  in  oiiu 
row  in  each  jaw,  arranged  like  comb  t«!eth  ;  lower  teeth  larger,  almiit  10 
in  each  side  of  each  jaw,  the  teeth  of  lower  jaw  larger  baeksvard  :  ii|i|K'r 
teeth  Hubconic,  lower  compressed,  lancet-like;  vomer  and  palatines  with 
small  teeth;  gill  openings  very  large,  the  nuMubranes  connected  lielow, 
free  from  isthmus;  pectorals  short,  rather  low;  ventrals  small,  ovate, 
ratlier  behind  pectorals,  fitting  into  a  hollow  of  the  belly.  Dorsal  iiisoited 
behind  ventrals,  of  15  low  pungent  spines  depressible  in  a  groove;  soft 
dorsal  short,  scaleless,  not  in  a  groove;  anal  similar,  shorter,  its  lirst  two 
rays  small  and  simple;  caudal  broad,  rather  short,  well  forke<l.  its  rays 
feeble,  much  articulate.  Whole  body  covered  with  a  hard  and  loni- 
pact  armor  of  close-set  scales  in  83  regular  obli(iuo  spiral  rings,  tboso 
ou  tail  smaller.  These  scales  are  so  tirmly  fixed  that  tliey  eau 
be  torn  off  in  spiral  belts.  Their  edges  are  striate  and  finely  eiiiate, 
the  striio  being  also  rough.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight ;  head  nmstly 
scaly;  the  surface  everywhere  rough.  Color  uniform  rusty  black,  the 
edges  of  the  scales  hyaline;  inside  of  month  blackish.  Length  1  loot. 
Q''.sophagu8  with  soft  papilla* ;  stomach  a  long  conic  sac ;  cu-ca  numeious, 
unequal;  vertebra*  36 -|- 22^=58.  (Lowe.)  Open  Atlantic,  once  taken 
off  our  Atlantic  Coast.  Originally  described  from  Nice.  Kisso  says 
that  it  lives  at  great  depths,  approaching  the  coast  only  in  August  at  the 
time  of  spawning,  and  that  its  natation  is  slow  and  feeble.  It  lias  since 
been  found  off  Toulon  and  Marseilles,  and  by  Lowe  near  Madeira,  m  hero 
it  was  taken  swimming  at  the  surface.  Lowe  is  also  of  the  opinion  that 
it  occurs  at  very  great  depths.  Its  flesh  is  white  and  tender,  but  at  times 
when  eaten  it  is  a  violent  poison,  as  was  demonstrated  by  the  peisonal 
exjierience  of  Risso  himself.  This  Risso  thinks  may  bo  due  to  the  jioison- 
ous  jelly  fishes  ou  which  it  feeds.  A  single  specimen  was  obtained  by 
the  United  States  Fish  Commission  at  Woods  Hole,  November  10,  1S90 
(No.  44436,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).  (Goode  &  Bean.)  (Named  for  (ieorgos 
Chretien  Leopold  Dagobert  Cuvier,  1769-1832,  the  great  conipaiative 
anatomist,  who  laid  the  foundations  of  modern  ichthyology.)    (En.) 

Tetrmimmnw  ciirieii,  Risso,  Iclith.  Nice,  347,  1810,  Nice;  GCnther,  Cat.,  Ill,  -108,  18C1;  (!oor>E 

&  Bean,  Oceanic  IclitU.,  230,  fig.  417,  189o. 
Tetragoiutnii  allantictu,  Lowe,  Fishos  Muiluirii,  12!>,  pi.  xix,  1843,  Madeira. 


ki:;...-.i. 


Jordan  ami  Evcrmann. — Fishes  of  A'ort/t  .Imerica.        1)77 


i    i' 


Fiiiiiily  CXXXIX.  PEMlMIEIilD.E. 
(TlIK  Dkki'-watkk  Catai,ufa8.) 

Ilodv  oblonp;,  comprcHHcd,  covered  with  niodomteorHmnll  ncalon,  which 
iiKMlistiiictly  ctenoid,  the  vent  well  forward,  the  long  buNo  of  tlie  anni 
viiN  <il>li(pie.  Laterul  line  nearly  Htraight,  nnarmed,  extending  on  the 
caudal  tin;  membranes  of  anal  more  or  Ichh  scaly,  tiiat  of  dorsal  mostly 
iiakcd.  Head  compressed,  with  blunt  snont,  narrow  proorbital,  and  large 
i-yu;  iionos  of  head  nnarmed,  or  very  nearly  so;  nostrils  double;  cheeks, 
(ipenlcs,  and  jaws  scaly ;  mouth  large,  very  ol)li<iue;  prennixillary  pro- 
tra('til*S  maxillary  very  broad  posteriorly.  SnuiII  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer, 
and  palatines.  Gills  4  ;  gill  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
liiaiii  liiostegals  7.  Dorsal  I'm  very  short,  median  or  anterior,  with  r>  or  U 
Hlcndci'  graduated  spines,  continuous  with  the  soft  raya,  the  lirst  of  which 
i8loii>;('8t;  no  projecting  interspinal  boues  before  dorsal.  Anal  fin  very 
lun^S  not  falcate,  with  2  or  3  small  spines  in  front ;  caudal  lunate  or  mod- 
onitidy  forked,  on  a  stoutish  peduncle.  Ventrals  moderate,  I,  5,  inserted 
liolow  the  pectorals,  which  are  rather  long.  Supraoccipital  crest  high, 
sifiidcr;  vertebral  in  normal  number,  10  +  24  {rempheris);  the  abdominal 
verttdtiii-  short;  the  caudal  vertebrtit  gradually  lengthened.  Coracoids 
much  dihited.  Air  bladder  large,  thick,  divided  into  two  by  a  constric- 
tion, the  anterior  part  smaller  and  round.  Pyloric  co'ca  (!  or  7,  some  of 
tlioiii  longer  than  the  » tomach.  Small  fishes,  inliabiting  rather  deep 
\\ liter  in  the  tropics.  Three  genera,  I'lmpherls,  Parapriacunthus  (I'einphe- 
iklilliiin),  and  Ncopempherin,  with  about  12  known  species.  The  rehitiou- 
tihiiiB  of  the  family  are  not  very  clear.  lu  the  form  and  proportions  of  the 
tins  I'liiipheritt  resembles  Kurttti*,  with  which  genus  it  has  been  usually 
asHuciiited.  Kurtun  has  feeble  scales,  nearly  or  quite  naked  head  and  free 
HpiucH,  and  antrorse  interspinals  before  the  dorsal  fin.  Kurtus  seems  to 
be  a  iiiembor  of  the  Scombroid  group.  Panphris  shows  but  few  Scom- 
broid characters,  and  bears  a  superficial  resemblance  to  Priacanthus. 
We  allow  the  supposed  relation  to  Kurtus  to  remain,  and  place  the 
group  iit  the  end  of  the  Scovibroidei,  where  in  fact  it  probably  belougs. 
(Cdranijidw,  part,  Giinther,  Cat.,  li,  509,  510,  1860.) 

(I.  Auid  flu  very  long,  iU  first  ray  iu  udvaucu  of  middlo  of  budy.  Pkmi>iiebi8,  448. 


&!  ;v'  t 


448.  PEMPHERIS,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

rcmphrrif,  CtrviEK  &  VaIjENCIKnnes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoiBs.,  vii,  296, 1831,  {onaltmis). 

Uody  short  and  deep,  tapering  posteriorly,  covered  with  rather  small 
scales,  35  to  70  in  lateral  line.  Vent  in  advance  of  middle  of  length. 
Dorsal  rays  VI,  9;  anal  rays  III,  35  to  46.  Caudal  lunate.  {Pempheris,  a 
name  given  by  Numenius  to  some  little  fish,  now  unrecognized.  "Ces 
noma  sans  caract6re  indicatif  de  leurs  esp^ces  se  trouvant  aiusi  vacantes 
lea  naturalistes  s'en  emparent  comme  de  choses  sans  maitres  pour  les 
appli(iiier  aux  genres  nouveaux  qu'  ils  decouvrent."    (Valenciennes.) 

0.  Auiil  rays  III,  32  to  III,  25. 

'■.  Scales  iu  lateral  lino  nearly  50;  32  in  a  lengthwise  series;  eye  2J4  iu  head. 

ME.\ICANU8,  1375. 

I.N.  A. 63 


I  t'i 


S? 


«^ 


^mm 


y^jTiJr.  fJi^Jfig?!?^ 


078 


liulletin  47,  United  States  National  Musfion. 


'\ 

,i 

il 

its 

'A 

4i 

'^! 

i 

1 

^'1 

U<,  SnlrH  ill  liili'i'iil  litic  '>•>;  I'.vi'  :)'.j  ill  lit'iiil.  Mi'iiDMiiriniKi,  ];i7o 

<m.  Aiiiil  ru.VH  111,  111.     BcHlrx  in  luti'ml  linn  0«j  t-yo  very  l«rg«',  2)/,  iii  liund.      MlLl.Kiir,  I:i77, 
(OKI.  Aiml  luyM  III,  'l\.    Scali'w  in  liitcrul  liuo  fiii;  oy  1\:^  In  liuad.  roi:ti,  UTn, 

1:175.  rnniMIKRIH  MKXK'AM'H,*  ruvior  a  VuluncionnoH. 

D.  VI, !(;  A.  Ill,  [in;  Hcalos  in  a  loiiKtlnviHo  ueriua  32,10  hciiIo  in  u 
tniiiHvei'Ho  MoricH,  Prolileu  littlucuuouvo.  Copper  culur ;  thu  Hum  vdlow, 
withuiit  black  niarkin^H.  Pacilic  coast  of  Mexico,  ouly  the  type  limwu, 
I'roin  Acapulco.    (Cuvier  ^  ValencionuuH.) 

IV»ii'/a'n'4  mcxkfini)*,  Ouvirh  it  VALCNciCMNes,  IIlMt.  Nut.  I'uIhii.,  vii,  :t08,  1831,  Acapulcu. 

187(1.  PKnPKrlltlS  M'iiOMIIIHdKI,  MUllor  A  Troschul. 

Head  4;  depth  3.  D.  VI,  9;  A.  Ill,  33;  V.  I,  5;  scales  in  lat(Miil  lino 
5(i,  hoHidcH  about  13  on  the  caudal  fln.  ProHlo  depressed  above  tlic  cyu; 
lower  outline  Htrongly  convex  anteriorly,  thou  Htraight  alonj;  the  liclly, 
then  contracted  so  that  the  base  of  last  anal  ray  is  on  level  of  miililli'  of 
pupil.  Scales  rather  large,  distinctly  ctenoid,  deciduous,  except  tlumo 
along  the  lateral  line,  which  are  smaller  than  the  others  and  jifisi^tcnt. 
Eye  3i  in  head;  half  broader  than  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  rcucli- 
ing  beyond  middle  of  eye;  each  jaw  with  two  rows  of  small,  Nlcnder 
teeth  directed  backward  ;  small  teeth  in  narrow  bands  on  voimr  ami 
palatines;  preoporcle  finely  serrate;  fiu  rays  slender;  height  of  (linsal 
greater  than  its  base,  which  is  about  half  length  of  head;  anal  liasc  not 
quite  2^  in  body,  its  first  rays  3;^  in  head ;  anal  spines  slender,  grudiiatvd ; 
caudal  moderately  lunate,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer;  pectorals  I'alcnio, 
as  long  as  head;  ventral  short,  as  long  as  eye;  lateral  lino  cnivcd  to 
below  middle  of  dorsal  and  extending  on  the  scales  of  ca.udal  tin.  Viulut 
above,  golden  yellow  below  (in  spirits);  scaly  sheath  of  anal  wiili  dark 
specks.  (Steindachner. )  Barbados  and  Cuba.  (Named  for  Kuboit  11. 
Sohomburgk,  author  of  the  History  of  Barbados.) 

VcmX'hnU  tdinmhiirgki,  MOllrr  &  TBOSrilEl,,  in  SclioinburRk's  History  of  lliii-biuluH,  r.c'i,  1,S15, 
Barbados;  D.  V,  9;  A.  Ill,  35;  Steindachner,  Icb.  Notizon,  i,  8. 


1877.  PEMPUERIS  MULLEKI,  Poey. 

(CATALTJFA   1)E   10   AtTO.) 

Head  3;^ ;  depth  2^ ;  eye  2J  in  head  ;  base  of  anal  2i  in  body  or  1  i  tinios 
as  long  as  head.  D.  IV,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  31 ;  scales  56  to  60.  Color  red,  silvery 
below,  dusky  on  back  and  base  of  anal.  Length  about  5  inches.  Weut 
Indies  to  Brazil;  rather  rare  on  the  coast  of  Cuba,  in  waters  of  modcrati' 
depth.    A  handsome  little  fish,  resembling  a  young  PnacaH//i»<8.    Probably 

*  Tho  following  account  of  tho  original  typo  of  Pempherin  mericana  lins  beon  sent  iih  liy  "ur 
friontl,Mr.  Aloxandor  Thominot:  "  Body  compresHed,  its  hi'ight  2J^  times  in  thi' tntal  liiif-'lli: 
bead  a  little  more  than  four  times  in  tills  dimension;  snout  (i  in  head;  eye  as  Unit;  .i"in"ilij' 
peduncle;  insiTtion  of  dorsal  nearer  tip  of  snout  tban  rtwU  of  caudal;  pectonls  as  Ion;;  Mri  lionil. 
Total  length  0.14(t  mm.;  head  0.033  mm.;  snout  0.005  mm.;  eyo  0.015  mm.:  caudal  biiull'  ii.02S; 
length  of  pectorals  0.033;  base  of  dorsal  0.018;  height  of  dorsal  0.020.  tin  rays  1).  1!;  !'■  w; 
V.  1,  5;  A.  32;  C.  II-I-II.    Scales  in  lateral  liuo  nearly  50." 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.        070 


identical  with  rcmphcriH  Hvhonihurnki.     iNuiiiud  for  tlio  luitoil  cMtiiipai'Htivu 
uiiatoiiiiHt,  Prof,  JuhaiiiiuH  Miillor,  who  wroto  on  tlio  tishi-rt  of  IturltiuloM.) 

p^mfil''"!  iiiiilleii,   Tory,   Mi'timriuH,  II,  2t)',i,  Itiljii,  Cuba;  't''"  iuivv  l^miihrm  niiitlni  ot  Kluu- 

/l!J^<•r  In  n  ililVuruiit  K|i<rcleH). 
i'lii,;.,  ,i»  Kli'iiiihnryki,  JouuAN,   i'rof.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mm.,  ll<8(l,  M,  utnl  IMIKI,  HIT;  purliiiiw  nut  of 

Ml  I.LKU  ik  TUONL-IIBL. 


931,  Acapulco 


IH7H.  rKMIMIKKIH  l>(»KVI,  Ildin. 

Iliad  3;  depth  2i;  oyo  2i  ;  Huoiit  '2  in  «^yo.  D.  IV,  8;  A.  IH,  21 ;  HcaU)» 
2-,")))-lL'.  Maxillary  about  i  im  lonjj  aH  ln'iid,  its  i»oMl.ori«»r  uxtruniity 
vuiy  much  widouod;  uumdiblu  Hli^htiy  longer  than  niaxillti,  itH  loiigth 
Hourly  i  gretttcHt  height  of  body;  width  of  interorbital  M]iace  eiiual  to  ^ 
longtli  of  maxillary ;  origin  of  dorual  Hiightly  behind  vertical  through 
origin  of  ventral ;  diHtaneo  from  tii»  of  Huout  to  origin  of  dormil  not 
uiucii  mure  than  length  of  anal  baue;  longeNt  dormil  ray  Hiightly  excebd- 
iii<{  \  length  of  head;  origin  of  dorHal  tin  conuiderably  in  advance  of 
niiiMlo  of  total  length;  origin  of  anal  directly  under  end  of  dorual; 
leii^'tii  of  anal  baHo  eijual  to  greutet^t  height  of  body  and  not  much  in 
uxccNs  of  length  of  head;  origin  of  ventral  alnioHt  directly  under  that  of 
(loiHiil;  third  ray  of  ventral  uh  long  as  eye;  pectoral  4  in  liody ;  caudal 
imiu'it'oct  in  type.  Cuba.  Only  the  typo  known.  (IJoan.)  Named  for 
Prof  Fchpe  Pooy,  who  collected  the  typo  of  the  Hpecies.) 
hiiiiilc'i!<  i'oeiji,  BnAN,  Troc.  U.  S.  Kut.  Muo.,  1885,  'i'iv,  Havana.    (TyiK',  No.  :t7l84.    Coll 


■I  1 


llarl>HiluH,  i:i,'i.  isiA, 


Group  PERCOIDEA.* 

(TlIK  PkkCII-LIKE   FlSHEb.) 

A  gronp  of  fishes  of  diverse  habits  and  forms,  but  on  the  whole,  rcpre- 
sentiiig  better  than  any  other  the  typical  Acanthopteryyian  tish.  The 
gruiip  is  incapable  of  concise  definition,  or,  in  g'aneral,  of  any  definition 
ut  all;  still,  most  of  its  members  are  definitely  related  to  each  other,  and 
buur  ill  one  way  or  another  a  resemblance  to  the  typical  form,  the  perch, 
or  more  strictly  to  its  marine  relatives,  the  sea  bass  or  Sirranidw,  The 
following  analysis  gives  most  of  the  conmion  characters  of  the  group: 

Body  usually  oblong,  covered  with  scales,  which  are  typically  ctenoid, 
not  smooth  nor  spinous,  and  of  moderate  size.  Lateral  line  typically 
pruHL'iit  and  concurrent  with  the  back.  Head  usually  compressed  later- 
ally, and  with  the  cheeks  an<l  oporcles  scaly.  Mouth  various,  usually 
teniiiiial  and  with  lateral  cleft,  the  teeth  various,  but  typically  pointed, 
arniiif^od  in  bands  on  the  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatine  bones ;  gill  rakers 
usually  sharp,  stoutish,  armed  with  teeth  ;  lower  pharyngeals  almost 
always   separate,   usually  armed    with    cardiform  teeth;    third    upper 


♦.\s  tli(!8e  BheetH  aro  passing  tbrouf;!!  tliu  pross  wo  liavo  received,  thrnugli  tlic  courtcgy  of  onr 
frieii',  I»r.  (i.  A.  Boulenper,  of  the  Britisli  Bliiscuni,  pronf  sliects  of  the  first  volume  of  his 
"Cat:iluiru(^of  thoPerciform  Fifilies  in  tlio  Uritisii  Bluseiini."  ThiH  Rives  promJHe  of  IwiiiK,  lilio 
ils  imitutype,  Dr.  Guntlior's  "Catuloguo  of  tlio  Finlien  of  the  Itritish  Museum,"  u  nioiiunicntal 
wiirk  iiiillHpmisalMo  to  all  students  of  fishes.  Wo  have  iiiatle  free  reference  to  Dr.  Bouleiiger's 
condii.-ioiis  iu  tboBO  geuera  of  Pcrciformen  or  Pcrcoiilea,  iu  which  bis  work  is  printed  in  advance 
of  ours. 


f 


'\-:-i: 


m 


'I' 


a  iti.ut.t 


il 


I 


:  I 


980 


Bullitin  47 ,  United  States  National  Museum. 


■A: 


I A 


..tip 


ItlittiyiiKuul  iiiodurutuly  uiilurKo<l)  oloiiKiite,  not  artioulatod  to  tlin  ura> 
Ilium,  tliu  fourth  typically  prcHuut;  gillH  4,  a  Hlit  huhind  tlio  fuurtli ;  ^j|| 
luuuibi'unuH  free  from  thu  iHthuiuH,  und  UHually  not  couuectod  wttli  \:\w\\ 
other;  i»8eiulobraiichin'  tyi»iculiy  woll  duvulupod.  lirauchioHti'^Mln  i„\v 
UHually  0  or  7.  No  bony  Htay  counuctinK  tlio  Huborbital  chain  to  tlic  pn.. 
upurclu.  Upurciihir  bonvH  all  well  duvulopud,  normal  in  poHition:  the 
prooporclu  typically  Hurratu.  No  cranial  Hpinea.  Dorual  iin  vaiii>iiM|y 
duvulopcd,  but  alwayH  with  Home  HpincH  in  front,  thene  typically  Htili  imd 
pungent;  anal  tin  typically  Hhort,  UHiially  with  3  HpinnH,  Honuttiinrs  with 
alarf(cr  number,  BomctimoH  with  none;  caudal  tin  variouH,  UNiially  limatu; 
pectoral  tins  well  dovelo[)ed,  inaerted  hiKh ;  ventral  llns  alwayn  ])it'Hiiiit, 
thoracic,  ueparate,  almost  always  with  1  spine  and  5  raya.  Air  liliidilfr 
usually  present,  without  air  duct  in  the  adult ;  simple  and  (jeneraily  atUicr- 
ont  to  tlio  walls  of  the  abdomen.  Stomach  cti'cal,  with  pyloric  apptMid- 
ages,  the  intestines  short  in  most  species,  long  in  the  herbivorous  roiniH, 
Vertebral  column  well  developed,  none  of  the  vertebrui  especial  l,\  iih.mI- 
ilied,  the  number  lO-f-lt,  except  in  certain  extra-tropioal  and  fresli-wattir 
forms,  which  retain  the  primitive  higher  numbers.  Shonhkr  ^(inllt) 
nornuilly  developed,  the  post-temporal  bifurcate,  attached  to  tlic  Nkiill, 
but  not  coositiod  with  it ;  none  of  the  epipleural  bones  attached  to  the 
center  of  the  vertebra-;  coracoids  normal,  the  hypercoracoid  iilwujH 
with  a  median  foramen,  the  basal  bones  of  the  pectoral  (actiiiosts  ur 
pterygials)  normally  developed,  3  or  4  in  number,  hourglass  Hliapod, 
longer  than  broad ;  premaxillary  forming  the  border  of  the  inuiitli, 
usually  protractile ;  bones  of  the  mandible  distinct.  Spocii-.s  vury 
numerous,  found  in  all  seas  except  those  of  the  Arctic  regions.  Many 
species  inhabit  fresh  waters,  especially  in  North  America  and  Euro])o. 
These  fresh-water  forms  are  apparently  nearer  the  primitive  stock  tliuii 
the  marine  species  are.  The  Elaimomida',  Centrarchida;  and  Pciriila  luo 
the  most  primitive,  and  app  irently  form,  with  the  Percopaidw  and  Aphre- 
doderida;  an  almost  continuous  series.  This  series  we  are  compelled  to 
break  in  a  linear  arrangement  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  in  othi'i  nnies 
of  transitional  forms,  which  culminate  in  the  Berycoida  und  the  Scombroids, 

a.  Maxillary  not  slienthod  liy  tho  jiroorbital,  or  only  partially  covered  by  tho  odgo  of  tlio  latter; 
Toiitral  with  it»  accessory  scale  very  small  or  wantiug;  pectoral  without  acccHwiry  Hmlf; 
sUeuth  at  base  of  spinous  dorsal  little  developed;  vomer  usually  with  tectii;  upiTclu 
usually  ending  in  a  spine. 
b.  I'rocaudal*  vertobriv  with  transverse  processes  from  tho  third  or  fourth  to  tln'  lu.-t; 
ribs  all  but  tho  last  1  to  4,  sessile,  inserted  on  tho  centra  behind  thu  traullvt)r^u  i>ru- 
cesses;  anal  spines  3  or  more, 
c.  I'seudobranchiin  rudimentary,  covered  by  tlie  skin. 

d.  Lateral  line  wholly  wautinf;;;  dorsal  Hpiuo8  4  orS;  vertebraj  about  10 -f  11=24. 

KLASSOM I !>.>:,  (XL. 

(hi.  Lateral  line  more  or  less  developed;  dorsal  spliica  0  to  15;  vortclirii'  '.;'.>  tn  'Si. 

Centbabchiii.i;,  cxii. 
cc.  Psoudobranchin)  large;  dorsal  spines  about  10;  vertebra)  10 -f  15  =  25. 

KriiLiiD.r,  ixui. 
lb.  I'rccaudal  anteriorly  without  transverse  processes;  all  or  most  of  tho  ribs  incorted  ou 
tho  transverse  processex  when  these  are  developed. 


*  These  characters  are  taken  from  Boulenger,  Cat.,  i,  p.  2. 


■K.<IH|ll|||lll^ 


•1 


Jordan  and  Mverpnann, — Fhhen  o/  North  America.        IWl 


t'.  Anikt  Nplntii  2  or  1,  vnry  rAroly  ubitulotu;  vortxbriK  ta  liiciowi'd  iiiiiiilM>r  (,l()  In  '10). 

I'Kllrlli.V.,  rxi.111. 

tr,  Anul  Hpliii'N'i  (raruly :();  viirtcliriu  2t  or  Zl;  |ia«ii(lolimiii'lilii' wnll  <|i'viilii|icil;  ilnrMtl 

III)  tliviJetl.  ('ii»'.ii,iii)iiTr.iiiii.r,  rxi.iv. 

rtr.  Anal  Npliii'it  :i  ori..)ni>,  iu'Vim'  'i,  nor  1;  |MH'iiilo>iriiiirliiii'  wril  i|nvi'Ui|H'<l;  durHal  t)ii 

I'oiiiliiuiiiiH  or  (livid<*il:  \i>rti*lirjt'  21  to  ii.'i. 

(.  Vonior,  uiiil  iiNiiiilly  iiitliiliiii'H  uImo,  wIiIi  tcolli, 

1/.  liUtui'iil  lino  NlroiiKly  iiiitrkcil,  uxti'inlliiK  to  I'liil  ol'  i.tiiiliil  flu;  hoily  olon- 
g»li<;  ti'Otli  Hiiukll.  CCN'ruuPoMlliC,  I'xi.v. 

1/1/.  Iiiitoriil  lino  not  rxtemliuK  on  laiidikl  (In. 

h.  Anal  tin  Nliort<>r  than  iloFNul;  hciil  not  I'vorywlioro  roveroil  with  roUKli 
wali'H;  poNtoi'ular  part  ot'  hcail  not  nliorti'ni'il.   .Hkiiiianiii.I':,  rxi.vi. 
/i/i.  Anal  fin  Hcarci'ly Mhortttr  than  ilorMil  ami  Nlnilhir  to  It;  hiail  ami  hiMly 
evctrywiicru  cuverud  with  rutiKh  Mfalfa;  litxly  deep,  coinpninNc'd, 

I'llUrANTIIID.V:,  CXI.VIII, 

/.  Vomer  without  toutli;  dorsal  flu  contlniioiiH;  hody  d<><>p,  i-oniprcHNcd. 

LUIIOTIII.V,  CXI.VII. 

lUL.  .MAxlllary  rilippinK  for  nioHt  of  Um  length  nndi'i  ho  odKe  of  the  preorliltal,  which  I'orniM  a 
niorii  or  lowi  distinct  xhiMith;  vontnilM  with  an  ao'i'Hxory  Hialc;  u|H<n'le  withuiit  Npinun; 
inaxillary  without  NUpplcnicntal  hoiii-;  anal  NpincH  ;i,  raicly  'J. 

t,  (!urnivoruii)i  Mpecii'H;  IntootlnoMof  niodoratu  lungtli;  to'^th  lu  Jhwm  not  all  InclHor-IIko; 
vortohrii'  iiHiially  24  or  2.'). 
i.  8pincHof  prcniaxllla'-y  not  Kr'Mitly  prtMliiccd,  not  uxtonding  backwanl  to  thr 
(M'ripiit;  month  niodcratidy  prutmutih'. 
k.  Vomur  with  tooth. 

/.  Teoth  in  JaWHUHually  iin(M|ual,  Hoino  of  thoni  more  or  Iprh  raninn-liko; 
nodl8tin<'t  tnlmrch'N  from  the  cranium  for  tlio  articulation  of  tho 
eplpharyngualg;  onlargod  a|H>phyH<'H  for  tho  arlii'uiution  of  the 
palatincH  and  proorhital;  flnit  4  vertehno  without  parapophyHCH; 
maxillury  long.  Lutianiu.v;,  cxlix. 

\tU.  Vomer  without  teuth;  i)aiatln(>H  and  tongiio  toothleNg. 

■m.  Toutli  on  sldoH  of  jawH  not  molar;  nukxillarloH  formcil  oHxontially  nw  in 
tho iS«rr>niii/ir.  II.KMt'LlD.v:,  ri,. 

nmi,  Tooth  on  sidoH  of  jawH  molar;  maxlilarioH  p<'c'iillar  in  form  and  in 
articulation,  unliko  thoHu  of  tho  SirraiiUlii.  Anterior  toutii  coni- 
cal, or  eUu  moro  or  U>8h  incisur-liko;  prcopcrcio  (^ntlro. 

Si'Aiiin.i':,  cLi. 

jj.  8pinoM  of  promaxillary  oxtunding  backward  to  tho  occiput,  bo  that  tho  mouth 

U  uxcusaivoly  protractile;  proorhital  vury  narrow, 

n.  Lowur  pharyngi-alH  ^voll  Huparatod;  tooth  in  jawH  small  or  wanting;  vomer 

with  minute  tooth  or  none;  dorsal  flu  rontinuoUNor  deeply  notched; 

proopcrcio  entire.  M.knii>.k,  ctli, 

nn.  Lower  pharyngeals  closely  approximated,  often  apparently  united;  tooth 

present,  small;  dorsal  tin  notched.  (ikkridk,  ci.iit. 

it.  Herbivorous H|iecifls;  intostinal  canal  elongate;  anterior  teeth  in  Jaws  iucisur-liku; 

no  molars  or  canines;  prcmaxillarioH  moderately  protractile. 

KYi'iiosiii.t;,  n.iv. 


j; 

•      i- 

fi 

( 

t 

>• 

\ 

i 

t 

3 

V 


Family  CXL.  ELASSOMIDiE. 

(Pigmy   Sunfisiies.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  largo  cycloid  scales. 
Mouth  small,  termiual,  the  lower  jaw  projecting ;  each  jaw  with  rather 
stronif  conic  teeth,  in  few  series,  directed  forward  vomer  with  a  few 
weak  teeth  ;  palatines  toothless ;  upper  jaw  very  protractile.  Bones  of 
bead  with  entire  edges.    Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly.      Gill  membranes 


M 


'f 


*- 


Pf  I      n 


i^-*'fv .  7^v^i^y'y^i'fv^'^'^9^*^\^^i^^^.'^;rf:i^.*.?^:;'''^iy'i^r^r'\'if^K-r^yri^y^y^ 


"^^ 


m 


982 


Bulletin  77,  United  State:>  National  Museum. 


broadl.r  united,  free  from  istlnnns;  gill  rakors  tubercle-like.  Lower 
pharyiigcniH  uarrow,  separate,  with  sharp  teeth.  UrauciiioHtegals  jqijuir- 
ently  5.  Lateral  line  obsolete.  Vent  normal.  Dorsal  lin  sinj^Ie,  hinall, 
with  4  or  5  spines;  anal  with  3  spines;  vontrals  thoracic, I,  5;  cimlal 
roundel.  Pseudobranchia'  small,  glandular,  covered  by  the  skin.  No 
py.'orip  Cd'ca.  Posterior  processtis  of  pien>axillaries  extending  to  the 
frontals,  the  latter  smooth ;  parietal  and  supraoccipital  crests  not  jno- 
duced  on  the  frontals.  Vertebra*  1()-|-11  or  1.5  =  21  or  25.  Two  spicics 
knon-n;  very  singular  little  fishes,  among  the  very  smallest  kiiowo, 
inhabiting  the  swamps  of  the  southern  United  States,  interriu  tliutts 
between  the  Aphrruoderidw  and  Ccnirarchidii'.  Like  I'ercopxix,  ('nihni. 
Aphrdcdcrua,  Dallia,  CholoijaHier,  etc.,  the  ElasKomidw  constitute  a  relic  0." 
a  very  ancient  fauna.  Dr.  Boulengev  places  Elusmma  among  the  (.'intnir- 
chidiv,  an  arrangement  to  which  we  see  no  serious  objection.  Elamomn,  as 
Dr.  Boulenger  suggests,  is  a  dwarfed  sunlish,  bearing  much  the  .sanio 
relation  to  the  others  that  the  dartevs  iiear  to  the  perch.  {ElansomUlu, 
Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  461, 1883.) 

4^9-  ELASSOMA,  Jordar. 

Elassoma,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  50, 1877,  {zotmUi). 
Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,     (thiaauua,  a  diminntion.) 

a.  Scalus  niuderato,  38  to  45  <n  a  longitudinal  serioB.  xonati  m,  \'.i1'.>. 

ail.  Eoalea  vory  largo,  27  to  30  in  longitadiual  sorios.  EVF.nr.i.AHF.r,  i;i8(). 

1379.  ELASSOiVA  ZONATUM,  Jordan. 

Head  3  ;  depth  3i;  eye  large,  3  in  head.  D.  IV,  10,  or  Y,  9 ;  A.  Ill,  r>: 
B.  5 ;  scales  38  to  42-19.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  the  nape  rather  In oad 
and  depressed ;  head  narrowed  forward.  Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  max- 
illary scarcely  reaching  pupil.  Teeth  in  jaws  stout,  conical,  slifjlitly 
v'^rved,  directed  forward  in  2  or  3  rows.  Color  olive  green,  every  wlicic 
finely  punctulate;  sides  with  about  11  parallel  vertical  bands  ot  dark 
olive,  about  equal  in  width,  narrower  than  the  eye,  about  as  wide  a;*  the 
pale  interspaces ;  a  conspicuous  roundish  black  spot,  nearly  as  large  as 
the  eye,  on  the  aides  just  above  the  axis  of  the  body,  under  the  bef,'iiiiiing 
of  the  dorsal ;  soft  fins  faintly  barred  ;  a  blackish  bar  at  base  of  cau- 
dal. Length  li  inches.  One  of  the  smallest  of  our  spinous-rayed  t'mhes. 
inhabiting  sluggish  streams  and  bayous  from  Southern  Illinois  to  'F'exas, 
Louisiana,  and  Alabama;  not  very  common  and  only  in  still  waters  of 
small  extent.     Variable.     ''5^onrt<«8,  banded.) 

EUmoma  ^■onata,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x.  .'iO.  1877,  Little  Red  River,  Judsonia, 

White  County,  Arkansas.     (Coll.  Trof.  Henry  S.  Reynolds). 
Elatnoiiiazmolmn,  Jordan  &  Gildert,  Synoiffiit)  4t)l,  1883;  Boulenoeb,  CaUiIoguo  of  Fi.-lns  in 

the  British  Museum,  i,  34,  1895. 

13S0.  ELASSOMA  ETERGLADEI,  Jordan. 

Head  3,'^ ;  depth  3^ :  eye  3  in  head.  D.  IV,  9  (III,  8  to  IV,  9) :  A.  Ill, 
5,  (to  III,  7) ;  scales  28-13  or  14.     Body  more  elongate  and  less  comitressed 


j-VtiiiiiW^-i^'  .iff-i,  ...j^.vi~!**.-4>^*^i:.iijiii-j^' 


•h^^Lk^^^. 


imiiiution.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Norf/i  America. 


983 


thiii'.  in  Klaasoma  :onatum  ',  the  head  thick,  uiodenitely  pointed  antorioiiy, 
lliittiHli,  and  moderately  wide  above.  Mouth  obliijue,  very  Hinall,  its  out- 
lino  curved,  uppoi  jaw  very  protractile,  lower  jaw  projecting ;  Hnout  very 
ulioit  not  longer  than  pupil ;  preorbital  very  narrow.  Maxillary  of  mod- 
oiiiti'  width,  barely  reaching  the  vertical  from  front  of  eye,  ita  length  4 
in  html.  Teeth  in  narrow  bands,  those  of  the  outer  series  euuirgod,  close- 
set,  .slender,  and  curved.  Apparently  a  few  teeth  on  the  vomer.  Cheeks 
and  (ipcrcles  scaly,  the  former  with  3  or  4  rows  of  scales.  Preopercle 
(utiic;  opercle  unarmed,  oniarginai:e  behind.  Gill  membranes  broadly 
coniio'tud  across  the  isthmus.  Breast  with  small  scales ;  scales  of  body 
very  large,  cycloid;  no  trace  of  lateral  line,  (iill  rakers  very  small, 
tubercular.  Pseudobranchiie  very  small,  apparently  covered  by  skin,  as 
in  tbo  ('cntrarchidai.  Vent  normal  in  position.  Dorsal  fin  low,  the  first 
spino  Hliort,  the  others  graduated;  ventral  fins  very  slender  anu  narrow, 
their  filamentous  tips  nearly  reaching  front  of  anal;  their  rays  I,  5;  the 
iuuer  ray  short,  so  that  the  number  appears  on  a  hasty  examination  to  bo 
1,4;  pectoral  li  in  length  "f  head ;  caudal  sl'ghtly  emargiuave,  1^  in 
bead.  Color,  in  spirits,  dusky  olive,  without  cross  bands  or  scapular 
spot;  centers  of  scales  paler,  thus  forming  faint  longitudinal  streaks; 
many  Hcales  of  back  and  sides  each  with  a  dark  brown  spot ;  these  irreg- 
ularly scattered ;  body  and  head  soiled  with  dark  points  ;  dorsal,  anal,  and 
caudal  conspicuously  marked  with  cross  bands  formed  of  dark  dots;  ven- 
tials  and  anal  largely  dusky,  similarly  but  more  faintly  barred.  Length 
U  iuclies.  Swamps  of  southern  Georgia  and  Florida,  locally  common  in 
dark  waters  tributary  to  the  Everglades.  Extremely  variable  in  colora- 
tion and  in  number  of  fin  rays,  if  all  the  known  specimens  really  belong 
to  one  species. 


:?r'i; 


F.kwom'i  rivrglaxlei,  JORDAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1884,  323,  Indian  Rivet  ,)d  Lake  Jessup, 
Florida;  (Typo,  No.  25326(8).  Coll.  U.  Edward  Earll);  Gii.bkrt,*  Bull.  V.  S.  Fixh  Ooiiiin., 
vni,  1888,  228;  WooLMAN.f  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  x,  1890  (1892),  299  uud  :iOO,  i>l.  Rt,  fig. 


I  t:i': 


*  "  \  single  speclmon  from  the  Satilla  Bivor  at  Waycross,  answeriug  well  tho  ori);iniil  dcscrip- 
tidii,  lull  with  the  anal  III,  7,  instead  of  III,  5  ;  D.  iV,  9;  scali^s  27.     FiiisallhiKh,  tlii' viMitraiH  ' 
rciicliiii',  slifshtly  boyond  origin  of  anal,  tho  longest  (lorsiil  ray  IJ.',  in  head.     In  Hpirits,  faint 
traief  cf  •',  or  7  dusky  cross  bars;  a  white  area  on  base  of  caudal.     In  life,  a  blue  bund  under 
eye  mil  ;i  number  on  sides.     Dorsal  spines  with  blue." — Gilbert. 

tWcKiliniin  givts  the  following  account  of  spacimons  ol  this  species  from  Hillsboro  River, 
Klorida  :  "  Two  very  fino  specimens  were  taken  in  Pcmbertou  Creek,  which  differ  in  Roveral 
liirtiiuliirs  from  tho  types  of  this  siH!ci<!8  {Elassoma  erenjlwlei).  Total  length  of  specimens  a.")  and 
'27iimi.  ii'spectivoly;  length  tocaudal  fin  22}^,  23  mm.;  greatesthelghtof  body  (),7  mm.;  depth 
of  cauil.il  jii'iluncloo,  3  mm;  length  of  head  (j,  7  mm.;  intororbital area  2,  2  ram.;  eye,  2,  2  mm.; 
(listiiiin-  from  tip  ol  snout  to  front  of  dorsal,  10, 10  mm.  Number  of  dorsal  spincsand  rays,  III, 
K  III,  s;  length  of  ba«o  of  dorsal  7,  7  mm.;  longest  dorsal  spine  3, 3,  mm.;  longest  doi-sal  ray  5, 
fi;  iiiml  I V,  ,'■.;  IV,  .');  ventrals  reaching  anal;  scales  28,28.  Ground  color,  very  dark  brown, 
in'ttrly  l.lii -k,  with  3  cross  bars  behind  dorsal,  between  which  there  in  a  dark  metallic  blue  space; 
f|rtit  (III  (i|i(Tcle  of  a  dull  carmine  color;  2smar  spots  of  tho  same  color  at  base  of  caudal;  Rpots 
(>!'  bliii'  im  other  parts  of  body,  notably  along  lateral  lino;  tins  dark;  up;>erbalf  of  dorsal  black; 
'.;  liplitir  spots  on  the  last  rays  of  dorsal. 

"Sev  iral  specimens  wero  obtained  in  Mill  Creek  which  correspond  more  closely  with  tho  orig- 
iiiiils  (if  EhiKsoma.  Tho  measurements  of  3  of  these  are  as  follows:  Length  25,  25,  23  mm. 
rcspcoiiv.ly;  length  to  base  of  caudal  21, 21, 19  mm.;  greatest  depth  6,  7, 5  mm. ;  depth  of  caudal 
pc(lini(lii;i,  3,  3  mm.;  length  of  head  fi,  0,  Gmm.;  e\ol}4,  1%,  V/^  mm.;  distance  from  end  of 
Kiiout  t.,  origin  of  dorsal  9.  ft>^,  8  mm.  Dorsal  rays  IV,  8;  IV,  9;  IV,  9;  ana!  rays  III,  5;  111,5; 
'II.  "i;  :iiimber  of  scales  27,  28,27.  Ground  color  dark  brown,  thickly  covered  with  darker  spots 
liavln^'  iMi  definite  arrangement;  a  few  deep  lustrous  blue  scales  on  body;  dorsal  dark,  showing 
in  Miincspi'rimens  ft  double  row  of  dark-red  spots,  forming  2  stripes  parallel  with  edge  of  fin. 
Ititire  B&ems  to  be  lome  variation  iu  size  of  eyeand  width  of  interorbital space."  (Woolman,  {.  c) 


*i 


1 

-r: 

i; 

s 

i 

i 

i 
1 

. 

^v;t'">t^*"'^t7'?t^;v^'?'^/*' 


■•yyiTi'^^^^'^/fr 


'■*. 


984 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


4;  liUNMiKito,*  Hrv>ii-H.  Kuiig.  Vetunak.  Akud.  F(irh.,  I2:i,  I8t)4;  BoiiIuiikit,  Cut.,  I,:tl. 


I 


I     ■  i : 


Family  CXLI.   CENTKARCIIID.E.t 

(The  Sunfishks.) 

Body  more  or  less  shortened  and  compressed ;  the  regions  al)ovo  and 
below  the  axis  of  the  body  nearly  equally  developed,  and  cornmixindinir 
to  each  other,  and  the  pHeiidobranchiti^  imperfect.  Head  coiiiincHHfu, 
Mouth  terminal,  large  or  small.  Teeth  in  villiform  bauds,  tlic  outer 
slightly  enlarged,  without  canines;  teeth  present  on  premaxillaric'g. 
lower  jaw,  and  vomer,  and  usually  on  palatines,  also  sometimes  on  t(>ii<riie, 


*  Dr.  Einiir  Liinnlwrg  Rives  tho  following  aocouiit  of  tlio  Bpouiiiiona  obsorvcii  by  li 
Orlaixlu,  Florida,  and  proviHionully  nanicid  "  h'Jdssoina  (irUnidiviDit^'  : 

"  Localities — Forn  Crook  and  small  lakes  around  Orlando,  Orange  County;  Tohopili 
other  waters  aroiiml  Kigsimniee,  OHCoola  County;  Arcadia,  Do  Soto  County. 

"  This  little  flsli  Hoems  to  bo  e.xtrernoly  variable.  When  I  obtained  my  tirnt  Hpccinion^ 
Crook  I  siiroly  believed  that  I  had  founil  a  new  Hpocies.  I  wan  led  to  that  opinion  l>y  I 
ber  of  spines  and  S(jft  rays  in  the  virtiial  fins,  .lordan  (I'roo.  C.  S.  Nat.  Mu.-i.,  iHs'li  i 
Eliiivuima  t'rerg'd'lei  with  4  spines  and  ")  or  10  soft  ."ays  in  the  dorsal  un<l  li  Hi)iiics  uml  .". 
in  the  anal.  On  my  specimens  I  counted  r>  spines  (in  one  only  4)  and  11  or  12  soft  nivr^. 
formulaof  the  anal  was  III,  7.  There  was  thus  1  spiuo  and  1  or  2  soft  rays  in  the  iln: 
soft  rays  in  the  anal  more  than  in  the  typical  /■'.  erergladei.  I  therefore  bolievod  it  jnsl 
lisli  a  new  subspecies  with  the  uami;  orlaiuUcHtn,  the  more  as  also  the  color,  etc.,  was  < 
Later  on  I  found  in  the  literature  that  Woolman  (/.  <•.  p.  290)  had  found  in  I'emlioiii 
variations  in  another  direction,  that  is  with  the  formula  III,  8  for  the  durxal,  and  IV,  : 
anal.  But  in  the  Santa  Fu  lliver  the  specimens  were  more  similar  to  mine  with  d' 
0-12;  anal  111,5-7.  Through  this  the  variability  of  /■;.  erov/Zorfct  becomes  still  mure 
Tbc  ttusaro  larger  in  the  males,  as  the  following  measuronients  will  show: 


III  alidiit 
ili^aaml 

III   KiTll 

li''  iiiiiii- 
I'-^ciilH's 

,  ami  till' 

•a  I  and  'J 

tn..>|||l|. 

iill-rciit. 
•II  Crci'k 
•.  Inrthi- 
■r-al  IV, 
I'viiU'ut. 


Length  without  caudal 

Length  of  head 

Depth  of  boily 

Vertical  height  of  dorsal. 
Vertical  height  of  anal  _. 

Length  of  dorsal 

Length  of  caudal 

Height  of  caudal 


Male. 


^fill  imelfrs. 

v.y, 

2-.^ 

10 
5 
8 


Female. 


jUllliiiieterH. 
20 
fi 

r, 

2 

2':. 
8 

5 


"My  largest  specimen  measured  25  millimeters  without  the  caudal,  which  is  roiiiiilfil,  not 
slightly  emarginate.  Woolman's  figure  (I,  c,  PI.  LIII)  has  the  caudal  roundiil,  tun.  Intln' 
females  the  ventrals  reach  to  the  anal;  in  the  males  the  filament  from  the  I'onrth  niy  siii passes 
the  S'.lnes  of  anal.  Intestinal  canal  short,  no  appendices  pyloricn>.  Kggs  Ian;*',  l>iit  l<'\v  in 
DURiber.  December  and  January  seem  to  be  the  spawning  season  of  this  little  tiHli.  aiil  in  that 
time  the  male  has  such  a  bright  color  that  it  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  liunclsdiiii-t  licsli- 
water  ii.shea.  It  is  black,  with  7moro  or  h^ss  complete  vertical  crossbars  of  bright  nuiallii  liliip. 
A  semicircular  blue  spot  below  and  behind  eye.  At  the  base  of  the  caudal  there  ii re  2  "liilli'li 
blue  or  blue  spots  surrounded  by  black.  The  ventral  fins  almost  biuo  with  bhuk  li'ihl'i'.  At 
tlio  base  the  dorsal  has  2^  bands  of  blue  spots;  the  anal  has  1  or  2  bands  of  the  sann'  kiml.  A 
little  within  the  black  margin  of  all  the  vertical  fins,  ^hn  chief  color  of  which  is  il.i  li,  is  a 
broad,  blue  band,  which  is  broadest  and  brightest  on  the  atial;  pectorals  not  rolmol,  Alt'i- 
the  spawning  time  the  blue  will  change  to  paler  greenish  blue  but  still  i.ic*^'"'-  1. 1  spirits 
the  blue  color  is  lost  and  the  fishes  become  blackish  with  paler  l)and  whore  tlif  I!"''  li"* 
been.  Both  the  caudal  spots  are  always  conspicuous.  The  female  is  not  so  bright  ll-(i'li>r 
is  a  kind  of  rusty  brownisli  with  darker  spots.  These  are  sometimes  arranged  in  tlii"  laiigis 
along  the  side.  The  belly  is  always  paler  and  the  entrails  sliine  through,  tlic  liver  n  iMi-li  and 
the  intestines  dark,  if  they  contain  anything.  At  the  base  of  the  caudal  two  wliiti-li,  dark- 
bordered  spots.  Dark  spots  on  the  rays  makeone  band  on  the  anal,  two  on  the  dorsal,  and  ilirif 
on  the  caudal." 

t  For  a  useful  review  of  the  species  of  this  family  see  Bollman  in  Beport  U.  S.  Fith  (I'mni,, 
XVI,  1888  (1892),  667-679,  plates  lxviii-lxxii. 


.»:^_..- 


seum. 


g<'r,  Cuf,,  I,  lit. 


fions  abovo  nnd 

ll  C01T(iHp(i|l(liiij; 
iju'i  coin|u(s.sc(i, 
auds,  tin-  oiitiM' 
preniaxill;irit'8, 
;ime8  on  toriiriu', 


iservfd  liy  Inn,  ;,|„„|, 
y;  Tohopckiili^aaii,! 

'Ht  Kpl'cilMOIlN  in   I'lTii 

iipiiiiDM  liv  III.,  iiiiiii- 
Nns.,  ixsi)  (|.,:ciihc,« 
pines  iiiid  .".  >,,|t  rays 
I2s(il't  rays,  ami  the 
9  in  the  (liirsal  ami  •:. 
eved  it  just  tucsial)- 
,  etc.,  was  ilill.TCiil. 
in  I'einlicilnri  Cicik 
111,  iiiid  IV,  "i  Inr  till- 
ine  with  dorsal  IV, 
I  still   lUdir  tviilout. 


nuli\ 


ytiHera. 


I/. 


ch   is  ronndml,  not 

iindrd,  tiio.     In  tlic 

uiirtli  ray  siiipassos 

s  lariic,  lull  li'H  ill 

l(>  fish,  and  iji  lliut 

hiinds(iini-t  licsli- 

I'i^lit  iiii'tallirliliif. 

Iicro  lire  2  «liilijli 

I.liuk  hcidrr.    Al 

till?  same  liiiiil.    A 

which  is  Irla:  k,  isa 

lot  roloieil.     Aft'l 

otnlli.'       ;.i  spirits 

licre  the   lihic  lins 

hright.     llscelor 

cd  ill    Ihr. .  ranges 

;^  liver  mldi-li  and 

wo  whitish,  ilark- 

0  dorsal,  ;iiid  llireo 

J.  S.  Fiili  Cemni., 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  oj  North  America. 


985 


ptoryKo'ds,  and  hyoid.  Premaxillaries  protractile  ;  maxillary  with  a  snp- 
plcmiMital  bone  in  the  large-niontbed  fornm,  Hometimes  uiinnte  or  obsolete 
in  otliii8.  Preoperclo  entire  or  somewhat  serrate  ;  operole  ending  in  two 
flat  points  or  prolonged  in  a  black  flap  at  the  angle.  Preorbital  short  and 
deep;  tirst  suborbital  narrow,  the  maxillary  not  slipping  under  its  edge. 
Nostrils  2,  on  each  side.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudo- 
brancliiiii  small,  almost  glandular,  nearly  or  (luite  covered  by  skin.  (»ill 
niemliiiiiicH  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Hianc^jiostegals  6,  rarely  7. 
Gill  Hikers  variously  formed,  armed  with  small  teeth;  lower  pharyngeal 
boiiessoparate,  their  teeth  conic  or  sometinies  paved.  Cheeks  and  opercles 
scaly:  body  fully  scaled,  the  scales  usually  not  strongly  ctenoid,  rarely 
cycloid  ;  lateral  line  present,  usually  complete.  Dorsal  fins  confluent, 
tlid  spines  6  to  13  in  number  (usually  10),  depressible  in  a  shallow  groove  ; 
anal  Hpines  3  to  9.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Pyloric  co'ca  5  to  10.  Verte- 
hni'  2H  to  35  (13  to  18  +  15  to  17),  Entopterygoid  present.  Precaudal  or 
alidoniinal  vertebrie  with  transverse  processes  from  the  third  or  fourth  to 
the  la.it ;  ribs  all  but  the  last  2  to  4  sessile,  inserted  on  the  centrum  behind 
the  tnuiHverse  proceses.  Frontals  with  a  pair  of  largo  muciferous  chan- 
nels which  converge  posteriorly  or  are  confluent  with  a  transverse  channel 
connecting  the  postfrontals,  their  posterior  openings  close  together  on  the 
median  lino  in  front  of  the  snpraoccipltal  crest.  Coloration  usually  bril- 
liant, chiefly  greenish.  Sexes  similar ;  changes  with  age  often  great. 
Fiesh-water  fishes  of  North  America;  genera  12;  species  about  30,  form- 
ing ont!  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  our  fish  fauna.  Most  of 
the  species  build  nests,  Avhich  they  defend  with  much  courage.  All  are 
carnivorous,  voracious,  and  gamy.  All  are  valued  as  food,  their  impor- 
tance heing  in  direct  proportion  to  the  size  which  they  attain.  The 
groui»  lias  been  divided  by  Dr.  Gill  into  three  subfamilies  very  closely 
related  to  each  other — Cenirarclihw.,  Lejwminw,  and  Microptcrina:  Most  of 
the  8[)ecic8  belong  to  the  Lepomina:  The  Micropterina;  approach  most 
nearly  to  the  Scrranida'.  At  the  same  time  they  are  perhaps  farthest  from 
the  primitive  stock  from  which  the  group  has  sprung.  (Percida;  group 
GriistiiKi,  Gunther,  Cat.,  i,  2u6-261,  1859.) 

Centbaiu'iiin.t;  : 
a,  Diiisal  till  scarcely  longer  than  anal. 

If.  Dorsal  spines  5  to  8;  aiialRpincsG;  spinous  dorsal  shorter  tliansoftdorsal;  hcdy  ein  igatc, 
compressod.  Pomoxis,  4.10. 

I'll.  Dorsal  spines  11  or  12;  anal  spines  7  or  8;  Hpinotis  dorsal  lonner  than  soft  dorsal;  hody 
short  and  deej),  eoraprossed.  Centuakrhus,  451. 

w.  Diirsal  tin  much  larger  than  the  anal;  gill  rakers  rather  short. 
liKP.niiN.i-; : 
..  liody  comparatively  short  and  deep,  the  deptli  usually  more  than  g  the  length;  dorsal 
fill  not  deeply  einargiiiate. 
./.  Tongue  and  pterygoids  with  teeth;  mouth  large,  maxillary  reaching  post  middle 
of  eye. 
e.  Scales  cycloid;  caudal  convex.  Aoanthauciius,  452, 

ec.  Scales  ct(^noid;  caudal  concave  behind. 

/.  Opercle  emarginate  heliiud;  anal  spines  a  to  8. 

(/.  Lingual  teeth  in  a  single  patch;  gill  rakers  about  10;  preopercle  ser- 
rate only  at  its  angle,  other  niembraue  bones  entire;  lower  point 
of  opcrcle  without  pointed  stria).  Ahdloflites,  453. 


I  «<fc 


iifliii:! 


j.r^'aijflF^ 


'Pw'JT^Tto*?^^^???^^  '■' 


986 


Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


<  1 


m 


yij.  Lingual  tooth  in  two  patches;  gill  rakttra  abuut  20;  muxt  of  tli.  m,.,,,. 

brauu  bones  uf  tlio  head  serrate;  lower  point  of  opcrcli'  -triutc 

the  striii*  ending  In  Hhari>  I>oi»ts.  Aiii  iiiipli  u  s,  i:>4. 

jT.  O|i<'rcio  ending  In  u  black  convex  prot'oss  or  flap;  nnal  nplneH  3;  |iri "iirnle 

entire.  Cilknuiiiivti  i .,  4r,:,. 

(Id.  Tongue  and  pterygoids  toothless;  mouth  Hmall,  the  niitxillury  barely  reailiiii).'  imt 
middle  of  eye. 
h.  Caudal  convex;  opercle  emarginate,  without  flap. 

t.  Dorsal  tlu  continuous,  normally  with  '.)splnuH;anal  normally  with  li  s|>inpii, 

Knnkai'amiii  s,  4j(;. 

ii.  Dorsal  fln  angulatod,  some  of  the  median  HplnoN  olovateil;  dorMil  ."iijriis  10; 

anal  3.  Mk80(io.nistm  s,  457. 

hh.  Caudal  margin  ctpncave;  opercle  prolonged  behind  in  a  convex  pr(iic.-<-  nril;!], 

which  is  always  black;  dorsal  spineH  normally  10;  anal  3. 

J.  Supplemental  bone  of  maxillary  perfectly  dictinct.  Ai'OMuii'i,  4,"i>. 

jj.  Supplemental  bono  of  maxillary  rudimentary  or  wanting. 

k.  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  the  teeth  uttuuliy  sharp,  not  r(iiii(  al. 

liKl'liMlS,  4.'iO. 

kk.  Lower  pharyngeals  broad  and  concave,  especially  in  the  mlult:  leith 
more  or  Ichs  blunt  and  paved.  Kii'ciMciis,  4111. 

MlOROlTEniN/T. : 

<•<:  Body  comparatively  eiongate,  the  depth  In  the  adult  about  3-i  t'>"  length;  ilmsal  tin 
low,  deeply  emarginate,  with  10  spines; 'month  large;  caudal  lunate. 

MiCHOl'TKIll  S, -ICl 


::!   -ii 


V  il 


n: 


it'' 


n; 


450.  POMOXIS,  Eafinesque. 
(Ckappies.) 

Pomoris,  RAFINKSQTrF,,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  41,  (annularin). 
Pomoxyi,  HoLBROOK,  Ichth.  South  Carolina,  29,  18(10,  (change  of  spelling). 
Ilypei-istius,  Oill,  Amer.  Jouru.  8ci.  and  Arts,  1804,  92,  (liexacaullnm  =  carolinetmn). 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  the  snout  projoctinj;. 
Mouth  large,  oblique ;  maxillary  broad,  with  a  well-developed  supple- 
mental bone.  Teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  entopterygoids,  and  tongue, 
Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  with  sharp  teeth.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slen- 
der, numerous.  Opercle  emarginate;  preopercle  and  preorbital  liiielv 
serrated.  Scales  large,  feebly  ctenoid.  Fins  large,  the  anal  largii  tliaii 
dorsal,  of  6  spines  and  about  17  rays ;  dorsal  with  6  to  8  graduated  spines, 
the  spinous  dorsal  shorter  than  the  soft  part ;  caudal  fin  emarginaii' ;  pec- 
torals rounded  or  obtusely  pointed,  with  15  or  16  rays,  the  upper  lonijest. 
Ventrals  close  together,  each  with  a  strong  spine.  Branch iosttiirals  7, 
Lateral  line  complete,  the  tubes  straight  and  extending  Jit  least  im  the 
anterior  half  at  the  exposed  surface  of  the  scale.  Posterior  pioci'ssos  ol 
the  premaxillaries  not  extending  to  the  frontals;  supraoccipital  and 
parietal  crest  very  strong  i)roduced  forward  on  the  frontals  to  between  the 
orbits;  vertebne  184-li>  =  33.  (Tru/Lin,  opercle;  ofi'f,  sharp ;  the  <ipercle 
ending  in  two  flat  points  instead  of  an  "ear-flap.") 

a.  Dorsal  spines  6,  rarely  5;  anal  fln  plain;  profile  of  head  more  strongly  S-shft]"'!  t'la"  '" 

eparoidei.  annii-.m;i^,  l^*'' 

aa.  Dorsal  spines  7,  rarely  8;  anal  fln  strongly  reticulated.  spaboil-kr,  ns2. 


:;)i 


.i»-,^,^.v,4>..jiLtkv4;.;-»Vi 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,        1)87 


.7. 


1881.  POMOXIS  ANNULARIS,*  Kalinosquo. 
I^CtUPPii;  Daciiei.iiu  ;  New  Liiiirr ;  Cami'iiki.i.ite  ;  fAC-A-i.AiT;  Chapet.) 

IIca<l  3 ;  depth  2i- ;  eyo  large,  4,  reaching  past  pupil.  D.  VI,  15 ;  A.  VI, 
IH;  sriilcH  36  to  48.  Body  elongate.  Head  long,  the  profile  more  or  It'HS 
Btroii;;!y  S'^I><^I'<)<^>  owing  to  the  projecting  nnont,  depressed  occipital 
ri},'ioii.  iind  very  prominent  thickened  antedorsal  area.  Mouth  very  wide. 
Scales  on  cheeks  in  4  or  5  rows.  Color  silvery  olive,  mottled  with  dark 
;;reen,  the  dark  marks  chiefly  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body  and  having 
a  tcr.dincy  to  form  narrow  vertical  bars;  dorsal  and  caudal  tins  marked 
with  ifieon  ;  anal  fin  pale,  nearly  plain.  Fins  very  high,  but  lower  than 
in  ]\mo.r\s  aparoidcs.  Length  12  inches.  Very  variable.  Middle  United 
States  from  the  Great  Lakes  south  to  Texas  and  west  to  Kansas  and 
NYoraska ;  generally  common,  especially  in  sluggish  waters,  in  ponds,  and 
liayoiis :  it  strongly  resembles  its  e<iually  abundant  congener,  but  the  two 
do  not  intergrude  so  far  as  we  have  seen.    (annHlarin,  having  rings.) 

Bmif/ii  iiiiiiiihirit,  RAFiNEgQt'E,  Aiiicr.   Month.   Mttf?.,  1818,  41,  Falls  of  the  Ohio  River; 

Iloii.MAN,  Koview  of  the  Ceutrarchidn',  560,  pi.  68,  fig.  3,1802;  JoitVAN  &  Gilcekt,  Synopsis, 

464,  ISKj. 
Cirhk(in,,ri(t,  KiETLANP,  Report  Zoiil.  Ohio,  191,  1838,  Ohio  River. 

I'rnum.rit  iiiiiilioi,  CtiBARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liila.,  1857,  20O,  Houston  River.  Kentucky. 
?omitijshi;vivauiUi,  GiM.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nttt.  Sci.  Plilla.,  ISBr),  64,  North  Grand  River,  Missouri. 
V>'mfij»  iiiturmciUm,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  1865,04,  no  locality. 
PwiMtip iirulacanthm,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18G5,  60,  Tarboro,  North  Carolina. 


y 


1882.  POMOXIS  SPAROIDES  (Lac6pede). 
(Calico  Bass  ;  Grass  IIass  ;  Barfisii  ;  Stkawiierry  Bass.) 

Head  3 :  depth  2.  D.  VII  or  VIII,  15  ;  A.  VI,  17  or  18 ;  scales  40  to  45, 
OiowH  on  cheek.  Body  oblong,  elevated,  much  compressed.  Head  long, 
it8  profile  not  strongly  S-^^^P^d,  the  projection  of  the  snout  and  ante- 
dorsal  ii'giou  and  the  depression  over  the  eye  being  less  marked  than  in 
PomoriH  annularis.  Mouth  smaller  than  in  P.  annuUiris,  the  maxillary 
reacliiiii;  about  to  the  posterior  edge  of  pupil,  the  mandible  shorter  than 
pectorals.  Fins  very  high;  anal  higher  than  dorsal,  its  height  4-5  times 
in  lenjfth  of  body.  Color  silvery  olive,  mottled  with  clear  olive  green, 
the  dark  mcttlings  gathered  in  irregular  small  bunches,  and  covering 
the  whole  body ;  vertical  fins  with  dark  olive  reticulations  surrounding 
Dale  spots ;  the  anal  marked  like  the  dorsal ;  a  dusky  opercular  spot. 
Length  12  inches.  (Treat  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  to  New  .lor- 
sej-,  and  southward  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas ;  chiefly  in  lowland 
streams  and  lakes,  abundant ;  a  handsome  fish,  valued  as  food ;  it  frecjuents 
ciiielly  cold  anil  clear  waters,  being  rarely  seen  in  muddy  bayous.  (aTrdpog, 
Spnritu;  fUhc,  resemblance.) 

Ldlmix  sj„iri,lJes,  Lac^p£de,  Ilist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ill,  517, 1802,  South  Carolina. 
i'iiiiili<mi<  iiiiiinitinculalnii,  Le  Sueuu  MS.,  in  CuviEB  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iii,  88, 

1S2!),  Wabash  River. 
Oeti/r.(r,/,ii«  hexacimthii,  CuviEu  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  vii,  459, 18.')1,  Charleston, 

South  Carolina. 

*Thi8  iierfoctly  well-markod  species  is  confounded  with  Pomoxit  itparoidKS  by  Dr.  Boulenger. 


'■:'?! 


I  n 


TT 


'f.^77Ti>^fr  .1  .  ( ' 


T>i')f^*V-""'?T™T 


n'P  ilfK^ni^ITT:*   1 


088 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


IlUlirrifliuii  lariiliiiniHiit  Gn.i.,  \nift.  .lourii.  Si;i,  itiid  Artf*.,  1804,  !Kl,  South  Carolina. 
Pi)mi>ryH  Dparniihii  .Jonn\fi  t^  Oii.bkkt,  Synoimig,  4t>5,  ISH'i;  Uovlenuer,  Cat.,  I,  7. 
romoxii  nmroidcs,  Uolluan,  (.  c,  65i),  pi.  (J8,  flg.  2. 


451.  CENTRARCHUS,  Cnvier  &  Valenciennes. 
(Round  Bass.) 

nutrarrhm,  OcviKn  A  VAI.EVrir^NF.S,  Hist.  Nftt.  Poiss.,  Ill,  84,  1829,  {iridemi). 
Eiiieiilnirclws,  Gii.r.,  Amor.  .Jour.  8ci.  nml  ArtH,  1864,  OH,  (irideim). 

Body  short  and  deep,  coinpressed.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lower  jaw  tho 
longer;  maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone.  Tcetli  on 
vomer,  palatines,  ontopterygoids,  ectopterygoids,  and  tongue.  Oi)erole 
emarginato  behind.  Gill  rakers  setiform,  very  long,  finely  dentate,  in 
large  number  (20  to  30  below  angle  of  arch).  Fins  large;  the  d()r.sal and 
anal  fins  about  ecjual  in  extent,  the  soft  portion  of  the  latter  longest  and 
most  posterior,  the  2  fins  being  obliquely  opposed;  dorsal  fin  with  the 
spinous  part  longer  than  the  soft  part,  of  about  12  spines,  whicli  arc  nut 
rapidly  graduated ;  anal  fin  with  about  8  spines.  Scales  laige,  not  Htioiifrly 
ctenoid.  Lateral  line  complete,  the  tubes  straight  and  occupying;  at 
least  half  of  the  exposed  surface  of  the  scales.  Posterior  processes  of 
the  premaxillaries  extending  nearly  to  thefrontals;  frontals  poHtcriorly 
with  a  transverse  ridge,  connecting  the  parietal  and  supraoccipital  crests, 
which  are  very  strong  and  extend  forward  to  between  the  orbits.  Vortebni' 
15+16  =  31.  (KtvTiJov,  spiue;  u/);i;6i',  anus,  from  the  development  of  the 
aual  spines.) 

1383.  CENTRABCHII8  IHACROPTEBVK  (LAc£p£nE). 

(UOUNB  Sl'NFISII  ;  Fmeji.) 

Head  2i  to  3;  depth  IJ  to  2 ;  eye  large,  3i  to  4  in  head.  D.  XI  to  XIII. 
12  to  14 ;  A.  VII  or  VIII,  15;  scales  large,  5  or  6-38  to  45-15,  i  to  6  rows 
on  cheeks.  Body  ovate,  strongly  compressed ;  head  small ;  snout  short, 
shorter  than  eye ;  mouth  small,  oblique ;  maxillary  reaching  posterior 
border  of  pupil ;  lingual  teeth  in  2  patches;  opercular  spot  narrow,  inueii 
higher  than  long ;  dorsal  high,  longest  spine  If  in  head;  pectorals  and 
ventrals  long,  reaching  anal,  ventral  spines  extending  past  anus  to  tin. 
Gill  rakers  x  -\-  30.  Green,  with  series  of  dark  brown  spots  on  sides  below 
lateral  line,  forming  interrupted  longitudinal  lines ;  a  dark  spot  below 
eye;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  reticulated;  young  with  a  black  occllns  at 
base  of  soft  dorsal.  Lowland  streams  and  bayous  from  Virginia  south- 
ward to  Florida  and  Louisiana '  northward  in  the  Mississippi  \  alley  to 
southern  Illinois ;  locally  abundi.  in  clear  waters ;  a  handsome  fish,  rarely 
exceeding 6  inches  in  length.     (fiuKfMs,  long;  nrepbv,  fin.) 

Lalmis  mcuroplenis,  LAof:pi5i)E,  Hist.  Nat.  ToisB.,  iii,  447, 1802,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
Lahrtin irideux,  liAckpp.VE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poles.,  in,  71G,  1802,  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
CetUrarchus  macroptirux,  Jobdan  &  Oilbert,  SyaopalB,  4G3, 1883;  Bolluan,  I.  c,  5&b,  j'l.  08,  lit;.  1; 
BOUUNOSB,  Cat.,  I,  8. 


>\\ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


980 


452.  ACANTHARCHUS,  (iill. 

^Mfl/^rtT;,!!*,  Ottt,  Atner.  Journ.  Scl.  and  Arts,  18C4,  !t2,  (j)omo/i«). 

liodj  oblong,  robust,  not  much  conipresHod  or  elevated.  Month'  not 
very  lui  ^'c,  tlio  broad  maxillary  with  a  wttll-devoloped  Hiipplemuntul  bone ; 
liiwer  Jaw  projecting.  Teeth  on  vomer,  paliitineH,  pl»uygoids,  and  tongue ; 
lin^Mial  ifoth  in  a  Hinglc  patch  ;  pharyngeal  teeth  sharp,  (.lill  rukerH  few, 
rtitlicr  lung  and  strong.  Opercle  emarginate ;  preopercle  entire.  ScaleH 
cycloid,  large.  Lateral  line  complete.  Dorsal  spines  usually  11 ;  anal 
8|iiueH .') ;  caudal  tin  rounded  behind.  Close  to  Amhloplihv,  differing  chiefly 
iu  tlio  ruuuded  caudal.    One  species  known.    {ukuhOu,  oinuo;  uij^iut,  uuus.) 

1884.  ACANTHAUCIIVS  P<»M0T1M  (Uaird). 

(Ml!l)   SUNflHll.) 

Head  Sir;  depth  2;  oye  not  very  large,  3Ho  4  in  head.  D.  XI  or  XII, 
Klor  11;  A.  V,  10;  scales  (>-43-12,  about  5  rows  on  cheek.  Hody  oblong', 
inodevatoly  compressed.  Snout  short.  Mouth  wide,  the  gape  short ;  the 
maxillary  reaching  posterior  part  of  orbit;  lingual  teeth  in  1  patch. 
Abuut  ri  gill  rakers  besides  rudiments.  Dorsal  spines  low,  the  longest 
abuut  as  lung  as  from  snout  to  middle  of  pupil.  Pectoral  I'i  in  head. 
Color  very  dark  greenish  ;  body  usually  with  5  rather  indistinct  blackish 
loiigitiulinal  bands  along  the  sides ;  cheeks  with  dark  bands,  which  run 
nearly  parallel,  the  lowest  passing  across  the  maxillary  around  the  front 
part  of  the  lower  jaw ;  fins  plain  dusky ;  a  black  opercular  spot.  Length 
6  inches.  Southern  New  York  to  South  Carolina,  in  sluggish  streams  near 
the  coast;  locally  common,  especially  iu  the  Delaware  River;  a  small 
species  of  little  value  as  food.  (Pomotis,  the  suufish,  a  synonym  ofLepomis. ) 

Cenlrarchiin  ]mtnoti$,  Bairi),   Ninth  Smitlison.   Report,  325,  1854,  New  Jersey;  New  York; 

(Coll.  lliiird);  GONTiiKn,  Cat.,  i,  250, 1859. 
.kniithari hiis  jmmntit,  .loKDAN  &  OlMiEIlT,  Synopsis,  469,  ISS'A;  BoLLMAN,  I.  c,  503,  pi,  70,  fig.  1. 
Ambh'pUkii  jiuiitotin,  fioULENQEU,  Cat.,  I,  11. 


453.  AMBLOPLITES,  llafinesque. 
(Rock  Bass.) 

AmIdcptiIeK,  Uafinesque,  Inhth.  Oil.,  33,  1820,  (ichtheloiiles—:ntpe»(ri»), 

Hody  oblong,  moderately  elevated,  compressed.  Mouth  large,  the 
broad  maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone;  lower  jaw 
projecting.  Teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  tongue,  entopterygoids,  and 
ectoptcrygoids;  lingual  teeth  in  a  single  patch  ;  pharyngeal  teeth  sharp. 
Branch iostegals  6.  Opercle  ending  in  2  flat  points ;  preopercle  serrate  at 
its  angle;  other  membrane  bones  chiefly  entire.  Gill  rakers  rather  long 
and  strong,  dentate,  less  than  10  in  number,  developed  only  on  the  lower 
portion  of  the  arch.  Scales  large,  somewhat  ctenoid ;  lateral  line  com- 
plete, the  tubes  occupying  at  least  the  anterior  half  of  the  surface  of  the 
scale.    Dorsal  fin  tnucn  more  developed  than  the  anal  fin,  with  10  or  11 


1 


wm^'iJi! 


"w 


W  i 


990 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum, 


nitlior  low  HpinoN;  una)  HpinuH  iioriiially  0;    pocturalH  obtiiNcly 
with  11  or  I'l  I'uyH,  tlio  up]>ui-  louguut.    Cuudul  iiu  uinurginutt;. 
biuut ;  on-Xin/c,  ui'iiiutuie.) 


I">intc(l 


,/ 


1SN5.  ANBLOPLITER  ItrPEHTRIS  (Rnflnooquo). 
(Common  Kock  Iiamm;  Rkp-kye;  Uooolk-kye.) 

Head  '2S ;  depth  2-2^;  eye  very  largo,  :U  in  head.  I).  XT,  10;  A.  VI,  lo; 
HcaleH  about  r)-3!)-12,  (>  to  H  rowH  on  cheekH.  Co'ca  7.  Vortobrii'  11  -j.  l«. 
Body  (d>l()ng,  moderately  conipreHsed.  Head  large,  the  prolilc  little 
depressed  above  the  eye.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  oxtendiiij;  to  oppo- 
Hito  posterior  part  of  pupil ;  lingual  teeth  in  1  pateh.  Gill  raktis  fuw, 
7  to  10,  developed  on  lower  part  of  arch;  preoperclo  sorrute  near  its  aiji,'li'. 
Color  olive  green,  brassy-tinged,  with  much  dark  mottling;  the  youu" 
irregularly  barred  and  blotched  with  black,  the  adult  with  a  dark  spot 
on  each  scale,  these  forming  interrupted  black  stripes;  a  black  i)|)*Meular 
spot;  dark  mottlings  on  the  soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal.  Lt'M<;tli  12 
inches.  Vermont  to  Great  Lake  region  and  Manitoba,  south  to  LuiiIh- 
iana;  very  abundant  west  of  the  Alleghanies ;  a  gamy  tisli,  valued  as 
food.     (rujHiitrin,  living  among  rocks.) 

Iliidiumin  rujieilrix,  Rafinksque,  Am.  Muntbly  Mug.,  1817,  120,  Lakes  of  New  York,  Ver- 
mont, iind  Canada. 

IchlMl*  eriithroim,  U.\riNKsgrE,  Iclitli.  OliiciiMis,  2!t,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Ijeponiis  ichthi-liiidiv,  li.\TiHK.sitvr,,  Ichtli.  OIui'DhIb,  ;t2,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

CichUi  imea,  Lk  SuEUii,  .Joiir.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  IMiilu.,  1822,  214,  Lake  Ontario. 

CeiUmrchuH  peutacanthiui,  CuviEU  &  VALE^CIEN^•E«,  llist.  Nat.  I'oiss.,  iii,  H8,  l^'JH,  Wabash 
River. 

Ce)Umrchm  feneun,  CuviEtt  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poish,,  hi,  84,  1820. 

Ambloj)liles  nipehtrit,  Jordan  &  Qilueht,  Syuopsis,  406,  1883;  Bollman,  /.  <'.,  5GI,  |>l.  O'.i,  tii;. '.!; 
BOULENOER.  Cat.,  I,  lu. 


•  g> 


I        r    ii 


I  { ;  'j 

H   ! 


ir 


Represented  in  the  Roauoke  River,  east  of  the  AUeghunits,  by  au 
isolated  colony, 

1885a.  AMBL0PLITE8  RCFESTBIS  CATIFRONS,  Copo. 

Scales  on  cheek  minute  and  embedded,  wholly  invisible  over  most  of 
the  area;  profile  concave  over  the  ^yes.  Diftering  in  no  other  iiarticular 
from  AmblopliteH  rupcstriit.  Roanoke  River,  Virginia,  (caciin,  coucave; 
froiis,  forehead.) 

AmhhpIUe*  cam/roiw,  Cope,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  18C8,  217,  Roanoke  River.    (Coll.  Copt.) 
AmbhplUea  rvjieslria  cavifrona,  Bollman,  {.  c,  661. 

454.  ARCHOPLITES,  Gill. 

ArchopUtesi,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliiln.,  1861,  165,  (interrtiptus). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  elevated.  Month  large,  oblique. 
the  broad  maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone.    Teeth  ou 


M' 


mJJJ^W.^Hd»^8iW!IJH!f»IW>W  '' 


Jordan  and  Kvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


l)«l 


|;tvv((,  v(tiiiur,  pulutiuus,  tongue,  ooto|»t«ry>?iM<l8,  aixl  <Mitoi»kM'y){ui«lH  ;  lin- 
I'uul  tilth  ill  2  piitcheri ;  i>litu'yii};;eiil  tcuth  poiiittttl.  (iill  iuk«*i'H  long 
ami  Hi  I  mi};,  cuiaprcNHetl,  niiiiiuroiiH,  iiltuut  L'O  in  niiiiibor,  Huino  of  thuiii  uii 
tliu  u|)|»'t  portiou  of  tlu)  iinOi.  liniiichioHtu^alH  7.  Upt^rculiiiii  eiuur^i- 
ualt',  tlio  lowur  point  much  th«t  hiigur,  Htriale,  tliu  ridf^uH  tetininutinK  in 
Miiiill  >|>iM«!H;  pruopuirlu,  inleropeicle,  Huhoporclu,  Huborbitul,  uixl  pru- 
uiliital  witli  thuir  infurior  udguH  conHpicttouHly  Horiute  ;  tlunturieH  and 
|ir('o|itMi  It)  witli  lur^u  niucifuroiiH  (lupruHHiuuH  or  pitH.  DuihuI  fln  with 
iiliiMil  I'l  HpiM«;H;  unul  UHiiully  with  7  Hpin»H.  Cuudaluniur^inutt).  SuuIum 
^tiuuglv  i!t»!Uoid.     C'aliforuiu.     (a^j.fiV;,  anus  ;  ('<n-A(r;/f;,  uimaturo.) 


)f  New  York,  Ver- 


egbauius,  by  au 


188«.  AllCliOPLITKH  INTKUKI'I'TIH  (UlrurJ). 
(Sacuamento  Pkkcii.) 

llciitl  -:i  ;  depth  2i;  ey«  very  largo,  4  to  5  in  head.  1).  XII  or  XIII,  10; 
A.  VI  (11- VII,  10;  HcaUiM  about  7-40  to  51-14,  about  8  HoriuB  on  cheek. 
Itudy  oiilong,  ovate,  compruHHcd,  the  back  couHiderabiy  elevated  ante- 
riurlv,  (li'preHHed  over  the  eye,  the  8Uout  projecting  at  an  angle.  Mouth 
icrminitl,  very  largo,  the  maxillary  very  broad,  extending  beyond  pupil. 
Diiisil  s|,ineH  rather  low,  strong;  anal  spines  similar;  pectoral  short, 
baiul.v  iciicliing  u'lal.  Color  blackish  above,  sides  silvery,  with  about  7 
vei'ticul  blackish  bars,  irregular  in  form  and  position  and  more  or  less 
iutorniptt-d;  body  sometimes  almost  wholly  black;  sometimes  brassy; 
a  black  opercular  spot;  fins  nearly  plain.  Length  1  to  2  feet.  Sacra- 
mento and  .San  Joatiuin  r' vers  and  tributary  lakes;  abundant;  the  only 
fresh-Will t!r  Percoid  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  an  excellent  food- 
fisb,  now  l)eing  exterminated  by  the  carp  and  cattish,  which  infest  its 
spawniiiji  grounds.     {intcrrujUuH,  interrupted.) 

t'nifr(irc/iiis  iiilerriiplun,  GiHAiin,  Prof.  Ac.  Nut.  S<'i.  Pliila.,  1854,  129,  San  Joaquin  and  Sac- 
ramento rivers.     (C'oIIh.  DrH.  Uooruianii  iiud  Newberry.) 
lV»/mn7i"s  miiiii/.wi(/i,  AYIIK8,  Proc.  Ciil.  Ac  Nut.  Sci.,  i,  18,"4,  8,  Sacramento  River. 
.liiiW";i(i(.  s  iiihrnijitiiH,  Glu.VHl),  Pac.  R.  K.  Surv.,  x,  10,  pi.  2,  llgH.  1-4,  IH.IS;  II<ilTi,KNGKit,  Cat.,  1, 12. 
irdoplUcs  intirniplHii,  JORDAN  &  UlLliKBT,  Syiiopsis,  466,  1883;  Bollmaii,  060,  pi.  69,  ilg.  1. 


River.    (Cull.  Coiw.) 


455.  CHiENOBRYTTUS,  Gill. 
(Wakmoutiis.) 

Clmuiliriillu-,  (Jim.,  Ainer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  92,  1864,  [iiielaHoim   - ijnlonun). 
lil'i^fliUf,  .Idiihan,  Manual  of  Verti-bratoH,  Kd.  i,  223,  1876,  {melmiops). 

This  genus  has  the  general  form  and  dentition  of  Amblojilitcs  with 
the  convex  opercle,  10  dorsal  and  'S  anal  spines  of  Lepomia.  Preopercle 
entire.  Ihanchiostegals  6.  Caudal  fin  emarginate.  Scales  weakly 
ctenoid.  Vertebra}  13 -f  16=29.  Posterior  processes  of  the  premaxil- 
laries  extending  nearly  to  the  frontals;  frontals  posteriorly  with  a 
transverse  ridge  connecting  the  parietal  and  supraoccipital  crest,  which 
are  very  btrong.     (xa'tvu,  to  yawn ;  Eryttus,  i.  e.  LepomU.) 


^■■M 


H                                ■  ■■  ' 

m 

ii 

|:i|  ,■  ■ 

inn|iP!iPf«i,Hiii  iiw#i  fmm^^^mnf?'!^^'^ 


4  - 
i 


m'j 


l<uileiin  ^7,  United  States   Xational  Muacum. 


I. 


1»N7.  CII.KKOHItVTTrH  (IHLOSIN  (Cuvl.t  ,v  VuIoiiiIkiiii.  n). 

(WAIiMotlTH  ;  OiMI<lt.K-BYr.) 

Ilnad  2^  to  'Sk  \  <Uq»tli  2  to  2i ;  eyo  I  te  I*.  I).  X,  !t  or  K);  A.  Ill,  m  or 
9;  Hciih'H  »>-IO  to  hi-ll  or  I'J;  U7  t«»  I'J  \w\vh  ;  •!  to  H  iowh  om  clietk.  |(„(lv 
tu^iivy,  tl4M)|i,  iMoro  ulon^utu  tliuii  in  /.ifioiiiin;  liou*l  lar^tt,  niioih  .iliout 
equal  to  M,v« ;  mouth  lai^o,  iiiaxilliiiy  rnicliiii^  poNtuiior  lioiiln  iiicvr; 
oporculur  Hpot  iiliout  UH  largo  aH  eyo.  Dornal  HpiiiuH  low,  lon^cMt  micli 
iiig  to  niidtllu  of  pupil  tVoui  tip  of  Huotit;  puototal  not  nMicliiii^r  iiil;,'iri  oi 
anal  tin  ;  vciitralH  nearly  reai-liing  tinuN,  v«Miti'alHpin«t  ahout  'J  in  (li.staiirt' 
hutwtion  origin  of  vvntrul  and  anuH.  (iill  rakt'iH  H  or  !)  buMiili'N  riitli- 
niontH.  Dark  olivo-gre«n,  clouded  with  daiktT,  UMinilly  with  reil  nr  jihu., 
and  hrauHy  ;  a  duHky  Hpot  on  each  Ncalo  niort)  or  Ii-hh  diHtiiut  ;  Mitidil 
liiiH  nutttlcd  with  dnaky  ;  a  faint  H|)ot  on  lat^t  rays  of  doiHal,  iKiiiji'iiit  iiy 
palor;  3  ohlii|uu  duHky  or  icddiHh  baiN  radiating  from  uyo ;  holly  yt'llow- 
inh  or  hraHHy.  Length  H  to  II)  inchi'H,  KaHtcrn  United  States  fnnii  tlii' 
Uieat  LakcM  to  Carolina  and  TexaH  and  wet^t  to  KauHas  and  Iowa.  L'liiiily 
\v»Nt  or  Hoiith  of  tlio  AlleghunieH;  common  in  Month  Carolii.a.  A  vit.v 
voraciouH  BpucieH,  variable  in  form  and  color,     (.'/k/ommm,  largo  iiioiitiicd.; 

hniiiitiH  iiiiliiHiiH,  Ci'viKit  A.  Yai.kni'iknnk.h,  IliNt.  Niil.  I^lll<^.,  III,  4UH,  IH^O,  Lake  Pontchartrain 

and  lagoons  about  New  Orleans. 
CeutriirihiiH  ririilii;  (,'1  viKii  ik   Valknciknnkh,  llJMt.   Nut.   I'liiHu.,    vii,   'Kid,   |s:il,  Charleston, 

South  Carolina. 
C'lilliiiniH piiiicliiliihiK,  AiiAHSiz,  AiiKT.  .liuir.  .*t('l.  ami  .\rlK.  If*.")!,  ;i(K»,  Huntsville,  Alabama. 
CullmruiijliTiilnifiii,  Holiikoiik,  Joiir.  Ac.  Nat.  ."^ci.  I'lillii.,  iM.'i.'i,  M,  St.  Johns  Kiver,  Klorida. 
Cnlliiti-iiH  iiielafiiqiH,  Uikarp,  I'ror.   Ar.  Nut.  Mt-i.  I'hilii.,  IHb"!,  'JMl,  Leon  and  Medina  rivers, 

and  Dry  and  San  Pedro  creeks,  Texas. 
Lepomh  ihnnihtUii,  Ccii'K,  .loiir.  Ac.  Nut.  .Sci.  I'lillii,,  iHdH,  'J'jl,  Texas. 
l^mmii  iiillii,  Coi'K,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiilii.,  1H(JH,  ^i'l'i,  James  River,  Virginia. 
ChiniiihriilliiH  (iii/iWih»,  MiKav,  Proc.  V.  S.  Niit.  iMus.,  l«hl,  HH,  Lake  Michigan,  at  Chicago; 

(Cull.  Jorditn);  HpociiiieiiH  with  durmil  HiiiiicH  11  littlu  more  uiitorior  than  ii>ii:il:  .Imiiman  \ 

Oii.iir.nr,  SyiiopHiM,  407,  18811. 
OhteiiohriilliiH  (juIuhiih,  Joudan  A  Qilbrkt,  HynopolH,  4)IH  1883;  Dollman,  {.  c,  fiU'J,  jil,  •>'.•,  li^'.  :i; 

DuULEMaEU,  Cat.,  I,  13. 

456.  ENNEACANTHUS,*  (till. 

Enneaeanthut,  OiLL,  Amor,  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts.  92, 18G4,  (ohenui). 
Jhiiiit>plilrH,  CoPK,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18(i8,  218,  {timiilaiit  =  yloriimn). 
Cojwlimiliti,  JoiiDAN,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1877,  !>*'<,  {erimrha). 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  comproHsed.     Mouth  small;  the  .supple- 
mental maxillary  bono  well  developed.    Teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines, 


*  Concerning  tliiH  kouuh  McKa.v  n^iiarkB:     "ThiH  goinm,  Einieiinnitlinn,  Gill,  as  iiihlcniloiHll.y 

nio,  iiicliulcB  llftiiiiiiililenniHl  CnjielantHit.     Tlio  kimiiis  UvminjililiK  waH  luiHed  liy  <'t>| 1  tlii'  |ii'v 

eiico  of  H  HpineH  in  the  dorHal  tin  and  4  in  tlio  anal.  I  Icarii  from  P^ofc^^H()r  Jordan's  iintc*  lluil 
Coiio'm  original  typo  of  J[eiiiioiilil*.s  sinwlunK  lias  really!)  Bpiiics  in  tim  dorsal,  hi.  Cilwiml  .1. 
Nolan,  who  has  recently  exatniiiiMl  th«  Hpecinien,  alNo'iiiforniH  mo  that  tliero  arc  ti  H|iini's  in  llf 
dorsal.  In  a  collection  of  youiij?  specimeiiB  of  Eniietu'dnlhiiH  vinnjurolin  from  Viiuinia.  wliirlil 
have  examined  ill  the  National  Museum,  there  are  si^veral  specimens  with  the  tin  liniiiilii  l|. '.', 
A.  4,  several  with  the  formula  P.  10,  A.  4,aiid  tlio  remainrlcr  with  the  formula  P.  '.',  A.;i.  'I'li.il 
is,  some  of  these  specimens,  all  collected  nt  tin;  same  time  and  evidently  of  Ih''  -^inic  ^vi'v. 
werts  Ennencanthm  Miar</(»-o(i(i,  others  were  Uemiojilileii  HiniKlann,  ond  tiie  rcmaimli  r  w  nlil  n'l"'''' 
sent  a  second  species  of  Copehmdia.  In  120  specimens  of  Ewn'tirimtliiiH  mnrijimili-.  1  Aamineil  I'.v 
me  the  results  wero  as  follows:  111  specimens  with  J).  8,  A.  H;  8!)  specimens  with  |i.  '.i.  A  .1; '.' 
specimeiis  with  D.  10,  A.  .'5;  5  specimens  with  I).  10,  A.  4;  4  specimenH  with  1).  !»,  .\.  I.  I"  ''"' 
examination  of  63  specimens  of  EnneofaiithtiK  nhi'Him  the  following  results  were  ohtaincii .  I 
specimens  with  I).  8,  A.  3;  46  specimens  with  P.  n,  A.  ;i;  2  siMicimons  with  D.  10,  A.  ;i;  Ispcciniin 
with  D.  10,  A.  4."— McKay,  Pruc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mat.,  1881,  <J2. 


.  :>,^i:^\.K4^y,  y 


Jordan  and  live rmann. — Fishes  of  Xorth  Ameriiti, 


!»i»a 


iiuiiit  oil  tl><^  toiiKUfl.  Opornlu  eu<liii){  buhintl  in  '1  tint  iMtintH,  with  tt 
(leriiiol  IxMiitu'.  I'rouperolo  uiitiiu.  HcnleH  rutliur  iargu,  tliu  latorul  line 
HtiiiiriiiiH-H  intui'i'uptml.  Gill  rakera  Niiort,  9  or  10  lu<lu\v  initio  of  uroli. 
Doihiil  tin  contiuiioiiH,  noriiitilly  with  U  Hpiiu'H  ;  uniil  tin  Hniulitu'  tiiun  tiiu 
(lurHul,  with  3  HpinoH;  caiidul  tin  con>(«x  liuhlnd.  .liianrhioHtut^alH  (i. 
SiHici)"*  of  Hniall  hI/.u  and  btijfht  oloratiun,  intunniMliato  hittwoun  Li\u>m\n 
im\  ( <  ntnn-rhiiM.  Ahnornial  vari.ttioiiH  in  tiio  nnnilMT  of  doiHal  and  anal 
it|iiiit^  liavo  (fiven  l•\M^  to  tlio  nominal  guuera  IltfiHunililtH  ami  CojtcluHiliu. 
(uiMi,  nine;  uKavthi,  Hpine.) 

,i,  (i|><'iriilttrH|H)t  lurgo,  moro  than  liulf  ryo;  Hidoit  witli  It  U>  HillNtlnrt  vortlrnl  lilurk  UirM. 

ii|i»:n|'i*,  1;iHH. 

(M,  n|><  rciilar  npot  fiinallur  timn  huir  t^i';  doily  witli  tint  (TiMiHliari*  mtrruwer  unci  Iimii  iliHtliiit, 
iirtiijilly  tllHn|i|H>iki'iii|<  with  UK'i';  iiiiild  Willi  linnl,  IkmIv,  niiit  viTlirul  tliiH  with  ruiiiKl 
Nky-l)luo  HiHjta;  I'umaio  duller  with  lowur  lliii)  ami  largiT  fiiint  iiiotn,     iimiuiohi'h,  I:)8U, 


I 


,:,  .lU'J,  [pI.  ti'.t,  IIl'.  :i; 


18HH.  KNNKACANTIH'H  OKKSI'H  (llulnl). 

Head  '-'if ;  depth  1*  ;  eye  3i  in  head.  D.  IX,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  10 ;  Bcales  ■1-,V2-10, 
tiiH  |MirfH  developed  UHually  on  about  20  Hcaleu,  hut  Honu^tinwM  on  nearly 
all  ot'tlit'ni.  liodyublou^,  ovate,  elliptical.  SualeH  large,  little  crowded. 
(iill  lakera  x-|-9or  10.  Dormil  spines  2^  iu  head,  au  long  as  from  snout 
til  posterior  margin  o;'eye ;  anal  ftn  large  ;  ventral  spine  not  reaching  vent, 
itHlh'Hl  my  not  reaching  the  baHe  of  the  last  anal  spine;  caudal  (In  moderate, 
aiioiit  a.s  long  ns  from  snout  to  middle  of  opercle;  opercular  spot  rather 
large,  more  than  half  the  size  of  eye,  velvet  black,  bordered  with  purple. 
Cheeks  with  4  tows  of  scales.  Color  oiivaceouH,  with  .5  to  8  well-detined 
lilaekish  cross  bars,  not  disappearing  with  age;  spots  on  body  and  tins 
imqilisli  or  golden;  cheek  with  lines  and  spots;  a  dark  bar  below  eye. 
Leu)rtii  -i  inches.  Charles  Kiver,  Massachusetts,  to  Florida  ;  abundant  in 
HliigiriHli  streams  near  the  coast ;  usually  larger  in  si/.eand  duller  in  color 
tliuu  tlio  next,  the  two  closely  related  but  apparently  not  intergrading. 
{uheitun,  fat.) 

Pniwjiia  iiiirmiii,  Bairi),  Ninth  SmithBuu.  Reimrt,  IWA,  324,  Beesley  Point,  New  Jersey.     (Ooll. 

Puird.) 
iirj«in /.i».i,i<(((i,  HoLBROUK,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hilii.,  ISM,  51,  St.  Johns  River,  Florida; 

(it'NTiiKR,  Oat.,  I,  260,1859. 
PmiiiiM  (jiiti.ihiii,  Morris,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1869,3,  Delaware  River,  Philadelphia. 
l'.miii-iiiitliii:iohesii»,  Jurdan  Si  G11.DERT,  SynopsiM,  470,  1883;  Bollman,  I.  v.,  604. 
Apomulis  uliisui,  BoVLENOER,  Cat.,  I,  10. 


188».  KNNEAC'ANTHUS  OLORIOHUH  (Hnlhrouk). 

Ileii(12'J;  depth  2i;  eye  3i  in  head.  D.  IX,  10;  A.  Ill,  9  (occasionally 
D.  X,  or  A.  IV,  in  abnormal  specimens,  these  often  ubiindai.t  iu 
certain  streams);  scales  3-30-9.  Body  comparatively  elongate.  Mouth 
moderiito,  very  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  Ji,  past  front  of  oroit. 
Dorsal  spines  medium  ;  soft  rays  in  the  males  somewhat  elevated,  reach- 
ing to  i>r  beyond  (var.  pinniger)  the  base  of  the  caudal;  the  longest  soft 
ray  as  long  as  from  suQut  to  front  of  opercle,  or  (var.  pinniger)  as  long  as 
head;  fins  in  females  all  lower;  pectoral  fin  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of 

V.  \.  A. 64 


3 


1 


rv  'T  t ' 


'i: 


I  i 


:1 


!M>4 


Ihtllttin  y",  Ignited  States  National  Must  urn. 


anal.  Oill  rakors  x -f  "  <»'  !<*■  Kutcral  lino  iiNiially,  but  not  alwavK.ioiii. 
|)l<*tu.  Color  (lark  olivo;  yoiin^f  with  tracoH  of  narrow  vorticiil.  d  h),,,, 
liUiH  ;  car  Hap  Htiiail,  with  u  hlin  border  and  a  jtoarly  Hpot  in  tVohi  ;  i  \\,\x\ 
bur  about  widtli  of  pupil  extundin){  oblii|Mi^l,v  downward  bujosv  eye; 
NidoH  of  lioad,  wlioh)  Itody  an<l  vortical  liuN,  in  thu  nuiloH,  with  Kiiiml 
bri^'lit  bluo  HpotH  urran^ud  in  irro^uliir  rowH,  thoHo  HputN  nuiNt  dlhii.xi  on 
tho  chockHand  opordoHandun  tho  lowor  jiart  uf  tiioHidoH;  f<>iiiiilt'<i  i|ii!l(.|. 
with  larjfor  and  faintor  HpotH  nioro  ri>;;nlar  in  pouition  ;  u  <lark  bar  lit'iow 
oyo.  Lon){th  UJ  inclien.  Now  .JorHoy  to  Florida,  in  cloar,  Hlii;,'({iN|i 
HtroaniN;  a  bountiful  littlo  AhIi.     (filoriomtn,  ({lorioun). 

llriilluK  j/Ziirionm,  IloLliuuuK,  Jour,  Ac.  Nnt.  Scl.  I'lillii.,  Wttt,  Fi\,  Cooper  River,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

//-/»^.J.^7«•1  niiiDiliiiio,  C,»\'K,  Jour.  Ac.  Nftt.  Wcl.  riillii.,  iHtlH,  2lH,  Tuckahoe  Crci  k,  near 
Richmond,  Virginia.     (*'oll.  <'o|m'.) 

Kiiiifnitiiiihiin  iiiimiijir,  JoiiuAN,  Hull.  X,  V.  M.  Nut.  MuH.,  '.i",  IM77,  Tar  River,  Kiiistuii,  North 
Carolina;  KjiccimoUH  with  bright  colon  uiiil  vury  IiIkIi  IIiih;  firoliahly  not  \miiiIj\  .i  \.iii>'|iiI 
(llltiuctluu. 

h'.mi'iiiiiiilhiin  iiiiinjiirdliK,  (Jii.i,  .V  JoiiiiAN,  Uull.  x,  V.  8.  Nut.  Muh.,  !J8,  1H77,  BuRHk'y  Point. 
New  Jersey. 

f  ('oyip/iiMi/id*  ninrrlm,  JnHii.\N,  I'rm'.  Ac.  Nut.  Hcl.  Plillu.,  187H,  M\,  t>  |iu  b|i<!cIuicii  n  i  .imiI  rrmii 
Dr.  riiiloTt.  Hoy,  luiil  to  ho  from  Menomonee  River,  near  Milwaukee,  WiHconsm 
til  In  Ih  prohuhly  an  error,  uiitl  tliii  Hpccluicim  roully  caniii  from  Nuw  JurMuy. 

A'ii»('(i"rii//iriii  Ki'iiiii/iiii*,  JoitiiAN  Hi  (iii.iiKiiT,  8yuo|»*lH,  470,  18K:), 

li)miiiiu)Uhif  ijloriomiH,  IIoi.i.man,  /.  (.,504. 

htmiiamlhUH  triarrhiiii,  JoiiDAN  A  UlMiKitT,  SynolwlH,  4tli»,  188a;  Uollman,  /.  c.,  664. 


457.  MESOGONISTIUS,t  (iill. 

(HaN1>KI>   8UNKIHiIKS.) 

Mi'iuiyoiiiiitiuf,  Oii.i.,  Aiuiir.  Jour,  t^ci,  uiul  ArtH.,  1H()4,  !)2,  (cliuttMlmt), 

Itody  Hh«irt  and  duop,  compremHod.  Mouth  HUiall.  -ooth  ])i'i-N('iit  uii 
voinor  and  palatiuou,  nono  on  tho  tongno;  suppleuieutul  niaxillaiv  lioiic 
Nniall.  (Jill  rakors  ruthor  strong,  doutate.  Operclo  ending  in  twollul 
points,  with  a  dermal  border ;  preoperclo  entire.  ScaluH  lai'^f.  Doi^ul 
with  10  spinoH  ;  outline  uf  tho  flu  angulutod,  the  middle  upineN  boiiig  iiiucli 
longer  than  aonio  of  the  ponterior  ones ;  anal  tin  much  sinallor  tliaii  the 
dorsal,  with  3  8pinoH;  caudal  fin  posteriorly  rounded ;  pectoral  olitnsely 
pointed,  the  upper  rays  longest.  Size  small,  (//tffof,  middle;  ^una,  angle; 
'ijt'hh',  sail.) 


*  Enneaiiinlhus  eruircliiiH  (Jordan): 

Dorwil  X,  7;  Hiial  IV,  8;  hciiIch  33.  V(!nfral  8|>lne  reaching  anol.  Ollvacoous;  .crtlcal  \\w 
with  round,  pain  gputH.  Only  two H|icclmunH  known;  the  oriKhial  type,  purportin;:  l<  I"'  fi"'" 
Milwaukoc,  WincunHln,  another  from  Talio  dreuk,  MiNSOuri.  Both  th'  c  Bpeclincns  wovr  i.  rtjvi'd 
from  Dr.  1'.  Jt.  Hoy.  There  ih  no  doubt  a  confuNioii  of  localitieti,  and  |probal)ly  linlli  .aiiic  Inmi 
Delaware  River,  jierhapH  from  Dr.  Abbott's  cullcctiun.  ThiH  Ih  espociall.v  iinljiiMc,  ii« " 
HptH'imen  of  Stohphnriit  hnneiiii  wuHfound  in  the  same  colleetiou,  also  attributed  to  .MilvMtiikei'. 

t  Dr.  Boulenger  unites  this  genus  and  Kiin«acnnlhuii  with  Aponwlin.  In  our  juili;nii'nt  Aii'no"!" 
isHcarcely  distinct  from  Lepoinis,  with  which  geuus  Jtffso<;oMi8<i«(i  antl  KiiiuucaHlhi'^  lia\u  uo  verv 
cloBo  atHnities. 


/ii^ihin  tiui/  hU'ermann. — hiihes  of  North  AtufrUa. 


mb 


I  i 


177,  BcchLy  Foinl, 


IHIH».  MKHOUONINTHMCHIITOilOM  (Italnl). 
(IlLAi'K-MAMnrii  Hi  Nriaii.) 

Ilrinl.'t;  (luptli  lii ;  «\vn  litrgts  :(  in  lioiul.  I>.  X.  10;  A.  Ill,  I'J ;  hoiiI««h 
f.'jx  III.  Hotly  Hiiltorliiciilar,  coinpntHHtMl.  ili'iid  iiuMlitrutr,  tlio  protili) 
iiiarl^  I'DiHMiriuiit  with  tlu^  doiHiil  oiirvt^  Moiitli  vttry  hiiiuII,  tlie  iiiuxil- 
lurv  iiiUiliiiiK  ii«ttrly  to  tli«  eyo.  ('Iiuekn  with  '.i  or  I  rowH  ot'HonluN.  FiiiH 
nitixi  iur^fo;  (IoihuI  liii  higli  in  tVont,  t\w  niitUU»  portion  iluprvNmHl.  (iill 
riii(i'i>«  nliort,  X -|- U)  or  11.  I'nctornl  H  iulioud;  fourth  dorHul  spino  2  to 
'ji,  l.utt'riil  lino  contlniionH.  Coh)i'Ution  chMulud  Ntruw  oolor,  tho  niduH 
witli  )•  to  H  conMiiicnoiiH  lint  rutli«n'  irrugular  bliick  v«<rtical  hurH,  tiio  tirHt 
tiir()ii;;li  thu  oyo,  tho  HHOontl  in  front  of  pttotoruJH,  interrnptt'd  on  t\w  opur- 
ciiliiiii,  tliM  third  at  tlut  front  of  th«)  dorHiil  covurin);  thu  nutinhran«t  of  tho 
litNt  :!  NpiiioH  and  forming  a  nimlial  hlauk  Htripu  on  «-acii  ventral  tin,  tho 
I'ointii  at  front  of  Hott  dorHal,  tho  Hfth  oppoHito  itH  lust  ray,  ti>u  lant  at 
;lii>  liiiHoof  the  «;audal ;  black  opercular  Hpot,  with  a  creHcent-dhapcd  paler 
iciilti  :  (luH  niottlod.  Length  i  inchcH.  Now  JorHoy  to  Maryland,  in 
i4luKK>^l>  HtruaniH.  A  very  handHonio  littlo  HhIi  ;  locally  abundant,  but  vory 
iiuiKiw  in  itH  range.  {t'ha;todoii,  a  geuuH  of  niarluu  liuhcH,  with  aimilar 
cioMN  liiindH.) 

]'Mm.H-  ili:iliiihm,  llAiiiii,  Ninth  .SniltliHoii,  U«|Mirt,  IHM,  :t'J4,  Cedar  Swamp  Creek,  New  Jer- 
sey; (Coll.  Halnl.)    (iCNTiiKit,  Cut.,  I,  20;),  IHr/i. 
\lnuj,iiii»litm  chiitiuliiii,  JciiiliAN  fc  (ilMiKRT,  8yiiu|)aiM,  171,  1883;  Uul.l.MAN,  /.  r.,  6U&. 
{immittiii  ihaMoH,  Buclknukb,  C'nt.,  I,  111. 


ri 


458.  APOMOTIS,  UatineHque. 

Ij»'mn(|.,  tlAriNEBQCl!,  Journal  ilo  riiyHiquc,  (>t<-.,  I'arlH,  4'J(),  181U,  (riianetlwi). 
Tiliiu'iiils,  UAHSKHgl'K,  Ifhtli.  flliluliHii,  'il,  182(1,  (rj/dMcWiiK). 
tlrijihin,  CrviKu  &  Vai.knciknnes,  lIlHt.  Nat.  PuIrs.,  vn,  401,  1831,  (/hiiicAi/h*). 
('iiWiMnn,  iliKAiin,  r.  S.  Mox.  Douiid.  Siirv.,  Ichtli.,  5, 18.^9,  (not  of  Rafinebciuk). 

TiiiH  j^euiiH  is  very  close  to  Leponm,  from  which  it  (liffeiH  only  in  the 
(loveI())iinent  of  the  Hupplenientary  maxillary  bone,  which  bucomeH  rudi- 
mentary or  wanting  in  tho  adult  of  Lepomin.  The  mouth  in  largest  in  the. 
HpecicH  in  which  this  bone  is  best  developed.  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow, 
with  lUMito  teeth;  gill  rakers  well  developed,  long  and  stiff;  ]>ectoral 
lili'.ntiHii,  shorter  than  head ;  scales  moderate,  43  to  50.  Species  witlely  dis- 
tribiitctl  in  American  waters,  similar  iu  habit  to  tho  species  of  Xcj^omia. 
1,(1,  M'itliout ;  iTU)na,  opercle  ;  o'vi;,  ear.) 

II.  Binly  ulilong,  tlio  dcptli  2'/,  to  2^  in  length;  tlorHiil  with  a  nioro  or  Iokh  ilifltinct  liliiik  Hpot 

at  l)iiwi  of  liiHt  soft  ra.VM;  oiicrnilarNptit  niargincil  with  bright colorH,  tlin  lilack  coniincil 

to  bony  part;  scalos  45  to  55;  gupplcmontal  maxillary  well  dovuloiMid. 

cyanelluh,  1301. 

<«.  Body  Hhort  and  doep,  tho  depth  about  2  in  length. 

'1.  Siak'H  40  to  40;  opercular  spot  as  lurge  ns  c-ye,  margined  above  and  below, 

('.  Eye  43^2  t"  6  in  head;  body  not  covered  with  brown  gpotn. 

({.  Color  dusky  olivo,  with  some  red  and  bluish,  a  faint  spot  at  buHe  of  last  dorsal 

rays.  isciivkus,  131)2. 

(/<(.  Color  plain  olive;  no  spots  on  the  tins.  puenax,  1393. 


'TW^'y^^iVf/FaF' 


■•■wT'-'rn-  wa-vrfrp^fft^f^iififfn^^f^ 


i   ! 


I.ii 


91)6 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Muse  urn. 


ce.  Eye  3^  to  ii'--^  in  hoail;  color  olivo,  iifliiall.v  with  iiiaiiy  clitik  broii/.o  h|ioIn  liko  lit 
Hpocks  Bcattcrcd  over  tlio  bo<l.v;  no  bliick  Hpot  on  last  ra.vM  of  dormil  ari'l  niiiil. 

I'lINlTAII  ^  l;i!M. 

bb.  Scalog  large,  iC)  to  35;  rolov  ^rron,  with  tlarker  liars;  dortml  fin  UHnally  with  al.la.k 

ocellfttod  Bjiot  at  baito  of  liitt  rayx.  symmktuki  s,  l:::i,'i. 


./, 


1891.  APOMOTiK  CYANKLUIS  (nnflnmiuo). 
(BLrK-si'OTTKi)  Si'Nkish  ;  Orekn  Si'NUsi: ;  Litti.k  ItKn-KYK.) 

Head  3  ;  depth  2i.  D.  X,  11 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  Hcales  Binall,  6  or  T-lfi  lo  r.ri-Ki; 
40  to  48  pores;  8  rows  on  cheek.  liody  oblong;  rather  elongate,  liecomin;; 
short  and  deep  with  age;  moderately  compressed.  Head  large,  witli  juo- 
jecting  snoUt.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  broad  and  tlat,  with  a 
small  supplemental  bone,  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  eyv.  lo\v<;r 
jaw  projecting.  Dorsal  spines  quite  low,  the  highest  scarcely  lonjjcr  tlian 
snout,  3  to  4  in  head  in  the  adult,  longer  in  the  young.  Opercular  H|i(it 
small,  less  than  eye,  broadly  margined  with  bronze,  the  black  cmiliiicdto 
the  bony  part.  Gill  rakers  moderate,  x  + 13.  Pectoral  short,  not  icacli 
ing  anal,  li  in  head;  veutrals  not  reaching  vent.  Color  variable,  tlic 
prevailing  shade  green  with  a  strong  brassy  luster  on  sides,  which  hecoiucs 
nearly  yellow  below  ;  each  scale  usually  with  a  sky-blue  spot  and  moicoi 
less  of  gilt  edg'ng,  giving  an  appearance  of  pale  lateral  streaks ;  Ixsidch 
these  marks,  dusky  or  obscure  vertical  bars  are  often  present,  and  tiie 
sides  are  sprinkled  with  dark  dots;  vertica'  iins  marked  with  blue  oi 
green,  the  anal  usually  edged  in  front  with  pale  orange;  usually  acoii- 
spicnous  black  spot  on  posterior  base  of  dorsal  and  anal,  these  often  obso- 
lete ;  iris  red ;  cheeks  with  narrow  blue  stripes.  Length  7  inchew.  Very 
variable.  Great  Lake  region  to  Mexico ;  very  abundant  from  Oliio  south- 
westward  to  the  Rio  Grande;  ascending  small  brooks;  not  found  eastuf 
the  Alleghau>.e8.    (Kvaveot;,  h\ne.) 

Lepomit  q/anellux,  Rafinesqvr,  Journ.  do  PhyBi<|uo,  1819,  420,  Ohio  River;  Johdan  .V  Gii.iiKin. 

Sy='>ii6i8,  474,  1883;   Bollman,   /.  c,  5C9;   Kvkrmann  i\c  Krndai.l,  Bull.  U.  S.  Kisli  ('nimii . 

XII,  IS;,:-  aC94),  111. 
Icthelis  melanopn,  Rafinesqve,  Iclith.  OliienBis,  ^8,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Pomofis loiigiilus,  Baird  <fe  GiRARW,  Proe.  Ac.  Nat.Sci.  Philu.,  1853,  391,  Otter  Creek,  Arkansas; 

(Coll.  Capt.  Geo.  B.  McClellan). 
Galliurtis  diaphaum,  GiRARn,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  200,  1857,  Rio  Blanco,  Texas. 
Cattittrut  formomiit,  Qirard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  200,  1857,  Arkansas. 
C-'Niurus  mkropa,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  200,  1857,  Rio  Blanco,  Texas. 
Calliuntsmuriuiu,*  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  200,  1857,  Texas;  (Tyjie,  No.  115). 
Bryttus  signifer,  Girari),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  201,  1857,  Rio  Medina,  Texas. 
Brytlti$  miiieopaa,  Cow,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  84,  1865,  Whittlesey  Lake,  Minnesota. 
Calliurus  loiigulua,  Gibard,  Kept.  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Ichth.,  5,  pi,  iv,  figs.  1  4,  is.'.;!. 
Apomotu  cyanelluB,  Bovi.enoer,  Cat.,  i,21. 

•The  speciin'"n8  called  CaHiMnisjiinnHHit  by  Girard  an^  uoarly  all  tlio  ordinary  ciiini'lhin.  Oin' 
of  them  (No.  415,  U.  S.  N.  M.)  differs  soniowhat  and  has  been  regarded  by  McKay  iis  ii  ili.-timt 
8i>ecie8,  thus  described: 

i4j)omo«8jnni!»iii»(Girard):  Head2g;  depths.  D.  X,  10;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales 7-42-15.  ISn.lv.  Imipitp, 
somewhat  compressed,  the  form  precisely  as  in  Apotnolis  ci'miellus.  Mouth  rather  I  u  :.■:  iiiiixil- 
lary  about  reaching  front  of  eye;  teeth  on  vomer  and  froiit  of  ]>alatines.  (iill  niUi:-  iti.i.li'rat.'. 
9 or  10  developed.  Supplemental  maxillary  scarcely  appreciable.  Eye  equal  In  iuiennbital 
width.  Cheeks  with  7  rows  of  scales.  Spinous  dorsal  rather  h'lrh,  the  l<)iicc.>t  ^|llll.•  al.imt  le 
long  as  from  tip  of  snout  to  pupil;  pectorals  short,  scarcely  reaching  vent.  Scales  snial  I,  ntliin.l 
on  breast.  Dark  greenish;  a  black  sjwt  on  doTHal  as  in  A.  ci/aiielhis.  Characters  fnnii  .N'o.  415, 
U.  S,  Nat.  MuB.,  from  Texas;  definite  locality  .lot  known,    {mnrinus,  like  a  mouse,  Mm.) 


■  1  -B^^^t-e  -.aj.viil^-j  1 


rX.^-t^k.i^Lj'  .J!SjA'^.'.:-Vrr. 


': rij'"i-«^.l-.^;i^'.':-:i»-.-i   ■ 


Jordan  and  Ever tnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


907 


1802.  APOMOTIS  ISCHVRUS  (Jordan  &  NoIsud). 

Head  2\ ;  depth  2^  ;  oye  \\  in  hfiul,  amaller  than  opercular  spot.  D.  IX 
orX,  11.';  A.  Ill,  9  or  10.  Scales  5-16-14, 6  rows  on  cheek.  Formof /^t'/>o»Ht« 
^mllidiix-  Hotly  robust,  rather  elevated;  month  wide,  the  inaxillaries 
leacliiufj  middle  of  orbit ;  supplemental  maxillary  bono  veil  developed. 
I'aliitinc  tfjetli  present.  Occiput  prominent :  top  of  head  tlat  and  short, 
foriiiiii;^  an  angle  with  the  descending  profile.  Fins  high;  dorsal  spines 
ratlii  r  low  and  strong,  the  longest  u(inal  to  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to 
middio  of  orbit;  opercular  Hap  largo,  entirely  surrounded  by  a  broad 
palo  edge,  (jill  rakers  long.  Color  in  spirits  dusky  olive,  mottled  ^v  ith 
nraii^t-  and  blue  ;  checks  with  broad,  faint  blue  bands;  a  dusky  spot  on 
dorsal  and  anal  behind  ;  belly  and  lower  fins  coppery  yellow  ;  lower  jaw 
and  lnwer  parts  of  head  leaden  blue.  Length  7  inches.  Upper  Missis- 
Ki|>pi  Valley  ;  rare,  known  only  from  western  Illinois.     (/ff;ti;p6r,  robust.) 

;.jii,.j;t.//iHs  Uchi/rm,  Jukiian  &  Nrt.soN,  Hull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  x,  26,  1877,  Illinois  River: 

(('(ill.  .S.  A.  Forhcs). 
I.ei«imi'  i^rhijru*,  JoitnAN  A  (ili.iiRRT,  SynopHia,  474,  188:1;  Boli.man,  /.  c,  W). 

1898.  APOXOTIK  PHENAX  ((;<>pe  k  Jordan). 

Head  2^  (3  without  flap);  depth  2^^ ;  eye  small,  5;  snout  4f.  D.  X,  10; 
A.  Ill,  9;  scales  7-14-12,  7  rows  on  cheek.  Form  of  Leponiix  jxillidus, 
Kodv  lather  short  and  deep ;  snout  short,  projecting,  forming  an  angle 
over  tlio  eye.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  the  longer,  the 
iiiaxiilary  reaching  pupil ;  the  supplemental  bone  strong  ;  opercular  spot 
larger  than  eye.  Gill  rakers  very  long.  Dorsal  spines  short  and  strong, 
the  loiiifest  as  long  as  from  snout  to  middle  of  eye;  pectorals  long  ;  soft 
dorsal  high;  anal  higher.  Color  in  spirits  nearly  plain  olive  green ;  no 
black  spot  on  dorsal  or  anal.  Length  fi  inches.  Beesley  Point,  New  Jer- 
sey;  (tuly  two  specimens  known  (in  Coll.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. ).  These 
Hpeciincus  are  referred  by  Bollman  to  Jpomotis  ischyrus,  on  the  supposi- 
tion of  error  in  locality.  We  have  recently  been  permitted*  to  examine 
the  tyj'es  of  A.  phenax.  It  seems  to  differ  from  .1.  iachyrua  in  the  some- 
what Kiiialler  eye,  the  smaller  and  less  bony  opercular  flap,  and  in  the 
coloration.  Both  iHchyruH  and  phenax  are  w^ell  separated  from  cyanellus, 
but  lioth  are  near  j)t.»c/a/((«,  and  more  material  is  needed  to  fix  the  status 
of  each,  (^ev"^,  deceptive,  having  the  maxillary  oi  ApomotiH  cyaneVus 
and  tli«  form  of  Lepomis pallidim.) 

Ajwmnii^  liheimr,  Cope  &  JoiiDAN,  Hull.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  x,  2r.,  1877,  Beesley  Point,  New 

Jersey;  locality  possibly  erroneous. 
lA^inii lilienax,  Jordan  &  Oilbkut,  Synopsis,  474,  T"?*?. 

1894.  APOMOTlrt  PUNCTATIIS  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes). 

Head  3;  depth  1|;  eye  large,  3^  to  4  in  head.  D.  X,  11;  A.  HI,  10; 
scales  (}-10  to  45-13;  pores  38  to  40 ;  7  rows  on  cheek.  Body  deep,  com- 
pressed, the  profile  steep;  an  angle  above  the  eye.    Mouth  moderate; 


*Tliruugli  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Edward  J.  Nolan  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy. 


ii 


-^S.'*  ^rf'  /l/W  i "  rTavrTTin?!™.fri''B.i5!rpit7V?^- ">< 


908 


Bulletin  ^r/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


maxillary  reaclr'ig  past  anterior  margin  of  eye;  uupplemontal  maxillary 
present,  small ;  i)alatine  teeth  present.  Uill  rakers  rntber  long,  Htili.  .uul 
strong,  X  +  8  or  9.  Opercular  flap  small,  short,  and  deep  ;  Hhorlci  tliuii 
eye.  Dorsal  spines  high,  the  middle  ones  highest  and  nearly  half  liead,  as 
long  as  snout  and  orbit ;  pectoral  lA  to  1^  in  head,  ventral  reaching;  anal. 
Olivaceous,  with  numerous  small  deep  brown  spots,  smaller  than  pin- 
heads,  resembling  flyspecks:  most  distinct  on  lower  part  of  tlio  wideH, 
where  they  form  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales,  and  on  the  oix'ick'n; 
sometimes  they  cover  the  whole  body;  spots  rarely  obsolete ;  (ins  iilain 
dusky.  Length  6  inches.  A  handsome  species,  known  at  sight  itv  the 
peculiar  coloration.  South  Carolina  to  Florida,  in  lowland  streams.  Xot 
rare,    (punctatus,  spotted. ) 

lirythu puHrtalm,  CfviEU  &  Vai-kncienn*;*,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiag.,  vil,  4G2,  1831,  Charleston,  South 

Carolina. 
Bryttvn  reliriilatiin,  CuviER  <fe  V.\I.KNCIENNE8,  Hist.  Nat.  Polss.,  4(1:5,  ISIU,  Charleston,  South 

Carolina, 
Lepotnii  apialim,  C.ovr,,  Proc.  Amor.  Philos.  Soc,  1877,  Ci,  Volusia,  Florida. 
Lepomu  pumiiittiH,  Jordan  &  Gii.iirrt,  Synoiwiis,  47t>,  1883. 
Apomotis  jmnclabis,  ItoiiLRNOER,  Cat.,  i,  2-i. 


%   ' 


1805.  APOMOTIS  SYMMETRICDS  (Forbes). 

Head  2f ;  depth  2i;  eye  3i;  snout  ih  D.  X,  10;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales 
6-35-10;  tubes  developed  on  14  scales  only;  5  rows  on  cheek.  Hody 
rather  short  and  ileep,  the  back  evenly  arched,  a  slight  depression  aliovo 
eye;  caudal  peduncle  stout,  its  least  depth  nearly  i  length  of  head. 
Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  vertical  of  eye  ;  Hui)])le- 
mental  maxillary  bone  present;  opercular  process  ^  diameter  of  eye, 
flexible  margin  narrow,  the  black  not  confined  to  the  bony  part. 
Lower  pharyngeals  broad,  broiider  than  in  somewhat  larger  specimens  of 
Evpomoiia  gibhosus,  the  teeth  bluntly  conic ;  gill  rakers  long  and  slender. 
the  longest  more  than  half  diameter  of  eye.  Lateral  line  {gently 
arched,  incomplete.  Fins  moderate ;  longest  dorsal  spine  equal  to  dis- 
tance from  tip  of  snout  to  posterior  edge  of  pupil ;  soft  dorsal  higher,  its 
longest  ray  half  length  of  head ;  pectorals  long,  1^  in  head,  reaehing 
third  anal  spine  ;  ventrals  short,  scarcely  reaching  anal,  or  nearly  twice 
n  head;  anal  size  of  soft  dorsal.  Coloration  in  alcohol:  Base  of  each 
scale  on  npper  parts  of  body  and  along  sides  brown,  outer  margin  pale, 
the  genentl  appearance  resulting  being  that  of  12  or  13  longitudinal  rows 
of  brown  spots,  4  of  which  lie  above  the  lateral  line ;  on  the  eandal 
peduncle  the  spots  are  less  regular;  all  parts  of  the  body,  including;  hns 
as  well,  covered  thickly  with  small  coffee-colored  specks,  the  head  and 
breast  being  especially  thickly  covered  ;  tips  of  the  ventral  fius  hlaek : 
no  black  spot  on  dorsal  or  anal  and  no  blue  lines  on  cheek.  Leu^'th  .3 
inches.  Mississippi  Valley,  Illinois  to  Louisiana  and  Texas;  a  ])retty 
little  fish,  not  rare  southward  in  lowland  streams;  here  described  from 
specimens  collected  by  Evermann  and  Gurley  at  Houston,  Texas.  It 
shows  affinities  with  Eupomotis.  (symmetricus,  a  word  improperly  assumed 
as  the  antecedent  of  our  symmetrical,  for  which  the  Greek  is  aii/i/xirpuc,) 


Jordan  and  Ei'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


999 


/^j,„rai-  iimmelricuK,  Forrkh,  in  JonnAN  &  OiLBEKT,  SynopHiit,  4T.i,  ISHIl,  Illinois  River,  (Coll. 

Foiliis);  Bo(,i,MAN,  /.  i\,  r>71;  Evkkmann  &  Krndam.,  Dull.  11.  8.   Finli  Cumin.,   xii,  18!t2 

(ISlih,  111,  pi.  XXXII,  Wk.  2. 
jljnmiili^ 'lliiimetriciit,  Doin.RNnKii,  Cut.,  i,  '.il. 


ff 


as;  a  jtretty 


459.  LEPOMIS,  RatiiioHfiuo. 

(SUNKISIIKS.) 

Upnniit,  nAFINESCiUR,  Joum.  do  Physique,  4((2,  1810,  (iiurihii). 

lUioli'.  Km  iNF.sglK,  Joiiru.  (Ic  I'hyrtiquc,  402,  IHIO,  ((iiiriViiJi);  tint  imino  traiisrorred  liy  CfViF.R 

t(i  till'  ftroiip  (if  wliicli  riilii(iiii{  -  ijibhnniH)  Ih  type. 
Hllielh.  llAFiNKSQUE,  Iclitii.  OliionBJs,  27,  1820,  {niirilim);  II(ii.iiu(h>k,   Irlitli.  S.  Oaroliim,  i,  12, 

minprrr,,^  JoiiDAN,  Aiiii.  Lyc.  Nat.  lllst.  N.  Y.,  187(i,  (1877),  llli'),  (j«i//i,/h/.). 

Frichuiii,  ,((jui)AN,   in  Klippurt's  Kept.  FIsli.   Coniin.   Ohio,   1870  (1877),    IM,   Nlip   for   lleliotienu, 

uiMiirri'itod  in  proof,  (ptilliilm), 
.Voiw/i'i,  IiiRDAN,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1877,  7(1,  (/iilhtjr). 
Irpinponiiis,  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Flist.  N.  Y.,  1877,  .110,  (I'lnondatioii  of  Lepnmit), 

Rodj-  oblong  or  ovate,  r..;  e  or  less  compresHod,  the  back  in  the  ndnlt 
fion'ewliat  elevated.  Mouth  moderate  or  small,  the  jaws  about  e(nial; 
inaxillaiy  narrow,  the  supplemental  bone  reduced  to  a  mere  rudiment  or 
altojjether  wanting.  Teeth  on  vomer,  and  usually  on  palatines  ;  none  on 
tongue  or  pterygoids  ;  lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  the  teeth  spherical  or 
paved,  all  or  nearly  all  sharp,  few  or  none  of  them  conical.  Gill  rakers 
mostly  short ;  preopercnlum  entire;  operculum  ending  behind  in  a  con- 
vex lliip,  black  in  colov,  which  in  some  species  becomes  greatly  developed 
with  age.  Branchiosiegals  6.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal  fin  continuous, 
with  10  spines ;  anal  with  3  spines ;  caudal  tin  emarginate ;  pectorals 
long  or  short;  vertebne  usually  13  +  16  or  17  =  29  or  30.  Coloration 
brilliant,  but  evanescent.  A  large  genus,  one  of  the  most  difficult  in 
onr  fish  fauna  in  which  to  distinguish  species.  The  form  of  body,  devel- 
opment of  ear  flap,  and  height  ox  spines  vary  with  age  and  condition, 
while  the  general  appearance  and  the  numbers  of  fin  rays  and  scales  are 
essentially  the  same  in  all.  Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  subdi- 
vide the  group,*  buc  the  characters  used,  drawn  from  the  pharyngeals, 
gill  rakers,  palatine  teeth,  and  pectoral  fins  are  themselves  subject  to 
variation,  changing  or  disappearing  by  degrees  without  marked  gaps. 
The  following  analytical  key,  bas?d  largely  on  work  of  McKay,  Bollman, 
and  Boulenger,  will  generally  serve  to  identify  adult  examples ;  only  by 
careful  comparison,  aided  by  long  experience,  can  young  individuals  be 
distinguished.  As  to  the  difficulty  of  defining  the  genera  of  sunfishes, 
McKay  has  the  following  pertinent  remarks:  "This  genus  (Lepomli) 
as  understood  by  me,  includes  Apomotia,  Xenotis,  Brijitus,  Hetioperca, 
lydfopJites,  and  Eupomotis  of  authors.  ApomoUn  has  been  separated 
from  Lvpomia  on  account  of  the  large  size  of  the  supplemental  max- 
illary.   On  careful  comparison  this  i.s  found  to  be  scarcely  larger  than 


*Dr.  Boulenger  divides  Lepomin  and  Euiimnotis  as  here  understood  into  genera,  thus  doflned  : 

a.  Siipphunental  maxillary  absent  or  reduced  to  a  slight  rudintoiit;  pectoral  fin  obtuse. 

Lepomis. 

oa.  Supplemental  maxillary  absent;  pectoral  fin  acutely  pointed.  Eupomotis. 


'K 


W  \  V 


ii 


1: 

1  ■ 

irrp'  gtrr^w^t i^w'vT'viJ^J/^ 7Jir"'°^'V"'S'yT .  'r»,1  i W  « '  '''f '  V""^  4"  K  I'WI'  !PI~^"    -  """W 


1000 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


»( 


■y  . 


in  ono  or  two  other  species  of  Lepomia,  It  disappears  by  degrees,  Imt 
seems  to  exiHt  in  all  the  species,  thougli  sometimes  so  Binali  n»  tu  hv 
inappreciable.  I  have  oven  found  it  present  in  large  speciineii!*  of 
L.  pallidun.  Its  presence  in  the  species  is  only  a  character  of  dciriw, 
therefore  not  generic.  Till  the  group  has  been  more  fully  stiKlicd 
A'tnoth  was  supposed  to  contain  a  large  number  of  species,  and  wnn 
separated  from  Lepomts  principally  for  convenience  sake,  iiiid  (Jii  the 
slight  character  of  the  feeble  gill  rakers.  By  a  comparison  of  :i  v(>rv 
large  series  of  the  alleged  species  from  Professor  Jordan's  collection  j 
have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are  all  forms  of  a  single  Hpeeies, 
The  gill  rakers  are  usually  rather  more  feeble  than  in  the  rest  of  the 
8])ecies  of  lAponih,  but  this  again  is  a  question  of  degree,  liriitlnx  lias 
been  distinguished  from  Lipotmn  by  the  presence  of  palatine  toetli.  Tlii.s 
is  also  a  character  of  degree,  and  is  subject  to  the  most  perfect  gradation. 
I  have  found  it  impossible  to  retain  Xy^tropUhn  and  EupomoI'm  also,  as 
there  is  complete  gradation  in  the  character  of  the  pharyngeals  lietween 
Lcpumis  proper  and  Xystroplitin  and  again  between  XyntroplHin  and  Eiijm- 
inotiH,  both  as  to  the  width  and  form  of  the  bones  themselves  and  tliu  form 
of  the  teeth."  (McKay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1881,  p.  88.)  (/*-,. .  .scale; 
TTM/io,  operculum,  a  character  supposed  to  distinguish  the  geuuH  from 
Sparua.) 

a.  Pectoral  fins  Bliorl,  obtuse,  not  roacliing  beyond  front  of  anul,  considerably  .sluirtiT  tliuii 
head;  dorsal  spincH  low. 

liKPOMIS: 

h.  Gill  rakors  sbortisli,  Imt  rathor  firm,  x  4-  8  or  9;  palatine  teeth  present. 

c.  Opercular  flap  in  adult  very  long,  but  narrow;  Hcale8  43  to  48;  longest  (lorwil  spines 

about  3  in  bead;  some  bluish  stripes  on  head;  belly  red  in  adult. 

Ai  iim  s,  V.i%. 

cc.  Opercular  flap  short  and  broad;  scales  3(i  to  40;  longest  dorsal  spines  alumt  liulf 

head;  sides  with  rows  of  red  spots.  miniati  s,  1:197. 

Xenotib  ({ei-os,  strange;  oCs.  car): 

lih.  (iill  rakers  very  soft  and  weak,  x  +  8  or  0;  palatine  teeth  obsolete,  so  far  as  Kiiiiwn. 

W,  Dorsal  spines  rather  long,  about  half  head;  sides  with  rows  of  bronze  spi.ts;  bihIcs 

3%  to  41,  GAU.MAM,  IMS, 

dd.  Dorsal  spines  short,  about  3  in  head  in  adult;  opercular  3]X)t  in  adult  viiy  long 
and  broad,  variously  shorter  in  young;  colors  brilliant,  excossivclv  viiiiablf; 
scales  .36  to  45.  WKOAi.cnis,  I:)!i9. 

Heliopf.hca  (^Aio?,  sun;  irepxi,  perch): 
aa.  Pectoral  fins  more  or  less  pointed,  not  much,  if  any,  shorter  than  head,  and  n'luthiii^'  lu 
or  beyond  front  of  anal;  gill  rakcix  mther  long,  slender,  and  firm,  x  +  II  U>  111. 
e.  Scales  very  largo,  about  35  (33  to  39)  in  lateral  line. 

/.  Opercular  spot  short,  wholly  surrounded  by  a  red  margin;  mucous  ikjics  nu  head 
large;  sides  with  conspicuous  red  spots;  dorsal  spines  moderate,  tlio  lciii^:;>l  nut 
quite  half  head,  niMii.is,  MiW. 

ff.  Opercular  spot  plain  black;  body  without  red  spots,  but  with  some  Muisli  ImnJp. 

HAPl.OONATlirs,  1401. 

ee.  Scales  moderate  or  small;  mucous  pores  small;  dorsal  spines  high,  the  kiui:est  liiilf 
head, 
g.  Dorsal  fin  without  black  at  base  of  its  last  rays;  opercular  flap  shortish;  shies  with 
chain-like  ci'oss  bands,  macbociiiih  s,  140J. 

gg.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  each  with  a  large  black  blotch  at  base  of  posterior  lays;  oper- 
cular flap  large,  but  not  long;  no  red  spots,  the  colors  often  brilliaiit  but  nnt 
varied,  pallidls,  H03. 


rubly  shortiT  tliaii 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America. 


1001 


Subgenus  LEPOMIS. 


180«.  LKPUMIS  AUBITITS  (Miiiiivug). 
(Ykm.ow  Bem-y  ;  Rediihkast   Biikam.) 

n.!!i»l  (without  flap)  2J  to  3  ;  depth  2  to  2i ;  eye  4  to  4i  in  hoad.  D.  X, 
11  01  12;  A.  Ill,  8  to  10;  Hcales  G-43  to  48-1"),  40  to  45  pores;  7  rows  of 
Hcalfs  un  cheek  ;  scales  on  breast  very  small.  Hody  elongate,  not  much 
eleviitcd.  Snout  moderately  prominent.  Mouth  ri»ther  large,  ohliquu, 
tlio  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  eye.  Palatine  teeth  few,  ratlier 
large.  Gill  rakers  quite  short,  x-|-8or  J),  not  much  longer  than  in  L'\)o- 
mi  mvgalotis,  but  stifl'  and  r^.  igh,  set  wide  apart,  diminishing  in  hi<.o 
from  tlio  angle  forward.  Opercular  Hap  verj'  long  (longer  in  the  adult 
than  on  any  other  of  the  suntishes  except  Lepomis  vu;jaIotix),  narrow, 
usually  not  wider  than  the  eye;  in  the  young  the  flap  is  variously 
slioiter,  but  always  narrow  ;  lower  margin  of  flap  msually  pale.  Dorsal 
spines  r»,ther  low,  the  longest  3  in  head ;  pectoral  H  to  li  in  head. 
Color  oiive;  belly  'argely  orange  red;  scales  on  tlie  sides  with  reddish 
spots  on  a  bluish  ground ;  vertical  fins  chiefly  orange  or  yellowish  ;  head 
usually  with  bluish  stripes,  especially  in  front  of  eyv,  most  distinct 
in  adult ;  flns  becoming  dusky  in  spirits  ;  no  dusky  blotch  on  last  rays  of 
doi'Bal  and  anal.  Length  8  inches.  Maine  to  Louisiana;  abundant  in 
all  streams  east  of  the  AUeghanies ;  the  typical  form  aTjove  described 
chsolly  northward,     (atiritus,  eared.) 

Lahmx  aHriltm,  Linna:i's,  Syst.  Nut.,  Kd.  x,  175K,  2«;i,  Philadelphia. 

Bnjlliis  iiiiicnlor,  CuviEii  A  Valenciknnes,  Hist.  Nut.  Poisfl.,  vii,  404,  1831,  Philadelphia  and 
Charleston. 

PomohLs  ntbrkauda,  Sturek,  Joiir.  Bostoei  So.!.  Nat.  Hist.,  1842,  177,  Concord,  New  Hamp- 
shire.    (Coll.  E.  S.  Hoar.) 

Leporiis  ophthalmicus.  Cope,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1868,  23.'),  Ruanoke  River,  Virginia. 

lejMmiix  (lurittis,  el  mgatuf  and  miistacalin,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Syuopsie,  475  and  477,  1883. 

Upomin  aurittu,  BoLLMAN,  I.  c,  573;  BouLENOER,  Cat.,  I,  24. 

Represented  southward,  from  Virginia  to  Louisiana  by 

ISeSa.  LEPOMIS  AUBITUS  SOUS  (Cuvier  &  Valcnci<3Due8). 

Scales  on  cheeks  larger,  in  5  or  6  rows ;  scales  on  breast  large.  A 
dusky  blotch  on  last  rays  of  dorsal.  Very  abundant  in  coastwise 
streams,  passing  into  the  typical  form  northward,     {solia,  of  the  sun.) 

Pomoilx  solit,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  vii,  468, 1831,  Lake  Pontchartrain, 

Louisiana ;  in  part. 
PomuiiK  ehmgatm,  HoLBBOOK,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  47,  pi.  5,  fig.  1,  St.  Johns  River, 

Florida. 
Lepomis  mystacalig*  CoPE,  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  1877,  66,  East  Florida. 


*'I.f}iimis  myslacalis  {Cope):  Head  3%;  depth  2.  Eye  large,  3U  iu  head.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  12; 
scales  7-51-15.  Body  deep,  coinpressed.  Dorsal  spines  robust,  little  shorter  than  the  soft  rays; 
paired  dug  long;  maxillary  extending  somewhat  beyond  front  of  orbit;  4  rows  of  scales  on 
ciieeks;  opercular  spot  short,  without  border.  Qill  rakers  slender.  Dusky,  sides  silvery,  with 
irregular,  short,  dark,  vertical  bars;  a  pale  band  from  mouth  across  preopercle,  a  dark  line 
below  this,  then  a  silvery  band;  lower  parts  and  most  of  vertical  fins  yellow.    East  Florida.— 


•*  i 

i 

:i 

' 

1 

:1    - 

'    t 

s. 

7    ■' 

« 

■  i 

^ 

yii 

1  n 

r 


WT^  -  f^'^T^r-.^'^T"  vr'-TT' 


',.'WT?'^T»lC?^'""'^vT*^ 


'■•W/tW'J*™''  '  "n^if 


1002 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\% 


1:197.  LKP0MI8  MINIATVH,*  Jordnn. 

Head  2};  depth  2i;  eye  large,  3^  in  head.  D.  X,  10;  A.  Ill,  9;  Hcales 
4-  iO-11,  4  ruwH  on  cheek.  Body  oblong  and  somewhat  regularly  ellipti- 
cal. Mouth  rather  large.  Opercular  flap  Hhort  and  broad,  entirely  Mack 
or  dark  green.  Gill  rakers  stout  but  not  very  short.  Palatintt  tcotli 
present.  Dorsal  spines  rather  long,  as  long  as  from  tip  of  snout  to  jxm- 
torior  edge  of  pupil ;  pectorals  long.  Sides  of  male  with  about  1 1  lows 
of  red  spots,  those  of  the  lower  rows  very  bright  in  life;  middle  of  nido 
with  a  few  scales  with  black  spots,  and  some  black  on  scales  undtr  tli<* 
pectorals;  belly  orange,  with  red  spots.  Length  6  inches.  MissiN.si|i|ii 
Valley  and  southward  in  lowland  streams ;  common  about  New  OriciiiiH, 
ranging  from  Texas  eastward  to  Indian  River.     (miniatiiH,  scarlet.) 

LepoiiiiH  winiatuH,  Jokdan,  Bull,  x,  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  26,  1877,  Tangipahoa  River,  Louisiana; 
((!(>11.  T.  II.  I<oan);  .Tokdan  tt  Gii.iikkt,  HyiiopHifi,  470,  188:). 

Subgenus  XENOTIS,  Jordan. 
ia08.  LKPONIS  GARMANI,  Forlms. 

Head  2^ ;  depth  2^.  Eye  large.  D.  X,  10  or  11 ;  A.  Ill,  8  to  10;  scales 
5-34  to  41-14,  5  rows  on  cheek.  Body  rather  deep;  mouth  moderate; 
maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  pupil ;  longest  dorsal  spine  about  half 
head.  Gill  rakers  short  and  flexible.  Dusky  olive,  sides  with  rowu  of 
bronze  spots,  1  on  each  scale,  7  rows  below  lateral  line;  head  with  blue; 
opercular  tlap  large,  f  diameter  of  eye.  Length  4  inches.  Perhajm  uot 
distinct  from  Leponm  miniatus.  (Named  for  Professor  Harrison  Gurinan, 
now  of  the  University  of  Kentucky,  at  Lexington.) 

Lepomis  (lamtaui,  Forben,  Dull.  III.  Lab.  Nut.  Mist.,  135,  January,  1885,  Little  Fox  River,  at 
Phillipstown,  and  Wabash  River  and  Drew  Pond,  at  Carmi,  Illinois:  (Coll. 
Forbes);  Buulongur,  Cat.,  i,  27. 

1309.  TiEPO!HIH  SfGOALMTIS  (Raflnesqiie). 

(TiONO-EARE'>  SlINFISll.) 

Head  without  flap,  3  in  length  ;  depth  If  to  2^ ;  eye  3^  to  4  in  Iiead 
D.  X,  10  to  12;  A.  Ill,  8  to  10 ;  scales  5-36  to  45-14  ;  pores  31  to  40,  iibout 
5  rows  on  cheek.  Body  short  and  deep,  compressed,  the  back  very 
strongly  arched  in  adult,  the  profile  very  steep,  usually  forming  an  angle 
above  eye,  but  sometimes  full  and  convex.  Mouth  small,  obliqiu',  the 
premaxillary  rather  below  the  eye,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite 
middle  of  eye.  Gill  rakers  very  short  and  soft,  weaker  than  in  any  other 
species,  x  +  8  or  9.  Dorsal  spines  very  low,  the  longest  little  longer  than 
the  snout,  3  in  head.  Pectoral  1^  to  1^  in  head.  Opercular  Hap  in  the 
adult  very  long  and  broad,  with  a  broad  or  narrow  pale  blue  or  red  mar- 
gin, tl  e  margin  sometimes  very  broad,  sometimes  almost  wanting  ;  thellap 
half  o:  more  longer  than  the  eye  in  the  adult,  much  shorter  in  the  young, 

*Thi8  is  probably  a  distiuet  species;  uot  the  youug  of  aunVus  aa  Bellman  aud  Bouleiiger  lia«D 
regarded  it. 


^iiil 


r 


useum. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      l()03 


;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  Hcales 
regularly  ollipti- 
ad,  entirely  Iilnck 
;.  Palatini  tcotli 
i  of  snout  to  |)08- 
tli  about  1 1  lows 
0 ;  middle  of  Hidt. 
scales  under  tin* 
cheH.  Mi8siN.si|i|ii 
out  New  OrlcaiiH. 
H«,  scarlet.) 

>a  River,  Louisinna; 


[I,  8  to  10;  scales 
mouth  niodf'iatt'; 

spine  about  liiilf 
des  with  rows  of 

head  with  blue; 
les.  Perha))8  not 
larrison  Garman, 

kittle  Fox  River,  at 
Tmi,   Illinois;   (Coll. 


3 A  to  4  in  liead 
)8  31  to  10,  about 
the  back  very 
"orming  an  angle 
all,  oblique,  the 
cling  to  opposite 

lan  in  any  other 
ittle  lonj^er  thau 
Bular  dap  in  the 
blue  or  red  uiar- 

anting;  thellap 
er  in  the  young, 


1  aud  Bouloiis-'iT  liMO 


its  ilevelopmont  subject  to  great  variation.  Color,  brilliant  blue  and 
cran(,'o ;  the  back  chieHy  blue ;  the  belly  eutirely  orange,  the  orange  on 
the  Hides  in  spots,  the  blue  in  wavy,  vertical  streaks;  lips  blue;  cheeks 
orau^^e,  with  bright  blue  stripes;  blue  stripes  before  eye;  iris  red;  soft 
partH  of  vertical  fins  with  the  rays  blue  and  the  membranes  orange;  ven- 
tralM  dusky.  Length  K  inches.  Micliigau  to  Minnesota,  South  Carolina, 
aiul  Nouthwest  to  the  Rio  Grande;  very  abundant  in  most  streams, 
espi'i'ially  in  clear  brooks.  One  of  our  most  brightly  colored  fishes. 
Kxtninuly  variable;  the  young  are  often  elliptical  in  form,  and  the  size 
at  which  the  characteristic  ear  flap  is  developed  varies  greatly  with  dif- 
ferent individuals.  We  have  thus  far  failed  to  distinguish  any  tangible 
varieties.  Some  southern  specimens  have  the  ear  flap  longer  (fallax)', 
gome  northern  ones  have  the  scales  rather  larger  {inacriptus),  or  the  margi.i 
of  tlio  ear  flap  broader  than  usual  {peltustea),  or  wanting  altogether 
(lythydchloriH) ;  others  {aureolun)  are  bright  golden  with  the  flap  short; 
801110  southern  specimens  (breviceps)  have  a  dusky  spot  on  the  last  rays  of 
dorsal ;  still  others  (marffinatua)  have  the  ear  tlap  bordered  with  green. 
These  characters  gradually  disappear  on  examination  of  a  large  series. 
{li(y<i<;,  great ;  ovf,  ear.) 

Ichllielii  meijalolu,  IUfinesque,  Iclith.  Oh.,  29,  1820,  Ohio  River. 

Pnmolis  uiliilti,  KiRTi.AND,  BoHt.  Jourii.  Nat.  IliHt.,  472,  1842,  Ohio. 

Pomi'l(«  hrevicepH,  Baird  >Sc  GiRAni),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  1863,  309,  Otter  Creek,  Arkan- 
sas.   (Coll.  Cii])t.  Geo.  B.  MuClollau.) 

l>ovtoliii  fallax,  Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18.'i4,  24.  Elm  Creek,  Texas. 
(('(ill.  John  H.  Clark.) 

PomoHx  ruHfexifrniiH,  Bairu  &  OlRABD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18.'i4,  24,  Rio  Ciboto,  Texas. 
(Coll.  Clark.) 

ronwiix  vvfadm,  Bairi)  &  Girard,  Troc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1854,  24,  Rio  Cibolo  and  Salado 
Creek,  Texas.    (Coll.  Clark.) 

fomotm  miigiiinnleiiluii,  A0A88IZ,  Amcr.  .lour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,  302,  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

Pimolisiii'rniUiis,  A0A88I7.,  Amer.  .lour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,  302,  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

Pomolis  hombi/roiu*  AoASSiz,  Anier.  .Tour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,  303,  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

Pomotiii  marfiinalm,  Holl)ro()k,t  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1865,49,  St.  Johns  River,  Florida. 

FomolU  pnpeii,  GiRARi),  Pacific  R.  R.  Survey,  x,  2G,  1858,  headwaters  of  Colorado  River, 
Texas.     (Coll.  Capt.  Pope.) 

f.ejwHii«  peltastef,  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc,  1870,  453,  Huron  River,  Michigan.  (Coll. 
Prof.  A.  Winchell.) 

Xenotis  lijihrochlorU,  Jordan,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  376, 1877,  Wabash  River. 

Xainiig  imreolm,  Jordan,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  376,  1877,  Wabash  River. 

I^mnis  meijidolUi,  Jordan  &  Gii.dert,  Synopsifl,  477, 1883;  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  26. 

*  f,»7io»iiVi  bninb^frotn  (Agassiz):  Head  '2,%;  depth  23^.  D.  X,  — ;  A.  Ill,  — ;  scalos  5-V-ll. 
Body  riitlK^r  Bliort  and  deep,  with  the  pror.lc  very  steep  and  the  back  very  ni<ich  arched,  the 
creuti'st  depth  of  the  body  being  over  iho  opercles;  opercular  flap  very  sm-ill,  unniargined. 
Kj'e  i.rt^e  ;  a  slight  angle  in  front  of  the  eye.  Gill  rakers  unknown.  Mouth  moderate,  placed 
Very  low,  the  premaxillaries  entirely  below  the  eye;  maxillary  extending  back  to  the  middle  of 
the  pupil.  DorNal  spines  moderate,  the  last  ones  somewhat  shortened.  Anal  fln  large,  pectorals 
and  vi'i.trals  reaching  anal.  Scales  of  cheek  in  6  rows  Light  brown;  flns  pale,  unspotted. 
Scales  (if  belly  and  sides  dotted  with  golden  orange.  Length  4  inches.  Tennessee  River;  this 
account  taken  from  the  original  description  and  from  a  tracing  of  a  drawing  received  from 
Ricliiird  UlisB.— .djossii. 

t  Lepomis  martjinnttis  (Holbrook):  Head  3;  depth  2.  T).  IX  or  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  10.  Body  short 
and  dcup;  snout  shorter  than  diameter  of  eye;  maxillary  reaching  orbit;  pairetl  fins  rather 
long,  (^ulor  dark  olive  with  darker  vertical  bars;  bead  and  body  with  numerous)  bluisb-greeu 
9pote;  opercular  flap  bordered  with  green.    St.  Johns  River,  Florid:.— HoibrooJi;. 


r, 


I .  ■   ,  ", 

1 

1 

1 

f  i  ^■ 

n 


^^K*^i^ffiw!P 


I   ■ 


h)i' 


1004  Bulletin  4^   United  States  National  ACuseum. 


Subgenus   HBLIOPERCA,  Jonlnu. 

•         J 
1400.  liKI'OMIS  IIIIMILIS  (Ulrurd). 

(Hri)-8l'ciTTl:i)   Ht'NFIHII.) 

Hoad  25  to  3 ;  depth  2\  to  2J ;  eye  largo,  W  to  3 J  in  head.  D.  X,  10  or  11 ; 
A.  Ill,  H  or  i»;  hcuIcn  r)-IM  (33  to  3!t)-ll;  poros  25  to  32,  abont  5  rouson 
(^]i«;ok.  liody  ohloiig.  HcaleH  large,  opiueu  rather  high.  ProtilcH  not  veiv 
HttM^p.  MucoiiH  poruH  on  head  very  large;  opercular  flap  ruthtsr  lon^', 
broad,  with  u  very  broad  red  margin,  which  entirely  snrroiiudH  tlio  Mtu^k. 
LongoHt  <lorHaI  H|)ino  not  (|uite  half  head;  pectoral  a  little  Hhoitei  tliun 
head.  <jlill  rakers  rather  long,  blunt,  x -f('t:o  11,  well  developed.  ItliiiNli, 
with  conspicuous  greenish  spots  and  niottlings  posteriorly;  sidos  with 
many  conHpicuous  round,  sahnon-red  spots,  usually  a  faint  black  Hpot  on 
last  rays  of  dorsal ;  belly  and  lower  fins  red.  Length  4  inches.  Ohio  iiiid 
Kentucky  to  the  Dakotab,  Kansas ,  and  Texas ;  locally  abundant,  cspeiMally 
in  sandy  streams  of  the  Lower  Missouri  baaiu;  a  small,  highly-coloml 
species,     (hitmilia,  humble.) 

llriillHs  hnmiliii,  Gihard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Pliila.,  18f>7,  201,  Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  Arkansas. 
ItruUiiH  ocutiihin*  Odi'E,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.,  IStLI,  811,  Lake  Whittlesey,  Minnesota. 
hiiKiiiiiH  imiujiillmiiH,  CoPR,  Juiir.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Philn.,  1808,  221,  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
lAlumi'tH  liiimiliM,  ,Ioiii>AN  A  (Jii.itKUT,  SyuoptMH,  47y,  1883;  Uveumann  &  Co.\,  Uuiwit  f.  S.  Fi-li 

Ooiiiin.,  XV,  III,  18U.'J  (18<Jf)). 
Eupirmotia  humilU,  lioVLKNUEU,  Cat.,  i,  30. 


'  f'  I 


K' 


1401.  LKPOMIS  HAPIiOONATHIIS,  Oopp. 

Head  (without  flap)  3i ;  depth  2>J ;  eye  3A  in  head  without  flap,  C(nial  to 
the  nearly  flat  interorbital  space.  D.  X,  11;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  (i-Ii'i-lt  or 
15,  ()  rows  on  cheek.  Form  oval.  Dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  subciiiially 
convex.  Lower  lip  more  prominent,  maxillary  bone  reaching  anterior 
line  of  orbit,  lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  with  conical  teeth;  gill  rakers 
obtuse,  rather  stout;  no  supplementary  maxillary  bone  nor  palatine 
teeth.  Pectorals  not  described;  ventrals  barely  reaching  anal ;  oxtrenii- 
tie.s  of  soft  dorsal  and  anal  of  the  same  length,  and  falling  far  short  of  base 
of  caudal.  Caudal  notched  at  middle,  the  lobes  beveled  at  the  free  lior- 
ders.  Opercular  flap  rather  long.  Color  olivaceous,  yellowish  below,  a 
blue  band  crossing  the  preorbital  bone  above,  and  another  following  the 
premaxillary  border  and  passing  along  the  inferior  border  of  the  orbit; 
below  this  another  blue  line  crosses  the  cheek.  Other  blue  bauds  have 
been  obscured  by  the  alcohol ;  flap  plain  black.  Length  of  type  4.^  inches. 
Monterey,  Nuevo  Leon.  The  most  southern  of  the  group  to  wliicli  it 
belongs,  and,  the  first  known  from  Mexican  waters.  (Cope.)  (a-Ain'/f, 
simple;  yvMog, jaw.) 

Lepomix  haphignatlwH,  CoPE,  Proc.  Anier.  Philos.  See,  1884(188.')),  168,  Monterey,  Nuevo  Leon. 
(Coll.  Cope.) 

*  Leponm  oculaUis  (Cope):  Similar  to  LfpomuhumUu,  but  the  body  deoper,  the  caudiil  pcdim- 
cle  and  fin  forraiug  but  %  of  length.  Head  short;  opercular  flap  long,  with  a  blade  spot  as 
largo  as  eye,  surrounded  by  a  broad,  pale  margin;  body  without  red  spots.  Depth  23;,.  Scales 
6-32-11.    Length  3  inches.    Minnesota.— Cope, . 


^\^M  ,  J  L-j'-btfJ^V.A^xJI^^ri-^ 


irey,  Nuevo  Leon. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1(M)5 


1402.  liKPOMIN  MACUOrillKIM,  UaOiuHHUK. 

Ilcidli;  aept.:2.^;  oyo  3}  to  4  in  head.  I).  X,12;  A.  111,10;  scuIeH 
iilioiii  r)-l2-ir»,  about  7  rowH  on  cheek.  Hody  rather  elon^utu,  the  Iiund 
HoiiK'whut  nciite.  Pectoral  flnu  pointed,  an  long  um  head,  reaching  beyond 
\('tilialH  to  anal.  Gill  rakeru  rather  long  and  blender,  Htrongly  toothed, 
x-f  11.  LongcHt  dorsal  H])ine  abont  half  head.  Snppleniental  bone  minute. 
Uri^jlil  steel  blue,  with  many  bron/.e  orange  spots,  which  cover  nearly  the 
wlidlt-  surface,  so  arranged  that  the  ground  color  forms  a  series  of  vertical 
cliiiin  like  bara,  very  con.'tpicuous  in  life;  vertical  fins  mottled  with  liroii/.e 
and  usually  more  or  less  edged  with  pale  orange;  sometimes  a  faint  Idack 
ilorsiil  spot ;  no  distinct  blue  stripes  on  check,  but  the  sides  of  the  head 
HJiailcd  with  purplish.  Opercular  flap  small,  black,  margined  with  pale. 
Leuj^th  5  inches.  Ohio  Valley  and  southwestward  to  Arkansas  and  Ken- 
tucky ;  rare;  a  small,  handsome  species.     {iinKfwr,  large;  x^Wi  hand.) 

I.epiimi''  macrocliir.i,  UwisMitvr.,  .loiirii.  do  Pliyi<ii|iR',  420,  1819,  Ohio  River  ;  Licking  River; 

.(iiuiiAN  it  GiMiF.UT,  8.vllOIlBi■^,  47f/,  188:!;  Kom.man,  /.  <■.,  572. 
UpiMiinii:<  ni-phi'lim,  Cope,  Journ.  Amor.  Pliilus.  Soc.,  18ti8,  222,  Kiskiminitas  River,  western 

Pennsylvania, 
hip'iiiii'lis  macrochinu,  Bouit.nurb,  Cat.,  I,  30. 

1408;  LKPOMIS  PAIililiniH  (Mitdiill). 

(Blve-qill;  Blue  Bream  ;  BmieSunfihii  ;  Ciii'i<kii-niihki>  IIueam  ;  Dollardee.) 

Head  3  (2t  to  3i);  depth  2  (IJ  to  2i);  eye  3J  to  4  in  head.  D.  X,  11  or 
12;  A.  Ill,  10  to  12;  scales  7-43  to  52-1(5,  40  to  50  pores,  5  rows  of  scales 
on  ciieek.  Body  comparatively  short  and  deep,  compressed  ;  the  young 
Hlendor,  the  adult  nearly  orbicular.  C'audal  peduncle  rather  slender. 
Head  not  large,  the  projecting  snout  usually  forming  an  angle  above  eye. 
Mouth  quite  small,  oblique,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  barely 
reaciiing  the  front  of  the  eye.  Opercular  flap  very  short  in  the  young; 
in  tiio  adult  rather  long  and  wide,  without  pale  edge.  Gill  rakers  moder- 
ately long,  nearly  terete,  bent  slightly  downward,  about  x  +  H  to  13, 
Dorsal  spines  strong  and  high,  the  longest  altout  half  head,  usually  longer 
than  snout  and  eye;  ventral  fins  reaching,anal ;  pectorals  very  long,  usu- 
ally longer  than  head,  reaching  past  base  of  anal  spines.  Olive  green; 
adults  dark ;  young  more  or  less  silvery,  with  a  purple  luster  in  life ;  sides 
with  undulating,  often  chain-like,  transverse  greenish  bars,  which  become 
obsolete  in  the  adult;  no  blue  stripes  on  cheeks;  a  diffuse  black  blotch  at 
base  of  posterior  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal,  often  obscure  in  young ;  no  rod 
on  fins;  very  old  specimens  often  with  the  belly  coppery  red.  Length  12 
inches.  Great  Lakes  to  Florida  and  the  Eio  Grande ;  very  abundant ;  one 
of  our  most  widely  di8tril)uted  and  variable  species ;  found  in  all  quiet 
streams  throughout  its  range,  and  often  brought  into  the  markets;  a  good 
pau-fish.  (pallidus,  pale.) 
Labriix  jnilliduD,  MiTCHiLi.,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc,  N.  Y.,  1815,  407,  New  York;  iiiiBprinted 

I'llUlllluK. 

lepomia  appendix,  HiTCHiLL,  Amer.  Month,  Mag.,  1818,  247,  New  York. 

Pomn/i«  iiicieor,  CuviER  &  Valenciknneh,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  vii,  400,  18:U,  New  Orleans. 

Pomotii  (iibbom»,  Cuviek  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  vii,  4C7,  1831,  Charleston. 


t  !' 


M 


11 


rn 


iiWiwui  «^,".«P  «i|«r»w5^pBiwp!P^n^ 


vri^nipmippaii 


1* 


I  - 


t  .V 


i; 


I 


'Mi 


1.1 


'1 

? '    ( 

■if 

■'.'. ' 

'I.l.     r 

i'J   '. 

I 


KMMi 


JiulUtin  47,  United  States  National  Mmeum, 


/Vi»i<>/i>  D/irWooHo,  IIaihi)  A  OlHAHl),  I'rcir,  Ac.  Niit.  S<-i.  I'lillu.,  IhM,  '.i'l,  Browniville,  Texas. 

l\imolit  "'u'tirKD,  Ahaxhi/,  Aiidt,  Jour.  H<:l.  and  Art*,  IMM,  llOi,  Huntavllle,  Alabama  k).  ij. 
ni«ii'<  ilmtply  coli>r<><l,  alniont  ItUrk.) 

/Vm'i<i«/iiN'i,  OiHAHi),  l'r<)<'.  Ai'.  Nut   Hii.  I'hila.,  1H&7,  'JOl,  Port  Snelting,  Mlnncnotu. 

l.ifHiiiiii>  liiHiiUimiit,  Copit,  I'ror.  Ac.  Nal.  Hcl.  I'hilii.,  iMtiTi,  Kl,  Leavenworth,  Kanaax. 

LrpimiiK  nr<leii'<uiu»,  Cui>K,  Juiifu.  Ac.  Nut.  Sd.  i'lilla.,  iMtlH,  'Hi,  Kiaklminitaa  Klver,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

I.<f»mi»piirjntrr»crn;  Cmvk,  I'roc.  Anmr.  Pliiloa.  Hoc,  1h70,  -IM,  Yadkin  River,  North  Curolina 

Lejiiimio iHtlliihiii,  (ill. I,  X  Johiian,  Fiolii  nnd  ForuMt,  1H77,  l!Nl;  Juriian  A  (lii.iiKlir,  8.viiu|,hi,,  ^^[,^ 
IHH.'!,  ami  III'  iiiuHt  ritcimt  writorit. 

tluiHmiulu iialiiJiit,  Uoilkmiikh,  Cat.,  l,  211. 

460.  EUPOMOTIS,  Gill  &,  Jurdun. 

fntuitli',  IIoMiRooK,  Ictli.  H.  Carolina,  1,  r>,  IHdO,  (not  of  ItAriNKHgiTR). 

ii'ii/Mmiotin,  Olf.l,  A  Johiian,  KI<>I(I  and  ForcNt,  1H77,  ItK),  [niimiD). 

XijuiroitHiit,  Johiian  M8.  in  Coi-k,  I'roc.  Anidr.  I  lillos.  ISim'..  xvm,  n/,  187H,  (ijillii). 

Tliis  KenuH,  aH  understoud  by  iis,  is  very  cloudy  rolattul  to  Liiiiimh. 
ditluring  only  in  the  blunter  and  more  |iaveiiioiit-liko  teeth  of  tlio  Ihwim 
pharyngeal  bonoH.  TheHo  boneu  are,  in  typical  HpecicH,  liroiul  unit  con. 
cave,  especially  in  the  adult.  There  is  cousiderublo  variation  umnii;;  tin; 
species,  and  it  is  possible  that  this  division  can  not  be  maintainod.  Most 
of  the  species  have  long  pectoral  fins,  the  supplemental  niax.ill!(i  v  loot 
or  very  much  reduced,  and  the  opercular  Hap  always  with  an  <inin|;e 
patch  on  its  lower  posterior  portion.  (Jill  rakers  various,  usually  slnut, 
The  retention  of  this  genus  is  possibly  justified  by  convenitinco,  but 
neither  the  longer  pectorals  nor  the  blunt  pharyngeals  separate  it  Hliarply 
from  Lepomia,  with  which  it  has  been  united  by  McKay,  Holhiiaii,  and 
Jordan  &  Gilbert,  (ci',  well;  Tru/uti,  oporole  ;  oh:,  oar;  or  rather,  ti,  ^'cu- 
nine  Vomotis,  sunflsh. ) 

XvsTROPLiTER  (6ti<TTf>oi',  Hcruper;  oirAiVrif,  artnaturo,  from  the  gill  rakcru  of  IIir  tyiiiral  .-|ii'Cii"<| 
a.  PcvtoralB  shorter  tliaii  liead,  not  extending  beyond  tips  of  voutralH;  hcuIob  giiinll,  ulmut  Vi, 
gill  rakors  rather  long;  coloration  plain,  i>ai,liiii  .'',  I4f)4. 

E0POMOTI8: 
aa.  I'uctoraU  longer  than  head,  uxtonding  to  iK^yoiid  front  of  anal;  gill  rakurs  iiUHlurBti-  ur 
short;  opercular  Hup  orange  on  its  lowor  posterior  ])ortioii, 
h,  Ohoeks  without  marked  liluo  or  orange  B|)ot8  or  liueK. 

c.  Scales  large,  'H  to  3U;  oiwrcular  flap  Hniallcr  than  eye,  its  margin  lilnoil-roil  in 

male.  HKiKi.s  \W.>. 

cv.  Scales  mcMlerato,  42  to  44;  opercular  flap  broad,  with  ".  very  broad  (iniiii;!'  ur 

whitish  margin. 

d.  Cheeks  with  5  rows  of  scales;  color  chiefly  g-ccnish.  iioi.iiuhoki,  14()fi, 

<hl.  Cheeks  with  (i  or  7  rows  of  scalos.  Ki'iivmii  s,  14(i7. 

bb.  Cheeks  witli  wavy  blue  lines;  sides  of  b<Mly  profusely  ..;otted  with  orange;  wiilis about 

-17;  dorsal  spines  not  very  low;  opercular  flap  large,  its  lower  poxtt^rinr  hurder 

always  scarlet.  aiBuosi's,  HMi. 

Subgenus  XYSTROPLITES,  Jordan. 
1404.  EVPOMOTIS  PALLIDUiii,*  (Agassi/.). 

Head  21 ;  depth  2| ;  eye  4^ ;  snout  3} ;  scales  8-42-12,  5  rows  on  ciieeii. 
D.  X,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  9.    Body  elongate,  rather  deep  mesially.    Caudal  peduii- 

•  "  This  species  resembles  Pomntu  incuor  (Lei)ntiiU  palUdiin)  in  the  outline  of  the  body,  1  In'  natiiri' 
and  coloration  of  the  scales,  and  in  the  size  and  form  of  the  flus,  but  it  differs  greatly  t'l mn  it  by 
its  large  mouth,  the  free  extremity  of  the  upper  jaws  reaching  the  vortical  line  of  tlic  juiildlo  of 
the  eye,  by  the  presence  of  teeth  upon  the  palafe,  and  by  the  ventral  fins  being  placiil  immedi- 
ately under  the  pectorals.     The  black  opercular  appendage,  which  is  very  short,  Imn  a  narrow 


..^■-.-.*liA£Lii 


^ 


>r/(i. 


J  or  Man  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  0/  I^orth  A  merit, t.      1007 


I'Itt  latlior  rloiifjato.  Hiioiit  projeotiiiK,  formiug  uii  atiKlu  ttltovi)  eyn. 
Moiitli  wido,  the  luworjiiw  projuctiiiK ;  maxillary  r«>uchiiigjuNt  paHtfruiit 
III'  |Mi|iil.  Kyo  UN  lun({  uh  (>|>»rciilar  tlap;  flap  inudMrutu,  Itroati,  witli  u 
\t'tv  wide  pulo  udgo  huluw  and  huhiud.  DoinhI  Hpiium  iiioduratu,  uh  Iuii^ 
ji^  Hiioiit  and  halt'  of  orhit;  peotorul  Hhoit,  reaching  tips  of  voiitrulH. 
Ii(i\M'i  pharyiiKnal  to«)th  Miint,  aliiioHt  ])av«)d.  Li^ht  olivo,  uniform  in 
ii|iiiilr4:  trucflH  of  duttky  mottlingHon  luHt  rayn  of  dormil  und  anal.  Length 
7  iii('li»H.  Ouorgia  to  Tcxuh;  uut  oommun,  but  few  ttpecimeuii  known. 
^puUiiluH,  pale.) 

Pimi'ii'  iiiillidtiH,  AoAMix,  Amor,  .lour.  Bel.  Artu,  1RA4,  3(Kl  (iiiiiiki  ])ri<(j<'(Mi|iliMl  in  himmiii  l>y 

h'lrtidpillliilli;  MiTCIIIM.,  Iiiit  not  III  Knpomntid. 

\\Tiiii<i>  iilh,ilii»,  <iiHAiii>,  I'roc,  Ac,  Niit.  H4-i.  IMillu.,  1Rft7,  2iK),  Rio  Blanco,  Texas  ;  (Typi-,  421). 

.Kijuiriii'ldm  (lillii,  JiiHiiAN,   null.  X,   I',  ."<.    Nitt,  MiiH.,  ',!!,  1N77,    "Oarden   Key,   Florida" 

luiiiliiubtvilly  uu  orrur,  iih  tlicro  'i  no  hvali  wutrr  Htruaiii  or  imnil  lui  tlio  iHluiid  of  Uurdou 

K''.v). 

hflnii'lllillhln,  .TollDAN  .V  GiMIKKT,  ,*<>  no|»(llH,  481,  IHKJ;    IloM.MAN,  /,  (',,  575. 

UlMiHif  Unm,  McKay,  True,  U,  U.  Nut.  Muh,,  IHHl,  HO,  (uftur  I'omulit luilWlun,  AutuMVt). 


TT 


riikerH  mmU'riiti'  ur 


Subgenus  EUPOMOTIS. 


1405.  KUPONOTIH  HKKOM  (lliiird  .^  Oininl). 


Hofid  2<  to  3 ;  depth  2  to  2ij ;  eye  3i  to  ii;  suout  SJ  to  4.  D,  X,  11 ;  A. 
Ill,  11;  Boulos  4-34  to  39-13,  4  rows  on  cheek.  Appeurance  of  Leponm 
pulUdiiH.  Body  robuHt,  moderately  ulongute,  dorsal  and  ventral  outlineH 
about  equally  curved  ;  head  rather  large,  the  projecting  onout  forming  n 
coimideruble  angle  above  the  eye.  Mouth  rather  wide,  obliciue,  the 
maxillary  reaching  slightly  past  front  of  eye.  Longest  dorsal  reaching 
past  |ii>Hterioi'  border  of  pupil ;  pectorals  reaching  beyond  middle  of  anal ; 
vontrul  spine  li  to  H  in  distance  between  origin  of  ventrals  and  anus. 
OpenMilar  Hap  smaller  than  eye,  smaller  than  in  K,  holhroohi,  much  as  in 
K,  ijibhoHUS.  Gill  rakers  short  and  not  very  stitf.  Pharyngeal  teeth 
pavod ;  the  pharyngeal  teeth  not  so  blunt  as  in  E.  holbrooki  or  in  E.  yihho- 
8UH.  Life  colors  dark  greenish  above,  gradually  becoming  brassy  toward 
tlie  holly,  which  is  light  brassy  ;  opercular  spot  greenish  black,  the  flap 
with  a  broad,  blood-red  border  in  the  male,  plain  in  the  female;  no  spot 
on  dorsal  or  anal  fin.  Southern  Indiana  to  Florida  and  the  Rio  Grande 
basin,  in  lowland  streams;  rather  rare.  (?/pu(:,  hero;  Heroa  is  the  name 
of  a  },;ouu8  of  Ciohlidu;  which  these  fishes  resemble.) 

Pomnlin  Ihtos,  Baiiid  &  GlilAKD,*   I'ror.  Ac.    Nat.  S<l,    IMiila,,    March,  18.14,   25.  Rio   Cibolo, 
Texas, 

orRntto  Imrdor  liehind;  thero  is  a  Mack  spot  at  tlie  baHO  of  tlio  puntcrior  rnys  of  the  dorsal;  liotb 
'lursal  anil  anal  arv  marked  by  1  or  2  dark  stript'x;  tho  caudal  in  croHHcd  by  Hoveral  dotted  vertical 
lirieH;  tlit^ro  are  8  or  9  dusky  bars  across  tho  sides  Itotween  tho  head  and  tail.  This  Kpecies  bears 
till'  Hunio  relation  to  PumolU  that  Vomoxin  bears  to  the  true  Oenhiirvliim  in  tho  size  of  the  mouth 
nnd  form  of  the  body,  and  I  have  no  doubt  it  will  some  day  become  tho  typo  of  a  distinct  f;eniiH." 
(Agasxi/.)  Tennessee  River,  at  Huntsville,  AlultanKt.  We  are  informed  by  Mr.  Kichard  miss 
that  tlic  types  of  this  species  liave  the  pharyngeals  iwved.  Since  these  paRcs  have  been  put  in 
tyjii' wo  hiivo  received  from  Mr.  Samuel  Garinan  a  des<Tiption  of  .Vgasxi/.V  tvpe  which  leaves 
little  lioiiht  of  its  identity  with  the  present  species.  It  ban:  Head  2:>i;  depth  2'.^.  D,  X,  10;  A, 
111,1(1.  Scales  5-3C-13.  Pectoral  shorterthan  head  barely  reaching  trout  of  anal;  mouth  large, 
with  projecting  snout,  tl<e  maxillary  uoarly  reaching  middle  of  pupil;  last  rays  of  dorsal  and 
aDal  (lu»ky  above  base. 


•■   ' 

'     '■ 

?; 


;.    ! 


1(N)S 


Jiuiitlin  ^7,  li'niU'U  HUitts  Aattomii  Muifk 


i   ,{, 

A    •jHi  I,, 


l^miiiii  whilii;*    AiiANMi/,    Ariii'i.    .Iniirii.    Nil.    iiml    An*,    MArcli,  iN/il,    3<)U,    Hunt«vi||t 

Alabama. 
/x'jMMiiM  H../,(/ii.,  ,li)iii>\v  A  Uii.HriiT,  HyiiDpolM,  •IH'i,  IHKIJ, 

Iriiniini  liiif,  .fiiMI>\N  .V  KliiiKlir,  S)  liii|Hlii<,   IM),  |HM3;  IVil.l.MAN,  I.  )'.,  ATA. 
Uiiptiiiiiilu  hiro»,  UolI.EMilKII,  <'at.,  I,  'M, 

IIOH.  liri'OMOTIM  IIOI.IIKOOKI  (nivl<  r  .1  Vnl.ncliiiiiMo.). 

IIi'imI  :<  to  .'H  ;  (lopth  2  to  2i ;  (<y«  t  in  lioiul,  itHlongaHHiittiil.  1*.  N.Idii, 
I'i;  A.  Ill,  !Mo  11 ;  HcaU'H  (Ml  or  'ir>-ir>,  4.'{  porcM,  5  iowh  oh  cImmiK.  Itmlv 
roliiiHt,  flfvtitotl,  tliH  Hiioiit  riitliiM  pnxliiciMl ;  iiiaxilliiiy  nuinliin^  t'huit  ni' 
uriiil  ;  pifoptM'clo  Nli^Mtly  ilciilitMilulo.  DotNiil  llti  h't^U,  tiiu  N]iiiii  .s  uIhhii 
UH  liiK''  HH  tlio  Hoft  I'uyH,  tlio  lonK«!Nt  hiilf  huiul ;  poctoml  IIiih  v<  ly  Idmk. 
loii^  iiH  lu>a(l.  dill  rnktM'M  iiiotlDnitu,  olttiiao,  Htron^ly  t<)otii)t(l,  n  4. in. 
Opuntiilar  flap  Hlioit,  broad,  witit  a  broad  011111^0  tnarffiu  lit'lnw  ami 
boliiiid.  No  palatiiio  ttMttli ;  jowttr  pliaryii^ttalH  broad  ;  tlio  trclli  lai;;*>, 
witii  HiilmpluMical  vruwtiH.  DiiHky  ulive,  Hilvnry  buluw  ;  tliroal  yellow; 
liiiH  dark,  with  yrllowiHJi  rayH  ;  no  blark  dorsal  Hpot.  l^Mn^tli  lo  iiiilicK. 
Vii'Kiniu  to  Florida;  abundant  in  lowland  NtroainH.  (Named  fur  lip, 
.John  KdwardH  llolbrook,  of  CharluHtun,  unthor  of  the  excullunt  Iclitliy- 
olugy  of  Soutli  Carolina.) 

riiiwlin   Imlhtmiki,  Civir.ii   A    VAtKNCiF.NN KH,   HlHt.    Niit.    I'iiIhh.,  VII,   460,   18:11,   Charlcscoii, 

South  Carolina. 
Ihiniiilin  N/iiri'MHii,    lIiii.iiUDOK,    Juiir,    Ac.    Nat.  Sii.   I'liilii.,    IHA.'),    4H,  pi,  6,  flg.  'J,  St.    Johns 

River,  Florida. 
Pi>miiliii  iiiiniiliiiihiin,  (il^NTiieH,  Cat.,  i,  284,  IHAO,  St.  Johns  River,  Florida;  ititci'  ilolliruok. 
A'i/Wiii/)///'*  /iiiii/imiinH«,t  (Iin'K,  I'liic.   Amur.   Pliilim.  Sue,  1877,  00,  Volusia  and   Buy  Port, 

Florida. 
LipitmiMhiilhmiikii,  .Ioiidan  ySc  <iit,liKliT,  .SynopHlH,  482,  188!!;  UoLl.MAN,  /.  e.,  fi70. 
Kfipiiiiwli.i  hiiihroiikii,  Itoui.F.MiKK,  (Jut.,  I,  31. 

l407^KrP0.1IOT!H  KFRYORUS  (M.  Kuy). 

Head  3i;  dopth  2:^  D.  X,  11;  A.  Hi,  10;  scales  6-4.3-14,  (J  or  7  rows  on 
obeok.  Body  very  robust,  compressed ;  form  nearly  oval ;  dorual  outline 
more  convex  than  ventral ;  profile  steep, convex.  Mouth  obli(|ii(',  nuiuII; 
maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Outer  teeth  stronger  thanothors;  tcetii 
on  front  of  palatines.  Lower  pharyngeals  with  the  rather  lonj^  posttn  lor 
spur  turuod  up,  stoutish;   tK'i  inner  angle  rounded,  somewhat  ul)tuHc. 


*  W<i  <lo  not  know  which  of  tlioHo  iv  \  iiuinef),  hrriM  and  nntdliiii,  hus  priority.  We  kIm'  jirrfcr- 
enci!  to  hfioK  uH  II  leHS  cunveutional  na.no  anil  uh  alrciidy  most  widely  uccopted, 

t  .Yi/d/i-iyi/iVcd  ?()»(;ii»(oi»j),  Coo(>,  is  thus  dcwrilicd:  "Hody  elovutod,  hut  tlio  hrail  nitlnr  iini- 
diict'd,  so  that  tho  profile  in  oliliqiio  and  ncurly  straight  from  the  huso  of  tlio  doriial  liii.  TIk' 
depth  of  thu  liody  enters  the  total  length  2.5  times,  and  tho  IoukHi  of  tho  heud  enters  lli"  eaiii'' 
;i.O  tiuieH.  Tho  orhit  is  lurRe,  eiinnlioK  tho  leDKtli  of  the  muzzle,  and  (^nterio);  the  |iUL:tli  nf  tlin 
litMid  4  times.  Tho  interorliital  space  is  \.!i  times  tho  diameter  of  tho  orhit.  Tlic  niu/./li'  is 
8ul)conic  and  tho  end  of  tho  maxillary  bono  readies  the  lino  of  tlio  anterior  niar^nn  i>l  tin' 
orhit.  Tliu  dorsal  flu  isoh^vnted,  tlie  spines  ei|uuliug  the  soft  rays  and  not  seiviniiid  li'iiii  tliciii 
hy  a  notch.  Cainlul  flu  oponly  notclied;  ventral  not  reaching  anal;  tlio  pectorjil  mt.v  Ii'iip, 
reaching  the  lino  of  tho  fifth  anal  soft  ray.  Formula:  D.  X-12;  A.  III-ll;  IM.t.  S  ul.  (oniiuU: 
7-44-16;  5  rows  on  tho  preoperculum  helow  tho  orhit.  The  color  above  is  dunky,  liclow  •ilun, 
the  gular  and  thorncic  rogiou  linht  yellow.  Tho  opercular  hhick  spot  is  ihort  ami  lias  •.  ci"'- 
son  border.  Fins  black,  tho  cauflul,  anal,  and  pectoral  fins  with  yellow  rays.  The  cjnls  ul  tlio 
long  gill  rakers  are  obtiiNc,  as  in  /,.  nitinlun,  TJiero  oro  no  palatine  teeth.  Length  IVu  meters. 
Volusia  and  Bay  Port,  Florida."— Cope. 


\ 


Vn,    HuiiUvllle, 


It.  I>.  X.HMo 
I  clirxk.  Kiiily 
kcliin^  t'loiii  lit' 
u  H|iiiit'N  aliiiiii 
tliiH  V(  ly  l(iii({. 
M)flm<l,  N  l-Kt. 
(ill  Iti'Idw  uiiil 
i»)  tfclli  lai),'ti, 
tliroiil  vi'llow ; 

l^tll      1(1     illclll'N. 

s'liiiKxl  tor  l>r. 
Belluiit  Ii'litliy- 

IH31,   Chorlcseon, 

llR.  -,  St.    Johns 

;  iifti'i-  ilnlliroiik. 
1  and   Bay  Port, 

•i. 


<ir  7  KtwH  on 
(lorHal  outliue 
hli((nc,  Hiiiull; 

notheiM;  teetli 
lonj^  lii»8teii(ir 

lewliiit  ol)tU8e. 

Wi'K'iM'  iiri'fiT- 

hi'ftd  rathiT  imi- 
il(>ri<al  I'm.    TIk' 
;id  ciittTS  III'  BaiiK' 

>r  tliol.llt:tll(if  till' 

t.  Till'  iini/.zli'  JK 
ior  iiiiirL'iii  of  till' 
piinilid  111'"'  tlii'lii 
MM-tonil  M'lV  \«i>f. 
i;i.  Si-;i|.(orniiilii: 
rkv,  l..'l"W-ilvirv, 
rt  iiiid  liiw  ..  crim- 

.       TlllMMllHuf  tllO 

jongtii  IVu  luotere. 


/ 


/ 


Jnrtfan  and  Evtrmann. — Fishes  of  North  Amfri,a,      1009  • 

Teeth  Ntoiit,  vttry  iiiiich  bliiutwd,  not  done  net,  tliu  innor  coiiNiderably 
ittroii;,')'!-  uikI  Itma  liliint  tlian  the  roHt.  (>ill  rakortt  Hhort,  Htoiit,  iihoiit  K 
lu  niiiiihtfr,  tho  iiiiiur  Hiirfuco  roiiKliuiio<l.  Muxillury  witli  n  Hiiinll  Itiit 
|ierl'*-<  ily  tliHtiiict  Hiipphmiuiitul  bont^  Kyo  vttry  Hriiull,  o(»iiHi«lur»l>ly  Ichh 
tliuti  li'i>Ktl>  of  Hiiout.  OiK'i-ciilitr  tliip  iiMiirly  uh  loii^  iia  snout,  Hiirroun«li>(l 
l»y  a  MM'y  hroud,  paler,  nienibrunouit  margin  ;  a<;al«i)  on  thu  opurclu  Iuiko, 
inriiovvH.  Doi'Hal  apinuH  low,  the  longeHt  aH  lon^  an  from  Huoiit  touye; 
iiiiich  lower  than  Hoft  rayn;  caudal  piMlundu  and  tin  Hhort  and  broad; 
\eiitiiilrt  and  peoturalH  short,  reaching  vent.  ScaluH  on  brtmHt  lar}r««r  than 
\\wm  iiu  chtteks.  Color  In  Hpirits  mottled  olivo,  yellow IhIi  below  ;  top  of 
hfiiil  hliicklMh  ;  niembraneH  of  vertical  Huh  duHky  ;  ventriilH  duHky,  with 
li^'litci  margins;  pectorals  pale.  Length  K  inches.  Upper  Uruat  Lake 
region,  long  known  from  one  specimen  ;  several  otlutrs  lately  obtained  in 
iiiirtiiiiM  Ohio  and  northeastern  Indiana  show  that  tho  speciuH  is  a  valid 
oiiu,  itllliough  allied  to  Eupomotia  <jihhoim».    {fiV"  c>  wide  ;  o/mi ,  margin.) 

Lymiit  .iinionm,  McKay,  Prnr.  U.  H.  Nat.  Mtia  ,  IHHl,  HO,  Lake  Huron  at  Port  Gratiot, 
Michignn;  (TyiM-,  No.  41(K»);  .Fiprpan  A  Oii.iikrt,  Syiii>imir<,  IHI,  iMfCl;  MiCuiimnK,  Kiihol 
l,<>rilii  C'd.,  Ohio,  27,  181)'.!;  KiRlcil,  Piili.  U.  S.  Filli  Cumin.,  .\iv,  1804,  M. 

UlHiiiiu  iiuritM,  Boi'LENUCR,  Cat.,  I,  24;  iu  imrt. 


y. 


UOH.  KITPOMOTIN  OIRBOSITH  (MnniiMm). 
(Common  8iiNri8ii ;  Dnr.AM  ;  Pumpkin  8kri>;  Si;nny.) 

Ik'ittl  :t  to  3i ;  depth  1|  to  2 ;  eye  4  to  <U  in  head  ;  snout  'ti.  D.  X,  10  to 
12:  A.  Ill,  10  or  11 ;  scales  6-40  to  47,  pores  35  to  4'),  4  rows  on  cheek. 
liody  Nliort  and  deep,  compressed,  the  profile  steep,  convex,  usually  an 
an(;le  above  the  eye.  Head  rather  small.  Mouth  small,  oblitiue,  the 
maxillary  scarcely  reaching  the  front  of  the  eye.  Dorsal  spines  rather 
high,  tho  longest  2  to  2^  in  head,  as  long  as  eye  and  snout ;  tho  soft  rays 
higher;  pectorals  long,  as  long  as  head.  Scales  large.  Gill  rakers  short 
iind  Huft,  smaller  than  in  any  other  species  except  Lepomia  meyalolis,  x-\-S 
to  10.  .^^haryngeal  teeth  all  bluntly  rounded,  paved,  the  bones  very  broad, 
Honie>t  hat  concave.  Color  greenish  olive  above,  shaded  with  bluish,  the 
(tides  Hpotted  and  blotched  with  orange ;  belly  orange  yellow ;  cheeks 
urangc,  with  bine  wavy  streaks;  lower  fins  orange,  upper  bluish  and 
orange  Hpotted.  Opercular  flap  rather  small,  the  lower  posterior  part 
alwayH  bright  scarlet,  a  mark  which  distinguishes  this  species,  when 
adult,  at  once  from  all  our  other  high-colored  sunflshes.  Length  8 
iiichcN.  Great  Lake  region  to  Maine  and  southward  east  of  the  AUe- 
gbanit'H  to  Florida;  rather  rare  in  the  Carolinas  and  Florida;  found  only 
ia  tho  northern  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley — Iowa,  Minnesota,  Wis- 
eousiii,  etc.;  one  of  our  most  abundant  fishes  northward;  a  familiar 
and  active  inhabitant  of  clear  brooks  and  ponds,  defending  its  nests 
with  great  spirit.  "A  very  beautiful  and  compact  fish,  perfect  in  all  its 
parts,  looking  like  a  brilliant  «)in  fresh  from  the  mint."  (gihbonHn 
formed  like  the  full  moon.) 

Pma  gibhoM,  LlNN»:us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758, 292,  Carolina;  after  l'erv,xJ>uvMili»  yibbota,  ventm 
Inlii,,  i){  Catesbv. 

F.N.  A. 65 


i,    ! 


■I 


iiii 


I.  ! 


a 


1010 


Bulletin  ^y,  United  States  jVational  Museum. 


'  I 


(if    t 


-il: 


»  : 


ii- 


Sponi*  niireiw,  Waibaim,  Artpcli,  Pine.,  200,  l/l»2,  lakes  of  New  York;  after  "(JnMiiHch"  of 

HciKirr. 
NoToiii' Mumdala,  MiTniiM.,  Fishes  of  Now  York,  18,  1814,  near  New  York  City, 
/'omo^i  iii/i/'i/M,  C'l'viKB  A  Vai.kncif.nnf.8,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poiw.,  in,  !)1,  1820,  Lake  Huron    New 

York,  Virginia,  and  Carolina. 
Jhttwiiiiraiviiilii,  CiiviEii  *  Vai.knciknnes,  /.  r.,  vii,  4B.'),  18.11,  Philadelphia. 
Ponioti'i  cnli-nhei,  Cl'ViKR  &  Vai.knciennks,  /.  c,  vii,  409,  IBS'",  Philadelphia. 
Eitpomutu  aureui,*  Boi'LEMOEli,  Cut.,  I,  32. 


461.  MICROPTERUS,  Lac^^pede. 
(Black  Bass.) 

Mieroptmu,  LAcf:rf;nE,  Hist.  Nftt.  Poisg.,  iv,  325,  1802,  {do!omieti). 

CnUiurtm,  Rafinesqi'E,  Jourii.  do  Physique,  420,  1810,  (pmicliilatnii=:dnloiiiieii). 

Aplilen,  RAKiNEStjl'?;,  Iclith.  Ohionsis,  30,  1820,  {imllidin  =.mhiwl<}eii), 

Lepomis,  Rafinesque,  Iclith.  Ohionsis,  30,  1820,  (not  Lepomin,  Rafinesqi'k,  \%V,>),{ii:,Hi'hi^ztal- 

ntoidet). 
NemociviipMiH,  Rafine8que,  Ichth.  Ohiensis,  31,  1820,  {JleruolarUi  —  dnlomieii). 
DiojtUliK,  Rakinesque,  Ichtli.  Ohionsis,  32,  lt20,  (w(/m(>H-^  =  (Jo?omiefi). 
Aph'sion,  RAFlNEsyliE,  Iclith.  Ohienni.",  3P>,  1820,  {mlHiirti). 

7/iiro,  CrviEii  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  11,  Vzd,  1828,  {nigriraiiH^mhiiniilin). 
Grpnlt'n,  Cuvieu  &  Vaj  enciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iii,  64,  1829,  {tahmndiH). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  not  much  elevated.  Head  otilong, 
conic.  Month  very  large,  oblique,  the  broad  maxillary  reach inj;  nearly 
to  or  beyond  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye,  its  supplemental  boue  well 
developed.  Lower  jaw  prominent.  Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  j»iilatiiie8 
in  broad  villiform  bands,  the  inner  depressible;  usually  no  teeth  on  the 
tongue.  Preopercle  entire;  operculum  ending  in  two  flat  points  without 
cartilaginous  flap.  Branchiostegals  normally  6.  Gill  rakers  l()n<;  und 
slender.  Scales  rather  small,  weakly  ctenoid.  Lateral  line  conii)lete,  the 
tubes  straight,  occupying  the  anterior  half  of  each  scale.  Dorsal  fin 
divided  by  a  deep  notch,  the  spines  low  and  rather  feeble,  10  in  number; 
anal  spines  3;  the  anal  fin  much  smaller  than  the  dorsal;  peeturals 
obtusely  pointed,  the  upper  rays  longest ;  ventrals  close  together  below 
the  pectorals ;  caudal  fin  emarginate.  Posterior  processes  of  the  pieinax- 
illaries  not  extending  to  the  frontals ;  frontals  posteriorly  with  a  trans- 
verse ridge  connecting  the  parietal  and  snpraoccipital  crests,  vliicli  are 
very  strong.  "Vertebrae  16  +  16  or  17  ^=  32  or  33.  Size  large.  Tw  o  species, 
among  the  most  important  of  American  "  game  fishes,"  now  larjjely  intro- 
duced into  the  waters  of  Europe.  (uiKfjoi;  small ;  nrepbv,  fin ;  the  dorsal 
fin  in  the  typical  specimen  having  been  injured,  its  posterior  rays  detached 
and  bitten  off  short,  were  taken  by  Lac^pMe  for  a  separate  fin.) 


a.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  iu  the  adult  not  oxtonding  heyond  eye;  scaU's  Hinall,  aliont 
11-74-17,  about  17  rows  on  the  cheek;  young  moroor  loss  barred  orspotted,  invtrwith 
a  black  lateral  band.  Dui.nMiEr,  1409. 

*Dr.  Roulengor  rejects  the  name  gibhosus  applied  to  this  species,  as  it  occurs  in  tin'  ti'iitli  edi- 
tion of  the  Systema  Naturce,  not  reappearing  iu  the  twelfth,  with  which  ho  begins  tic  liinoniial 
nomenclature.  Wo  have  followed  the  custoni  of  American  authors  in  rccognizinft  the  tenth 
edition  (of  1758)  as  the  starting  ooint  of  binomial  nomenclature. 


■I 


fcrtor"r„,Mrw(ii"of 


,  ISl'J),  (;."//i.(ii-.sd- 


foraan  ana  FA'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1011 

M.  M'Mtli  vory  largf,  tlio  maxillary  in  tlio  adult  oxtendiiiK  iM-yoiiil  tho  eye;  ■calca  rattier 
largo,  alioiit  7-08-l«,  alomt  lOrows  on  tlio  clioek;  IiiHt  splncH  of  dorfiiil  vory  short,  bo 
that  tho  tin  is  almuMt  divided  iut  <  2;  young  with  a  blackish  lateral  hand. 

SAI.MOIIIKH,  1410. 

J 
1408.  MICROPTEllUS  DOLOMIKU,  Lacffpide. 

(Shall-houtiibd  Dlack  Bass.) 

Head  2*  to  3^  ;  depth  '6\  (2f  to  3^) ;  eye  \\  to  2  in  suout,  5  to  6^  m  head. 
D.  X.  13  to  15;  A.  Ill,  10  to  12;  scales  11-72  to  85-2o,  pores  67  to  78. 
Body  ovato-fusiform,  becoming  deeper  with  age.  Moutli  large,  but 
Biiialli-r  than  in  MicropteruH  mlmoides,  the  maxillary  ending  considerably 
in  front  of  the  hinder  margin  of  the  or.jit,  except  in  very  old  examples. 
ScaleH  DU  the  cheek  minute,  in  about  17  rows  ;  scales  on  the  trunk  com- 
paratively small.  Gill  rakers  long,  x  -{-  6  or  7  besides  rudiments.  Dorsal 
till  deeply  notched,  but  less  so  than  in  M.  mlmoidea,  the  ninth  spine  being 
about  lialf  as  long  as  ti>e  iifth  and  not  much  shorter  than  tho  tenth. 
Fifth  dorsal  spine  about  3;^  in  head;  base  of  soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaly. 
Coloration  dull  golden  green,  with  bronze  luster,  young  with  darker  spots 
along  the  sides,  vrhich  t^ra  to  form  short  vertical  bars,  but  never  a  dark 
lateral  bund ;  3  bronze  bands  radiating  from  eye  across  cheeks  and  oper- 
cles;  a  dusky  spot  on  point  of  operculum;  belly  white;  caudal  fin  yellow- 
ish at  base,  then  black,  with  white  tips;  dorsal  with  bronze  spots,  its 
edge  dusky.  In  some  waters  the  iin-markiugs  are  obsolete,  but  usually' 
they  are  very  conspicuous  in  the  young.  Southern  specimens  usually  have 
tho  scales  of  the  lower  part  of  the  sides  with  faint  dark  streaks ;  adult 
Kpecinieiis  have  all  these  marks  more  or  less  wholly  obliterated,  and 
become  ultimately  of  a  uniform  dead  green,  without  silvery  luster. 
"The  black  bass  is  eminently  an  American  fish;  he  has  the  faculty  of 
asserting  himself  and  of  making  himself  completely  at  home  wJierever 
placed.  Rr  is  plucky,  game,  brave,  unyielding  to  the  last,  when  hooked. 
Ho  has  the  arrowy  rush  and  vigor  of  a  trout,  the  untiring  strength  and 
bold  leap  of  a  salmou,  while  he  has  a  system  of  fighting  tactics  peculiarly 
his  own.  I  consider  him  inch  for  inch  and  pound  for  pound  the  gamest 
fish  that  swims.''  (J.  A.  Heushall.)  From  Lake  Champlain  to  Manitoba 
aud  southward  on  both  sides  of  the  mountains  from  James  River  to  South 
Carolina  aud  Arkansas;  abundant:  frequenting  running  streams,  and 
preferring  clear  and  cool  waters ;  its  southern  limit  is  bounded  by  the 
presence  of  such  waters.  As  a  game  fish  this  species  is  usually  more 
highly  valued  than  its  congener.  (Named  for  M.  Dolomieu,  a  mineralo- 
gist in  Paris  for  whom  the  mineral  Dolomite  was  also  named.) 

.Ificrop/ciK.,  ihilnmieti,  LAcfepfeDE,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIbs.,  iv,  325,  1802,  locality  uncertain,  perhaps 

South  Carolina  ;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  485,  1883. 
Bw/iniiHs  arhigan,  Rafinesqub,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.,  1817,  120,  New  York  ;  Canada. 
CaUiunm imnctiilatus,  Rafinebqub,  Ichth.  Ohieneig,  26,  1820,  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 
l^'mis  irifaiiciala,  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Ohlensis,  31,  1820,  Ohio  River,  etc. 
Up'inis jJixHolaris,  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Ohiensis,  31,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
LtpomU:  siilmonea,  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Ohiensis,  32, 1820,  Kentucky,  Green,  Lickiii^,  and 

Ohio  rivers. 
Ifpomisnntula,  RAFINESQUE,  Xchth.  Ohiensis,  32,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Etheottomaaaiiura,  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Ohiensis,  36, 1820,  Ohio  River;  Salt  River,  Kentucky. 


I  :.. 


i  ■  1 


-.T-J 


fWWw^tfiw«ii«*»i|B,™SL<^i!i^««f.»'»W.ii^ 


\ 


r. 


1012  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\    I 


(XMafatciala,  Le  Suiitr,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1822,216,  Lake  Erie. 

CVcAIa  ohioeniit,  Le  Sveur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1822,  218,  Ohio  River. 

Cichla  minima,  Lc  Si'EUr,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  1822,  220,  Lake  Erie. 

Centrarchiu  obacunu,  De  Kay,  N.  Y.  Fauna:  Fislios,  30,  pi.  17,  flj;.  48,  1842,  Onondaga  Creek 

New  York. 
DioplUet  variabUit,  Vaillant  &  BocoURT,  Miss.  fkK  Mex.,  1874,  142,  Wabash   River,  New 

Harmony,  Indiana;  after  Le  Sueur  MS.,  1822. 
Gentrarchuii/aicialnt  and  ohacxriM,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  i,  258,  1859. 
Micropterua  ilolomiei,  Boulenqer,  Cat.,  I,  15. 


J 


1410.  HICB0PTERU8  KALSI0IDE8  (Lucepido). 
(Laboe-moutiif.d  Black  Basb;  Obwego  Bass;  Green  Bass;  B.tYoi'  li\!f'.} 

Head  3  to  3i ;  depth  S  to  3i ;  eye  li  to  2  in  snont,  5  to  6  in  head.  D.  X. 
12  or  13;  A.  Ill,  10  or  11;  scales  7-65  to  70-18,  pores  58  to  (u.  Body 
ovate- fusiform,  becoming  deeper  with  age,  moderately  compresHcd.  Head 
large.  Mouth  very  wide,  the  maxillary  in  the  adult  reaching  beyond  the 
eye,  in  the  young  shorter.  Scales  on  the  cheek  in  about  10  rows :  scales 
on  the  trunk  comparatively  large ;  tip  of  maxillary  in  adult  aa  biuad  a» 
eye.  Lingual  teeth  sometimes  present.  Gill  rakers  longer  than  gill 
fringes,  x  +  7or8,  besides  rudiments.  Dorsal  fin  very  deeplv  notr'-pd, 
its  fifth  spine  3^  in  head.  Coloration  dark  green  above;  sides  :  i"'  I  > 
greenish  silvery ;  young  with  a  blackish  stripe  along  the  sides  iroin  opoi- 
*cle  to  the  middle  of  the  caudal  fin  ;  three  dark  oblique  stripes  nc'iuss  the 
cheeks  and  opercles;  below  and  above  the  lateral  band  some  dark  sputs; 
caudal  fin  pale  at  base,  then  blackish,  whitish  at  tip;  belly  white.  Ah 
the  fish  grows  older  the  black  lateral  band  breaks  up  and  grows  fainter, 
and  the  color  becomes  more  and  more  of  a  uniform  pale  dull  green,  the 
back  being  darker ;  a  dark  opercular  blotch  usually  present.  Length  18 
inches  or  more.  Rivers  of  the  United  States  from  ^  he  Great  LakeH  and  Red 
River  of  the  North  to  Florida,  Texas,  and  Mexico ;  everywhere  abnndant, 
preferring  lakes,  bayous,  and  sluggish  waters.  It  grows  to  a  laig  u-.size 
than  the  preceding  species  and  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  (coloration 
and  the  larger  month  and  larger  scales.  Both  species  vary  much  with 
different  waters,  but  in  general  this  species  is  less  active  than  the  pre- 
ceding, and  is  less  esteemed  as  a  game  fish.  (Salmo,  trout;  W(V,  like; 
the  fish  being  often  called  "Trout"  in  the  Southern  States,  being  trout- 
like in  gameness  and  in  quality  as  food.) 

Labrus Mlmoidei,  Lao£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  71C,  1802,  South  Carolina.    (Coll.  1!<>s..i 
Lepomii  pallida,  Rafinesqur,  Ichth.  Ohien'jis,  30,  1820,  Ohjo,  Miami,  and  Hocking  rivers. 
Cichla  floridana,  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  Phils.,  1822,  21!),  EastO^'lorida. 
Euro nigricatis,  Ovvieb&  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  124, 1828,  Lake  Huron;  <iiMiiEii, 

Cat.,  I,  255,  1859."  ' 

OryUet  nobaM.'AoAseiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,298,  Huntsvilie,  Alabama.    (Coll. 

Newman.) 
Orystet  nuecentit,  Baibd  &  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1854,  25,  Rio  Frio  and  Rio 

Nueces,  Texas.    (Coll.  Clark.) 
QryiUi  megailoma,  Garlick,  Treat.  Art.  Prop.  Fish..  108,  1857,  bays  of  Lake  Erie. 
DioplUe*  nueeensii  (rectdii,  Vaillant  &  Bocourt,  Miss.  Sci.  Mex.,  1874,  142,  San  Antonio  de 

Bexar,  Texas  (Coll.  Tr6cul.) 
Mieroptenu  $almoide»,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  484, 1883;  Boulekqer,  Cat.,  i,  1«. 


''':\-^ii:'v''.\^  k/*  j'..-'A*^.r: 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1013 


II 


A  vol'    lUfM 


Family  CXUI.  KUHLIID^. 

Body  oblong,  strongly  compressed;  scales  large,  ciliated.  Lateral  line 
coiu{ili;to,  the  tubes  straight  and  occupying  the  anterior  half  of  the 
fxposed  surface  of  tbe  scale.  Mouth  large,  jirotractile ;  maxillary 
txpost'd,  without  supplemental  bone;  teeth  in  jaws  in  villifonii  bands; 
tet'tli  oil  vomer,  palatines,  entopterygoids,  and  ectopterygoids;  tongue 
Hinoutli ;  head  partly  naked ;  preorbital  and  preopercle  denticulate ;  oper- 
cle  with  2  spines.  Gill  membranes  separate;  6  branchiostogals ;  pscudo- 
branchisB  large;  gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Dorsal  fins  connected  at 
the  base,  with  X,  9  to  13  rays,  the  spinous  portion  longer  than  the  soft. 
Anal  as  much  developed  as  the  soft  dorsal,  with  III,  10  to  12  rays.  Dorsal 
aud  anal  fins  fitting  in  a  well-developed  sheath.  Caudal  emarginate. 
Pectorals  obtusely  pointed,  with  14  or  15  rays,  upper  the  longest.  Ven- 
trals  behind  base  of  pectorals,  close  together,  with  a  strong  spine.  Pos- 
terior prccesses  of  the  premaxillaries  not  extending  to  the  frontals;  supra- 
occipital  bone  extending  forward  to  between  the  post-frontal  processes, 
its  crest  not  extending  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  cranium ;  parietals 
short,  without  crest.  Precaudal  vertebrsu  with  transverse  processes 
behind  the  fourth ;  ribs  all  but  the  last  2  to  4  sessile,  inserted  on  the  cen- 
trum Iiehind  the  transverse  processes.  (Boulenger.)  Vertebra)  25  (10  or 
11  -|-  II  or  15).  One  genus  with  7  or  8  species  inhabiting  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
especially  fresh  and  brackish  waters  of  East  Africa,  the  islands  of  the 
Indian  and  Pacific  oceans,  and  north  Australia ;  our  species  strictly  marine. 
The  relations  of  this  family  have  been  much  in  doubt.  Its  species  were 
originally  placed  in  the  genus  Ditlea,  which  is  a  near  ally  of  Centropristes 
and  StrranuH,  Dr.  Gill  recognized  the  superficial  resemblance  of  these  spe- 
cies to  Xmichthys,  which  is  one  of  the  Sparoid  forms.  But  in  Kuhlia  the 
preorbital  is  narrow,  serrated,  and  not  sheathing  the  maxillary;  there  is 
no  axillary  ventral  scale  and  the  opercle  has  2  strong  spines.  All  this 
indicates  Serranoid  affinities,  for  which  reason  we  have  hitherto  placed 
Kuhlia  near  Morone.  A  similar  thought  seems  to  have  been  with  Dr.  Gill 
when  he  proposed  the  name  Moronopsis  for  species  of  Kuhlia.  Very  lately 
Dr.  Boulenger  has  shown  in  Kuhlia  the  presence  of  skeletal  characters 
of  the  Centrarchidce,  and  in  his  catalogue  Kuhlia  is  placed  in  the  latter 
f)uiily,  but  there  are  important  differences  and  the  natural  character  of 

iie  wionp  Centrarchidce  disappears  if  this  genus  is  introduced.  We  there- 
f'  .  admit  Kuhliidw  as  a  distinct  family  between  Micropterua  and  Morone 
tiiC  closely  allied  to  both. 

462.  KUHLIA,  Gill. 

Kuhlia,  Gni,  P:oc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.,  1861,  48,  (c«ia/iM). 

.Vwoii(,;i(ii.s,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1863,  82,  {marginattu). 

Paradiikf,  Uleeker,  Nederl.  Tydschr.  v.  Dierkunde,  1,  257, 1872,  {margmatus  =  cUiatu$). 

Body  oblong,  mnch  compressed ;  head  compressed ;  mouth  short,  oblique ; 
maxillary  without  supplemental  bono;  lower  jaw  projecting;  no  canines; 
the  teeth  snbequal;  preorbital  sharply  serrate ;  angle  of  preopercle  with- 
out strong  spine.    Gill  rakers  slender.    Pseudobranchiffi  large.    Scales 


1*L 

3^  ,, 


n-  i.r 


t 


uW'li 


p>fM«(P*iW^5apNpiVW/«MPt^P((WlP«'^^  " 


t 


•]l" 

M 


j 


;  N 


t 


11 

ft 


N 


■( 


WBA 


t       !i 


■|ii': 


II 


I' 


:.L; 


1014  Bulletin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


large,  not  very  rough  ;  lateral  lino  distinctly  arched  in  front;  top  of  Load 
naked.  Doraal  tin  deeply  notched,  but  not  divided  to  base,  with  10  hIimkIci' 
spines;  caudal  lunate ;  anal  spines  graduated,  the  fin  short.  Coloiation 
bright  silvery.  (Named  for  Kuhl,  a  naturalist,  associate  of  Van  liusselt, 
and  the  discoverer  of  the  typical  species  in  the  streauis  oi' Java.) 

(I.  Eyo  moderate,  3|j  in  head;  pcotoraU  lj|  in  licad;  caudal  with  2  obli<|u  ;  blark  liars  mi  onch 

lube;  durnal  witli  a  daric  bar.  aiii;i:,  WW, 

aa.  Eye  very  largo  2J  in  head;  pcctoraU  2^  iu  head;  flns  not  barred.  xeniiia,  1412, 

1411.  KUHLIA  ARGE,  Jordan  dc  Bollman. 

Head  3i  to  3};  depth  2t;  eye  3?  in  head.  D.  IX-I,  11;  A.  Ill,  11; 
scales  7-50  to  52-12.  Body  oblong,  strongly  compressed ;  back  elovated 
above  pectorals,  the  anterior  profile  straight  and  rather  deep :  caudal 
peduncle  long,  compressed.  Mouth  rather  small,  very  oblique,  tlu)  lower 
jaw  considerably  projecting ;  maxillary  reaching  anterior  margin  of  pupil, 
2i  to  2|  in  head.  Eye  moderate,  slightly  longer  than  snout.  Teelli  very 
small,  in  narrow  bands,  those  on  vomer  in  a  V-shaped  patch.  I'rcorhital 
very  narrow,  :t3  edge  anteriorly  with  strong  retrorse  serra*,  the  moder- 
ately broad  maxillary  not  sheathed  by  it.  Least  width  of  preorbital  3i 
in  eye.  Serrio  of  preopercle  sharp  and  fine,  well  developed  below  angle. 
Gill  rakers  long  and  slender,  about  9  -|-  21.  Scales  rather  small,  ctenoid, 
firm,  3  or  4  rows  on  cheeks,  2  rows  on  interopercle ;  jaws,  snout,  aiul  top 
of  head  naked;  opercle  with  2  strong  spines,  the  lower  the  larger  and 
nearly  as  long  as  pupil.  Lateral  line  anteriorly  rather  sharply  curved 
upward,  concurrent  with  the  back;  no  accessory  ventral  scale.  Nostrils 
very  small,  round,  close  together.  Dorsal  spines  high  and  pungent,  liardiy 
flexible,  the  first  half  as  long  as  the  second,  the  fifth  longest,  IH  in  liead, 
reaching  tip  of  eighth  when  depressed;  dorsal  fins  very  slightly  con- 
nected by  membrane;  sofh  dorsal  If  in  anal,  first  ray  2  in  head;  caudal 
deeply  forked,  as  long  as  head,  its  inner  rays  not  quite  half  as  long  as 
outer;  first  anal  spine  1^  in  second,  which  is  strongest  and  equal  iu  length 
to  third ;  free  margin  of  anal  slightly  concave,  first  soft  ray  2J  iu  head; 
pectorals  short,  pointed,  1?  to  1^  in  head ;  ventrals  moderate,  reaching 
vent,  1^  in  head ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  free  from  scales ;  a  scaly  Kheath 
along  base  of  both  dorsals.  Coloration  bluish  abovt ,  sides  brilliant  sil- 
very ;  soft  dorsal  with  a  black  oblique  bar  across  its  anterior  rays;  caudal 
with  2  black  and  3  white  cross  bands  on  each  lobe,  these  convergent 
backward;  lower  fins  pale;  axil  of  pectoral  dusky  on  the  inner  side. 
Length  1  foot.  Galapagos  and  Kevillagigedos  archipelagos ;  locally  com- 
mon. This  species  was  first  known  from  several  specimens  taken  liy  the 
Albatross  at  Chatham  Island.  It  has  since  been  taken  iu  great  almndaueo 
by  Dr.  Gilbert  about  Clarion  Island.  It  is  very  close  to  Kuhlia  ianinra,  of 
the  waters  of  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Buro,  with  which  it  is  iden tilled  by  Dr. 
Boulenger.  Kuhlia  iatniura  has  the  eye  larger,  2|  to  3  in  head.  Compar- 
ing our  specimens  with  the  full  description  of  the  latter  species  given  by 
Dr.  Bleeker,  we  are  able  to  detect  no  other  difference,  and  it  is  jiossible 
that  our  species  will  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  K.  twniura.    {upyvi,  bright.) 


W^L\.JH   , 


lL-J:<l.iiv     f~  *■*>  .T- L   _, 


^mm 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1015 


A'li/iliii  iirijiey  Jordan  k  Ddllman,  Pmr^  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1880, 159,  Chatham  Island,  Qalapagoa 
Archipelago;  (Type,  No.  IIIG'J.    Coll.  Albatross);  Jouda.n  &  KiutNHANM,  /.  c,  419,  IS'JO. 

1412.  KUHLIA  XENURA  (Jordau  .t  Gil!      ). 

Head  3i ;  depth  It ;  eye  very  large,  2?  iu  head.  D.  IX-1, 11 ;  A.  Ill,  11 ; 
scales  7-51-12.  Maxillary  barely  reaching  front  of  pupil ;  gill  rakeru  long 
and  Blender,  9 -{-24;  pectoialH  2^  in  head;  veutrala  scarcely  reaching 
rent ;  longest  dorsal  spine  1^  iu  head.  Body  deep  and  compressed.  Color 
olivaceous  above,  silvery  below ;  caudal  fin  plain.  Tropical  seas ;  prob- 
ably wost  coast  of  Central  America ;  known  from  two  specimens  in  tho  U.  A. 
National  Museum,  bearing  the  label  "San  Salvador.  J.  M.  Dow."  But 
it  is  possible  that  they  were  brought  by  Dr.  Stimpson  from  China,  and 
KxiV: x  scnura  may  not  be  an  American  fish  at  all.  {^ivoi-,  strange;  oi'im, 
tail;  the  tail  being  more  deeply  forked  than  in  Xenichthi/H.) 

XetiicMliiiK  xennrtu,  JoiiDAN  &  Gii.iiERT,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  MuB.,  1881,  454,  supposed  to  come 

from  San  Salvador.     (Typo,  No.  4350.) 
KiMui  .'t'mra,  Juudan  &  Oiliikut,  Proc.  U.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  37C  (locality  iiuestiuui'd) ;  Joiidan 

&  Giue!fSlANN,  {.  c,  419,  1890. 


Family  CXLIII.  PERCID.fi. 
(The  Perches.) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  terete  or  compressed,  covered  more  or  less 
completely  with  rather  small,  ctenoid,  adherent  scales.  Dorsal  and  ven- 
tid  outlines  more  or  less  unlike.  Lateral  line  usually  present,  not  extend- 
ing oil  the  caudal  fi:i.  Mouth  terminal  or  inferior,  small  or  large,  the 
premaxillaries  protractile  or  not;  maxillaries  large  or  small,  without 
distinct  supplemental  bone.  Jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  bands  of 
teeth,  which  are  usually  villiform,  but  sometimes  mixed  with  canines; 
occasionally  the  teeth  on  the  vomer  or  palatines  are  absent.  Head  naked, 
or  more  or  less  scaly ;  preopercle  entire  or  serrate ;  opercleej  usually 
endiiii,'  in  a  flat  spine.  Branchiostegals  6  or  7.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the 
fourth ;  gill  membranes  free  or  connected,  not  joined  to  the  isthmus ; 
gill  ralvers  slender,  toothed ;  pseudobranchia)  small,  or  glandular  and 
concealed,  or  altogether  wanting;  lower  pharyngeals  separate,  with 
sharp  teeth.  Anal  papilla  usually  more  or  less  developed.  Fins  generally 
large:  2  dorsals,  the  first  of  6  to  15  spines;  anal  fin  with  1  or  2  spines,  the 
usual  number  2.  Ventrals  thoracic,  I,  5 ;  pectorals  often  very  large ; 
caudal  lunate,  truncate,  or  rounded.  Air  bladder  small  and  adherent, 
often  entirely  wanting.  Pyloric  coeca  few.  No  subocular  lamina  of  the 
suborbitals;  entopterygoid  present.  Anterior  vertebra;  without  trans- 
verse processes ;  only  the  first  pterygial  or  actinost  usually  in  contact 
with  the  coracoid ;  sometimes  a  part  of  the  second  also.  The  posterior 
processes  of  the  premaxillaries  are  short;  the  supraoccipital  and  parietal 
bones  are  short  and  confined  to  the  back  of  the  skull;  parietal  crests 
are  absent,  and  the  supraoccipital  crest  is  very  short,  not  extending 
to  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  bone,  or  even  absent.  Vertebnis  30 
to  48,  always  more  than  10,  13  to  25  iu  the  precaudal  portion.    Genera 


I  4i; 


4 


WW 


^^"'■'Tw^wfw^nE^wwc'fTO'^'asw™^^  w^smrmejfff^nf^T^" 


1* 


I 


■  lili  ■ 


I 


s 


lOlC  Bulletin  4J^  United  States  National  Museum. 

about  23  (12  to  25);  species  about  120;  inhabitants  of  the  fresli  wiitNt* 
of  oool  re^^ions  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  most  of  thum  boin;;  con- 
fined  to  eastern  North  America  or  to  Europe.  The  great  majority  of 
the  species  belong  to  tlie  subfamily  EtheoHtominw  (the  DarterH)  .-ill  tlio 
Hpecios  of  which  group  are  American.  They  are  among  the  most  sin^riilar 
and  interesting  of  our  lishos.  They  dift'er  from  the  typical  I'vtrhin  in 
their  small  size,  bright  colors,  and  large  flus,  and  more  technically  in  tlit> 
rudimentary  condition  of  the  pseudobranchiio  and  the  air  bladder,  Imtli 
of  which  organs  are  usually  inappreciable.  The  preopercle  is  uniiinit'd, 
and  the  number  of  branchiostegals  is  6.  The  anal  papilla  is  likewise 
developed,  as  in  the  Gohiidw,  to  which  group  the  darters  bear  a  consid- 
erable superficial  resemblance,  which,  however,  indicates  uo  real  aOinity. 
The  relations  of  the  darters  to  the  perches  have  been  aptly  expressed  hy 
Prof.  Stephen  A.  Forbes :  "  Given  a  supply  of  certain  kinds  of  food 
nearly  inaccessible  to  the  ordinary  fish,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  hoiiio 
fishes  would  become  especially  fitted  for  its  utilization.  Tliii.s  tlie 
Etheoatomatina;  as  a  group  are  explained  in  a  word  by  the  hypothesiH  of  tlie 
progressive  adaptation  of  the  young  of  certain  Pcrcidw  to  a  peculiar 
place  of  refuge  and  a  peculiarly  situated  food  supply.  Perhaps  wti  niuy 
without  violence  call  these  the  mountaineers  among  fishes.  Forced  from 
the  populous  and  fertile  valleys  of  the  river  beds  and  lake  bottonm, 
they  have  taken  refuge  from  their  enemies  in  the  rocky  liighlaiidH, 
where  the  free  waters  play  in  ceaseless  torrents,  and  there  they  have 
wrested  from  stubborn  nature  a  meager  living.  Although  diniinislied 
in  size  by  their  constant  struggle  with  the  elements,  they  have  develu])ed 
an  activity  and  hardihood,  a  vigor  of  life,  and  a  glow  of  high  color 
almost  unknown  among  the  easier  livers  of  the  lowerlands.  *  *  *  Not- 
withstanding their  trivial  size,  they  do  not  seem  to  be  dwarfed  so 
much  as  concentrated  fishes."  (Am.  Nat.,  1880,  October,  pp.  ()!t7-702.) 
The  colors  of  the  Etheostomince*  are  usually   very  brilliant,  spccicH  of 

•The  following  is  a  irapiilar  account  of  the  habits  of  these  flshes:  Any  one  who  liiis  ever  liccu 
a  boy  and  can  remember  back  to  the  days  of  hig  alders,  yellow  cowslips,  and  an  niii;lt'W()rm 
on  a  pin  hook  will  recall  an  experience  like  this:  You  tried  some  time  to  put  yuiir  tin^'ii'  on  ii 
little  flsh  that  was  lying,  apparently  asleep,  on  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  half  hidden  utidura 
stone  or  leaf,  his  tail  bent  around  the  stoue  as  if  for  support  against  the  force  of  tin'  current. 
You  will  remember  that  when  your  fluj^er  came  near  the  spot  where  he  was  lyin^,  tlic  lient  tiiil 
was  straightened  and  you  saw  the  jixh  again  resting,  head  up  stream,  a  few  feet  iiwtiy,  Icariup 
you  puzzled  to  know  whether  you  had  seen  the  movement  or  not.  Yon  were  trjiiin  '"  '"t^'i » 
Johnny  Darter.  Nothing  seems  easier,  but  you  did  not  do  it.  Having  by  wcll-ui]ileMi»«l 
Btrategem  succeeded  where  you  failed,  allow  us  to  give  you  that  acquaintance  which  lie  sudeltlv 
declined.  In  all  clear  streams  from  Maine  to  Mexico  tbe  Johnny  Darters  arc  found,  and  the  huy 
who  does  not  know  them  has  missed  one  of  tlie  real  pleasures  of  a  boy's  life.  All  of  thcni  nrr 
very  little  fishes,  some  not  more  than  2  inches  long,  and  the  very  largest  but  6  or  8.  Hut  eiiiull 
though  tiiey  are,  they  are  the  most  interesting  in  liabits,  the  most  graceful  in  form,  and  many 
of  them  the  most  brilliant  in  color  of  all  fresh-water  flshes.  The  iJookg  call  them  "  I)artei':<,'| 
for  one  of  the  first  species  known  was  named  linleomma,  and  that  in  Oreek  means  "dail  body," 
a  name  most  appropriate  to  them  all.  The  realistic  dwellers  in  the  Ohio  Valley  call  (ionieof 
them  "  Hogfish,"  and  the  boys  call  them  "Johnnies."  Certainly  the  boys  ought  to  know,  ami 
Johnnies  tlioy  are,  and  Darters  they  are;  so  Johnnie  Darters  they  shall  be.  Their  fuBt  iiitro- 
ductiou  to  science  was  in  1819,  when  Raflnesque  gave  to  tnem  their  sci.entiflc  name  Klhc'^om. 
This  name  seems  to  mean  "strainer  mouth,"  but  the  "eccentric  naturalist  "  whose  peculiar  iii^e 
of  the  Greek  language  was  not  the  least  of  his  eccentricities,  says  that  it  means  "  various  nioiitli," 
because  no  two  of  those  he  knew  (Etheoaoma  fldbellare,  Percina  caprodet,  and  Diplesiim  lih-miioidf) 
have  the  mouth  alike.  But  whatever  it  may  mean,  Elheosloma  is  their  name,  ami  Uatinesqut' 
their  godfather,  and  we  may  call  them  Johnnies  for  short.  Raflnesque  said  of  tlie  Johnnies  tliat 
he  knew  "  they  are  good  to  eat  fried."  I  suppose  that  he  had  tried  them,  but  we  have  not.  ^^(' 
Bhould  as  soon  think  of  fllliag  our  pan  with  wood  warblers  as  to  make  a  meal  of  them.   Tbe  good 


I 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Pishes  of  North  America.       1017 

the  yv//iro«<omiNa' especially  l>ein)r»ni(>iiK  the  most  brilliantly  colored  (ihIioh 
kuusvn;  the  Hexnal  ditreroiiccB  are  uften  great,  the  fotnaleM  Itoitig  as  a  rule 
(lull  in  color  and  more  Hpockled  or  Imrretl  than  the  inuleH.  MoHt  of  tlieni  pre- 
fer cliur  running  water,  where  they  lie  on  the  bottom  concealed  under 
KtoiicH,  darting,  when  frightened  or  liungry,  with  great  velocity,  for  a 
hIioiI  (liHtance,  by  a  powerful  movement  of  the  fan-Hhaped  pe(;toralH,  then 
Ht(i|i|iing  as  suddenly.  They  rarely  iihc  the  caudal  lin  in  Nwimming,  and 
tlifv  iire  Heldom  seen  moving  or  tloating  freely  in  the  water  like  moHt 
fislicN.  When  at  rest  they  support  thcniHelveson  their  expanded  ventrals 
anil  aiiul  fin.  All  of  them  can  turn  the  head  from  side  to  side,  and  they 
fi'u(|ii(!iitly  lie  with  the  head  in  a  curved  ponition  or  ]iartly  on  one  side  of 
tilt'  liddy.  The  species  of  Ammotri/pta,  and  perhaps  some  of  the  others, 
prul'cr  a  sandy  bottom,  whore,  by  a  sudden  plunge,  the  fish  buries  itself 
in  the  sand  and  remains  quiescent  for  hours  at  a  time,  with  only  its  eyes 
and  Huout  visible.  The  others  lurk  in  stony  places,  under  rocks  and 
wuedN.  Although  more  than  usually  tenacious  of  vitality,  the  darters, 
froni  their  bottom  life,  are  the  first  to  be  disturbed  by  impurities  in  the 
water.  All  the  darters  are  carnivorous,  feeding  chiefly  on  the  larvii*  of 
Dipttrii,  and  in  their  way  voracious.  All  are  of  small  size ;  the  largest 
{I'ercina  rex)  reaches  a  length  of  10  inches,  while  the  smallest  {Microptrca 
punchdata)  is,  next  to  ElanHoma  sonatum,  the  smallest  spiny-rayed 
IihIi  known,  barely  attaining  the  length  of  an  inch  and  a  half, 
lu  Europe  no  Eiheostotuimr  are  found,  their  place  being  filled  by  the 
genuH  /Angel  (Anpro),  which  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  American 
forms,  a  resemblance  which  may  be  a  clue  as  to  the  origin  of  the  latter. 
The  other  European  genera  are  Pvrca,  Luciopercu,  a  near  ally  of  Stizontedion, 
GijmnoccphaluH  (Jvirina),  and  Percarina.,  The  separation  of  the  ElhtoHto- 
miniv  into  genera  is  a  matter  of  much  difficulty  as  the  structural  ditfer- 
euces  are  small,  the  individual  variations  great,  and  the  j^iadations  very 
perfect.  We  have,  hitherto,  been  disposed  to  unite  them  all  in  one  genus, 
but  to  do  so  tends  to  obscure  the  relations  of  the  species.    Dr.  Boulenger  * 


man  Koes  a  flshiag  not  fur  "pot  luck,"  but  to  let  escuiie  "  tlio  Indian  within  Iiiin."  Thii.lohnny 
has  all  that  ardent  desire  fur  {wrfuct  fruedoiii  that  iH  HiippoRod  to  bo  nativo  to  tliis  continoiit. 
Unless  nil  appearance  of  captivity  bo  concealed  in  a  well-kept  a(|iiarinm  he  will  ({uickly  lie  on  the 
bottum,  dead.  Here,  at  the  beginning  (lor  much  as  we  may  regret  the  fact,  the  death  of  some 
individual  must  precede  our  acquaintance  with  the  group,  and  even  to  some  extent  with  the 
individual  himself),  wo  observe  two  noteworthy  factH,  the  iinh  in  dying  does  not  turn  over,  and 
does  ui>t  ri.^e  to  the  surface.  On  direction,  we  find  that  the  air  bladder  is  only  rudimentary, 
beinK  structurally  but  not  functionally  present,  a  distinction  not  without  meaning  in  these  days 
of  evolutionary  hypotheses.  If  our  tank  be  so  arranged  that  the  conditions  are  nearly  natural, 
them  lining  an  abundance  of  stones  and  weeds  on  the  bottom,  our  .Tohnuies  will  cheerfully  live 
with  us  and  wo  shall  be  ready  to  study  their  individual  peculiarities.  For  it  must  be  known 
thiit  while  all  flsh  ar"  fish,  they  are  so  only  as  all  men  aro  men.  Tim  children  of  one  family  are 
not  inure  unlike  one  another  than  the  tlehes  of  one  brotid  might  be  if  the  sickly  ones  and  the  lazy 
ones  ivere  as  carefully  guarded  as  arc  ours.  As  it  is,  they  have  their  individuality.  One  is  con- 
stantly darting  over  and  among  the  stones,  never  resting,  moving  his  head  from  side  to  side  when 
his  lioily  is  for  a  moment  still.  Another  will  lie  for  hours  motionless  under  a  stone,  moving  only 
for  a  few  inches  when  pushed  out  with  a  stick.  Theae  peculiarities  of  temperament  are  import- 
ant factors  in  the  problem  of  life,  and  from  such  ilifferences  under  varying  conditions,  may  have 
resulteil  forma  which  wo  now  designate  as  different  species. — "The  Johnny  Dar(era,"  Jonlan  d-  Cope- 
land,  Amer.  Nat.,  1876. 

*  I)r.  Boulenger  gives  the  following  synopsis  of  the  genera  of  PercuUt : 
I.  Head  with  the  muciferous  cavities  moderately  or  feebly  developed  above  and  on  the  sides; 
dorsal  fins  distinct. 
A.  Body  more  or  leas  compresBed. 


n 

» 


I 


1018  BulUtin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum, 


f 


I 


\^' 


1 


:  I 


,1  ' 


'!J! 


!itl 


places  them  in  8  genera.  We  are  unable,  however,  to  stop  with  tliut 
number  of  divisions.  If  they  are  not  all  placed  in  one  genus  eacli  Htriic- 
tural  type  must  stand  as  a  genus  by  itself.  {Peroidw,  part,  (funthor,  (!at., 
1,58-78,1859.) 

/.  I'Heiidubrancliini  well  developed;  preopercle  xorrato,  the  teeth  on  itH  lower  margin  iinirorni" 
liruncliiostuKuJB  7;  no  auul  |iapillu;  promaxillariuH  protractile;  HkuU  not  uH|H<c'iiill\  lav 
onioiifl;  mouth  large,  terminal. 
Lucioi'KitoiNit: : 
a.  (y'nnino  teeth  on  Jawa  and  palatine*;  body  elongate. 

h.  Ventrnl  tin*  well  neparated,  the  diHtancu  lM<twoon  them  equal  to  the  width  of  their 
baHc;  Hpines  of  Hecond  dontal  and  aiiul  very  feeble,  cluBeiy  apprusaod  td  tli<'  sort 
raya;  doraal  Hna  well  separated;  caninea  atrong.  8ti7.i)8tkiiion,  di:t. 

PEttCiN;F.: 

(1(1.  </'anine  teeth  none;  body  ubiong;  ventral  Ana  near  together;  mouth  largo.        I'kih  a,  4i;i. 
U.  Ktheostohin.h: 
Paoudoltrauchitc  imperfect  or  wanting;  preopercle  entire  or  nearly  ao;  brunchioatei;iilH);:  unul 
papilla  UHually  preaent;  jiyloric  C(Bca  'I  to  6;  aupraoccipital  creat  low  or  wantluR;  I1sIu-h  dt 
amall  alze,  all  American. 

o.  Parietal  region  of  akull  rather  dopreaaod,  not  atrongly  convex  in  tranavcri'i'  flection, 
'"^-ahaped  in  aection;  bonea of  akeleton rather  alender  and  tuin;  vvrtebni'  'M  tu44. 
d.  Cranium  broad  between  the  eyea;  premaxillariea  not  protractile;  auout  cniiic,  \\\^- 
like,  projecting  beyond  the  inferior  mouth;  ventrala  separated  b,v  an  iniiTf'iiui'i' 
equal  to  the  width  of  their  Irnae;  ventral  line  with  a  aerioa  of  onliir^'cil  si  \\c» 
which  fall  leaving  a  naked  atrip;  doraal  apinea  nunieroua  (13  to  15);  ;;ill  nnni- 
braue8  8eparato;8caleH  amall;  vertubrw  23-1-21  =  44;  ai/o  largest  of  tliu  dartiTH. 

Peuiina,  4(15. 
dd.  Cranium  not  broad  between  the  eyea;  mouth  leaa  inferior,  the  auunt  imt  rnurli 
projecting. 
«.  liody  not  hyaline  nor  extremely  elongate,  ita  surface  almost  entirely  iiivi'ml 
by  scalea. 
f.  Premaxillariea  not  protractile,  free  only  at  the  sidea,  the  akin  ot'  tin'  pre- 
maxillariea in  front,  firmly  connected  meaially  with  thiit  of  tlu'  for*'- 
hot^d,  with   no  croaa  groove  between;  anal  fln  always  liir;;e,  nirely 
■mailer  than  aecond  doraal. 


1.  Seven    (exceptionally  8)  branrhioategala;   maxillary    large,  exposed,  free  liebind; 

premaxillariea  protractile;  preopercle  serrated. 
No  canine  teeth;  ventrals  close  together.  I.  Pkkca. 

More  or  less  enlarged  canine  teeth;  ventrala  separated  by  an  interspace  iit  leiist  tM|ual 
to  %  the  width  of  their  base.  2.  IjIciuhkiha. 

2.  Six  bran<ihiostegals;  maxillary  amall,  its  upper  border  if  free,  entirely  ur  ui'urly 

entirely  slipped  under  the  preorbital. 
a.  Maxillary  free  from  preorbital. 

a.  Premaxillariea  free  only  i^t  the  aides. 
Ventrals  separated  by  an  interspace  equal  to  the  width  of  their  base.     3.  Percina. 
Ventrala  separated  by  an  interspace  considerably  less  than  the  width  of  tboirbiuse. 

4.  Etiikiist(i>ia. 
0.  Fremaxillaries  protractile,  entirely  free  from  the  skin  of  the  Hiiniit. 

Ventrals  separated  by  an  an  interapace  nearly  e(|iial  to  tliu  width  i>f 
their  baae. 

5,    ItiJI.KiiSilMA. 

Ventrala  narrowly  separated.  6.  I'l.cii  kxtha. 

h.  Maxillary  adnate  to  preorbital;  ventrals  narrowly  separated.    7.  Iiii'i.esiim. 
B,  Body  cylindrical  or  somewhat  depressed. 

a.  Maxillary  exposed,  its  upper  border  slipping  under  the  preorbital;  body  traiisluii'nt. 
Fremaxillaries  protractile.  8.  Ammuckvi'ta. 

Premaxillaries  free  only  at  the  sides.  9.  Crystai.lakia. 

6.  Maxillary  covered  by  preorbital;  premaxillaries  free  only  at  the  liiili-A. 

10.  Aspii". 
IL  He«  '  with  very  large  muciferous  cavities  above  and  on  the  aides. 

Two  dorsals;  maxillary  exposed,  free,  behind.  11.  Pkiharina. 

Dorsals  united;  maxillary  covered  by  preorbital.  12.  Ai  kkina. 


hi 


■JilMt-iiiftS  . 


i.A  fc^'^.-vvl. 


;o.        rum  A,  4t;l. 


i  eiitiroly  <i)vert'(l 


sod,   free  U'Linil; 


Jordat}  and  Evermanu, — Fishes  of  North  America.      1010 


1/,  Vuntral  flD«  well  Heparatetl,  the  iiitunpace  itboiit  equal  tu  width  of 
Ihnir  buae, 
A.  Middle  lint'  of  lielly  with  more  or  lom  onlarKed,  caducouM  |ilatoi, 
which  uru  Hhed  lit  certain  Huaaonii,  luaving  a  iialiod  atrip. 

Hauroitrui'm,  •>•;)). 
hh.  Middlu   liiiti  of  Udiy  with  Hiiiall,  |N^nlBtoiit  HcaleH  like  thoie  of 
Hides.  IIyi'oiiomi'h,  4ti7. 

jT.  PremaxillurieH  protructilo,  u  groove  Ri!]iaratinK  thuiu  from  the  akin  of  tho 
t'oi't'liead,  raroly  crotisvdby  a  narrow  frouiim  in  one  H|MH'leH  {nhnmnnli). 
i.  Anal  Hpini'D  2,  both  well  devolopud,  tho  flnt  iiinallv  the  longer,  tho 
Hocond  rarely  oliHulcte. 
j.  Maxillary  normal,  free  from  thu  preorliital,  except  at  base;  vomer 
usually  with  teeth. 
k.  Anal  fln  rather  largo,  scarcely  smaller  than  second  donuil; 
mouth  not  rery  small;  belly  nuked  or  with  cadui'ous 
platea,  at  least  anteriorly;  gill  niembrunos  scarcely  con- 
nected, ventral  flns  well  separated.  Cottouastrh,  4(!8. 
kk.  Anal  fln  short  and  small,  much  smaller  than  second  dorsal; 
mouth  Huiull;  belly   covered  with  ordinary  scales;  gill 
membranes  brtiadly  connected  across  the  Isthmus;  ven- 
tral flns  inw^rted  close  together.  Ulocentua,  4C9. 
jj.  Maxillary  adnate  to  the  proorbital  for  most  of  its  length,  and 
Ihei-efore  nearly  immovable;  mouth  very  small,  inferior;  no 
teelli  on  vomer;  ventral  flns  dose  together.      Diflrsion,  470. 
ii.  AniirHpine  single,  olMKure;  dorsal  spines  usually  0,  slender;  anal  fln 
Hmall,  much  shorter  than  soft  ilorsal;  ventral  flns  well  separated. 

UOLEOSOMA,  471. 

ee.  Body  extremely  elongate,  hyaline,  subtereto,  tho  Itelly  mostly  naked; 

lateral  line  compltte;  head  long,  pointed;  gill  membranes  somewhat 

unite*]. 

(.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile,  free  only  at  tho  sides;  dorsal  spines  14; 

anal  fln  large,  with  1  spine;  scales  very  small.  Crvstali.akia,  472. 

//.  Premaxillaries  protractile;  dorsal  spines  7  to  11. 

m.  Anal  spine  single;  anal  n<>arly  an  largo  as  second  dorsal;  vertebra) 

41  to  44;  bones  of  skeleton  very  thin.  Ahhockvpta,  473. 

7»»i.  Anal  spines  2;  anal  fln  small,  much  smaller  than  second  dorsal. 

loA,  474. 
ec.  Parietal  region  of  skull  not  depressed,  more  or  less  strongly  convex  in  cross- 
section,  thus,  f\  ;    premaxillaries  never  protractile  ;  belly  covered  with  ordi- 
nary scales;  ventrals  inserted  close  together;  anal  fln  rather  small,  of  7  to  9 
soft  riiys,  notably  smaller  than  second  dorsal,  usually  with  2  spines;  vertebra; 
31  to  36,  tho  bones  rather  firm. 
n.  Lateral  line  developed,  at  least  anteriorly;  dorsal  spines  8  to  14. 
o.  Lateral  line  straight;  body  rather  robust. 
p.  Head  naked  above. 

q.  Dorsal  flns  large,  usually  with  more  than  7  spines. 

Ethf.obtoma,  476 

qq.  Dorsal  flns  small,  VI-10.  Alvakius,  476. 

pp.  Head  completely  scaled  ab  )vo.  PsrcimoMASTEu,  477. 

oo.  Lat    il  line  with  a  slight  arch  running  high  anteriorly;  dorsals  well 

separated ;  body  slender. 

r.  Head  scaled  above.  Copelandellus,  478. 

rr.  Head  naked  above.  Boleiohthvs,  479. 

im.  Lateral  lino  wholly  wanting;  flns  all  very  short,  only  0  dorsttl  spines;  verte- 

brsa  U  -f  16 = 30.  Micbopkbca,  480. 


I' 

J 


•    t 


f1 

V  ■ 

'il 

■■'i 

!■■ 

^U 

d 

1020 


JUilletin  47 ^  United  States  National  Museum. 


TliK  fullowitiK  ai'o  the  iiiiiiihorH  uf  the  vertehrii^  in  HpeclcH  uf  I'lrriiln  un 
given  by  .lordun  «&.  Eigonnianii  aiul  by  Doiiloiiger: 


INtna  lluvlatllli 

I'orni  tlaveitciiUH . 

Lui'lii|ii'ri'A  v(>l|j;uniiiit 

LnciniHU'ca  Huiulra 

Htl/<iHt)>ili(iii  vitri'iiiu ... 

Ziiiniil  iu!iM<r 

/inic'l  '/.liigfl - 

I'ercai'lim  (Iciiiidunil 

Acuriiiiv  ccirnuu ..... 

Foniiia  niproilns . 

Iliiilroptoriiii  axpro 

IladroptoniM  ovidoB 

Hailropti-riiHplioxocuplinlui). 

IlailropturiiH  HcioniH 

KthuuBtonia  zuualu 


22  f- 1(1=41 
22  I  lit  =i4l 
22  +  21  =  4a 
25  I  21  4n 
2B  I  21=4tl 
20  +  24  44 
22  +  20  4(1 
Il4-ll»  =  a3 
If)  I  19-  :ii 
2:J  I  21=  44 
11)  f-  23  ^  =  42 

18  +  22  =  40 

19  +  20.  =  39 
18+22  =  40 
10  +  23    ^  30 


Ktheodtoiiin  marnlatiim    ..  in  + 

n<il«i<'litliyH  ruHlforiiiis lu  I 

EtIinoBtiiiim  viirluliim in  -\- 

Ktliitoitoniit  Irpidiim lo  | 

EtIiHoittoma  wliipplii .  in  I' 

RtheoHtotim  Itabullaro 1:|  + 

Mlcropcrni  punctiilata 14  |- 

OottugUMtitr  ('(i|)olandl iM-f 

DulooRoina  cainiirum 17  •}• 

ItoIooHomu  nigrum in  + 

Uli)coiitrtt  simtitcra 15  ■ 

DipleHion  blennioidoN l!)  | 

Atninorrypta  |iol1ucida 23  f 

Ammocrypta  \ivax 21  + 


24 

;i!t 

2)1 

:ii'> 

2U 

;ii'i 

III 

:if> 

21   r 

:ui 

2(1 

I'l 

IC. 

:iil 

20 

:iM 

21 

38 

*1'1 

;iT 

2:! 

:i.s 

'j;i 

42 

•i\ 

44 

'jii 

41 

I 


il; 


41: 


!l     I.J 


463.  STIZOSTEDION,*  Rafinesque. 
(Amkricax  Pikr  Pkuchss.) 

atixoiledinn,  Rafinrrqcf.,  Iclitli.  OhietisiH,  23,  1820,  (mi/monea). 
PotiMcatiipmH,  Rafinekqi'R,  Iclitli,  <.»iitm8iR,  23,  1820,  {niyropmiflaln;  mythical). 
Oyttoperca,  Ull.L  &  JonvAN,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mufl.,  x,  44,  1877,  {canmletue). 
Sthostedittm  or  iUbotUtthtiim,  amended  Hpelllng. 

Body  elongate,  fusiform,  the  back  broad.  Head  BUbconicnl,  long. 
Cheeks,  operclcs,  and  top  of  the  head  more  or  less  scaly.  Muutli  large, 
thojuws  about  equal;  premaxillaries  protractile,  little  movablo,  Teetli 
iu  villifonu  bands,  the  jaws  and  palatines  with  long,  sharp  canincH.  (iill 
rakers  sleuder,  strong;  gill  membranes  separate.  Preoperclt)  Ht'iruted, 
the  serru)  below  turned  forward;  operele  with  1  or  more  spineH,  tcrniina- 
tions  of  radiating  stritu.  Dorsal  fins  well  separated,  the  lirst  witii  V2  to 
15  spines,  the  second  with  17  to  21  soft  rays;  last  dorsal  spino  not  erectile, 
bound  down  by  membranes ;  anal  spines  2,  slender,  closely  appiessed  to 
the  soft  rays,  which  are  rather  long,  11  to  14  iu  number.  Ventral  lius 
well  separated,  the  space  between  them  equal  to  their  base ;  ventral  Hpinc 
Blender,  closely  appressed  to  the  soft  rays.  Scales  small,  strongly  ctenoid ; 
lateral  line  continuous.  Branchiostegals  7.  Pseudobrancbiiu  well  devel- 
oped.   Pyloric  cooca  3  to  7.    Two  species,  ditfering  considerably  from  each 

*Tlie  genua  StizoUedion  Is  closely  related  to  the  European  genus  Lucioperca,  Olivier  (typ(^  Pcrca 
Incioperca,  L.).  From  Lucioperca,  however,  it  dift'erssiifticiently  in  the  wide-set  veiilralH  iiinl  in  tlio 
weak  development  of  the  anal  and  ventral  spineR,  which  are  closely  approximated  tntlich.itt  riiys. 
The  domain  In  Lucioperca  arp  nlightly  connected.  The  name  Lucioperca,  according  to  l!(iiili'nj.'i'r, 
"should  date  from  the  first  Ition  of  the  Regno  Animal.  1817,  when  Cuvier  (p.  295)  dots  use  llic 
Latin  name  [liswell  as  the  French  plural  'L««  Samlret']  ('cequi  leurafait  dmiiu'r  le  niiiiiiio 
lucio-perca')  although  indirectly  and  without  a  capital.  (Boulengcr,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Sue.  Loiid., 
1892,  411.)  But,  as  Dr.  Gill  has  shown,  this  jg  too  great  a  strain  on  the  words  ol  <'"viei,  wlio 
"simply  stated  a  historical  fact  and  did  not  formulate  a  nomenclatural  proposition."  I"  "''•t''' 
words,  Cuvier  states  that  the  name  Lucioperca  was  used  by  Glesner,  but  to  the  genus  to  wlncli 
Oesner's  Lucioperca  belongs  he  supplies  only  the  French  name  "  Les  Saiidres,"  and  /,iici";"  >■''" '"''" 
only  date  from  its  use  by  Fleming,  Phil,  of  Zoiil.,  .394, 1822.  Since  that  time,  tlio  iiiiiiit  s  .s'.iii</<i/, 
Cloquet,  1827:  Saiuinm,  Stark,  1828,  and  Schiluii,  Krvnirki,  18:12,  have  been  applied  to  tli.-  t.v|"'  "f 
Lucioperca.  See  Boulenger,  I.  c,  and  Gill,  Proc.U.'S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1894, 123,  for  discussioua  of  tue 
relatioiubips  and  nomenclature  of  the  Pike  Perches. 


j.i^**.--.lT4^i^ti'^ 


■:'-J^^;:<^^^.^-iiu 


I' 


8  of  I'rrriil,, 

-  \n  +  24 

:i!i 

-  1(1  1  »» 

.'Hi 

.-  15  )-m- 

:in 

.  lO-l-l!) 

:i.'. 

.  15  1-21 

:ui 

.  i;t  +  ai 

Id 

-  11  i-  ic, 

;u) 

..  18  +  Ud 

;iM 

-  17  +  iil 

38 

-  16  +  1!:; 

:i7 

-  in  :  2:1 

:is 

-  M  1  Si 

42 

-  2:1  1  ■.'! 

44 

„  21  +  'Ji 

41 

Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  Americn.       1021 

otb<H .  Lar|{e,  oarnivorouH  Hsiies  of  tho  fr»sli  watera  of  North  Amurioa. 
(irr/^'u,  to  prick;  arrifiiof,  a  littlu  hreaHt;  "  the  naiiiu  iiimiiiih  piiiiKuiit  throat," 
iicconliuK  to  KaflueHtjiie ;  thn  HiibHtitutioii  of  ntvdion  foi- attlhiun  apparcutly 
HU^r^rrsted  by  tho  name  I'eriiitedion.) 

Stizhsikiiion: 
II.  Pyloric  ctuca  3,  mibniiiial,  I'ucli  hh  Ioiik  im  tli«  Htoiimcli;  Muft  ilnrHal  IoiiKi  it*  I>m«  k  Hliortor 
tliuii  MpinouH  (lorHul,  uf  uliuiit  2ii  noft  rit.vii. 
/i,  ('huekmuiil  upimr  Murfitcn  of  lii'itil  HpiirHrly  Hrnleil;  bixly  Noiiicwliat  cuiii|ir<iitHUil;  ii  lilat-k 
lilotch  uii  litKt  ilunuil  K|)iiiui;   no  black  blotch  on  Iiuho  of  |ii-cti>rul;   mh'iiikI  clnrnitl 
«iiii|>ly  mottled.  vrriiKtM,  14i::. 

(Wnmithca  (ki!wi<,  (log;  nipxri  perch): 
lui.  I'ylorlc  ciiM'a  uuo<|iiiil,  4  of  thviii  of  iiioduratc  b'liRth,  much  Nhorti>r  tlinii  Htoiimch,  the 
otberH  1  to  3  in  numliur,  Kiiiiillvr  and  vurialiU-,  lonid  or  all  of  tbciii  NoincliincH  uiiiitiuK  • 
Hoft  dorsal  iihiirtcr,  its  luiNn  l.^  ohortfr  tliiin  HplnoiiH  ilormtl,  of  alioiit  17  Hoft  rayH. 
•'.  (!huekB  and  upper  Hiirfitce  of  lieiid  nioru  or  lewi  clonely  Hcalid;  IxMly  terete;  no  liliick 
blotch  on  limt  (lomiil  HplnoH;  a  black  blotch  at  baHU  of  ]iuctoral;  Hocond  dorHiil  with 
rows  of  dark  8|iotH.  uanadensk,  1414. 


Subgenus  STIZOSTEDION. 
His/STIZONTEDIOM  VITREUM  (Mitchill). 
(Wali.-kyedFikb;  PikkPbrcii;  Dohy  ;  Oi.asseyk;  YrllowPikb;  Ului:  riKK;  Jack  Halhon  ; 

WllITE-EYK.) 

Iluiul  3i ;  depth  about  4^ ;  eye  Hhorter  than  Huout,  4^  to  5  in  head.  D. 
XII  to  XVI,  19  to  21;  A.  II,  12  to  14;  Hcales  10-110  to  U2-2b,  Ki  to  05 
purcs.  Body  Hlender,  becoming  coinpreHsed  with  age,  tho  back  more 
arc-licil  than  in  Stizontedion  canadenne.  Cheeks  and  upper  surface  of  head 
neurly  naked.  Dorsal  spines  high,  more  than  half  length  of  head;  dorsal 
lluH  well  separated,  the  interspace  between  them  greater  than  diameter 
of  eye,  the  last  dorsal  spine  scarcely  erectile ;  soft  dorsal  nearly  as  long 
aH  H])inouB  dorsal;  anal  longer  than  high.  Pyloric  c(eca  3,  rather  long. 
Dark  olive,  finely  mottled  with  brassy,  the  latter  color  forming  indis- 
tinct oblique  lines ;  sides  of  head  more  or  less  vermiculated ;  lower  jaw 
llesh  colored ;  belly  and  lower  fins  pinkish ;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  large 
jet-black  blotch  on  the  membrane  of  the  last  2  or  3  spines,  otherwise 
nearly  plain;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  mottled  olive  and  yellowish; 
base  of  pectoral  dusky,  without  distinct  black  blotch.  Groat  Lake 
region,  Upper  Mississippi,  north  to  Assiniboia,  east  to  Vermont  and  Penn- 
sylvania, south  to  Georgia  and  Alabama,  especially  common  north  vard; 
an  abnndant  and  valued  food-fish,  reaching  a  length  of  3  feet  and  a 
weight  of  10  to  20  pounds,     {vitreus,  glassy,  from  the  large  eye.) 

I'erca  vitrea,  MiTciiiLi,,  Supp.  Amor.  Mouth.  Magazine,  ii,  247,  1818,  Cayuga  Lake,  New 
York. 

Prrai  Mlmonea,*  Rafinesque,  Amer.  Month.  Magazino,  v,  364,  1818,  Ohio  River. 

Perca  {romucampaiH)  nigropunclala,  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  OhieDsis,  23,  1820,  mythical;  on  a  draw- 
ing by  Audubon,  not  intended  to  reprcBcnt  any  fish. 

*Tlie  name  talmoneum  has  been  applied  to  tho  Ro-callcd  "Blue  Pfke"  originally  described 
from  tlio  Ohio  River,  but  more  common  in  the  Great  Lakes,  particul.irly  Ontario  and  Erie.  It 
is  smaller  and  deeper  in  body  than  the  ordinary  ritreum  and  different  in  color,  but  it  is  not 
likely  that  any  permanent  distinctions  exist,  this  species,  as  usual  among  fresh-water  fishes, 
varying  largely  with  the  environment  and  with  age. 


.    :    :...J 

1 

Ii: 

II 
lit 

I  ill 


.i. 


Ilii 


III  P. 


f 


1022 


Bu/ietin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


lAtfiiypivrix  nmrrirmut,  (!rviKR  A   V*i.KNUlRNNri<,   llUt.  NHt.    ToIm.,  ii,  Vli,  IN'JH,  New  York 

(li'NTllKH,  <:•(.,  I,  74,  iKriIl. 
Sihimlgihiiiii  lilrfiim,  Johdan  A  •ill.liKliT,  Syiii)|Mli,  h'ifi. 
lmci<<pvrva  vitreii,  llouLKNtiCli,  ('ul.,  I,  M. 

Subsenu*  CYNOPERCA,  (iill  .V  Jordan. 

l4l4.''NTI%OMTKinON  CAMAIIKMMK  (Smith). 
(Haiiobii;  8anii  I'lKr.) 

Head  3i  ;  dopth  4i  to  «5;  «ye  5  in  hoiid.     I).  XI  to  XV-I,  17  to  lit;  A.  II, 

11  or  12;  HculuH  O-l(M)  to  120-27;  poruH  in  luturul  lintt,  M)  to  ih't ;  vtMitlim. 

'2',i-^2'2;  pylorio  ou'cii  4  to  7,  uiiuqiial  in  ItMi^^tli.     Hody  vlon^iitc,  niiiri< 

terete  tban   in   Sthonttdion  vilrciim,   the   lleHli    more  tranHlucont :    hrad 

<lepr«H8ed,  pointud;  opercular  Hpinea  vurialtle.     Olive  gray,  nitlfM  Iuunhv 

or  orange,  with  dark  niottlinga,  more  diHtinct  in  the  young,  which  iire 

uharply  marked  ;  tirnt  dorHal  with  '2  or  3  rowH  of  round,  hlaok  M]it)tH,  no 

black  hlotoh  on  luHt  H]iinoH;  aeoond  doraal  witii  3  irregular  rowH  of  dark 

Hpota;  a  large  Mack  blotcli  on  baae  of  pectoral;  caudal  duHky  anil  yol 

lowish.     NortlicaHtern  North  America,  from  PunuHylvania  to  T*>iiiii')«Nt>«, 

ArkansaH,    and  the  Upper  Missouri,  especially   abundant    northward; 

a  snialler  lish  than  S.  ritrvum  and  of  much  less  value  as  food.     Tlio  lypuai 

canadcHse  is  from  the  8t.  Lawrence  region,  much  less  widely  diNtnlxitcd 

than  the  variety  ijriHeum,  from  which  it  differs  in  having  the  opurcli's  ami 

bones  of  the  head  considerably  roug\er,  the  number  of  the  opoiTiilai 

spines  (which  are  merely  the  free  ends  of  the  striiu)  increased,  tv  '  tliu 

linad  more  cl  jsely  and  extensively  scaled. 

Lncioperva  canaili  .mi*,  C.  H.  Smith  MS.  in  ORirriTii'H  i>ilitluii  of  Cuvieh'h  Kt^goo  Aiiltj 

275,  pi.  1, 18,34,  Canada;  Doi'LENOEB,  Oat.,  i,  64. 
SlisotletUum  auuuUnse,  JoBUAN  &  OlLUEBT,  SyuopslH,  62r>,  IHKi. 

Represented  in  the  Great  Lake  region  and  southwestward  to  Keiitiicky 
and  Arkansas  by 

1414a.  8TIZ08TEDION  CANADENSE  ORINKUM  (DoKuy). 

(Sauqer;  Sand  Pikf. ;  Gray  Pike;  Pickerinq.) 

This  is  the  common  Sand  Pike  or  Sanger  of  the  Great  Lake  rogiou  and 
southwestward.  It  differs  from  the  typical  canadense  chiel'y  in  tiio 
smoother  opercles  and  head  bones,  the  fewer  opercular  spines,  and  the 
less  complete  scaling  of  the  head.  The  two  need  fuller  comparison  and 
ni'.y  prove  to  be  distinct  species,  but  this  is  unlikely.  Length  lU  to  IH 
•nches.     (griaeua,  gray.) 

Lucioprrca  griiea,  DeKav,  New  Yorli  Fauna:  FishoB,  19,  1842,  New  York. 
Lucinperoa pepintu,  Estes  in  Hallock's  Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  322,  1877,  Lake  Pepin.    [CM. 
1\  C.  Estea.) 

1414b.  8TIZ0STEDI0N  CANADEM8E  BOBEUM  (Girard). 

This  is  the  form  foand  in  the  Upper  Missouri  Basin,  and  difVeiH  from 
griaeum  chiefly  in  the  more  slender  head,  which  has  <i  snake-liko  uHpcct. 
(boreiis,  northern.) 
Lucioperea  borea,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Pbila.,  1857,  201,  Fort  Sarpi,  Nebraska. 


IH'.'H,   New  York 


I  t<»  Kciitiickv 


Jorifttn  and  Evtrpnann. — h'ishts  of  North  Amirua.      1023 


464.  PERCA  (ArtiMli),  LiiiiiiKiiM. 

(HiVKIt   I'BKCII.) 

/WfiiiAnTitDO  liiKN.r.iw,  Hyatmiiu  N»lurii',  K<l.  \,  IVftM,  i,  •ml  YA.  \ii,  1,  IM,  W><',  [jUnUiilU) 
l),ilr<i' hji;  Hriii  i.jiK,  Joiirii.  IUt.  Vnr.  M»k<I*'>>"I'K.  i^X'K  '^O*'*,  {Jliiriolili'). 

Itiiily  ubloiiK,  Boinowhat  conipreBMud,  tli«  Imck  «>l«vnt<nl.  (JIiuhUh  Hciily; 
iipeirU'H  iiioHtly  iiakctl ;  the  opurctiliim  urtiivd  witli  u  nin^lo  Hpiiio  ;  pn'oit- 
i>rclit  1111(1  hIiuuIu  ^r  Kirdlo  Herrated  ;  prnoperclo  with  rntrnrHo,  lio()k«<d 
NerriiliuiiH  beluw.  Mouth  inodcrntrt,  toriiiiiiiil ;  pruiiiaxillitiioN  protriictiht ; 
tv(4li  ill  viUiform  buiidH  on  JawH,  vonior,  aiiil  paUitiiinH  ;  no  canin(^  tot^tli. 
l(ruii('iiioHtnf{alH  7.  (till  ni«mbran»H  Hepuruttt;  pHoiidobntiichint  huiiiII, 
hilt  porfoct ;  no  unul  papilla.  Hcal^H  rathor  niiiuII,  Htnuigly  ctuiioid, 
latunil  line  complete,  the  tubeHtraight  and  iiotextoiidiii);  to  theextieiiiity 
ut' tlio  Huale.  Dorsal  tliiH  entirely  m^parato,  the  fliHt  of  12  to  1(>  npiiieH; 
anal  tin  with  two  alender  HpinoH,  well  Hflparatvd  from  the  noft  riiyH;  ven- 
tral NpiiioH  well  develope<l,  the  ventral  tliiH  near  together;  caudal  eiiiar- 
({iiiut)^;  air  bladder  prenent.  Pyloric  v)i>ca3;  vertebrie  very  nimeroiiH, 
21 -j- -I >  or  21  ^-^  41  or  42.  Freuh  watoru  of  northern  regiouH  ;  three  doHely- 
reliitod  HpttoieH  now  kn<»wn — I'erca  flnriutUiH  in  Europe,  7*.  mhrviikii  in 
Asia,  iind  P.  JtavcHcenn  in  North  America.  Thin  genu:  haH  long  been  eon- 
Hidt'icd  the  type  of  the  upiny-rayetl  linheH,  and  in  many  HyHteniH  it  ban 
liceii  |>lucod  Hrnt  in  the  HerieH  of  tisheH.  Ptrra  \h,  however,  a  compara- 
tively recent  and  Homewhat  aberrant  typo,  an<l  in  no  HeuHe  entitled  t«>  be 
regarded  either  aa  the  first  or  the  center  of  tin  npiiiy-rayed  Heries.  The 
great  group  of  Pvrcoitha  occupies  in  some  sense  a  central  position  among 
the  Aninihopti'rijgii  and  the  characteristic  spinous  armature  is  here  most 
typical  in  character.  Rut  the  genus  Perca  is  neither  central  nor  typical 
among  the  Percoidva.  That  position  id  more  properly  to  be  assigned  to 
EpimphiiuH.  (KipKr/,  Perca,  the  ancient  name  of  Perca  fluviatilia,  from 
ffff)(cor,  dusky.) 

141R>PERrA  FLAVE8CENH  (Mitchill). 
(Yellow  Priicii  ;  Amrrican  Pkrch  ;  Rinoed  PEat'ii ;  Raccoon  Pkhoii.) 

Head  3i;  depth  3i.  D.  XIII  to  XV-II,  13  to  15;  A.  II,  7  or  8;  scales 
7-71  to  88-17,  54  to  62  with  pores.  Back  highest  at  origin  of  spinona 
dorHal,  which  is  more  or  less  behind  insertion  of  pectoral ;  |>roiile  convex 
from  ilorsal  to  occiput,  thence  concave  anteriorly,  the  snout  projecting, 
a  little  longer  than  eye.  Mouth  somewhat  oblique,  maxillary  not  quite 
reaching  opposite  middle  of  orbit.  Gill  rakers  x  4- 15,  the  longest  ^  to 
\  length  of  branchial  filaments.  Cheeks  closely  scaled  throughout,  the 
scaled  imbricated ;  opercular  stria)  and  rugosities  on  top  of  head  well 
marked.  First  anal  spine  longer  than  first  dorsal  spine;  first  dorsal 
spine  inserted  above  or  a  little  behind  base  of  pectoral.  Psendobrancbiw 
quite  small.  Gill  rakers  stout,  shortish.  Back  dark  olivaceous ;  sides 
golden  yellow;  belly  pale;  sides  with  6  or  8  broad,  dark  bars,  which 
extend  from  the  back  to  below  the  axis  of  the  body  ;  lower  fins  largely 
red  or  orange ;  upper  fins  olivaceous ;  with  or  without  a  distinct  black 


iP. 


'k 


i;* 


{  J 


m. 


.^-y 


1024  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


spot  on  anterior  or  posterior  part  of  spinous  dorsal.  Length  1  foot. 
Fresh  waters  of  the  eastern  United  States,  chieily  northward  and  ciist- 
ward  ;  abundant  in  the  Groat  Lakes  and  in  coastwise  streams  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  North  Carolina,  conimoi  in  the  tributaries  of  the  upper  MisHiti- 
riippi,  especially  in  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  west  to  the  Dakotas;  uukiiown 
from  central  Ohio  southwest ;  abundant  in  the  lakes  of  northern  Iiwliana; 
not  known  from  the  Ohio  River  or  the  lower  Missouri.  A  familiar,  luuiil- 
Houie,  and  active  fish  of  fair  quality  as  food,  the  flesh  not  rich  in  Uavor. 
(JlareHccna,  yellowish.) 

Perc^.  aviericanii,  SciinANCK,  Abh.   3*rivalgec.  Obordoiitschland,  i,    1702,  America,  (iiDt   ivroi 

ainericnna,  Gmei.in,  1788);  .Tordan  &  GlMiEliT,  Synopsis,  624,  1883. 
Mornne Jlave^ceim,  MiTciiiii,  Kept.  Fish.  N.  Y.,  18,  1814,  near  New  York  City. 
CeulrnjmiiiuH  Lil'^u,  Kafinebque,  Prucis  des  Deconvertes  Somiolof^iqiios,  19, 1814,  Pennsylvania, 

prolmbly. 
I'erca  noldtii,  Rafinesque,  Amer.  Monthly  3Iag.,  Jan.,  1818, 205,  Lake  Erie.     (Coll.  (iov.  IieWitt 

Clinton.) 
Perca  m-rratogranulata,  CjviER  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  II,  47,  1828,  New  York, 
Perca  granulata,  CuviEii  &  Vai.enoienneh,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  48,  pi.  ix,  1828,  New  York. 
Perca  acuta,  CuviER  &  Valencif.nne.s,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  49,  pi.  x,  1828,  Lake  Ontario. 
Perco  (/raciVin,  CuviEB  Ic  Valencien.nes,   Hist.   Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  50,  1828,  Skaneateles  Lake, 

New  York. 
Bodiamu  jlavetvem,  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  am'  Philos.  See.  N.  Y.,  1816,421. 
Perca  flaveKcenx,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  li,  40,  1828;  GOntiikii,  Cat.,  i,  5«, 

IS!)'.),  JioiiLENOKU,  Cat.,  I,  -is,  and  of  authors  gononilly. 
Perca Jluviatiliijlaveicetis,  Steinoaoiimeu,  Sitzgbor,  Ak.  Wien,  lxxviii,  1878,  24. 


465.  PERCINA,  Haldeman. 
(Log  Perches.) 

Percina,  H,vI,deman%  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  viil,  1842,  330,  (nebtUom). 
Pilcoma,  1>e  Kav,  New  York  Fauna:  Fishes,  16, 1842,  (aem\fascialum). 
.'..ipropcrca,  Heokei.,  Canestrini,  Systema  der  Percoideu,  311,  1860,  (sehra). 

Body  elongate,  slightly  compressed,  covered  with  small,  ctenoid  scales : 
Lateral  line  continuous ;  ventral  line  with  enlarged  plates,  which  I'allott', 
leaving  a  naked  strip.  Head  depressed,  rather  pointed,  the  mouth  ueing 
small  and  inferior,  overlapped  by  a  tapering,  subtruncate,  pig-liko  .snout; 
upper  jaw  not  protractile.  Maxillary  small,  exposed.  Teeth  on  vomer 
and  palatines.  Gill  membranes  scarcely  connected.  Dorsal  fins  well 
separated,  the  first  the  larger,  of  13  t"  \6  spines ;  the  second  dorsal  rather 
longer  than  the  anal,  which  has  two  spines,  the  first  of  which  is  usually 
the  shorter.  Pectorals  symmetrical,  rounded,  or  bluntly  pointed,  their 
rays  14  or  15,  their  spines  moderute ;  ventral  fins  well  separated,  the 
interspace  about  equal  to  their  baoe.  Air  bladder  and  pseudohianchiie 
preoent,  rudimentary.*    Vertebne   (i-.   caprodcs)  23  +  21  =  44.    (Jeneral 

*So  far  as  the  cranium  is  concerned,  Perca  is  probably  nearer  PercUxa  than  either  is  tn  ikizoite- 
dU>n.  Comparing  the  skull  of  Percina  with  that  of  Perca,  we  find  that  in  the  forimr  tlio  lioncs 
of  the  skull  above  are  much  smoother;  the  ridges  and  grooves  of  the  frontal,  parietal,  iiiid  iiiastuiil 
regions  conspicuous  in  Perca,  are  nearly  obsolete  in  Percina.  The  tube-like  pores  on  tlic  frontal 
boues,  conspicuous  in  Perca,  are  barely  visible  in  Percina.  Parietalsand  supranccii  itiil  with 
radiating  strisB,  more  regular  than  in  Perca,  the  ridges  leer  and  less  sharp.  Frontal  rppi"" 
narrower  than  in  Perca,  and  less  depres8e<l.  Supraoccipital  bone  larger  than  in  Pcrat,  ilacri'st 
very  much  smaller,  not  rising  to  level  of  occiput.  Sutures  of  skull  more  distinct  than  in  Perea- 
Skull  in  profile  less  convex  at  occiput,  more  elevated  between  eyesi. 

Post-temporal  in  Percina  trifurcate,  the  forks  slender,  the  posterior  part  without  rciTation  ;  il» 
form  similar  to  that  of  Perca.    Scapula  |.-BUapcd,  thinner  and  weaker  tbau  iu  Perca;  its  edge 


s ; 


u 


)  M. 


um. 

-.ength  1  foot. 
yard  and  ciiHt- 
ainH  from  Ndva 
B  upper  Missis- 
)ta8;  uukiiowu 
•them  Indiana; 
fainiliav,  liand- 
rioh  in  ilavor. 

merica,  (imt  /Vroi 

;ity. 

14,  Pennsylvania, 

(Coll.  (iov.  He  Witt 

3,  New  York. 
28,  New  York. 
>ake  Ontario, 
ikaneateles  Lake, 

30NT1IKU,  (at.,  1,  Sit, 
.'iA. 


,  ctenoid  scales; 

3,  which  I'allott', 

he  mouth  ueiug 

,pig-liko  snout; 

'eeth  on  vomer 

torsal  fins  well 

d  dorsal  rather 

lich  is  usually 

pointed,  their 

separated,  the 

seudobranchiii' 

=  44.    (ieueral 


„  either  is  t"  ^Itn^c- 
tho  former  tlioliones 
parietal,  and  inaetniil 
pores  on  tlicfnintal 
supraiicrii  ital  witli 
irp.  Fnintal  repi"" 
an  in  V<ri:>i,  its  crest 
stinct  than  in  fe'"'- 

ithout  ri'iration ;  it? 
u  in  Perm;  ita  edge 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1025 

pat  torn  of  coloration  olivaceous,  with  dark  vertical  hands  alternatlji 
loiilj;  and  short.  Size,  largest  of  the  darters,  approacliing  that  of  Aapro, 
to  \\  liich  genus  it  is  more  nearly  related  than  the  other  darters  are.  (A 
diminutive  of  Perca.) 

,1.  lioily  deep;  the  depth  more  than  )  the  length;  body  with  orange  HhadoB  in  llfi'.     hkx,  1416. 
im.  Body  Bill  terete,  the  depth  not  more  than  }  the  length;  no  orange  Hhodos  in  life. 

CAPR0DB8,  1417. 

1416.  PKKCINA  REX,  Jonlun  A  Kvornianu. 

Head  3g;  depth  4K.  D.  XIV-15;  A.  II,  11;  scales  11-83  to  85-19,  5 
rows  of  small  scales  on  cheek.  Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  the 
form  more  rohust  than  in  Perclna  vaprodea,  the  hack  more  elevated ;  head 
stouter,  the  snout  more  acuminate,  and  the  mouth  a  little  larger  than  in 
P.  caprodes;  +he  head  similarly  formed.  Opercles  and  nape  closely 
Bcah'd ;  breast  naked;  gill  membranes  nearly  separate;  pseudohranchisB 
very  small ;  median  scales  on  ventral  line  moderately  enlarged.  Fins 
hif^iier  than  in  P.  caprodee,  the  longest  ray  of  the  soft  dorsal  slightly 
more  than  half  head.  Adult,  in  spirits,  mottled  green  above,  yellowish 
below  ;  4  dark  cross  blotches  on  back ;  about  10  roundish  dark  blotches 
on  sides,  these  almost  confluent  into  a  band ;  a  small  black  spot  at  base 
uf  caudal ;  no  trace  in  young  or  old  of  parallel  cross  bands  on  side  of 
back,  the  young  with  the  hack  covered  with  zigzag  markings,  the  sides 
with  10  short,  vertical,  inky  black  blotches  about  as  high  as  the  eye ; 
second  dorsal  and  caudal  in  adult  yellowish,  with  oblique  cross  stripes 
of  black  spots ;  first  dorsal  yellowish,  mottled,  with  a  median  dusky 

not  serrate.  Foramen  of  hypercoraeoid  much  larger  than  in  Perca,  Pelvic  bonc8  proportion- 
ately (shorter  and  broader  than  in  Perca.  Ilest  of  Bkeleton  essentially  aa  iu  Pn-ra;  number  of 
Tertetine,  23  +  21  =  44.     Lower  pharyngeaU  triangular-elliptical,  with  large  teeth. 

Ascdinpared  with  the  other  darters,  the  ekull  of  Pcrciua  is  much  broader  between  the  eyes; 

the  parietal  bones  are  more  strongly  ridged,  the  sutures  more  distinct,  the  top  of  the  cranium 

beyond  the  (syes  more  depressed,  and  the  supraoccipital  crest  more  developed  than  in  most  of  the 

tbers.    In  all  these  respects  Percina  is  intermediate  between  Perca  ou  the  one  hand,  and  the 

cxtronie  forms,  Ammocrypta  and  Microperca,  on  the  other. 

The  other  darters  form  two  irregular  lines,  the  one  with  depressed  cranium,  and  slenderer 
boues,  ciilniinating  in  Ammocrypta;  the  other  having  the  cranium  more  convex  transversely,  the 
buuea  tirruer  and  smooth,  and  the  vertebree  fewer  In  number.  This  group  seems  to  culminate 
in  iliiri  perca. 

So  far  as  the  skeletons  are  concerned,  we  seem  to  be  justified  in  the  following  inferences: 

1.  The  Elheoafominse  are  near  allies  of  the  Percinte,  and  should  not  form  a  separate  family. 

2.  Th(>y  are  among  themselves  closely  related,  and  the  extreme  forms  are  so  connected  by 
interni(!(liate  forms  that  they  might  with  no  great  violence  to  nature  be  regarded  as  forming  a 
Blngli'  senuB. 

3.  The  species  nearest  allied  to  the  typical  Percitue  is  Percina  caproilei.  This  is  the  largest  in 
size,  and  of  the  others  in  general  those  smallest  in  size  are  most  aberrant  in  structure. 

4.  Thi)su  species  which  nave  usually  been  grouped  together  on  external  characters  agree  in 
general  in  regard  to  the  skeleton. 

5.  As  most  of  the  skeletal  characters  change  by  degrees,  none  of  them  is  of  much  use  in 
defining  genera. 

6.  Tlicse  skeletal  characters  apparently  of  most  importance  are  in  the  structure  of  the  mouth, 
the  iiri^adth  of  the  frontal  r(jj;ion  {Percina),  the  number  of  vertebric,  and  the  outline  of  the 
transvi'ise  ^section  of  the  skull  across  the  parletals,  whether  ^-^  as  in  Holeomma,  etc.,  or  H,  as 
in  Elhenslnma.  The  prolongations  of  the  frontals  in  EtheoMoma  Jlabellare  and  in  Hadroptenw 
phoxncrphalm  and  its  shortness  in  Etheostoma  zonale  seem  to  be  purely  specific  characters.  The 
ileTeluiiinent  of  the  nearly  obsolete  supraoccipital  crest,  the  distinctness  of  the  sutures,  and  the 
sculpture  of  the  parietals  are  features  which  offer  no  basis  for  trenchant  division,  except,  per- 
haps, us  distinguishing  Percina  from  all  the  others. 

7.  As  defined  by  skeletal  characters  alone,  we  may  distinguish  Percina,  Etheoftoma,  Microperca, 
and  perhaps  Dipleaion  and  Ammocnjpla  from  the  rest  as  a  distinct  genera.  The  other  groups,  if 
lotaiiii'ii,  must  be  separated  from  thesu  and  from  each  other  by  other  characters. — Jordan  & 
%eiim.iHH,  Proc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mut.,  1S85,  71. 


•li 


F.N.A.- 


-66 


•  WWP^jpra^'f'r^ 


Ml 
1 


I  ' 


'lit  i 


MM. 


1026 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


bani^ ;  pectorals  yellow,  banded  with  olive;  anal  faintly  apotteil  with 
black.  In  life  the  adult  example  was  olive  green,  straw  color  btlow : 
back  with  5  obscure,  dusky,  cross  blotches;  9  obscure,  dark,  olive  (tumm 
blotches  on  sides;  a  small,  dark,  caudal  spot;  snout  and  nape  daislied 
with  orange;  cheeks  yellow;  first  dorsal  pale  olive,  with  darker  dlivti 
spots  at  base;  a  broad  band  of  brilliant  orange  tov.^id  margin,  tlm 
edge  dusky;  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  light  yellow,  with  bands  of  hlack 
spots;  anal  pale  yellow,  with  2  rows  of  olive  spots;  pectorals  and  veii- 
trals  yellow,  with  olive  spots :  ventrals  edged  with  orange.  The  smaller 
specimen  had  the  di./k  blotches  on  side  inky  black,  the  back  more 
sharply  mottled,  and  the  orange  on  dorsal  very  faint.  Lengtli  of  typo 
5i  inches.  Two  specimens  of  this  species  were  taken  in  swift  wutii  in 
the  Roanoke  River,  near  the  city  of  Roanoke,  Virginia.  A  splendid  IIhIi, 
probably  the  largest  of  all  the  darters,  looking  like  a  Ludoperca.  (rex, 
king.) 

Etheottonm  rex,  JoBDAN  &  EvEBMANN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1888,  367,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  9,  Roanoke 
River,  near  Roanoke,  Virginia.  (Typo,  No.  30858.  CoIIb.  Jordan,  £veniiaiiii  au>l 
Jenkins.) 

Percina  ret,  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  I,  59. 

/ 

J 
1417.  PERCIMA  CAPBODES  (RaflneRque). 

(Lou  Pebcii  * ;  Rockfisb  ;  Hoa  Molly  ;  IIoofihii.) 

Head  4  to  4f;  depth  5  to  B^;  eye  1\  in  snout,  4  in  head.  D.  XIII  to 
XVII-12  to  17:  A.  II,  9  to  12;  scales  9-90  to  95-15,  pores  76  to  93.  Hody 
elongate,  compressed.  Head  long  and  pointed,  depressed  and  .sloping 
above.  Month  small,  quite  inferior,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  the 
front  of  the  eye.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  nape  scaly  (the  nape  naked  iu  var. 
zebra);  chest  naked.  Fins  rather  low.  Middle  line  of  belly  witli  a  row 
of  enlarged  caducous  scales  ;  pectoral  about  as  long  as  head;  auul  spincH 
feeble,  subequal,  or  the  second  the  longer;  caudal  truncate;  vertebra; 
23-|- 21=44.  Color  yellowish  green,  or  yellow,  with  about  15  transverse 
dark  bands  from  the  back  to  the  belly,  these  usually  alternatiii<^  with 
shorter  and  fainter  ones,  which  reach  about  to  the  lateral  line ;  a  black 
spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal;  fins  barred.     Length  6  to  8 inches,    (ireat 


♦The  Log  Perch  is  the  giant  of  the  family,  the  most  of  a  fish,  and  therefore  tlio  liast  of  a 
darter.  It  may  be  readily  known  by  its  7dbia-liko  colors.  Its  hue  is  pale  olive,  si  Ivory  lulow, 
darker  above.  On  this  ground  color  are  about  15  black  vertical  bars  or  iuconipletu  riims,  alter- 
nating with  as  many  shorter  I>ar8  which  reach  only  halfway  down  the  side.  The  liiniiiiio?t 
bar  forms  a  mere  spot  on  the  base  of  the  tail,  and  there  arc  many  dots  and  speckii's  on  lln-  tins. 
The  body  is  long  and  ulender,  spindle-shaped,  and  flrm  and  wiry  to  the  touch.  Tliv  In  iil  is  Hat 
on  top  and  tapers  into  a  flat-pointed  snoiit  which  is  squared  ott'  at  the  end  like  tlio  huoui  uI  a 
pig,  and  this  resemblance  is  heightened  by  the  form  of  tlie  small  mouth  undornentli  it.  Kkhu 
this  pig-like  snout  has  come  the  scientific  name  caprodes.  This  is  a  translation  .'I'  thr  M-r 
name  of  "hogfish,"  which  Raflnesque  heard  applied  to  it  in  his  time  and  which  is  ^tlll  used  in 
the  same  regions.  Percina  reaches  a  length  of  C  or  8  inches  and  it  may  readily  be  'aiiKlit  oi'  a 
small  hook  baited  with  a  worm.  Wo  often  meet  an  urchin  with  two  or  three  of  tin  in  slniiiK 
through  the  gills  on  a  fork'fd  stick  along  with  "red-eyes,"  "stono  toters,"  "liDrnvlicadrt," 
and  other  "boys'  fish.".  We  find  Percina  usually  in  rapid  and  rather  deep  water.  Wi' rarely 
find  them  small  enough  for  ordinary  aquarium  purposes;  and  the  living  specinieii  liifnro  n^^, 
though  wonderfully  quick  and  graceful  in  its  movements,  has  shown  little  that  is  nutrwortliy, 
save  his  courage,  his  fondness  for  angleworms,  and  a  possible  disposition  to  bury  liiiiiMil  in  tin' 
sand.  There  is  something  in  the  expression  of  his  face,  as  he  reata  on  his  "linnd>  am)  fiH't" 
on  a  stone,  that  is  remarkably  lizard-like,  uuggestiug  tho  Blue-tailed  Skink  {E-umcn-  /■iMotm] 
—Jordan  <£•  CopeUmd,  1376. 


;:Miirt!Si^Mli^^iii 


;"'.■**  A^  ^i:4itArl:^.'t'.'. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1027 


Lakes  and  Htreams  of  the  south  and  west  from  Quebec  to  Lake  Superior 
and  Iowa  and  south  to  Mississippi  and  the  Rio  (irande,  chiefly  in  swift 
(,M'a vol ly  streams  of  some  depth,  not  in  brooks;  a  large  darter,  readily 
taking  the  liook,  and  abundant  in  most  localities.  (KaTr/ioc,  pig ;  tMo<;, 
rettcmblance. ) 

Sv.i/M  rtiiirodes,  lUtiNKHgue,  Amor.  Mouth.  Mug.,  1818,  fy'M,  Ohio  River. 

I'miiiii  nebiilota,  Halukman,  JoufD.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Philii.,  1842,  330,  Susquehanna  River, 
Pennsylvania. 

Pilinma  leim/tucialmn.  Dr.  Kay,  N.  Y.  Faunu:  FisliCH,  16,  |>l.  50,  flg.  162,  184Vi,  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  at  Westport,  N.  Y. 

IWiiiia  hiiimatliitii,  Hai.ukman,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nut.  IIlHt.,  1844, 167,  Susquehanna  River, 
Pennsylvania. 

rilr<;„(i  ciirbnmirid,  Baird  A  GiRARU,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  1863,  387,  RioSalado;  Rio 
Medina;  San  Pedro  Creek,  Texas.    (Tyix?,  No«.  740;  742.    Coll.  Clark;  Keniicrly.) 

.Ujmiiirrmzfhrii,  IIkckei.,  Cuuostriiii,  Vorli.  Gi-g.  Wioii.,  x,  311,  1H60. 

Ellu'ifliima  caprodes,  llaflnesiiuo,  Iclitb.  OhieniiiB,  38,  1820;  M(£NKiiAim,*  Amor.  Nat.,  1894,  (Vll, 
111.  18  and  19. 

Pihciiiit  tii'Imlota,  Vaili.ant,  Rechorcbes,  61,  1873. 

I'ileiniiii  bimaculalii,  Vaillant,  Koclierclios,  .52,  1873. 

ren-iua  i:a}>ruiles,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopgis,  490;  Buulsmier,  Cat.  i,  .'>7,  and  of  writurs. 

Hcpresented  in  lakes  northward  by 


1417a.  PEKCINA  CAPBODES  ZEBBA  (AgasBiz). 

(Manitou   Dartkr.) 

Hc^id  4i;  depth  7.  D.  XV-14;  A.  II,  10;  scales  90.  Nape  always 
naked.  Lateral  black  bars  short,  shorter  than  in  caprodes,  not  extending 
nmch  above  lateral  line ;  these  also  more  or  less  confluent,  about  20  in 

*  TliiR  paper  gives  an  interegting  study  iu  gpociflc  variations.  The  following  are  some  of  the 
concliir'Ioug  reached  by  Mr.  Muenkhaus  in  regard  to  individual  variation  in  Percitui  caprodeH: 

1.  Tho  variation  between  the  specimens  of  a  single  locality  is  very  slight. 

2.  Thu  most  complicated  color  pattern  can  be  connected  with  tlie  simplest  by  a  series  of  intcr- 
meili.itc  stages. 

'i.  Tho  variation  in  color  pattern  can  not  be  connecte<l  with  the  latitude  inhabited  by  the 
different  varieties.    The  color  variation  is  determined,  but  nut  in  a  direct  line  north  and  south. 

4.  The  Himplest  color  pattern  of  tho  body,  found  only  iu  immature  specimens,  consists  uf  9 
transvi'i'so  bars. 

5.  The  simplest  color  pattern  of  adults,  consists  of  the  9  bars  seen  in  the  young  plus  half  bars 
liciwcon  each  two  of  the  primary  bars. 

G.  Tliu  next  complication  arises  by  tho  addition  of  quarter  l>ars.  These  bars  are  first  intro- 
duced in  tlic  region  between  thu  two  dorsals,  from  which  region  variation  seems  to  radiate. 

7.  AiiDther  complication  may  be  the  splitting  of  tho  bars  into  reticulations  on  the  back  and 
their  intensification  into  larger  spots  along  tlie  sides. 

8.  As  to  dorsal  rays,  XV,  15  is  the  commonest  combination,  XIV,  16  tho  next,  XV,  16  and 
XVI,  l'<  thu  next,  and  so  on.    The  largest  percent  of  any  combination  does  not  cxci-ed  21.052. 

'J.  Tlio  average  number  of  dorsal  spines  is  15/g,  while  the  number  of  spines  pre<ioniiDatiug  is 

111.  The  average  number  of  soft  dorsal  rays  is  15/,,  about  tlie  same  uh  tho  spines — 16  is  seen  to 
be  the  number  in  about  50  per  cent  of  all  the  specimens  examined.  While  42.11  per  cent  have 
XV  diirsal  spines,  and  50.007  per  cent  have  15  dorsal  rays,  only  21.06  per  cent  have  a  combination 
ef  XV  ^!lline8  aud  16  rays. 

11.  It  will  bo  seen  that  the  prevailing  numbers  of  dorsal  rays  occuring  in  the  more  northern 
)<treaiiis  are  XIV,  16.  As  we  go  farther  south  the  usual  number  is  XV,  16,  aud  in  the  most 
suutliern  streams  the  numbers  are  15, 16,  and  17  spines;  thes|>ecimeus  from  Texas  are  i>eculiarly 
poor  in  the  number  of  spines. 

12.  The  soft  rays  do  not  show  the  same  variation  found  in  tho  dorsal  spines,  the  number  being 
the  siiniu  fur  localities  north  and  south.  The  average  number  of  dorsal  spines  and  rays  com- 
bined consoquently  increases  with  the  dorsal  spines. 

13.  In  the  anal  rays  we  have,  as  in  the  dorsal  spines,  a  slight  increase  in  their  numl>er  from 
Dortli  to  south.  The  most  common  number  in  the  Indiana  ntre^ms  is  10,  ihe  numlntr  increasing 
toll  and  12  in  the  most  southern  spucim-ins.— MusnnrAaiw,  I.  c. 


fi 


m^w 


1 


tt 


iS 


i! 


r 


•  ■  I 


ih 


Jl 


i!i; 


1 1 

'1 


1028  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 

number;  a  black  caudal  spot;  dorsal  and  caudal  mottled.  Lakt'N  nf 
northern  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  northward  to  LakeSniH-iioi  ; 
the  common  form  in  the  Great  Lakes.  The  typical  zthra  is  well  disiin. 
guished  from  caprodes,  but  specimens  variously  intermediate  havo  Im-cii 
obtained  in  Illinois  by  Dr.  Forbes  and  in  the  Potomac  by  Dr.  licaii. 
{zebra,  a  striped  wild  horse ;  from  the  color.) 

PUfoma  zelira,  \0AMSiz,  Lake  Superior,  .'W)8,  ISSO,  Lake  Superior;  Vaii.lant,  Bec)iprc|ics,  4s, 

1873,  witli  jilateR. 
/VrciHii  manitoii,  Jordan,  I'roi;.  Ac.   Nat.  Sci.   I'liila.,  1877,  r>:t,  Lake  Manitou,  Rochester, 

Indiana. 
Percina  caprmlen  manili III,  .ToRnAN  <k  Cjilhkkt,  SyiioiwlB,  5(Mt,  ISHlt. 


466.  HADROPTERUS,  Agassiz. 
(Black-sided  Daktbus.) 

Hndroplenit,  AnA88l7,  Anicr.  Jouni.  Sci.  iiiiJ  ArtH,  1854,  'M)!i,  (niiirnfniieialiis). 

Elheoslonia,*  AcABBlz.  Ainer.  Journ.  S<'i.aud  Art«,  1854,  305,  {•'bleniiioiilen"  (nut  of  Uahnks./if. 

=  a»pro), 
Alvordiu$,  Girarp,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liila.,  1'5!>,  OR,  (imicHia/iis). 

Plesioperca,  Yaillant,  Recherolies  sur  Poissouci  (Il'8  Eaiix  Doiicus,  KtliuoHtoiuutiiia,  (unc'<ji.N;. 
Ericomia,  JoRPAN  &  Ciii-ei.anp,  Hull,  x,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  8,  1877,  (euiden). 
Berraria,  GiLnEitT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  205,  (scieniK). 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed  or  not.  Mouth  rather  wide,  teniiinal, 
the  lower  jaw  included,  the  snout  above  not  protruding  beyond  the  pre- 
maxillaries,  which  are  not  protractile.  Teeth  on  vomer  and  UHually  on 
palatines,  also.  Qill  membranes  separate  or  more  or  less  connected. 
Scales  small,  ctenoid,  covering  the  body.  Belly  with  a  median  series  of 
more  or  less  enlarged  spinous  plates  or  ctenoid  scales,  which  iu  most  Hpe- 
cies  fall  off'  at  intervals,  leaving  a  naked  strip;  in  some  species  persistent 
and  but  slightly  enlarged ;  sides  of  head  scaly  or  not ;  lateral  lino  com- 
plete or  nearly  so.  Fins  large,  the  soft  dorsal  smaller  than  the  spinous  or 
the  anal ;  anal  spines  2  (one  of  them  very  rarely  obsolete) ;  dorsal  Hi)iiie8 
10  to  15.     Ventral  t  fins  more  or  less  widely  separated,  especially  in  species 

"'The  name  Etheostoma ca,u  not  bo  nsed  for  this  ^roup  as  none  of  ita  spccicH  vfun  known  in 
BafineBque,  who  baaed  the  genus  Etheoetoma  on  caprodes,  bknnioides,  and  flabellare. 

t  This  character  of  the  separation  of  the  ventrals  "  by  an  interspace  equal  to  th«  wiiltli  of  tlieir 
base"  was  first  introduced  as  a  generic  feature  by  Dr.  Boulenger  (Cat.  Telcostcaii  FikIks,  i,  4.1). 
It  is  used  by  him  to  separate  Pe)-cnui(==  Percina  -^  Alvordm»)irom  Elhenstoina  (  ~  I'llifoslnmn  lli/jio- 
homtu  +  Serraria  +  Uadropierun  proper  f  Pu-cilkhlhys  +  BolekhOiys  f  Almiriits,  etc.),  in  wliirh  tin' 
ventralfl  are  said  to  be  "separated  by  nn  interspace  considerably  less  tlian  tlio  wiiltli  of  llnir 
base."  In  like  manner  Boteosoma  (including  Cottoijntler)  is  separated  from  Vloceiilru  ami  /'<;/'  >i. 
the  former  having  the  ventrals  widely  Be])aruted.  In  Ammocrypla  the  interspace  is  e>|inil  to  tn<' 
width  of  the  base.  To  ascertain  the  value  of  fijjg  character  wo  have,  with  the  asslBtaiu  ■■  "I  Dr. 
Meek,  examined  most  of  the  species  of  Elhfostoniiuir.  We  find  that  in  the  extreme  forms,  /'.  mmi, 
OnjutaUaria,  lioleosoma,  Ammocrypla  on  the  one  hand,  the  ventrals  are  widely  separatc'l,  a-  -i.itcil 
by  Dr.  Boulenger.  On  the  other  hand,  in  species  related  to  Etheottoma  flahMare  and  /•-'. ;  ■'  rnhmu, 
theyare  very  close  together.  Between  these  extremes,  however,  woflnd  every  gradation,  flii^ 
character,  like  other  characters,  shading  off  by  degrees,  and  many  of  those  species  deMriliil  by 
Dr.  Boulenger  as  having  the  flns  close  together,  would  be  placed  by  us  rather  with  the  uthiis. 
The  comparison  of  the  interspace  with  the  width  of  the  base  of  the  finis  not  wholly  satl-^!',;'  lory, 
asthe  base  of  the  fins  appears  broader  in  the  males  with  enlarged  rays  and  narrowir  m  tlit; 
young.  In  general  those  siwcies  with  the  most  elevated  crania  have  the  ventrals  n  irest 
together,  a  character  usually  going  with  small  anal  fin  and  short  first  dorsal,  except  anioii^'  tin' 
allies  of  Ammocrypla  and  Boleosoma,  The  species  examined  by  us  may  bo  roughly  placed  i'>  f'^»>' 
groups,  thus: 


I.   ■«    i.i    "*!,      -llJ*-   •!.    " 


lot  of  HahnKSi(I  k 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1021) 

witli  caducous  plates.  Vortebrm  39  to  44,19  +  23  —  42  (//.  anfro)\ 
lH.j-22:^40  (//.  <;rWt'«);  18  +  22  =  40  (If.  iiderus) ;  19  +  20  =  39  (H.  phox- 
mi'hahiH),  Parietal  region  more  or  less  depressed,  not  strongly  convex 
in  ( roHS  section  ;  supruoccipital  crest  usually  present,  but  small.  Pyloric 
ni'ca  2  to  4.  Coloration  bright;  often  brilliant;  sides  nsnally  with  dark 
lilolches.  The  most  active  and  graceful  of  the  darters  and  many  of  them 
will)  most  attractive  coloration.  This  group  exhibits  large  variation  in 
iiiiiKir  characters,  f—no  of  its  species  approaching  very  close  to  those  of 
IHIiKiHtoma,  the  dividing  line  between  the  two  genera  being  somewhat  arbi- 
tiiuy.  It  seems  best  not  to  regard  the  subdivisions  of  this  group  as 
iliHtiiict  genera,  as  the  characters  which  separate  them  disappear  by 
(legiees.     (<'/(5/wt',  strong ;  TrrfpC)^,  fin.) 

(I.  Mriliiin  lino  of  Ixilly  with  ii  BerloH  of  enlarj^od  caducous  ventral  plates,  which  fall  off  at 
certain  iiiturvals  IcariiiK  a  nuked  Htrip  from  breuHt  to  vent;  proojierclo  otrictly  entire; 
Kill  niemhruneH  uxually  separate,  Hoinetinies  Honiewliat  connected  across  the  isthmus; 
ventral  fiUH  well  so|)arated,  the  interspace  usually  not  less  than  the  l>readth  of  their 
base. 

Al.VOKDIVS  :* 

/..  riilatiiie  toetli  present;  dorsal  spine.:  11  to  15;  ventral  fins  widely  separated. 

I'.  Iiuwerjaw  as  Ion);  as  upper;  snout  very  narrow  and  pointed,  es|H!cially  in  the  adult; 

space  between  month  and  gill  cleft  about  >.|  length  of  heail;  cheeks  and  oju^rcleg 

scaly;  lateral  blotches  small,  quadrate;  scales  small.        I'uoxocKriiAi.rs,  1418. 

It:  Lower  jaw  sliorter  than  upper;  snout  less  pointed;   distance  from  mouth  to  gill 

cleft  about  half  head. 

</.  Snout  longer  than  eye;  head  very  large  and  long,  '.i]/^  in  length,  chiefly  naked; 

scales  very  small,  about  !)<);  80  jiores;  sides  with  oblong  blotches. 

MACROCEPIIAI.KB,  1419. 


Giiori'  A  (ventrals  widely  separated). 


I'eniiiii  rex. 
IVrciim  caprodes. 
Huilnipterus  aspro. 
HHilropterus  peltatus. 
lliiilioptcrus  ouachita\ 
iliKiiiiiiterus  niacrocejjhalus. 
Hadniptorus  phoxocephalus. 
llaitropterus  u'grofast'iatus. 
Iladi'upterus  ruanoka. 


Hadroptcrus  scierus. 
Cottogaster  shumardi. 
Cottogaster  copolandi. 
f.'ottogaster  gilborti. 
Cottogaster  •  "anidea. 
Boleosoma  nigrum. 
Doleosoma  nigrum  olnistedi. 
Boleosoma  camurum. 
Crystallaria  asprelln. 


loa  vitrea. 

Ammocrypta  pellucida. 
Ammocrypta  pellucida  clara. 
lioleoBoma  podostemone. 
Etheostoma  swannanoa. 
Hypohomus  aurantiacus. 
Hypohomus  cymatotieuia. 
liypohumus  8<iuamatus. 


Group  I)  (ventrals  well  separated,  not  quite  so  much  so  as  in  A). 

Iladrojiterus  evides.  Uiocontra  histrio.  Ulocentra  stigmica. 

Kthciistoma  variatnm.  £theostoma  elegans.  Ettieostoma  thalasslnum. 

EthiMistoma  /onale.  Ktheostoma  blenniua.  Boleosoma  longimauus. 

Oiioup  ('  (ventrals  rather  close  together). 
PHycliromaster  tuscumbia.  Diplesion  blennioides.  Microperca  pneliaris. 

Kthoustoma  obeyen.se.  Microperca  punctulata.  Etiieostoma  squamice|i8. 

I'loieiitra  simotera. 

Groui'  D  (ventrals  very  close  together,  almost  touching). 

Gtheostnma  flabellare.  Ktheostoma  whipplii.  Gtheostoma  pottsii. 

Kth(icist(>macieruleuin.  Etheostoma  jessia*.  Copelandellus  quiescens. 

KtliiMitttonia  lopidum.  Etheostoma  rutilineatum.  Boleichthys  fusiformi.s. 

Ktlunistoma  cragini.  Etheostoma  camurum.  Boleichthys  fusiformis  eos. 

Gtht'ostuma  australe.  Etheostoma  maculatum. 

Iiisiver.il  of  these  cases,  the  assignment  is  almost  arbitrary;  thus:  Uadrnplenu  nigro/iuicinttu 
lias  the  iutei-spaco  narrower  thau  in  HaJmpteriis  aspro,  and  scarcely  wider  than  in  Hndroplerut 
fiiks.  Diplesion  blennioides  and  Pj/schromaster  tuscnmbta  might  be  placed  in  B  as  properly  as  in  C. 
Wu  I'oiiclude  that  while  this  character  may  prove  useful  in  classilicatiou,  we  are  unable  to  use 
it  to  separate  a  large  group  or  genus,  Percina,  from  the  still  larger  and  more  heterogeneous  group, 
Elheoiloina, 

*Xatned  for  General  Benjamin  Alvord,  U.  IS.  Army,  a  gentleman  interested  in  natural  bietory, 
who  discovered  "Alvordiits  macidalus,"  at  Fort  Gratiot  on  Lake  Huron. 


i'ii 


II 


« 


r 


1030 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


r    i 


iJi!.^ 


^li- 


(Id.  Snwit  Marccly  loiiKcr  than  eye;  houd  ihurtiT,  ab(iu(  4  in  lungtli. 
e.  Vint  (lorHal  alxiiit  ns  liiKh  aH  second;  m-aloH  rathor  Hniall. 

/.  Cheeks  anil  opercloi  ctntircly  naked;  sideH  with  dusky  sliailes. 

MA(!iaAT''tl,  ll.'(i, 

^r.  Cheeks  and  opcrclos  more  or  less  Hcaly,the  chucks  Honietimi's  iink>  >1. 
(/.  Scales  sniiill,  uboul  0()  tu  7(1;  65  to  TA  port's;  cliucks  with  snmll  ki  aloM; 
opercio  with  larger  ones;  lino  with  rounded  coDtlucnt  blotthi's. 

ASPBO,  1421. 
I/!/.  .Scales  larger,  M  to  60;  SO  to  M  iK>res. 

A.  ('hoeks  and  oporcles  each  with  some  largo  scales. 

(ll'NTIIKRI,  I  I'W. 

.    Ml.  Cheeks  naked  or  with  Hmall  embedded  walcH;  o|M>rcli'>  with 
some  scales, 
i.  Body  nut  very  slender,  the  depth  6}^  to  &^  in  length:  pec- 
torals Hhortor  than  bead.  I'Kl.TATr.",  I  l.i:i. 
ii.  Body  very  slender,  the  depth  (!  to  0]/^  in  length;  pi'iiumln 
OH  long  as  head.                                      onAriiiT.v:,  14:i4. 
ee.  Kirst  dorsal  lower  than  second;  scales  large,  44  to  50;  houd  chivtly  ii.ikdl; 
pectorals  as  long  as  head;  sides  barred  with  deep-blue  grcuii  In  iiuile, 

ROAN  OKA,  142.'). 

Ebicosma  (ep,  springtime;  Koanim,  to  adorn): 
66.  Vertebrin  about  37;  dorsal  spinea  10  to  12;  male  with  the  lower  flns  tulK-rnilatp  in 
spring;  gill  membranes  separate;  ventrals  not  widely  separated;  HcaluB  nuxltTato. 
j.  Cheeks  naked;  operclcs  scaly;  head  heavy;  flns  large;  coloration  orniilc,  >li<'  iimlo 
with  much  blue-black  and  orange.  evii>i:s,  MJii, 

aa.  Median  line  of  belly  with  a  series  of  enlarged  and  spinous  scales,  which  are  pcrsistirit.  at 
least  iiosteriorly;  ventrals  well  separated,  but  the  intersiiaco  usually  less  than  width  i<f 
huso  of  fln. 
Serraria  (tsrra,  saw): 
k.  Preopercle  finely  serrated;  gill  membranes  broadly  united  across  isthmus;  scali'.i  siiiall, 
about  70. 
^  Coloration  of  Hadroplenu  atpro:  yellowish,  with  diffuse,  bluckisii,  lateral  hlotilios. 
depth  5  to  6  in  length.  sciEitus,  1427. 

IIadropterus: 
kk.  Preopercle  strictly  entire;  gill  membranes  rather  narrowly  united;  scales  larger,  ahout 
60;  body  robust,  deep, 
ni.  Olivaceous,  with  dark  vertical  bars ;  flns  high;  dorsal  rays  XII-12;  ileptli  r>  in 

length.  NIOROFASc  lATIS,  1428. 


\ 


■  I 

I  i 


Subgenus  ALVORDIUS,  Uirard. 
1418,  HADROPTERITS  PHOXOeEPHALUS  (Nelson). 

Head  3|-  to  4;  depth  5i  to  6;  eye  4i  in  head,  about  eqnal  to  Hiiont. 
D.  XI  or  XII-12  to  14 ;  A.  II,  8  or  9 ;  scales  12-80  to  85-16,  66  to  71  ])oie8. 
Body  rather  slender,  compressed.  Head  extremely  long,  narrow,  and 
tapering,  the  snout  very  acuminate.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reach- 
ing to  the  eye ;  the  lower  jaw  unusually  narrow  and  long,  scarcely 
shorter  than  upper ;  distance  between  mouth  and  gill  cleft  f  head,  (lill 
membranes  somewhat  connected.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  neck  witli  Hiiiall 
scales;  breast  naked;  a  strong  opercular  spine;  ventral  lino  witli . small 
caducous  shields  ;  pectoral  shorter  than  head ;  ventrals  widely  seiiarated. 
Skull  more  elongate  than  in  H.  aspro,  the  frontal  region  very  narrow; 
parietals  more  convex  in  cross  section  than  usual  in  ffadropterm,  no  supra- 
occipital  crest ;  vertebrae  19  -f  20  =  39.  Pyloric  coeca  2.  Color  yellowish 
brown,  but  the  lateral  spots  smaller  and  more  numerous  than  in  //■  anpro, 


W 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1031 

quuilrnte  iu  form,  the  hues  rather  dull;  a  small  blackish  spot  at  each  end 
of  the  lateral  line.  Length  0  inches.  Ohio  to  Iowa,  south  to  Kentucky 
and  Oklahoma;  in  sandy  rivers;  locally  common,  especially  in  Arkansas; 
a  well-marked  species,  notable  for  its  very  slender  head.  {(j>o^d(,  tapering; 
Ksipn'At/,  head.) 
ni'ioitima  phi>xi»e))halum,  NEL80N,  Bull.  Ilia.  MuH.  Nat.  HUt.,  i,  35, 187G,  Illinois  River  and 

its  tributaries.     (Coll.  Nelson.) 
Aliurtlim ]inojtocei)halu»,  Jobdan  &  OlI.liERT,  Synopitif),  501,  18H3. 
Paxiiia phoxocephala,  Houms.nueu,  Cat.,  i,  Ki, 


5%  in  longlli;  \iQc- 


mils;  flcnlcs  tiniall, 


;aleH  liirKcr,  al>otit 


1419.  HADK0PTKR|:H  MACR0CKPHAL17H  (Cope). 

Head  3|  to  4 ;  depth  6  to  7 ;  eye  4i  in  head,  shorter  than  snout.  D.  XIII 
to  XVI-12  to  14 ;  A.  II,  9  to  11 ;  scales  11-88  to  90-16,  pores  74  to  83. 
Body  elongate;  head  longer  and  more  slender  than  in  Hadropierm  aspro', 
niaxillary  about  reaching  pupil,  'di  in  head  ;  nape  scaly;  cheek  naked,  or 
with  a  few  rudimentary  scales  behind  eye;  opercle  with  very  small 
cycloid  scales  above,  rarely  quite  naked;  breast  naked  ;  scales  on  middle 
line  of  belly  enlarged  and  caducous.  Gill  membranes  separate.  Pectoral 
1>  in  head;  anal  spines  subequal;  ventrals  well  separated.  Color  light 
brown ;  9  black  spots  on  side,  confluent,  squarish  in  form,  sharply  defined 
and  edged  above  by  a  continuous,  undulating  pale  streak  from  eye  to 
batse  of  caudal;  fins,  including  ventrals,  barred;  a  small  but  very  dis- 
tinct spot  at  base  of  caudal;  a  median  dark  shade  across  spinous  dorsal. 
West  slope  of  the  Allegbanies  from  Pennsylvania  southward  iu  mountain 
streams ;  rather  scarce ;  .known  from  Youghiogheny  River,  Foxburg,  Penn- 
sylvania; north  fork  of  Holston  River,  Saltville,  Virginia  ;  middle  fork 
of  Holston  River,  Glade  Spring,  Virginia ;  Big  Sandy,  Green,  and  Cum- 
berland rivers,  Kentucky ;  and  Clinch  River,  Tennessee.  A  Ibrge  and 
interesting  darter;  found  only  in  clear  rivers,  not  in  brooks.  (naKplic, 
long;  Ketpa^Tj,  head.) 

Kihfofloma  macroceplialum.  Cope,  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  1866,  400,  Youghiogheny  River, 
Pennsylvania;  Vaillant,  Rocherches,  64,  1873,  with  plate;  .Tobdan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish 
Comm.,  VIII,  1888  (1890),  147. 

AliWiViiHjiiiwroccplialttK,  Jordan  &  Gilhert,  SynopsiH,  501.  1883. 

Pit  cilia  uiacrocepliolu*,  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  62. 

v/ 
1420.  ;:  .('.iOPTEBUS  MACVLATUS  (Oirard). 

This  species  has  never  been  satisfactorily  identified  since  its  first  descrip- 
tion. It  seems  to  be  close  to  Hadropterus  guntheri  and  to  Hadropterus 
(tspro,  but  is  apparently  characterized  by  the  naked  head.  The  following 
is  t  lie  original  description:  "Amongst  the  fishes  collected  by  Major  B. 
Alvord,  at  Fort  Gratiot,  Lake  Huron,  there  is  a  species  of  Etheo8tomid,  the 
generic  character  of  which  reminds  us  somewhat  of  those  given  to  the 
genus  Hadropterus.  The  opercle  and  cheeks,  however,  are  scaleless,  as 
well  as  the  thro&t,  which  is  minutely  prickly.  The  first  dorsal  fin  is  longer 
and  lower  than  the  second,  which  is  equal  to  the  anal.  The  caudal  is 
eniarginated  posteriorly.  The  species  itself  being  yet  undescribed,  we 
shall  call  it  Alvordiua  maculatua.     The  specimen  before  us  measured  2^^ 


U 


<!•■>, 


.1 


;i 


I 


I 


I 


i^ 


i!-  ! 


:i; 


r\ 


W. 


Ml: 
•ik' 


■^  ' 


■  i 


1032 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


iDohes.    The  body  is  elon^^ated,  rather  slender,  and  snbfasiform.    The  Ik  .«1 

is  Huboonical,  entering  about  4}  tinieu  in  the  total  length.    The  eyo  Ih  \\v\\ 

developed,  its  diameter  being  contained  4  times  in  the  length  of  tli«>  nidi' 

of  the  head,  once  in  advance  of  its  anterior  rim.    The  posterior  uxticin- 

ity  of  the  maxillary  bono  extends  to  a  vertical  line  drawn  within  tlic 

anterior  rim  of  the  orbit,  not  (luite  in  front  of  the  pupil.    The  lowoi  jaw 

is  somewhat  shorter  than  the  upper.    The  Rrst  dorsal  iin  is  much  loii;;er 

and  lower  than  the  second,  to  which  it  is  nearly  contiguous.     Its  ii)i|i(<r 

margin  is  convex.    The  second  dorsal  is  lower  than  high,  diminiNliin^r 

gradually  backward.    The  caudal,  which  forms  about  the  sixth  of  ilu^ 

total  length,  is  somewhat  emarginated  posteriorly.     The  anal  is  iiliufd 

opposite  the  second  dorsal,  and  nearly  equal  to  it  in  size  and  sliapo.    'I'lie 

ventrals  are  sublanceolated  and  rather  short,  their  posterior  extreiiiiMeg 

being  even  with  those  of  the  pectorals,  which  are  subelliptical  in  incir 

outline.    The  formula  of  the  fins  reads  :  D.  XIV;  A.  1,10;  C.  5, 1,7,(1, 1, S; 

V.  I,  5;  P.  14.    The  scales  are  rather  small,  deeper  than  long,  antt'iioilv 

truncated,  posteriorly  rounded,  with  radiating  furrows  upon  the  aiitt  rior 

se<>tions  only,  and  fine  pectination  upon  the  posterior  margin.    A  NoricN  of 

la  ger  scales  conspicuously  toothed  pofjtcriorly,  may  be  observed  aloiii; 

the  ventral  line  between  the  vent  a.'d  the  extremities  of  the  ventrals. 

The  ground  color  is  reddish  brown,  the  dorsal  region  being  tessullated 

with  blackish  spots,  whilst  a  series  of  black  patches  may  be  observeil  on 

either  side,  larger  and  less  numerous  in  the  male  than  in  the  female.    A 

black  streak  intersects  vertically  the  eye.    The  fins  in  the  male  aro  uni- 

color,  except  the  first  dorsal,  which  is  black,  spotted  at  the  base.    In  tlic 

female  sex  the  caudal  exhibits  transverse  blackish  lines.    The  inferior 

regions  are  unioolor  in  either  sex."    (Girard.)     (maculatus,  spotted.) 

Alrordum  mitculatiin,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1869,  67,  Fort  Gratiot,  Michigan. 
(Coll.  B.  Alvord.) 

1421.  HADROPTERiT  A8PR0  (Copu  &  Jordan). 
(Bla'"    iIded  Darter.*) 

Head  4 ;  depth  5  to  6;  eye  about  equal  to  snout,  4  in  head.    D.  XIII  to 
XV-11  to  13 ;  A.  II,  8  to  10 ;  scales  9-65  to  80-17,  pores  63  to  75.    Hody 

♦  Thn  fine  gentleman  of  tlio  family  is  the  Black-Bided  Darter  (Hadrop/(>rM»  (i«;(ro).  Him  w  >■  may 
know  by  his  colrrx.  The  ground  hue  is  a  salmon  yellow;  the  back  is  regularly  and  Iwaiitiliilly 
marblfd  witli  lilhrk  in  a  peculiar  and  handsome  pattern.  On  the  sides,  from  the  head  tu  the  tail, 
runs  a  jet-l>lark  band,  whi^h  is  widened  at  intervals  into  roinided  spots  which  contraxt  Kliargily 
with  the  Rilvery  color  of  the  belly;  or  we  may  say  that  on  each  side  is  u  chain  of  rontliiont 
round  black  blotches.  Sometimes  the  fishes  seem  to  fade  out;  these  blotches  grow  jmli'  ami  im 
longer  nieit,  but  in  an  instant  they  may  regain  their  original  form  and  shade.  This  liitter 
change  can  be  induced  by  the  olTcr  of  food,  and  it  is  of  course  due  to  niuHcular  action  on  tlie 
Kcalus  which  cover  the  darker  pigment.  A  male  in  our  aquarium  underwent  almost  iiir'tarilly 
an  entire  change  of  coloration  upor  the  introduction  of  u  female  fish  of  the  same  species  ividg- 
nized  by  him  as  hin  affinity.  A<'.'uough  the  two  have  been  together  for  some  week.s,  tlic  iinvclty 
has  not  yet  worn  off,  and  although  his  colors  vary  much  from  one  hour  to  another,  he  lia>  mver 
yet  quite  reverted  to  iiis  original  hues.  The  form  of  the  Black-sided  Darter  is  more  ^rac  efiil 
than  that  of  any  other,  and  his  movements  have  little  of  that  angular  jerki.iess  whicli  rlii.rac- 
terixes  his  relativos.  The  fins  of  Hadroptems,  like  those  of  Pa-cina,  are  long  and  large,  tlif  uiim- 
'  ber  of  dorsal  spines  beitig  about  14.  A  notable  peculiarity  in  both  species  is  the  presence  of  a  row  ut 
shields,  or  enlarged  scales,  along  the  middle  Hue  of  the  abdomen.  These  may  help  to  protect 
that  part  from  the  friction  of  the  stony  bottom.  They  seem  to  be  shed  sometimes,  but  when  or 
why  this  happens  we  do  not  know.  AidroptoriM  delights  in  clear  running  water  and  may  be  round 
inmostBtreamssouthand  weatof  NewTork.  Itisespecially  desirable  for  aquaria,  beinr  lanlict 
than  any  other  fish  as  pretty,  and  prettier  than  any  other  fish  as  hardy,  and  w  ithal  with  "  u  way 
of  hii  own,"  M  an  Iriah  laborer,  Ba*  aey  Mullins,  once  said  to  us  of  Thoreau.— •/orttan  it  Ccjiehml. 


-^aJi  -rfvJJrf-ij 


m. 

m.  Theln.Hl 
be  eyo  jh  well 
;li  of  t)u>  '^idf 
^rior  oxticiii 
n  within  tlic 
ho  luw((i  jaw 
much  loii;{*T 

IB.       ItH  U|i)lfl' 

diminisliiii^ 

sixth  of  I  lie 
iial  iH  pliicol 
I  Hhapo.  I'liu 
ir  extroinititiH 
ticiil  ill  tncir 
.5,1,7,(1,  I, ><: 
ig,  anteriorly 
1  tho  aiiti-iior 
1.  A  Moricis  (if 
served  along 
the  ventralH. 
kg  tesHuIIatcd 
1)  observeil  on 
le  female.  A 
mule  are  niii- 
hase.     In  the 

The  inferior 

potted.) 
:iot,  Michigan, 


D.  XIH  to 
to  75.     Hody 


ne 


Him  wi'  may 
and  liuaiitllull.v 
hca<l  tu  till'  tail, 
oiitraKt  Bliaiply 
liiii  ut'  I'diiHiioiit 
row  pall'  ami  ii" 
ide.  This  latter 
r  action  on  tlie 
Jmost  instantly 
le  Bpecic.f  ri'mg- 
elts,  the  iii'Vi'lty 
ler,  ho  lia>  mviT 
nioru  jriacofnl 
wliicli  ilii.nic- 
Xaxfie,  till'  miin- 
sence  of  a  row  of 
help  to  protect 
les,  but  when  or 
td  maybe  found 
i,  boinf  "uinliii 
nl  with  "away 
dan  A  Copehml. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1033 


mtliei  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed  behind.  Head  moderately  elongate 
It'gH  |iointed  than  in  some  of  the  species.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lower  ,juw 
inrltitied  ;  maxillary  reaching  Just  past  the  front  of  tite  eye.  (jlill  mem- 
lirmies  scarcely  connected  ;  distance  from  mouth  to  gill  cleft  uhout  half 
hiiul.  Lateral  line  straight,  prolonged  forward  to  the  eye.  Opercles 
»itb  lather  large  scales;  cheeks  usually  covered  with  very  small  ones, 
wiiii'li  are  scarcely  visible,  but  rarely  or  never  oltsolete ;  breast  naked ; 
nape  naked,  or  more  or  less  scaly;  middle  line  of  bully  with  enlarged 
(Uiliicoiis  scales  ;  body  otherwise  entirely  scaly ,  the  scales  small  and  rough. 
Pectoral  a  little  shortor  than  head;  ventrals  well  separated.  8kull 
smoutlier  than  in  I'ercino,  its  outline  more  convex,  frtintal  region  very 
narrow ;  supraoccipital  crest  minute.  Pyloric  cteea  3.  Vertobne 
l(|^2;i-=42.  Shoulder  ginlle  and  pharyngeals  as  in /Vm/Mt.  Coloration 
Htraw  yellow  or  greenish,  with  dark  tessellations  and  nuirblings  above, 
and  about  7  large  dark  blotches  along  the  sides,  which  are  partly  conllu- 
eiit,  tliiiH  forming  a  moniliform  band  ;  tins  barred.  Great  Lake  region  U* 
the  niidiUe  Missouri,  and  north  to  Minnesota  ;*  southward  through  Mis- 
souri, Indiana,  and  Kentucky  to  Arkansas,  especially  common  in  the 
Ohio  Valley  ;  abundant  in  clear,  gravelly  streams,  not  common  in  snuill 
bruokH.  One  of  the  most  curious  and  elegant  of  the  darters.  Its  color- 
ation varies  much  in  intensity  with  ditl'erences  in  surroundings,  (.txpro, 
w/AiKjil,  a  related  genus,  which  this  species  resembles ;  from  atiper,  rough. ) 

ahfiKliiiii'i  lilnmioideH,  KlRTLANl),  Jouro.  liost.  Sue.  Nat.  HiHt.,  183!),  340,  flg.  (but  not  doHrrlp- 
tioni;  not  of  liAFlNEsgl'E. 

iknrdii'.i  'ispro,  OoPK  &  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Phlhi.,  1877,  61,  White  River,  Indian- 
apolis, Indiana,  siibHtitute  fur  Etheo$toma  lileimioideK,  of  Kihti.anu  and  Aoahhix;  Jokiian  & 
Gii.iiKKT,  Synopnis,  501,  1883. 

PiTcim  ufiiro,  BouLKNOER,  Cat.,  i,  fiO. 

1422,  HADROPTRRrH  MttNTHKRI  (Kignninann  &  Kigunmann). 

Head  ^  to  4 ;  depth  5J  to  6.  D.  X-1.3  or  14 ;  A.  II,  9  to  11 ;  scales  5-56 
or  37-!),  pores  53  to  56.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile ;  distance  from 
mouth  to  gill  eleft  half  head;  gill  membranes  scarcely  connected;  ven- 
tral lino  with  the  median  scales  enlarged  ;  lateral  line  complete  ;  palate 
with  well-developed  teeth;  preopercle  entire ;  nape  and  breast  (with  the 
exception  of  the  median  line)  naked;  cheeks  and  opercles  each  with 
about  3  series  of  large  scales.  A  strong  opercular  spine ;  pectoral  nearly 
as  long  as  head.  Yellowish;  back  marbled  with  darker;  a  lateral  series 
of  large  dark  pots  ;  dark  streaks  below  and  before  eye ;  spinous  dorsal 
with  a  dark  s^/ot  in  front  and  another  behind.  Closely  related  to  Uadrop- 
(ir«8  oKdclntw.      Souris  River,  Winnipeg,  south  to  Iowa.     (Eigenmann.) 


*  Kecordcil  by  Dr.  ElKoumann  from  nrandou  and  V/iiinipt>g  iu  Manitoba.  Concerning  tticHe 
•peclmeiis,  IJr.  Boulongur  reinarlvs:  "Tlio  latter  Bpecimons  have  been  referred  liy  Prof.  Kigen- 
niann  to  /'.  niipro,  from  which  they  differ  in  the  iuil<>jd  cheeli  (with  or  withonta  few  cinbedde.i 
Halen)  unci  tlie  smaller  number  of  scales  in  the  lateral  line.     They  show  the  following  formula: 

D.  XIII.  12-14;  A.  II,  9-1(1;  scales  04-72,^  ;  latera'i  line  56-62.  In  the  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coram., 
viii,  1889,  p.  113,  Professor  Jordan  says  of  P.  peltata:  ' General  form  of  E.  aspro,  from  which  this 
(pecies  tiearcely  differs  except  in  the  larger  size  cf  the  scales.'  If  so,  the  Canadian  specimens 
belong  to  P.  peltata  and.not  to  P.  atpro  The  two  species  are,  however,  nearly  completely  con- 
nMt«il,  and  may  ultimately  have  to  be  united." 


I  i 


% 


i 
i 
1, 

Jmi 

i 

1 

i 


it 


rl 


i 


hi 


!i:  i !  ■■ 


!        i 

1  ,4^, 

fl:,  i 

1,'  n 

yi  :  i 

t     -a^ 

ISa! 

i!lH 

I" 

ItH 


■  i  a» 

It 
111. 


]034  Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


(Named  for  Dr.  Alhurt  C.  L.  G.  Oiiiithnr,  Kouptu' of  Ihtt  HritiHli  Mutieuiii 
of  Natural  IliHtory.) 

f  /l/ri»r./(i«ii»m<i(/<i/H)i,«  OiHARD,  Priic.  Ar.  Niit.Sel.  I'hila.,n7,  Iftno,  FortOratiot,  Lake  Huron. 
t'Jhrnniiimii  ijiiHOi-ri,  Kkiknmann  \  Kiiir.NMANN,  Anier.  Nal.,  Nnv.,  IHW,  !Mi2,  Winnipeg.  Souri» 

River,  (<N>II.  KiKfiiiiiuiHi);  Cedar  River,  Cedar  Rapida,  Iowa.    iCnII.  Meik.i 
JVri'iHii  yiienllirri,  Uul>LKNti»,  Cat.,  I,  01. 


UM.  IIADKOPTKKrM  i'KliTATI'N  (StaiinVr). 

Head  4;  depth  5ij  ;  eye  4.  D.  XIII-12;  A.  II,  10;  scalen  t^-rii' to  .')t)-lt. 
Generul  form  of  lludropleruH  anpro,  hut  stouter  and  with  largtM  NcalfH; 
head  rather  heavy,  the  Hiiout  bluntiah  in  profile,  about  as  lon^  an  eye; 
lower  Juw  Hli^htly  included,  maxillary  reaching  Just  past  front  of  lyx,  itn 
length  '.ii  in  head ;  gill  membranes  scarcely  connected.  CIumO;  usually 
wholly  naked  (peltatun),  but  often  with  smooth  embedded  soalcs  {mn. 
aewMM).  Operole  with  about  3  small  scales  above,  sometinu's  naki'd  on 
one  side ;  nape  and  breast  naked  ;  caducous  ventral  shields  largo  ami  few 
in  number.  Fins  all  comparatively  low  and  small ;  pectoral  a  little 
shorter  than  head,  barely  reaching  tips  of  ventrals ;  anal  nearly  iin  lar);*' 
as  second  dorsal,  its  second  spine  a  little  slenderer  and  longer  tiiaii  lii.tt; 
caudal  lunate.  Light  straw  color,  the  marking  all  very  dark,  v(M;;in^r  on 
Jet  black ;  back  with  dark  cross  blotches  and  irregular  wavy  loiifritiKliniil 
markings  above  lateral  line,  much  as  in  H.  aapro',  sides  with  hIx  lar^'o 
conspicuous  square  black  blotches,  about  as  broad  as  the  interspaci's  ami 
alternating  with  fainter  bars  of  black,  these  sometimes  coalcHciii^  in  a 
dark  lateral  bar ;  a  faint  dusky  streak  along  lateral  line ;  marklii^rN  yome- 
timos  bright  (pcltatHs),  or  obscure  and  diffuse  {cras»Hn);  top  of  head 
black ;  a  black  bar  below  eye ;  snout  and  opercle  mostly  black ;  napo 
with  a  pale  spot  surrounding  a  dark  one  ;  a  dark  band  in  axil  aixl  <l  tu  8 
round  spots  on  back ;  first  dorsal  wi'  h  a  sabmedian  black  band  and  Honie 
black  spots  toward  tip;  second  ciorsal  and  caudal  obscurely  liarred; 
ventrals  and  pectorals  dusky.  Southeastern  Pennsylvania  southward  to 
South  Carolina  in  coastwise  streams  ;  locally  common  ;  not  found  wcat 
of  the  AUeghanies.  Close  to  Hadropterun  aapro,  but  with  tlio  scales 
always  larger,     (peltatua,  shielded. ) 

Wieoiloma  pelliitiim  (Staiiffor  MS.),  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,,  1804,  2.13,  Conestot;a 
Cr^sek,  near  Lancaater,  Pennaylvanla ;  (Coll.  Stanffer);  Vaim.ant.  Itcrlicri'liox,  61, 
187.1,  with  platOH;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  vin,  1888  (189();,  IIH. 

Hadroplma  macnialiw,  GiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  100,  (nnmc  prcocruiii''il^  tribu- 
tary of  Potomac  River,  Ann  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Etlieontoma  neruetise,  CoPK,  Proc.  Amor.  Philog.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  201,  Neuse  River  at  the 
falla,  8  miles  east  of  Raleigh,  North  Carolina.    (Coll.  Cope.) 

AlvoriUm  craunii,  Joroan  &  Brayton,  Bull,  xii,  U.  S.  Nat.  MuR.,  12,  1878,  Saluda,  Ennoree, 
and  Reedy  rivers,  near  Greenville,  South  Carolina.     (Coll.  Jordan  &  lirnytoii.) 

Ah'ordius  uenineimK,  crasnuii,  and  rariatiu,  Jordan  <Sc  Qilbert,  Syuopsis,  502  and  503,  1883. 

Perciua  peltcUii,  Boulenger,  Cat.,  I,  60. 

♦This  Alvordiii*  maniUtliin  \h  more  likely  to  be  Hadrnpteriu  gunlheri  than  H.  <w/»",  ax  (iiranl 
deiicribeB  it  as  having  the  head  acaleless.  Perhaps  both  are  varities  of  6do  g|)ccii's,  tu  whicli  it 
may  be  necessary  to  add  pellaliu  and  ouachUie  also,  and  possibly  even  atpro. 


#^i/:'.; 
M^^ 


Jordan  ami  Rvermann, — Fishfs  of  North  Amrrica.       1035 


)  lii-itiNli  MiiNeiiin 


Neuse  River  at  the 


I4!!4.  IIAIIKOPTKRIN  OrACIIIT.K  (.Ionian  A Ollbrrt). 

Iltiid  1;  depth  (>i ;  eye  :{;!  in  head,  eqiiul  to  Hiiont.  I).  XI  or  XII-13; 
A.  II.  10;  H«'ttleH  0-52  to  «M)-1(),  por«H  50  to  58.  Kody  «doi)({Ht«s  Hl«<iidur, 
roin|i!iiativ«dy  littl«  coiiipruHHtHl.  Head  Nioiidor,  the  Hiioiit  not  blunt,  the 
iippn  protlle  deHoendin^  i»  »  lon^  gentle  curve.  Mouth  moderate, 
iiaiiiiw  ,  preniuxilliirieH  on  a  level  with  lower  part  of  orbit,  nonprotrac- 
tilr;  lower  Jaw  ineliided;  gape  nearly  horizontal;  maxillary  reaching 
vert  Hill  from  front  «>f  orbit,  itH  length  Hlightly  greater  than  Nuout,  \\\  in 
IiuimI.  OiU  monibranoH  ncarcely  Joined  acroHO  iHthmuH.  Fins  of  moderate 
Mi/r«:  longeut  dorsal  spine  2^  in  head,  the  longest  soft  ray  more  than  half 
lifitd  :  anal  spines  short  and  weak,  the  two  nearly  e(|ual,  their  length 
eiiniiling  diameter  of  orbit;  caudal  emarginato;  pectorals  reaching  to 
ii]i|)(»ito  tips  of  ventrals,  as  long  as  head.  tSoales  moderate,  rough; 
latfiiil  line  complete^  straight;  opercles  and  nape  scaled  ;  cheeks  smooth, 
iiaki  il  or  covered  with  embedded  scales ;  breast  naked ;  middle  of  belly 
nukt'd,  or  with  series  of  enlarged  plates;  an  enlarged  spinous  scale 
li»>t\vrfM  bases  of  ventral  fins.  Color  olivaceous;  back  nmre  or  less  tes- 
Noliiili'd  with  dark  brownish,  the  margins  of  the  scales  dusky  ;  5  rather 
fiiitit  <lark  bars  from  the  back  downward  and  forward  to  lateral  line ;  the 
*''rst  under  front  of  spinous  dorsal  and  the  second  under  its  last  rays,  the 
third  under  middle  of  soft  dorsal  and  the  fourth  immediately  behind  it, 
the  fifth  a  mere  cross  blotch  on  back  of  tail;  on  middle  of  back  these 
l)arK  lire  narrower  than  the  interspaces,  but  grow  much  wider  downward ; 
middio  of  sides  with  a  series  of  8  or  i)  quadrate  dusky  blotches,  more  or 
iesH  loufluent,  as  in  anpro]  below  pale,  unmarked  ;  dorsals,  caudal,  and 
pectunils  more  or  less  evidently  barred  with  light  and  dark;  ventrals 
and  il  mil  unmarked  ;  no  red  or  blue  in  life.  Length  2  inches.  Southern 
Imliitiia,  western  Kentucky,  and  southwest  to  Arkansas;  not  rare ;  known 
from  i'atoka  River,  Indiana  (Evermann) ;  lower  (>reeu  and  Obion  rivers, 
Kentucky  (Woolman) ;  Black  Elver*  and  Saline  River,  Arkansas.  Very 
cioHt)  to  IfadropteruH peltatuSf  a,  little  more  slender,  the  pectorals  longer, 
and  t  distinct  cross  blotches  on  the  back.  The  scales  in  both  are  larger 
tlian  ill  lladroptvriia  anpro,  which  they  otherwise  much  resemble.  (Name 
fioiii  the  Ouachita  River  in  Arkansas,  now  usually  spelled  Washita, 
from  il  tributary  of  which  the  types  were  taken.) 

FJlim^i  .,11(1  {lliidroiitenu)  oitarhilir,  JoHVAS  &  QihnEnT,VTOf.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  49,  1H87,  Saline 
River,  Benton,  Arkansas,  a  tributary  of  the  Washita;  (Typo  No.  :»<)44!») ;  Coll.  Jor- 
dan \  Meok);    Jordan,  Bull.  I'.  8.  Fbli  Comin.,  vili,  1888  (1890),  1C4. 


*Tli<'  roliowiiiK  *teficription  Ih  taken  from  a  Rpeciinen  from  Bliivk  Itivor,  Black  Rock,  Arkan- 
sas (C. II.  .<.  K.  Mock): 

Head  I;  .U'litli  0)-^;  eye  3J;  snout  ^%;  intororWtal  width  2  in  eye.  D.  X-1.3  ;  A.  II,  10;  waits 
ft-58-f,  latoral  linn  complete.  Body  slondpr,  subteroto,  rather  loosely  scaled;  breast  and  nupo 
iiaki"),  ciicekH  and  opercles  scaly;  lielly  with  a  naked  streak  where  tlio  plates  have  fallen  off. 
IIe:ul  iiai  I'liw,  slender;  snout  pointed;  mouth  largo,  maxillary  reaching  pupil.  Upper  jaw  with 
freiiHiii,  Imt  s<'arcely  protractile.  Gill  membranes  slij^litly  connected  across  isthmus.  Eye 
hrgf,  a  little  less  than  snout;  interorbital  very  narrow.  Anal  fln  large.  Color  similar  to  that 
of  //.  iisyiio;  sides  with  about  8  very  irregular,  coulluent  dark  blotches,  most  distinct  on  pos- 
terior jart  of  body;  a  dark  line  forwanl  and  a  very  distinct  one  downward  from  tho  eye,  meet- 
ing its  li'llow  beneath;  4  broad  dark  blotches  across  the  back  (resembling  CoUogculer  uraiMea 
in  this  ri'spcct),  the  first  at  anterior  part  of  spinous  dorsal,  the  second  between  the  dorsals,  the 
third  iii-ar  the  middle  of  soft  dorsal,  aud  the  fourth  just  behind  the  soft  dorsal;  fiua,  except 
Tentrald  and  anal,  barred  with  dark. 


I. 


I 


■J ; 


]:■ 


.1 . 


t 


I  \ 

■ 


I  ■  I 


'  H    ! 


■ ,      ( 


l: 


m 


4 


,1-1 J  ( 


HKMi  liulletin  y/,  UnileU  States  iWttionai  Museum, 

Wih.  IIAIIHOI'TKKIH  ItOiXOKA  (lonlitii  .V  .Imiklni). 

Iloiul  .'{)  to  4;  iluptli  \\  to  4};  vy«  4^  to  4}  in  liuiul,  about  lu  luii); 
UN  Hiioiit.  I>.  X  or  XI-ll;  A.  II,  M  or  9;  Hoah^H  5-4H-J>,  |Hir«H  II  to  .".o 
Hotly  iltM'itliMlly  robiiNt,  iiiodrnilnly  <'oiii|truNMMl,  tli*t  buck  »luvutt>«l.  JlrjHJ 
brutid,  iioiivy,  ta|)«)riiiK  t'orwanl,  tboNiioiit  inoilurutuly  blunt  at  tip,  thun 
niMiriy  Hd-alKlit  from  b«ifoi'«Mtyo  backward  to  occiput.  Pruniaxiliniits  not 
|irotiiictil«i.  Maxillary  :<;{  in  IumuI,  reu<;liin;i{  front  of  iiupil.  Mouth  Nuiali, 
littl«>  olilii|iu),  low,  tint  lower  jaw  inclndt'il  all  around;  t«»th  rutliurNtion^r. 
(7h«!(«k  Nculi^litHH,  UHually  2  or  [(  Nuiall  Noahm  on  upptir  part  of  opt^icli .  tin. 
lioad  ol'ton  *|uit«  naked;  nap«  and  broast  naktnl ;  middle  lino  of  lii>|iy 
with  about  H  nuid«<rat<*ly  onlar^ed  HcahtH;  preoptircle  entire;  opt  iculai 
Npino  moderate;  ^ill  mumbraneH  very  Hiightly  connected;  latfini  liiw 
coni)il<>tt> ;  dorHal  thiM  moderate,  CfUitijifuouH;  anal  large,  ito  Hpint-.s  laiK<>, 
the  HrHt  HtrongoHt;  pectoral  about  aH  lonnf  uh  head,  reaching  beyoiiil  ven- 
tralH  to  vent;  caudal  Nlightly  lunate.  Color  Htraw  yullow,  the  iiiaieH 
dark  green  ;  .sides  with  lU  or  11  vertical  croNN  bars,  more  or  Ichh  ('oiilhicnt 
into  a  lateral  l>and  ;  in  the  mulcH  thcHe  bandu  are  of  a  tUtep  blui^  ;;r*<i>ii 
and  vaguely  detlned  ;  in  the  fenuilcH  they  are  diHtinctly  diamond  shapiMJ 
and  nonllucnt  along  their  middle,  forming  a  broad  band,  with  bolli  (({jrett 
Herrate;  nuile  with  lower  jtartH  and  paler  parts  of  head  bright  Hiilpliui 
yellow;  back  barred  and  nu)ttied  with  dark;  nape  with  a  pale  npot; 
head  dark  blue  in  males,  with  a  black  bar  forward  and  one  downward 
from  eye;  lips  orange.  Fins  in  male  nearly  plain  blue-black;  first  (iiUMii 
with  a  median  band  of  very  bright  yellow,  its  base  with  a  black  liand, 
its  edge  narrowly  black:  second  dorsal  and  anal  faintly  barred:  ndmu' 
orange  yellow  on  ventrals,  anal,  and  soft  dorsal ;  2  yellow  spot.s  at  lia.so 
of  caudal,  the  upper  forming  a  curved  streak  above  the  la.st  of  tlit^  dark 
lateral  spots.  Females  paler,  yellowish  below,  the  markings  black  and 
less  difl'iiso,  the  second  dorsal  and  caudal  sharply  barred.  Lni^^tli  2) 
inches.  Roanoke  Kiver,  Virginia;  common;  a  beautiful  speuicN  <if  tiio 
mountain  streams. 

tUhensldiiia  iniinohi,  .foRDAN  &  JKNKINS,  Pr4)c,  I'.  .'4,  Niit.  Mii8.,  'MS,  1888,  Roanoke  River  at 
Roanoke,  Salem,  and  Alleghany  Springs,  Virginia.  (Typv,  Nu.  aUHfiii.  Cull.  ,l,rri|iiti, 
Kvoriiiaiiii,  anil  .K'likiiis.) 

IWi-iwi  riiUHiilai,  llori.K.NdKIl,  (^llt.,  I,  62. 

Subgenus  ERICOSMA,  .lunlaii  ,^  (.'upulaiul. 

I42«.  liAnROPTKKl!N  KVIDKN*  (Jonlaii  k  Coiwlaiul). 

Head  4i;  dejitli  Hjt;  eye  rather  large,  high,  3^  in  head.  D.  XI-10;  A. 
II,  8  or  S>;  scales  9-.o2  to  tH-Jt  to  11 ;  vertebrm  18  +  22  =  40.  I^ody  mod- 
erate, somewhat  compressed.  Head  heavy,  the  profile  rather  convex. 
Mouth  moderate,  somewhat  oblique,  the  lower  Jaw  included  ;  niaxiliary 
reaching  front  of  eye.  Cheeks,  neck  above,  and  throat  naked  ;  opeicleH 
with  rather  larger  scales,  caducous ;  ventral  plates  little  enlarged,  Finn 
large;  pectorals  long;  second  dorsal  lower  than  anal,  but  with  longer 


'*'  Dr.  Boulenger  places  this  well-marked  Bpecies  in  the  syuonymy  of  "Percina  peltaUi- 
is  no  warraut  fur  this  arrangement. 


There 


ma  peltula."    There 


Jordan  and  F.vertminn. — Fishea  of  North  America.       UW7 

liu^(> :  vt^ntrulH  not  witlt^ly  H«pui'utiMl.  Coloration  u.\ti-«<niul,v  Itrillinnt; 
(lark  olivucconH  ahovo,  t«*8HeUttt«Ml  withitaik;  Ni<l«H  witli  ulioiit  7  broud 
triiu^t^'THU  Imi'H  oxtuntling  front  below  tlut  latuiai  lino  on  ono  hIiU*,  uctohh 
the  li.ick,  und  Uuwn  thu  other  Hide;  tliuHu  burH  ur«^  widor  tliiin  tliocyo 
anil  ;iio  connected  along  the  lateral  line  by  a  faint  black  Htripe;  in  tho 
leiiml)^  these  barH  are  black  and  the  intervening  npaceH  yrlh>wiHh  ;  in  tlio 
nmio  ihn  bara  are  of  a  dark  rich  bine  green,  with  metallic  InNirr:  tli«t 
coiiiit'i  ling  longitndinal  line  greeniHh  bron/.e;  JnHt  above  thiH  line  in  a 
liimiiiiiUM  yellowiah  streak,  and  above,  in  each  of  the  intorHpaceH  between 
timliaitt,  18  a  bright  blotch  «»f  bron/e-red;  blaokiHh  green  NtreakKdown- 
wiinl  and  forward  from  eye;  cheekn  orange  red,  the  color  of  iron  riist  ; 
ilorHul  lin  orange  colored,  with  a  bright  brou/e  edge,  a  blackiHh  Hpot  on 
the  Itmt  rayH ;  Heoond  dorual  and  candal  i)ale  orange  ;  two  bright  yellow- 
iitli  NpotH  at  base  of  caudal;  anal  bron/.e,  with  a  blue-black  nhading; 
veutiiil  linH  dark  blue-black;  jtectoralH  faintly  orange.  Mal<>H  with  the 
rayMol'  tho  ventral  and  anal  Huh  covered  with  Hnnill  corneous  tubercleH, 
miicli  :iH  in  some  Cypriiiidii,  Female  and  alcoholic  Npecimens  show  little 
uf  the  liright  colors,  although  the  same  )iatturn  is  preserved.  The  spinouH 
(lurmtl  lias  a  dusky  s])ot  on  its  posterior  rays,  autl  the  tins  are  (lestitute  of 
the  (lurk  bars  found  in  related  species.  Length  '2  to  'A  iiiches.  Indiana, 
in  tli«'  Wabash  and  Mauniee  basins,  west  to  central  Iowa  and  H«»uth- 
wurd  in  Arkansas,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee  in  the  larger,  dear  streams; 
fopucially  abundant  in  the  French  Hroad,  the  Wabash  and  in  tho  O/.ark 
rei;iun  ;  not  found  east  of  the  Alleghanies.  There  is  considerable  varia- 
tion in  coloration  and  in  size  of  scales,  those  from  the  Tennessee  Hasin 
eHpeciiilly  having  larger  scales  (52  to  65).  One  of  the  most  brilliant  of 
all  liMlKis.     (evti<i}/i;,  comely.) 

Akmltm  ri-iden,  JORDAN  A  Copr.i.ANn,  Proc.  Ai".  Nat.  Sol.  Philii.,  1H77,  51,  White  River,  near 
Indianapolis,  Indiana;  (Coll.  Jordnii  Jk.  ('upcliiml);  Joiidan  A  (iii.iiKiiT,  SyiiopKin,  r>o:i. 

EOuoiilnmii  eiuilen,  .loHDAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  FImIi  C'omiii.,  viii,  1880,  53;  Wholman,  Bull.  U.  8.  Fish 
Co 1.,  X,  1890,  200. 

Subgenus  SERRARIA,  Gill>«rt. 
1427.  IIAUROPTKKim  MCIERIIN,  Swuiii. 

Head  1  to  4,{ ;  depth  5  to  6 ;  eye  4  to  4^  in  head,  scarcely  e<|ual  to  snout ; 
suoiit  bluntisb,  3^  in  head.  D.  XIII-13  or  14;  A.  II,  it;  scales  7-HK  to 
70-17,  pores  64  to  71.  Body  robust,  rather  compressed  behind.  Head 
ratliei'  short.  Mouth  small,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  not 
reachiug  the  eye  by  about  the  width  of  the  pupil;  preopercle  more  or 
km  diHtinctly  serrate,  especially  in  the  young  and  in  southern  speci- 
meuH.  (iill  membranes  broadly  connected.  Lateral  lino  straight,  com- 
plete, not  prolonged  forward  to  the  eye.  Opercle  covered  with  rather 
large  Hcales ;  cheeks  with  slightly  smaller  ones  ;  a  triangular  area  on  the 
breast,  in  front  of  the  ventral  tins,  with  embedded  scales;  breast  other- 
wise almost  naked ;  throat  naked ;  scales  persistent,  those  on  middle  line 
of  belly  little  enlarged  and  not  caducous,  except  a  few  of  the  anterior 
uneH,  1  enlarged  plate  being  present  between  the  ventral  fins;  body 
otherwise  covered  with  rather  small  ctenoid  scales.     Fins  all  very  large; 


n 


I  p 


.■■■■  I 


■!|! 


rwwr 


■W^w^)  ■' 


I 


rv! 
t'i 


t         :    ;  i 

i  ■       i    ; 

I         '      :  ■■ 


1038 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


spiuouB  dorsal  separated  from  the  soft  dorsal  by  the  lenj^th  of  tli»  Hiiout ; 
outline  of  the  spinous  dorsal  gently  curved,  the  first  spine  ^  lon<r<>r  than 
last  spine,  and  f  length  of  middle  spine,  which  is  1}  in  head ;  Itasi^  of 
soft  dorsal  longer  than  that  of  anal,  its  rays  of  about  etiual  longtli, ! ;  iu 
head;  anal  about  as  large  as  soft  dorsal,  its  spines  subequal ;  vtntralH 
moderately  separated,  about  equal  to  pectorals,  which  are  1^  in  lieail. 
VertebriB  18  +  22  =  40.  Color  yellowish  olive,  everywhere  v:if,'uely 
blotched  with  black.  Top  of  head,  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral  tins 
entirely  black  in  male,  paler  in  female ;  base  of  pectoral  and  caiidtil  finH, 
branchiostegal  membranes,  cheeks,  and  sides  posteriorly  hlackish; 
scales  everywhere  finely  puuctulate  with  brown,  the  sides  witli  a  tew 
larger  black  specks.  Length  5  inches.  Northern  Indiana  to 'IV'iincsHoe 
and  Texas,  the  typical  form  above  described  being  common  in  wecdy 
brooks  from  northern  Indiana  southward  in  the  Wabash  Hasin  tlniiiigli 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  the  Washita  and  Saline  rivers,  ArkaiiHiis. 
Strongly  resembles  Hadropterua  aajrro,  but  duller  in  color,  and  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  tho  united  gill  membranes  and  the  serrulate  pi'eii]iercle. 
{(iKiepbg,  dusky.) 

Iladroplerus  icienu,  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  1883,  252,  Bkan  Blossom  Creek,  Monroe 

County,  Indiana.     (Coll.  Jordan  &  Swain.) 
.■  Vteimlirma  Hciemm,  JounAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  vui,  1«88  (1890),  IGO,  1G4,  mid  M7;  Bm- 

I.2N0RR,  Cat.,  I,  80. 

Represented  in  streams  of  Texas  by 

1437a.  HADROPTflKUS  8CIERIIS  SERRULA,  Jordan  A  Gilbert. 

Close  to  HadropteruH  scierua,  but  with  smaller  scales,  68  to  71  in  tlie 
lateral  line,  instead  of  64  to  66  as  in  typical  acierum.  The  coloration  in 
Bcri'ula  is  paler,  with  more  sharply  defined  markings,  the  black  Idotciies 
on  the  side  being  less  confluent,  and  t^-o  sides  of  the  belly  without  dark 
clouds.  Breast  naked;  the  opercle  very  weakly,  but  generally  distinctly 
serrulate.  From  southern  Arkansas  southward  through  eastern  Texas, 
Common  in  sandy  streams      {aerrula,  a  little  saw.) 

HadrnpUrm  $cierus  seinila,  Jordan  &  Gubeut,  Proc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  It;,  Red  River, 
Fulton,  Arkansas  (Type,  No.  36481.  Coll.  Jordan  &  Swain);  Evekmann  a  Ki;Nn.u.r, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xi-.  1892(1894),  113. 

Subgenus  HADROPTERUS,  Agiissiz. 

1428.  HADROPTERUS  MGROFASCIATUS,  Agassiz. 

(Ceawi-a-bottom.  ) 

Head  4;  depth  5;  eye  moderate,  4  iu  h«.ad,  eqtial  to  snout.  D.  XII.  II 
or  12;  A.  II,  9  or  10;  scales  7-58-15,  pores  55  to  60.  Head  and  body 
stout  and  heavy,  the  body  compressed,  more  robust  than  in  relateil 
species.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye ;  i)reoi)er- 
cle  entire;  distance  from  mouth  to  gill  cleft  ji  head.  Fins  all  larije. 
Scales  rather  large.  Pectoral  nearly  as  long  as  head;  ventrals  moder- 
ately Ldinarated;  anal  spines  subeqnal.  Breast  usually  naked,  Imt  some- 
times cioi:  •^ly  scaled ;  scales  on  the  median  line  of  the  belly  Huniewhat 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1039 


euliir;;t>(I,  but  the  ntost  of  them  not  caducous  nor  especially  spinous. 
(iill  iiM'iiibranes  a  little  connected.  Color  dark  olive  above,  with  black- 
ish iiiiirkiugs;  sides  with  vertical  bars,  somewhat  diamond-shaped,  but 
ijiiite  narrow ;  these  acute  above  and  below,  more  or  less  confluent  along 
the  iiiiildle,  about  12  in  number;  the  bands  dark  greenish,  varying  to  jet 
black,  most  distinct  near  the  middle  of  the  body  and  broadest  behind  : 
jMuer  lialf  of  each  of  the  vertical  fins  black ;  outer  half  more  or  less 

leckiid  and  barred ;  top  of  head  black,  a  black  band  through  eye  and 
nit,  and  a  dark  vertical  shade  below  the  eye;  a  small  black  spot 

letween  2  smaller  ones  at  base  of  caudal  fin ;  no  red  nor  blue.  Length  6 
indies.  South  Carolina  to  Louisiana  in  the  larger  clear  streams  ;  common 
in  the  Alabama  Basin ;  one  of  the  largest  of  the  darters,  its  form  heavy, 
more  like  that  of  a  typical  perch,     (niger,  black;  fasciatm,  banded.) 

Ihilroplinw   nigrofatciatiit,   AoASSiz,   Amer.  Journ.   8ci.    and  Artx,   xvii,   185-1,   305,    Mobile, 

Alabama;  .Jordan  &  Giluert,  Synopsis,  506. 
Vtaioii'irn  <incep$,  Vaillant,  Becherohes  sur  Ethoofltom.,  37,  plato  1,  llg.  3,  1873;  ii<>  locality 

giv.'ii. 
MioriUi's  spiUiuaui,  Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  491,  Chiclcasawha  River,  Mississippi. 

(Tvpc,  No.  27432.     Coll.  Ilay.) 
Ethevstuma  uigro/atcialum,  Yajllant,  Becherclies,  69, 1873;  Bovlenqek,  Cat.,  i,  80. 


467.  HYPOHOMUS,  Cope. 


*  Gilbert. 


llypnliniiiiif,  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc,  Phila.,  1870,  449,  (auranliacui). 
SmiiiKi,  Jordan  H  Evkruann,  new  BUbgenus,  (iqnamatus). 

This  ^enus  contains  darters  closely  allied  both  to  Hadrophrus  and  to 
Etheontoma  {Nothonotus).  From  the  former  they  are  separated  by  the  non- 
differentiation  of  the  ventral  scales,  the  belly  being  covered  with  small, 
persistent  scales  like  those  on  the  sides.  From  Ethcostoma,  Hypohoniux  is 
(listin^niished  chiefiy  by  the  larger  anal  fin,  more  depressed  cranium,  and 
more  separated  ventrals.  The  relation  in  both  cases  is  very  close.  Species 
oflarj^e  size  and  usually  showy  coloration,     (irw,  below ;  o/zof,  uniform.) 

SWAIMA*: 

a.  Gill  uit-mbranoB  broadly  united  across  the  isthmus;  scales  very  small ;  snout  long  an<l  slender, 
till!  mouth  long  and  narrow. 
Ii.  Color  olivaceous,  with  dark  lateral  blotclicH;  a  black  humeral  scale;  tins  with  orauKo; 
head  3f  in  length;  depth  b}-^;  cheek  and  opcrcles  scaly.  squAMAi't's,  1429. 

IIVPOIIOMUS; 

wi.  Gill  membranes  scarcely  connected;  snout  moderately  produced. 
<■.  (ipert'les  and  breast  scaly. 

d.  Scales  very  small,  about  86;  dorsal  rays  XV,  15;   color  yellow,  with  dark  lateral 

shades.  aieiantiacus,  1130. 

lid.  Scales  moderate,  about  66;  dorsal  rays  about  XIII,  13;  color  greenish,  with  a  dark 

wavy  lateral  band,  bordered  above  and  below  by  pale;  a  dark  spot  at  bawe  of 

caudal.  cymatot.v.nia,  1431, 

cv.  Opcrcles  ind  breast  naked;  cheeks  neai'ly  wo;  dorsal  rays  about  XII,  12;  color  brilliant 

olive,  with  dark  cross  bars,  the  interspaces  red  in  the  nmle. 

e.  Scales  about  74;  lateral  line  complete.  nianou.*;,  1432. 

ee.  Scales  about  60;  lateral  line  incomplete.  spii.otus,  1433. 


♦Nanicil  lor  Dr.  Joseph  Sw  :.u,  President  of  the  University  of  Indiana,  and  discoverer  of  the 

tyjiiail  spfcies. 


t 


|i! 


I'! -'Si''' 


rr 


'iPW^PpWfBS^BWT 


1040  Thilletin  ^7,   United  States  National  Museum. 


Subgenus  SWAINIA,  Junliin  k  KTitriiiann. 
1420.  IIYPOIIOMl'S  SQI'AMATl'S  (GillHrt  &  Swain). 

Head  3?  ;  depth  5i.  1).  XIA -13 ;  A.  II,  10 ;  scales  10-82-18.  Ilody  .lou- 
gate,  the  Hidt'H  and  caiuhil  pedunclo  compresHed  ;  back  elevated,  tlio  pro- 
file  foiHiiiif;  a  slight  angle  at  occiput;  head  very  long  and  slender,  with 
a  long  acuminate  sn'^nt,  as  in  IladropteruH  phoxociphaluti,  which  tliis  spe- 
cies somewhat  resemhles  in  a|)peatance.  Cleft  of  mouth  long  and  nui  row, 
the  lower  jaw  included  in  closed  mouth;  maxillary  reaching  virtiwil 
from  front  of  orbit,  its  length  equaling  that  of  snout,  3J  times  in  licnd; 
upper, jaw  not  protractile.  Bands  of  teeth  ver,y  wide,  the  outer  i>roinaxfl- 
lary  series  enlarged.  Vomerine  patch  well  developed.  Eye  niodt  rate,  1: 
in  snout,  4  J  in  head  to  end  of  opercular  spine,  2^  times  the  furrowed  inter- 
orbital  width.  Preopercular  margin  8trictl,y  entire.  Gill  nieiidiraiies 
widely  united  across  isthmus.  Spinous  dorsal  long  and  low,  spines  fVoin 
the  third  to  the  tenth  snbequal  in  length,  those  anteriorly  and  posteriorly 
gradually  shortened ;  longest  spinel  length  of  head;  spinous  and  soft 
dorsals  well  separated  ;  base  of  soft  dorsal  equaling  \  the  distanee  from 
its  origin  to  front  of  spinous  dorsal ;  anal  shorter  than  soft  dorsal,  Init 
higher  and  inserted  more  anteriorly  ;  anal  spines  strong,  the  first  sliy;litl.v 
the  longer,  about  equaling  length  of  snout;  highest  anal  ray  nearly  half 
length  of  head;  caudal  emarginate,  the  lobes  rounded,  11  in  head;  jiec- 
torals  e([ual  to  length  of  head  behind  front  of  eye;  veutrals  1'^  in  heiul. 
Body  covered  with  very  small  scales,  uniform  insi/e,  and  completely  invest- 
ing the  ventral  region,  which  is  without  series  of  enlarged  scutes;  cheeks, 
breast,  and  nuchal  region  covered  with  still  finer  scales  haviii<;  entire 
edges,  and  the  opercle  with  larger  spinous  scales;  interopercle  and  part 
of  snbopercle  naked;  an  enlarged  black  humeral  scale.  Colors  in  life; 
Yellowish  olive,  with  about  10  broad  dusky  bars  across  the  bacli,  and  an 
equal  number  of  dusky  blotches  along  lateral  line  ;  a  conspicuous  lilack 
humeral  spot ;  a  broad  black  line  forward  from  eye  to  snout,  and  a  nar- 
rower line  backward  from  eye  to  iii)per  preopercular  margin  ;  opercle  and 
occiput  largely  dusky  ;  a  diffuse  dusky  blotch  at  base  of  tail,  with  a  small 
round,  jet-black  spot  behind  it ;  spinous  dorsal  translucent,  witli  a  broad 
subterminal  brownish-orange  band;  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  barred  with 
dusky  and  orange-yellow;  pectorals  slightly  reddish;  ventrals  translucent. 
Length  5  inches.  Upper  Tennessee  River  Basin ;  known  from  the  Watauga 
and  French  Broad  rivers  ;  rare ;  ji  large  and  interesting  species,  icniarka- 
ble  for  its  long  and  slender  head  ;  perhaps  the  typo  of  a  distinct  j^enus. 
{squamatun,  scaly,  the  scales  being  small  and  close-set.) 

Hllieostoina  (Ifailroyilirns)  siiiiai}itiliis,  Oii.heiit  &  Swain,  I'roc.  I'.  S.  Nut.  MiiR.,  1887,  ■''<,  French 
Broad  River,  at  moutli  of  Woif  Creek,  Tennessee.  (Type,  No.  3G052.  i  'H.  (:ill"il 
it  Swain);. loRUAN,  Hull.  U.  S.  FIbIi  Conim.,  viii,  1888  (\S<)0),  147,  153. 

J-Hhenstotna  sutiamatum,  Boulonger,  Cat.,  i,  84. 


1! 


J 


1.'^ 

It'        ^   ^ 

W 

•  i                        1 

■1:   .:     i 

1    -! 

i 

i'  r 

! 

ji 

1 

'^-'^— ' 

Subgenus  HYPOHOMUS,  Cope. 
1480.  HYPOHOnUS  AI'KAMTIACIIS  (Ooiio). 

Head  4i;    depth  6;    eye  4  in  head;  snout  3f,     D.  XV-15;  A.  11,  11 
scrfles  about  14-100-15,  85  pores.     Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed  : 


mm 


a  distiuct  genus. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1041 

lifiitl  moderate,  snout  deourved;  mouth  nearly  horizontal,  lower  jaw 
slight  iy  included ;  preniaxillaries  not  protractile ;  maxillary  reaching  past 
front  of  orbit;  gill  membranes  slightly  connected;  width  of  interorbital 
spaci-  about  5  in  head.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  nape  covered  with  fine 
scaleH;  breast  naked  ;  scales  very  small,  firm,  and  even,  strongly  ctenoid ; 
luteiiil  line  nearly  straight,  complete.  Dorsal  fins  long,  well  separated, 
low,  longest  spines  less  than  half  length  of  head;  anal  higher;  pectorals 
long.  \\  i»  head ;  caudal  truncate.  Color  in  life  olive,  tinged  with  orange ; 
a  black  lateral  band  of  confluent  black  blotches ;  chin  and  throat  deep 
orangt^ ;  deep  orange  on  front  of  spinous  dorsal,  shading  to  yellow  behind ; 
oraugc  on  front  of  pectoral ;  a  round  yellow  spot  above  each  interspace 
in  lateral  band ;  a  row  of  small  brown  spots  on  each  side  of  back  nearer 
baHc  of  dorsal  fin  than  to  lateral  line,  these  ceasing  under  soft  dorsal ;  top 
of  head  dark.  Length  4  to  6  inches.  Upper  Tennessee  Basin,  rather  rare, 
in  swift  waters;  a  beautiful  species;  known  from  the  North  Fork  of 
Holston,  Clinch,  Watauga,  and  French  Broad  rivers,  {aurantiacus,  orange 
colored.) 

Cotloiinxlrr  aiirantiacuii,  Coi-f,,  .lourn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1869,  211,  North   Fork  of  Holstun 

River,  Saltville,  Virginia,  (Coll.  Cope). 
DheMlinitii  aumnliaam,  Vaim.ant,  Rcchen^lies,  67,  1873;  Johdah,   Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  vill, 

18^H (1800),  147;  Boiii.enqeh,  Cat.,  i,  67. 
llaihiiiliiuH  aurtmliaciis,  JOBUAN   &  GiLBEliT,  SynopHig,  506,  1883;  liKAN,  Proc.    U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8., 

1885,  165. 

1481.  HTPOHOMUS  fTMATOTJCNIA  (Gilbert  &  Meek). 

Head  4  to  4i;  depth  5 ;  eye  large,  4  in  head,  about  equaling  snout; 
D.  XII  to  XIV-12  to  14 ;  A.  II,  10.  Scales  7-64  to  70-12,  pores  60  to  63. 
Body  robust,  comparatively  little  compressed,  the  ventral  region  very 
prominent,  rounded,  the  dorsal  region  scarcely  elevated  ;  dotsaland  ven- 
tral outlines  converging  rapidly  toward  caudal  peduncle,  which  is  very 
narrow  and  expands  abruptly  behind  to  form  a  broad  basis  for  the  caudal 
fin.  Head  short,  tapering  rapidly  forward,  the  snout  not  blunt,  short  and 
slender.  Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included ;  maxillary  nearly 
reaching  vertical  from  front  of  orbit,  about  4^  in  head.  Teeth  in  very 
narrow  cardiform  bands,  the  outer  scries  in  both  jaws  rather  conspicuously 
enlarged.  Cheeks,  opercles,  nape,  and  breast  covered  with  large  scales, 
those  on  cheeks  smaller  than  the  others.  Preopercular  margin  entire. 
Gill  membranes  narrowly  joined  across  isthmus,  the  union  being  in  most 
cases  hardly  perceptil  o,  but  in  one  specimen  examined  quite  broad. 
Spinous  dorsal  rather  short  and  high,  the  first  spine  but  little  shorter  than 
the  second ;  anterior  spin  s  highest,  the  outline  of  the  fin  thence  declined ; 
highest  jspiue  equaling  half  the  length  of  the  head ;  soft  dorsal  small, 
quadrate,  as  long  as  high,  its  base  but  little  more  than  half  that  of  spinous 
dorsal,  its  longest  ray  If  in  head ;  first  anal  spine  very  strong  and  robust, 
much  stronger  than  any  of  dorsal  spines,  or  than  the  second  anal  spine, 
its  length  equaling  distance  from  snout  to  center  of  pupil,  equaling  or 
slightly  exceeding  that  of  second  anal  spine ;  anal  larger  than  second 
dorsal,  its  base  slightly  longer,  and  the  rays  higher,  the  longest  ray  l^to 

F.  N.  A 67 


ii 


i\  i 


^..M 

■  \ 

D'i  i 


.  *,■ 


111 


;i 


i: 


1042 


JBulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


H  ill  head ;  caudal  slightly  emarginate ;  pectorals  short,  not  reaching' 1 1 pH 
of  ventrals,  the  two  about  equal  in  length,  equaling  head  behind  Illl^<t^ilH. 
Body  covered  with  large,  rough  scales,  everywhere  spinous,  but  wiilia 
tendency  to  smoothness  on  the  breast ;  ventral  region  coniplett-ly  and 
uniformly  scaled,  without  median  series  of  enlarged  plates,  two  or  tliree 
of  which  only  are  visible  between  the  ventrals.  Colors  in  life:  Aliovc 
and  on  sides  greenish,  made  very  dark  by  fine,  close-set,  piiuctiiliitioiiH; 
two  pairs  of  light  streaks  along  sides,  narrower  than  interspaces,  1h  com- 
ing yellowish  in  spirits;  the  upper  pair  from  the  nape  running  aloii;^  cadi 
side  of  dorsal,  inclo<^ing  between  them  a  dusky  streak  occupying  mciliau 
line  of  back ;  the  lower  pair  from  above  opercles  running  in  a  wavy  course 
above  lateral  line  to  upper  caudal  lobe;  below  this  and  bounded  liy  it, 
occupying  the  middle  of  the  sides,  is  a  broad  dusky  mouilifonn  liaiul; 
lower  part  of  sides  and  ventral  region  light  olive,  dusted  sparsely  witli 
rather  coarse  black  specks ;  a  small  jet-black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  a 
broad  black  bar  (sometimes  obscure)  on  head  from  snout  thiougli  eye 
across  upper  part  of  cheeks  to  opercular  spine ;  .sometimes  a  ts(>ricis  uf 
small  black  cross  blotches  on  median  dorsal  line  ;  fins  translucent,  barred 
with  dark  lines.  Length  4  or  5  inches.  Western  Kentucky  and  soutiicrn 
Missouri,  in  clear,  cold  streams;  not  very  common;  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  species.     (Ki'fia,  wave ;  Tmria,  ribbon  or  stripe. ) 

Etheostoma  (lIadropler>'s)  cijmatoUniia,  Gii.BKitT  &  Mekk,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1«8V,  .'il,  Niangua 
River  and  Osage  Fork  of  the  Gasconade,  near  Marshfield,  Missouri;  Sac  River, 
near  Greenfield,  Missouri;  (Typo,  Nos.  30215,  3G308,  38200.  Coll.  Gilbort  A  JUok)! 
WooLMAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  x,  1890  (1892),  200. 

Etheoitoma  cymatotenia,  Bovlenqeii,  Cut.,  i,  G7. 

14»2.  HYPOHOMUS  NIANGU£  (Gilbert  &  Meek). 

Head  3it ;  depth  H  to  6.  D.  XI  or  XII-13  or  14 ;  A.  II,  11  or  12 :  scales 
11-74-16.  Body  elongate,  terete,  the  sides  somewhat  compressed,  hccom- 
ing  more  so  posteriorly ;  back  elevated,  the  profile  descending  gently  in  an 
unbroken  line  from  front  of  dorsal  to  tip  of  snout.  Head  very  long  and 
slender,  much  as  in  H.  macrocephnlus  and  H,  phoxocephalns',  the  snout  com- 
paratively deep  and  narrow,  abruptly  rounded  vertically  at  tip.  Mouth 
large,  the  cleft  wide  and  slightly  oblique,  the  maxillary  reachiiif^  beyond 
front  of  orbit,  its  length  equaling  distance  from  snout  to  front  of  jiupii. 
3i  in  head  (the  latter  measured  in  this  description  to  end  of  opercular 
spine).  Outer  series  of  premaxillary  teeth  somewhat  enlarged,  the 
bands  all  broad.  Eye  slightly  less  than  snout,  5i  in  head  to  end  of  oper- 
cular spine;  interorbital  space  convex  transversely,  its  width  about  ? 
diameter  of  eye.  Cheeks  perfectly  smooth,  with  a  few  scattered,  embed- 
ded cycloid  scales;  opercles  and  breast  strictly  naked  ;  nape  and  ventral 
region  closely  scaled.  Preopercular  margin  entire.  Gill  mcnibranes 
scarcely  joined  across  the  isthmus.  Spinous  dorsal  short  and  high,  the 
first  spine  much  shorter  than  the  second,  the  seventh  and  eight h  about 
equal,  the  longest  2i  in  head;  soft  dorsal  high,  its  base  IJ  in  that  of 
spinous  dorsal,  the  longest  ray  1}  in  head ;  anal  similar  to  second  dorsal, 
but  smaller;  first  anal  spine  short,  the  second  but  little  longer,  its  length 


1 5' 


Htn. 


t  reaching;  tips 
ehiutl  iioMiiils. 
>UB,1)nt  with  11 
omplehilv  and 
)H,  two  or  throe 
in  life :  Ahovt; 
puucttiliitioiiH; 
•spaces,  Imcoiu- 
ling  aloii;;  each 
iipying  lucdiau 
1  a  wavy  course 
bouuded  liy  it, 
uiliforiii  liaiid; 
I  sparsely  with 
je  of  eaiidai :  a 
ut  tliroiigli  eye 
ines  a  series  of 
isluceiit,  l)arred 
cy  and  .southern 
le  of   the  most 


.,  188",  .'il,  Niangua 
ssouri;  Sac  River, 
11.   Gilbert  ,V  JUekj; 


11  or  12 ;  scales 

pressed,  liecoiu- 

iig  gently  in  an 

very  long  and 

the  snout  com- 

at  tip.    Mouth 

eacliing  beyond 

front  of  pupil. 

nd  of  opercular 

enlarged,   the 

to  end  of  oper- 

width  al'out  ': 

attered,  .Mubed- 

ape  and  veutral 

ill    uifiidtranes 

t  and  high,  the 

d  eigliTh  about 

secoi.d  dorsal. 
uger.  its  length 


Jordan  and  Er^ermann. — Fishes  of  JVorth  America,       1043 


i'i|nalini;  thatof  snout;  caudal  wide,  truncate  behind,  Hli);htlyeniarginate 
when  fin  is  not  spread  ;  pectorals  e<iualing  distance  from  front  of  orbit 
to  tip  of  opercular  spine,  the  tips  of  pectorals  and  ventrals  reaching 
about  the  same  vertical ;  ventrals  \\  or  \\  in  head.  Scales  on  body  of 
uMidcrate  size,  becoming  larger  and  less  closely  imbricated  posteriorly, 
thusi'  on  nape  and  along  base  of  dorsal  anteriorly  little  imbricated, 
runnilish,  without  spinous  points,  partially  embedded  in  the  skin  ;  ventral 
region  uniformly  scaled,  without  naked  strip  or  series  of  caducous  plates ; 
no  enlarged  scale  between  bases  of  ventral  fins;  head  and  breast  naked, 
except  ing  a  few  embedded  scales  below  and  behind  eye.  Color  olivaceous, 
the  i>ack  with  8  to  10  dusky  cross  bars  wider  than  the  interspaces ;  these 
dorsal  bars  usually  continuous  with  an  equal  number  on  middle  of  sides, 
the  latter  terminating  below  lateral  line  in  V-shaped  prolongations,  much 
like  those  in  Dipleaion  hlennioideH.  In  one  specimen  examined  (adult  male) 
the  first  2  bars  are  partially  confluent  on  sides,  the  anterior  one  including 
the  axil  and  ending  in  a  black  spot  below  pectorals,  the  second  encircling 
body  l)ehiud  ventral  flns ;  bars  behind  front  of  anal  in  this  specimen  also 
completely  encircling  body ;  back  and  sides  marked  with  many  small, 
liright.  carmine-rod  spots,  irregularly  disposed  in  the  light  interspaces; 
in  the  male  specimen  examined  by  us  they  are  much  more  numerous, 
those  on  hinder  part  of  body  confluent,  forming  narrow  bars,  1  down 
the  middle  of  each  light  space ;  a  dark  streak  forward  and  1  backward 
from  eye,  none  downward  ;  opercle  and  vop  of  head  dusky  ;  spinous  dor- 
sal dusky,  the  base  marked  with  flue  red  spots,  the  fln  broadly  margined 
with  a  bright  carmine  band ;  soft  dorsal  barred  with  alternating  series  of 
dark  and  of  reddish  spots ;  caudal  with  wide  bars  of  dark  and  red ;  a  pair 
uf  small  jet-black  spots  on  caudal  peduncle  at  base  of  median  caudal 
rays;  anal  dusky  at  base;  pectorals  and  ventrals  light  orange,  indis- 
tinctly barred  with  dusky.     Length  4  inches.    Niangua  River,  in  the 


Ozark  region  of  southern  Missouri ;  scarce ;   not  seen  elsewhere. 
I'ularlv  beautiful  fish. 


A  sin- 


miimUniia  (lladroplems)  niangvie,  GILBERT  &  Mkek,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mii8.,  1887,  52,  Niangua 
River,  near  Marshfield,  Missouri  (Type,  No.  36214.  Coll.  Gilbert  &  Moek);  Meek, 
Hull.  U.  S.  Fieh  Comm.,  ix,  1889  (1801),  125. 

Ethfoihmii  iiiangux,  Boolenoek,  Cat.,  i,  C8. 

1488.  HYPOHOMUS  SPILOTl'S  (6ill>ort). 

Head  'Sk  to  3|;  depth  5J  to  6jt;  eye  5  in  head  in  specimens  2  to  3  inches 
long.  D.  X  or  XI-12  or  13 ;  A.  II,  10  or  11.  Scales  8-58  to  60,  the  pores 
iili.sent  on  the  posterior  5  to  13  scales,  and  occasionally  on  single  scales 
more  anteriorly.  Color  in  life  olive  green  above,  light  below  ;  back  with 
8  dark  cross  bars  formed  of  dusky  mottlings  ;  continuous  with  these,  or 
in  other  cases  alternating  with  them,  are  8  V-shaped  markings  on  middle  of 
sides;  sides  and  above  spotted,  with  reddish  orange  occupying  the  light 
interspaces ;  a  narrow  black  bar  from  above  opercular  angle,  through  eye, 
encircling  the  snout;  pectorals  and  ventrals  translucent,  tinged  with 
light  orange ;  dorsal  translucent,  the  rays  speckled ;  spinous  dorsal  with 
^  narrow  red  margin,  terminating  posteriorly  in  a  bright  orange-red 


V     m 


:■■;  i 

fit 


■4 


'. 


% 


i 


r,  I 


n 


1:   '.  '' 


»■'  I  I    19 


Nt 


;!  !     ! 


I« 


•I I  t 


^1 


'!■  I 


1044 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Afnseum. 


Hpot,  in  advance  of  which  iH  a  larjru  black  blotch;  u  black  humoral  spot  ■ 
2  Jet-black  HpotH  at  baHe  of  caudal,  more  or  less  continent  into  1.  m  all 
other  respeotH  this  a^rrecH  with  the  deNcription  of  typical  nnniima: 
Length  2J  inches.  Kentucky  River;  apparently  rare.  Close  to  llndrt,))- 
UruH  iiianf/uo;  but  the  scales  much  larger  and  the  lateral  line  iucoiiipltti'. 
{(TJTiXoTog,  spotted.) 

KlheortmiKi  iiiaiigwr  niiihliim,  fliLiiKKT,  I'roc.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mux.,  1H87,  53,  Sturgeon  Creek,  a  trib- 
utary of  the  Kentucky  River,  near  Travellers  Rest,  Owsley  County,  Kentucky. 
(Ty|w!,  No.  38:119.  Coll.  GilbtTt);  Woolman,  Dull.  U.  8.  Fish  Coiiim.,  x,  18i)(MlWJ),  28(i, 
pi.  61,  flg.  3. 

468.  COTTOGASTER,  Putnam. 

CoUogaiter,  Putnam,  Bull.    Muh.  Cuinp.  Zoiil.,  5,  1863,  (teimellatuiii,  Thomi'hii.n,  not  ul  |if.  Kav 

-  ropeliinili). 
Imimloma,  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sri.  Phila.,  1877,  49,  (»humanU). 
Ulieoiryptii,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  9,  1877,  {copelandi). 

Body  rather  robust,  little  compressed.  Head  moderate,  bluntish, 
Mouth  moderate  or  small,  the  lower  Jaw  included ;  premaxillurics  pro- 
tractile or  occasionally  (in  shumardi)  Joined  by  a  narrow  freniiin  to  tli<! 
frontal  region;  maxillary  not  adherent  to  the  preorbital.  'Icctli  on 
vomer.  Gill  membranes  nearly  separate.  Scales  ctenoid  ;  tlu^  middlu 
line  of  the  belly  anteriorly  naked  or  with  caducous  scales ;  lateral  line 
continuous.  Dorsal  fins  large,  the  second  usually  smaller  than  liio  lirst 
and  smaller  than  the  anal.  Anal  spines  two,  the  first  the  longer.  I'y  loric 
co'caS;  vertebrio  18  +  20  =  38  (copelandi).  Skull  short,  the  frontal  region 
not  very  narrow  ;  panetals  little  convex  transversely;  sutures  (lixtiiict. 
No  supraoccipital  crest.  Coloration  not  brilliant.  Size  muderate. 
(««rroc,  sculpin;  yaaTt/p,  belly.) 

COTTOOASTER  : 

a.  Median  line  of  belly  with  a  seriea  of  more  or  less  enlarged  eaducouB  B]iiMuiis  Hi-nlps;  dioiks 
and  breaxt  moHtly  naked. 
6.  Dorsal  rays  X  or  XI-13;  back  with  four  broad  blaek  cro«H  bands.  iuamuf.a,  14:14. 

hh.  Dorsal  rays  XI-10  or  11;  back  tessellated;  sides  pule,  with  a  series  of  l-liiok  lilutcin  -: 
a  small  ink-like  speck  at  base  of  caudal.  (■DrKi.A.Nui,  H3'i. 

Imostoma  (etmi,  to  move;  o-rofxa,  mouth) : 
an.  Median  lino  of  belly  naked  anteriorly,  with  ordinary  scales  posteriori.v;  cliocks  mo^ly 
scaly;  premaxillarioB  sometimes  with  afrenum. 
c.  Dorsal  rays  X  or  XI-13  to  15;  scales  about  oG;  sides  with  diffuse  dusky  MohIh's. 

sinMAUni,  U.'iii. 

Subgenus  COTTOGASTER. 
1434.  COTTOOASTER  L'RAMDEA  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Head  3^  to  3J ;  depth  o'i  ;  eye  3^  in  head  ;  snout  3f .  D.  X  or  \1-1.) :  A. 
II,  10  or  11 ;  scales  6-48  to  56-x.  Form  moderately  elongate,  terete,  very 
little  compressed ;  upper  profile  gently  arched,  the  lower  almost  straight ; 
caudal  peduncle  short  and  very  slender  ;  upper  profile  of  head  descend- 
ing in  a  long  gentle  curve  to  the  sharp  snout.  Premaxillaries  always  pro- 
tractile, the  fold  very  narrow.  Eye  equaling  length  of  snout,  .'>!  in  Iiea<l' 
nearly  twice  interorbital  width  in  a  specimen  2  inches  long.  Opercular 
spine  well  developed  ;  preopercnlar  margin  entire.     Parietal  region  rather 


I  -i 


■  \ 

r 

1 


iiiN,  not  111   |ir,  Kav 


inuns  t-calos;  (■lieik> 


■iorlv;  cluM'ks  mostly 


Jordati  and  Kvertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1045 

hioail,  deprossed,  the  bones  ru^j^oae.  (iill  membranes  very  slightly  joined 
itt  l>a»*o  Cheeks  mostly  naked  ;  opercles  closely  scaled.  Itreast  naked, 
or  with  n  few  scattered  scales.  Paired  tins  rather  small,  the  vertical  tins 
loii^'  l)ut  rather  high  ;  meml)rane  of  tirst  dorsal  not  joining  base  of  second; 
|(iii<;t'Ht  dorsal  spine  abont  cqualin<r  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  middle 
lit'  (libit ;  soft  rays  half  as  long  as  head  ;  caudal  tin  deeply  emarginato  • 
anal  spines  very  short,  about  uqual  in  size,  as  long  as  diameter  of  orbit; 
soft  liiys  of  anal  high,  the  tin  rather  longer  than  second  dorsal ;  pectorals 
»n(l  vontrals  short,  reaching  about  the  same  vertical,  not  nearly  to  vent; 
len^'tli  of  pectorals  nearly  equal  to  head.  Scales  of  moderate  size;  nape 
cuinplotoly  invested  ;  a  wide  nakedstriponeachsideofmedianlineof  belly, 
tlin  latter  containing  a  single  series  of  thin,  elongate  plates,  weakly 
spinous  on  posterior  margins,  these  probably  caducous  ;  lateral  line  com- 
pleto,  parallel  with  outline  of  back.  Color  greenish  olive,  rendered  dusky 
on  upper  parts  by  black  specks  Avhich  become  large  and  very  conspicuous 
on  top  of  head,  opercles,  and  sides  of  snout ;  four  conspicuous  dark  cross 
bars,  narrower  than  interspaces,  downward  and  forward  from  back  to 
lateral  line  ;  the  first  from  anterior  dorsal  spines,  the  second  from  space 
lietwfcu  dorsals,  the  third  from  posterior  half  of  soft  dorsal,  and  the 
fourth  from  caudal  peduncle;  a  series  of  about  11  dusky  blotches  on 
sides  immediately  below  lateral  line  ;  a  1)lack  bar  before,  one  below  and 
one  behind  eye,  the  one  below  eye  very  distinct ;  dorsals,  pectorals,  and 
caudal  barred  with  light  and  dark  ;  ventrals  and  anal  plain.  In  life  the 
colors  similar,  there  being  no  distinct  blue,  red,  or  green.  Lower 
Wabash  basin  (Evermann)  to  southern  Missouri,  south  through  Arkansas 
and  Alabama  to  the  Escambia ;  mostly  in  sandy  lowland  streams.  A 
strikingly  colored  species.*  {Uranidea,  the  miller's  thumb,  or  blob,  now 
called  Cottus ;  ovfmvo^,  sky  ;  dihuj,  looking.) 

KtheoMlnma  (CoUoyasler)  miiiiMfa,  Jordan  &  Oii.bebt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu«.,  1887,  48,  Washita 
River,  Arkadelphia,  Arkansas;  (Type,  No.  30413.  Coll.  .Tonluii  Ac  Gilbert);  Jordan, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  viii,  1888  (1890),  104. 


,y 


1486.  COTTOOASTER  COPKLANDI  (Jordan). 

Head  3|  to  4  J ;  depth  5^  to  6i ;  eye  large,  3J  to  3f  in  head.  D.  X  to  XII-10 
to  12 ;  A.  II,  8  or  9 ;  scales  6-44  to  56-8.  Body  rather  slender  and  elongate. 
Head  rather  large  and  long,  somewhat  narrowed,  resembling  that  of 
liolcDnoma.  Mouth  small,  horizontal,  subinferior.  Cheeks  naked ;  oper- 
cles and  neck  each  with  a  few  scales ;  throat  naked  ;  ventral  plates  well 
developed  ;  scales  moderate,  strongly  ctenoid.  Pectoral  as  long  as  head. 
Color  brownish  olive ;  a  series  of  rather  small,  horizontally-oblong,  black 
blotches  along  the  lateral  line,  forming  an  interrupted  lateral  band ;  back 
tessellated;  blackish  streaks  forward  and  downward  from  eye;  ventral 
tins  dusky  in  the  male  ;  vertical  fins  with  dusky  specks  ;  a  small  ink-like 
speck  at  l)a8e  of  caudal  persistent  in  most  specimens ;  a  black  spot  on 
anterior  rays  of  spinous  dorsal.  Length  2^  to  3  inches.  Great  Lake 
region,  from  Lake  Cbamplain  to  Lake  Huron  and  south  to  the  Black 

*  Improperly  placed  in  the  synonymy  of  Coltogaster  r'^"'v",rdi  by  Dr.  Boulenger. 


f! 


1 

I 


.r " 


;!:m  ' 


'  -y.  I 


1046  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Warrior,  westward  to  Missouri  and  through  the  Ozark  region,  wlicrii  it  ig 
abundant,  as  also  throughout  Central  Indiana,  in  clear  brooks.  A  iiluinh 
colored  and  very  variable  species,  the  eastern  form,  subspecies  puinmni, 
usually  with  larger  scales,*  (44  to  48),  the  typical  copvlandi  having  iiNiiallv 
53  to  56.  C.putnami  inhabits  the  Great  Lake  region  from  Lake  IIukui  to 
Lake  Chaniplain.  (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Herbert  Edson  CopclaiKl, 
an  enthusiastic  student  of  these  fishes;  a  most  active  and  .woll-c(|iii)i|M'i| 
naturalist,  whose  early  death  at  Indianapolis  in  1876,  deprived  Anici  icuii 
ichthyology  of  one  of  its  ablest  workers.) 

Boleomnia  lennellatiim,  TnoMVSos,  ApimtuMx  Hist.  Vormnnt,  5, 1853,  Lake  Champlain;  nut  nf 
DcKay. 

Bheocrppta  cDpelaniU,  Johdan,  Bull,  x,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mm.,  0,  1877,  White  River,  near  Indian- 
apolis, Indiana;  (Typo,  No.  20143.    Coll.  Jordan);  8ealc8  GO. 

Cottoyailer imtnnmi,  Jordan  fc  Gilbert,  SynopslH,  408, 1883,  Westport  Brook,  Essex  County, 
New  York;  Lake  Champlain  ;  (nainu  -x  substitute  fur  liuleononui  U'lutUutiim,  'riii>Mi's>iv); 
spocimuns  with  scales  44  to  48. 

Boleotoma  eopelandi,  Dovlrnoeb,  Cat.,  i,  Ul. 

Subgenus  IMOSTOMA,  Jordan. 
148tt.M;OTTOGA8TEB  SHUMABDI  (Oirard). 

Head  3j|  to  4 ;  depth  5  to  .5^ ;  eye  large,  3i  in  head,  as  long  as  Hiiont. 
D.  IX  to  XI-13  to  15 ;  A.  II,  10  to  12  ;  scales  6-48  to  60-11.  Hodv  Htont, 
heavy  forward,  compressed  behind.  Head  broad  and  thick.  .Moutli 
large  and  broad,  the  lower  jaw  wide,  a  little  shorter  than  tlie  iipjjer: 
maxillary  reaching  to  the  eye.  Premaxillaries  usually  protractile,  but 
a  narrow  freuum  sometimes  present.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  neck  UHually 
scaly;  the  cheeks  rarely  naked;  chest  naked;  belly  naked  antcrioily, 
scaly  for  a  distance  in  front  of  the  vent ;  scales  rather  large.  Dorsal  tins 
large,  the  first  larger  than  the  second,  which  is  smaller  than  the  anal, 
though  longer ;  the  2  dorsal  fins  well  separated ;  anal  fin  largo,  very 
deep,  in  some  male  specimens  reaching  to  the  caudal ;  anal  spines  strong', 
the  first  the  larger ;  pectoral  nearly  as  long  as  head.  Color  dark,  <leii8uly 
but  vaguely  blotched  with  darker ;  sides  with  8  to  10  obscure  blotches, 
the  anterior  ones  bar-like ;  a  large  black  spot  on  base  of  spinous  dorsal 
behind,  and  a  small  one  in  front;  second  dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectorals 
barred  ;  a  very  strong  black  suborbital  bar,  and  a  faint  dark  lino  alonjr 
muzzle.  Length  3  inches.  Michigan  to  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  and 
southward  to  Kentucky  and  Arkansas;  common  in  the  lower  Waliasli 


♦Concerning  tho  relation  of  these  formn,  Mr.  Woolman  remarks:  " Klheimlotiw  rni,rhi,rU  nii'l 
f'.  }iH/n(i»ii  are  clotiely  allied,  and  may  bo  identiciil,  the  chief  differences  occiirriii«  in  lln' nurii- 
tier  of  Hpi:ieH  in  the  dorisul  and  anal  flnsandin  the  size  of  the  scales.  K.  coj)c/(iii(/(hiis(l.>i>al  XI  I"; 
anal  11-9;  lateral  linefiO.  E.  pntniimi  has  dorsal  X-11;  anal  II-8;  lateral  line  44.  In  i:ifiptii- 
meiH  from  this  locality  the  dorsal  is  X-11,  X-12,  XI-11,  XI-10,  X-ll,  XI-12,  X-11,  X  12,  X-V2, 
X-12,  X-12,  X-11,  X-12:  anal  II-9,  11-8,  II-9,  II-9,  II-8,  II-8,  II-8,  Il-i),  ll-i»;  lal- 1  M  \uw 
61,  48,  61,  49,  52,  51,  50,  48,  51,  48,  50,  60,  54.  In  these  specimens  the  lateral  line  ilo.s  imt  fro  as 
high  as  theaverage  given  for  K.  eopelandi,  nor  as  low  as  in  E.  ptiliiami,  while  th(!  iiunil'ir  'f }'» 
rays  seems  to  indicate  nothing.  I  wos  also  unable  to  find  any  constant  difference  in  tin'  iclativi' 
proportion  of  head  and  depth." 

To  this  Dr.  Gilbert  ailds  :  "  Specimens  of  thJB  species  recently  collected  liy  Pr.  .T.  A.  Iliiislmll 
at  Put-in-Bay  (Lake  Krie),  Ohio,  have  scales  varying  from  47  to  .'J2;  others  from  New  llaiiniiiy, 
Indiana  (collected  by  Prof.  Evermann),  vary  from  40  to  51.  In  the  Alaliania  siHriim  ijs  tlii' 
lateral  lino  averages  53.  lam  thus  unable  to  longer  distinguish  ptUttami  (charactcri/i  <t  I'.v  u^ 
larger  scales)  from  copcfandi." 


It  I  Si 


:s  t'  ■; 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1047 


Kiver;  very  variable ;    iiihahita  rivers  rather  than  brooks.     (Nained  for 
itsdiscuverer,  Dr.  Georgo  C.  Shumard,  siirgeoii  of  the  U.  S.  Paoilic  U.  R. 

Survey. ) 

//,„lii.j''>Mii«Aiiinarifi,  QiRAiiii,  I'r(M<,  Ac.  Nut.  8ci.  Philii.,  lKri9,  100,  Arkantaa  River,  near 

Furl  Smith,  Arkanaaa. 
fjhri'i'   "itrri'jiili,  McCoKMii'K,   lliill.  Olxirllii  Oulloge   Lab.,  Nu.   2,  30,  1H91,  near  Oberlin, 

Lorain  County,  Ohio;  Hpuclmon  with  a  rruuiim  to  u|>|ier  Jaw.    (Coll.  L.  M.  McOoriiiivk.) 
yjli,,'!:! n,i:iiiiliiiiimrili,  Vaii.lant,  Kyclicrclii'H,  73,  1873. 
l„i,iHl4,i,„i  nhuiiiHrili,  J(ii(ii.\N  &  OiLiiKUT,  HynoiMiH,  408,  1H83. 
jlolfOKiiii't  ihiimartli,  Oovlemorr,  Cut.,  i,  02. 


469.  ULOCENTRA,  Jordan. 

rinreiilrn,  .InnnAN,  Man.  Vort.  K.  l*.  8.,  Ed.  2,  22.1,  1878,  (lUriimnu). 

Body  moderately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head  short,  thick,  with 
tnniiil  cheeks.  Mouth  small,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Pre- 
nia.Killaries  protractile,  little  movable,  sometimes  with  a  narrow,  mesial 
freuinu  in  some  species ;  maxillary  movable,  not  joined  to  the  preorbital 
except  at  its  root ;  vomerine  teeth  present,  small.  Gill  membranes  nar- 
rowly or  broadly  connected.  Scales  moderate ;  the  belly  scaled  like  the 
sides,  with  no  ventral  plates.  Lateral  line  complete  or  incomplete. 
First  dorsal  with  about  12  spines;  anal  smaller  than  second  dorsal,  with 
2  well-developed  spines,  the  first  the  longer.  Ventrals  not  widely  sepa- 
rated. Vertebrte  (siinolera)  15  +  23  =  38.  Skull  not  very  narrow  ante- 
riorly ;  parietal  region  rather  depressed,  not  strongly  convex  trans versely^ 
Frontal  region  much  broader  than  in  Dijilenion.  Supraoccipital  crest 
small.  Small  species,  often  highly  colored,  intermediate  between  Bole- 
omna  a,m\  Diplesion.  (oWof,  complete ;  /ctirpoi',  spine ;  the  chief  character 
separating  the  genus  from  Boleosoma.) 

a,  (iill  ineiiibruncH  narrowly  connected;  cheeks  and  oporcles  usually  Bcaly ;  body  slender;  scales 
large. 
h.  LiUcral  line  incomplete;  coloration  olivaceous,  tessellated  witii  darker;  scales  about  40, 

siium,1':a,  1437. 
ill.  Lateral  line  complete;  scales  about  66;  pectorals  as  long  as  head.  hilberti,  1438. 

an.  Oill  membranes  broadly  united. 

c.  Lateral  lino  complete  or  nearly  so. 
rf.  Opercles  naked  or  nearly  so. 

e.  Spinous  dorsal  longer  than  soft  dorsal;  pectorals  as  long  as  head;  sides 

witli  green  spots;  scales  about  47.  verkcunpa,  T439. 

ee.  Spinous  dorsal  not  longer  than  soft;  i)ectcral  longer  than  head;  sides 

niucli  variegated;  scales  about  52.  iilSTitm,  1440. 

(/({.  Opercles  scaled;   pectoral  longer  than  head;  snout  blunt;   scales  about  60;. 

sides  with  dark  green  quadrate  blotches.  simiitkiia,  1441. 

cc.  Lateral  line  incomplete;  cheeks  and  opercles  naked;  anal  rays  II,  6;  red,  with 

dark  markings.  phlox,  1442. 


14S7.  IILOCKXTKA  STIUM.EA  (Jordan). 

(Speck.) 

Head  4^;  depth  5.  D.  X  to  XIII-12;  A.  II,  7;  scales  5-46  to  55-10, 
pores  0.),  more  or  less.  Body  slender,  formed  as  in  Boleosoma.  Head  nar- 
row and  thin,  the  snout  somewhat  pointed,  obliquely  truncate  in  profile. 


Jf 


r; 


'I 


il-i ' 


.1    :  ' 


!       |!    j  ! 


1048 


bulletin  4J,  Unitdt  States  National  Mt'seum. 


Mouth  narrow,  hori/.ontiil,  Hiiliinferior,  itn  cloft  tioarly  rnarliini;  t'\c 
promaxillurieH  littlo  protractile,  Noiii*«tinieH  with  a  narrow  I  rnuin. 
Lateral  lino  exteiHlin^  to  opponite  middle  of  Hecond  dorHal;  Hcaich  rathtM 
hirgo ,  .iporclcH,  cheokH,  and  neck  Hcaly;  bruaHt  naked.  Gill  nuMiilnuntH 
nut.  very  broadly  Joined;  opercular  spine  Hharp.  KiuH  ratlu-r  litt^f. 
caudiil  euiarginate.  OlivaoeouH,  teHHellated,  and  upeckled  ahovi';  milfit 
with  about  H  W-Nhapod  dark  green  blotohcH  below  the  lateral  iini'  ami 
variouH  duller  ones  above;  upper  parts  in  the  larger  HpuciineuH  NprinkiiMl 
with  Huiall  orange  HpotH,  which  are  more  vouHpicuouH  after  dt'iith,  vnIdmi 
the  green  hax  faded;  flno  mottled;  spinouH  dorual  with  a  band  of  onin);!' 
red  above,  and  1  or  2  narrow  dark  oneH  below  it;  a  dark  Htri))('  toiwanl 
and  another  downward  from  eye.  Length  2\  inches.  TenncNstt^  and 
Arkansas  to  Georgia  and  Louisiana ;  rather  con>mon  in  the  puinls  and 
streams  of  the  pine  woods;  a  small  variable  species.  (Tny^a/or,  Hpuck- 
led,  from  ariyui/,  speck.) 

Uoltomma  iiliijmwum,  Jordan,  Anu.  Lyr.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1870,  nil,  amatl  tributaries  of  the 
Etowah  and  Oostenauta  rivers,  near  Rome,  Georgia.     (Ooll.  .Ionian  .^'  i.ili.'  it.i 

PiiciUrlilliiiii  xij-ttliliK*  Hay,  Troc,  II,  H.  Nat.  Mu«.,  1880,  4!).'>,  a  rocky  and  sandy  stream 
flowing  into  the  Chickasawha  River  at  Enterprise,  Mississippi.  (T.v|i',  N... 
27433.     Coll.  O.  1*.  Ilay.) 

JCtheosloiiia  Htiijmium,  (JiLBKliT,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fl»h  '' mni.,  ix,  188'J  (1801),  160. 


*  Concerning  tho  form  called  cnratiliii,  Dr.  Gill>ort  ling  tliti  following: 

"Hfiid  3:J4  to  4;  dopth  C.     D.  XI  to  XIII-ll  to  12;  A.  II,  0;  hcuIoh  W)  to  fir.,  r>  Imiciln.litial 

BorioH  hi'twceii  lutt'ral  lino  and  hnttit  of  HpinouH  doriial.     NiiniiTouHgiHuinii'ns  I'pmii  viii s  Im  uli- 

tiesonaMu  urt  to  contributu  tlio  following  polntH  to  our  kiiowludKo  of  thlH  Hpvdi'x:  Wiih  iuikIi 
tho  liiiliit  of  ^7.  oliimliili,  but  the  8Dout  Hlundur  and  hIuh'P,  with  ^''ntly  drciirvt'il  |jn>tili' ami  iIk' 
mouth  torniinal,  nearly  horizontal;  lower  jaw  iucluded;  niuxillary  extending  nhii' l.v  lii'\nii<l 
vertical  from  front  of  eye.  Preo|ion'lo  entire;  opercular  Hpine  developed.  <iill  nKihlnaijin 
eridently  but  rather  narrowly  united  across  isthniiis.  I'ecturals  reaching  ninnHliai  In-viiiJ 
ventmls,  about  as  long  aii  head,  not  nearly  reacliing  vent;  veiitraU  not  extemlinj;  -' ,  (lii^liihii' 
to  front  of  anal,  eipialing  distance  from  snout  to  preoperule;  dorsal  llns  well  ><e|iar.tt>'il,  tli>' 
interval  between  them  eipntlinK  '-^  diameter  of  orbit;  dornal  spines  very  slender  and  ri,i;:lli',  tin' 
longest  equaling  longest  soft  ray  and  half  length  of  tiead;  anal  Mpincs  slemler,  aljoiit  I'liial  in 
length,  the  anterior  the  Btron);er,  '.|  length  of  head;  soft  anal  rays  equal  half  dl^liino'  lioiii 
snout  to  base  of  pectorals;  caudal  sfnillowy  lunate.  Scales  strongly  cteiiuiil,  niiitdrinly  <  civiriii); 
body  except  liroast,  those  on  the  nape  snialler;  opercles  and  upper  portion  of  iln  i  ks  cIuh'Ij- 
scaled;  head  otherwise  naked;  no  enlarged  Idack  humoral  scale.  Lateral  line  ri'ailiiuu'alMiiitto 
end  of  soft  dorsal,  on  30  to  45  scales.  Color  in  life:  Oliv.iirous,  with  six  dark  <  r">s  luu!' uii 
back  and  with  dark  tessellations,  which  follow  the  same  pattern  as  in  /•'.  ulmntvU:  tlnw  uw  niip.  r 
parts  light  brownish  red,  instead  of  dusky;  the  |y|-sliap<-(l  marks  along  sides  diisUv,  m  tmii);.  in 
tho  brighter  specimens  only,  as  the  starting  points  for  light-blun  baiiils  wliicli  nmri'  i.r  hss  (diii- 
pletely  encircle  belly  and  caudal  peduncle;  no  other  bright  markings;  u  iiarniw  il.irk  i^lreuk 
from  eye  to  snout;  an  indistinct  dark  streak  below  and  a  black  spot  brhind  (ye;  .1  rsils  ami 
caudal  inconspicuously  barred;  a  pair  of  minute  jet-black  spots  at  tiase  of  nicdiaii  i.i  j'lal  ravs, 
more  conspicuous  in  the  young;  opercle  dusky.  This  siiocies  has  undonl)te(lly  u  vrv  wiilcilis- 
tribution.  Originally  described  by  Professor  Hay  frnm  the  Chickasawha  Rivei-,  it  wa«  iliiriiiL' 
tlie  summer  of  1884  founil  to  l)e  abundant  in  tributaiies  of  the  Clinch  River  near  riintun,  'IVn- 
uesaee,  in  tho  Black  Warrior  River  at  Morris,  and  at  Tuscaloosa,  .\lal)ania  and  in  tin'  Sallu" 
and  Washita  rivers  in  Arkansas.  Our  specimens  have  been  compared  with  the  nrifriiiiil  tjius, 
witli  wldch  they  agree  in  all  respects.  The  fr. mini  joining  the  premuxilhiry  to  tin'  I'mliead is 
very  narrow  and  easily  ruptun^d,  the  ujiper  jaw  then  appearing  protractile.  OccaHioiiull.v  the 
fold  is  continuous,  no  freuum  being  present,  the  species  varying  in  this  respect  lilic  i'. 
»iiH<)/eni)H." 

In  a  later  paper  Dr.  Gilbert  adds:  "This  siiecies  is  widely  distributed  throiiKlioiit  tlio  ba.sias 
of  tho  Cumberland,  Tennessee,  Escambia,  Alabama,  and  I'oscagoula  rivers,  and  will  iloulitlcss 
bo  found  in  other  Gulf  rivers.  It  has  also  been  taken  in  Arkansas.  Comparison  of  la/ci/ii* 
with  tlie  typo  of  stigmtKum,  and  with  additional  material  from  the  Coosa  River  has  sliown  their 
identity.    Specimens  are  in  tUo  present  collection  from  Cypress  Creek  and  Big  Naoco." 


/on/an  atui  F.jrrmttun. —  /''is/ifs  of  tVort/i  Atntricu.       l()49 


yjlir.  ■/■■iiiii  •/iiij»>ni,t  Hay,  I'dm-.  T.  H.  Nnt.  Mim.,  Inm'),  nM,  Yellow  River,  near  Chaffin, 

Sitnta  Roaa  County,  Florida  (Cull.  Miiiiii  .V  l)ii\lm>ii);  iiiuil  i'it.M<  II,  li. 
Il„i  iiliii  Hligmiiii,  JiiiiiiAN  JIl  liii.iir.iiT,  ^<ylMl|lll|F•,  fit,',  lH^:t;  IImi  l»:\ciKii,  <'uI.,  i,  D'.i. 
I ;."  ii/ru  i/ai'idiMII,  Uull.KNiIKH,  Cut.,  I,  IH). 

UM.  ITLOfKNTRA  (ai.HKKTI,  Rvoriimtin  fc  Thohiirn,  ii<-w  Hpi-rle*. 

Iloail  U  ;  <l«i)tli«);  «\v«' 'Hn  hnnd,  lon^ur  tliiin  Niidiit.  D.  IX-12:  A.  II. 
!l;  KdilcH  r>-r)l  li»  fi7-x.  Hotly  Mlt-iitltM',  I'liHifot  iii,  liltlt«  t'iiiii|ii<'sscil  :  flit' 
ii|i|ii'i'  prulilo  ili'HC(;n<Iin(;  in  ii  ^(Mitltt,  n^^iilur  ciirvt)  from  litint  of  (lt>rNul 
to  tip  of  Hiiout,  whicli  JH  liulow  tliu  axJH  of  tlio  hotly,  Mt>iitli  Niiiitli,  lit>ri- 
zdiilal,  tli«  lower  jaw  iiiclutltMl ;  maxillary  it'iifliinj;  vt'itiful  fitmi  front 
ut°  (libit,  itH  len;;tli  t'i|nal  tt>  (iiam«>t«*r  t)f  oyo  ;  iiri-maxiliaricH  |trotrat>til<>. 
Iiitrrorbital  Hpacc  ij  tliamt'tur  t»f  eyo.  (Jill  mumbraiitt  narrowly  ,jt(iii»>tl, 
frtc  I'rtim  iHtbmuH.  Latttral  lint;  cttntiniittiiH,  nearly  HtraiKlit,  t't)iitinu«il 
forwiirtl  tt)  eye.  Opcrclo  antl  upptfr  part  of  elieekn  with  Mtiilt-H  nimilar  tt» 
tlid.stMtn  body;  brcaHt  naked;  nimiIch  on  mttdian  line  at'  belly  similar  to 
the  otlit'i'S.  Fin«  inttderate,  the  pt'ctt)ral  reaching  tt)  tip  t)f  vi<ntral  antl  ■; 
(llHliince  to  anal,  etpuil  to  length  of  head ;  anal  rather  Nmnll.  rt)lt>r  in 
iili'oliol:  Yellowish  with  tlark  teHHellations  above;  ^S  tt»  lOtibloiig  lilttti'lieH 
ai<  iji  the  HitlcH,  with  Hmaller  blt)tt;heH  between  antl  partly  ctmllnent  with 
tlii'iii ;  the  coloration  innch  as  in  CiiltoijuMlrr  cojiiloiidi  \  n]))ier  fniN  barred. 
Tiir.'e  H))ecinienB  from  Clintdi  River,  at  Walker's  Fortl,  near  'I'a/.ewell, 
I'liiiesHeo,  the  longest  '2  inches  in  length.  (Type,  No.  \7'>',M.  ('till.  Kver- 
miiiin,  Scovell,  and  Gurley.)     (Named  for  Dr.  Charles  Henry  (jiilbert.) 

1480.   riiOC'KNTRA  VKKK('l!M)A  (Jonlan  &  Kveniinnn). 

noad4.J;  depth  4A;  eye  large,  longer  than  sntmt,  IH  i"  hcMid.  D.  XI. 
11 ;  A.  II,  7;  scales  ()-47-!(.  Ft)rni  of  heatl  and  bt)tly  much  as  in  I'livilieli- 
thjia  :o)it(lis,  the  hotly  snbfusiform,  little  compressed,  tlu>  back  Mt)niewhat 
elevated.  Heatl  small;  snout  short,  very  convex  in  prolile.  Month 
small,  inferior,  horizt)iital ;  premaxillaries  protractile,  bnt  with  truces  of 
an  obsolete  mesial  frenuni  ;  maxillary  extending  to  just  bt>yontl  frt)nt  ot 
eye,  I^J  in  bead.  (Jill  membranes  broadly  united;  ])reoperclo  entire; 
clu't)k8,  opercles,  and  nape  scaly;  breast  naked;  lateral  line  complete. 
Fins  all  very  low;  tlorsal  fins  scarcely  Joinctl ;  caudal  slightly  lunate; 
pectorals  as  long  as  heatl,  reaching  tips  of  ventrals,  not  to  vent.     Color 


*  I'liirintraihivuioiii  (Hay). 

Iliad  4J;  depth  li'-o;  oyoll;  snout  T,,  iiioye.  I).  IX-10,  well  si'imnit'd;  A.  11,0;  son  1p.-<.")-,'i(  1-7, 
piircs  devido|M'd  on  nliout  'M).  Intoroi'liitiil  spacu  imrrnw.  Mmitli  lar^rc,  liorl/.niitiil,  toriiilnal, 
the  maxillary  cxtRiiding  tu  a  porpcndiciilitr  IVum  pupil;  cU^t't  of  nioiith  '.^  head;  JawH  about 
<'i|iial;  pri'niaxillai'iuH  l'ru<>ly  protractile,  tlhcukn  and  oporclcH  dciiKidy  ticali'd;  hri'ii>(t  iiaUiil; 
oiicrciilar  Hpiiie  well  duvoloppd;  ^ill  lucmlpraiieK  narrowly  connec^ted;  voiin'riim  teeth  apparently 
ppsMnt,  Bttso  of  spinous  dorsal  4Jj  in  length  of  body,  its  ludj^lit  7;  baw  of  soft  dorsal  Hhorlcr, 
7  ill  length  of  body,  its  hoif!lit  about  thoBiinie.  Anal  spines  well  developed,  tlu^  first  the  stronger. 
Til"  pectorals  roach  to  vertieal  of  eighth  dorsal  spiue,  tlio  ventrals  falling  short  of  tips  of  pec- 
tiirulB.  (!audal  peduncle  compressed,  tapering  gradiiiilly  to  i-uudal  flu.  (ieneral  eolor  oliva- 
leniis;  many  srales,  eaeli  with  a  dark  blotch,  these  uniting  to  funn  /iirzag  and  VV-'''>"I"'*1 
niiirkings,  especially  above  the  lateral  lino;  sides  with  about  10  larger  and  nearly  sijuare  spots, 
tile  largest  on  caudal  pedunelo;  belly  and  chest  under  a  lens  are  seen  to  be  thiekly  s|iriiikl(-d 
with  black  dots;  a  black  streak  downward  from  eye  and  another  forward  to  snout;  tins  dusky; 
li'itlidorsals  with  rows  of  dvisky  spots  between  the  rays;  eiiudul  barreil.  One  specimen  known, 
Villnw  Kiver,  near  Chaffln,  Suuta  Eosa  Oounty,  Florida.  This  is  probably  identical  with 
i'l""iilra  ttigtiiiea. 


■    1 


M 


H 


i 


-  -    V 


■1  >  .i 


I'M 

i    i 


1 11 


1050 


liulUtin  4y,  UHtttU  States  National  Museum, 


in  HpiritN:  OrtMtiiiHli  yi^llow,  much  niottlod  with  darkur  K^ntMi ;  il  <>i  7 
(liHtiiH't  <|iiiulriit««  Ki'ooii  HpotH  »loii){  Intui'Hl  lino;  trncoH  of  !<  iluik  Kpnti 
III  n  vt^rticul  i'«>\v  at  bano  of  oiiidal ;  h  dark  bur  bolow  and  boforr  •  yt-; 
top  of  brad  tiai'k  ;  viuitiulH  and  anal  plain;  otlior  Unit  liarrml  wiiliihiik 
oiivo;  HpinoiiH  doFHal  with  oruiiK««  in  front  and  orun^u  HpotH  on  its  \:\h\ 
raya,  tip  of  luMt  HpinoH  dark.  Liuigth  2UncliuH.  TribiitariuH  of  IIdInIhii 
River,  Virjjinia;  rare.     (rer«'c«Mr/M«,  inodeHt.) 

tVinmlimxi  virfruwtHw,  JoauAN  A  KvKHMANN,  Priir.  V.  8.  Nat.  Mild.,  IHHH, :»(«»,  Middle  Fork  of 
the  HoUton  River,  about  s  miles  louth  of  QIade  Spring,  Virginia.  (Tyii,  N<,. 
»Of<'i'J.    C'dII.  .lorilHii,  Evuriiiiinii,  nmi  JonkiiiN.) 

VUiffulia  twrcMMiM,  DodLKNucii,  Cat.,  i,  08. 

1440.  lILOrKNTBA  IIISTKIO  (.lonlnn  ft  Qllliort). 

Head  t  to  li;  depth  5  to  ^  ;  eye  H  In  head;  Hcales  5t-.W  to  r»l-\'.  I), 
X-i:<;  A.  11,7.  In  form  much  resembling  VadlichthijH  coikiHh,  Inn  ihr 
body  Hlenderer  and  lesH  coinproHHed,  and  the  anterior  profile  of  hoiul  iiiori> 
doclivitoiiH,  the  mouth  being  on  a  level  with  lower  portion  of  baHo  of  imm- 
toralM.  Mouth  Hiiiall,  horizontal,  Hubinferior,  the  lower  Jaw  iurhnlcd; 
maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  pupil.  Si  in  head.  Eye  nitln'i 
large,  high  up  on  Hides  of  lioad,  itH  diameter  much  greater  than  Ini^Mli  nl' 
Hnout.  Interorbital  width  half  vertical  diameter  of  orbit;  parietal  u-;;iiiii 
narrow,  smooth,  rather  strongly  arched.  Opercular  spine  little  dev«'li>|ii>il. 
(till  membranes  broadly  joined  across  the  isthmus.  PremaxillaricM  tich- 
nically  protractile,  the  upper  lip  everywhere  separated  by  a  fold  I'mm 
the  skin  of  thp  forehead;  they  are,  however,  very  little  movable.  \t  rti- 
cal  tins  small,  the  paired  fins  greatly  developed;  spinous  and  soft  doisalM 
separate,  nearly  equal  in  heiglit  and  extent;  the  longest  dorsal  s|iiiii) 
half  length  of  head,  the  spines  all  slender  and  weak ;  first  anal  s|iiii)> 
longer  and  stronger  than  the  second,  slightly  longer  than  snout;  camliil 
fin  emarginate,  less  than  length  of  head;  pectorals  much  longer  than 
head,  reaching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals  to  vent,  their  length  nt-aiiy  I 
that  of  body  ;  ventrals  about  as  long  as  head.  Scales  ctenoid ;  lateral 
line  complete,  not  decurved;  head  naked,  or  with  a  few  scales  on  oi)or- 
cles;  na]ie  completely  scaled;  breast  and  a  long  strip  behind  viiitial 
fins  naked,  only  the  posterior  half  of  ventral  region  scaled  ovn;  no 
enlarged  humeral  scale.  Color:  Body  very  dark  green;  back  \vitli  7 
light  cross  bars,  usually  very  distinct ;  ventral  region  light,  the  lower 
half  of  sides  marked  with  light  and  dark  greenish,  these  niaikiiifjs 
showing  a  tendency  to  form  bars,  usually  alternating  with  tlio.^e  un 
back;  top  of  head  dark,  the  sides  light  greenish  ;  a  broad  dark  liar  t'nuii 
eye  to  tip  of  snout,  1  below  eye,  and  a  broad  dusky  area  covering;  parts 
of  opercle,  proopercle,  and  cheek;  a  dark  bar  in  front  of  pectoral  tin 
and  several  transverse  series  of  dark  spots  on  under  side  of  head ;  tins 
all  conspicuously  marked  with  broad  bars  of  light  and  dusky  groenisli; 
a  black  humeral  spot;  females  show  traces  of  this  jilan  of  coloration. 
but  are  more  uniformly  dusky  greenish,  the  lighter  marking  mucli  Ims 
cousplcuouB.    Length  2  inches ;  a  small,  odd  looking  little  fish.    Southern 


Jordan  and  F.vfrmann. — Fiihfs  of  North  America.       1051 

Iiii1iiinunn«l  HoiitiiwfNtwnnl  to  ArkuiisnH;*  known  from  tlio  lowor  WnltnHh 
mill  trihiitai'ii'N  (Kvurinaiin),  (jroiui  UivtM',  Kuiitiioky,  an*l  HIack,  I'oloaii, 
itiiil  WuHliita  I'ivMrH,  ArkaiiuaH;  locally  common,     (/lit/n'o,  u  harle(|iiin.) 

yi\(   Umm  (VXixtntta)  hMrio,  .liiRiiAN  k  OiLHiiiT,  Pror.  V.  H.  Nttt.  Mtw.,  IB«7,  47,  Poteau  Klvor, 
near  Hackett  City,  Arkaniaa;   Saline  River  at  Benton,  and  Waahita  River  at 

Arkadelphia,  Arkaniaa.    (Tv|h',  Noh.  :i<)3lir>,  :iiU(Hi,  :tt'>-l4K,    Coll,  Junlaa  &  Ullliort.) 
/v;,.  ./..iiM  /ii»/ri-.,  .foiiMAN,  null.  II.  H.  KUh  Culiim.,  viil,  1HB8,  104. 
li'iiittmhuliio,  lluUI.KNilKII,  Cat.,  I,  1)8. 


1441.  I'LOCKNTKA  NIXOTKKA  ('i^>|)o). 

Ilnul  1  to  4h  (lopth  t  to  5;  eye'M  in  lieiul;  I).  X  to  XII-IO  or  11;  A. 
II.  ~;  NcaleH  O-tH  to  r>12-ll.  Dody  Nhort  anil  rather  <lu«|».  Huad  Hmall ; 
till'  NiiDiit  very  olttuHo  with  Htron^ly  curved  jirotlli*,  aliiumt  uh  hiiiiit  uh 
in  liipIiMhii  hknnmiUx.  CheokH,  open'Um,  and  hreaHt  naked  or  partly 
Hciii.v .  Dorsal  tlim  well  sejiaratod ;  pectoral  a  little  lon^^er  than  head; 
liitt'iiil  line  complete.  In  lifV  pale  ^reen,  the  dark  markingB  ^reen  ; 
vanoiiH  HcaleH  on  back  bronze -red  iu  center,  the  neighboring  HcaleH  light 
yellow,  the  bronze  niarkingM  forming  very  irregular  Htreakn;  belly  pale 
yellow,  more  or  Ichh  iluHhed  with  bright  orange ;  HpinouH  dorsal  pale  at 
liitM',  then  a  black  Htreak,  then  pale,  each  membrane  with  an  orange  H])ot 
tiiiDiighout  the  pale  streak,  the  first  two  Hpots  of  a  brilliant  Hcarlet; 
imI^'c  of  the  fin  snuffy  brown;  soft  dorsal  with  the  rays  pale  yellowish, 
till'  iiicmbranos  spotted  with  bronze  brown,  a  black  spot  at  base  of  each 
ray:  ciiiidal  yellowish,  with  three  wavy  black  bars;  anal  and  ventrals 
piilc  yellowish;  pectorals  yellowish,  faintly  barred;  head  with  various 
ijn'fii  markings;  a  dark  stripe  downward  and  one  forward  from  the  eye. 
LeiiL^th  3  inches.  An  elegant  and  peculiar  species,  carrying  to  an  extreme 
tiio  <,'()bioid  a]>pearance  of  these  fishes.  Western  Virginia,  eastern  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  in  the  basins  of  the  (ireen,  Camberland,  and  Ten- 
neste  rivers,  southward  through  Alabama  to  the  Escambia  Uiver;  very 
ubiinilant  in  clear  rocky  or  sandy  streams;  one  of  the  hamlsomest  of  the 
Nniiill  darters.      {aifiorPpa,  comparative  of  oiiiug,  snub-nosed.) 

lhjii»ioiMt  nimoterum,  Coi-k,  Jourii.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  riiila.,  18C8,  215,   HoUton  River  and  ita 

tributariea;  Vaii.i.ant,  Reclioi-chos,  1(K),  1873,  with  (ilatcs. 
Vlirnilni  Himotern,  .ToiiDAN  it  Oll.iiKliT,  Syiui|i8i8,  49.'),  1K83;  BoiLF.NOER,  Cut.,  I,  !)7. 
Ailiii't  atriiHHtiiK,\  .TdiiDAN,  Bull.  X,  I'.  .•<.  Nat.  Mus.,  10,  1877,  tributary  of  the  Cumberland 

River,  near  Nashville,  Tennessee.    (Typo,  No.  204;«.    Co'l.  A.  Wincliell.) 

♦Tlic  following  (loRpriptiori  is  takon  from  tho  BpocinionH  from  Black  Bivcr,  Black  Rnck, 
Ark;iiiNis,  lielon^in^  to  Vliui'itlrn  hiilrio,  ((!oll.  S.  K.  Meek): 

II-  :i'l  I'j^;  depth  .V4;  eye  4;  miont  31^;  1>.  IX-9;  A.  11,  7;  scaleH  fi-,';0-7,  liiteral  Hue  conipl.-te; 
I liiiK^  1111(1  opercles  nearly  naked,  a  few  scales  on  their  upper  parts;  nape  Hcalcd;  lireast  and 
uiitciiMi|ii)rtion  of  holly  iiakeil.  Body  rather  rohnst,  Hiniilarin  form  to  I'luHiihthHiir.iiniiHs.  Head 
lipiivv;  snout  short,  sharply  docnrved;  mouth  Htnall,  horizontal,  the  lower  Jaw  fncluiicd;  upper 
Jaw  with  a  Hiiiiit  freiium,  preninxillaries  slightly  protractile;  \i\\\  nienihraues  broadly  united; 
tt^i'tli  ill  jaws  well  dovelopod.  Fius  rather  high;  iiectorals  large,  thi-ir  tips  reaching  past  tips 
of  vi'iitrals.  Color  dark  olivaceous,  much  mottled  with  darker;  six  dark  dorsal  hlotches;  top  of 
liMid  mid  base  of  caudal  black;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  broad  dark  margin  across  top  of  siiinesand 
ildwiiuard  on  first  inombraue;  all  the  other  tins  irregularly  barred  and  dotted  with  black  or 
ilarl;  I.Kiwn;  a  dark  vertical  bar  above  base  of  ventral;  a  aeries  of  tlark  spots  on  postocular  and 
adiiiU  liiK!  downward  from  eye;  snout  and  lower  parts  of  head  with  some  Biwts. 

t'l'li''  description  of  this  form  is  substantially  as  follows: 

(■/.". .»^a  nlripimiu  (.Jordan).— Head  4%;  depth  4%.  D.  XII-10  or  U;  A.  II,  7.  Bcsly  rather 
sliott,  somewhat  compressed  behiud.  Head  extremely  short  and  deep,  the  snout  very  short  and 
abruptly  rounded,  08  in  [l/oceii(ra  (iniufora.    Eyo  largo.    Gill  membrauea  broadly  united.    Mouth 


II 


i; 


I   1 


:^\ 


■(■■ 

:'*;■■ 


■'0 


1052  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1442.  IILOCENTRA  PHLOX  (Cope). 

D.  X-12 ;  A.  II,  5 ;  ecales  5-52-8.  Body  rather  stout.  Head  ((np,- 
pressed.  Mouth  teniiinal,  the  preiiiaxillaries  freely  protractile;  oixiru- 
lar  si>ine  strong.  Cheeks  and  opercloa  nuked.  Breast  and  neck  scuioleHs 
or  nearly  so.  Scales  rather  'arge,  the  belly  scaled  like  the  sides.  (Jin 
niembranes  not  described.  Lateral  line  straight,  reaching  middle  of 
second  dorsal.  Vermilion  red,  with  faint,  small,  brown  dorsal  Hpotsiu 
series  of  similar  blue  epots  along  the  lateral  line.  Spinous  dorsal  with  a 
dark  blue  border;  second  dorsal  with  a  dark  shade;  caudal  cross-Inn nd. 
Anal  tin  small,  other  fins  large.  Length  2  inches.  Trinity  River,  Texas. 
(Cope.)    Not  seen  by  us.    {<l>?JiS,  ilame.) 

IldhoHoi  Id  phi',.!-,  CoPK,  Bull.  XVII,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18S0,  .10,  Trinity  River,  Fort  Worth 

Texas.    (Coll.  C.>|k'.) 
lUivetitraitVnx,  .Iouhan  k  GiLBEhT,  .Synopsis,  495,  1883;  Boulkxoer,  Cat.,  I,  90. 


470.  DIPLESION,  Rafinesque. 

hiplesion,  U.vFiN'ESQrK,  Iclitli.  Oliienaig,  .17,  1820,  (Ulemiioides). 
tlyonlnma,  AnASSiz,  Amor.  Joui.i.  Sci.  aiiJ  Arts,  1854,  305,  {uemitaui). 

lie  \\  rather  elongate,  subterete.  Head  very  short  and  b'l  .  t,  with 
tumi  '  olH"^k8 :  the  profile  very  convex.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  hori- 
zontal. Prem.axillaries  protractile,  little  movable,  joined  to  the  forehead 
mesially  by  a  slight  frenum ;  maxillary  not  protractile,  aduate  lot  most 
of  its  length  to  the  fleshy  skin  of  the  preorbital;  lower  jaw  very  short; 
teeili  in  jaws  strong;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gill  meinhraiies 
broadly  connected.  Gill  rakers  very  short.  Scales  moderate,  nmgli. 
l^iateral  line  complete  ;  no  enlarged  ventral  plates.  Dorsal  fins  lai  i,'e,  the 
spinous  dorsal  longer  and  lower  than  the  second,  of  about  13  .spines; 
anal  smaller  than  second  dorsal  with  2  strong  spines.  Veutrals  nioder- 
ately  sfparated ;  pectorals  long,  symmetrical.  Vertebra;  {hletuiiiiiiku) 
19  +  2.3  =  42.  Pyloric  c(eca  4.  Froutal  region  of  skull  very  iiarniw; 
ethmoid  region  abruptly  decurved.  Parietal  region  moderately  convex 
(less  so  than  in  Ethcostoma,  more  so  than  in  Boleo8oma)]  no  supraoccipital 
crest.  Coloration  largely  green.  {(Uf,  two;  nATi^iov,  near;  dorsal  tin 
nearly  divided  in  two.) 

small,  with  (miuhI  jiiws.  ClieekH  and  opercles  scaly;  tlifi  rheek  scales  small  and  clo.scly  .•^'t;  a  tri- 
iiiitrular  scries  of  fcali's  on  temporal  region;  throat  smooth;  neck  above  closely  si-aliil:  lu'll.v 
ciciseiy  scaled.  Kins  largo;  Bpiiuiu;;  doi-sal  liigi',  the  second  still  higher,  hut  smaller  lliiiii  tlir 
first,  Its  base  abont  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head;  dorsal  tins  coutijruous,  slif^htly  i  .nritMliii. 
Color  olivaceous:  head  above  entirely  black;  back  with  8  dark  cross  bars;  about  11  I'iir-liki' 
iil'itihcR,  Komewliat  indistinct,  arranftod  along  the  lateral  line;  fins  chietiy  black;  iiierii'ininc? 
of  the  second  dorsal  and  ventral  fins  entirely  black,  that  of  the  spinous  dorsal  wiili  m  limiid 
blnek  horizontal  bar  at  base,  aliove  which  are  numerous  distinct  black  oblicpse  striiili<;  mii'l 
with  a  broad  black  bar:  caudal  and  pectoral  fins  largely  dusky.  Females  and  yonni:  in-'hiilil.v 
paler.  Scales  7-58-8.  Leiifith  'ij^  inches.  Cumberland  Kiver.  It  is  probably  ideiitiml  witli 
ilocenlra  siinotera,    (afer,  bla^k  ;  pmiia,  fin.) 


Jordan  and  ETermann. — Fishes  of  North  A  merica. 


1053 


1448.  DIPLESION  BLENNIOIDKS  >■  (Raflucsqus). 
(Gkeen-bidei)  Dautru.  ) 

Htiul  4i  to  4g;  tlepth  4|  to  6.  D.  XII  to  XIV-12  to  1");  A.  II,  8  or  Jt; 
gcalt"!  6-58  to  78-14.  Body  stout,  elongate,  little  coinpiessod  ;  profile 
very  convex.  Eyes  large,  3^  in  head,  high  up  and  cloijo  together  ;  a 
loiii;itudinal  furrow  between  the  eyes.  Month  small,  horizontal,  quite 
inf<:iior;  upper  jaw  concealed  in  a  furrow  under  the  snout.  Opercular 
spiiH!  Htrong  ;  distance  from  mouth  to  gill  cleft  I  head.  Scules  moderate  ; 
tiiosc  on  the  belly  large,  not  caducous;  cheeks  with  fine  scales  ;  operclew 
witli  large  ones;  neck  scaly;  chest  naked.  Anal  papilla  very  large. 
Auii I  Hpines  strong;  caudal  fin  emarginate;  lower  rays  of  the  pectorals, 
and  the  rays  of  the  ventrals  and  anal  enlarged  and  fleshj'  in  the  males. 
Pectoral  longer  than  head,  of  15  rays.  Vertebiin  2:^-f-21— 44.  Color 
olive  green,  tessellated  above  ;  sides  with  about  8  double  transverse  bars, 
each  pair  forming  a  Y-shaped  figure;  these  are  sometimes  joined  above, 
forming  a  sort  of  wavy  lateral  band;  in  life  these  markings  are  of  a 
clear  deep  green;  sides  sprinkled  with  orange  dots;  head  with  olive 
stiijies  and  the  usual  dark  bars  ;  first  dorsal  dark  orange  brown  at  base, 
l)la<!  above,  becoming  pale  at  tip  ;  second  dorsal  and  anal  of  a  rich  blue 
green,  with  some  reddish;  caudal  greenish,  faintly  l)arre(l ;  young  and 
female  specimens  are  more  or  less  dull,  but  the  pattern  is  j»eculiar. 
Leiij,'th  3  to  5  inches.  Pennsylvania  to  South  Dakota  and  Kansas  and 
south  to  the  lower  Alabama  basin  ;  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most 
abundant  of  the  darters;  in  clear  brooks.  (lilciinitix,  bleuny;  fti)ii<j, 
likeness.) 

EOwsionin  (biplesidii)  hlcniiioiileii,  Kafinesqve,  .Jouni.  de  rii.v»ii|iii',  4l!l,   181!),    Ohio  River; 

VAir.LANT,  Rei-horclies,  57,  187.1. 
Uij<ifl"iiia  iieirmani,  AoASSiz,    \n)er.  Jourii.  Sci,  mid  Arts,   1851,  H(15,  vicinity  of  Huntsville, 

Alabama.     (Coll.  Dr.  Nowmm..) 
Pih'"i,.ii  iijmiiiogramtiia,  AniiOTT,  I'roc.  Ao.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilii.,  1800,  3;i",  no  locality. 
llijoil"iiia    lileiiiiioperca,  CiU'E,   Joiirn.    Ac.   Na'..    Sol.    I'liila.,    18C8,   215,    tributaries   of  the 

Kanawha  and  Holston  rivers. 
Diph'xiiiiii  hleuiiioideK,  JoiiDAN  &  Giliieut,  Synopsis,  497,  1883;  I5()ui.en(ikii,  ('.it.,  i,  lOO. 

*OiH'  of  the  most  simply  beautiful  of  all  fislios  is  tho  Greon-sided  Darter  (&//)?(■.•./•>»  \l  inwiitcs). 
Ho  is  iKit  like  the  I'.lhnisionia  ccni/ciiiH,  an  animated  rainbow,  but  Iiu  lias  llie  bi'iiui.v  iif  urei'ii 
j;ras>,  Willi  violuts,  and  mossy  logs.  As  we  watch  liim  in  tho  water,  with  his  brifilit  bleiidod 
rolersiiiiil  gentle  wa.vs,  once  more,  with  Old  Izank,  "we  sit  on  cowslip  bunks,  hear  tlie  binls 
•siiiL',  and  possesa  ourselves  in  as  much  quietness  as  tho  silent  silvorstreaim  wliiili  wnsee  glicle  so 
iiuii'tlvby  us."  During  the  ordinary  business  of  the  year,  Diitlesimi,  like  most  sensible  lislnsaiid 
men,  ilri'sses  plainly.  It  is  not  easy  to  get  time  for  contemplatiun  when  tho  btrean^s  lire  low  and 
food  is  scarce.  Besides,  a  plain  <oat  may  ward  jff  danger  as  well  as  fueilitate  iittiuk.  ,\t  all 
tinic«.  however,  ho  may  bo  known  by  these  marks:  The  fins  aro  all  lars^e;  the  back  is  covered 
with  /iii/ag  marUings,  while  on  the  lower  jiart  of  tho  sides  are  8  or  !•  W-sliaped  olivo  spots; 
these  are  more  or  less  (connected  above,  and  sometimes  form  a  wavy  line.  Tlic  eyes  are  promi- 
nent; tliosnout  is  very  short  and  rounded;  while  the  little  infi  ri.vr  mouth  is  ]iiickeied  up  as  if 
for  saying  "prunes  and  prisms,  prunes  and  prisms."  Ibit  wlo  ii  the  first  blue  binlsgive  warning; 
bytlieir  shivering  and  bodiless  noti's  that  spring  is  coming,  tlnn  liijilrsimi  puts  on  his  wedding; 
ciotlies  and  becomes,  in  fa>  t,  the  Green-sided  Darter.  The  dorsal  fins  become  of  a  bright  gniss 
(ireeii,  with  a  scarlet  band  at  the  base  of  each;  the  broad  anal  bus  a  tinge  of  the  deepest  emerald; 
nliile  evi'iy  spot  and  lino  upon  the  side  has  turned  from  an  iindetiiied  olive  to  ii  deip  rich 
grf'ii.  >iiili  as  Is  scarcely  found  elsewhoro  in  the  ai'im.i'  world  excepting  on  the  heads  of  frogs. 
Till' s, line  tint  shines  out  on  tho  branching  rays  of  the  caudal  liii,  and  maybe  seen  struggling 
throiiuh  the  white  of  tho  belly.  The  blotches  nearest  the  midlle  of  the  back  beronio  black, 
ami  thiikly  sprinkled  everywhere  are  little  shiny  specks  of  clear  bron/.e  orange.  [ii  the  ai|iia- 
riuin  liiiitenidn  in  shy  ami  retiring,  too  much  of  a  tine  lady  to  scramble  for  angbwdriiis  or  to 
8nii|i  It  the  "basF  feed."  She  is  usually  hidden  among  tho  plants  or  curled  up  under  an  arch 
of  stuiifs  or  iu  tv  geode,— (Jordan  &  Copelaud.) 


,1^  1  )' 


I ;'? 


[■ 


i 


M.  !i 


l()/)4  Bulletin  ^7,  Ihiited  States  National  Must' urn. 

471.  BOLEOSOMA,  l)e  Kav. 

(7e8SK/,f,ATEI>  DaRTKKS.) 

liolroKotmi,  DeKay,  New  Yorl<  Fauna:  Fiilii'iJ,  2<t,  1842,  (lisxtllnlmn      uliimleiH). 
Afliwj,  (ifn\nu,  rVoc.  >r.  Nat.  Sci.  !'//»«.,  I**8,  64,  {effuhjrns). 
B'trilln,  ('  fiAiiii,  Troc.  Ac  Sat.  Sci.  Pliila..  IW.t,  r,5,  (.(/n>Hm(iiI((/<i). 
Vtiilhmliii,  JoiiliAN,  Bull.  r.  S.  Kilt.  Mum.,  xii,  89,  1S7S,  (.•amH/iim). 

Body  nioderatol.v  elongate,  fusiform,  but  Hlightly  traiiHlucciit.  Iltud 
small,  iiairowcd  forward,  the  profile  convex.  Mouth  Hniali,  hoii/oniiil, 
tJie  lower  jaw  iucluded ;  premaxillarv  protractile.  MaxiUarioa  iioi  aduiitf 
to  preorbital.  Vomerine  teeth  present.  Scales  large;  lateral  line  con- 
tinuons  or  interrupted  behind;  belly  with  ordinary  scales.  Gill  iinin- 
branes  broadly  narrowly  connected.  Dorsal  spines  i».siial!y  H,  verv 
slender  all d  lloxii^^e;  soft  dorsal  much  larger  than  anai ;  anal  noinially 
with  a  single,  short,  slender  spine,  the  first  soft  ray  simple,  but  articulate; 
ventrals  well  separated  ;  vertebra-  (li.  nigntm)  15  -f-  22==  37.  Pyloric  cucii 
3  to  6.  Frontal  region  of  skull  very  short  and  narroAv ;  j)ari('tal  rej;ion 
flattish  above;  no  supraoccipital  crest.  Coloration  olivacfoiis  aiul 
speckled,  the  males  with  inky  black  in  spring;  no  red  or  blue,  Si/,o 
small.  Very  active  little  fishes  ;  abounding  among  weeds  in  clearsiniuiis. 
(/3o.'  c,  arrow,  da;'t ;  od/ki,  body.) 

BOLEOSOMA  : 

a.  Lati-ral  liuo  cominetc  or  very  noarly  so;  pyloric  o«!oa  6. 

6.  Pocttn'als  very  long,  ' .,  to  J-i^  longer  tlian  luiui;  operclcs  scaly;  Kill  nicnilii.iiii  -  m.mi'- 
what  connected, 
c.  Snout  about  a.s  long  as  eye;  profile  steep  and  nearly  straight;  scalcH  ulpmit  t:;. 

LOXlilMAM  -.  1444. 
cc.  Snout  shorter  than  eye;  profile  rounded;  moutn  small,  inferior;  s<iiles  ali.  ut :!". 

rolH'STE.MONK,  Ut.'i. 

bb.  Pectorals  moderate,  about  as  long  ashcad;  body  and  fins  siK>ckle<l;  male  witli  ih^  lieail 
black  in  spring. 
(/.  Head  more  or  less  scaly;  dorsal  rays  usually  IX-12  to  14;  scales  41  to  '>.".. 

Ni(;i:r-ii,  144(1. 

(Id.  Head  wholly  naked;  dorsal  rays  usually  VIII-IO;  scales  45  to  60.     si>.'.\  i.  1417. 

Vaillantia*  : 

aa.  Lateral  line  ceasing  near  middle  of  body;  i)yliiric  co'ca  3;   clieiks  and  o|>i n  1  -  >'H\y; 

breast  usually  so;  head  speckled  above.     D.  IX  or  X-10  or  11;  A.  I,  7  nr  I,  J^;  >■  iiles 

about  5G.  cAMi  i:i  M,  M4>. 

1444.  BOLEOSOMA  LONOIMANUS  (Jordan). 

Head  4^  ;  depth  5.  D.  X-13;  A.  I,  8;  scales  5-44-7.  Body  modciatcly 
elongate,  not  much  compressed  ;  head  rather  long,  somewhat  blunt  aiitir- 
iorly,  convex  above  the  eyes;  profile  of  the  snout  steep  and  nearly  .■'ti  a  ij,'lir: 
premaxillaries  protractile;  lower  jaw  iuclu<led;  maxillaries  ^eachill^  iVoiit 
of  orbit,  about  as  long  as  eye,  which  is  4  in  head,  and  about  a.s  loiiiias 
snout;  teeth  rather  strong;  gill  membranes  a  little  conuecttl.  J.atcal 
line  complete  ;  scales  rather  large  ;  belly  naked  anteriorly,  with  onliiai  v 
scales  posteriorly.  Cheeks  naked;  opercles  with  some  scales ;  iia|t  am 
\)i:ast  naked.     Pectorals  very  long,  reaching  front  of  anal,  about  !    tin.'s 


*  Named  for  Leon  Vaillant,  ichthyologist  of  the  miiseuni  at  Paris,  author  of  a  ni'ist  ■  .K' 
nionogiaph  of  tho  Etheoslmnidte. 


illi'iit 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1055 


UH  Idiig  as  bead ;  ventruiH  long,  but  rot  reaching  tips  of  pectorals  nor  front 
ofaiiiil ;  dorsal  spines  bigli,  tbe  longest  li  in  bead ;  soft  dorsal  very  bigb, 
l,',i  ill  head  ;  anal  smaller  than  soft  dorsal;  anal  spine  short,  the  first  ray 
lou^'er  than  tbe  spine,  simple,  but  articulate  toward  tbe  tip ;  caudal  lunate. 
Color  in  spirits :  Straw  color,  many  scales  on  tbe  back  darkei ;  10  dark 
Bputs  (>u  sides,  rather  irregular  and  small ;  1  at  base  of  caudal  and  1  on 
front  of  opercle;  back  with  5  or  6dark  cross  blotches.  IJotb  dorsals  with 
(lark  spots ;  caudal  and  pectoral  somewhat  barred ;  3  or  4  dark  bars  only 
ou  cMiulal;  ventrals  and  anal  plain  ;  a  stripe  forward  from  eye,  but  only 
a  very  faint  dark  shade  below  eye ;  a  little  black  spot  «m  bawe  of  pectoral 
iil)()\  (■ ;  sometimes  faint  dark  dashes  ou  lower  part  of  side,  alternating 
with  the  dark  blotches.  In  life  this  species  is  clear  green,  with  markings 
of  darker  green  or  black.  Length  2\  inches.  Basin  of  James  Kiver,  Vir- 
irjiiia  ;  recorded  from  North  Kiver  at  Loch  Laird,  Virginia  ;  HuflFalo  Creek 
near  Loxington,  Virginia,  and  Elk  Creek  near  Natural  Bridge,  Virginia. 
All  active  species  living  among  rocks;  locally  abundant.  (Ioikjuh,  long; 
maiiits,  hand.) 

a/iic-'  Did  hmijiiiitimi,  Jordan,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1888, 179,  tributary  of  James  River, 
Virginia;  (Type,  Ko.  24610,  Mub.  Coinj).  Zool.,  SBpoclmeiis);  JoBUAN.Proc,  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus., 
ls<(<,  361. 

Eu/fyx.ij/iK  loiigimannt,  Boui.enger,  Cat.,  i,  96. 


■| 


":i 


u^ 


!j-    •    ft,'' 


nifiiiliiiini  -  ~"iiii- 


1446.  BOLKOS'')MA  POD.f.'iTK.'dOXK  (.Jordan  &  /.'nkins). 

Hiatl  4*  ;  depth  5| ;  eye  3f  in  head,  a  little  longer  than  snout.  D.  X-13; 
A.  1,  X :  scales  4-3.^-6.  Body  rather  stout,  somewhat  compressed,  the  back 
elevated.  Head  short,  rather  bluntly  rounded  in  profile,  the  rather  wide, 
blunt  snout  overhanging  the  small  inferior  mouth.  Upper  jaw  protrac- 
tile; maxillary  short,  freely  movable,  just  reaching  front  of  eye,  and 
scarcely  as  long  as  eye;  mouth  very  small,  inferior,  contracted;  teeth 
small ;  gill  membranes  broadly  united.  Cheeks,  nape,  and  breast  nak(;d; 
open  Ics  with  a  few  large  scales;  preopercle  entire;  middle  line  of  belly 
naked  anteriorly  with  ordinary  scales  behind;  lateral  line  co/iiplete. 
Dorsal  fins  moderate;  anal  fin  lower  and  smaller  than  soft  dorsal;  anal 
spine  Hliort ;  first  anal  ray  simple,  a  little  longer  than  the  spine  and  artic- 
ulate toward  tip;  caudal  truncate;  pectorals  rather  long,  i  longer  than 
head,  reaching  beyond  ventrals  to  vent.  Color,  light  yellowish  green, 
with  7  or  8  small  dark  quadrate  spots  along  side ;  5  or  (5  larger  ones  ;Uong 
back  ;  scales  of  back  mostly  with  dark  centers;  a  dark  bar  below  eye;  a 
little  spot  behind  eye ;  a  dark  opercular  bar  and  a  dark  l)ar  before  and 
lieliiiul  pectorals;  lower  side  of  head  with  some  dark  spots;  pectorals, 
both  dorsals  and  caudal,  with  cross  bands  of  dark  olive  spots;  dorsal  in 
life  also  spotted  with  brownish  red  ;  caudal  also  with  a  subtcrminal  dark 
liaud  :  ventrals  and  anal  nearly  plain.  Length  2  inches.  Roanoke  River 
:  locally  abundant  in  very  clear  streams,  living  almost  exclusively 
river  weed  Podostemon  cvratophyUum  (Michaax),  whence  the  specific 


Rasii: 
in  the 
name. 

i'Jhi>;sii:,ii,i  pniloMenimie,  Jorpan  A'  .Tenkins,  I'roc.   U.  S.  Nat.  Miis. 
at  Roanoke,  Salem,  and  Alleghany  Springs,  Virginia. 
Kvermann,  and  Jenkins.) 
( pudostemone,  Boulengcr,  Cat.    i,  05. 


(lull 

Bolffls.i., 


188S,  :ir,9,  Roanoke  River 
(Type,  No.  39S(i;j.    Coll.  Jor- 


,        H2 


ior>() 


Bulletin  77,  United  States  National  Museum. 


7 


144AriiOM:()MOnA  MdltrM  (R<inncK<)ue). 


1; 


(.lllllNNY    DAUTBU.*) 


\i 


••1 


flead  lif  to  lA ;  dnptli  5  to  6;  eye  ',\%  to  4  in  lioad,  equal  to  or  a  little 
longer  tliun  Hiioiit.  D.  IX-12  to  14  (VIII  to  X-10  to  14);  A.  I.  7  u,  !i; 
Hcal«8  5-44  to  r)5-J>,  rarely  35  to  40.  Body  fusiform,  slender,  litth^  coin- 
pressed.  Head  conical,  moderate,  the  snout  somewhat  decurved.  .Month 
small, lower  Jaw  included.  Cheeks  and  hreast  naked  (specimens  occiiMJon- 
ally  found  with  these  regions  closely  scaly);  opercles  scaly  ;  space  lict'om 
dorsal  mostly  scaled.  Opercular  spine  stronj^;  space  between  nioulli  mikI 
gill  cleft  al)out  half  head.  Fins  high;  pectoral  about  as  long  as  liiud; 
dorsals  about  e(|ual  in  height,  the  Bi)inous  a  little  longer.  Anal  sinull, 
its  spine  short  and  weak  ;  caudal  truncate.  Coloration  palo  oil  viicdnis; 
back  much  tessellated  with  brown;  sides  with  numerous  small  W-sIiiiimi1 
blotches;  head  speckled  above,  mostly  black  in  the  males;  a  black  line 
forward  from  eye  and  sometimes  a  line  downward  also;  lins  h.iinil; 
males  in  the  spring  blackish  anteriorly,  often  almost  entirely  Jet  Muck. 
Tubes  of  the  lateral  line  sometimes  obsolete  on  the  last  4  or  .')  scjilos. 
Length  2  to  2V  inches.  Eastern  United  States,  almost  everywhen",  esjic- 
cially  northward,  the  tyi»ical  form  {x'xjrum)  throughout  the  Ohio  Valley, 
Great  Lake  region,  and  Upper  Mississippi  west  to  Colorado  and  north  to 
Manitoba  ;t  very  abundant  in  most  streams,  especially  small  ones,  inuoiif,' 


I 


*  Wo  novor  grew  tired  of  watching  tlie  little  Johnny  {lioleomma  nigrum,  Ii!iliiipsi|iifii. 
Althoiigli  our  earlit'st  ai|uariuin  friend— and  tlic  very  tlrst  specimen  Hhowod  us  liy  n  i:i|iiil  ascent 
of  tho  river  weed  how  "a  .loliiiny  could  climb  trees'  — lie  liiis  still  many  resonncs  wliiiliwi' 
Inivo  never  learned.  Whenever  wo  try  to  catch  him  with  tho  liand  we  l)eKin  with  nil  the  uii'  or- 
taiiity  that  characteri/.'^d  onr  first  attempts,  even  if  wo  liav(!  him  in  a  two-quiirt  pail.  \\f  niuy 
know  him  l>y  his  short  tiu.x,  his  first  dorsal  having  l)nt  !l  spines,  and  l)y  the  ali^i'im'  nf  nil 
color  save  a  soft  yellowish  brown,  which  is  freckled  with  darker  markings.  The  iliirklnuHn 
on  the  sides  is  arran^;cd  in  7  or  8  W-shaped  marks,  below  which  are  a  few  flecks  of  tlic  n»w 
color.  Covering  tlio  sides  of  the  liack  are  the  wavy  markings  and  ilark  specks,  which  liave  given 
him  the  name  of  the  "Ti'ssellated  Darter,"  but  IIoIioshuki  is  a  braver  name  aad  we  im n  prcfT 
"Holy"  for  short.  In  the  spring  tho  males  have  the  head  jet-black,  and  this  dark  cildi-  often 
extends  on  the  back  part  of  tho  body  so  that  tho  fisli  looks  as  if  he  had  been  taken  bv  llie  tail 
and  dipped  into  a  bottle  of  ink.  Ihit  witli  tlie  end  of  tho  nuptial  season  this  (olor  (lisC|i|ieiirs, 
and  the  tish  regains  bis  normal  strawy  hue.  The  head  in  ISiilensoma  resembles  that  of  hii'lifimi, 
l)nt  the  h.abit  ot  leaning  forward  over  a  stone,  resting  on  tlie  front  fins,  gives  a  pliy-iiiigrmniy 
oven  more  frog-like.  His  actions  are,  however,  rather  bird-like,  for  he  will  strike  aititu  lis  like 
a  tufted  titmouse,  and  he  flies  ratlierthan  swims  through  tho  water,  lie  will,  with  nnc  li  immbc- 
verance,  push  his  body  liet  ween  a  i)lant  and  the  side  of  tlie  aqnarinm  and  balance  liimsclf  m 
the  slender  stem.  Ccouching  cat-like  before  a  snail  shell,  ho  will  snap  off  the  horn.-  «  liii  li  the 
unlucky  owner  pushes  timidly  out.  lint  he  is  often  less  dainty,  and,  seizing  the  iinnnal  by 
the  head,  he  daslies  the  shell  against  the  glass  or  a  stone  until  he  pulls  tho  body  out  nr  break.- 
tho  hhvW.—Jiirilitn  if-  Oipihiiiil. 

f  Specimens  obtained  by  Mr.  Woolman  from  Big  Stone  Lake,  Minnesota,  and  wliii  li  iriayre|ip- 
*'iit  a  tangible  variety,  are  de-erjiied  as  f(dlows: 

Head  Vr,;  depth  r>f\  eye  i'4  (i  witliout  flap),  equaling  snout.  D.  VIir-12;  A.  1,  8;  pialcs 
•l-iit-r).  Resembling  tho  variety  dhiisti'ili  in  the  high  fins  anil  slender  body;  head  nioilcinte; 
candal  peduncle  long  and  slender;  moutli  large,  nearly  horizontal;  iirema.xillariis  pmlraclile, 
maxillary  reaching  vertical  of  pupil;  gill  membranes  scarcely  connected,  t'liieks  iiakcil  er 
marly  So;  op(rcle8,  nape,  and  bn-ast  scaled;  belly  with  ordinary  scah^s;  lateral  line  c.iiii|iletc, 
sliglitly  arched  in  anterior  portion.  Dorsal  fin  high,  the  longest  spine  about  l/.t  in  lnail,  tlie 
sott  portion  a  little  higher;  anal  rays  about  '2  in  head;  anal  tin  smaller  than  soft  dmsal.  it.<  ha.*'' 
If,  in  that  of  ^iot't  dorsal;  iiectoral  liir)g,  as  long  as  head,  abi.ost  reaching  anal  tin;  \  ■ntialssliort, 
1'  ..in  pectoral.  Color  of  male,  inalcolnjl,  dusky,  v.illi  10  or  i  I  darker  \  :  licaloarsexliicliii^rlri'm 
median  line  of  back  to  below  lateral  line,  tho  anterior  ones  narr.iw,  tlmse  on  postei  i  r  jiart  cl 
body  broader;  thesjiaces  between  these  bars  with  small  dark  pimctuialions;  topaiid  siJ  — "'  licail 
[irolnsely  punctnlate,  adark  sntiorbital  spot;  spiimus  dorsal  black  on  nmmbrane  cunncriiiiL'  lir-l 
2  or  :!  spines,  rest  of  spinous  i)art  punctate  and  edged  with  black;  a  stna  11  black  simt  iii  iHsleiiur 
part;  soft  dorsal  more  or  bws  mottled;  caudal  ;)aler,  S(nue  black  on  tip  and  edges;  anal  incluHely 
covered  with  fine  dark  points,  thickest  on  edge;  ventrals  blue  black;  pectorals  pale.  Leugtii  '.i 
inches.     Known  only  from  Big  Stone  Luke,  Ortouvillo,  Minnesota, 


i 


um. 


1  to  or  a  littlo 
S  A.  I,  7  ti)  ii; 
(ler,  little  coiii- 
urved.  Month 
iineiiH  occaMioii- 
Y ;  spaco  liffoiti 
een  iiioiilli  mihI 
Ion;?  UH  lii'iul; 
r.  Anal  siniili, 
alo  oli\  iicrdiis; 
small  W-sli;iiM'il 
ih;  a  liini-k  line 
i ;  liiiH  biiiied; 
irely  jet  Mack. 
t  '1  (»r  5  scales, 
9rywhei(>,  espc- 
lie  Ohio  Valley, 
Lo  and  noitli  to 
ill  ones,  among 


iijnivi,  I{nliiios(|uo). 
us  by  n  ra|iiil  iu«cci)f 
rt'soiiri'i's  xvliich  we 
ti  with  nil  till'  iiii'iT- 
iiiirtiiail.    W.ina.v 

the    llli:-l'Il(  I'  of  ill! 

The  (lurk  liiiiwn 

flecks  of  the  simu 

which  Iiiivi!  );iven 

and  we  iM  n  pr^f'T 

is  (lark  (■•ilur  often 

taken  In    tlir  tail 

is  color  (lisi])|icari', 

s  that  of  luplryimi, 

es  a  |iliy<ini;iuiiny 

strike  attitinlis  like 

,  with  mil'  li  pcrsc- 

balaiice  liinisi'lf  lU 

0  liorii.--  "  hii  li  the 

iiig  tlic  ;iiiiiiiiil  hy 

body  out  or  bri-iiks 

id  which  iii;iyri'|ir'- 

•1'2;  A.  1,  >;;  scales 
head  inoiicratc; 
iilarics  iinilriH'tlle, 
Cheeks  naked  er 
eral  line  iniii|ilete, 
ut  V'/i  III  111  ad,  til.' 
soft  dorsal.  Ilsl'ilfc 
liii;  \  .'iilnilssliert, 
jaraextciidiii;.'l'riiiii 
m  nosteri"r  part  i>l 
opaiidsid'soi'  head 
uie  coiiiiectiii;;  first 
■k  spot  on  p.islerior 
(jes;  aniil  profusclv 
.is  pale,     l-cii'-'tli  2 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1057 

;rravol  and  weeds.  The  tvpicnl  form  (nh/rum)  has  the  lateral  \iue  slightly 
iiihnupted  behind,  the  dorsal  rays  usually  IX-12,  and  the  tins  rather  low. 
(nvi'i;  lilack.) 

fjh.  -I'lmn  iiiijriim,  IlAiiNKSQfB,  Ichth.  Ohionsis,  37,  1K'20,  Green  River,  Kentucky. 

M' ma  iiniciildtum,  AdASSi/,,  Lake  Superior,  ',wr>,  18.50,  Lalce  Superior.     (Coll.  AKasBi/,). 

I!.:l iii'i  (ibmtedi  hriiijiiimis,  (/'oi'E,  Joiirii.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  1808,  214,  Kiskiminitas  River, 

t'enflsylvania. 
i!„l,.:,,iiifiiiiitl<iliim,  Vaii.lant,  Rorbcrches  sur  Kthewtomntidn*,  88,  1873;  Rubstitiitn for  maciilaliim 

of  AdARSi/.,  fhimgi'd  on  nccoiint  of  tlio  prior  m(ici(/n<«m  id'  Kirtland. 
I'„r,ii-hiliiisl>e<mi,  .lonuAN,  Proe.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mua.,  47U,  1884,  Tabo  Creek,  Lafayette  County, 

Missouri.    (Type,  No.  357.54.) 
Uotn.^nma  itigniin,  Boi'LENOCK,  Cat.,  i,  03. 


Kt'{)re8euted  Northeastward  by 

y 


144«a.  BOLEOSOMA  NIGRUM  OLNHTKI)!   (Storor>. 
(Tkbrkllatku  Darteu;  Urand  Oiianciikk.) 

Head  4;  depth  5*.  D.  IX-14  or  15;  A.  I,  9;  scales  47  to  5'P..  Body 
skniler,  little  compressed,  with  long  caudal  peduncle.  Head  slender, 
ratlii'i  pointed.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly ;  space  before  dorsal  and  breast 
usually  naked,  sometimes  closely  scaled.  Fins  very  high,  pectorals  reach- 
ing past  tips  of  veutrals.  Coloration  olivaceous,  tessellated  above  ;  sides 
witli  blotches  and  zigzag  markings;  fins  speckled  or  somewhat  barred; 
head  not  speckled,  dusky  in  males ;  usually  a  black  stripe  forward  from 
the  eye  and  another  downward.  Length  3^  inches.  Lake  Ontario  to 
Massachusetts,  south  to  Virginia,  chiefly  coastwise  and  east  of  the 
Alkorjianies ;  probably  intergrades  with  Bolcosoma  niijritin,hnt  generally 
the  dorsal  is  longer  in  olmntedi,  the  tin  liigher,  and  the  head  more  scaly. 
(Named  for  Charles  H.  Olmsted,  an  early  student  of  the  fishes  of  the 
Connecticut  River.) 

Elheofiiiiiia  ohiinlt'ili,  Storer,  Journ.  Bost.  See.  Nat.  Hist,  1841,  61,  pi.  ,5,  flg.  2,  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut.   (Coli.  Chas.  n.  Olmsted). 

Perni  <i,ii,im(i,  Haldeman,  .Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sei.  Pliila.,  viii,  1842,  .'530,  Susquehanna  River. 

Mcwniiia  lesselliiliim,  IlK  Kay,  New  York  Fauna:  Fislies,  20,  pi.  20,  lif?.  .57,  1S42,  "most  of  tlie 
fresh-water  streams  of  New  York;"  no  definite  locality  given. 

KihiMi,.„i'i  iilroviaciiMa,  Oiraud,  Proc.  Ar.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.,  18.5!»,  Cfi,  Potomac  River, 
vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C;  a  sliglil  variety  with  nape  and  breast  closely  scaled; 
this  form  found  also  in  Cayuga  Lake,  Now  York. 

fllnb <■■:■, mil  iisojxis*  Ooi'E,  Proc  Am.  Philos.  Sor.,  1870,  270,  Loyalsoc  Creek,  a  tributary  of 
the  Alleghany  River  in  Pennsylvania. 

;-  .eo»,),/i(  oliudedi,  JuRnAN  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  492,  1883. 


* Ro/.vwonm  iTtopun  (Cope):  D.  VII-14;  A.  10;  scales  5-47-8.  Body  stout,  the  back  rather 
eleviitci;  the  caudal  peduncle  somewhat  contracted;  muzzle  somewhat  decurved;  noo;ili 
tcTtniiial.  Dorsal  flns  much  elevated.  Color  light  brown,  with  t>  small  dark  dorsal  sp'  and 
lOsiinilir  small  spots  along  the  dorsal  line;  u  bar  around  muzzle  and  one  below  eyo.  cngth 
2'4  iiiclies.  Loyalsoc  Creek.  (Cope.)  One  specimen  known,  probably  an  .  udeutal  v;iriation 
of  De/ii'SoHKi  ohnitedi. 

K.  N.  A. 68 


'■'' 


'''.t 


m 


aC"-  i' 


j;  " 

1 

;<•' 

/» 

i.   '' 

'    ?y'-: 

I 

■  ■     -J  ■    8?3 

■    '  !  !'■■  ■   ir. 

■-  ■  i\'  ■  if 


..;<  Jii- 


-Mil 


u:    i  i 


fl' 


1058 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


liepresented  southeastward  by 

144flb.  BOLROHOMA  NIUKITN  EFFirLOENS  (Qlr    d). 

Head  4i  ;  depth  6i  ;  eye  3J  in  head.  D.  IX-13;  A.  1,  ,  ■scales  .Vlo  to 
49-6.  Body  rather  slender;  caudal  peduncle  not  contraclotl :  oixMciilar 
spines  rudimental ;  muzzle  abruptly  decurved.  Opercles  scaly  ;  (licilis 
nape,  and  breast  naked;  soinetimes  a  lew  scales  on  cheek.  Fins  viry 
high  ;  caudal  very  much  rounded;  veutrals  reaching  anal ;  iwctoraN  still 
longer.  In  the  males  the  dorsal  is  extremely  high,  the  membruncN  lar;,'t;iv 
black,  the  rays  spotted  with  white;  seven  dark  cross  blotches  on  Kack  ; 
8  faint  dark  marks  on  side,  the  intervening  spaces  metallic  irnin  in 
life;  a  small  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  caudal  with  white  specks,  l.i  n^rtii 
2i  inches.    Maryland  to  North  Carolina,     {effuhjenn,  hrllli.ant.) 

Arlina  effiilyeiu,  GiiiAKD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  01,  brooks  and  streams  flowing 

into  the  Potomac  River;  Vaii.i.ant,  Rechorcliea,  142,  1873. 
Iloleosoma  effxtlgvm,  JoKliAN  k  GiMiEKT,  SyiiopHis,  493,  1883. 

Represented  in  streams  of  Virginia  by 

144«c.  BOLKOKOMA  NIOKUItl  VKXILLAKK  (.Tordan). 

Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  VIII  or  IX-10  to  12;  A.  I,  7 ;  scales  4-;i,-,  ro 
47-6.  Body  rather  short  and  stout;  caudal  peduncle  not  oonUattteil ; 
opercular  spine  moderately  developed ;  space  in  front  of  dorsal  liii  naked; 
muzzle  moderately  decurved;  eye  moderate.  Second  dorsal  very  lii;,'li, 
higher  than  long;  pectorals  and  veutrals  long,  nearly  reuchin;,' aual. 
Coloration  olivaceous,  the  sides  with  traces  of  vertical  bars ;  liist  il(iis;il, 
veutrals,  and  anal  black  ;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  strongly  Itarn-il  witli 
pale  in  fine  pattern  ;  head  black  in  the  male  ;  lateral  line  complttc.  Fins 
shorter  than  in  olmstedi,  the  scales  larger;  the  form  joined  tobotli  uliirnm 
and  ohnnledi  by  series  of  variations.  Length  3  inches.  Tributai  ies  of  tlio 
James,  Roanoke,  and  Ra])pahannock  rivers  ;  common.  {vcxUlari-^,  caiiy- 
ing  a  standard,  from  the  high  fins.) 

Boleomima  vixilUirr,  JoiiDAN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mii8.,  1879,  235,  Rappahannoclc  River,  War- 
renton,  Virginia;  a  very  extreme  spt'cimcu  with  I).  VIII-IO;  A.  I,  7;  KciilesI  li.V'i;  (I'.ill. 
Charles  Ilallock);  Jordav  A  Gii.heet,  Syiioiwis,  493, 1883. 

Etlunnlomn  niijmm  verillare,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  VIII,  1888  (1890),  IIJ  mi,. I  IJl. 

Represented  southeastward  by 

144«(1.  BOLEOSOMA  XKJIU'JI   MACriiATH'EPS  (Cope) 

Head  4  ;  depth  6^  ;  eye  3f  in  head.  D.  IX-i:{ ;  A.  II,  «  ;  scal.s  5- 11-10. 
Fins  large;  opercular  spine  moderate;  cheeks  naked.  Palo  yillowisli, 
with  ill-defined  series  of  dorsal  and  lateral  spots  and  many  siicckk.s 
between  ;  top  of  head,  nape,  and  ninz^le  marked  with  large  brown  spots ; 
all  the  fins  black,  barred.  Common  in  the  upper  waters  of  tlit-  ('atawba 
River,  North  Carolina.  (Cope.)  (/ftacM.^a/ws,  spotted  ;  ce^js,  head.) 
lioleoHoma  inai-ii'alkeps,  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philu8.  Sw.,  1870,  2ii9,  Upper  waters  of  the  Catawba 
River,  North  Carolina. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1059 

Another  form  ur  specitiH  of  thiH  typo  from  Nebrauka  may  be  recorded  au 
144«e.  nOLKOSOMA  NIOKUJI  HEK£UM  (Cupv). 


;  f 


A  Htont,  little  compressed  species,  with  large  scales.  Dorsals  not  in  con- 
tact. Eye  5  in  head,  more  than  once  in  mnxzle,  anterior  to  its  border; 
lit'ixl  \\  in  total  length.  Candal  very  rounded,  first  scarcely  as  high  as 
H(<('(*nd  dorsal.  Pectorals  longer  than  ventrals,  not  reaching  vent.  Scales 
1-10-5,  D.  IX-13;  A.  9;  V.  I,  4.  Outline  of  back  rather  elevated. 
Hcsiilo  the  largo  size  of  the  scales,  the  proportionately  longer  head  and  4 
soft  ventral  rays  distinguish  it  from  other  species.  The  color  in  spirits  is 
liiilt>  brown,  with  four  dorsal  blotches,  and  a  few  groups  of  zig/agsonthe 
Hides.  Second  dorsal  and  caudal  barred.  (Cope.)  We  have  the  follow- 
in;;  additional  notes  upon  the  type  of  this  species:  Head  3}  in  length 
of  I'ody;  pectoral  as  long  as  head;  dorsal  spines  IX;  the  ventral  rays 
apiicar  to  be  really  I,  4  ;  anal  spine  weak.  Cheeks  naked ;  gill  membranes 
seimiate.  Eye  not  half  as  large  as  in  specimens  of  nigrum  of  same  size, 
IJ  ill  head  in  adult ;  snout  more  pointed  than  in  other  species  of  liolvo- 
KoiiKC,  mouth  larger.  Lateral  lino  complete.  A  true  Bolcogoma  and  appa- 
rently a  valid  species.  Typo,  a  single  specimen  in  poor  condition  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia.  Platte 
River,  near  Fort  Kearney,  Nebraska;  only  the  type  known,  (meawua, 
n'tnuior,  intermediate.) 

rinilnhtliyn  metieuf*  Cope,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.,  1864,  ZVi,    Platte  River,   near  Fort 

Kearney,   Nebraska.    ^Coll.  Dr.  Ilaiiiiiioud.) 
Uiihi'stiinn  meawum,  VAILI.ANT,  Ruchorchos,  08,  1873. 


I  ¥ 


n 


i-t  m 


1447.  B0LK080MA  SUSAN  J'!  (.lordau  &  Swain). 


ilejul  4\  ;  depth  6^.  D.  VIII-10  or  11;  A,  I,  8;  scales  4-15  to  50-6. 
Gemia!  form  and  appearance  of  Boliosoma  n'njrum,  the  body  slenderer, 
the  liii.s  smaller,  and  tho  head  entirely  naked.  Body  very  slender,  ftisi- 
foiiii,  little  compressed,  tho  back  not  much  elevated.  Head  short  and 
siiiiili.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  formed  as  in  other  species  of  the  genus. 
Snout  Hhort,  bluntly  docurved.  Eye  rather  large,  a  little  longer  than 
snout,  the  maxillary  extending  to  below  front  of  pupil.  Whole  head, 
na]ic,  breast,  and  middle  line  of  belly  naked.  Scales  rather  large,  the 
tiilies  of  the  lateral  lino  wanting  on  tho  last  3  or  4.  Fins  moderate,  the 
doi'siils  shorter  and  lower  than  usual  in  this  genus,  highest  in  tho  males. 
Aniil  npiiie  single,  weak.  Pectorals  rather  long,  reaching  well  beyond 
tijis  of  ventrals,  their  length  about  equal  to  that  of  head.  Color  in  life 
essentially  as  in  BoleoHoma  ni;/rH)ii,  the  miJes  (in  spring)  with  the  head 
and  lins  jet  black,  tho  body  blackish  olive,  barred  with  black.  Females 
lij,'lit  olive,  tessellated  with  darker,  and  with  dusky  spots  along  the  lat- 
'lai  line.  A  dark  spot  before  eye  and  one  on  back  before  dorsal;  lower 
lins  ]ia]e ;  both  dorsals  and  caudal  with  darker  bars.  Length  2  inches. 
Basin  of  the  Upper  Cumberland  River,  Kentucky  ;  locally  abundant.  A 
well -marked  species,  without  bright  colors  :  small  and  slender.     (Named 


■lit' 


i  < : 


1000 


Bulletin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 


tor  MrH.  SiiHau  liuweu  Jurduii,  who  wuh  interoHteil  in  life  utiulieH  ot  tliu 
darters.) 

lUileommin  hiihuwi,  Johpan  it  SwAIN,  Pntc.  II.  S.  XhI.  Mils.,  18S;t,  '240,  Wolf  Creek  and  otiicr 
tributaries  of  the  Clear  Fork  of  Cumberland  River,  near  Pleasant  View,  Whit- 
ley County,  Kentucky  (Tyipo,  Nci.  IKWOI,     ('oil.  Gilbert  A  Hwaiii);  U(ii)1,e.N(ieii,  f'ni    ,  .|| 


Subgenus  VAILLANTIA,  .Ionian. 
I44S.  liOliKOMO.M  V  <'AMI  KIM,  Forbes. 

Head  4  to  IJ  ;  depth  r»i  to  fij.  IJ.  IX  or  X-10  or  11 ;  A.  T  7  or  x  :  sr.iU-^ 
5  or  (5-56  to  UiVll,  ]»ores  about  20  to  ;{().  Itody  ulendcr,  nioderiittly  ( om- 
pressed,  with  long  caudal  |)ednncle.  Hack  somewhat  elevated.  Ilciul 
small,  rather  slender,  the  snout  shorter  than  eye,  strongly  dfcurvcd. 
Eye  4  in  head.  Month  inferior,  horizontal,  small,  the  maxillary  cxIcihI- 
ing  nearly  to  middle  of  eye.  Gill  membranes  little  connected.  ('Iifcks, 
opercles,and  breast  closely  covered  with  rather  large  scales;  mediim  line 
of  neck  naked;  opercular  spine  strong;  scales  moderate;  hitt-ml  lim^ 
quite  short,  nearly  straight,  reaching  to  middle  of  tlie  s[)in()iiH  (IimhiiI, 
developed  on  20  to  30  scales.  Fins  small,  the  dorsals  well  apaii  ;  liisi 
dorsal  larger  than  the  second,  which  is  larger  than  the  small  anal ;  pec- 
toral as  long  as  head.  Coloration  much  as  in  BolcoHoma  u'Kjvnni.  \m\ 
rather  paler,  olivaceous ;  back  spotted  and  tessellated;  sides  with  ulioiit 
10  irregular  spots;  a  dark  spot  on  opercles;  head  spotted  above;  a  lihicV 
line  across  the  muzzle ;  no  bar  below  eye;  dorsals  and  caudal  fin  lincly 
1)arred.  Length  2^  inches.  Indiana  and  Iowa  to  Alabama  and  .smitli- 
west  to  Houston,  Texas;  common  in  Arkansas  and  southward  in  Haiiily 
streams.     (ciimuruH,  snub-nosed.) 

lioUnmitiia  camm-a,  FoiuiF.8,  Bnll.  il,  111.  Lai).  Nat.  Ili.st.,  4<i,  1H78  (tmiiin  prporrupinl  in  I'Jlin.slnum. 
but  not  in  lUAemoimi),  streams  of  Illinois  (Coll.  Fmhrsi;  IIoilknoeii,  Cat.,  i.  l"i. 

Vaillmilia  ihloiDHimiii,*  Hay,  I'roc.  V.  IS.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  4!t."),  tributary  of  Tuscuml'ia  River 
at  Corinth,  Mississippi,  Sandy  Creek  at  Artesia,  Mississippi,  and  Horschunter 
Creek  at  Macon,  Mississippi.     (Type,  No.  274'28.    Coll.  Ilaj.) 

VaillatUiii  caiitura  ulid  chloroioma,  Jokiian  &,  QlLUEUT,  SyuoprilH,  4!l4,  1883. 


472.  CRYSTALLARIA,  Jordan  Si  (Jilbert. 

('riifdilliirid,  .FouDAN  &  Gilhert,  in  .IoIihan,  Cut.  FiBlien  N.  .\.,  "8,  188;"),  (nKitrellii). 

Body  slender,  elongate,  subcylindrical,  pellucid  in  life;  scales  siiiiill, 
rough;  lateral  line  complete.  Mouth  small;  i)remaxilhirie8  nut  )ii(pli;ic 
tile;  teeth  on  Jaws  and  vomer;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly  ;  op(M<le  witli 
a  strong  spine ,   gill  membranes   somewhat   united  ;   l)ranchiostei,'als  ti. 

*  The  following  is  the  sulKstamo  of  Dr.  Hay's  ac<'ouiit  of  lliilensumii  chhirnsnuiii  : 
lioleomma  rhlnrmniiKi  (Hay).— Head  43^^;  depth  ^'.i.  D.  IX-Il;  A.  I,  7  or  I,  8;  l.tiral  lino  ,5n 
to  GO.  Body  Blender,  eomiiro.ssed,  the  dorsal  region  innch  areheil.  CJaudal  peiliue  !■  I"Iil' ini'l 
slender,  the  body  abruptly  contracted  at  the  vent.  Head  .snnill,  convex  in  pnilile.  Clni  k-i  iH'l 
opercles  sealed.  Breast  scaled  or  naked.  Dorsals  8ei)a.rated  by  a  di.staii(;e  eipial  to  Imll  iln' lui''^ 
about  oipial  to  each  other,  larger  than  the  anal.  Lateral  line  devoloiu'd  on  4  d'  '-"  -'iili^ 
Greenish  yellow,  with  many  bhitches  anil  zigzag  markings  of  brown;  a  row  of  atioul  H'  "f  tie?*' 
blotches  along  each  side,  most  distinct  on  caudal  pednnele;  about  8  square  brown  J  r-iil  i|)Ol^ 
Top  of  head,  opercular  spot,  aad  subocular  npot  black.  A  black  streak  from  eve  tu  suuut 
Length  'i  tu  iy^  iuchus. 


\\ 


on. 


Jordan  and  F.vt-rmann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica.       1061 


Htudit'H  Ot'  till) 

Creek  and  other 
int  View,  Whit- 
LENilKII,  <':il.    I,  .l| 


7  or  X  ;  sculcH 
odenitcly  cuiii- 
oviited.  I  lend 
iglj'  dcfuiscd. 
icilluiy  cxtt'iid- 
ctt'd.  Cliut'ks, 
H ;  nicdiiiii  line 
b;    lati'i'iil  liiii^ 

([lilKtllH    (IdlHlll, 

•11  iipart  ;  lirst 
iiiill  iiiitil :  |ier- 
i\a  ii'Kjntiii,  liiit 
des  witli  about 
abovo;  a  liiacl' 
mdal  I'm  lincly 
mil  and  snutli- 
ward  ill  saiuly 

Uliif'd  ill  /.'///. ■^<^lllHl. 

('ill.,  I,  '.111. 
"uscuniliia  River 
ind   Horseliuntcr 


<■//((  I. 

scali's  riiiiull, 
'H  not  pnitrac 

()])(Mclf  witli 
ichiosti'i;als  <». 


I    s;  l:iti'r:il  lino  .W 

I'icilmiil  ■  I'liiu:  iiii'l 
initile.     ('lii'ik-iiii''l 

al  fo  liairili''li<'ii'l. 

on  4  U-  2*>  .-<'al<'^. 

f  about  f  thosv 

jirowii  '1 'I'lil  spot' 
from  ev^'  tu  ^""'''• 


Huili  dorHalH  and  anal  liigli  and  lon^;  caudal  notched  ;  vcntralH  well  Hop- 
ai.itfd;  anal  with  one  t'ctddu  Hpino.  TIiIh  jrennH  diticrH  from  Ainmocrypta 
I'liu'lly  in  havinji^  tho  |)rumaxillarieH  nonprutractilc  Tho  vertical  tiuH  are 
iiiiich  more  developed  than  in  the  latter  ^onuH,  there  hoint;  1(  dorHal 
s|hiieH  and  12  soft  ra.VH  in  the  amil  tin.  Tho  Hi|uumation  la  much  more 
complete  than  in  Ammotriipia,  hut  the  body  Ih  uimilarly  hyaline.  Tho 
siiii^Me  HpecieM  is  one  of  the  largeHt  of  tlie  darterH,  much  larger  than  the 
H|)i  (  icH  of  Ammucri/pta  or  loa,  roHemblinf;  species  <»f  lladropteruH  in  habit. 
(/i/)i  ffTH/lAof ,  cryHtal.) 

144V.  <'KYHTAIiLAItIA  ASPUKLliA  (lonlitn). 

Head  long  and  Hlendcr,   l',  to  4.J  ;   de])th  7  to  8  ;  eye  iarjje.     D.  XII  to 

XI\  -i:{  to  15 ;  A.  I,  12  to  11 ;  scales  7  to  10-!t8  to  1()0-10  {m  to  85  in  speci- 

iiiciiH  from  Alabama).     Hody  long,  slender;  mouth  not  large,  subtenninal, 

li(.ii/.ontal ;   i)remaxillarie8  not  protractile;   opercular  spine  well  devel- 

o|ii(l.     Scjuamation  much  more  complete  than  in  Ainmocrypta  pellHcUhi ,  the 

NCii  lew  very  small  and  <iuite  rough,  largest  posteriorly;  cheeks  and  oper- 

c1i:h  with  pectinate  scales;   throat  and  belly  naked,  the  space  between 

tho  vcntrals  scaled  ;    back  of  neck  scaled.     Fins  large;   the  dorsalis  well 

Hi'liii rated,   tho  spinous  high,  highest  in  front;    second  dorsal  smaller, 

Hiiiallor  than  anal ;  anal  si)ino  high,  dexiblo  ;   caudal  lunate.     Color  hya- 

liiii'  olive,  with  3  or  4  dark,  broad  cross  bands  meeting  over  the  liack, 

tho  width  of  each  of  the  lirst  3  alxmt  c(|ual  to  depth  of  body,  tho  fourth 

iiairowcr,  all  extending  somewhat  obliquely  downward  and  forward  to 

tlio  lateral  line;   a  dark  lateral  ))and  along  sale,  made  up  of  about  10 

luoio  or  less  contluent  dark  (juadrate  blotches,  darkest  where  it  passes 

through  the  cross  bands.     Southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  Arkatisas  and 

Alal)ania,  cliielly  in  tho  larger,  dearer  streams,  where  it  is  found  in  the 

swift  currents.     Recorded  from  the  Ohio  Kiver,  at  Rising  Sun  (.Jenkins) ; 

Waiiash  River,   at  New  Harmony,  Vincennes,  and  Terro  Haute  (Ever- 

iiiaiiii);   (Jreen  River,  Kentucky  (VVoolman);   Chocolo  Creek,  Alabama 

(Kirsch);  and  Washita  River,  Arkansas  (Jordan  &  Gilbert),  besides  the 

ori^rjiial  locality  in  Illinois,  where  it  was  first  obtained  by  Dr.  Forbes. 

Aningularly  interesting  fish,     {duprvllun,  a  diminutive  oi  Anpro.) 

I'tnii.,hiiis  (miirelliin,*  .loRDA's,  Hull,  ii,  111.  Liib.  Nut.  Hist.,  liS,  1878,  rocky  tributary  of  Mis- 
sissippi River  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois.     (Cull.  ForbeH.) 
AmiHi'irijiilu  iiniirellii,  .louDAN  \'  Gii.in-.ur,  Sviiopsih,  490,  188;t. 
Kllii;.xl.,i,iii  KMiniUiiH,  EvEUMAN.N  A.Jknkins,  Troc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miib.,  1888,  fiO. 
Criislnlhirin  unpnltna,  Uoui.KNOEli,  Cat.,  I,  104. 

473.  AMMOCRYPT.'.,  .Jordan. 
(Sand  Daktkrs.) 

liriir'.lr/ii/i^  .\0ARSiZ,  Bull.  MuH.  Conip.  /oiil..  I,.'),  \8K\,{iwlliiciili<ii),  (not  Plenrolejyin,  Koerton,  a 

),'.  iiii.s  of  extinct  Ganoids). 
■Irmi''  ii/pta,  JoBDAN,  Hull.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  (>,  1877,  {bemiii), 

I^ody  slender  and  elongate,  subcylindrical ;  pellucid  in  life.     Head  slen- 
der.   Mouth  rather  wide,  terminal,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included; 

■*  In  ihe  origiual  description,  copied  in  .Ionian  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  490,  tho  count  of  fln  rays 
iif  .1     'inrrijpta  pellacUla  Was,  by  a  slip,  substituted  for  that  of  Cri/atallaria  asprella. 


I 


■i 


■  i 


m 


1(MJ2 


Bullrtin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


preniaxillaries  very  jtrotmot ilo ;  tuuth  on  the  vomer.  Scalcii  thin,  ctfiKiid, 
littht  iiiibricutnd,  proHeiit  ul<)i)}(  the  ntf^iuii  of  the  luterul  lino  and  on  iiii> 
tail,  sonietiniKH  wanting  on  tlie  hack  or  helly ;  lateral  lino  coiii|ili't<>, 
eiicli  tiilie  occnpyinK  nearly  the  whole  length  of  its  Hcale.  Iloiid  icaly  or 
iuike«l ;  no  ventral  plates,  the  helly  naked.  (\'\\\  nienihrimeH  conoid- 
erahly  united,  forming  an  angle  at  their  Junetiun.  Dorual  linN  niodciuto, 
ahont  e<|ual  to  the  anal  tin  and  to  each  other;  dorHal  with  alMiiit  in 
epineH;  anul  H])ino  uingle,  weak;  vontralH  well  Hcparated,  liehind  jnctd- 
rala,  their  Hpinea  feehle;  pectorala  pointed,  uynimetrical,  of  12  to  ir>  imvn. 
Vertebra!  23  +  21  =  44  {A,  pellucida).  Pyloric  co'ca  4.  Frontal  re>,'iuii  o( 
skull  narrow,  the  jtarietal  region  unuHually  depresHed,  the  hoia-Hof  hi<t.|(.. 
ton  all  Hlender  and  thin.  Suturett  of  Hkull  very  distinct ;  supraonlpltiil 
crest  ohHolete.  Foramen  of  hypercoracoid  very  large.  DartcrH  of  moil- 
orate  or  rather  large  size,  inhabiting  the  Handy  bottoms  of  clear  strciUUN, 
where  they  bury  themselves  entirely,  oxceping  the  eyes  and  Huout.  Col- 
oration translucent,  with  bright  rellections.  (u/y^of,  sand  ;  K^u'Trr'V,  con- 
cealed.) 

(I.  Chi'(<kr4  unci  (>|K)rcIi'H  Ncaly;  hIJch  of  body  iiNiiully  well  Ncalwl.  I'Ki.i.ti'ii  \,  ll'in. 

au.  Clio(*kN  iiiul  u|ii'r('I<i8  uiiUimI;  buily  imiHirfuctly  hcuIuiI.  iif.ami,  II'iI. 

/ 
1460.''ANN(M'KTPTA   I'KLIilK'IDA  (Biiird). 

(Sand  Dartbb.*) 

Head  4  to  4 J  ;  depth  7  to  8*.  D.  X-IO  (IX  to  Xl-fl  to  11) ;  A.  I,  x  1,.  lo; 
scales  aliout  75  (07  to  78),  about  fi  series  above  lateral  line.  Uo(l\  elon- 
gate, nearly  cylindrical,  the  flesh  pellucid  in  life,  but  of  firm,  win  tex- 
ture ;  head  stout.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  temporal  region  scaled;  the  scales 
embedded  and  more  or  less  cycloid.  Neck  above  thinly  scaled  or  naked; 
scales  of  body  not  very  rough,  those  along  lateral  line  and  caudal  iiediinclo 
most  closely  imbricated  ;  belly  entirely  naked  ;  opercle  ending  in  n  short, 
flat  spine.  Maxillary  barely  reaching  to  opposite  the  large  eye;  eyes  lii^h 
up,  3f  to  4  in  head,  nearly  equal  to  snout,  separated  by  a  narrow,  ^jmoved 
space.  Pectorals  shortish,  almost  as  long  as  head,  reaching  tipstjt  ven- 
trals,  halfway  to  vent.     Translucent;   scales  with  tine  black  dois;  a 


*  We  linvo  often  liroiiKht  linnie  with  ns  a  ".lolmny,"  "8|ieck,"  or  "  Crawl-ii-bottnni."  "f  ii 
diflcrciit  typo  from  any  of  those  whoso  lialiitw  woalreat\v  kin'W.  It  had  a  vr'ry8liar|p  iin-i«liii)i 
projected  over  its  mouth;  its  body  was  excoedlngly  HJim  and  round,  an  transjparcnt  as  :■  llv,  luil 
hard  and  firm  to  tho  touch.  Its  belly  and  nnu;h  <>(  iU  hack  were  (juito  bare  of  scales  ami  iImw 
along  its  Hiiles  wore  small  and  inconspicuous.  i>ur  ai|uarium  Inul  been  arranp'd  IoiiIm'  mii- 
vonlonce  of  <»ir  other  f-V/l(■l»l^))Hl')((!  friends  and  the  bottom  was  thickly  covered  with  stoms  aiiiDii,' 
which  a  small  fish  might  easily  hide.  .Several  days  passed  after  the  intro<luctibii  of  tliulitM  Amiiin- 
erijpta,  which  survived  tho  change  of  water,  when  we  noticed  that  it  had  disapiicanil.  ('anl'ul 
search  amongthe  stones  and  aroimd  the  geodo  only  made  it  the  more  certain  tliatitljaii  p'TwiiihI 
increasf-d  our  wonder  as  to  tho  way;  for  surely  it  had  not  been  eaten,  nor  had  itjunipciloin,  iiiilcss 
like  Ariel,  it  could  assumea  "shape  invisible."  Finally,  aftergoitigoverevery  incliof  IIm'  i;iimiiii1, 
there  was  discovere<l,  under  the  noseof  llaleomma,  which  was  standing,  as  usual,  on  its  liiinilsiiiiil 
tail,  tho  upper  edg<!of  acaudal  fin,  and  on  each  side  of  Boly's  tail  appeared  a  little  Mai  k  ivchi'I 
in  ayollow  frame,  .^»/m(lcr;/;)^l  was  buried!  Washodead?  Slowly  ono  eye  was  closed  iiia  li.nt'i's 
inimitable  way— for  they  can  outwink  all  animalsin  creation  except  owls — and  a  tone  li  ot  a  fiiiiror 
on  its  tail  showed  that  it  had  lost  none  of  its  activity.  It  was  (pilto  improbable  that  it  li-ul  I'ceii 
buried  so  completely  by  accident,  we  therefore  cleared  of  stones  a  small  spot,  leaving;  tlieluinl 
white  sand  exposed,  and  awaited  developnu^nts.  Thi^nfordayswo  watched  it  closely  only  ii>  !■  m" 
tbatitcould  bury  itself  with  great  celerity,  for  it  wasnotcaughtiu  theact.  Dutourpati'ii"\Mis 
at  last  rewarded;  for  ono  morning,  as  wo  came  out  to  breakfast,  it  put  its  nase,  that  we  new  knew 
has  a  tip  uearly  as  hard  as  boru,  against  the  bottom,  stood  up  ucarly  straight  uu  its  heail  uel  vMi 


'I 


Jordan  and  /''.i>frni<tun. —  Fishes  of  North  America. 


lOOii 


^  ! 


HciiiH  (if  Hiiinll,  Nr|ii»riHli  olivu  (»i-  bliiiNli  lUotclit^H  iilotig  thu  liu(;k  atitl 
nni>ilir^r  aloii^  cacli  NitU^ ;  lattual  HptttH  cdiiiiuctfd  by  a  );ilt  Itaml.  LoiiKtli 
;{  jiicIk'h.  Liiki)  Krio  to  Mintumota,  Kuiitiicky  and  Tdxuh  ;  ahouiuliii^  in 
eli'iii  mindy  HtroaniH;  ono  of  tho  nuiHt  inkt^roHtin^  of  our  liHlnm,  luiryiii); 
itM'ir  in  th«)  Naiul  by  an  iiiNtimtannonH  inovuniunt,  leaving  ouly  ItH  uyuM 
ami  Nnout  viHJblu.     {pellittidiin,  tranHparont.) 

I'kui'ilfiiiii  prlluriihtu  (lUiBi)  MS.)  AriAKHiit,  Dull,  Mud.  I'omp.  /i>(ll.,i,  A,  186:i,  no  locality;  tli>' 
ppcciiiit'iiH  rriiiii  Black  River,  Ohio,  tlm  tv|i<'H  uf  i:ilii">i"iiiii  i>,lliici-lHni,  IIaihd  MS.,  IN/iU, 
(Tyiic,  N>i.  Mil.     t;oll.  Ifciinl);  Vaii.i.ant,  Hot  h"rrlii'H,  li.s,  1873,  with  iMiito. 

rh"'Uiii»ittllHii,laH,  ,l(iRt)AN  A  (JiPi'ii.ANi),  AniiT.  Niit.,Hfi,  1h77. 

A,in,;n-iii)lii  jitlhwidu,  JoKUAK  ic  Ull.liKlir,  Syuu|>alM,  48'J,  188:t;  IIo(ti.kniiku,  (.'itt.,  i,  ir)9. 


)! 


]vo|ireHuiito«l  northwestward  by 

14«Uit.  ANN<K;HYI>TA  PKUJCIHA  CLAKA  (.lorilikii  .t  Mock). 

This  variety  diflVu-M  from  the  ty\nca\  peUucida  in  having  n(»  Hcales  along 
the  nuchal  region,  and  none  on  Hides  anteriorly,  oxcopt  the  5  or  fi  rows 
iiloii^  the  lateral  lino;  clieekH  with  few  soales.  It  grudoH  into  the  typi- 
cal/((//wnV/d,  althongh  extreme  forms  are  readily  recognizable;  scarcely 
woitliy  of  separation  from  the  species.  Mississippi  Valley,  Wabash 
RImt,  west  to  central  Iowa  and  Minnesota  and  south  to  Arkansas  and 
1101  them  Texas.     (claruM,  clear.) 

Awm'.-riijilii  rhirti,  .IditiiAN  X  Mkkk,    I'ror.    V.  S.    Nut.    Miin.,    1K8.'),  8,   Des   Moines   River, 

Ottumwa,  Iowa.     (Typr,  V...  .•i,')828.     Coll.  .Torilnn  A  M.'rk.) 
Mf'^i.'iiiitpitluvidiiiii  iliinini,  KvKit.MANN  A  .Iknkink,  I'roc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mum.,  18«8,  49. 


li-: 


H 


Kol)resonted  sonthwestward  by 


145011.  AMNOCKYPTA  PKLIJIC'IDA  VIVAX  (Hay). 

More  fully  scaled  than  typical  pt'UuxAdu,  the  region  before  the  dorsal 
licini;  more  or  less  closely  covered  with  scales;  scales  firmer  and  rougher. 
A  dusky  bar  across  base  of  soft  dorsal.  In  other  respects  essentially  as 
in  jii  II iicida.     Pyloric  cijcca  4.     Vertebra  21 -f- 20  =  41.     Length  1^  inches. 


a  HH  Ut  hoHtinK  of  llio  tail  to  r!({lit  ami  left  was  in  lefw  than  flvit  Boconds  romplotoly  hiirind.  Tlio 
wiimI  liftd  bcon  violontly  utirnd  of  ('(uirsc,  and  just  iis  it  had  nearly  Hcttlod,  probably  in  \enn  tlmn 
liiilt  .1  niinntc,  itH  now)  wan  put  ((uictly  out,  and  t«-ttliiig  back  loft  tlio  twinkling;  oyps  and  narrow 
fiirili.iid  alone  vinible.  Since  tlion  we  have  kept  BroreH  of  them  in  an  aqrariuni  arrauKcd 
I'iilii  riiilly  for  llieir  convenience  and  have  often  Heen  tliem  burrow  into  tbi- Hand.  Tliey  will  remain 
biirifil  m  liiiiKaHtbe  water  is  jpure  and  cool.  Indeed,  we  now  rely  almost  entirely  on  tbein  to 
wiirri  IIS  when  tlio  water  needs  cbangine.  When  this  need  ii4  felt  they  come  out  of  the  Hand  and 
lie  i>n  llic  bottom  panting  violently.  We  have  been  una)>le  to  diNoover  any  inimediato  incentive 
fill'  ilnact.  It  MceniH  to  be  entirely  unjjremcdltateil.  A  number  of  them  in  confinement  lie 
hi'l|ilcssly  on  the  bottom,  motionless  and  slowly  breathing,  when  one  suddenly  starts  and  buripH 
liU  )>'  ltd  and  neck  in  the  now  whirling  sand;  by  a  motion  as  (]uick  as  thought,  his  tail  beats 
fniiilH'ally  about  and  when  again  the  clean  sand  lies  smooth  on  the  bottom  the  little  eyes  uro 
liinkiiii;  at  you  like  two  glistening  beads,  as  if  to  witness  your  applause  at  so  clever  a  trick. 
WV  liiive  never  seen  Amiiincriipta  taste  of  food,  nor  do  wo  ever  expect  to  do  so;  foraltli"Ugh  its 
nitiuili  bristles  with  teeth,  its  small  size  forbids  an  attack  on  any  game  which  we  can  c'Vor.  Its 
quics-iiit  habits  and  tho  character  of  the  bottoms  to  which  it  confines  itself  seem  to  indicate  that 
its  |iri'y  is  minute  if  not  microscopic.  Rut  speculation  about  what  we  do  not  know  as  to  its  food 
mi^rlit  lead  us  to  speculation  as  to  the  origin  of  its  characteristic  features — how,  for  instance,  tho 
linrd  ><nout,  the  transparent  muscles,  and  tho  burrowing  habits  arc  consequent  on  its  loss  of  scales, 
or  li-.w  tho  loss  of  unnecessary  scales  and  of  pigment  cells  is  consequeut  on  its  burrowing  habits. 
Tien,  wli(>n  wo  have  finished  these  nnitters,  we  might  inquire  liow  it  came  about  that  there  are 
"  Juhiiny  Dartora"  at  all,  uud  why  oo  other  coutineut  has  tbom,— i/orcian  it-  Copelmvi, 


iltH 


•"I 


^1 


\m 


m 


1/^.AGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


1.1 


1.25 


■iilM    12.3 
1^  Uii    |2.2 


i 
li 


2.0 


1.4 


1.6 


% 


^;. 


^^: 


.o^ 


//j 


^-^y 


'// 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

CorporaJion 


^^^•>/^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


'% 


m 


^ 

'^^ 

fA^ 


%o 


^. 


^ 


1U64 


BulUtin  47f  United  States  National  Museum. 


I     ! 


I     I 


Mississippi  and  northwest  through  Arkansas  to  Texas;  in  sandy  stream.s. 
(vivax,  vivacious.) 

Ammoirypla  i-inijr,  IIay,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  ii,  1882(1883),  68,  Pearl  River,  Jackson. 
Mississippi.     (Type,  Nu.  a2213.    Coll.  Hay.) 

14A1.   AMMOCRYPTA  BEANII,  Jordan. 

Head  3f  to  4;  depth  7.^  D.  VIII  to  X-10  or  11;  A.  I,  9  or  10;  (scales 
65.  Uody  greatly  elongated,  subcylindrical,  transparent.  Heud  rather 
large,  heavier  than  in  Ammoorypta  pellucida.  Mouth  rather  wide,  nearly 
terminal ;  the  upper  jaw  somewhat  the  longer ;  outer  teeth  strong, 
hooked.  Opercular  spine  obsolete.  Head  entirely  naked.  Body  naked, 
except  the  caudal  peduncle,  which  is  sparsely  covered  with  t'hin.  embed- 
ded scales,  and  a  series  of  rather  large  scales  along  the  sides,  on  which 
the  lateral  line  runs.  Dorsal  luns  high,  wide  apart,  about  equal  in  height 
to  the  anal  fin  and  to  each  other;  candal  fin  emarginate.  Calor  trans- 
lucent, without  bars  or  spots,  the  lateral  line  shining  golden  in  lite. 
Spinous  dorssl  with  a  large  black  spot  on  the  membrane  anteriorly, 
another  near  the  middle,  and  some  small  ones  behind;  other  fmH  with 
their  membranes  dusted  with  dark  points.  Length  2^  inches,  linlt' 
States,  Alabama  to  Louisiana;  rather  common  in  sandy  bottoms  of  clear 
brooks  in  the  pine  woods.  (Named  for  Dr.  Tarleton  Hoffman  Bean,  its 
discoverer.) 

Amviocrypta  beanii,  JoniOAN,  Bull,  x,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5,  1877,  Notalbany  River,  Tickfaw, 
Louisiana,  (Coll.  Bean);  Uoulengeii,  Cat.,  i,  103;  Jordan  &  Giliiekt,  Syuo|isis,  ikk. 

Ammocrijytta  geUda,  Hay,  Proc  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880,  490,  Chickasa^vha  River,  Enterprise, 
Mississippi.     (Voung.)    (Type,  No.  27425.     Coll.  Hay.) 


I'  ■ 


'I  J 


474.  lOA,  Jordan  «fe  Brayton. 

loa,  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bull.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xii,  88, 1878,  {vUrea). 

This  genus  differs  from  Ammoorypta  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  2  well- 
developed  spines  in  the  anal  fin.  The  anal  fin  is  proportionately  smaller, 
and  the  scales  are  larger  and  rougher,  more  fully  covering  the  body. 
Species  small  and  slender,  translucent  in  life ;  abounding  in  sandy  brookn 
of  the  southern  pine  woods,     (log,  an  arrow  or  dart.) 


(I.  Cheeks  and  operclcs  closely  scaled;  anal  rays  II,  7. 
aa.  Cheeks  aud  opercles  naked;  anal  rays  II,  10. 


VlTllFA,  14r)2. 
vicii,,  14J3. 


fe: 


'4 


'if-    ( 


'f'S 


1462.  lOA  TITREA  (Cop«). 

Head  4  to  4i;  depth  7  to  7i.  D.  VII  to  IX-11  to  14;  A.  11,(5  to  9; 
scales  50  to  62.  Form  of  Ammocrypta  pellucida,  or  a  little  less  elongate. 
Head  slender,  acuminate;  mouth  not  very  small,  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  eye;  temporal  region  scaled;  eye  3f  in  head,  nearly  etinal  to 
snont ;  chteks  and  opercles  covered  with  large,  imbricated,  very  roughly 
ctenoid  scales,  these  scales  extending  forward  to  the  maxillary  and  hack- 
ward  to  edge  of  operole  and  on  suboperole ;  the  feeble  opercular  spine  is 
almost  hidden  by  them.    Middle  aud  lower  part  of  the  aides  of  the  body 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      lOf};") 


■ir 


covered  with  large,  imbricated,  very  rough  scales,  these  less  closely  set 
below;  breast  naked;  behind  the  veutrals  the  middle  line  of  the  belly 
wit  li  some  small  scales,  behind  which  is  a  naked  space  bounded  by  small 
einbudded  scales,  and  extending  as  far  as  tl.e  vent;  back,  from  middle  of 
tii'Hl  dorsal  forward,  naked,  posteriorly  more  or  less  scaly.  Fins  low  and 
small,  the  second  dorsal  longer  than  the  first  or  the  anal,  the  spines 
slender;  anal  spines  short;  pectoral  tins  long  and  narrow.  Translucent, 
with  small  dark  spote^  on  back  and  sides,  besides  liner  specklings;  tins 
plain.  Length  2  inches.  Southeastern  Virginia  and  eastern  North  Caro- 
liuu ;  locally  abundant  in  clear  sandy  streams  in  pine  woods.  (I't^reus, 
glassy.) 

rmitirhthija  vitreus,  CoPE,  Proo.  Amcr.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.,  1870,  263,  Walnut  Creek,  a  tribu- 
tary of  Neuse  River,  Wake  County,  Nortl   Carolina.     (Coll.  Cope.) 
/oil  liii-en,  Jordan  &  Gii.bekt,  Synoiisis,  490,  1883. 
Ammocriiptu  I'Urea,  Boulenuer,  Cut.,  1, 102. 


I 

■1. 


f  h 


1458.  lO.l  VIQIL,  Hay. 

Head  3J;  depth  6;  eye  3,  greater  tiian  snout.  D.  X-12;  A.  II,  10;  scales 
about  60  in  longitudinal  series.  Body  slender ;  head  long ;  caudal  pedun- 
cle compressed  and  comparatively  deep,  the  fish,  therefore,  having  nearly 
tlie  Hame  ddpth  throughout  its  length.  Top  of  head  sloping  gradually 
from  occiput  »^^o  snout.  Upper  j  aw  protractile ;  mouth  large,  terminal, 
sliglitly  oblique ;  the  jaws  equi^l,  maxillary  reaching  anterior  edge  of 
pupil ;  interorbital  space  very  narrow  ;  jaws  with  recurved  teeth ;  oper- 
cular spine  W3ll  developf.d ;  opercles  and  cheeks  naked.  Dorsal  fins  well 
Heparated ;  the  origin  of  spinous  dorsal  ^  distance  from  snout  to  base  of 
caudal,  its  length  ^  and  its  height  k  length  of  head;  soft  dorsal  same 
size  as  spinous.  Length  of  anal  fin  f  length  of  head,  its  height  i  head. 
Posterior  portion  of  body  densely  scaled,  anterior  portiou  probably  with 
few  scales  above,  but  none  below  the  lateral  line.  Pale  straw  color  or 
pellucid  in  life  with  some  blotches  and  specks  of  olive,  about  10  square 
spots  along  the  back,  and  about  as  many  along  the  lateral  line,  moat  dis- 
tinct posteriorly  ;  top  of  head  dusky  ;  a  small  but  distinct  black  spot  at 
base  of  caudal.  Length  1  inch.  (Hay.)  Only  one  specimen  known. 
Pearl  River,  Jackson,  Mississippi ;  a  rather  doubtful  species,  possibly  a 
variation  of  Ammocrypta  heanii.     (vigil,  wide  awake.) 

/-«  ri'j!l,  Hay,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Conim.,  ii,  1882  (1883),  59,  Pearl  River,  Jackson,  I^issis- 
sippi.     (Coll.  Hay.) 

The  genus  Ammocrypta  represents  the  extreme  of  development  of  the 
series  of  darters  with  elongate  bodies,  a  natural  series  being  formed  from 
Perdna  through  Hadropterus,  Ulocentra,  and  Boleohoma  to  Crystallana  and 
Ammocrypta.  Another  well-marked  series,  at  first  parallel  with  these  and 
closely  related  to  its  members,  leads  oft"  from  Hadropterus  and  Ulocentra 
through  Etheostoma,  culminating  in  Microperca.  This  second  series  is 
distinguished  as  a  whole  by  firmer  skeleton  with  fewer  vertebrie,  the 
skull  more  convex  in  cross  section,  the  anal  fin  smaller  and  the  fin  rays 
teuding  to  become  fewer.    In  habits,  the  species  of  the  second  group  ar& 


I 


I 

1= 


;.'! 


lii 


!*1 
I 

i 


.1 

ii 


'T  \ 


iw 

f  '.  1 

lfi  t 

(          ' 

;     1  1 

• 

. 


{  F, 


!    S 


1066 


B,.!letin  4y,  United  States  National  Museum. 


more  quiescent,  swimming  less  freely  for  a  distance,  but  lying  at  rust  for 
some  time,  then  moving  with  sudden  jerks.  In  this  series  bright  Miic  or 
red  coloration  in  the  males  is  more  frequently  observed.  We  begin  tlut 
series  with  the  chief  group,  Etheostoma,  a  group  from  which  as  a  wliolc 
Hadropterus  can  scarcely  be  separated. 

475.  ETHEOSTOMA,  Raflnesque. 

EOteontoma,  Rafinehqite,  Jonrn.  do  PhyHique.,  etc.,  Paris,  1819,  419,  (caprmlet,  hUnninidef,   ihiheU 

lam;  first  rustrictoil  liy  Aoabsiz,  1854,  to  atpro,  wrongly  ideutifled  as  "  hlennioUle»; "  rt.'t*trict(.'il 

by  Cope  &  Jordan,  1877,  to  flabellare). 
Pwcilomiiia,  Agabbiz,  Lake  Superior,  1850,  299,  (varialiu)  (name  preoccupied). 
F<ecilichOiy»,  Akabsiz,  Amorican  Journal  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,  305,  {variatut). 
Cutonotuii,  AuABSiz,  Amorican  Journal  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,  305,  (flabeUalut). 
Oliyocephaliu,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  67,  (lepidiu). 
Nothoiiutuf,  AriABSiz,  Dull.  Mub,  Comp.  /oiil.,  i,  .3,  1803,  (maculalus). 
Artatichlhyn,  Vaimawt,  RccherchcB  Bur  Icb  Etheostomatlna,  107,  1873,  {etmileun). 
Nanotloma,  Putnam  MS.,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  «,  1877,  {soualU)  (not  Ifmvimiomm, 

GCntiier). 
Jthothceca,  Jordan,  Sept.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  1835,  868  {zoneUu,  Bubstituto  for  Nanostumn,  rcj^ardid 

as  preoccupied  by  Nannoatoimu). 
Torrenlaria,  Jordan  &  Evermann,  new  Bubgenus,  {autlrale). 
Nivic(   t,  Jordan  &  Everuann,  new  subgenus,  (boreah). 
liiiflucmimelhu,  Jordan  Sc  Evermann,  new  subgenus,  (potliii), 
Clariculr,  Jordan  &  Evermann,  utw  subgenus,  (jidife). 

Body  robust,  or  rather  elongate,  compresp-^d.  Month  terminal,  or  sub- 
inferior,  varying  in  size ;  the  lower  jaw  included  or  not ;  preniaxillarios 
not  protractile  ;  maxillary  movable.  Teeth  rather  strong,  usually  present 
on  vomer  and  palatines.  Gill  membranes  separate  or  more  or  lesH  biua'Uy 
conuected.  Scales  moderate  or  small,  ctenoid ;  top  of  head  without  scales ; 
scales  of  the  middle  line  of  the  belly  persistent  and  similar  to  thu  others; 
lateral  line  well  developed,  nearly  straight,  often  wanting  posteriorly ; 
fins  large,  with  strong  spines ;  first  dorsal  usually  longer  and  larger  than 
the  second,  with  7  to  15  spines  ;  anal  with  2  strong  spines,  the  anterior 
usually  the  larger,  the  second  rarely  obsolete ;  anal  fin  always  smallei'  than 
the  boft  dorsal ;  ventral  fins  more  or  less  close  together.  Skull  narrow, 
the  parietal  region  very  strongly  convex  in  cross  section ;  supraoccipital 
crest  very  small  or  wanting;  lower  pharyngeals  very  narrow.  Vertebrsi' 
33  to  39,  usually  15  +  21  =  36.  Pyloric  coica  3  or  4.  Bones  rather  lirni. 
Coloration  various,  often  brilliant.  As  here  understood,  a  very  lar{;c 
genus  covering  a  great  variety  of  forms.  Many  attempts  at  further  sub- 
division have  been  made  and  some  of  the  subgenera  indicated  below 
have  been  considered  of  generic  value.  Intergradations  of  all  sorts 
occur  and  the  technical  characters  do  not  always  indicate  the  real  rela- 
tionship. Many  of  the  species  are  excessively  variable,  each  brook  having 
its  peculiar  race.  (The  word  Etheostoma  is  stated  by  Eafinesque  to  mean 
"various  mouths,"  the  species  known  to  him,  i.  e.,  Percina  vaprodn, 
Diplesion  blenniaidea,  and  Etheostoma  flabellare,  being  so  different  in  respect 
of  the  form  of  the  mouth  that  he  conceived  that  they  might  belong  to 
difierent  subgenera.    The  etymology  of  the  word  is  not  evident,  unless 


7 


Jordan  and  F.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1067 


it  l)c  from  ifiin^.  to  strain,    and 
nxiMii^  would  make  Heierostoma.) 


oTufta,    month ;    irrpog,    different,  and 


1.  T<nteral  lino  comploto  (a  few  tubes  very  rarely  wanting). 

''.  Ulll  niemlirancH  more  or  legs  broadly  connected  ucroHH  the  iBthmug,  ventrulfi  soparati-d 
by  a  distinct  interspace,  which  ,s  not  so  wide  as  base  of  the  fln;  anal  spines  nor- 
mally 2. 
rcKCiLiciiTiiYS  (irotKiAof,  variegated;  tx^ut,  flsh): 
r.  Anal  fln  nearly  an  Irrgo  as  soft  dorsal;  spinous  dorsal  with  about  13  spines;  head 
almost  naked;  fins  very  large;  colors  brilliant.  variati'm,  1454. 

Nanostoma  {vavot,  small;  trrotia,  mouth): 
cr.  Anal  fln  much  smaller  than  soft  dorsiil;  spinous  dorsal  with  0  to  12  spines. 
(I.  lleid  entirely  naked. 

e.  Scales  moderate,  48  to  67;  pectoral  ^^  longer  than  bead;  V.  al<out  \II-13; 
sides  with  dark  green  spots.  rwannanda,  1455. 

ee.  Scales  rather  largo,  40  to  48. 

/.  Pectoral  about  as  long  as  head;  D.  about  X-11. 

g.  Head  large,  3%  to  4  in  length;  sides  with  dark  green  blotches. 

THALABBINdH,  1150. 

fjg.  Head  rather  small,  4%  in  length;  males  with  series  of  ^^rarlot 

spots  along  the  raws  of  scales.  inbcriptuh,  1457. 

ff.  Pectoral  much  longer  than  head;  D.  XII-12;  l>ody  robast;  the  depth' 

43^  in  length;  color  olive  with  dark  oblique  bars,    blennius,  1458. 

(Ml.  Head  not  entirely  naked. 

/(.  Checks  naked;  opercles  scaij-  scales  50  to  60;  body  slender,  the  depth  5'% 

in  length ;  color  green,  with  darker  markings.  bvpestrf.,  1459. 

hit.  Cheeks  an<i  opercles  scaly  (rarely  nake<I);  body  slender,  the  depth  5  to  6 

in  length.     D.  about  X-11;  pectoral  about  as  long  as  head. 

I.  Scales  about  42;  males  with  series  of  dark  siwts  along  the  rows  of 

scales.  ELEGANS,  1460. 

ii.  Scales  about  60;  no  distinct  dark  spots  along  series  of  scales. 

ZONALB,  1461. 

U'lTiiONOTi'S  (I'oWs,  prominent;  vStrot,  buck): 
lib.  Oill   membranes  scarcely  connected  across  isthmus;  first  dorsal   long;  anal   rather 
small;  ventrals  near  together,  the  interspace  very  narrow. 
j.  Humoral  region  without  enlarged  black  scale. 

A-.  Head  short,  the  muzzia  abruptly  decurved;  scales  60  to  58;|vertical  fins  black- 
edged;  breast  blue  in  life. 
I.  Dorsal  spines  11  or  12.  ramurvm,  1462. 

H.  Dorsal  spines  14.  vi'lneratum,  1403. 

H:  Head  rather  long  and  pointed,  the  snout  not  docurve<l. 

III.  Scales  rather  small,  56  to  63;  body  and  fins  variegated  with  red. 

n.  Color    olive;   throat  blue;  sides  in  male  with  crimson  spots  and  a 

brown,  wavy,  lateral  band.    D.  XII-12.  maoulatum,  1464. 

11)1.  Color  yellowish,  with  4  dark  bars;  10  to  12  oblong  dark  spots  on 

sides;  fins  with  red  in  male;  1).  XI-12.  cinerkum,  1465. 

Him.  Color  greenish,  with  8  to  10  transverse  bluish  bands;  between  each 

pair  a  bluish  rhomb;  a  black  caudal  spot;  fins  with  yellow. 

D.  XlI-13.  tessellatum,  1466. 

mm.  Scales  rather  large,  about  45;  male  olive  with  quadrate  red  spots  on 

sides;  breast  blue;  belly  orange;  fins  ornate;  form  robust. 

KUFIIINEATUM,   1467. 

jj.  Humoral  region  witli  an  enlarged  black  sc^le;'  scales  43  to  65.    D.  X-11;  color 

olivaceous,  with  8  to  10  dark  cross  bars;  form  robust.  jordani,  1468. 

aa.  Lateral  line  more  or  less  incomplete  (occasionally  nearly  or  quite  complete  in  je(wi>  and 

in  tqimmkepii);  vontrals  close  together,  the  interspace  very  slight;  first  dorsal  and  anal 

rather  small. 


I   Si: 


t  ■< 


u 


■ 

'. 

i-     ' 

-  ■:  '^^ 'i 

'■'■    A 

\ 

■■',          ■     '     ■      i 

i^ 
M 

u 

\-  ': 

1 

V    ■ 

X 

'^'           ■■■             t'\ 

1  1 

10(J8 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


i.-u 


il. 


vi  i 


.t; 


f,     - 


TiiHHKNTAniA  (/(irreiid,  u  HWlft  Btn-am): 
f>.  Anal  Hpiiio  fiiii^lo  iim  far  uh  known;  head  naked  or  very  nearly  ho;  a  binck  In  nii'nil 
lirwi'KH  or  M'liif;  Hiioiit  Kbarp,  tlio  nmutli  lurKO. 
;>.  ScalvH  C(>;  bcdy  and  head  very  long  and  Hlender.   A.  I,  10;  i^ill  nien'branpRRr'|iitrato. 

SAdin  A,  \\m. 
lip.  Scales  ')8  to  TiG;  body  rather  deep,  the  head  slender,     A.  I,  7  or  K;  gill  nicinliruruB 
ino<lerately  conuocted-  bo<ly  with  Blmrp  crosH  bandfl,  AUSTiiAt  r ,  UTO, 

»».  Anal  flplnos  normally  2. 

>/.  (lill  nicmbrancH  scarcely  connected;  lo>ver  jaw  moderate,  nut  projecting. 
Nivu'oLA  {nij;  iiivriin,  snow;  co/o,  to  inhabit): 
r.  Fins  very  Bmall,  the  dorsal  rays  VIII-O;  cheeks  and  opercles scaly;  9<alc8  63. 

iionKAi.K,  1471. 
>T.  Fins  not  very  small.    Dorsal  spines  U  to  i:);  the  soft  rays  10  tu  14. 

Ua  FI  NEBQITIEI.LV8  ■!■ : 

N.  Dorsal  Ann  more  or  less  connected;  lust  dorsal  spine  not  longer  tlj.iii  next 
the  last;  u  dark  humeral  scale;  coloration  mottled;  form  very  ii)lpiir.t, 
the  depth  about  4  in  length;  scales  44  to  50.  pottsu,  in^ 

(>Lino<?Ei>HAi.rs  (6Aiy6«,  few,  small;  irt^aA^,  head): 
fs.  Dorsal  tins  well  separated,  the  last  dorsal  spiiie  short;  form  cuniparutivcl}- 
slender. 
I.  Humeral  region  without  dlfTorentiatod  black  scale-like  procesK;  eomc- 
times  with  a  faint  dark  spot. 
H.  Scales  between  8pin(>\is  dorsal  and  lateral  line  4  to  7. 
t'.  Head  not  entirely  naked. 

w.  Cheeks  and  opercles  more  or  less  closely  scaled. 

X.  Scales  small,  about  60;  soft  dorsal  with  10  or  11  rays; 
body  slender.  ihh  i:,  14711. 

XX.  Scales  moderate,  41  to  55;  soft  dorsal  rays  12  nr  1:;. 
y.  Lateral  Hue  almost  or  quite  complete;  KJdos  in 
male  with  bluish  bars  or  blotches. 

JE.wi.t:,  1471. 
ifjl.  Lateral  line  with  30  to  35  tubeH  on'y;  Mas  with 
alternate  yellow  and  dark  crosN  Imr"'. 

HTKOVINCTrM,   1475. 

WW,  Cheeks  scaly;  opercles  naked;  scales  54  to  ill.    1).  \-Vi; 

■ides  with  faint  dark  cross  bars,     lepidoqknvs,  1476. 

tcunc.  Clieeks  naked  or  n  arly  so;  opercles  more  or  Icsn  scaly; 

scales  rather  large,  about  48;  males  witli  alternate 

oblique  bars  of  red  and  blue;  flns  ornate. 

c.mtri.KiM,  1477. 
vv.  Head  entirely  naked;  scales  about  48;  form  and  riilmation  of 
Etheoitoma  aenileuni.  i.KriniM,  1-*7S. 

tt.  Humeral  region  with  a  distinct  black  process  or  scale. 

X,  Checks  mostly  naked,  opercles  scaly;  scales  about  .'>();  liody  liamii'il; 
fins  rather  large.    D.  XII-12.  TiPi'Ki-AMif,  H7'.i. 

.rv.  Cheeks  and  opercles  naked,  or  very  nearly  so. 

a'.  Scales  veiy  small,  63  to  80;  body  everywhere  mm  li  (lotted 
with  black.  puNi:Tii.Air.M,  I48ii. 

lui'.  Scales  moderate,  less  than  62  in  number. 

I)'.  Scales  of  sides  not  marke<i,each  with  a  dark  Hpni,  tlicsf 

forming  continuous  stripes. 

c'.  Scales  46  to  55;  snout  much  shorter  than  .yc.rliicli 

is  3>^  in  head.  cincixi.MSl. 

ce'.  Scales  45  to  50,  snout  as  long  as  eye,  whidi  is  Si" 

head.  obevf.n.sk,  1482. 


♦Named  for  Constantino  Samuel  Raflnesque,  who  first  recognized  the  existence  of  darters  in 
the  streams  about  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  (Louisville,  Kentucky), 


V.'fe.--.: 


i.;?*;  t'  iZ  J!i^\  I 


^mii 


r 


vm. 


i;  a  black  In  in.ral 
nen'bran(>HBniiiirato. 

SAdlTTA,  MWt. 

r  8;  gill  iiii'iii)irjiii.'8 

AU8T11AI  I  .  UTO. 

irojectinK. 

iJB scaly;  sialcsW. 

IIORK.M.K,  1471. 
Otol4. 

ot  longer  tliaiL  next 

il;  form  v«iv  roljiKt, 

POTTNir,  1472. 

form  coniiiamlivcly 

)-like  priiccsh;  some- 

4  to  7. 

inly  scaled, 
I  witli  10  01'  11  rays; 
inwi:,  UIX 
orsal  rays  I'l  or  l:i. 
I)  coiiipk'ti';  sides  in 
blotclies. 

jEssi.i:,  1474. 
ibes  on'.y;  sides  with 
rk  cross  Imrs. 

ITKOVINCTIM,  1475. 

54t(.  lil.    1),  X-12; 

.EPIDOdKNVS,  1476. 

more  or  less  scaly; 
mules  Willi  alternate 
flns  ornate. 

c.iciMi.ErM,  1477. 
rm  811(1  coliiiationof 
I.KI'IDIM,  l-'7.'*. 
lale. 
lilt .")(»;  Iicily  liandeil; 

TlPl'KI'AMif,  H7'.l. 

where  mm  li  dutteil 
ruNCTi'i.Air.M,  H8I). 

•. 

h  a  dark  spnt,  tlie«' 

rtor  than  .ye, rliicli 
cii.\iMSi,14i>l. 
as  eye,  wliicli  is  5  in 
OBEY  ESS*:,  H81i. 

stenco  of  darters  in 


Jordan  and  Evermatm. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1069 


W.  BcaleH  of  back  ami  sidnx  each  with  a  dark  8>Hit,  theao 
forming  coiitiiiuoiis  streaks. 
(<'.  Scales  .'iti  to  61;    male  with   the   belly   reil;   snout 
rounded.  I'Aaei,  14H,'i. 

AiV.  Scales  ri:i;  no  red;  snout  |Kiiiited.      viruati'm,  HHt. 
(yiy.  Gill  membranes  more  or  less  broadly  conuectud  across  isthmus;  usually  au 
enlarged  black  humeral  scale. 
Claricola  (cfaniji,  clear;  ;<>'",  to  inhabit): 
e'.  Lower  Jaw  scarcely  projecting;  head  more  or  \v*a  scaly;  B|iiiies  in  maloi 
without  knobs. 
/'.  Scales  usually  less  than  GO. 

g'.  Body  robust,  the  depth  4  to  4^  in  lenf^th;  snout  sharp;  mouth 
rather  large;  greenish  with  dark  markings.  .m'I.i.>:,  1485. 

gg'.  Body  rather  slender,  the  depth  \y^  to  r>  in  loiigth. 

/('.  Cheeks  scaly,  male  with  dark  bars  and  red  blotches  on  sides 

of  body.  AiiTEsi.i-:,  1480. 

}M.  Cheeks  naked,  or  with  embedded  scales;  male  with  red  sjiots 

along  sides  of  body.  ai.aiiam/V.,  1487. 

ff.  Scales  usually  more  than  <>0. 

t'.  Cheeks  usually  naked  or  nearly  bo;  (tores  wanting  on  in  to  20 
scales;  male  with  red  spots  and  r'.'d  markings  on  fins. 

wiiii'Pi.il,  1488. 
ti'.  Cheaks  usually  scaly;  pores  wanting  on  few  (usually  not  more 
than  4  or  6)  scales;  flns  low;  no  red  in  life. 

squAMicEPS,  1489. 

Etiieostoma: 

ee'.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting;  IigmI  entirely  naked;  dorsal  spines  low, 

each  ending  in  u  small,  fleshy  knob  in  the  male;  colors  dark,  no  red 

nor  blue;  flns  checkered.  ki.adellare,  1490. 


Subgenus  PCECILICHTHYS,  Agassiz. 

1454.  ETHEOSTOMA  YARIATr.n,  Kirtland. 

Head  3^  to  K\ ;  depth  4|  to  5i ;  eye  %\  to  3S  in  head.  D.  XII  to  XIV-11 
to  13 ;  A.  II,  7  to  9 ;  scales  8-51  to  63-12.  Body  moderately  elongated, 
not  much  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  arched.  Head  short  and  thick, 
the  suout  short  and  blunt,  and  the  profile  above  the  eyes  strongly 
decurved ;  profile  a  little  depressed  at  the  nape.  Eyes  large,  not  very 
close  togetbev,  slightly  longer  than  snout.  Mouth  small,  low,  subhori- 
zontal,  the  lower  jaw  included ;  teeth  small,  subequal,  bluntish,  in  rather 
broad  bands ;  teeth  on  vomer.  Premaxillary  not  protractile ;  i..axillary 
reaching  front  of  eye,  4  in  head.  Top  of  head  extremely  rugose,  the 
wrinkles  evident  through  the  skin,  and  radiating  irregularly  from  behind 
the  eye.  Parietal  region  rather  broad  and  depressed,  as  in  species  of 
Hadroptcrua.  Preopercle  entire ;  opercle  with  a  rather  sharp  spine,  (xill 
membranes  somewhat  broadly  united,  but  meeting  at  a  rather  acute 
angle.  Head  naked,  except  for  1  to  3  scales  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
opercle;  scales  of  body  rather  large,  ctenoid ;  lateral  line  complete;  nape 
covered  with  small  scales;  breast  loosely  scaled;  belly  covered  with 
ordinary  scales  similar  to  those  on  the  sides;  no  enlarged  ventral  plates. 
Fins  all  very  large  ;  dorsal  fins  slightly  joined ;  anal  fin  large,  but  lower 
than  the  soft  dorsal,  and  somewhat  shorter;  pectorals  as  long  as  head, 
reaching  front  of  anal;   second  anal  spine  longer  than  first,  both  of 


J' 


^;ii:-'  ^;. 


-/ 1 

i; 

1 

■ii. 

'!;■■  ■■  & 


^      1 


i' 


1 1; 


i 


i 

'i 


n  • 


■  ■  I 


UH 


II 


1070 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


niodorato  size;  longest  dorsal  spine  2i|  in  head;  lont^o^t  soft  lay  it; 
caudal  snbtrunoate,  its  longest  ray  1^  in  head ;  longest  ray  uf  atial  1,' ; 
pectoral  a  little  longer  than  head ;  ventral  u  little  shorter.  Color  of 
large  male  specimen,  dusky  greenish  above,  the  head  similar,  tint  cinti  ih 
of  the  scales  darker,  and  the  whole  body  covered  with  fine  dark  iiointH 
visible  with  a  lens;  belly  and  sides  of  the  body  from  anal  Hu  foiwanl 
and  as  high  up  as  the  level  of  the  scapula  of  a  bright  yellow  oiaur,. ; 
posterior  parts  of  the  body  with  5  vertical  zones  of  bright  oianijr, 
these  about  half  as  broad  as  the  dark  greenish  iuterspaceN ;  first  /oiif 
op])osite  the  interspace  between  the  dorsals  and  extending  downward  to 
front  of  anal ;  the  last  two  on  caudal  peduncle ;  a  vague,  diiNky  ana  un 
base  of  caudal;  a  dusky  shade  across  nape  in  front  of  dorsal,  with  L'  or 
3  blackish  cross  blotches  on  back  behind  it;  head  nearly  plain,  witli 
some  dark  specks  and  some  dashes  of  orange;  breast  with  liglit-diaiij^rc 
shades ;  first  dorsal  with  a  broad  median  band  of  blue  black :  a  paler 
stripe  below  it  and  above  it ;  the  base  of  the  fin  with  dark  inti'is|)iiial 
spots,  and  the  edge  of  the  fin  again  bliickish  ;  second  dorsal  blue  lilack, 
dashed  with  orange  toward  the  base;  caudal  blackish,  rather  darkei  at 
base;  anal  blue  black,  with  orange  yellow  At  the  base ;  pectoral  blackitili, 
with  orange  cross  shades;  ventrals  blue  black,  with  some  ed^nn^^H  of 
orange.  Young  examples  similarly  marked,  but  paler  in  color,  with 
more  distinct  markings,  especially  the  dark  cross  bars  on  back.  \\  lildi 
are  often  very  distinct,  much  as  in  Cottogaster  uranidea;  Hdn  in  Icinalcs 
and  young  paler.  Length  %  inches.  Ohio  River  basin  from  western 
Pennsylvania,*  through  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky;  generally  rare, 
probably  more  common  southward.  A  large,  handsome  sp'^cieH,  not 
recognized  for  nearly  thirty  years  after  its  discovery,  the  naino  rnridlim 
having  been  meanwhile  transferred  to  other  species  (cwruleum  aud  ihlUitua). 
(variatus,  variegated.) 

Etheosloma  varialum,  Kirtland,  Zoulogy  of  Ohio,  1C8,  192,  1838,  Mahoning  River,  Ohio; 

BOVLENOKB,  Cat.,  I,  81. 
Elheoitinna  notalnm,  A3A88IZ  MS.,  Putnam,  Bull,  i,  Mus.  Conip.  Zoiil.,  4, 1863,  (niimo  oil.v). 
Hadroptent*  leiwelliUns,  Jordan,  Bull,  x,  U.  S.   Nat.  Mui.,  7,  1877,  Alleghany  River,  Fox 

burg,  Pennsylvania.    (Coll.  Baird.) 
Hadroptenw  variiilun,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  163;  rodiscovery  of  the  siiocies  from 

IVhitewator  Bivor,  Brookrille,  Indiana.    (Coll.  Amos.  W.  Butler.) 
Boleoioma  variatum,  Yaillamt,  Recherches,  84,  1873. 

Subgenus  NANOSTOMA.t  Putnaai. 
1466.  ETHEOSTOMA  8WANNAN0A,  Jordan  &  Everniann. 

Head4i;  depth  6;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  XI  or  XII-12  to  14 ;  A  11,  !•; 
scales  6-48  to  57-7  or  8.  Form  of  Uloceutra  mnotera.  Body  rol)ust.  some- 
what compressed,  the  back  elevated;  head  very  short,  deep,  the  anterior 

*  A  specimen  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoiilogy  from  Enston,  PonnRylviuii:i  fPclnw.ari' 
River),  seems  to  belong  to  Etheottoma  rnriatum.  Anal  large;  dorsal  spines  12;  pciiI''^  1'.  ('il' 
membranes  united;  belly  scaled;  premaxillary  not  protractile;  a  dark  sinjt  on  last  di  i  -:il  i^l'in", 
color  otherwise  faded.  There  is  no  other  record  of  this  species  from  east  of  tlio  Ailiglmuii'!. 
and  this  locality  may  bo  doubtful. 

t  This  group  is  very  closely  allied  to  Ulocentra, 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America.      1071 


ing  River,  Ohio; 


uf  till!  siiucioa  fri'Ui 


prolilo  strongly  convex;  snont  short  and  blunt;  eyo  large,  placed  high; 
muuth  very  small,  horizontal,  inferior,  the  lower  jaw  included  all  around. 
Prciiiaxillaries  not  protractile ;  maxillary  short,  not  adnate,  reaching  to 
opiioHite  front  of  eye,  4  in  head;  teeth  small.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and 
breast  naked;  nape  naked  in  one  specimen  examined,  scaly  in  the  others; 
lati'iai  line  complete;  belly  evenly  scaled.  Uill  membraiieH  broadly  con- 
nected. Fins  rather  low;  dorsals  contiguous;  pectoralH  long,  ^  longer 
than  head,  reaching  beyond  ventrals  to  vent.  Mules,  in  spirits,  dusky 
grei'ii,  the  belly  paler;  book  irregularly  mottled  and  blotched  with  black 
and  Htrewn  with  specks  of  saO'ron  yellow;  6  distinct  black  cross  blotches 
on  dorsal  lino ;  8  to  10  roundish  or  quadrate  black  blotches  on  sides,  a 
Hmallur  spot  behind  the  last  of  these  at  base  of  caudal,  these  lateral 
blotches  somewhat  connected ;  head  dusky  above ;  a  faint  bar  below  eye ; 
axil  lilaok ;  fins  nearly  plain.  In  life,  male  olive  green,  light  green  below ; 
markings  all  dark  green ;  base  and  lower  edge  of  pectoral  tinged  with 
aatfrou ;  base  and  tip  of  first  dorsal  bright  snuffy  brown ;  second  dorsal 
and  caudal  olive,  speckled ;  lower  fins  pale  yellow.  Female  and  younger 
specimens  have  the  body  more  speckled;  the  pectorals  and  caudal  barred 
with  dark.  Length  2ito  3 inches.  Upper wate-s  of  the  Tennessee  River; 
locally  abundant ;  a  beautiful  little  fish,  thus  far  known  only  from  the 
clear,  cold  waters  of  the  middle  and  south  forks  of  the  Holston  and  the 
soutli  fork  of  the  Nwannanoa,  a  most  beautiful  stream  flowing  from  the 
Hanks  of  Black  Mountain  into  the  French  Broad. 

aA«o.«(.-Hia  (tiraimonoa,  Jordan  A  Evermann,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  1388,  30O,  South  Fork  of 
Holston  River,  Holstein  Mills,  Virginia;  Middle  Fork  of  Holston  River,  Marion, 
Virginia,  and  South  Fork  of  Swannanoa  River,  Black  Mountain,  North  Caro- 
lina (Type,  No.  398G1.  Coll.  Jordan,  Evormaan  and  Jenkinti);  Boulenqer,  Cat.,  I,  81. 

145«.  ETHE08T0NA  THALASSINUM  (Jordan  k  Braytou). 

Head  3|  to  4 ;  depth  4f  to  5 ;  eye  'i\  to  4  in  head.  D.  IX  to  XI-10  to  12 ; 
A.  II,  7  or  8;  scales  .5-40  to  48-7.  Body  rather  stout,  compressed  behind, 
the  back  somewhat  arched.  Head  large,  the  snout  rather  blunt  and  con- 
vex iu  profile.  Eye  large,  high  up,  about  equal  to  snout ;  interorbital  space 
rather  narrow.  Mouth  moderate,  slightly  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching 
to  the  orbit.  Upper  jaw  slightly  longer  than  the  lower.  Head  entirely 
naked ;  throat  naked ;  neck  naked  anteriorly ;  opercular  spine  obtuse ; 
Fins  all  large;  membrane  of  the  first  dorsal  continued  to  the  base  of  the 
second  ;  longest  dorsal  spine  scarcely  shorter  than  the  soft  rays,  the  base 
of  tliu  spinous  dorsal  a  little  longer  than  that  of  the  soft  dorsal ;  anal  not 
much  smaller  than  the  soft  dorsal,  its  first  spine  the  longer;  caudal  tin 
deeply  lunate;  pectorals  as  long  as  head, reaching  nearly  to  vent.  Male, 
in  life,  with  body  dark  green  and  blotched  above ;  sides  with  6  to  9  dark 
blue-};reen  vertical  bars,  the  5  next  the  last  most  distinct ;  spinous  dorsal 
reddish  at  base,  then  a  broad  black  band,  the  uppermost  third  of  a  bright 
ferni};inou8  red;  second  dorsal  blackish  at  base,  reddish  above;  candal 
with  "1  orange  blotches  at  base,  black  mesially,  pale  orange  distally  ;  anal 
fin  of  a  brilliant  blue-green  color  at  base,  pale  at  tip ;  ventrals  greenish ; 
head  mostly  grass  green  ;  the  streaks  forward  and  downward  from  eye 


iti.t 


iy'U«jMIW«I(pu»«p^HJPP?|i|pB^lp»^ 


^SPWWRP^l^PPPW^ 


) 


'i 


'1,1 


WMp 

1"'    ' 

3  , 

1072         Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


(lark  ){t'o<Mi;  fuiiiuloH  (IuIUmuikI  iiioru  Hpeuklud.  LtMi^tli  2\  iitch<>H.  Sjintuu 
Kivur  hitHin  in  North  and  Mouth  (Jarolinu  ;  locally  very  abunduiit ;  a  picttv 
HpociuH.    {llialaviiinim,  ueu  ^ruuu,  i'roiii  Dnhiana,  Hua.) 

NdUioikiIhii  Ihnliimiwn,  .Idrdan  .V  IIkaytdn,  Dull.  XII,  V.  8.  Nat.  Mud.,  13,  1H7H,  Reedy  Kiver, 
Greenville,  South  Carolina;  Catawba  River  and  tributaries  in  North  Carulina; 
Ennoree  River,  Chick  Springs,  South  Carolina;  and  Saluda  River,  Farr's  Mill, 
South  Carolina, (Typo,  No.  Illl'J'J.   Coll.  .Ionian  &  Urii.vtoii);  .Ioudan  .t  (iiLiiF.in, ,sui„|wi,, 

fill,  IHHIt. 
Elhnii^'ima  Oititamnum,  JuuUAN,  Dull.  U.  8.  FIhIi  Coinm.,  vili,  1888  (180O),  I'M;  Uovlkniikk,  Cut., 
I,  83. 

14f''.  KTHKOi^TOMA  INSCRIPTVX  (Jordan  *  nrnyton). 

Head  4Jt  depth  4J;  eye  3i,  about  equal  to  Hnoiit.  D.  XI-12;  A.  II,  «; 
scales  r)-4(»-5.  Hody  rather  stout  and  deep,  stroiij^ly  compressed.  Ciiiidiil 
pedude  rather  deep,  Hea«l  large,  rather  obtuse,  the  profile  (luiteKilihoiiN, 
a  considerable  aujrle  formed  opposite  the  eyes,  which  are  higli  ii|)  and 
close  together.  Mouth  moderate,  slightly  oblique,  the  maxillary  rtiicliini; 
eye,  the  upper  jaw  the  longer.  Head  entirely  scaleless  ;  neck  abovn  Hcuiy ; 
breast  naked;  l)clly  closely  scaled;  scales  large.  Fins  larg**;  Hpinoii.s 
dorsal  longer  than  soft  dorsal,  which  is  somewhat  larger  than  tiic  ;iiial ; 
the  2  dorsals  connected  by  membrane;  dorsal  spines  a  little  iiion- tlian 
half  the  lengtli  of  the  head  ;  pectorals  large.  Color  olive,  with  a  biijjht 
scarlet  spot  on  each  scale,  these  forming  continuous  lines  along  the  rows 
of  scales;  3  dark  blotches  across  the  back  ;  1  in  front  of  dorsal,  roiiiiing 
a  black  spot  on  the  anterior  spines ;  1  between  the  2  dorsal  fins,  luniiiii}; 
a  similar  black  spot  on  the  last  rays  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  and  I  on  the 
caudal  peduncle,  behind  the  second  dorsal;  sides  with  about  (i  iii()i,niliir 
dark-olive  blotches  Jubt  below  the  lateral  line;  edge  of  spinous  <iorsal 
black,  below  this  bright  orange  red,  a  dusky  bar  at  the  base;  entire  anni 
flu,  cheeks,  opercles,  and  a  bar  below  the  eye  bright  blue  ;  femalen  with- 
out red  spots,  the  sides  blotched.  Length  2i  inches.  Oconee  Kivci, 
Georgia;  scarce;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  group.  {hiKciiptiiH, 
written  on,  from  the  markings.) 

NolhoiiotM  iiisiriptim,  JoitDAN  &  Biiayton,  Bull,  xii,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  34,  1878,  Oconee  River,  at 

Sulphur  Springs,  Hall  County,  Georgia,  ((^ull.  Jordiiu  it  Braytou). 
Nano$loma  insiriptnm,  Jordan  &  Giluebt,  8yuoi.eii<,  512,  1883. 


1458.  ETHE0ST0M.4  BLEXXH'S,  (HiUK-rt  *       Uu. 

Head  4? ;  depth  4? ;  eye  1^  in  snont,  4J  in  head.  xJ.  Xn-12;  A.  11,8; 
scales  5-43-8.  Body  exceedingly  robust,  little  compressed,  tlie  ventral 
outline  more  strongly  arched  than  dorsal  outline ;  greatest  depth  opiMisite 
front  of  spinous  dorsal,  the  2  profiles  thence  converging  rapidly  liackward 
to  form  the  rather  long,  slender,  caudal  peduncle.  Head  very  deeji,  witli 
subvertical  cheeks,  broad  below,  narrowing  upward  and  forward.  I'lotilc 
from  nape  to  middle  of  interorbital  space  nearly  horizontal,  thence  ulirnptly 
and  very  obliquely  docurved  to  tip  of  snout.  Middle  of  eye  ei|ni(listant 
from  tip  of  snout  and  front  of  nape.    Greatest  depth  of  preorbitai  f  length 


.w?~  fii^~^i.\-jSL^jr 


„i,    ti  ■"^.  rf 


•firfffwrnm^. 


I 

\ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1073 


;  UoVLKNciKII,  <'ut  , 


,  Oconee  River,  at 


.orbital  ;  lengtli 


(if  liuatl.     Mouth  very  Hniall,  Hiibinforior,  the  lowor  Jaw  tnohuled.    LotiKth 
ot'iiiiixillary  etiualiiig  distance  from  tip  ')f  siioiit  to  anterior  noHtril.    I'ro- 
inaxiUurieB  not  protractile,  the  fold  of  upper  lip  interrupted  by  a  very 
iianow  frenuni,  an  Ih  the  case  in  some  spociniens  of    Ulocvntra  ximottra, 
to  which  species  the  present  one  is  really  closely  related.     Vomer  with 
teetli.    Opercular  spine  very  little  developed,  the  operclo  terminating  iu 
»  Hat  point,  scarcely  projecting;  beyond  the  membrane.    Uill  membranes 
very  widely  Joined  across  isthmus,  the  width  of  the  union  being  ii  dis- 
tant d  from  posterior  margin  of  membrane  to  tip  of  lower  juw.     Kye  sniall, 
hi^'li  up.     Rpinoi's  dorsal  long  and  rather  low,  composed  of  stiff  spines, 
the  iiiumbrane  of  last  spine  Joining  base  of  first  soft  ray ;  the  middle  spines 
tilt;  liighest,  about  half  length  of  head  ;  second  dorsal  shorter  and  higher 
than  the  first,  much  larger  than  the  small  anal  fin,  its  longest  ray  l)f 
ill  ht'iid.    Anal  spines  short  and  robust,  the  firpt  longei  than  second ;  long- 
ei^t  anal  ray  about  equaling  length  of  snout ;  caudal  lunate ;  pectorals 
voiy  large,  reaching  much  beyond  ventrals,  about  it  length  of  body.    Yen- 
•ralH  equaling  distance  from  snout  to  base  of  pectorals  ;  least  depth  of 
caudal  peduncle  i  depth  of  body.     Body  covered  with  very  large  scales, 
thoHc,  on  nape  somewhat  smaller;  head  and  breast  wholly  naked;  lateral 
line  (complete,  straight.  Color  in  life :  Light  olive  green  above,  with  4  con- 
spicuous blackish-brown  cross  bars,  narrower  than  the  interspaces,  run- 
ning from  back  downward  and  forward  to  below  lateral  line ;  the  first, 
very  broad,  occupies  the  entire  nape,  and  terminates  above  l>a8e  of  pec- 
torals ;  the  second,  much  narrower,  begins  below  end  of  spinous  dorsal ; 
the  third  below  last  rays  of  soft  dorsal ;  the  last  bar  much  less  conspicu- 
oiiH  on  back  of  caudal  peduncle.    On  middle  of  each  light  interspace  is  a 
similar,  somewhat  broader  bar,  less  clearly  marked,  and  with  ill-defiued 
boundaries,  these  bars  terminating  below  lateral  line  in  7  or  8  dusky 
blotchus;  each  scale  on  back  and  sides  with  the  central  portion  light  red, 
changing  to  golden  brown  in  spirits ;  belly  and  lower  fourth  of  sides  sil- 
very white;   two  bright  areas  at  base  of  caudal,  with  a  blackish  bar 
immediately  behind  them;  caudal  indistinctly  barred  with  dusky.    Dor- 
sals translucent,  the  membrane  between  each  2  rays  with  an  elongate 
(liiiiky-red  blotch,  extending  f  height  of  fin ;   spinous  dorsal  margined 
with  light  red;  pectorals  barred  with  dusky  and  light  yellowish;  ven- 
trals with  traces  of  similar  bars;  anal  translucent,  an  indistinct  yellow- 
ish baud  along  its  middle.     Length  2^  inches.    Northern  Alabama,  in 
small  streams  tributary  to  the  Tennessee  River ;  not  common  ;  a  strongly 
marked  species.     (Blenniua,  a  blenny,  from  the  form  of  the  head.) 

Bheostuudi  {Uliolhaca)  bletmitis,  GILBERT  &  SwAiN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1887,  55,  Cox's  Creek 
and  Shoal  Creftk,  tributary  to  the  Tennessee  River,  Florence,  Alabama,  iTypn, 
No.  .!6187.    Coll.  Gilbert  &  Swain);  Gilbebt,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fi8h  Comm.,  ix,  188!)  (1891),  160. 


1469.  ETHEOSTOMA  BVPESTBK,  Gilbert  St.  Swain. 

Head  3J  to  4;  depth  5}.  D.  XI  or  XII-11  or  12;  A.  II,  7  or  8;  scales 
50  to  57,  6  or  7  series  above  lateral  line.  Closely  related  to  Etheostoma 
Ihlawiinin,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  more  slender  form, 

F.  N.  A. 69 


'ii 


il 


afftM^^  ™V    <  •  ':^'  ""i»^'^9%  '■wf^wssWf  ^ 


IWwPPfspiff^P^^ 


i 


n  1 

I 


u 


!•, : 


II  i 
,  i 


—i 


ik. 


1074 


Jiutietin  4;,  United  States  National  Museuhi, 


tiMt  uhHeuco  of  bright  colurution,  tlio  Hnmllor  HcaleH,  and  tli«  N(|naiii:iilii!i 
uf  tho  uperclo.  liody  Hlundor,  t'liHit'uriii,  littlo  coiiiprcHHt'tl,  tliu  ii|i[i*'r 
ivntorior  profile  duHC«^iitliiiK  rapi<lly  to  tip  of  Hiioiit.  Moiitii  hiihiII,  Imii- 
/oiitui,  tnriiiiiiiil  ut  lowor  hitlu  of  Hiiout,  tiui  lower  Jaw  incliitlt'd  ;  maxjl. 
lary  ruucliing  vortical  from  front  of  orbit,  itH  lungth  Hlightly  Ichh  tliaii 
cliiiiiiutur  of  oyu,  3^  iu  head,  in  HpecinionH  \\  inclu'H  long.  Iiitt'nuliiial 
Hpuce  very  narrow,  itH  width  half  dianiutcr  of  orbit,  (jtill  nuMiilii.'iiiirt 
widely  joined,  free  from  tlio  iNthnuiH.  ticaleM  Hmall,i)  to  7  lon^ritiniiiiiil 
HerioH  between  lateral  lino  and  tho  baHo  of  tlie  Hpinonu  dorHal ;  tnlnHot 
lateral  lino  nHually  55  or  50  in  unnibor,  varying  from  50  to  57  ;  lateial  lim^ 
uomplete,  Htraight ;  opercio  more  or  Iohh  completely  covered  with  scalis 
aH  large  as  thoHO  on  aidcH;  cheeks  and  broaHt  naked,  the  nape  clcmfly 
Hcalod.  Fins  of  moderate  hI/o,  tho  apinoH  weak  and  tiexilde  ;  Icn^'ih  ut' 
dorHal  HpineH  equaling  dintanco  from  tip  of  nnont  to  middle  of  orliil  :  anal 
HpinoH  Hhort,  about  equal  in  ui/.e,  their  length  lenn  than  dianuiter  ol'diliit ; 
])ectoralti  long,  reaching  beyond  vertical  from  vent,  their  length  !!  t(»  \\\ 
tinioH  in  length  of  head  and  body  ;  veutralH  reaching  vent ;  eaudal  Hlimt, 
not  deeply  notched,  4^  in  length.  Coloration  in  life:  (jraNH  ^rrcin, 
with  dark  markiugH,  but  no  red  or  blue;  back  with  0  dark  croNs  ImiN, 
wider  than  tho  light  interHpaceo;  a  Heries  of  (i  dark  blotchoH,  soirictiiiio.'i 
W-Hhaped  along  nideu,  immediately  below  lateral  line;  UHually  I  <lail< 
spota  at  base  of  caudal,  2  of  which  are  cloHoly  approximated  al  liahc  of 
median  caudal  raya;  dark  vermiculationa  on  top  ot  snout;  u  (lark  Imr 
downward,  and  1  downward  and  forward  from  eye;  fins  witii  wavy, 
dusky  bars.  North  Kiver,  a  tributary  of  the  Black  Warrior  liiver,  Ala- 
bama.   {rtqwHtria,  living  among  rooks.) 

Elhen»t,mti  tupentre,  GiLiir.nT  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  B.  Nat.  Muh  1887,  57,  North  River,  near  Tus- 
caloosa, Alabama,  'Typo,  No.  36605.    Ooll.  Ollbert  &  Swalu);  liuuLeNQKii,  Cat.,  i,hi!. 


1460.  ETHE08T0MA  RLEfUNH  (Hay), 

Head  4;  depth  5;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  X-12;  A.  II,  8;  scales  r.-12-O. 
Body  stout,  somewhat  compressed.  Plead  short  and  deep,  witii  swollen 
cheeks ;  snout  abruptly  decurved ;  mouth  subterminal,  horizontal,  .stiiuli, 
the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  front  of  eye.  Lateral  lino  nearly 
straight;  cheeks,  opercles,  and  back  of  neck  scaly  ;  chest  and  region  just 
behind  ventrals  naked.  Spinous  dorsal  half  as  high  as  lon;,^^  a  little 
longer  than  the  head  ;  soft  dorsal  ^  as  long  as  head  and  f  as  high  hh  long; 
anal  i  length  of  head,  as  high  as  long;  pectoral  fins  very  largo,  nacliing 
beyond  ventrals  to  vent.  Color  purplish ;  6  largo,  quadrate,  lilaek 
blotches  along  back,  and  8  broad,  transverse  bars  along  sides  fainter, 
these  alternating  with  dark  spots;  many  of  the  scales  above  with  jet- 
black  spots,  forming  longitudinal  streaks  ;  2  black  spots  at  base  of  cau- 
dal, as  iu  zonale,  but  larger  and  brighter  ;  a  few  black  spots  behind  eye; 
dark  spots  downward  and  forward  from  eye;  ventral  and  anal  'mis  indipo 
blue;  pectorals  with  blue;  a  bar  of  deep  orange  red  along  base  of  both 
dorsals;  female  with  the  lower  fins  pale.  Thought  by  Dr.  Gilheit  to  be 
based  on  highly  colored  examples  of  Etheostoma  zonule,  which  is  not 


Htf-4   4iMi.*ii^»-i*»e!^  -&ibr       SSm 


^^^r    E-'T    ft^a-  Ji,^*~^^  %ii'^t  v^ 


Jordan  and  Evtrmann, — Fishes  of  North  Amtrka.      1075 


til  Hiimll,  liori- 


iiiiliK<'ly>  Ixit  the  coloration  in  nioru  lik»  that  of  K,  iiiHcriphim.    Length 
:>^  iiK  1)08.    ChickaHiiwhii  llivur,  MiHHiHHippi.     (vleyaiit,  ulot^ant.) 

S.m"i  "iint'O""'*  "*^>  '*>'<-<:•  I'  ^-  ^nt.  MuH.,  18H0, 1'.K),  •hallow  rocky  branch  ofChlcka- 
siwha  River,  Enterprise,  Mitaitaippi,  (Ty|M-,  Nu.  274M.  Cull.  IIa>);  Johdan  A 
i;ii  HEiiT,  8yiii>|MlK,  51(1,  1883. 

ahru'i  ,1111  lynrruiii,  Hay  M8.,  Jiihuan,  Cat.  FIhIi.  N.  A.,  80,  IHNA;  «ariii'  I.V|h>;  Dunio  a  lulMtltutA 
fur  lUi/uiu,  aa  liuUkMliy  cUytuui,  Uiuahd,  waa  thou  pUcoil  In  KlhfnMuma. 


14AI.  KTHKONTOINA  ZONALK  (C<>p«)- 

Hp;i(1  4  to  fJ;  depth  5  to  «>.  D.  X  or  XI-K)  to  12;  A.  II,  «5  to  H;  Hcalog 
tMH  ttt  r)3-i),  poros  44  to  50.  Dody  Hleiuler,  Hoinowhat  ooinproHHed.  Iluud 
miiull,  lather  Hhort;  thu  mouth  Hiiiall,  Hiibiuforior.  Snout  vury  Hliort, 
(leciiivod,  rather  obtuse,  niuxillbry  scarcely  reuchin){  front  of  eye;  eye 
luu(;ri  than  snout,  3^  to  4  in  head.  Cheeks,  operoles,  ?.\nl  neck,  more  or 
leHH  Healed,  breast  usually  naked.  Te«jth  very  feeble,  tlioHe  on  voinur  nol/ 
evident,  probai)ly  none  on  the  palatines.  First  dorsal  well  developed, 
sepanited  from  the  second,  which  is  higher  and  shorter  than  the  spinous 
duisal,  and  considerably  larger  than  the  anal;  caudal  emarginate,  pec- 
toral as  long  as  head  or  u  little  longer.  Hright  olivaceous  above,  golden 
beluw;  (i  dark  brown  (piadrate  dorsal  spots,  which  connect  by  alternat- 
iii{;s|iuts  with  a  broad,  brown,  lateral  baud,  from  which  8  narrower  dark 
IiIiiImIi  bands  more  or  less  completely  encircle  the  belly;  paired,  anal,  and 
cauilal  tins  golden,  brown-spotted;  middle  half  of  the  first  dorsal  crim- 
8011 ;  a  series  of  round  crimson  spots  near  the  base  of  the  second  dorsal ; 
uccipiit,  a  band  on  muzzle  and  1  below  eye,  black  ;  a  black  spot  on  oper- 
culum and  1  at  base  of  pectoral;  females  duller  and  speckled,  with  ven- 
traJB  barred  and  lateral  bars  feebler.  Length  3  inches.  Mississippi 
Valley  from  Ohio,  northern  Indiana  (Kankakee  River),  west  through 
Iowa,  and  south  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  Alabama,  Louisi- 
ana, and  Arkansas,  in  small,  clear  streams;  locally  abundant  in  weedy  or 
gravelly  places.t    Very  variable,    (zonalia,  banded.) 

Pidli.7///i,v«  znnalii,  CoPK,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phlla.,  1868,  212.  Holston  River,  Virgrinia. 

((.'(.11.'  Coin-.) 
UtiMtii.ma  I'imUpes,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1879,  2'M,  tributary  of  Illinois  River, 

Naperville,  Illinois,  (Typo,  No.  23464.     Coll.   E.   R.   Coiwlana);   fomules  with  barred 

veiitnilM. 
Antiiiichihitu  30)ia/i«,  Vaihant,  RechorolieB,  110,  1873. 
Xanottt.mii  ;:o>ia/e,  Jobdan  &  Gilbert,  Synop8lf>,  510,  1883. 
Elkeoftvwii  zonale,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  54;  Doulenokr,  Cat ,  i,  83. 

Represented  southwestward  by 

14«la.  ETHEOgTOMA  ZONALE  ARCANSANVM,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

This  form  differs  from  the  typical  form,  in  having  the  breast  nearly  or 
quite  naked.     Found  in  the  Ozark  region  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 


•The 

his  i:le(jii 


specimens  from  Hlsstiisippi  called  Nanontoma  !:nnalt  by  Hay,  seem  to  be  tho  female  of 


tA  Biiiciiiien  in  tho  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoiilogy  from  Delaware  River  apparently 
t'eloiiKrt  ti)  EOieottoma  zonale.  It  ii)  very  deep  in  body,  the  depth  4}  in  length,  equal  to  length  of 
tho  short  head;  scales  53.  There  is  no  other  record  of  the  species  from  this  region  and  the 
locality  may  be  doubtful. 


h  \ 


;  i 

'  'i 


■  V 

i'':  ♦ 


1 


1076 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


\ 


f-O 


!  \ 


EOie^iUma  xomile  arcmmanum,  Jordan  A  Gilberv,  Proc.  U.  S.  Net.  Mus,,  ISSti,  n,  Spring  River 
Carthage,  Missouri;  James  River,  Marahfield,  Missouri;  Poteau  River,  Ha>  kett 
City,  Aikansan;  Washita  River,  Arlcadelphia,  Arkansas,  and  Saline  River.  Ben- 
tun,  Arkansas.     (Type,  >'08.  3C240,  3C27P,  30399,  3G110,  3U147.    Coll.  Jurduii  &  MtiU.i 

Subgenus  NOTHONOTUS,  Agaosiz. 
14fl2.  ETHE08T0MA  CAMURUM*  (Cope). 

(BLVE-IIRt:ARTEI>  DAHTER.) 

Head  4;  cieptb  4*.  D.  XI-13;  A.  II,  8;  scales  7-50  to  58-«,  18  t(i5.'j 
pores.  Body  stout;  head  short;  muzzle  abruptly  decnrved,  the  mouth 
somewhat  inferior,  lower  jav  included ;  caudal  broad,  truncate.  Mules 
very  dark  olive  or  blackish,  with  an  obscure  band  of  a  paler  slado ;  I»ellv 
paler;  breast  and  throat  deep  rioh  blue;  sides  profusely  sprinkltnl  witli 
crimson  dotf<;  these  spocs  are  sometimes  arranged  in  short  lon^itiKlinal 
seiiesof  threes  and  fours;  ser'es  of  olivaceous  lines  along  tho  rows  of 
HCiileB;  first  dorsal  with  a  black  spot  at  base  in  front  and  a  criiimon  one 
or.  the  margin  between  the  first  and  second  rays ;  second  dorsii',  ciiudai. 
i.nd  anal  crimson,  bordered  with  yellow,  which  again  is  bordcied  with 
black  or  dark  bine  on  the  edge  of  the  fi::;  the  crimiion  is  deepeHt  next 
the  yellow;  pectoral  and  veutial  fins  with  a  broad  red  niargi:..  Females 
less  distinctly  markad;  greenish;  many  scales  brown;  fins  yellowish 
olive;  caudal  red;  all  vertical  fins  edged  with  blackish.  Spec!  menu  from 
the  Tippecanoe  River,  Indiana  (Coll.  Everniann),  have  the  follow  in;;  life 
colors:  Sides  light  brcwn,  with  12  to  15  very  narrow  greenish  lines  nm- 
ning  from  pectorals  to  caudal ;  three  rather  plain  vertical  bars  of  the 
same  color,  but  much  broader  just  back  of  the  pectorals,  faiat  traces  of  5 
or  6  others  between  tbem.  and  the  tail;  about  50 to  60 small  dee])oiange 
spots  scattered  irregularly  over  the  sides ;  axils  dusky ;  belly  pah;  l)lui8h 
green ;  throat  and  chin  deeper  blue ;  top  of  head  and  cheeKs  lij'lit  brown, 
more  oi  less  mottled  with  darker ;  spinous  dorsal  uniform  light  brown, 
or  greenish ;  soft  dorsal  deeper  brown,  with  a  series  of  reddish  si)otsnear 
the  top ;  above  these  a  pale  line,  above  which  is  a  still  daiker  line,  form- 
ing the  border  of  the  fin,  and  same  as  soft  dorsal;  i)ectorals  pale  brown, 
darkest  on  outer  half;  ventrals  same,  but  outer  half  a  little  darker  tliau 
pectorals ;  caudal  light  brown  with  some  dark  near  the  middle,  a  reddish 
brown  bar  near  the  tip;  outside  this  a  pale  bar,  the  extreme  ti]»  of  the 
fin  being  a  pale  green.  Scales  53;  snout  bluntly  decurved.  Length  2} 
inches.  Indiana  and  Ohio  to  Tennessee  in  clear,  swift  waters:  not  com- 
mon ;  one  of  the  most  elegant  members  of  this  most  beautifnl  ^'enns, 
perhaps  the  prettiest  of  fresh  water  fishes,     (camuruii,  i)luut-lieaded  ) 

Paecilichthi/s  caiminis.  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila,,  1870,  205,  head  waters  of  the  Cum- 
berland River  in  Tennessee.     (Coll.  Copo.) 
NcMoUoma  camnnis,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  SOC,  1883. 
h!lheo$toma  camurum,  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  viii,  1888  (1890),  160;  BouLENOEn,  fat.,  i,  Git, 

♦A  more  beautiful  flsh  than  the  Bainbow  Darter,  one  of  tho  very  liaiidHoniest  o(  tluiii  all,  is 
tho  Blue-breasted  Darter,  ElheoKljtna  camnntm.  It  is  a  deep  olivo-greeii  little  l^-li.  sjiriikliM 
over  with  dots  of  carmine  like  a  brook  trout.  Its  breast  is  of  a  deep  ultramarine  lilue,  iiml  its 
fins  gayly  varie^ted  with  blua,  yellow,  aud  cri-nson.  But  we  hardly  learned  to  lumw  itiiKim 
aquarium  acquaintance,  for  we  found  it  but  twice,  both  tiues  in  (ho  dearest  of  wat.  r,  iiml  uiir 
spec'mons  never  survived  conflnenieut  more  than  two  or  three  houis.  We  can  unly  -ly  u(  tlnir 
habits  that  they  died  where  other  darters  lived,  and  that  before  they  died  all  other  Ii=lie8  biumiJ 
cheap  and  common  besido  them. — Jordan  it  Oopeland. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1077 


1468.  ETHEOHTONA  VULNERATUM  (Cope). 

Head  4 ;  ,1eptb  4J.  D.  XIV-IS;  A.  II,  8 ;  scales  8-5:^9.  Body  fnsifonn, 
Btout ;  caudal  peduncle  very  deep;  dorsal  outliuc  scarcely  arched;  top 
ut'  lit'iul  gently  and  regularly  curved  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle ;  orbit  four 
times  in  length  of  liead,  c(|ua!  to  muzzle;  first  dors::!  not  low ;  cuudal 
truncate,  rounded;  anal  small;  scales  small.  Color  light  olive,  with 
about  ?j  vertical  dark  olive  bars  on  the  sides,  which  are  interrupted  above 
the  lateral  line;  a  few  irregrlar  crimnon  dots  on  the  sides.  Fins  uni- 
t'orin,  transparent,  except  the  first  dorsal  and  caudal ;  the  former  has  <t 
median  series  of  red  spots,  the  latter  is  pale  orange,  with  a  black  margin; 
uocioHS  bars  on  fins  in  the  male;  second  dorsal  witli  a  black  margin. 
Length  2  inches.  French  Broad  River.  This  is  probably  the  young  of 
Ktlivosloma  camurum,  as  Dr.  Gilbert  has  indicated.  The  number  of  dorsal 
HItinoH  is,  however,  greater  than  ^\re  have  seen  it  in  camurum  and  we 
leave  it  for  the  present  as  a  distinct  species,     (sulneraius,  wounded.) 

\Wiliililhija  fulneraliia,  CoPF    Proc.  Am.  PliiloB.  Soc.  Thila.,  1870,  2Cri,  tributary  of  French 

Broad  River,  Warm  Springs,  North  Carolina.     (Coll.  Co|>u.) 
SoOwiKiiM  mliierwiis,  Jordan  &  Gii.uert,  Synopsis,  508,  1883. 


I 


liddlo,  a  re(l<lii*li 


oi'i.ENOF.n,  Cat..i,G'J. 


1464.  KTIIEOSTOMA  NA€1'LATU.1I,  Kirtland. 

Head  3J  to  4  ;  depth  4J  to  5i.  D.  XII-12  or  13 ;  A.  II,  8  or  9 ;  scales  9-56 
to  61^14,  pores  57.  Hody  elongate,  with  dorsal  line  not  elevated,  and 
the  caudal  peduncle  very  deep.  Head  acuminate,  the  front  descending 
very  gradually,  the  mandible  rising  as  gradually  to  its  extremity;  orbit 
rather  large,  equal  to  snout,  4  to  4^  in  head ;  end  of  maxilliry  reaching 
front  of  pupil ;  jaws  subequal ;  teeth  of  outer  row  larger.  Lateral  line 
complete ;  cheeks  naked  ;  opercles  scaly  ;  opercular  spine  strong.  Fins 
generally,  especially  the  caudal,  short,  latter  slightly  rounded;  first 
dorsal  long  ;  first  anal  spine  very  large.  Pectoral  shorter  than  head  ;  gill 
membranes  sep..rate.  Coloration  above  black,  shading  to  dark  olive 
below  and  with  a  narrow,  wavy,  leather-colored  dorsal  band ;  throat 
turijuuise  blue;  sides  and  dorsal  region  marked  with  small  circular 
spots  of  bright  crimson,  irregularly  disposed,  and  in  considerable  num- 
ber; first  dorsal  uncolored,  with  a  black  spot  at  base  anteriorly  and  a 
(lark  shade  through  the  middle ;  second  dorsal  blood  red,  without  border  ; 
"audal  with  two  large  crimson  spots  confluent  on  the  middle  line  of  the 
tail  at  its  base,  without  border  ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  not  red-bordered ; 
females  dull,  with  the  fins  black  barred  and  not  crimson.  Length  2i 
inches.  Northern  Ohio  and  Indiana  southward  through  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee  to  northern  Alabama,  generally  rare ;  most  common  in  tribu- 
taries of  the  Wabash,  Ohio,  Cumberland,  and  Tennessee  rivers ;  found 
in  clear,  swift  water ;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  species.  (maculatuH, 
spotted.) 

BheoMuma  macttlaia,  KiRTLANi),  Jour.  Best.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1840,  27t),  Mahoning  River,  Ohio, 

(Coll.  Ki:'tlaud};  Boulenoeb,  Cat.,i,  (58. 
P'mlidiihys  amiijuifiuuit,  Coi'E,  Proc.  Anier.  Fhilos.  Soc.  Pliila.,  1870,  264,  heati  waters  of  the 

South  Fork  of  the  Cumberland  River,  in  Tennessee.     (Coll.  Cope.) 
^leoioiDamaunlatmn,  Vaillant,  Recherohes,  87, 1873. 
HolhonotHs  aaiiguiftaua  uud  maculalui,  Jordan  iSe  Qilubrt,  Synopsis,  607  and  608,  1883. 


1% 


I'A:,     , 

!^  3 


i 

i 

! 

'It   J 

I 


'  i 


^ 


i! 


I      > 


Ji 


pi' ! ' 


I 


t,' 


■'i! 

\;1 


•  i   i 


rr-t- 


!l 


m  1  i 


1078  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


14«6.  ETHE08T0MA  CINEREUH,  Storur. 

Head  3^;  depth  5i;  eye  4  in  head;  snout  3J.  D.  XI  or  XlI-11  to  i:{; 
A.  II,  8;  scales  K--57  to  60-9.  Body  slender,  somewhat  compressed  ;  licarf 
pointed;  profile  from  tip  of  snout  to  top  of  head  regularly  convex; 
mouth  moderate,  horizontal,  low;  upper  lip  on  level  with  lower  lim  of 
orbit;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit;  premaxillaries  not  protra(  tile; 
gill  membranes  but  slightly  connected.  Opercles  scaled ;  cheeku,  nape 
and  breast  naked  or  with  few  embedded  scales;  scales  small,  litni,  lirely 
ctenoid,  those  on  ventral  line  not  enlarged;  lateral  line  complete,  i'jus 
moderate;  height  of  spinous  dorsal  about  half  length  of  head;  soft  dor* 
sal  somewhat  higher,  a  little  higher  than  anal;  pectorals  about  U  iu 
head,  reaching  tips  of  ventrals.  Color:  Upper  portion  of  body  liglit  yel- 
low; back  with  4  dark  cross  bars,  the  first  and  largest  between  tlie  two 
dorsals,  the  next  two  in  the  base  of  the  second  dorsal,  and  tho  luHt  upon 
the  caudal  peduncle;  each  scale  above  lateral  line  with  a  brown  spot, 
these  spots  forming  2  or  3  lines  running  back  to  region  of  second  dorsal; 
along  the  lateral  line  is  a  series  of  11  or  12  oblong  dark  spots,  continued 
forward  across  opercles  and  through  the  eye,  meeting  around  the  Huout ; 
top  of  head  dark;  entire  under  parts  of  body  yellowish;  dorsal  tins 
speckled  or  mottled  with  brownish  ;  spinous  dorsal  margined  with  red: 
second  dorsal  and  anal  variegated  with  red  spots.  Length  3^  to  t  inclieN. 
Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers ;  rare,  and  only  lately  rediscovered  l»y 
Doctor  Philip  H.  Kirsch  nearly  fifty  years  after  its  original  discovery; 
recorded  from  Tennessee  River  at  Florence,  Alabama,  Obeys  Kiver  at 
Olympus,  Tennessee,  and  Sock  Creek,  near  Whitley  Station,  Kentucky. 
A  large  and  showy  species,     {dnereus,  ashy  gray.) 

EtlieoHtnma  cinerea,  Storer,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Mat.  Hist.,  1846,  40,  Florence,  Alabama.    (Poll. 

C.  A.  Hontz.) 
WieoKlniiiii  cineieum,  Kibsch,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Oomm.,  xi,  1891  (1893),  264, and  2t>H;  Vaillant, 

Reclierches,  C8,  1873;  Bouienoer,  Cat.,  i,  82. 
Nothonottts  eineretu,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  509, 1883. 

14A«.  ETHE08T0MA  TESSELLATUM,*  Storor. 

D.  XII-13;  P.  13;  V.  I,  5;  A.  II,  10.  Body  oblong.  Head  ffil.hoiis, 
less  than  i  the  length  of  the  body.  Lateral  line  straight.  Top  of  the 
head  and  upper  portion  of  the  sides  of  a  greenish-brown  color ;  8  or  10 
transverse  bluish  bands  on  the  sides ;  the  intervals  between  these  bands 
are  yellowish,  and  in  the  center  of  each  is  a  bluish  rhomb ;  a  black  blotch 
at  the  base  of  the  tail ;  the  lips,  opercles,  and  rays  of  the  tlrst  dorsal 
gamboge-yellow.  Length  3  inches.  Florence,  Alabama.  Caii<;ht  iu  run- 
ning water.  (Storer.)  Not  seen  by  any  later  colito.?+or.  but  apparently  a 
valid  species,    (tesaellatus,  having  spots,  like  mosaic.) 

Fkheosloma  tessellala,  Stobeb,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1845,  48,  TAinessee  River  at  Flor- 
ence, Alabama.    (Coll.  C.  A.  Hentz.) 
ElheosUyma  tenellaliwi,  Yaillant,  Recherches,  68, 1873. 
Nothonottu  teMellalut,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  509,  1883. 

*■  The  name  tcMellatm  is  preoccupied  in  this  genus,  only  if  Boleoioma  be  merged  into  it. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,      1079 


14«7.  ETHU08T0!IIA  KUFILINEATIIM  (Cupe). 

Head  4;  depth  4i  to  5.  D.  X  to  XII-11  to  13;  A.  II,  8  or  9;  scales 
6-15  to  48-7.  Stout,  the  dorsal  line  elevated  and  descending  regularly 
from  the  base  of  the  first  dorsal  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  Muzzle  short, 
re;;ularly  conic,  about  equal  to  eye,  which  is  smaller  than  UHual,  4^  in 
head.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile;  gill  membranes  not  united  across 
tlio  isthmus.  Pectoral  as  long  as  head;  lateral  line  complete.  Dorsal 
well  developed;  caudal  peduncle  deep;  caudal  fin  small,  truncate. 
Sciiles  large;  cheeks,  nape,  and  breast  naked,  ope rcles  scaled.  In  life, 
male,  green,  the  body  with  longitudinal  stripes,  each  as  wide  as  one  row 
of  Ncales,  and  formed  by  darker  edges  of  the  scales ;  some  of  the  scales 
with  center  spots  of  bright  orange  brown;  usually  from  2  to  6  consecutive 
scales  in  each  series  orange  brown,  then  an  equal  number  olive,  the  olive 
and  orange  areas  irregularly  alternating;  head  with  an  olive-black  band 
through  snout  to  nape ;  an  interrupted  band  below  this,  still  lower  2 
blackish  spots ;  usually  about  5  black  dailies  on  each  side  of  head,  a 
characteristic  color  mark ;  angle  of  mouth  orange ;  lips  orange,  except  in 
front ;  lower  jaw  with  an  orange  spot ;  interopercle,  opercle,  cheek,  and 
first  three  branchiostegals  each  with  orange  spots;  belly  orange  yellow ; 
breast  deep  blue ;  fins  all  bordered  with  scarlet,  a  very  narrow  blackish 
e(lt,'o  and  a  narrow  pale  streak  between  it  and  the  scarlet.;  spinous  dorsal 
straw  color,  dotted  with  black  and  edged  with  orange;  second  dorsal 
similar,  more  yellow;  caudal  scarlet,  its  center  yellow,  its  base  with  a 
larj{o  blue-black  spot,  which  extends  into  the  yellow;  base  of  caudal 
yellow,  an  orange  spot  above  and  below ;  anal  bright  yellow  at  base, 
then  scarlet,  with  narrow  pale  and  dark  edgings ;  ventrals  similar ;  pec- 
torals yellow,  with  a  blackish  and  a  scarlet  crescent  at  base  and  a  sub- 
teriiiinal  scarlet  band.  Females  green  with  8  faint  dark  cross  bars, 
obscure  and  interrupted;  scales  on  sides  with  yellow  streaks  arranged 
like  the  brown  streaks  on  the  male;  fins  all  yellow;  au'^/l  and  ventrals 
tiii<^ud  with  orange;  pectorals  tinged  with  orange  anteriorly,  all  the  fins 
with  bars  or  dark  spots;  caudal  blackish,  its  base  yellow;  head  with 
black  markings  similar  to  those  on  the  male,  but  without  scarlet.  Length 
3  inches.  Upper  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee^  Cumberland,  and  Green 
rivers ;  very  abundant  in  clear  brooks  and  pools ;  one  of  the  most  gaudy 
of  darters,     (rw/jts,  reddish ;  lineaius,  lined;  properly  spelled  rM/oW»ea<Mm.) 

Pircilichthys  nifllinenMs,  CoPE,  Proc.  Amer.  Philoe.  Soc,  1870,  267,  Warm  Springs  Creek, 
French  Broad  River,  Madison  County,  North  Carolina.    (Coll.  Cope.) 

Xollnmntiii  riifUiiiealm,  Jordan  &  Oilbeut,  Synopsis,  508,  1883. 

EthensioiiiarufolinecUum,  Joedan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coir.m.,  viii,  1888  (1890),  149;  Boclbnoeb,  Ct., 
I,  09. 


1,  if  ■ 


«.» 


ti 


■■;  ft 


•  ■,.'m- 

l-'-t 

' 

.'*  ' 
'i 

1 

* 
t 

:   i 

:    1 

'"■       i 

se  River  at  Flor- 


1468.  ETHE08T0MA  JORDANI,  Gilbert. 

Head  3i  to  3f ;  depth  4f  to  5.  D.  X  or  XI-10  to  12 ;  A.  I,  7  or  8 ;  scales 
43  to  55  (averaging  48).  Closely  related  to  Etheostoma  rufilineatuni,  from 
which  it  differs  conspicuously  in  form  and  coloration.  Body  rather  deep, 
compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  slenderer  than  in  related  forms,  the 
anterior  profile  much  more  convexly  deourved,  the  snout  blunter.    Mouth 


if. 


i 


t  1 

I  i 


U 


'    i 


n  " 


^' ' 


I-  '■• 


11 


ir 

ill; 


n: 


I 


1, 


1080 


Bulietin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


terminal,  oblique,  rather  small,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  vettioal 
from  front  of  pnpil,  Sif  in  head  ;  premaxillariea  on  level  of  lower  niur<rin 
of  orbit,  the  jaws  about  equal.  Eye  equaling  snout,  i\(  to  4^  in  lit'ad, 
twice  interorbital  width.  Preopercle  entire.  Uill  mombraueH  not  united. 
Spinous  dorsal  high,  the  spines  strong,  the  membrane  from  last  spin**  not 
joining  base  of  soft  dorsal ;  highest  dorsal  spine  slightly  more  than  lialf 
length  of  head;  base  of  soft  dorsal  1}  in  base  of  spinous  doraal ;  iinal 
shorter  than  soft  dorsal  and  inserted  more  anteriorly,  the  firnt  Hpinc 
longer  and  stronger  than  the  second,  f  the  height  of  longest  anal  ray 
and  i  length  of  head ;  caudal  fan-shaped  when  widely  spread ;  pectorals 
reaching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  li  in  head;  ventrals  extending  halt' 
way  to  base  of  second  anal  spine.  Scales  large,  strongly  ctenoid,  pres- 
ent on  nape,  the  breast  naked;  opercles  scaly,  head  otherwise  naked. 
No  enlarged  black  humeral  scale.  Lateral  line  complete  or  wantinji;  on 
occasional  scales  in  its  course,  straight.  Colors  probably  brilliant  in  lii'o. 
In  spirits, the  males  are  olivaceous,  darker  above,  the  sides  with  taint, 
narrow  longitudinal  dark  lines  running  between  the  rows  of  scalcH; 
back  with  8  black  cross  bars  wider  than  the  interspaces,  the  first  on 
nape,  the  second  under  and  in  advance  of  origin  of  spinous  dorsal,  the 
fifth  under  first  rays  of  soft  dorsal;  the  first  bar  continued  downward 
into  axil  of  pectorals,  the  others  usually  not  reaching  lateral  lino ;  mid- 
dle of  sides  with  irregular  bars,  usually  formed  of  disconnected  blotclieM, 
and  9  or  10  in  number ;  a  pair  of  black  blotches  at  base  of  median  caudal 
rays  and  sometimes  a  pair  at  base  of  outer  rays;  fin  rays  all  blackish, 
the  membranes  lighter;  basal  half  of  anterior  portion  of  spinous  dorsal 
black,  its  margin  narrowly  white,  a  narrow  submarginal  dark  line  below 
it.  Soft  dorsal  and  caudal  with  a  wide  white  (probably  orange  in  life) 
siibmarginal  band,  the  tips  narrowly  black  ;  anal  and  ventrals  similar. 
but  without  black  margin;  pectorals  uniform  dusky,  with  light  mem- 
branes ;  snout  and  top  of  head  blackish ;  a  small  black  spot  behind  eye; 
fins  probably  ])lue  and  orange  in  life.  Females  mottled,  with  tins  barred. 
Tributaries  of  the  Coosa  Biver  in  the  Alabama  River  basin ;  locally 
abundant.    (Named  for  David  Starr  Jordan.) 

Etheontoma  (Nothonotm)  jordanl,  Uilbeut,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  ix,  1889  (1891),  If)!",,  jiIatoM, 
flg.  .3,  Choccolo  Creek,  Oxford,  Alabama,  and  Chestnut  Creek,  Verbena,  Ala- 
bama.    (Coll,  KirHch.) 

EOieottmtM  jordani,  Boulknoer,  Cat.,  i,  70. 

Subgenus  TORRENTARIA,   Jordan  &  Bvermann. 
1469.  ETHEOSTOHA  SA6ITTA,  Jordan  St  Swain. 

Head  3^;  depth  4f.  D.  X-13;  A.  I,  10;  scales  about  68  (48  tubes). 
Body  rather  slender,  compressed,  the  back  a  little  elevated,  the  caudal 
peduncle  rather  long  and  not  very  deep.  Head  very  long  and  slender, 
eel-like,  tapering  forward  to  a  sharp  snout,  its  depth  at  the  pupil  about  ^ 
its  length.  Interorbital  space  narrow.  Snout  about  as  long  as  eye,  5  in 
head.  Month  very  large  for  the  genus,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reacbiafi: 
to  below  frcnt  of  pupil,  3i  in  head.  Jaws  snbequal  in  front,  upper  javr 
not  protractile;  tedth  rather  strong.    No  scales  on  cheeks,  operclcs,  or 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Nortii  America.      1081 

brea^^t;  nape  covered  with  small  scales.  Opercular  spine  well  developed. 
Gill  membranes  scarcely  connected.  Scales  on  body  small,  firm,  ctenoid; 
asiiiiill,  black  humeral  process.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  becoming 
olisdlote  under  last  rays  of  second  dorsal;  belly  covered  with  ordinary 
HcaleH.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  rather  high ;  soft  dorsal  rather  higher,  its 
l)UHO  Hhorter ;  anal  nearly  equal  to  soft  dorsal,  its  base  somewhat  shorter, 
its  I'iiys  a  little  higher;  anal  spine  slender,  single  in  the  typical  example, 
the  normal  number  probably  2;  caudal  truncate,  1^  in  head,  about  as 
long  as  the  ventrals,  which  are  rather  shorter  than  the  pectorals.  Color 
iu  lite  dusky  green,  with  markings  of  darker  olive,  the  latter  forming 
about  9  obscure  cross  bars,  which  are  about  as  wide  as  the  interspaces, 
thestf  most  distinct  posteriorly  and  below  the  lateral  line :  a  dusky  spot 
at  base  of  caudal ;  a  roundish  orange  spot  in  each  of  the  pale  interspaces 
between  the  bars  alouf^  the  sides ;  some  minute  orange  spots  above  the 
lateral  line ;  a  narrow  black  streak  along  side  of  head  through  eye ;  a 
pink  spot  in  front  of  eye  above;  snout  tinged  with  orange;  first  dorsal 
tranHlucent,  with  a  narrow  edge  of  orange;  soft  dorsal  translucent, 
speckled  with  dusky  a^^d  pale  orange  ;  tail  with  3  or  4  alternate  bars  of 
orange  and  dusky  olive,  the  marking  not  very  sharp;  pectorals  similarly, 
but  more  faintly, marked,  orange  at  base;  anal  and  ventrals  colorless. 
BreaHt  not  blue  nor  orange.  Length  2^  inches.  Head  waters  of  Cumber- 
land River;  only  the  single  type  known,  perhaps  the  type  of  a  distinct 
genuH.    {aagitta,  an  arrow.) 

PKcaiihlhiif  mijitta,  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1883,  2.")0,  Wolf  Creek,  a  tribu- 
tary of  South  Fork  of  the  Cumberland,  near  Pleasant  View,  Whitley  County, 
Kentucky.    (Coll.  Jordan  <fe  Swain.) 

Etheoiloma  mtgUta,  BoULENOEB,  Cat.,  I,  88. 


i 


1470.  ETHE0ST03IA  AUSTRALE,  .Tordan. 

Head  3i  to  3J;  depth  4i  to  4f.  D.  X  to  XII,  9  to  11.  A.  I,  7  or 
8;  scales  6-58  to  66-11,  pores  34  to  44.  Form  of  Etheostoma  cienileum', 
mouth  rather  small,  the  lower  jaw  included ;  maxillary  reaching  front 
of  pupil ;  eye  small,  about  as  long  as  the  sharp,  pointed  snout,  4  to  4^  in 
head ;  gill  membranes  moderately  connected  ;  cheeks,  opercles,  nape,  and 
breast  naked ;  lateral  line  incomplete ;  a  well-marked  black  humeral 
ecale.  Fins  in  males  rather  high ;  anal  fin  with  a  single  spine  (in  all  tLe 
numerous  specimens  ex-amined),  this  spine  long  and  quite  strong.  Pec- 
toral as  long  as  head ;  caudal  rounded.  Color  in  spirits :  Males  with  about 
10  dusky  cross  bars,  with  pale  interspaces,  perhaps  red  in  life,  these  alter- 
nating with  pale  blotches  on  back ;  a  dark  spot  below  eye  and  a  dark 
humeral  scale;  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  barred.  Female  specimen  (with 
eggs)  speckled,  with  dark  cross  blotches  on  back  ;  scales  punctulate. 
Length  2  inches.  Chihuahua  River,  Mexico,  in  the  Rio  Grande  Basin ; 
locally  common,     (aiistralia,  southern.) 

bifksiim  fasciatui,  Oibard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  lol,  Chihuahua  River,  Mexico; 
not  Cutonottti  fasciatui,  Girard,  aUo  un  Etheostoma. 

BheottoiiHi  aiutrale,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  362,  Chihuahua  River,  Mexico 
(substitute  name,  description  taken  from  the  types  of  Dipleiion  fMciatus,  Girard);  Evermann 
k  Kendall,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xii,  1862  (1894),  116;  Boulenoer,  Cat,  i,  88. 


II: 


,t    -V' 


islr 


1082  Bulletin  ^/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Etheottoma  tcuvellii,  Wooi.MAM,  American  Natnraliit,  March,  1802,  26t,  Rio  de  !•■  Conchas 
Chihuahua,  Mexico.    (OoU.  the  Scovell  Orizaba  Expedition.) 


I.'..  .    f 


Subgenus  NIVICOLA,  Jordan  A  Evormaiin. 
1471.  ETHEOHTOMA  BOKEALE  (Jordan). 

Head  3g ;  depth  5? ;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  Vni-9;  A.  IT,  7 ;  scaloH  1-,':!-in : 
lateral  line  with  pores  on  15  scales.  Body  moderately  elongate,  Honuwliat 
compreHHed,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  long  and  stout,  the  genoial  torm 
resembling  that  of  Etheostoma  artesiw  and  E.  pmictulatum,  Kuad  latiirr 
heavy,  the  snout  bluntish,  rather  strongly  decurved.  Anterior  inotilo 
gently  and  somewhat  evenly  arched.  Snoat  short,  about  half  as  lon^  aH 
eye.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included,  the  iiiaxillaiy 
extending  about  to  opposite  front  of  pupil,  its  length  3|  iii  head.  Tcotli 
small.  Preopercle  entire ;  opercular  spine  strong.  Premaxillary  init  pro- 
tractile. Gill  membranes  very  slightly  connected,  A  small  black  liiimenil 
scale ;  cheeks,  opercles,  and  nuchal  region  scaly  ;  breast  naked ;  Hiales  of 
moderate  size  ;  lateral  line  very  short,  nol;  reaching  last  spine  of  ddisal, 
running  rather  high  and  slightly  arched.  Scales  cf  belly  like  those  of  the 
sides.  Dorsal  fins  well  separated,  unusually  short  and  small ;  the  Ii)n<;t;Nt 
spine  in  the  largest  example  (9  ?)  3i  in  head,  in  another  one  (  ^  .')  L';i  in 
head ;  soft  dorsal  a  little  higher  than  spinous  dorsal,  also  unnsually  Hinall 
for  this  genus  ;  caudal  long,  truncate,  or  slightly  lunate,  1^  in  head  :  anal 
low  and  short,  its  spines  high,  the  first  highest ;  pectorals  nearly  an  lon^' 
as  head,  reaching  past  tips  of  ventrals.  Color  in  spirits:  Male,  dark 
gray  (perhaps  red  in  life)  somewhat  mottled  with  darker;  sides  witli  11 
or  12  very  distinct  vertical  dark  cross  bands  (probably  blue  in  lifei,  each 
alternate,  one  usually  extending  across  the  back,  meeting  its  fellow  of  the 
opposite  side ;  a  dark  saddle-like  blotch  on  back  between  dorsal  tins;  a 
dark  bar  before,  behind,  and  below  eye,  radiating  from  eye,  the  siii)orhltal 
bar  most  distinct ;  head  with  dark  dots ;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  Hiihmediau 
broad  dark  band  (otherwise  pale) ;  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  sharply  liarred 
with  darker ;  about  5  dark  bars  across  caudal ;  pectoral  more  faintly 
barred  ;  lower  fins  pale,  plain.  Another  specimen,  probably  a  female,  i8 
paler  and  grayer,  with  the  cross  bars  narrower  and  less  regular ;  the  mark- 
ings on  the  fins  are  much  paler,  the  first  dorsal  being  without  dark  longi- 
tudinal band.  Length  2i  inches.  Montreal,  Canada;  only  the  type 
known,     (horealia,  northern.) 


PtecUichth!i»  horecUis,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  1884,  477,  Montreal,  Canada. 

3fi747.     Coll.  T.  J.  Doran.) 
Etheo^otna  boreaU,  Boulenoer,  Gat.,  i,  78. 


(Type,  No. 


I 


If 


Subgenus  RAFINESQUIELLUS,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

1478.  ETHE08T0MA  P0TT81I  (Qirard). 

Head  3i  to  3* ;  depth  3i  to  4.  D.  IX  to  X-1, 10  to  12 ;  A.  II,  7  or  S ;  scales 
5-44  to  50-10,  pores  23  to  31.  Length  of  caudal  peduncle  nearly  equal- 
ing head.    Least  depth  caudal  peduncle  equals  i  head.     Body  extremely 


short  and  deep,  the  head  short  and  heavy,  moderately  compressed. 


Upper 


M 


e  lat  Conchas, 


I  dorsal  I'iiih;  a 


jnada.     (Typo,  No. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1083 


pi  iiflle  of  head  rounded,  no  angle  above  orbitH,  the  short  Hnont  with  rounded 
piolile,  but  not  obtuse.    Preuiaxillaries  on  level  of  pupil,  nunprotractilo. 
I'norbital  extremely  narrow,  little  wider  than  the  broad  end  of  the  max- 
illary bone,  which  is  not  concealed  by  it.    Uill  membranes  rather  narrowly 
iitiitod  across  the  isthmus,  their  width  anteroposteriorly  \  diameter  of 
cyt',    Opercular  spine  bifid,  with  2  minute  free  points.    Preopercle  entire. 
Kyi'  large,  1  in  head  to  end  of  opercular  spine.     Interorbital  space  wide, 
gtiiiiigly  convex,  its  width  equaling  length  of  snout,  X^\  in  head.     Fins  all 
ginall ;  distance  from  front  of  dorsal  to  tip  of  snout  \  length  ;  dorsals  low, 
tilt;  'J  joined  at  base,  the  last  spine  appearing  longer  than  the  preceding 
uiii'  and  i)elonging  to  the'  second  dorsal;   longest  '(orsal  spine  i  head; 
ii'ii^^th  of  last  dorsal  spine  f  diameter  of  oibit,  the  spine  erect  and  con- 
nvcted  for  its  entire  height  with  the  following  soft  ray  ;  the  next  to  the 
laHt  spine  directed  very  obliquely  backward,  and  appearing  much  shorter 
than  the  last  spine,  its  membrane  joining  last  spine  at  base  only ;  base  of 
gpiiious  dorsal  as  long  as  head  in  front  of  preopercular  margin,  its  highest 
ray  half  head ;  anal  fin  very  small,  the  spines  large  and  strong,  first  spmo 
much  longer  and  stronger  than  the  second,  3jt  in  head,  equaling  length  of 
anoiit  and  half  eye ;  highest  soft  ray  of  anal  e(|ualing  length  of  snout  and 
eye ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  both  very  small ;  the  pectoral  short,  broad, 
and  rounded,  reaching  the  same  vertical  as  ventrals,  \\  in  head,  and  having 
l)iit  11  rays;  ventrals  close  together,  1^  in  head.     Sides  of  head,  broast, 
and  nape  wholly  naked ;  body  with  rather  large,  ctenoid  scales,  uniformly 
covering  belly  ;  lateral  line  straight,  incomplete,  reaching  to  below  mid- 
dle of  soft  dorsal.    Color  in  spirits :  Light  olive,  sides  and  above  obscurely 
tesHclated  with  darker  ;  nine  short  dark  cross  bars  on  back,  and  traces  ol 
about  an  equal  number  on  middle  of  sides,  those  on  front  of  sides  faint, 
only  the  last  5  evident ;  a  black  humeral  spot  present ;  a  faint  dark  streak 
downward  and  1  forward  from  eye,  and  a  small   dark  spot  above  and 
behind  orbit ;  cheeks  dusky ;  top  of  head  vermiculated  with  dusky  brown- 
ish ;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  banal  series  of  small  blackish  spots,  each  in  the 
midst  of  a  translucent  area,  the  terminal  portion  of  membrane  rendered 
dusky  by  minute  close-set  dark  points;   soft  dorsal  and  caudal  barred 
with  light  and  dark  lines ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  translucent,  unmarked. 
Lenp;th  1|  inches.     Streams  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico ;  an  aberrant  species 
of  darter,  looking  like  a  young  bass.     (Named  for  John  Potts  of  Chihua- 
hua, its  discoverer  and  an  "esteemed  friend"  of  Dr.  Girard.) 

Alileti.m  polliii  (missprinted  potiii),  Girari),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1859,  1U2,  tributaries  of 

Chihuahua  River.     (Cull.  John  Potts.) 
RheoMoma  micropterun,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1888,  289,  Chihuahua,  Mexico;  Eveb- 

M.\NN  &  Kendall,  Bull  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  xii,  1892  (1894),  115,  pi.  35. 
Boleoscma  poltsii,  Vaillant,  Becherches,  94,  1873. 
BheoitomapoUeii,  Boulenoee,  Cat.,  i,  74. 


» ii 


H 


t 


'1    ■■:■ 

'1! 

1 
i 

Subgenus  OLIGOCEPHALUS,  Girard. 
1478.  ETHEOSTOMA  lOW.E,  Jordan  &  Meek. 

Head  3*  to  4 ;  depth  4  to  5* ;  eye  4  to  5  in  head.  D.  VII  to  X-10  or 
11 ;  A.  II,  6  tc  8 ;  scales  5-55  to  63-11,  pores  20  to  34.  Body  rather  more 
elor^'ate  than  in  Etheoatoma  jessiw ;  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  long  and 


•lik 


Ij  ; 


i 


I'  I 


i'l 


I    I 


ItJi 


:  1 


1084  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


alendur,  lioud  muderatuly  acute,  the  snout  a  little  deourved,  its  l('n;;i|i 
nitlior  leHH  than  eye.  Mouth  HinuU,  nearly  horizontal,  the  lownr  jjiw 
included,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  front  of  eye,  its  lun);tli  I  in 
head.  Teeth  rather  Hmall.  Opercular  spine  strong.  (4ill  nuuiiliniiicN 
scarcely  connected.  No  hlack  humeral  scale.  Cheeks,  operoles,  and  mipo 
more  or  less  closely  scaled;  breast  naked;  top  of  head  without  NouleN; 
scales  smaller  than  in  E.  jeHsiir;  lateral  line  straij^ht,  ceasiuf^  nriii  the 
middle  of  the  body.  Fins  all  low,  the  spines  slender.  Dorsal  iius  wdi 
separated,  caudal  subtruncate;  pectorals  1^  to  li  in  head.  Fin  la.VN 
unusually  variulile.  Color  in  life:  Li^ht^^reen,  finely  blotched  withdariu!); 
dark-greeu  blotches  on  opercle ;  a  dark  stripe  below  eye ;  sides  with  III  or 
11  reddish  spots  interspersed  among  darker  bands ;  spinous  dorsal  w  nh  a 
narrow  dark  margin,  below  this  a  darker  band  and  then  a  red  one;  Not't 
dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectorals  irregularly  barred  with  yellow  and  witii 
greenish  specks.  Length  about  2  inches.  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  tVoni 
Iowa  and  Nebraska,  north  to  Assiniboia  ;  common  northwestward,  many 
specimens  having  been  taken  by  Dr.  Eigenmann  from  Swift  Current  lii  vm  in 
the  Saskatchewan  Hasin,  and  from  Fort  Qu'  Appelle  in  the  basin  of  tlio 
Red  River  of  the  North,  this  last  being  the  most  northern  point  at  wliicii 
any  species  of  darter  has  yet  been  found.  Dr.  Meek  records  it  us  tihww- 
dant  in  Siorm  and  Spirit  lakes  in  lown,  and  in  the  State  Fish  CoininlH- 
sion  ponds  at  South  Bend,  Nebraska.  It  is  the  most  common  darter  in 
Nebraska  and  South  Dakota  (Evermann  &  Cox),  its  range  extending  as 
far  west  as  Valentine,  Nebraska  (longitude  100°  30'  W.),  the  most  wewterly 
))oint  at  which  any  member  of  the  family  has  yet  been  found  in  tiie  Mis- 
souri Basin. 

Elheustoma  iowic,  Jo3dan  &  Mf.rk,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.,  1885,  10,  Chariton  River,  Chariton, 
Iowa,  (Coll.  Jordan  &  Meek);  Eioenmann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Coinin.,  xiv,  181)4,  117;  Meik, 
Bull.  U.  8.  Fish  Coiniii.,  xiv,  1894, 138;  Evermann  <t: Cox,  Bept.  U.S.  Fish  Coniiii.,  win,  ]m. 

Wieostoma  i/mippetla,*  Eioenmann  &  Ekjf.nmann,  American  Naturalist,  Novf^niber,  Is9i,  (1(3, 
Qu' Appelle  River,  Fort  Qu' Appelle,  Manitoba,  (Type  iu  Drit.  Muh.  ('(ill.  F.\<:m- 
mann);  Eiijenmann,  Bull.  U.  S.  Finli  Oomm.,  xiv,  1894,  117. 

Elhennliima  iotv,  BouLENOER,  Cat.,  i,  72. 

EtIieuMoma qtiappeltu;  Boulenoeii,  Cat.,  i,  74. 

1474.  ETHEOSTOXA  JES8I.E  (Jordan  &  Brayton). 

Head  4  ;  depth  4f  to  5.  P.  X  to  XII-12  to  14;  A.  II,  7  or  9;  scales  G-IT 
to  55-8,  lateral  line  usually  but  not  always  incomplete,  pores  developed 
on  about  35  to  38  scales.  Body  fusiform,  rather  deep  and  compiessctl: 
head  rather  large  and  moderately  pointed;  mouth  rather  large,  terminal, 

*  This  nominal  species  was  described  as  follows: 

Head  3%  to  4;  depth  6  to  6»^;  dorsal  IX-'J  or  10;  anal  11,  7,  Bcales  3-63-10;  poros  19.  Eye 
very  larf;e,  much  longer  than  snout,  3)^  in  head;  jawssubeipial.  Premaxillarics  not  protrnctlle: 
gill  membranes  scarcely  connected;  cheeks  and  opercles  with  a  few  scales;  ventral  liii.'  witli  the 
median  scales  not  enlarged;  lateral  lino  straight;  palate  without  teeth;  anal  fin  ronsi'liraliU 
smaller  than  soft  dorsal;  humeral  region  without  black  scale;  cheeks  with  a  few  sciiiis  just 
below  and  behind  eye;  opercle  with  a  few  scales  on  its  upper  angle.  Pectorals  1',,  in  head; 
caudal  rounded.  Color  pale  olive,  with  a  lateral  series  of  ill-deflned  large  darker  spcits;  in  life 
with  about  8  dark-blue  hrch  on  side;  alt<jrnating  with  rusty  bars;  dorsal  and  caudal  liurf  barred. 
Qu'  Appelle  River,  a  tributary  of  Assiuiboine  River,  at  Qu'  Appelle,  Assiniboia;  one  siitHinien 
known,  44  mm.  long.  (Eigenmann;  Boulenger).  This  is  the  northernmost  point  from  which 
Darters  have  been  obtained.  This  species  is  veiy  close  to  Elheoatoma  iowm  and  may  not  be  differ- 
ent,   (qu'  appelle,  what  callit? ;  name  of  a  river  tributarjr  to  the  Assinibolne.) 


m. 

ed,  its  lriii,'tli 
le   lower  juw 
tH  leii^tli  I  ill 
II   iiiciiiImiiiich 
oleH,  ami  mipu 
itliout  scales; 
»iiiK  Ut'iir  I  lie 
iiraal  iins  well 
id.      Fill   iiivN 
dwitluliiikei ; 
dee  with  Hi  m 
I  doi'Hiil  w  nil  il 
,  red  out! ;  suit 
low  and  with 
pi  Valley  fioin 
jHtward,  iiiaiiy 
nrrentliivei  in 
le  basin  of  the 
point  at  wliicli 
rds  it  UH  aliiiii- 
Fish  Conimis- 
imou  darter  in 
[e  extend inj;  as 
9  most  westerly 
liid  in  the  Mis- 
River,  Chariton, 
,  18!)4,  117;  Meik, 
Conim.,xviii,lb!).'. 
BV.'iiibcr,  InOJ,  il63, 
Mus.     <'<'ll.  F.ijrPii- 


JoKifan  ami  F.verfnann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnericn.       1085 


9;  scales  6-47 
lores  developed 
id  coinpressetl; 
arge,  terminal, 


_  10;  pores  19.  Eje 
iries  not  protractile; 
rentral  li"  •  «itli  the 
iial  fln  ooiisi'liratiU 
th  u  few  sciilcujiist 
ctoralB  1'.,  >»  •'i'^! 
darker  epots  in  w 
\  caudal  liiis  barred. 

-iboia;  one  Biit'iinicn 
X  point  from  whicb 
id  may  not  be  msf 


upper  Jaw  slightly  the  longer.  Cheeks  usnally  closcdy  Healed,  Bonietimes 
almost  naked  ;  opercles  scalud  ;  nape  Hcalud  ;  hreant  nuked.  Fins  moder- 
ate. Chestnut-colored  above,  with  vl"Mit  9  4|uadrute  bar-like  blotelius  of 
(lark  greenish  along  the  sides,  and  about  r>  dark  (TOHH  blotches  on  back; 
buily  uHually  covered  with  dark  dots;  Hns  mottled  with  chestnut;  spin- 
uiis  dorsal  with  an  orange-red  bar  aenms  it  near  the  edge;  second  dorsal 
and  anal  speckled  with  golden,  or  with  dark  cross  streaks.  Texas  speci- 
meiiH  with  3  dark  spots  at  base  of  caudal,  the  median  one  most  distinct. 
No  (lark  humeral  spot ;  lower  fins  dusky.  Length  lH  inches.  Indiana  to 
lowii  and  south  to  Mississippi  and  Texas:  widely  distributed  but  not  very 
common  anywhere;  perhaps  more  than  1  species  included  here,  as  the 
ty\H'H  o{  jiHauv,  (tHprufnin  ami  nwahii  ditl'er  in  form  and  coloration.  Only 
the  form  UHprigenc  is  well  known  as  yet.  (^'amed  for  Mrs.  Jessie  Dewey 
Bray ton.) 

Pirnliililliiii  jemiw;*  JuRDAN  A  IJiiAVToN,  in  .Tordan'H  Man.  VorfebnitoH,  Kd.  '_',  227,  1877,  and  in 
JoiiiiAN,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  MuH.,  xii,  1K78,  A!i,  Chickamauga  River,  Ringgold,  Georgia, 
(Coll.  Jordan);  Jorlan  &  Oii.heut,  S.vnupMis,  MS,  1883. 

PuciUclithyn  (u<pri<jeniii,-\  FoRiiKS,  Hull,  i,  III.  Lab.  Nat.  IllHt.,  41,  1877,  smalt  creek  at  Pekin, 
Illinois.    (Cull.  Forbu8.) 


*Tlu<  following  Ih  tbo  original  dei>criptlon  of  I'lvciUihlhu^jrium,  .Ionian  fc  llrayton: 
Body  fuaiform,  rallior  deep  and  compresHod,  tbo  deptb  6  to  T)'-^  in  length,  tbo  form  of  the 
body  similar  to  that  of  i*.  tpivtnhilis.  Hoad  rather  largo,  moderately  pointed,  4  in  length; 
moiitli  rather  large,  terminal,  the  upper  jaw  Hiightly  longeHt,  not  protractile.  Kyo  pretty 
large,  high  up,  3}^  in  head,  about  eqinil  to  Hiiout.  Clieuks  naked,  Hcaly  above;  opercles  sraly ; 
tliroiit  naked;  neck  altove  scaly;  scales  medium,  6-4.'>  to  60-7.  Lateral  lino  incomplete,  but 
oxteihliiig  farther  tban  1'.  varintun  and  P.  ipeclalnlit,  on  about  30  scales,  or  nearly  to  the  end  of 
tlio  HtH'uud  dorsal.  Fins  moderate.  Dorsal  Xll-about  l!ii.  Anal  II,  0.  Color  in  spirits,  oliva- 
ceouH,  with  about  9  B<|uarish,  bar-like  blotches  along  the  sides  and  about  6  cross  blotches  on  the 
liack.  Dorsal  and  caudal  flns  faintly  barred.  In  life,  the  fish  is  chustnut-colored  above  antl 
the  equares  on  the  sides  are  briglit  dark  blue;  the  fins  are  mottled  with  chestnut.  A  dark  yel- 
low or  orange  band  across  the  dorsal.  Second  dorsal  and  anal  with  dark  and  goldnn  specklings. 
Sevenil  specimens,  each  about  2  inches  long,  taken  in  Ohickaniauga  Kiver  at  Itinggold.  ThO 
ipeciinens  are  certainly  not  fully  grown,  and  the  coloration  of  the  adult  male  is  doubtless  mu>  h 
more  brilliant.  It  will  bo  distinguisbc(l  at  once  from  /*.  rariatm  (  =  cn'niteiiH)  and  /'.  spninhUiK  by 
the  Koaliness  of  the  upper  part  of  the  cheeks,  by  the  greater  development  of  the  lateral  line. 
the  more  numor,.>us  dorsal  spines,  and  the  coloration.  This  species  is  named  for  Mrs,  Jessie  D, 
Braytuu.. — Jordan  tt  liraytoii. 
fTlie  following  is  the  original  description  of  I'ircilielUhijii  iitprigeniM,  Forl)e8: 
llpiiil  3''4  to  4;  depth  4^  to  4%  in  length,  eye  in  bead  'il4  to  4;  nose  about  %  the  eye.  Width 
at  pectorals  8  to  10  in  length;  at  middle  of  second  dorsal  12  to  15.  The  caudal  peduncle  is 
twice  as  long  as  high.  Longitudinal  rows  %.  Breast  always  naked,  operdu  wholly  scaly, 
back  wholly  scaled  l^fore  the  dorsal,  or  a  narrow  strip  left  bare.  The  first  dorsal  onsists  of 
From  !i  to  12  spines;  its  height  is  from  ^^  to  '  ^  its  length,  and  %  the  height  of  the  socoud  dor- 
sal. The  latter  contains  from  10  to  12  rays,  of  which,  in  one  case,  the  first  was  a  stout,  sharp 
Hpinn  ( X I-1, 11^;  its  length  is  %  that  of  the  first,  and  J  greater  than  that  of  the  anal.  Tbu  anal 
I'onHJsts  of  2  spines  and  7  or  8  soft  rays,  the  longest  ray  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  caudal 
peduncle.  Fourteen  specimens  examined;  taken  in  small  creek  near  I'okin,  Illinois.  Among 
some  s[)ecimen8  from  Pekin,  Illinois,  whose  label  as  PiivMifhthiis  ^pevtnhiUii  had  apparently  served 
todistriiise  them,  I  observed  a  number  with  scaly  cheeks.  Dr.  Jordan  has  decided  that  these 
are  iiiither  gpectahUU  nor  jestiie,  and  I  have  therefore  described  the  series  as  a  new  8i)eci(^H, 
although  the  wide  variation  of  so-called  specitic  characters  presented  by  them  suggests  that 
several  species  of  this  genus  may  ultimately  have  to  bo  merged.  I  have  nut  lieen  able,  however, 
with  a  large  number  of  specimens,  to  trace  the  one  wholly  into  the  other,  and  I  therefore  leave 
them  distinct  fur  the  present.  General  appc^arance  much  like  tliat  of  /'.  npfctahiliii,  from  which 
it  dilTi'rs  in  the  scaly  cheeks,  the  more  complete  lateral  lino,  and  the  greater  number  of  vertical 
rows  of  scales.  In  spectabilis  the  cheeks  are  either  wholly  liare  or  a  few  scales  appear  behind 
and  below  the  eye.  In  asprigenis  they  are  either  wholly  covered  or  nalted  only  on  tbo  lower 
fourth.  The  vertical  rows  vary  in  my  specimens  of  tpedabil is  from  38  to  4:t  (counting  only  com- 
plete rows),  in  aspriijfnis  from  48  to  5'J.  In  the  former,  the  lateral  line  extends  over  from  25  to 
31  scales,  in  the  latter  from  34  to  41.  The  bead  is  email  and  pointed,  the  eye  large  (longer  than 
snout),  the  outlines  regularly  curved,  the  body  compressed  and  rather  deep,  the  mouth  ter- 
tiiiual,  otiliquu,  and  tbo  jaws  almut  even.  The  dorsal  fins  are  sometimes  separated  by  distances 
varying  from  the  length  of  half  a  scale  to  a  scale  and  a  half,  but  are  occasionally  quite  continu- 
ous, the  two  being  united  by  membrane.     Length  35  to  45  millimeters. 


:| 


.  ? 


l; 


!;l  •' 


III 


m 


I  1 1 


pi' 


1080  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum, 


pirrilUhOiiii  nn,im,l  Jordan,  Pr<ic.  I'.  H.  Nat.  Mui.,  1HB4,  47U,  tributary  of  Peart  Kivtr, 
Monticillo,  MlMiMlppi.     (TyiHt,  No.  :tA30H.    Coll.  Jordan  .V  Hwnlii.) 

147S.  KTHKUNTONA  LIITKOVINCTIKII,  Uilbort  \  Hwaln. 

Hoa<l  :<!  to  4  ;  depth  4^  to  5;  oyn'H  to  4  in  head.  I).  IX  or  X-i:i;  A.  II, 
7  or  H;  HoaloH  0-49  to  55-11.  Uody  coiiiprcHHud,  th«  hufk  cloviitcd,  ilu' 
profile  duHoeiidiiiK  rapidly  forward,  and  ^rradiially  toward  tall,  from  front 
of  Hpinoiis  dornal ;  caudal  pednnolo  vury  HlundiM'.  II«;ad  coiiiiinsMtl, 
with  a  Hhort  high  anout,  the  nppur  protilu  of  which  dcHcondH  in  a  n\\mn 
curve.  Month  at  lower  level  of  ninz/.le,  which  dotsn  not  project  In  yoiul 
it,  mandible  included.  Gape  nearly  horizontal,  of  moderate  hI/o,  tlin 
maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  pupil,  3i  in  head.  C1u'c1<h  and 
opercleH  scaled.  Preojterclo  entire.  Opercular  Hpine  preHent.  Hiamliio- 
Btegal  iiiumbraneB  narrowly  joined  acroHH  iHthmuH.  Eye  rather  l:u)ro, 
longer  than  snout.  DorHals  short  and  low,  well  separated  from  rach 
other;  base  of  spinous  dorsal  e<iualing  length  of  caudal  peduncle  anil 
but  little  longer  than  that  of  soft  dorsal;  highest  dorsal  B])imi  iialf 
length  of  head;  the  highest  soft  ray  IJ  in  head;  anal  spines  of  alxnit 
e«iual  length,  both  slender  and  rather  high,  it  length  of  head  ;  pccinutls 
as  long  as  head ;  ventrals  1^  in  head.  Cheeks,  operclcs,  and  nape  iIdmI)' 
scaled,  the  breast  naked  or  partially  scaled ;  no  black  huniurul  scale ;  lat- 
eral line  nearly  straight,  continued  to  below  middle  of  second  dmsal, 
running  on  30  to  35  scales.  Colors  iu  life:  Very  light  pale  olive,  with  7 
dusky  cross  bars  on  back,  narrower  than  the  interspaces  and  nacliing 
about  halfway  to  lateral  line,  their  ends  connected  by  dusky  liiiea; 
below  lateral  line  about  9  dusky  greenish  blotches,  between  wliidi  nro 
orange-yellow  cross  bars,  most  distinct  posteriorly,  not  reaching  molian 
ventral  line ;  no  distinct  streak  forward  from  eye ;  a  dusky  bur  lielow 
eye;  snout  dusky  ;  small  black  spots  at  base  of  caudal;  soft  doiNnl  anil 
caudal  barred  with  dusky ;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  black  blotch  on  posterior 
rays,  a  yellow  or  orange  bar  through  middle  of  fin,  the  base  uiid  mar^jin 
dusky  ;  anal  fin  unmarked.  Length  2  inches.  Stone  Uiver,  a  trilmtary 
of  Tennessee  River;  not  common,     (luteus,  yellow  ;  mnctuK,  banded.) 


t  Tho  following  in  tlin  original  doacription  of  Pirciliclilhiis  finiiui: 

Ilcad  3i  in  length;  doptli  4g.  D.  XI,  12;  A.  II,  (i;  scaloH  3  or  4-41-7  or  8.  Doily  rii8llnriii, 
rathor  elongate,  tlie  back  rather  elevated  anteriorly,  tho  caudal  poduncle  modnratc,  Hnniowliiil 
comprossi'd.  Head  ratlior  Blender  and  mnall,  the  anterior  profile  rathorsteopaud  ki'hH.V'  iir»iJ, 
becoming  moro  obtufie  at  tlie  tip  of  the  snout.  Snout  short,  a  little  bluntiHh;itH  li'ij^tli  6  in 
bead.  Eye  rather  largo,  3)^  in  nead.  Mouth  not  very  small,  oblique,  tho  lower  jaw  iurlndi'il; 
the  maxillary  reaching  very  nearly  to  opposite  middle  of  pupil,  its  length  3^f,  in  luail.  iVitli 
rather  strong,  present  on  vomer.  I'reopercle  entire.  CJIIl  membranes  very"  ni'arl.v  si|«iriit('. 
Opercular  Bi)ine  strong.  Operclcs  and  cheeks  well  scaled;  scales  of  body  rather  Ini'jfc,  ri.iKJul; 
belly  covered  with  ordinary  scales;  ntichal  region  nearly  naked;  breast  naked;  luiriiil  liui' 
wanting  posteriorly  on  about  two  scales,  anteriorly  somewhat  arched  and  coiuiiri'ent  with  the 
back.  Dorsal  flns  contiguous  but  separate,  both  high,  tho  soft  dorsal  shorter  and  lii}:lj<'i'  tlinu 
tho  spinous  dorwal  and  much  longer  and  higher  than  the  anal:  longest  ray  of  soft  ilorMil  I;'  j  Id 
head;  caudal  tnincate,  l'f<^iii  head;  pectorals  moderate,  1^  in  head,  not  quite  rearliiii^'  vent; 
ventrals  coterminous  >^th°  them,  1^^  in  head.  Color  in  spirits  olivaceous,  marbled  witli  (iuikor, 
the  dark  markings  rather  obscure  and  taking  the  form  of  dark  quadrate  spots  about  as  lar^c  as 
the  eye  and  alternating  so  as  to  give  a  checkered  appearance.  Head  with  4  dark  8tri|ii'S  wliii'b 
radiate  from  the  eye;  a  dark  streak  on  anterior  part  of  oi)ercle;  spinous  dorsal  witli  a  I'^ikaI 
band  of  pale  (probably  crimson  in  life),  above  this  a  dark  band  (probably  deep  blue);  i'k'  ""I'''' 
edge  of  the  fln  broadly  pale  (probably  scarlet  in  life);  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  checUcn  il  w  illi 
light  and  dark  spots;  anal  and  ventrals  plain,  apparently  bluish,  the  latter  darkcxt;  iirdnniU 
plain;  no  black  humeral  spot.     A  single  specimen,  2  inch^;i;  long. 


Jordan  and  J'.vertnunn. — Fishes  of  North  America.       lOS7 


\-'X.'-'  "I'll  lutenviuiliim,  Oii.HKBT  \  HwAiN,  I'rt)<\  U.  S.  Nut.  Mim.,  1MM7,  M,  Stone  Kiver,  ntar 
N.ishville,  Tenneaace,  (Coll.  Olllwrt  •%  Hwalii);  Dot'i.ENiiRR,  Cat.,  i,  7:i. 


I47«.  KTHK(mT(»nA  I.KPIINHIKNYN,  Kvormaiiii  A  KkikIuII. 

Iliiul  (including  opercular  flap)  4;  depth  5;  eye  4  in  lioud  ;  Hiiuut  4. 
1),  \-12;  A.  II,  7  or  K;  HcalcH  7-')!  to  61-!);  Interul  linu  Htraijrlit  and 
incoiiiploto,  32  to  38  poreH.  Hody  moderately  stout,  head  heavy,  Huout 
ithott,  blunt,  and  decurved,  back  little  elevated,  caudal  peduncle  deep, 
itH  li'iiHt  depth  2  in  head.  Mouth  rather  Hniall,  but  little  obliiiue,  lower 
juw  NJightly  included ;  premaxillury  juHt  reaching  front  of  or'uit,  not 
prutiactile.  (Jill  nienibranoH  scarcely  united.  Fins  nioderato;  soft  dor- 
sal liif;her  than  spinouH  portion;  pectoral  short,  only  as  long  uh  head, 
nut  ruacbing  beyond  tips  of  ventrals ;  veutrals  short,  distance  from  their 
tipti  to  origin  of  anal  equaling  half  length  of  hea«l;  anal  rather  small, 
acarci'ly  reaching  tips  of  soft  dorsal  when  depressed.  Scales  strongly 
ctenoid;  cheeks  densely  scaled;  operoles  and  breast  entirely  naked; 
napo  Hoaled ;  median  lino  of  belly  with  ordinary  scales,  not  deciduous. 
In  tlio  larger  specimen,  which  is  2  inches  long,  there  are  on  the  right  side 
oThchIcs  in  a  longitudinal  series,  upon  38  of  which  pores  are  developed, 
whiitt  upon  the  left  side  there  are  but  54  scales,  upon  35  of  which  pores 
are  tleveloped.  The  second  specimen,  If  iiches  long,  has  61  scales  upon 
the  ri;;ht  side,  with  pores  in  38  of  them,  and  55  upon  the  left,  with  only 
lioduv eloped  pores.  This  shows  a  considerable  variation,  not  only  among 
imiividuals,  but  between  the  2  sides  of  the  same  individual.  Color  in 
alcoliul :  Head  dark  above,  sides  pale,  a  dark  line  forward  from  eye  to 
tip  of  Huout  and  another  broader  one  straight  downward  from  the  eye, 
broadest  at  lower  end;  a  dark  postocular  spot  followed  by  a  fainter  One 
un  tlio  opercle ;  dark  humeral  scale  present ;  side  of  body  with  about  13 
dark  vertical  bars,  the  first  crossing  over  the  back  just  in  front  of  the 
HpinoiiH  dorsal,  the  next  4  indistinct,  except  on  buck,  where  they  widen 
iuto  large  blotches,  the  sixth  crossing  the  back  between  the  2  dorsals; 
the  Hoventh  to  tenth,  inclusive,  under  the  soft  dorsal ;  the  eleventh 
croHNeH  just  back  of  it,  while  the  thirteenth  is  at  the  base  of  the  caudal 
lin ;  Hpinous  dorsal  pale  at  base,  next  a  broad  dark  band,  then  a  narrow 
pale  one,  which  is  followed  by  a  pale  blue  one  (probably  blue  in  life  and) 
lastly,  tipped  with  a  very  narrow  margin  of  white;  soft  dorsal  marbled 
or  vcrmiculated  with  brown,  the  largest,  plainest  markings  being  at 
about  ^  the  distance  from  the  tips  of  the  lit  caudal  like  the  soft  dorsal, 
but  tlio  colors  deeper;  all  the  other  fins  unmarked.  Lergth  2  inches. 
Rio  Comal,  Texas.    Only  the  types  known.     (XeTr/f,  scale ;  ytwf,  cheek.) 

fihenntiiiiia  lepidngenyf,  Evebmann  A  Kendai.i,,  Bull.  U.  8.  Fish.  Ooiniii.,  xii,  1892  (Foli.  (i,  1894),. 
n  I,  pi.  x.\xv,  flg.  3,  Rio  Comal,  New  Braunfels,  Texas,  (Type,  No.  44840.  Coll.  Kver- 
iiiiiiiii,  ijcovoll,  andOurloy);  Boclenqek,  Cat,  i,  72. 


If 


I'    I 


If 


li 


n* 


;t 


•y    ;i; 


!•  * 


KKSS 


bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


J 

1477.  KTHHNtTOMi  nKKirLKHN,*  Stor«r. 
(\\\xi>  Taiitkr;  Uainiiow  DAHTrH  ;   Hoi,i>iru  Vinii,) 

Iltsul  .'{} ;  il«^)ith  'I  I;  eyo  4  to  \\  in  iutad,  littlo  Hliortcr  than  Nnotit. 
D.  IX  to  XII-12  to  II;  A.  II,  7  «  iS;  hcuIch  fi-lH  to  CiO-ai,  iiMiully 
5-15-10,  jiorcH  IH  to  :<5,  Hody  rolxiat,  lutluM'  doop  and  coi:i|ircHH«Ml 
tliu  bark  Honunvhat  cluvated.  IIi>ad  large,  ooinpri;NN«Ml.  Moinli  moil- 
eiato,  terminal,  oltliipu),  tlio  lower  Jaw  Hotnesvhat  ineludod,  tlio  max- 
illary reaclihiK  front  of  orbit;  o|iurciilai'  Hpinu  nioderatn;  ^\\\  nii'inlnanuN 
not  conuuvtud.  Palatine  tueth  in  onn  row.  ClieekN  naked  or  nearly  no; 
opercleH  Kcaled  ;  neek  and  breaut  UNually  naked.  FiiiH  all  lart^T ;  (lorNai 
HnH  imnally  Mlij^litly  c«)nnuctud.  Anal  HpineH  Hnbeqiial  or  tlie  tiihf,  a  littlit 
tliH  longer;  caudal  rounded;  pectoral  nearly  or  quite  aH  long  ais  huail. 
MaleH  olivaceoiiH,  teHHclluted  abitvu,  tlio  HpotH  running  togellier  into 
MotchcH ;  buek  without  black  lengthwiHe  HtripcH;  HideH  with  aliout  12 
indigo-bluu  barn  running  obliquely  downward  and  backward,  iiiii,Ht  iIIh- 
tinot  Iteliind,  Hepuratcd  by  bright  orange  interHpaccH;  caudal  I'la  tleep 
orange,  edged  with  bright  blue;  anal  tin  orange,  with  deep  blue  in  fVoiit 
and  behind;  Hoft  dorual  chiutly  orange,  blue  at  bane  and  tip;  H|iin()us 
dorHal  criniHon  at  base,  then  orange,  with  blue  edgings;  ventnilH  (lc*>|i 
indigo;  cheekH  blut^  throat  and  breast  orange;  fennileH  niucli  tlulltr, 
with  little  blue  or  red,  tlie  vertical  fiuH  barred  or  checked  ;  yriuri;,' vaii- 
ouHly  marked,  no  dark  linmeral  spot.  Length  2^  inchei'i.  MiN.siNNi|i|ii 
Valley ;  very  abundant  in  gravelly  HtreaniH,  and  aHcendiug  Hniaii  limoks. 
One  of  the  moHt  gorgeouflly-colored  darters,  but  less  graceful  than  iiionI 
of  them.  The  most  common  (tpooiea  in  most  i>artH  of  the  Ohio  Valley. 
(carulcuH,  blue.) 

Ellmmlomii  iiiriiha,  HTouEit,  I'ruc.  IIOHt.  Hoc.  Nut.  Hint.,  1K46,  47,  Pox  River,  Illinois.    (Cull, 
8.  (!.  Cliirk.) 

•Gnyeiit  of  rII  tli«  Dartew,  and  Indcml  tlm  gaudiost  of  all  frniil'  tvator  flBhe!<,  In  tin'  Unlnlwiw 
Dartor  (FAhnmlnmd  inriileiini).  TliiH  is  u  litttle  IIhIi,  ni^vtT  more  than  3  ini'lien  liing,  iiinl  Ufiimlly 
about  'J.  Everywlixri)  throuRlioiit  tlin  northorii  pariH  of  tlio  MiHHiHHi|i|ii  Valley  it  imikcH  it.t 
boiiu'  ill  tlio  rlppleH  and  Hhallowti  of  the  rivors  and  Id  tlio  Hliaiiy  retreats  iif  all  tlm  llltlci  iMcjoki. 
Tlio  inalu  fish  In  greeiiiHli  above,  with  darker  blotches,  and  itSRidoH  art*  varii'Kati'd  uitli  nlilhiiic 
baiidH  altoriiately  of  indigo  bluo  and  drop  oraiiKo,  the  orange  often  odg<>d  with  patclicH  nt'  u  hite. 
The  rlicoks  arc  dci'p  bine,  the  broaHt  duop  orange,  while  the  expanded  fins  are  gc)rKl'llll.^  jii  h  iir- 
let,  indigo,  and  crinison.  The  female,  aa  is  iHiially  the  caHO  when  the  male  of  tlio  i(|»  >  jck  in 
reHplendent,  Ih  plaiuly  colored — a  npccklj'  green,  witli  no  trace  of  bine  or  orange.  Wlii-ii  tliu 
war  of  tho  rebellion  broke  out  there  were  Homo  good  people  who  were  anxiously  Imiklin;  fur 
somes  sign  or  omen,  that  they  might  know  on  which  sldo  the  "stars  in  their  i  ourMci"  wem 
fighting.  It  so  happeiRHl  that  in  a  little  brook  in  Indiana,  called  Clear  Creek,  coiiic  mi"  cmiplit 
a  Rainbow  Darter.  This  flsh  was  clothed  in  a  new  sui^  of  the  red,  white,  and  blue  of  li.sualivo 
land,  in  the  most  unmistakably  patriotic  fashion.  There  were  some  p*!ople  who  hiul  iicvirKocn 
a  Darter  before  and  who  knew  no  more  of  the  fishes  in  their  streams  tliaa  tliene  tihlicn  kiew  ( :f 
them,  by  whom  the  coming  of  this  littlo  "soldier  fish"  Into  their  brooks  was  hailed  iisnn  unipn 
of  victory.  Of  course  these  littlo  fishes  had  really  "always  been  there."  They  were  there 
when  America  was  discovered  and  fi)ra  long  time  before,  but  the  people  bid  not  Keen  tleni. 
Tho  warblers  lived,  you  remember,  in  Spalding's  woods  at  Concord,  but  Spaiding  did  iidt  kimw 
that  they  were  there,  and  they  had  no  knowledge  of  Spalding.  So  with  tho  Darters  in  Spiikl- 
ing's  brooks.  Still,  when  the  day  comes  when  history  shall  f..  ally  recount  all  the  inllneincs 
which  held  Indiana  to  her  place  In  the  lliiion,  shall  not,  among  greater  things,  tlils  leiist  of 
little  fishes  receive  its  littlo  meed  of  praise?  The  Rainbow  Darter  is  a  chubby  lilll  ■  lisli,  iw 
compared  with  the  other  Darters.  In  its  niovcmonts  it  is  awkward  and  ungriiceful,  tli"Ui;li 
swift  and  savage  as  a  pike.  One  of  tho  mildest  of  its  tricks,  which  we  have  noticed,  is  this:  It 
would  gently  put  its  head  over  a  stone  and  catch  a  water  boatman  by  one  of  its  8winiiniii'_'  W^», 
release  it,  catch  it  again  and  again  release  it,  until  at  last  the  boatman,  evidently  iniicli  aiiiiiiy'il. 
swam  awiiy  out  of  its  reach.  It  will  follow  to  the  surface  of  the  water  a  piece  of  meat  mrii'eiKled 
by  a  string.  It  is  more  alert  in  discovering  this  than  a  hungry  sunfish  or  rock-bass,  aiiil  it  can 
be  led  around  like  a  iiot  lamb  by  a  thread  to  which  is  fastened  a  Bectigu  of  a  viorm.—Joplan  it 
Copeland, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishts  of  North  Atntriia.      1089 


\'.,,,},>mmi\  triilhroiiiulrtim,   KiiiTi.ANi),   (!|i<V8liini|    Aiinitlii  Hi'limi-it,   INA4,  4,  near  Cleveland, 

Ohio.    (Ty|H<,  No.  I'^^IH.     ('.ill.  KIrtlaiKl  ) 
/'.    hrhOiiii  rernifDliir,  .ViiAHMt/,  Am.  'oiirii.  Sii,  niiil  ArU,  INM,  IWH,  Quincy,  Ittlnol*.     (Cull, 

Dr.  I..  Wiktiun.) 
I\,  ,h:iKimii  iriinni-iT'iim,  AnnoTT,  I'ntr.  Ac,  Nut,  8i'i.  IMillu.,  iHtM),  H2)l,  Lake  Suparlor. 
I./.i/kA/A//*  nirti/tND,  Vaii.I.ant,  Iti'dittri'ltciH,  11)7,  1M73. 
t'liidiililhii'  ftiruUim,  Joiihan  X  *iil,iiKl(T,  SytiO|Mlii,  TilT,  INKI, 
m  'X<"m<i  itirultiim,    Mkkk,   Hull,   V,  H,  FUli  Coiiiiii.,  IMOI,   II'.),    13t,  lAA;  Iloi'LKNOEn,  Cat, 

I,  71. 

(inuliially  pasainf;  from  Indiana  woHtwunl  into  tho  Hil){ht  variety 


■i 


r 


U77a.  KTHK0HT0.1IA  ('(KKIHiKrill  MPM'TAIIIM':  (AkiuwI/), 

Ileii<l4;  (loptli  4i.  I).  X-12;  A.  II,  7;  itoalos  5-l()-7;  lateral  linu  on 
lid-'.'.')  HoaloH.  Very  Hinular  to  curuleum,  but  more  elongate  uiul  ruthur 
iMoii)  oonipreHHod;  tho  colorH  Hiniilar,  but  the  upper  portion  of  tho  uideH 
Willi  diatinot  blackish  atripoa  along  the  rowa  of  tho  hciiIon,  and  the 
|rri)tind  color  of  the  hack  and  aidea  having  a  poouliar  whitiah  or  Itleachod 
u|i|ioarance.  The  two  doraal  thia  uaually  'svell  aopaiatod.  Scaloa  uaually 
piosont  hnlow  and  hohind  oyo.  Length  2  to  1)  inchoa.  MiaaiaNippi  Valle,y  ; 
rat  Iter  loaa  abundant  than  tho  other  and  aaconding  amall  or  oven  nmddy 
Httfiuna  ;  not  alwaya  to  be  diatinguiahod  with  certainty  from  tho  pre- 
I'l'iliug.  Both  occur  in  Indiana  and  lUinoia,  hut  tho  form  callud  Hpectubile 
iH  I  ho  only  one  aeon  in  atreama  of  Miaaouri.     (npictaMiia,  oonapicuous.) 

l'nrtlirhlliii»  uprclnliiliii,  AoAHNiK,  '  iiiiir.  Juiirn.  Scl.  niid  Art*,  1mM,:<()4,  Osage  River,  Missouri, 
(Coll,  Uoo.  Stolloy);  Jordan  iSc  Oilhert,  SyiiopHlH,  61H,  IHKI. 


;  )  i 


,  Illinois.    (Cull, 


1478.  ETHK0HT4».1IA  LKPIDU-H  (Dalrd  He  Glrarcl). 

Head  4i;  depth  4 J.  D,  IX-11  to  13;  A.  II,  6  to  8;  acales  6-48  to  54-8, 
poit'H  27  to  3<).  Body  rather  atout,  compreaaed,  tapering  liackward. 
Hoiid  aubconical.  Mouth  moderate,  with  equal  jawa ;  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  orbit.  Eyes  large.  First  doraal  rather  low;  doraal  fina  aoi>ie- 
wliiit  connected.  Head,  as  well  aa  throat  and  neck,  entirely  acalcloaa. 
Color  olivaceous,  with  some  dark-blue  bars;  scales  dusky  at  baa(',8ome- 
times  a  alight  trace  of  a  humeral  spot ;  dorsals  and  caudal  mottled  or 
bari'od.  Length  2^  inches.  Streams  of  Arkansas,  Texas,  and  Chihuahua  • 
common;  apparently  gradually  paaaing  into  EtheoHtoma  corn le urn,  from 
which  only  the  naked  head  separates  it.  Gilbert  regards  it  aa  a  aub- 
Hpecies  of  cfWMiettTO,     (lepidus,  pretty,) 

l!ol,:,mm(i  lepida,  Baird  Sc  Oirarp,  Proo.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  Pliila.,  1863,  388,  upper  tributaries  of 
the  Rio  Nueces,    (Coll.  Clark.) 

OU.inrephaliu  grahami,  OiRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  Philu.,  1869,  102,  Devil  River,  Texas, 
I).  IX-13;  A.  II,  7.    (Coll.  Clark,) 

0tiijmephahuleonen»u,QiRAHi>,}.c.,Hy2,  Leon  River,  Texas.   D.  IX-10;  A.  11,7.    (Coll. Clark.) 

OUijor?phalm pukhelhu,  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859,  102,  Gypsum  Creek,  a  trib- 
utary to  the  Canadian  River;  A.  II,  6.    (Coll.  Lieut,  Whipple.) 

Itohnmna  lepidum,  Vaillant,  Bocherchew,  90, 1873. 

I'(iiilichthy$  lepidni,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  617, 1883, 

BhcoBtoma  lepidum,  Evermann  &  Kendall,  Bull.  U.  S.  Flah  Oomm.,  xii,  189»»(1894),  114; 
DouiENOER,  Cat.,  I,  73. 

F.  A.  N, 70 


!    ' 


& 


I   .III 


1090 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  Staies  National  Museum. 


pi$|ii 


1479.  KTHEONTOMA  TIPPECANOK,  Jordan  k  Everraann. 

Head  4i ;  depth  4J.  D.  XII-12 ;  A.  II,  7 ;  scales  5-50-8,  with  porcH  on 
ahout  23.  Body  rather  rohust,  comprestted,  with  deep  caudal  ])ediiii(:l*>; 
heau  moderate,  with  pointed  snout;  eye  small,  as  long  as  snout,  11  in 
head ;  month  large,  ohlique,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  included ;  niaxiilui  y 
reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  eye;  opercle  very  short,  little  longer  tlian 
snout,  its  spine  strong ;  cheeks  naked,  or  with  one  or  two  scales  aliovc ; 
opercles  well  scaled  :  breatt  naked;  top  of  head  naked  ;  nape  wit'n  line 
scales;  upper  jaw  not  protractile;  gill  membranes  nearly  separate; 
lateral  line  straight,  ceasing  under  front  oT  second  dorsal.  DorHulH  mod- 
erate, slightly  connected  ;  anal  spines  subequal ;  pectorals  shortish,  aliout 
as  long  as  head ;  caudal  short,  subtrnncate.  Color  dark,  the  scales  covered 
with  tine  pnnctnlations ;  body  with  12  dark  (probably  blue  in  life) 
cross  bands,  nearly  vertical  and  narrower  than  the  interspa'ies,  the  n(>xt 
the  last  one  brightest  and  broadest ;  between  this  and  the  last,  two  bi'i<rlit 
spots  (probably  red  in  life)  with  a  dark  one  between  them,  at  has**  of 
caudal;  a  black  humeral  scale;  first  dorsal  dark;  second  dorsal,  anal, 
caudal,  and  pectorals  barred ;  ventrala  speckled ;  three  dark  streaks 
diverging  from  eye ;  interspaces  on  sides  probably  more  or  less  red  in 
life.  Length  li  inches.  Tippecanoe  River,  Indiana;  but  few  specimens 
known  ;  possibly  a  variation  of  Etheostomn  jcasia: 

Etheostoma  tippecanoe,  JonT>A^s  &'E\ekm\ss,'Ptoc.  V.  f'<.  Nat.  Miis.,  1890,  3,  (with  a  fi^'mv  of 
Ethcostoma  odmiinim,  l>y  an  error  of  printer),  Tippecanoe  River,  Marshland,  Indiana, 
(Typo,  No.  40080.   Coll.  Everniann);  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  79. 


I, 


1480.  STHEOSTOMA  PUNCTULATUN  (Agassiz). 

Head  3i;  depth  5f ;  eye  large,  3i  in  head;  snout  4i.  D.  X  or  XI-U; 
A.  II,  8  cr  9 ;  scales  9-63  to  80-16,  43  to  53  pores.  Body  slender,  com- 
pressed, the  ventral  outline  nearly  straight,  the  back  scarcely  elevated; 
upper  profile  descending  in  a  gentle  regular  curve  from  front  of  dorsal  to 
snout,  which  is  below  axis  of  body.  Snout  sharp ;  mouth  terminal, 
moderately  oblique,  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  middle 
of  pupil,  3  in  head ;  preraaxillaries  not  protractile.  Teeth  on  vomer  and 
palatines,  outer  series  in  upper  jaw  enlarged.  Preopercle  entire ;  oper- 
cular spine  very  slender.  Gill  membranes  not  united  across  isthmus.  Fins 
rather  small.  Pectorals  and  vcxitruils  about  equal,  the  latter  not  nearly 
reaching  vent,  as  long  as  from  snout  to  nape ;  dorsals  not  joined  at  base, 
the  spines  rather  strong ;  anal  with  two  slender  subequal  spines,  as  long 
as  diameter  of  orbit,  the  first  stronger  than  second ;  caudal  truncate. 
Body  covered  with  small  ctenoid  scales,  which  become  very  fine  on  the 
nape;  breast  naked;  an  enlarged  black  humeral  scale;  cheeks  and  opcr- 
cles  naked ;  lateral  line  straight,  ending  below  last  rays  of  soft  dorsal, 
the  tubes  wanting  on  about  20  scales.  Colors  in  life :  Very  dark  slaty 
green,  with  iudistinct  darker  bars,  irregular  in  number  and  size,  down- 
ward from  back ;  belly  and  branchiostegal  membranes  deep  oraugo  red ; 
sides  of  head  coarsely  punctate  with  black ;  top  of  head  dusky,  a  dark 
bar  forward  from  eye,  one  upward  and  backward  across  upper  porti'^n 


■-#» 


V-'TTT^' ;. ;?-"?  .-•'(«■ 


Jordan  and  Everntann, — Fishes  of  North  America. 


1091 


of  cheek  and  opercle  and  a  broad  bar  downward  ta  behind  the  mandi- 
hlu  ;  a  conspicuous  black,  humeral  spot ;  usually  a  darker  area  at  base  of 
ciiiidal,  one  below  soft  dorsal  and  a  dusky  bar  in  axil  of  pectoral,  ending 
lielow  the  fin  in  a  blackish  blotch ;  spinous  dorsal  dusky  green  at  base,  a 
liroad  black  bar  through  its  middle,  more  conspicuous  anteriorly,  its 
margin  reddish  ;  second  dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectorals  light  reddish^  with 
indistinct  wavy  bars  formed  of  black  punctulations ;  anal  and  ventrals 
(lusted  with  coarse  black  specks.  Length  2  inches.  Ozark  region  of 
Huuthwestern  Missouri;  not  very  common ;  in  small  brooks ;  here  described 
iVum  specimens  from  James  Fork  of  White  River,  Marshfield,  Missouri. 
[imnctuXatvi.9,  with  little  points.) 

l'iicUic}Uhy»  punclulattiii,  A0AB817,  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1854,  304,  Oaage   River,    Mis- 
souri. 
lioli'iiKDiiiapnm'tulntum,  Vaimant,  KecherchoB,  92,  1873. 
Klheoitoma pmictulntttm,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Uu8.,  x,  1887,  GO;  Boulbnoer,  Cat.,  i,  7t). 


1481.  ETHK08T0NA  CRAOINI,  Qilbert. 

Head  3i ;  depth  i}  D.  VIII  or  IX-10  to  12  (VI,  12  in  one  specimen, 
probably  abnormal) ;  A.  II,  6or  7 ;  scales  6-46  to  55,  pores  15  to  20.  Head 
and  body  heavy  and  not  closely  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated,  the 
caudal  peduncle  deep ;  snout  short  and  broad,  less  than  diamdter  of  orbit, 
5  in  head ;  mouth  terminal,  broad,  little  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included; 
the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  pupil,  3i  in  head. 
Premaxillaries  nonprotractile.  Eye  large,  mnch  longer  than  snout, 
iMlualing  length  of  maxillary.  Interorbital  space  narrow,  less  than  diam- 
eter of  pupil.  Preopercle  entire;  opercle  ending  in  a  short,  flat  point, 
the  spine  poorly  developed.  Gill  membranes  very  slightly  connected 
across  the  isthmus.  A  conspicuous  black  humeral  scale.  Fins  small,  the 
pectorals  reaching  but  little  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  li  in  head ;  spinous 
dorsal  low,  the  spines  strong,  the  longest  about  i^  length  of  head ;  anal  fin 
very  small ;  first  anal  spine  longer  and  stronger  than  the  necond,  3^  in 
bead ;  caudal  truncate,  equaling  length  of  pectorals.  Scales  weakly 
ctenoid,  uniformly  covering  body,  including  nape  and  ventral  region, 
becoming  somewhat  smaller  anteriorly  on  sides ;  cheeks  and  opercles  with 
few  scales  or  none,  head  and  breast  otherwise  naked.  Color  in  spirits : 
Olivaceous,  much  mottled  with  dusky  above ;  lower  half  of  sides  sprinkled 
with  coarse  black  specks,  and  with  traces  of  two  silvefy  lines;  middle  of 
sides  with  a  series  of  about  12  dusky  spots  as  large  as  pupil,  the  inter- 
spaces silvery ;  a  black  spot  on  opercle,  one  behind  and  one  below  orbit ; 
snout  dusky  ;  caudal  conspicuously  barred  with  light  and  dark  ;  soft  dor- 
sal and  anal  faintly  barred ;  spinous  dorsal  translucent,  dusted  with 
niinatedark  points,  margined  with  blackish;  traces  of  orange  markings 
on  lower  side  of  head,  and  on  bases  of  pectoral  fins ;  caudal  apparently 
tinged,  in  life,  with  bright  yellow.  In  life,  fins  with  brick -red  shades ; 
body  with  blue  specks ;  body  and  fins  profusely  punotnlate  with  black. 
Length  1^  inches.  Western  portion  of  Arkansas  River  Basin,  from  Garden 
City  to  Cafion  City,  in  small  brooks  ;  the  only  darter  reaching  the  base 


*.il 

'*ii 

i: ; 

li 


1092 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I  1 


iji 


i  ! 


Ji: 


I  • 


of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado.    (Named  for  its  discoverer,  Prof.  F. 

W.  Cragiu,  then  director  of  the  Wasbbarn  College  Laboratory.) 

EtkeotUmia  a-agini,  Oii.rert,  Bull.  Washburn  CoIIoro  Laboratory  for  March  and  April,  188.",,  !iii, 
smatl  stream  connecting  the  "  Lake  "  at  Garden  City,  Kansas,  with  the  Arkan- 
sas River,  {Tyv«,  No.  SRViO.  Coll.  Crajfln);  Gilheiit,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.,  1887,  (iii;  .Imi. 
DAN,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  ix,  188'J  (18'J1),  17;  BdiacNaKU,  Cat.,  i,  77. 

1482.  ETHEOSTOMA  OBETENSE,  Kirsrh. 

Head  3J;  depth  4i  to  oh  D.  VIII  to  X-12  or  13  ;  A.  II,  7  to  9;  scaliNs 
5-45  to  50-10,  poros  10  to  27.  Body  rather  long  and  low,  couipresMd, 
the  back  not  much  elevated  in  adults,  more  bo  in  the  young.  I  hail 
moderate,  heavier  and  less  pointed  than  Ethvostoma  ftabeUare,  whicli  tlii.s 
species  resembles  in  many  respects.  Interorbital  space  narrow,  e}  e  uhunt 
as  long  as  snout,  4  in  head,  the  maxillary  extending  nearly  to  below  it.s 
middle.  Mouth  rather  large,  little  oblique,  the  jaws  subequal ;  preuiax- 
illaries  not  protractile;  teeth  rather  strong ;  gill  inembranes  Hlightly  con 
nected.  Head,  nape,  and  breast  naked.  Margin  of  first  dorsal  rouiultil, 
its  longest  spine  2  in  base ;  second  dorsal  larger  thun  first,  its  niui  <;iii 
nearly  straight,  the  anterior  ray  about  H  in  base ;  oandal  moderate,  equal 
in  length  to  caudal  peduncle,  also  to  ba.se  of  first  dorsal,  its  margin  huI;- 
truncate ;  anal  smaller  than  second  dorsal  and  placed  opposite  or  sli^j^litly 
behind  that  fin ;  pectorals  about  as  long  as  head ;  ventrals  e<|ual  in  leii;j;tli 
to  base  of  anal.  Lateral  line  almost  straight,  beginning  at  upper  ed<ro  of 
preopercle  .j>nd  extending  backward,  slightly  descending,  to  past  middle 
of  first  dorsal,  developed  on  about  12  scales.  Color  of  adult  male,  Uj^ht 
olive ;  dorsal  region  marked  with  7  dark  cross  bars,  the  first  being  on  the 
nape  and  the  last  on  the  end  of  the  caudal  peduncle;  on  the  sides  nic  10 
or  11  irregularly-shaped  dark  spots ;  top  of  head  dusky  or  black ;  tins  of 
adult  males  dusky  white;  black  spot  on  membrane  of  fir^t  3  or  4  dui>al 
spines,  vanishing  posteriorly ;  second  dorsal  with  faint  traces  of  bars ; 
caudal  plain  ;  margin  of  anal  jet  black  ;  pectorals  faintly  barred ;  ven- 
trals dusky  or  black.  The  female  and  younger  specimens  are  similarly, 
but  more  deeply,  colored.  Black  humeral  scale  very  large  and  distinct, 
larger  than  in  related  species,  as  in  Etheoatoma  flahellare.  The  anal,  pec- 
torals, and  ventrals  of  the  female  and  younger  specimens  are  plain  white, 
while  the  dorsals  and  caudal  are  distinctly  barred ;  on  the  check  is  a 
smooth,  light  colored  area,  extending  from  below  the  eye  ol)ii(;iiely 
upward  and  backward  to  a  distance  twice  the  length  of  eye,  and  ttiini- 
nating  at  upper  edge  of  preopercle,  constricted  into  two  parts,  the  anterior 
somewhat  the  larger,  and  everywhere  bounded  by  a  silvery  baud,  beinjf  a 
notable  color  mark.  Length  2f  inches.  Tributaries  of  the  Cumberland 
River  in  Clinton  County,  Kentucky.    (Name  from  Obey  River.) 

Elheottnma  obej/ense,  Kihsch,  B"11.  U.  8.  Fish  Con  i.,  x,  1890(1892),  292,  Indian  Creek,  Spring 
Creek,  Smith  Creek,  and  Albany  Branch,  all  tributaries  of  Cumberland  River 
in  Clinton  County,  Kentucky  (Type,  No.  45565.    Coll.  Kirscb);  Boulgngbr,  Cat.,  i,  78. 


148».  ETHEOSTOMA  PAOEI,  Meek. 

Head  3i ;  depth  4  to  4i ;  eye  3i ;  snout  3^.    D.  IX  or  X-12  or  13 ;  A.  II, 
7 ;  scales  8-56  to  61-13.     Body  robust,  snout  abruptly  decurved,  but  not 


^_V.   ..^^^rt'^.^L^ 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1093 


liliint.  Mouth  rather  large,  terminal|  maxilla'-y  reaching  vertical  from 
(lupil;  premaxillaries  nOt  protr-«.rtile;  lips  thick;  gill  membranes  not 
(^ounected.  Cheeko,  opercles,  and  breast  naked,  nape  scaled ;  lateral  line 
imperfect,  developed  on  only  about  12  scales.  Color  of  male:  Belly  bright 
K'd,  extending  on  sides  to  upper  rays  of  pectoral  fins;  above  the  red  is  a 
>  ullowiah  band  on  the  sides  about  as  wide  ac  diameter  of  eye ;  upper 
part  of  the  body  olivaceous,  with  darker  markings,  each  scale  being  pro- 
vided with  a  dark  spot,  these  making  faint  lateral  streaks  along  the  rows 
of  scales;  about  9  dark  blotches  on  the  side,  resembling  faint  bars; 
caudal  and  soft  dorsal  barred;  pectorals  faintly  barred;  anal  and  ven- 
trals  plain  ;  a  dark  humeral  scale.  The  female  has  the  under  part  whit- 
ish, the  sides  olivaceous,  much  mottled  with  darker;  otherwise  as  in  the 
male.  Length  2  inches.  Only  the  types  known,  2  specimens,  taken  in 
the  spring  branch  on  the  United  States  Fish  Hatchery  grounds  at  Neo- 
Nho,  Missouri,  tributary  to  Neoalio  River,  Arkansas  Basin.  (Meek.) 
(Xamed  for  William  F.  Page,  Superintendent  of  the  United  States  Fish 
Hatchery  at  Neosuo,  Missouri.) 

ViheoiUma  pagei,  Mrek,  American  Naturalist,  1894,  957,  Neoshc,  Missouri,  (Type,  No,  45666. 
Coll.  Meek);  Boulenuek,  Cat.,  i.  79;  Evbkhann  &  Kendall,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fiah  Oomiii.,  xiv, 
1894  (1896),  472. 


tjS 


I  ^ 


1484.  GTHEOSTOMA  YIROATUM  (.Tonlau). 

Head  3| ;  depth  5»' D.  TX-IO;  A.  II,  8.  Body  slender,  subfnsiform, 
compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather 
deep.  Head  long,  rather  slender  and  pointed,  little  compressed,  the 
Huout  but  little  decurved.  Mouth  rather  large,  somewhat  oblique,  the 
maxillary  reaching  to  the  pupil,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
upper;  teeth  small,  even,  in  several  rows.  Eye  rather  large.  Posterior 
horder  of  preopercle  obtusely  crenate  above.  Scales  rather  large; 
hiteral  line  distinct,  on  about  20  scales  ;  53  in  a  lengthwise  series.  Head 
naked;  nape  and  breast  naked.  Color  greenish,  each  scale  with  a  small 
bhickish  spot,  forming  conspicuous  lateral  stripes,  as  in  Etheostoma  flabel- 
lure  lineolatmn ;  back  and  sides  wlth>cross  blotches ;  humeral  scale  large 
aud  black ;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  faintly  barred.  Rock  Castle  River  and 
Round  Stone  River,  tributaries  of  Cumberland  River,  in  Rock  Castle  and 
Laurel  counties,  Kentucky ;  not  common ;  a  pretty  little  fish,  {virgatua, 
streaked.) 

P'lcilichthys  virgattis,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  g.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  236,  Rock  Castle  River,  Living- 
ston, Kentucky,  (Typo,  No.  23456.     Coll.  Jordan);  Jordan  &  Gilrkrt,  Synop8i8,615, 1883, 
fJheostoma  virgalum,  Boulenqer,  Cat.,  i,  77. 


m 
m 


S'lbgenus  CLARICOLA,  Jordan  &  Evormauu. 
1485.  ETHROSTOMA  JULIiE,  Meek. 

Head  4 ;  depth  4  to  4^.  Eye  ih  D.  XI-U  or  12 ;  A.  II,  7  or  8 ;  scales  8-38 
to  60-8.  Lateral  line  incomplete ;  cheek  and  breast  naked,  opercles  with 
few  scales  on  upper  part.  Ventral  region  scaled,  like  the  sides.  Gill 
membranes  broadly  united  across  the  isthmus.    Teeth  on  vomer.    Body 


■r 


ft' 


'P''f»l«lWB«SmfpPI?P«i»!!p^JfWB|!?»!^^ 


! 


'   I 


!■  i 


H 


; 


i 


t    ■■: 


I 


1094  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 

deep,  coinproMHed,  with  the  dorsal  region  elevated,  the  form  being  nituli 
UB  in  CottoyaHter  uranidca.  Mouth  large,  terminal,  the  lower  jaw*  bin 
little  the  Hhorter ;  snout  pointed,  upper  lip  thick  ;  premaxillary  not  ])i(i- 
tractile,  the  frenum  narroAv,  torn  in  the  type.  Tip  of  maxillary  roacliiii<,' 
to  front  of  pupil.  Pectoral  fins  large,  their  length  equal  to  the  lengtli  of 
the  head;  ventrals  small,  not  close  together;  anal  small,  with  2  sliotr, 
sharp  spines.*  Color  in  life,  dut^y  olivaceous,  greenish  below;  cniidul 
fin,  soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral  fins  yellowish;  pectoral  fins  diiHky, 
with  outer  border  pale  yellowish;  spinous  dorsal  dusky,  upper  half  with 
a  yellowish  tinge;  a  faint  dark  band  on  chin;  a  dark  bar  below  ey(> :  a 
black  band  across  back  in  front  of  spinous  dorsal,  terminating  at  base  of 
pedtoral  fins ;  a  second  and  much  fainter  band  on  back  between  spiiiouH 
and  soft  dorsal ;  a  third  faint  band  on  back  at  middle  of  soft  dorsal, 
and  a  fourth  on  caudal  peduncle;  sides  dotted  with  faint  yellowJHli, 
forming  irregular  stripes  along  rows  of  scales.  On  the  posterior  half  of 
body  are  6  faint,  dark,  vertical  bars.  One  of  the  handsomest  of  tin; 
darters  in  life.  Length  2i  inches.  Basin  of  White  River,  Missouri. 
Only  the  types  known.     (Named  for  Mrs.  Julia  Hughes  Gilbert.) 

Elhei>iitoma  juUie,  Meek,  Bull.   V.  8.  Fish  Comni.,  ix,  1889  (1891),  130,  plato  42,  fig.  2,  James 
River,  near  Springfield,  Missouri,  (Coll.  Muck,  Druw  &  Ruttgr  t);  DuuLKNOEit,  Cat.,  i,  s7. 

1486.  ETHEOSTOMA  ABTE8I£  (Uay). 

Head  3t ;  depth  5.  D.  XI-12  or  13 ;  A.  II,  7  or  8 ;  scales  8-46  to  50-11. 
Body  elongate,  compressed.  Head  large.  M(>r.th  large,  terminal,  neaily 
horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  included;  maxillary  reaching  to  oppo- 
site front  of  pupil.  Palatine  teeth  in  a  broad  band.  Eye  equal  to  snout, 
4i  in  head.  Cheeks  entirely  covered  with  small  scales;  opercles  wiili 
large  scales;  scales  along  back  very  small.  Lateral  line  extendiiij'-  to  ciid 
of  second  dorsal,  on  about  45  scales.  Dorsals  contiguous;  first  dorsal  as 
long  as  Lead,  its  height  less  tbi.  '  half  its  length ;  soft  dorsal  considerably 
higher;  anal  a  little  over  half  length  of  head;  pectorals  reaching  tips  t/f 
ventrals,  much  smaller  than  in  E,  cwruleum.  Gill  membranes  largely  con- 
nected. Yellowish  olive,  with  transverse  oblique  bars  of  darker,  and 
sprinkled  with  small  blotches  of  carmine ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  dull 
blue ;  dorsals  with  a  broad  band  of  carmine  along  their  middle,  bordoied 
on  each  side  by  orange ;  tips  of  dorsals  dull  blue,  as  is  the  base  of  the  soft 
dorsal ;  base  of  spinous  doi'sal  with  several  carmine  spots ;  anal  mostly 
crimson,  tipped  with  blue ;  caudal  blue,  then  orange,  carmine  orange,  and 
tipped  with  blue ;  a  black  humeral  scale.  Length  2f  inches.  Geor<;ia  t 
to  Central  Texas  (Palestine),  in  sandy  streams  of  the  pine  woods ;  rare: 
perhaps  intergrading  through  Etheostoma  alabamw  with  E.  tvhipplu. 

PcecUichlhija  artesiie,  Hav,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1880, 494,  small  branch  of  the  Catavba  River, 
Artesia,  Lowndes  County,  Mississippi.    (Typu,  No.  27434.    Coll.  Hay). 


*  This  species  is  descrilwd  and  figured  as  having  but  1  anal  spiue.  In  one  of  Dr.  Mei'k's 
types  in  the  Museum  of  Stanford  University,  two  spines  are  well  developed,  us  in  its  ally,  AV/uds- 
toma  whipplii. 

fA  specimen  from  Georgia  (24524,  M.  C.  Z.)  has  scales,  40.  Another  specimen  is  from  uu  arte- 
sian well  in  Alabama. 


Jordan  and  livermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1095 


1487.  KTIIEU^TUHA  ALABAN.E  (Oillwrt  k  Bwain). 

This  species  or  subspecies  is  closely  allied  to  Ethcoaloma  whippUi  differ 
in^'  from  it  in  having  the  scales  cons'  '^ntly  larger,  there  being  usually  50  to 
5()  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line,  though  occasionally  58  and  even  as  low 
an  13;  the  pores  of  the  lateral  line  wanting  on  about  12  scales;  the  num- 
ber of  rows  of  scales  between  the  lateral  line  and  the  spiuoi  ^  dorsal  is  7 
or  H,  occasionally  fewer.  Gill  membranes  moderately  united ;  humeral 
process  or  scale  developed,  black.  Not  otherwise  differing  from  Ethcos- 
toma  whipplii,  the  form  and  coloration  similar.  The  relations  of  this 
species  with  Etheosto'o,  artCHia;  are  also  very  close,  the  two  may  prove 
iiiHeparable.  The  male  of  artenia;  seems  to  have  much  more  of  blue  mark- 
iii<^'  tliaa  the  male  of  alahumw.  Black  Warrior  and  Dig  Cahawba  rivers, 
Alabama ;  locally  abundant. 

Eth'osloma  whijijilei  aluhaniie,  GiLUEUT  &  SwAiN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miirt.,  18S7,  62,  Black  Warrior 
River  near  Morris  and  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama.    (Cull.  Gilbert  &  Swain.) 


8  from  uu  arto- 


1488.  ETHEOSTOMA  WHIPPLII  (Girard). 

Head  3i ;  depth  4^  to  5 ;  eye  4i  in  head.  D.  IX  to  XII-12  to  14 ;  A.  IT,  7. 
Scales  60  to  70,*  8  or  9  series  between  lateral  line  and  base  of  spinous  dor- 
sal ;  pores  35  to  50.  Body  rather  deep,  compressed ;  least  depth  of  caudal 
peduncle  equaling  length  of  snout  and  eye.  Mouth  terminal,  oblique; 
maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  pupil,  3J-  in  head.  Premaxilla- 
rit-H  not  protractile.  Eye  moderate,  slightly  greater  than  snout.  Pre- 
opercle  entire;  opercular  spine  strong.  Gill  membranes  rather  widely 
joined  across  isthmus.  Fii.  s  larger  than  in  E. punctulatuni',  dorsals  slightly 
juiiu'd  at  base,  the  longesu  soft  ray  half  length  of  head ;  pectorals  some- 
w'bai  longer  than  ventrals,  which  equal  distance  from  snout  to  preoper- 
cular  margin ;  first  anal  spine  longer  and  much  stronger  than  second ; 
caudal  truncate.  Scales  small ;  lateral  line  straight,  ending  under  last  rays 
of  soft  dorsal,  the  pores  wanting  on  16  to  20  scales ;  opercles  with  a  few 
large  ctenoid  scales;  breast  and  ventral  region,  cheeks,  nape,  and  a  strip 
aluiijr  base  of  spinous  dorsal  anteriorly  naked  or  with  embedded,  cycloid 
scales.  Colors  in  life:  Grayish,  mottled  with  darker  and  with  about  12 
indistinct  dusky  bars,  becoming  more  clearly  marked  posteriorly  ;  scales 
of  lighter  interspaces  on  sides  with  small,  round,  bright,  orange-red  spots, 
tliose  near  lateral  line  in  longitudinal  series  of  2  to  5 ;  2  orange  blotches 
at  base  of  caudal;  a  dark  spot  below  eye  and  2  behind  it,  1  of  these  on 
upi)er  part  of  cheeks,  the  other  fainter,  on  occiput.  A  conspicuous  black 
liuuieral  process;  spinous  dorsal  dusky  translucent  at  base,  a  dark  bar 
about  halfway  up,  then  a  translucent  bar,  an  orange-red  bar,  and  a  trans- 
lucent bar  tipped  with  dusky ;  soft  dorsal  similarly  marked,  with  more 
yellowish ;  anal  like  soft  dorsal,  the  orange  brighter,  sometimes  covering 
distal  half  of  fin,  the  basal  dusky  area  fainter;  caudal  barred  with  light 

*Ina  single  specimen  from  the  WHShita  Kiver  at  Arkadelphia,  Arkansas,  but  48  scales  are 
present.  No  other  of  many  examples  has  less  than  60.  It  is  this  variation  of  whipplii  which 
led  Gilbert  &  Swain  to  regard  aiabanue  as  a  subspecies  of  it.  The  extent  of  such  intergrudutiun 
needs  examination. 


'Hi 


'■1  >  { 


^t 


I,- 

I 

I 


M* 


tnMi  '■ 


t    -  « 


:'  i 


■  }> 


ill 


!l 


;  f 


1096 


liulletin  4jy  United  States  National  Museum. 


and  dark  and  margined  with  blaok,  sometimes  with  a  submargiual  liamt 
of  orange.  Lower  Arkausas  Hasin  ;  locally  abundant  in  clear  trilmtiuicH 
of  the  Saline,  Washita,  etc.  (Named  for  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  IJ,  S.  A., 
in  command  of  the  survey  by  which  the  species  was  discovered.) 

llohichlhiiHvliiiiiilii,  GiR.vRD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  ia'i9,  103,  Coal  Creek,  Arkansas. 

Iliileoiomn  whijtplvi,  Vaii-LANt,  RocherclioB,  90,  1873. 

Etheottoma  whix'pUi,  UiLUEBT,  I'ruc.  U.  S.  Mat.  Mug.,  1887,  01 ;  Buhi.eniikr,  Cat.,  i,  84. 


148e.  ETHE08T0MA  S<{U>MICEP8,  Jordan. 

Head  3,^  to  4^ ;  depth  ii  to  5.  Snout  short,  as  long  as  eye,  4  in  head. 
D.  VIII  to  XI-9  to  12;  A.  II,  7  or  8;  scales  6-48  to  60-12.  Body  latliii 
robust,  the  back  not  elevated,  the  sides  somewhat  compressed,  the  camlal 
peduncle  stout.  Head  rather  short,  the  snout  rather  blunt,  the  anterior 
profile  somewhat  decurved.  Premaxillary  not  protractile.  Mouth  hhkiII, 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  included;  the  maxillary  extenum;;  to 
front  of  eye,  3i  in  head.  Teeth  rather  large,  close  set.  Preoporclo  on  ( i  i  o. 
Gill  membranes  rather  broadly  united.  Opercular  spine  well  develoiicd. 
Nape,  cheek,  opercles,  and  breast  covered  with  small  scales;  these  part.s 
rarely  naked;  body  with  moderate,  ctenoid  scales,  those  on  belly  Himi- 
lar;  lateral  lino  straight,  its  pores  wanting  only  on  the  last  4  or  5 
scales.  'Fins  all  low;  dorsal  spines  subequal,  the  longest  about  ',i\  in 
head ;  soft  dorsal  well  separated  from  spinous  dorsal,  its  longest  rays  not 
quite  equaling  head ;  caudal  fin  rather  large,  1^  in  head  ;  anal  small,  the 
longest  rays  If  in  head,  the  spines  small;  pectorals  14  in  head;  ventralM 
li.  Color  in  life  dusky  olive,  with  about  10  rather  diffuse  blackish  oios-s 
bands,  most  distinct  just  below  lateral  line,  along  which  is  a  longitndinal 
pinkish  streak ;  scales  above  with  many  dark  punctulations,  but  with  no 
distinct  spots;  a  dark  bar  below  eye,  and  a  horizontal  dark  Htieak 
through  it :  both  dorsals  and  caudal  barred  with  black  in  fine  pattern,  as 
in  E.  Jlabellare,  but  less  distinctly ;  lower  fins  pale;  no  red  or  blue  niai ly- 
ings anywhere.  This  species  varies  excessively  in  squamation  of  head 
and  in  size  of  fins ;  nape,  breast,  and  cheeks  sometimes  naked.  Lower 
Wabash  Valley,  Indiana,  through  western  Kentucky  and  Tenneisseo  to 
Georgia  and  western  Florida;  abundant  in  sandy  streams  southward. 
Specimens  from  Alabama  (var.  parvipimm)  are  smaller,  with  lower  tins 
and  fewer  fin  rays.  D.  XI-10;  A.  II,  7;  scales  6-48-13.  They  seem  to  vary 
perfectly  into  the  typical  form,    (squama,  scale;  -cepa,  head.) 

Elheoatoma  aquamiceps,  Jobdan,  Bull,  x,  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  11,  1877,  Russellville,  Kentucky 

(TyiK),  No.  1345.    Coll.  Dr.  Bebb).    (Head  3J;  depth  5.    D.  IX-12;  A.  II,  7;  scales  r.-,jO-X); 

Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  51  4, 1883.    (Type,  No.  1345.    Coll.  Dr.  Bebb);  Boilman,  Proc. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886,  464;  Boulenqer,  Cat.,  i,  85. 
EOieostoma patvipinne,  Gilbkht  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  59,  small  spring  branch 

tributary  to  the  Black  Warrior  River,  Tuacaloosa,  Alabama.    (Type,  Ni>.  3G71(J. 

OoU.  Gilbert  &  Swain.) 


T 


Jordan  and  P.vertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1097 


.1 


Subgenus  ETHEOSTOMA. 


1400.  KTHKSTOMA  FLABKLLAKK,  Kutliioaque. 
(Fan-taileii  Dahteb.*) 

Head  3?  to  4 ;  depth  \\  to  5J ;  eye  4  to 4 J  in  head ;  snout  4.  D.  VITI-12 
to  W  ;  A.  II,  7  to  9;  Hoalos  9-40  to  6.1-14,  15  to  40  por«H.  Number  of  fin 
riivH  and  scaleH  subject  to  largo  variations,  the  spines  occasionally  fuwor 
tlian  8.  Hody  slender,  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated;  head  long 
and  pointed;  snout  not  decurved,  the  upper  lip  on  a  level  with  top  of 
evo;  month  very  oblique,  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  eye;  interorbital  space  narrow,  \\  in  eye  ;  gill  membranes  rather 
broadly  united;  distance  from  mouth  to  gill  cleft  on  median  line  1^  to  1^ 
ill  head;  caudal  peduncle  compressed,  doop,  its  least  depth  2  in  head. 
Fins  all  low,  the  tlrst  dorsal  in  the  male  about  i  us  high  as  second,  higher 
in  the  female,  the  spines  with  enlarged  Ueshy  tips  in  the  male  ;  anal  about 
HJ/e  of  soft  dorsal ;  pectorals  usually  not  quite  as  long  as  head,  their  tips 
rouching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals;  caudal  largo,  rounded.  Scales  moder- 
ate ;  head  entirely  naked ;  lateral  line  nearly  straight,  incomplete,  reach- 
ing about  to  end  of  first  dorsal ;  a  narrow  strip  along  base  of  spinous 
dorsal  not  scaled.  Color  rather  dark,  body  covered  with  numerous  fine 
<lark  specks,  these  forming  dark  cross  bands  or  blotches  in  the  nwiles, 
leHs  distinct  in  the  females ;  black  humeral  spot  cons]>icuouH ;  usually 
a  (hirk  line  across  opercles,  through  the  eye,  and  around  smmt ;  second 
(lomal  and  caudal  iius  barred,  other  fins  usually  plain;  pectorals  faintly 
barred  in  Virginia  specimens.  Length  2J  inches.  New  York  to  Virginia, 
west  to  Iowa,  and  south  to  Sout>i  Carolina  and  northern  Alabama; 
usnally  abundant  wherever  found.  It  lives  in  swift  waters,  and  its 
movements  in  the  water  are  more  active  than  those  of  any  other  species; 
it  is  the  most  hardy  in  the  aquarium.  (Jlabellarw,  like  u  fan,  from  the 
form  of  the  tail.) 

Eihimlomaflahellarit,  RAriNF.SQi'E,  Jour,  de  Physiquo,  1810,  419,  tributaries  of  Ohio  River, 
KHuiistoma  Jlabellata,  Uafinesquk,  Iclith.  Ohiensig,  30,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
ElhuslomafoiUinalis,  Rafinesque,  Idith.  Ohioiisis,  80,  1820,  Ohio  River. 
Kilut  stoma  linsleyi,  Storeu,  Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1851,  37,  Wolcott,  'Wayne  County, 

New  York. 
Oliijarcphaliis  hnmeralu,  Girasd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci   Phila.,  1859,  C7,  James  River,  Virginia. 

*Tho  Darter  of  Partera  is  tlie  Fan-t,iil  [Klht'ustnma  flahcllmr).  Hardiest,  wiriust,  warie.it  of 
tlieni  all,  it  is  tlie  quo  wliich  is  nust  export  iii  cntcliing  other  creatuvs,  and  the  ono  wliicli  iiioKt 
»\irely  ovades  your  clutch.  You  fail  oatcli  a  weasel  asleep  when  you  can  put  your  finger  on  oin- 
uf  these.  It  is  a  slim,  narrow,  'jiack,  pirate-rigged  little  fish,  with  a  long  pointed  head,  nixl  a 
Iirojecting,  prow-liko  lower  jaw.  It  carries  no  flag,  but  is  colored  like  the  rocks  among  whii-li 
it  lives.  It  is  dark  brown  in  hue,  with  a  dusky  spot  on  each  scale,  so  that  the  whole  body  seems 
covered  with  lengthwise  stri])es,  and  these  are  furtlier  relieved  by  cross  bands  of  tlie  waiuo  color. 
Its  fins,  especially  the  broad,  fan-sbai)ed  caudal,  are  likewise  mui'h  checkered  with  spots  of 
blark.  The  spines  of  the  doi-sal  tin  are  very  low,  and  each  of  these  in  the  male  ends  in  a  little 
flesliy  pad  of  a  rusty-red  color,  the  fish's  only  attempt  at  ornamentation.  The  Fan-tailed  Darter 
cliodsos  the  coldest  and  swiftest  waters,  and  in  these,  as  befits  his  form,  ho  !<>adH  an  active,  preda- 
tory life.  He  is  the  terror  of  water  snails  and  caddis  worms,  and  the  larva;  of  mosquitoes.  In 
tlie  ai|uariiim  this  Darter  is  ono  of  the  most  interesting  of  fishes,  for,  though  plainly  colored,  it 
is  Very  handsome,  and  in  its  movements  is  the  most  graceful  of  all  the  Darters.  Its  mouth  opens 
wider  than  that  of  any  of  the  others,  and  it  is  fuller  of  bristling  teeth.  Its  large,  yellow-rim- 
m«l  black  eyes  are  over  on  the  watch.  The  least  of  a  "  fi-h  "  and  the  most  of  a  Darter,  the  Fan- 
tailed  is  worthily  left  as  a  type  of  the  genus  EOit"..<iwma,  in  which  it  was  first  placed  by  its 
(Uecuverer,  Bafineaque.    {Jordan  lii  Copeland.) 


^ 


."■UH 


f-i 


Si 


M 


'^ 


M 


1 


,.i.J: 


1098 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


CalowiiuH  /tiHclaliio,  CiinAnn,  Pror.  Ar.  Nut.  Hcl.  PhllH.,  IHfiD,  08,  Madrid,  New  York,  an  I 

Gr<«aB  River.     (Ty|Mi,  Not).  V,\m  itiiU  l.'S45.    Coll.  E.  O.  Daytun.) 
OiUtiniiiiiH  keiiniroUi*  PrTNAM,  Itiill.  Mux.  Cwiiip.  /oul.,  i,  IHGli,  3,  ■outhern  Illinois, 
CatiiHiiiimjIiilwUiiliiii,  Vaili.ant,  ItocborcbuH,  121,  1873,  with  plate. 
fUlwimli/mnjlabtHarv,  Jurdan  &  QiLuinT,  tiyiiu|i8i8,  AlU,  IMK);  Uoulkn(ikii,  (;at.,  i,  h>\. 

A  Hlight  variety  of  tbis  Mpecios,  from  the  Cumberland  MuiintiiiiiH,  Ii;ih 
been  reooguized  by  name  uh 

1400a.  KTIIKOHTOMA  VLABKLLAKK  t'r»BEBIiANDI('IIM,  JonlHii  Jt  Mwain. 

Head  3ft ;  depth  5^  ;  eye  4i  in  head,  equal  to  snout.  D.  VIII,  11 ;  A,  1 1. 
7;  Hcales  45,  the  tubcH  on  15  to  20  Hcales.  Body  moderately  olon^^ntr, 
Homewhat  compreHsed,  the  ])ack  little  elevated.  Head  usually  thick  iiimI 
heavy,  little  tapering  anteriorly,  much  stouter  than  in  E.  JluhiUnrc. 
Mouth  terminal,  very  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  project  in;;, 
maxillary  extending  nearly  to  below  its  middle.  Teeth  rather  stioii;;. 
Head,  nape,  and  breast  nuked;  belly  and  region  along  dorsal  witli  tliu 
scales  small ;  scales  of  body  smoother  than  in  E,  Jiabellare  and  iiuuo 
loosely  imbricated,  especially  in  the  adult.  Fins  essentially  as  in  otliur 
species,  the  dorsal  spines  lo\<r  and  sube(|ual,  lowest  in  the  male,  the  llcsli 
at  their  tips  being  thickened ;  caudal  large,  rounded ;  other  fiUH  mod- 
erate. Color  in  life  greenish,  semitranslucent,  the  body  in  th«  iidiilt 
without  trace  of  lines,  cross  bars,  or  spots,  excepting  the  large,  l)lack 
humeral  spot ;  back  with  a  few  faint  dusty  cross  shades.  Young  with 
tessellated  spots  and  numerous  faint  cross  bars,  which  are  developed 
chietly  as  a  series  of  spots  along  the  lateral  line ;  a  dark  streak  from  eye 
through  snout ;  a  round,  black  spot  behind  eye ;  first  dorsal  tranHlucent, 
abruptly  edged  with  black,  the  free  tips  of  the  spines  golden  uian;;e; 
second  dorsal  oblicfuely  barred  with  alternating  bands  of  black  and 
golden;  caudal  pale,  with  about  7  very  sharply  defined  curved  cionh 
bands  of  black ;  pectorals  olivaceous,  scarcely  barred,  an  orange  liar  at 
base;  ventrals  and  anal  plain,  slightly  dusky.  Length  2f  iiichea. 
Brooks  in  the  Cumberland  Mountains  tributary  to  Cumberland  Kiver, 

EtheoHtomti  ciimberUimUcum,  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  188.3,  261,  small  streams 
of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  Wolf  Creek  and  Briar  Creek,  near  Pleasant 
View,  Whitley  County,  Kentucky.     (Coll.'Jordaii  &  Swain.) 

A  better  marked  variety,  differing  chiefiy  in  color,  repredentiug  Klhioi- 
toma  flahellare  to  the  northwestward,  is 


,/ 


1490b.  ETHEOSTOMA  FLABELLARE  LINEOLATUH  (AgaBsiz). 

Very  similar  to  the  typical  flabellare,  but  rather  less  elongate  and  more 
compressed.  Coloration  darker,  each  scale  with  a  dark  spot,  theue  form- 
ing a  series  of  conspicuous  longitudinal  lines  along  the  rows  of  bcales ; 

*Tbe  original  types  of  Cnlonotut  Jcennicotti,  now  in  poor  condition,  show  the  following  charac- 
ters: Color  plain,  without  trac'e  of  lines  or  spots  on  body;  pectorals,  cauaal,  and  both  dorsale 
brightly  checkered  with  black.  Black  humeral  spot  large.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  brciist  naked. 
Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  line  extending  to  below  middle  of  second  dorsal.  Gill  nionibnines 
forming  an  angle  with  each  other.  Pectorals  u  little  shorter  than  head.  Head  3^;  depth  5%. 
J>,  VIII,  10;  A.  II,  7;  scales  6-40  to  42-X.    From  a  rocky  brook  in  Southern  Illinois. 


in 


V  York, 

ail  1 

is. 

ms. 

iitiiiiiH 

li;iH 

Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amrrua.      1099 


so(  I md  dorsal  and  anal  conspicuously  cross-barrod ;  head  blackish,  with 
(linker  atri^oH  radiating  I'runi  t^yo;  males  fiirtlier  iiiarl^ed  witli  couspioii- 
oils  dark  orosH  bars.  Miiiii<>snta  to  northern  Indiana  and  northern  Mis- 
Hoiii'i.  in  cold  weedy  streams      {IhuololiiH,  with  small  lines.) 

I'iit 7x11  UiiriiUiluii,  AoAHMi/,  AiiiiT.  Joiirn.  Hrl.  ami  ArtH,  IHM,  3ii6,  ■mall  creeks  near  Quincy, 

Illinois. 
nh"'l"iii,i  liiiiiilnhim,  JiiiiiiAN  .V  OlMiRTlT,  SviMiml",  AIM,  IHKI. 
fatuii'luH  liiKulatum,  VAIIJ.ANT,  Itoclturi'hvH,  1)8,  lH7:t. 

476.  ALVARIUS,  Girard. 

Ahiniiii,»(iinAai>,  Proc  Ar.  Nat.  .Hcl.  I'lilla.,  IHBO,  101,  {l,it<rai:i<). 

Til  In  gcnns  is  based  on  a  single  species,  which  has  not  been  recognized 
Biinc  it  was  originally  described.  It  is  apparently  closely  allied  to 
Etiiiiiittomu,  difleriug  in  the  small  number  of  its  tin  rays,  in  which  regard 
it  iip))roachtiH  Microperva.  The  species  is  imperfectly  described  and  its 
alliiiitiea  cau  only  bo  guessed  at.     (A  coined  name  without  meaning.) 


i^i 


jutiug  W/icos- 


14»l,  ALTARirK  LATKRALIN,  Giranl. 

"A  representative  of  the  Etheostomoid  family  was  procured  by  the 
United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Commission  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hid  (Irande  del  Norte  (Rio  Bravo).  It  constitutes  a  new  generic  pety 
!illi(Ml  to  CatonoUia,  and  to  which  we  have  applied  the  niame  of  Alcariusy 
with  the  following  characters:  Head  elongated  and  tapering.  Month 
tenninal,  large,  not  protractile ;  lower  jaw  longer  than  the  upper.  Teeth 
very  minute.  Opercular  apparatus,  cheeks,  and  throat  scaly.  First  dorsal 
nearly  equal  in  height  to  the  second,  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct. 
Anal  .lU  much  smaller  than  the  second  dorsal ;  caudal  fin  truncated  ;  5 
soft  \-ujs  to  the  ventrals.  Ventral  scales  uniform."  Body  slender,  elon- 
!,'ate.  Head  subcouical  and  tapering  forward.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  4  in 
liead.  Maxillary  reaching  pupil.  First  dorsal  about  equal  to  second  and 
Hcpaiiited  from  it.  Anal  smaller  than  second  dorsal,  the  last  rays  of  the 
2  tins  opposite  each  other.  Scales  very  small.  Lateral  line  median. 
Krowiiish,  back  spotted;  sides  with  a  narrow  blackish  streak,  which 
extends  around  the  snout ;  first  dorsal  with  a  black  spot  on  its  upper  pos- 
terior edge;  caudal  transversely  barred.  D.  VI,  10;  A.  8.  Length  If 
iiiilifs.  Rio  Grande.  (Girard.)  The  types  are  now  lost  and  the  species 
has  not  been  rediscovered,     {lateralis,  pertaining  to  the  side.) 

■UiMf'^lalertdiii,  Oirard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1859, 101,  mouth  of  Rio  Grande,  (Coll. 

M.\.  Hound.  Surv.);  Vaillant,  Uecliorchos,  141,  1873. 
VitcUiihlhii,  lateralis  Jordan  &  G11.11KRT,  Synopsis,  022,  1883. 
Ethemiiimit  laterale,  BouLENOEK,  Cat.,  I,  87. 

477.  PSYCHROMASTER,  Jordan  «fe  Evermann, new  genus,  (tu8cumbia). 

This  genus  is  allied  to  Etheostoma,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  robust 
form,  its  single  anal  spine,  and  especially  in  the  s<iuarantion  of  the  bead, 
which  is  scaled  to  the  snout.  One  species.  {xpvxp<>i)  coid^vuter ;  fiaaryp, 
setrcher.) 


Ij 


I  t 


,:1 


1100 


Bulletin  ^7,  Uniied  States  National  Museum. 


\\m.  I'HVCIIKOMAMTKU  TI'H< i'MIIIA  (CIIIm  it     8«ra    ) 

HoihI  :U  to  3!i ;  (l«ptli  I  to  \\.  1).  IX  or  X-tl  to  13 ;  A.  1,8;  hcuIch  iUIh 
to  TiO-lO;  poruH  I'l  to 'JO.  Hody  uxoeudingly  lutavy  and  rohiiHt,  witli  iIh- 
vutud  liack  <tiid  Itroad,  thick  lieud.  Autorior  proiUit  deHi;undiii);  rii|iiilly 
iVoiii  front  of  doFHul,  i\w  Huoiit  blunt  und  broadly  rounded,  but  not  nvor- 
llanKin^  tlio  niontli.  (jiapo  largti  and  widu,  tli«  niandibb;  littlo  inciihli'd, 
tlio  maxillary  ruucliinfj;  vortical  from  middle  of  orbit,  'A  in  liuad,  i',vi> 
rather  Hinall,  4j^  iu  head,  thu  interorbital  wi<lth  jj  itn  diameter.  rr<'ii|MT- 
cular  marj^in  entire.  Checks,  opurclcH,  nape,  and  top  of  liuad  guiiciaily 
Bcaly  ;  only  the  unout,  interorbital  space,  and  preorbitalH  naked.  (i|)ci- 
cnlar  Hpine  little  developed.  Oill  menibrancH  scarcely  Joined  jkidhh 
iHthmtiH.  FiiiH  all  very  small;  dorsal  spines  weak,  the  median  xpineit 
highest,  half  length  of  liead  ;  soft  dorsal  scarcely  higher  than  HpiiimiM; 
anal  (in  with  a  ningle,  rather  weak  spine,  i\w  (irst  soft  ray  articiil.itnl 
and  branched.  Pectorals  and  vontrals  very  small,  the  latter  not  loiicli- 
ing  !i  distance  to  vent  ;  length  of  pectorals  equaling  distance  from  il|i  of 
snout  to  i)reo])ercular  nuirgin;  caudal  broadly  rounded.  ScuIcn  ioii^Ii, 
wholly  enveloping  head  and  boily,  except  snout  and  interorltitui  N|iiiL'i>; 
lateral  line  incomplete,  arched,  following  the  curve  of  the  back;  pori'H 
absent  on  15  to  \¥>  scales.  Color  in  life:  Varying  shades  of  grayi^li  und 
greenish  olive,  much  nutttled  and  speckled  with  black;  six  broiiti,  ilaik 
bars  across  back;  K  or  10  linear  black  blotches  along  lateral  line,  Miqiu- 
ratod  by  silvery  interspaces;  a  dark  streak  before,  one  below,  ami  out! 
behind  orbit;  opercle  and  toj)  of  head  dusky;  pectorals  with  Hcvcral 
dark  bars,  ventrals  unmarked ;  a  black  blotch  at  base  of  eacli  ('iiiiiii<i 
lobe;  other  fins  more  or  less  barred  with  light  and  dark.  Len^^th  2 
inches.  Spring  brooks  in  the  Tennessee  River  basin  in  northern  Ala- 
bama;  locally  abundant. 

Etlieimlomii  hmrHmhia,  Oll.iiGRT  it  SwAiN,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  1887,  0.1,  stream  flowini;  from 
the  great  spring  at  Tuscumbia,  Alabama,  (Typu,  No.  :I<I164.  Cull.  Uilburt  .v  Suuiu); 
BUUI.KNUEU,  Cat.,  I,  NS>. 

478.  COPELANDELLUS,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

a>)u;lamMlnti,  JuRUAN  &  KvERMANN,  new  goiius,  {qui. Menu). 

This  genus  differs  from  Boleiolithys  in  having  the  top  of  the  headclostly 
scaled.  One  species,  found  in  the  lowland  swamps  and  everglades  ol'tlif 
south.  (Named  for  Herbert  Edson  Copeland,  1849-1876,  who  studicti  tin* 
Darters  ])ecause  ho  loved  them,  and  who  began  a  monograph  of  tlx'  ^noiip 
in  1874,  a  work  not  yet  finished,  althcugh  many  have  worked  upon  it.) 

1493.  rOPKLANDRIiLrS  QiriESCENH  (.Fordnn). 

Head  SJ;  depth  if.  D.  IX  to  XII-9  to  12;  A.  II,  7;  scales  :^Ht()r.)MO, 
pores  on  21  to  28  scales.  Body  not  greatly  elongate,  compressed,  tlic  l)ack 
elevated,  the  back  higher  and  the  tail  shorter  than  in  Bolekhlhyx  io». 
Maxillary  extending  to  front  of  pupil;  Jaws  equal;  preopercle  ;i  little 
orenulate  above.    Eye  much  longer  than   snout,  3^  iu  head.    Cheeks, 


Jordan  and  I'.vermann. — f'ishes  of  Xort/i  Amerim.       \  101 


o|m'I'gI<!h,  uii«l  wholo  tup  of  liiiiul  doHoly  hcuIoiI;  ItrcuHt  niitl  iiiipo  Nrulvd ; 

HiK'iit,  JiiWH,  and  prtMtrltitul  iiiiktMl ;  liitviiil  liiitt  niiiiiiriK  v*>r.v  lii){li,  iih  in 

linh irlithyH  J'usiJ'ormin,  IVom  wliicli  thin  Mpocios  Ih  cliittlly  «li.stiiiniiirtluMl  l»y 

tlin  iHculy  crown,  u  cliuraotor  Hoen  uIno  in   /'.  tuncumhiii,     (iiil  nioniltmnoH 

H(>|iiirute,  II  Hiiiall  Muck  hnni«<nil  Hpot.     ('audiil  lonj;,  H  in  head,  roiindt'd 

or  |M)intod  liuhind;  pvctorul  nourly  aH  lon^;  an  htiad.     Color  dark  brown, 

till'  palu  partH  chiefly  bright  rod  in  lite;  back  witliHoniu  dark  nnirkingH; 

HJilc  with  a  broad  black  lateral  band,  niottlcil  and  intcrNpcrHtMl  with  rod; 

an  iiKui  of  rod  tilong  lateral  line  ;  Home  black  Npotn  on  lower  ))art  of  Hide  ; 

li  lil:((;k  Hpot  at  IniHe  of  pectoral ;  It  black  barn  about  eye;   I  or  *>  round 

liliii  U  spotH  in  a  croHH  nerien  at  Itaue  of  caudal,  the  2  middle  ones  conHpic- 

tiuns;  thiH  checkered;  dorual,  anal,  and  caudal  linely  luirred;  ventralH, 

aiiiil,  and  pectoralH  plain.   Length  1!(  incheH.    Swampsand  streams  of  the 

liiwIiindH  from  Virginia  to  Florida;  known  from  Hluekwater  Kiver./ufii, 

ViiLlinia;  Allapaha  Kivor,  Nashville,  (jleorgia,   and   varioun  NtreuniH  in 

Fliiiiila;   the  HoutharumoHt   known  H])ecie8  of  the  darterH.     SpeiiinuMia 

fiiiiii  Orlando,  Flori .ia(Cull.  Kinar  Lonnbcrg ),  are  larger  ami  more  lirightly 

eolmud  than  thoue  from  the  Dismal  Swamp  region.  {quicucniH,  lying  quiet.) 

l',i(i//.A%(i</Mff«cenii,  JoKDAN,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Miis.,  1M.S4,  ITM,  tributary  of  the  Allapaha 
River,  Nashville,  Georgia,  (Typi',  No.  '285iKt.    Coll.  W.  .1.  Tiiylor.) 

B/i.. ..(.. 1/1(1  i/Hi.dtriM,  .loHiiAN,  Ke|).  U.S.  FiHh  Ooiiiin.,  v,  Ihwri,  BH'.i;  Wooi.mas,  Hull.  U.  .S.  KImIi 
iniuiii.,  x,   181MJ  (18U2),  pii.  2«4,  207,  iiM,  ;JOO,  aiiil;WJ,  pi.  511,  Hg.  I!;  HiPri.KNiu.ii,  Cut.,  i,  lr>. 


479.  BOLEICHTHYS,  Girard. 

Mri.hIhgK,  QlRARO,  Pnic.  Ac.  Nut.  .Scl.  Philii.,  ISfiO,  1(«,  (.jrilui). 

TIiIn  genns  containa  small  and  ulender  HpecieH  allied  to  those  of  the 
sectiun  Vligocephalax  under  KthcoHtoma.  The  lateral  line  w  incomplete  and 
baa  ii  Hiight  upward  ctirve  anteriorly  instead  of  being  Htraight  as  in  all 
tilt)  sjiocies  of  Ethvontoma.  Top  of  head  not  scaly.  Lowland  streams  and 
BWiiiiips;  the  species  few,  variable,  and  hard  to  determine.  {Solir,  dart; 
I'.tWi'.,  fish.) 


Clii'okg  and  (>|iercleg  Hcaly. 
I.  I'licoka  nakud;  oporclog  moro  or  lem  scaly. 


rusii-ORMiH,  141)4. 
BXILI8, 14U6. 


V 


1494.  B0LKICHTHY8  FUSIFORMIS  (Qiranl). 


Head  3i  to  4 ;  depth  3f  to  6 ;  eye  about  4  in  nead.  I).  IX  or  X-9  to  12 ; 
A.  II,  t)  to  8 ;  scales  3-43  to  6()-12,  pores  10  to  30.  Body  usually  olongate, 
coniprussed ;  bead  rather  long  and  narrow ;  muzzle  short,  decurved, 
»boit(!r  than  eye;  mouth  comparatively  large,  terminal,  lower  Jaw 
slightly  included,  maxillary  reaching  to  pupil;  premaxillaries  not  pro- 
tractile; gill  membranes  somewhat  connected.  Opercular  spine  strong. 
Caudal  peduncle  long.  Scales  strongly  ctenoid ;  cheeks  scaled ;  opercles, 
nape,  .lud  breast  usually  well  scaled,  sometimes  i>artly  naked,  especially 
the  breast;  lateral  line  incomplete,  high  up,  often  interrupted.  Fins  mod- 
erate; pectorals  broad,  about  reaching  tips  of  ventrals.  Olivaceous, 
sides  and  back  dotted  and  blotched  with  dusky,  paler  beneath ;  bead  dark 


1*'  1 


lHi.i 


JiulUtin  47,  UniuU  Stata  Natiomii  A/it.\,  um. 


I    ■' 


!|, 


<        ! 


I*i'  ;!• 


»hovc,  with  (liiaky  dotit  on  NitluH,  a  dark  lino  (Icwiiwuni  iind  unotliii  lot 
witi'tl  IVoni  tlitMtyo;  buM»  of  caudal  with  I  «lui'k  hiioIh  in  ii  VHitinil  mw. 
Doi'Httl  und  cauihil  llnH  Hpeoklud  nnd  liiirrml  with  dark  ;  tlio  H|MniMiN  >\i\\!^\\\ 
in  lifu  nHnally  hi'iKht  hino,  with  u  nuidian  rriniNon  imnd.  An  <>\iit  incly 
vui'ialih)  H|M<()i(!H  t'onnd  in  lowland  Htrcninm  anil  pondH  from  MaNNui'liiiMttN 
to  tlio  Uioliranih)  and  w«Ht  to  Minn»Hota.  Thronghont  thin  <>ntir«f  K-^ion 
Hmall  dai'toi'H  aiu  fonnd,  whicli  aj^ico  nioro  or  !(wh  rloHxIy  with  t>|ii('jil 
J'uHiJ'onnit,  from  Charhm  Uivor,  MaHHarhnN«>ttM,  hut  |)ruH«)ntin^  NJI^lii  mui 
ationH  for  ditlor«>nt  ro^ionH.  To  tlioHo  havo  \wvn  ^ivon  tho  vaiiouN  h|',<M!i- 
llu  nannm  found  in  thu  aocompanyiiiK  Hynonyniy.*  {J'lmiJ'oniiiM,  Npindli' 
Hbapud.) 

lUiltiKumm  futl/iimiit,  UinKHK,  Vroc.  Doiit.  Soc.  Nkt.  Illat.,  181VI,  41,  Chartea  River,  Masaa. 
chusettt.    (Coll.  lilrikril.) 

Ihiliiiminiiibiirnilli,  lliiMiiiiioK,  Jtiiini.  A(\  Nat.  Set,  I'liila.,  IHAA,  ntl,  South  Carolina. 

Ihleiunimii  griwili;  QliiAitii,  I'roc.  Ac.  Mat,  8ci.  I'blla.,  18fi!),  lo.'l,  Rio  Seco  and  Leona  Klver, 
near  Fort  Inge,  Texaa.    (Type,  No.  1;ijh.     Coll.  K.'nticrl.v) 

noliil<iii»  erorhrtiim,  CofK,  l'io<;.  Ac.  Nut.  Scl.  I'lillu.,  1H(14,  Vi.'Cl,  Brown's  Mill,  New  Jersey, 
opposite  Philadelphia,  (Coll.  Copo);  Vaii.i.ant,  lleclitirclirii Kiir  Eth<uat.,  i:t:i,  ihTi,  »liii 
pill  to. 

Jloltiihtliyn  eoi,  .lonDAN  *  CopEi.ANn,  Proo.  Ac.  Naf.  Hfl.  Plilla.,  1H77,  K),  Rocl<  River,  Wiscon- 
sin; Wisconsin  River,  Wisconsin,  (Cull,  .lonlun  Jii  Co|>oluiiil);  Fox  River,  liliiioia, 
(Coll.  Jordan);  Northern  Indiana,  (Coll.  |)r.  <<.  M.  I.i'vottc);  pxrlmpM  a  vitliil  h|i>,i... 

I'lirilirhlhtiKbullenmiHi,  IIav,  Hull.  IJ.  8.  FIhIi  Coiiim.,  ii,  I8H2(18K.!),  CI,  shallow  pool  on  Big 
Black  River  near  Vaughans  Station,  Yazoo  County,  Mississippi,  (Coll.  Ilayi;  Jon- 

DAN  I'ScQlLIIERT,  SynopHiH,  CIl),  l8H.t. 

I'(iiili<hlhy§  pahiitrin,  Qiliiiht,  I'roo.  U.  8.  Nut.  Muh.  1884,  209,  Switz  City  Swamp,  Greene 

County,  Indiana.    (Cull.  Oilliurt.) 
IliiliileiiiHhmriilti,  Vaim.ant,  BBclicrclieM  Biir  KtlicoHt.,  127,  1873,  willi  pluto. 
lliiUtUpiH /(mfiirmiK,  Vaii.i.ant,  ReclicrclieM  Biir  KtlicoHt.,  llll,  1873,  with  platu. 
hicUirhlhijulmnalli,  JuKDAN  A  OlLliKItT,  Syiioinl",  f'lO,  1883. 
I'lii-ilkhthjinfiui/ormiH,  Johdan  &  GiLiiKUT,  SyiiopaJH,  620,  188.3. 
ViivUuhlhiiH  ernvliriiiiH,  Jordan  *  Oiliik.it,  SyiiopNlH,  .V20,  1883. 
IHiviUrhUii/ii  <■««,  JouuAN  i&  UiLliEii'',  Synopsia,  021,  1883. 


*8onieof  tbo  reaulta  of  a  conipariaou  of  apei'lmons  of  Ihia  apocioa  from  ililU'rnrit  l<icalltli'4 
may  l>o  given  hi>re: 
a.  Thayer  Lake,  Michi|;an  (eon).     ThcRO  apcriniiinH  iiro  u  little  atoiiter  and  darkor  in  rulur; 

the  acalog  on  the  cheeka  olmciire,  in  tlila  reHpoct  a|i|>rourliiii)r  ^.n'/c;  ncuIun  n.'i. 
h,  Nortlieni  Illinoia(('os).     Stouter,  the  depth  5  in  length;  Hcnieg  TiO,  4  rowa  uliovi'  latiTal  line: 

scales  on  cheeka  evident;  3  Hpota  at  bime  of  caudal, 
c.  Southern  Illinois  {bairaUi).    Still  Htoutor,  depth  4^^;  aralcH  4U,  3  ruwa  udovc  latcnil  liin': 

clioekH  well  Bcale<''  ?olor  nearly  |)lain;  aides  with  faint  Iiui'h,  and  a  Hin^'lr  hjiot  at  Ii'm' 

of  caudal. 
tl,  Terro   Haute,  Inil'-i-ni    {paluftrit).     Depth  6;  acaiea  50,  3  rowH  altuvc  lateral   liin';  miuuI 

rather  ahort;    luc-^a  well  acalcd;  a  aliigle  faint  randal  Hpot;  niarkiii^'ri  ulinciir'';  bliiMi 

liara  in  life. 
c.  Trinity  Kiver,  Dallaa,  Texas  {grarilin).    Similar  to  (>  in  color  and  form,  a   Mill'  >U<[\W\:\ 

cheeka  veil  B('ale<l;  walea  50,  3  rowa  above  lateral  line;  3  apotH  at  buNo  of  camlal. 
/.  Saline  Kivor,  Benton,  ArkanaaH  (grarilu).    Similar  to  e.    Scalea  4!);  3  .spotn  at  Ijiisi'  i.tiamliil. 
g.  Sima  Bayou,  Ilouaton,  Tuxoa  (gracilit).    Snout  blunter;  color  much  paler;  Kput.'*  al  hii^x  nf 

oanilal  scarcely  perceptible;  BcaleH03. 
h.  Mount  Vernon,  Indiana  {palunlrin).    Stout;  depth  4},[^^,  acalea;  53,  1  row  above  latTiil  lii"'; 

1  caudal  apot;  anout  bluntiah;  no  dark  lateral  8trii)e. 
Poeaibly  theao  aeverul  variotiea  may  be  separated  by  the  following  characters: 
a.  Body  very  alemler,  depth  about  6  in  length. 

b.  a  dark  lateral  stripe  and  more  or  leaa  of  red  marklnga;  4  dark  aiiota  at  liaxc  of  canilal. 

rt.SIFdllMIS. 

W(.  Paler,  no  evident  dafk  lateral  stripe,  but  body  finely  Bi>otted  or  mottled  ^vltll  iliirk: 

no  red  spots;  3  faint  apota  or  none  at  biiBe  of  caudal.  liincii.i.''. 
aa.  Body  Btoutieh,  depth  4^  to  6>-^  iu  length;  no  dark  lateral  stripe. 

c.  Snout  moderate;  acniea  on  cheeka  amall;  Bides  with  crimaoii  spots.  '"■"• 
cc.  Snout  bluntiah;  no  bright  red;  sides  with  greenish  crosa  ahades.  iM.rsTiiis. 
ccc.  Snout  rather  sharp;  body  nearly  plain  greenish.  haiik.uti 


les  River,  Maiia- 


Joriimi  It  mi  F.vtr  tann, — Fis/ies  of  Xorth  Amerti  a.       1 103 


/'.  ilirhlhyt  grnrili*,  Joikitsti  A  OlLRRRT,  Hyiio|Mlri,  n^l,  IHKI. 

f:il -limi.i  I'liniformi;  Kvr.ltMANN  ik  KrnHAM^  Hull.  t'.  H.  t'mll  <'iiliiiii.,  Ml,  lH<)3(|Hmi,  IIA;  DiiV 

i.KNiiBH,  Cut.,  I,  7A;  mill  ufautbun  Bouurally. 


I4V5.  HOLKICIITilVN  KXII.IH,  Olrunl. 

Ilxnd  :<);  (Inpth  iionrly  H.  I).  IX  or  X-10  or  II;  A.  11.7  to  !).  Hotly 
coiiipruNHuil,  tuporiuK  towuni  tliocniMlul  ptMliiiiolo,  wlilcli  \h  HJi^litiy  con- 
tiiK'ted.  Muxilluiy  rencliiiiK  luituiior  ^'^\^^^^  of  pupil.  Liitrnil  liiitt  luniior 
tliiimil  tliuii  tlio  abdomiuul  oiitlino;  puctoralH  uxteiiiliiiK  iMtyoii*!  vt'titrulH. 
CliockH  niikud,  yulIowiHli  lironii,  spocklml  with  K'uyiHh  black;  (lorMaU 
itiHl  caii'lal  burrud  ;  a  ilark  Hpot  on  occipital  i'«t{ioii,  and  a  Htirak  in 
u(l\anoe  of  aH  well  aH  holow  the  orbit,  ((lirard.)  Length  1  to  2  itichoH. 
Tliis  HpecioH  diffurn  from  HoleiohlhijHj'miiJ'onitiH  in  the  naked  cheekH.*  It  in 
|i:iiliably  a  variety  of  the  latter.  Upper  MiHHouri  River  Itanin  and  Ued 
Uiver  of  the  North  (Hpec.  Mua.  Conip.  Zoiil.).     {ixilin,  Hlint.) 

linli iihlhyn  exilui,  OiRAnn,  l>ri>c.  Ar.  Nnt.  Scl.  I'lilla.,  IHA!),  103,  Little  Muddy  River,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Upper  Missouri.  Typo  u  little  ituiitcr  tlinii  li.  /iimfiiniiin,  the  ln'inl  licuviur; 
Ki'iilflH  &;);  |K)ru*22, 

Wiitn.liihjis  wiirreni,  UiuARii,  Froc.  Ac.  Nat.  8cl,  Pliila.,  1HA0,  1(H,  Cannon  Ball  River. 

V'l'ihililliynexUui,  JniiDAN  \  Giliikkt,  Syii(i|wlK,  521,  1Kh;1. 

I\inli,lilli!iii  inirrem,  Jukhan  M  (iiMiRRT,  H,viiii|ialx,  r>21,  1nk;i, 

t:tli<''floma  exile,  UoLLMA.N,  Dull.  U.  S,  FIhIi  C'uiiiiii.,  viii,  IHHK,  221;  BotaBMiKR,  Cut.,  i,  7)). 


'     H 


ty  Swamp,  Greene 


III!   lIHIlToMt   localltic 


480.  MICROPERCA,  rutuam. 

Miin'iierfit,  Putnam,  liiill.  i,  Mub.  Coinp.  /oiil.,  4,  iMKt,  {pinirtiilnlit). 

Tiiis  geuuB  ditl'ers  from  EtheoHtnma  in  the  almost  or  rjuite  complete 
abHeiioo  of  the  lateral  line.  The  Hcaloa  are  larger  than  in  moHt  of  the  other 
darters,  the  tin  rays  and  vertebrie  fewer.  Gill  mombrancH  considerably 
ouniiected  ;  mouth  iniall,  the  lower  Jaw  included.  The  specicH  of  MUroperva 
are  the  smallest  in  size  of  the  darters,  and  are  plainly  colored.  They 
are  very  closely  allied  and  may  all  be  varieties  of  Mkrupcrca  punvtulata, 
(ftiKiuiq,  small;  nfpKri,  perch.) 

>i.  ClioekBund  oporcIeH  xraly;  anal  8pino8  2;  acalea  30.  prikmarib,  140(1. 
11(1.  Chooks  and  opon^lcH  rbiofly  uakud. 

I>.  Anul  uplnos  2.  ruNiTvr.ATA,  1407. 

(lb.  Anal  spino  Biugle.  fonticoi.a,  1408. 


1' 


1406.  MICROPKRCA  PRffililAKIS,  Hay. 

Head  4;  depth  4*.  D.  VIII-11;  A.  II,  (J;  scales  36.  Body  short  and 
Htuut.  Snout  conical,  pointed;  jawse<iiial;  mouth  small,  Hlightl.y  oblique, 
maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Eye  small,  4  in  head.  Cheeks  and 
opeicles  with  large  scales.  Opercular  spine  well  developed.  Scales  large, 
the  tubes  of  the  lateral  line  developed  on  2  to  4  of  them ;  dorsals  well 


*Spi'i'iineufi  of  a  small  darter  obtaincil  by  Mr.  Cbarles  H.  Bollmmi  in  Chun  Iinkc,  Mii'bi);an, 
Dity  lii'loiig  to  this  R|)ecie8.  Tbeei*  gpfcimenn,  liuwever,  diffur  inuterir.lly  in  tlxt  ninnbcr  nf  dortial 
tajB.  Durcal  VII-IO;  A.  II,  7;  lateral  linn  extending  to  end  of  anal:  Kcale  ''H;  tulioH  interrupted, 
37  tu  4U;  I'heokH  naked.— Uo/Zmon,  Bull.  U,  S,  i'uh  Oomm.,  vii,  IHSS  (iS'JO),  li/,. 

t 


I  I 


i   'SI)      ' 


"! 


1104 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


separated.  Anal  spines  slender,  high;  pectorals  and  ventrals  roaciiini; 
about  to  vent.  Olive,  speckled  with  brown  ;  10  brownish  spot^aloiij;  the 
sides ;  black  streaks  downward  and  forward  from  eye ;  dorsal  fins  iiiottliil, 
Length  lA  inches.  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  west  to  Arkansas,  in  lowiaud 
streams  and  ponds.  ( jmx'/tari«,  pertaining  to  battle,  it  being  found  on 
the  battlefield  of  Corinth.) 

Mcroptrcu  xiritliimn,  Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  1880,  4n<i,  small  branch  of  the  Tuscumbia 
River,  at  Corinth,  Mississippi,  (Typo,  No.  27418.  Coll.  Hay);  Hay,  Bull.  U.  S.  I'isli 
Comm.,  II,  1882  (l«s:»),  t!2;  Joiidan  &  Gilbkrt,  Synopsis,  522, 1883. 

EthrtiH(nma pr„Uari»,  GllliERT,  null.  V.  S.  Fish  Oomm.,  IX,  188'J  (1891),  169. 

EtheusluiitapriAiUnre,  liouLENUF.ii,  Cat.,  i,  89. 

1497/mICBOPERCA  PUNCTULATA,  Putnam. 

(Least  Dartkr.) 

Head  3f  to  4 ;  depth  4i  to  5.  D.  VI  to  VIII-9  or  10 ;  A.  II,  6 ;  scales  34 
to  37-9.  Body  rather  short  and  deep,  somewhat  compressed,  the  l)iick 
arched.  Caudal  peduncle  rather  lon<i;.  Head  moderate ;  snout  somcwlmt 
decurved;  mouth  moderate,  terminal,  oblique,  the  maxillary  extemliiif; 
to  below  eye;  jaws  equal.  Cheeks  naked;  opercles  with  a  few  scales: 
opercular  spine  very  small;  neck  and  chest  naked;  no  traco  of  lateral 
line;  the  usual  series  of  tubes  along  the  temporal  region;  scales  (jiiite 
large,  strongly  ctenoid.  Vertical  fins  short ;  anul  spines  strong,  tliu 
first  usually  the  largest ;  ventrals  rather  long.  Coloration  olivaceous, 
the  sides  closely  speckled  and  with  vague  bars  and  zigzag  niarkiui,'.s: 
second  dorsal  and  caudal  barred;  dark  streaks  radiating  from  eye;  a 
dark  humeral  spot.  Length  1  to  1^  inches.  Smallest  of  the  darters  and  one 
of  the  smallest  of  fishes ;  common  in  the  clear,  cold,  weedy  streani.s  and 
ponds  of  the  Northwestern  States  from  Indiana,  Michigan,  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Arkansas,  where  it  may  intergrade  with/o«<j'co?«,  as  Dr.  Meek  lias 
speciniens  with  1  and  2  anal  spines ;  rare  outside  of  tributaries  of  die 
Great  Lakes,     (punctulatus,  speckled.) 

Microperca  pi'nctiilata,  Putnam,  Bull,  i,  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  4,  18r>3,  from  various  points  in 
Michigan,  'Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Alabama  [those  from  Alabama  ])rulmlilv  M.pm- 
/iaris]  (name  preoccupied  in  Etheoi>tomaby  E.punctulatum,  Aoassiz);  Jordan  AGiliikiit,  Syn(i|i- 
sis,  623,  1883. 

Etheostoma  micropercn,  Jordan  &  Giijiert,  in  Jordan's  Manual  ui"  Vertebrates,  Kd.  5,  i:!l,  ls<""*, 
substitute  for  pnnctulala,  preoccupied  in  Ktheosloma;  specimens  from  lakes  of  Laporte 
County,  Indiana;  Bovlbnoer,  Cat.,  i,  ST. 


i'! 


1498.  MICROPERCA  FONTICOLA  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Head  3Ho  4 ;  depth  4i  to  5.  D.  VI  or  VII-8  to  10 ;  A.  I,  7 ;  scales  34. 
This  species  or  variety  is  very  close  to  the  northern  Mm-operca  pHnclnhda. 
The  only  tangible  differences  seem  to  lie  in  the  coloration  and  in  the  con- 
stant presence  in  Microperca  fonlicola  of  but  one  anal  spine.  Tlio  head 
in  Microperca  fonticola  is  nearlyorquite  devoid  of  scales.  In  life,  light  oliva- 
ceous, the  scales  broadly  margined  behind  with  dusky ;  about  8  indistinct 
dusky  cross  blotches  on  back,  the  dorsal  region  dusted  with  fine  dusky 
specks ;   a  series  of  dark,  stitch-like,  short  horizontal  lines  along  tlie 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1105 

iiiidille  of  the  sides,  forming  an  interrupted  lateral  streak;  three  small 
(la  I  k  spots  at  base  of  tail ;  soft  parts  of  vertical  fins  with  light  and  dark  bars ; 
lo'vcr  half  of  spinous  dcrsal  jet  black,  then  a  broad  red  band  narrowly 
edjjod  above  with  black  ;  a  dusky  streak  below  orbit  and  one  in  front 
of  if.  Arkansas  and  Texas,  in  clear  rocky  streams ;  rather  scarce ;  known 
only  from  Washita  River,  at  Arkadelphia;  San  Marcos  River,  at  San  Mar- 
cos, Texas;  Comal  Creek,  at  New  Braunfels,  Texas.  (/oh«,  fountain  ;  co\o, 
to  inhabit,  it  being  most  common  in  the  great  spring  ir  which  the  Rio 
San  Marcos  rises.) 

.\h,<n»»  foiitivola,  JoiiDAN  *  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  18S8,  23,  San  Marcos  River,  San 

Marcos,  Texas.     (Type,  No.  36523.    Coll.  Jordan  A  Gilbert.) 
nhr,.sl.,ma  fonlkohi,  Evekmann  &  Kend    ,i.,  Bull.  U.  S.  FUh  Comni.,  xii,  1892  (18!)4),  115,  pi. 

xwvi,  flg.  4;  UouLENOER,  Cat.,  I,  90. 


Family  CXLIV.  CHEILODIPTERIDiE. 

(The  Cajvuinal  Fishes.) 

Body  oblong  or  e'  jugate,  sometimes  compressed  and  elevated,  covered 
with  rather  large  scales,  which  are  striated  and  ctenoid,  or  sometimes 
cycloid;  cheeks  scaly;  lateral  line  continuous;  cleft  of  mouth  wide, 
obliiine ;  villiform  teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer,  and  sometimes  on  palatines; 
canines  sometimes  present;  (teeth  wanting  in  Brephostoma)  ]  preopercle 
with  a  double  ridge,  its  edge  entire  or  slightly  serrated ;  opercular  spine 
little  developed ;  lower  pharyngeals  separate,  with  sharp  teeth ;  pseudo- 
branchiie  present ;  branchiostegals  6  or  7.  Dorsal  iins  well  separated,  the 
first  with  6  to  9  rather  strong  spines ;  no  dorsal  sheath  or  furrow ;  anal 
tin  short,  usually  with  2  spines,  sometimes  with  3  or  4;  ventral  fins  thor- 
acic, I,  5,  without  axillary  scale.  Small  fishes  of  the  tropics,  especially 
abundant  in  the  East  Indies,  some  of  them  in  fresh  waters,  most  of  them 
iu  liither  deep  waters.  Color  often  bright  red.  Genera  about  15 ;  species 
about  130.  < PercidWj  part;  group  Apogonina,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  i,  222-250, 
185!t.) 

CllKll.OI)IPTEBIN/K  : 

(I.  Body  oblong,  nut  greatly  compregsed  nor  greatly  elor.gute;  an<il  Hpinea  2,  rarely  3;  teeth 
present  in  Jaws  at  least. 
'',  Anal  flu  with  2  spines,  the  soft  rays  UBualljr  8  or  9. 

c.  Canines  none;  teeth  all  villiform;  lateral  lino  normal. 
d.  Palatines  with  teeth. 

e.  Scales  large,  20  to  30  iu  lateral  lino. 

/.  Preopercle  with  its  postoriot'  edge  distinctly  serrate,  at  least  iu  tho 


fW. 


Apooon,  481. 

AroGONicHTiiys,  482. 

Glosdamia,  483. 

body  elongate;  scales 

Epiqoni's,  484. 

anal  spines  2. 

''"fllODIPTBllUS,  485. 

I'll.  Anal  An  with  3  spines  and  8  soft  rays;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  no  canines;  cau- 
dal rounded;  opercles  entire;  body  moderately  elongate.  AHiiciiTiiys,  480. 


young. 
ff.  Preopercle  with  its  ridges  entire  at  all  ages. 
ee.  Scales  small,  40  to  45  iu  lateral  line. 
Palatines  toothless;  teeth  moderate;  eye  very  large; 
rather  small;  preopercle  entiru  or  nenrly  so. 
Canines  present  in  jaws.  -  Dorsal  spines  6;  opercle  unarmed 


V.  N.  A. 


-71 


I 


p 


1106 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


SL'OMDROI'IN.K. 

aa.  IJody  elon(;ato,  tlio  form  iiitproacliiUK  that  of  tlio  Biirratnula  (SpAj/rrtwi);  iiioufli  liirj.'!  ;  anal 
Bpiiicg  .1  or  4. 
g.  Teeth  Bubeiiiiul,  without  diHtiuct  caiiiiios;  jtruoporclu  Burrate.     1).  VII-I,  10;  A.  Ill  7 
BcalcH  Rinall,  about  00.  Si'iivit.iiNnis   IhT 

gg.  Tooth  uiicquni,  tho  jiiws  with  Ic'-g  caniiips;  preoiicrdo  untir<>  or  Dearly  80. 

h.  Second  dorHal  and  anal  long,  eai-h  of  12  to  14  soft  rays;  soft  i>arts  of  viTtic;il  tiiii 

Dcaly;  scales  rather  small,  45  to  no.  ScoMimni's  IHK. 

AA.  Second  dorsal  and  anul  short,  each  with  7  to  9  soft  ruys;  vertical  flnu  muio-Iv 

scaly;  scu'os  large,  about  30.  Uyvoclvuuma,  46!^ 


I 


I,, 


;i 


48Z.  APOGON,*  Lac^pfide. 
(Kings  of  the  Mui^lets.) 

Amia,  Gronow,  Zoophyl.,  80,  1763,  (inoXxKcccnm;  nonbiuouiial);  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'lilla., 

1802,  237,  (imherhv;  scales  20  to  28). 
/Ijjoifoii,  I;A('f:pfti)E,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  in,  411,  1802,  (rafccr  -=  imberfcwt), 
(hlorliincliufi,  LActi'ftDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  165,  1802,  {tleitrieti), 
Diplcrodun,  fliAcfipfiDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  107,  1802,  {hexacanthm,  etc.). 
MoHopritm,  PoEV,  Momorias,  11,  123,  1860,  (iiiaciilatua), 

fLeindamia,  Giix,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1803,  81,  {kalomna;  scales  33  to  38). 
3Iioimrun,  Kkekft,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  18(>7,  942,  {hinatm). 

Body  obloug,  compressed,  covered  with  large,  ctenoiil  ?.'\'  Lateral 
line  continuous,  with  20  to  30  Hcales.  Head  large;  mouth  wide,  oliliiine, 
the  maxillary  extending  to  below  middle  of  the  large  eye ;  villifonn  teeth 
on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines ;  no  canine  teeth ;  preopercle  with  a  doiilile 
ridge,  the  edge  somewhat  serrate,  at  least  in  the  young,  becoming;  eiitiic 
with  age  in  some  species;  opercle  with  a  spine  behind.  Gill  rakers  latliei 
long.  Dorsal  spines  6  or  7,  strong ;  second  dor^jal  remote,  sliort ;  anal 
with  2  spines  and  8  or  9  soft  rays,!;  the  second  much  the  longer,  tlie  soft 
part  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal;  pectorals  aad  ventrals  moderate ;  vurtebni' 
11  +  14  =  25.  Warm  seas;  the  species  numerous,  (a,  without;  zojwi, a 
beard;  thus  distinguished  from  the  bearded  mullet,  Miillus  harhatux.) 

♦The  following  description  of  the  skull  of  Apogon  is  given  by  Dr.  GUnthor:  The  skull  of  tin' 
species  of  tho  genus  Apogim  is  distinguished  by  the  hemispherical  prominent  capsula  lercliri. 
formed  by  the  parietal  aiid  occipital  bones  and  by  the  hinder  part  of  the  froutuls;  the  lattiT  <  ') 
is  generally  provided  with  2  or  more  small  spinous  prominences;  tho  orbital  i)art  of  tlie  ('■■ 
is  very  developed,  not  flat,  but  with  a  deep,  narrow  groove  along  tho  median  line;  this  (.' 
bifid  behind,  thus  scjmrating  the  orbital  part  of  the  frontals  from  the  posterior.    In  ficpiii    ■ 
median  groove  is  a  high  ridge,  generallyhalf  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  tlio  eye,  and  bill    li. 
this  ridge,  togethcrwith  those  spinous  prominences  of  the  frontals,  is  for  the  puri)o.so  of  kit)  i  , 
the  skin  suspended  above  tho  grooves.    Largo  mucose  cavities  are  formed  thereby,  coiiiiiiuiiica- 
ting  with  those  of  thesuborbitAl  arch,  etc.    The  occipital  crest  is  very  developed  and  bminl,  more 
or  less  truncated  behind,  reaching  downward  to  the  vertebral  column  and  supported  bv  iirmtlnr, 
narrower,  horizontal  one,  which  arises  also  from  the  occipital.    Another  peculiarity  of  the  fkiili 
of  Apogon  is  tho  internal  free  ridge  of  the  preoperculuni,  parallel  to  the  external  nmiKin-    '""^ 
operculum  is  always  supported  by  a  strong,  straight  bony  ridge,  conspicuous  from  tin'  mitsi.lf, 
but  prominent  only  at  tho  inner  surface;  itarisos  near  tho  articulation  of  tho  oponiilniii  with 
the  epitympanic  {os  tenipnrale),  and  projects  sometimes  in  a  small  free  si)iue  at  the  liiri'l'  r  aiigie 
of  the  operculum.    In  Apogon  inihnbit  the  lower  outer  margin  only  of  tho  preoperciiliun  is  viry 
finely  denticulated,  the  teeth  becoming  smaller  at  the  angle.     Tho  vomerine  and  palaiine  tcoth 
are  arranged  in  a  single  row,  tho  seri'js  of  tho  former  forming  a  right  angle.    Tlni''  are  11 
abdominal  and  14  caudal  vertebrre. 

f  This  genus,  as  defined  by  Lac6pode,  includes  species  of  Lutiamiii,  Apogon,  Aspro,  Jiuir  >■  Ihi,  I'tr. 
As  one  of  these  species,  hejencmtlhtu,  is  typo  of  the  earlier  genus  Apogon,  Dipteroilo,  iiii.v  1"' 
regarded  as  a  synonym  of  Apogon, 

X  12  to  17  soft  rays  in  tho  East  Indian  genus  Archamia. 


I'i 


mouth  liirc';  anal 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1107 


,1.  liiifto  of  caiidnl  with  a  ilistinct  roiinil  Mackisb  blotch  (riiroly  wanting). 
h.  Bubo  nf  Hoft  itorsal  witliotit  hliickish  middle-liko  blotch. 

c.  Operclo  without  dark  spot;  cliooks  without  uvidont  dark  dots;  nift  doioal  much 

hl;j;hcr  timn  spinouB;  scales  28  to  .'JO.  imiikiiiiis,  149!). 

cc.  Opcrclo  with  a  dark  8i)ot;  chcckH  dusteil  with  dark  pointH;  soft  ddrsial  hiilf  liijjlicr 

tliaii  Hpinous;  RcaleB25,  dovii,  1.100. 

Ml.  BaHo  of  Hoft  dorflal  with  a  distinct  blackiuh  saildlo-llko  blotch  oxtendiiiK  dowiiwiiril  on 

Hides  of  body;  scales  26.  ur.TnoSELi.A,  l.")01. 

iKi.  Baso  of  caudal  without  blackish  blotch. 

(I.  Soft  dorsal  with  a  round  black  blotch  below  it  and  a  similar  ono  on  caudal  ]iimIuuc1o 
above;  scales  28.  .MAcii.Atrs,  iri()2. 

M.  Soft  dorsal  and  caudal  peduncle  without  round  black  spots. 

<■.  Body  with  few  black  specks  or  none;  a  blackish  bar  between  laHt  ra.vs  df  soft  dorsal 

and  anal;  another  on  caudal  peduncle,  himitati's,  1503. 

ee.  Body  covered  everywhere  with  blackish  dots,  like  tly  specks;  no  other  distinct 

markings;  scales  25.  nuMENTARit's,  1504. 


\.c.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila., 


>U8  irom  i"i-  ">"-■•■• 
■  the  oponu'iiniwitli 


1400.  APOGON  IMBEBBIS  (Linnivus). 
(KiNa  OF  THE  Mullets;  Alfoncino;  Funcinita.) 

Head  3Jt;  depth  3.1.  D.  VI-I,  9;  A.  II,  8;  scales  28  to  30;  vertebne 
10+15.  Body  ovate,  moderately  compressed;  eye  large;  preopercle 
finely  serrate.  Briglit  scarlet,  with  minute  black  specks;  iiiis  red,  a 
black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal  on  each  side,  this  sometimes  wanting; 
dark  Hhades  made  of  fine  dots,  usually  present  on  each  angle  of  «;aiula1, 
tips  of  second  dorsal  and  anal,  and  between  th')  eyes.  Mediterranean  and 
neighboring  waters;  once  taken  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,*  and  once 
recorded  from  the  island  of  Feruando  de  Noronha.  (imberbiH,  without 
beard,  a  character  which  distinguishes  Apogon  from  Mullun.) 

iluilm  imberhia,  LiNKif.us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Eu.  x,  1758,  300,  Malta;  after  Artedi. 

Ajiiyi'ti  ruber,  Lac£p£i)E,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  Ill,  411, 1802,  Malta. 

(klnrhinchus flettrieu,  Lac£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  16.5, 1802,  Equinoctial  Ocean. 

f  diplerotloH  heracanthuK,  LAcfipfinB,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  167, 1802,  Equinoctial  Ocean. 

f Cenlropomus  auralm,  Lac£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  273,  1802,  Equinoctial  Ocean;  this 
species,  and  the  two  preceding,  based  on  notes  and  drawings  of  Commerson,  representing 
Bonie  species  of  Apogon  with  a  black  bar  at  base  of  caudal. 

Cenlmiwmua  rttbent,  Spinola,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  x,  1806,  370,  plate  28,  fig.  2,  Mediterra- 
nean. 

Peren piisiUa,  De  la  Roche,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  xiii,  1809,  318,  Nice. 

Dipteradi in  ruber,  Rafinesque,  Caratteri,  47,  1810,  Palermo. 

.ipngim  r('j:-muttortttn,  CuviEB  A  Valenciennf.8,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  14:!,  1828,  Marseilles; 
Nice;  Genoa;  Ivi9a;  Naples;  Palermo. 

AjmijnuiihthijH americmiM,  CoPE,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1870,  120,  Newport,  Rhode  Island  ; 
uot  of  Castelnau.  t 

Apogon  imberbii,  GCntheB,  Cat.,  I,  230,  1859. 

'*^Vrongly  identified  by  Cope  as  Apogon  americamt*  (Castelnau),  a  Brazilian  species,  not  known 
to  (ictur  north  of  Bahia. 

t  The  following  description  of  the  true  Apogon  am«rican«M  (Castelnau)  is  taken  from  a  speci- 
men  from  Bahia:  Head  equal  to  depth  of  body,  2J  in  length,  maxillary  1%  in  head,  eye  2^. 
II.  Vl-I,  8;  A.  II,  8,  scales  2-25-9.  Gill  rakers  slender  and  long,  about  8  f  10  in  number. 
■'reopcrclo  very  finely  serrate  above,  mostly  entire  below,  except  near  the  angle,  when  its 
surface  is  irregularly  notched.  Color  red,  unmarked,  except  for  a  diffuse  dusky  blotch  made 
up  of  dark  points  on  the  opercle,  and  some  dark  spots  on  snout  and  cheeks.  No  spot  at  base  of 
'auda!,  and  no  spot  or  marking  anywhere  on  body  or  flue,  except  the  dusty  blotch  on  head. 


■::!^ 


;^ 


mw^i^isfif^w^fm^^iiw- 


'kfim-f.'  ■  '^m 


1108 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


¥  ! 


I    I 


1600.  APOGON  noril,  OUnthor. 

Head  2i;  depth  3;  eye  large,  less  than  3  in  head.  D.  VI-I,  9;  A.  II,  8; 
scales  3-25-9.  Palatine  and  vomerine  teeth  present;  upper  jaw  Hlijriitiy 
overlapping  the  lower;  maxillary  extendinj'  backward  to  below  the  pos- 
terior third  of  the  orbit.  Operculum  with  an  ipper  flexible  point,  aiid 
with  a  lower  stiff  spine.  The  third  dorsal  spinu  a  little  longer  than  tln^ 
second,  \  the  length  of  the  head,  f  height  of  longest  ray  of  second  dor- 
sal. Caudal  fin  slightly  emarginate,  with  the  angles  rounded.  Only  tho 
bind  margin  of  the  posterior  preopercular  ridge  is  serrated.  A  lonndisli 
black  spot  on  each  side  of  the  root  of  the  caudal ;  the  spinous  dorsal 
colorless,  transparent ;  uniform  olive  (in  spirits);  head  densely  pnnctii- 
lated  Avith  brown.  Length  2i  inches.  Mazatlan  to  Panama ;  generally 
conmion  southward.  Very  close  to  Apogon  imhvrbiti.  (Named  Ibr  Capt. 
John  M.  Dow,  its  discoverer.) 
Apogon  dovii,  QVntheb,  Proc.  Zobl.  Soc.  Loud.,  1861,  371,  Panama.    (Coll.  Dow.) 


f 


1601.  APO»ON  KETR08ELLA  (Gill). 
(Cabdenai..) 

Head  2|;  depth  21  to  31^;  scalec  2i-26-9.  Dorsal  VI-I,  10;  aiiiil  II,  7; 
eye  2|  to  3i  in  head  ;  maxillary  If ;  snout  3f  to  4^;  interorbital  space  4; 
height  of  flrst  dorsal  1|;  of  second  dorsal  1^;  caudal  Ij^  in  head;  pec- 
toral If;  ventral  If.  Body  rather  plump,  not  much  compressed,  tlio  pro- 
file rising  steeply  from  snout  to  first  dorsal.  Caudal  peduncle  lon^r  and 
strong;  eye  very  large;  mouth  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  opposite 
posterior  margin  of  pupil.  Teeth  small,  the  outer  scarcely  enlarged. 
Promaxillary  protractile;  no  supplemental  maxillary.  Preopcrcle  mi- 
nutely serrulate  on  its  vertical  margin  only,  these  serrulations  Kof't  and 
easily  rubbed  ofi  in  the  adult,  distinct  in  the  halfgrowu.  Bright  scarlet, 
much  dotted  with  black ;  cheek  with  many  dark  points ;  a  difi'iiHc  dark 
blotch  on  opercle ;  a  diffuse  black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal;  first  dorsal 
with  triangular  red  area  in  front  of  base ;  second  dorsal  red  at  base,  tlio 
anterior  half  .jet  black  above  the  red,  the  posterior  half  translucent ;  from 
black  anterior  rays  a  rather  faint  black  sa idle  falls  to  middle  of  side; 
caudal  red  at  base,  upper  and  lower  lobes  black,  the  middle  pale ;  anal  red 
at  base,  the  anterior  rays  black,  the  posterior  pale;  pectoral  wliite,  the 
base  deep  scarlet ;  ventral  white,  red  at  base,  blackish  at  tip ;  opercle  red- 
dish within,  with  some  dusky.  Young  more  sharply  colored,  with  less 
black  on  fins,  the  spots  on  body  more  distinct.  Color  of  half-grown  exam- 
ples scarlet,  deeper  below  and  on  tail,  fading  on  fins;  second  dorsal,  anal, 
and  caudal  tipped  with  blackish;  an  oblong  inky  spot  at  middle  of  base 
of  caudal ;  an  inky  bar  below  soft  dorsal  extending  to  level  of  pectoral 
and  spreading  on  base  of  soft  dorsal ;  a  black  bar  from  snout  tlironi,flie,ve 
to  gill  opening,  broader  and  clearer  behind,  overlaid  by  reddish,  a  fainter 
dusky  band  below  parallel  with  it.  Length  4  inches.  Pacific  Coast  of 
Mexico ;  about  rocks ;  known  from  Cape  San  Lucas,  and  from  the  Wuados 


^i/.S^Mi/Tsiki^U^^.  :-i\-' 


:-4:;j-  .£.-^^*'.,L'*' 


Mip 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1100 


and  Isla  Blanca,  near  Mazatlan ;  rather  rare ;  a  Ktngularly  pretty  little 
tisli ;  our  speoiineus  obtaiued  l»y  the  use  of  dynamite,  {retro,  behind ; 
sella,  saddle.) 

Amui  relroiella,  QlM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  I'hila.,  1802,  2.'51,  Cape  San  Lucas.    (Coll.  Xnnliig.) 
AiKi'jiiH  retronella,  Joudan,  ViHlu^g  of  .Sinuloa,  in  Proc.  C'al.  Ac.  Sri.,  189,'),  442,  plato  .'{7. 


1602.  APOCJON  MACULATUS  (Poey). 

Head  2J;  depth  2*.  D.  VI-I,  9;  A.  II,  8;  scales  about  2i-26-7. 
Maxillary  1.;*  iu  head,  reaching  beyond  pupil ;  eye  very  large,  3  in  head ; 
prcopercle  distinctlj'  serrulate.  Pectoral  1$  in  head,  somewhat  shorter 
tliaii  c>?/ada].  Color  intense  scarlet,  nearly  uniform;  a  tinge  of  crimson 
about  pectorals  and  on  sides  of  head ;  a  round,  black,  ink-like  spot,  a 
littlo  larger  than  pupil,  under  second  dorsal ;  another,  smaller,  on  upper 
part  of  tail,  on  each  side,  just  before  root  of  caudal;  tip  of  caudal 
wliitish;  tip  of  anal  dusky ;  iris  red.  Length  2^  inches.  West  Indian 
fauna,  from  Ponsacola  to  Bahia,  in  rather  deep  water;  common  on  the 
"Snapper  Banks;"  often  found  in  the  stomachs  of  snappers  and 
({loupers;  a  very  handsome  little  fish,     {maculatus,  spotted). 

Mwo'in-iiiii  tiKirulnluii,  Poky,  Menioiian,  II,  123,  18G0,  Cuba. 

.l)w;/./i  iikichIuIiih,  Jordan  &  GiLiiERT,  Pfoc.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1882,  279. 

Aii<"j"ii  maviiliila,  .IdunAN  A  GiliiEUT,  Syiioiwis,  9.'10,  1883. 


1603.  APOGON  BINOTATUS  (Poey). 

Like  Apogon  inipmntarius  in  all  respects  except  that  it  lacks  the  black 
(lotH  of  pigment.  Mouth,  eyes,  and  scales  similar.  Caudal  lunate. 
Rosy  ;  a  black  vertical  band  uniting  last  rays  of  second  dorsal  with  the 
aual,  and  another  on  the  caudal  peduncle.  (Poey.)  Cuba.  Not  seen 
I>y  us.     {hinotatus,  two-spotted.) 

Amu(  hitwItUa,  PoEV,  Repertorio,  234,  1867,  Cuba. 


1 
.1 

I-  I 

I     ij 

1 

•  i 


I 


1604.  APOOON  PIUIHENTAKIUS  (Poey). 

Head  with  flap,  2 J ;  depth  3  ;  eye  3i;  snout  very  short,  4J ;  D.  VI-I,  8; 
A.  II,  8;  scales  3-25-3.  Body  considerably  compressed,  especially  on 
caudal  peduncle  whose  least  depth  equals  length  of  head  from  snout  to 
posterior  border  of  orbit.  MOuth  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching 
slightly  beyond  posterior  rim  of  orbit.  Preopercle  serrate.  Longest 
dorsal  spine  2i  ill  head  or  1^  in  height  of  soft  dorsal.  Scales  ciliated. 
Caudal  forked.  Carmine  red  with  purple  reflections  on  the  head;  pro- 
fusely and  irregularly  covered  >vith  small  black  dots  like  fly  specks, 
must  distinct  on  jaws  and  cheeks ;  flns  all  pale.  Length  2  inches.  Cuba ; 
common  at  Havana,  where  our  specimens  were  obtained.  {pigmentariuSf 
having  dots  or  points.) 

yiinio^irion  2>igmeHtanus,  Poey,  Hemorias,  ii,  123,  1860,  Cuba. 


u 


I' 


]!■! 


1110 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


iii 


I 


■K 


r   i 

'i  \ 


482.  APOGONICHTHYS,  Bleeker. 

Apogonkhtlii/K,  Blf.ekf.k,  FIoHh,  3'^1,  1854,  (perdix). 

This  genuH  diffurs  from  Apogon  only  in  having  the  preoperclo  oiitiro  at 
allagos;  Hcales  very  large  (20  to  26)  and  cycloid.  Small  HpooioH,  Hiinilar 
in  habit  to  those  of  Apogon,  found  in  the  tropical  seas.  The  geiiiiN  is 
scarcely  diNtinct  from  Apogon.     {Apogon;  /^Wtf,  fish.) 

n.  S'-aloN  in  lateral  line  21  to  2U;  uudy  with  innny  dark  puiutn. 

h.  Vfiitruls  Hliort,  not  roncliing  vont;  dorsal  rays  VI-I,  0,  Aiuirs,  l.Wi, 

W(.  Vcntrala  long,  uxtending  lieyond  anal;  dorsal  rays  VIl-I,  9.  stei.latvs,  ISfio, 

aa.  Scales  i:i  lateral  linu  30;  ventralsluug,  reaching  beyond  front  of  anal;  hody  every whcm 
with  black  specks;  dorstU  VI-I,  9.-  puncticui.ati'h,  I'd?. 

1506.  APOGONICHTHYH  ALUTUS  (Jordan  etc  Gilbert). 

Head  2% ;  depth  2i.  D.  VI-I,  9 ;  A.  II,  8 ;  scales  21.  Head  much  com- 
pressed,  short  and  high,  its  height  at  occiput  f  its  length ;  snout  Nliort 
and  blunt,  less  than  interorbital  width,  about  half  diameter  of  orbit; 
mouth  very  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  pupil,  but  not  to  jios- 
terior  margin  of  orbit;  length  of  maxillary  If  in  head;  teeth  in  nairow 
villiform  bands  in  each  jaw,  those  on  vomer  and  palatines  minute;  eye 
of  moderate  size,  2f  in  head;  orbital  rim  elevated  above  and  behind; 
interorbital  width  3J-  in  head,  with  a  low  median  longitudinal  ridge: 
both  ridges  of  preopercle  entire;  opercle  without  spine;  gill  rakeis 
slender,  the  longest  rather  more  than  half  diameter  of  orbit,  H  or  It 
on  anterior  branch  of  outer  arch.  First  dorsal  low,  of  6  rather  weak 
spines,  its  base  %  length  of  head,  and  equal  to  greatest  height  of  tin: 
second  dorsal  high,  the  longest  ray  \'^s  in  head.  Anal  similar  to  second 
dorsal ;  second  anal  spine  half  length  of  longest  ray,  which  is  contained 
If  in  head  ;  caudal  IJ^;  ventrals  not  reaching  vent,  IJ,  and  pectorals  If, 
in  length  of  head.  Color  rusty  red  with  silvery  luster ;  sides  of  head 
little  reddish.  Body  and  fins  everywhere  much  soiled  and  freckled  witli 
dark  points.  First  dorsal  blackish,  thickly  punctate;  second  dorsal, 
anal,  and  caudal  yellow,  smutty  with  dark  points,  the  posterior  half  of 
the  caudal  more  dusky.  Ventrals  smutty  yellow ;  pectorals  colorless, 
Snapper  Banks  off  Pensacola  and  Tampa;  not  rare;  the  known  specimens 
from  stomachs  of  the  Red  Snapper,  Neomcmis  aya.     {ukovrog,  unwashed,) 

Apogon  atutns,  Joudan  &  Giliieut,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  279,  and  in  Syuopnis,  9:il,  ls83, 
Snapper  Banks,  Pensacola.    (Coll.  Jordan  &  Stearns.) 

1506.  APOOONICHTHTS  STELLATUS,  Cope. 

D.  VII-I,  9;  A.  II,  8;  P.  10;  scales  7-23.  Ventral  with  elongate  rays 
extending  beyond  last  anal  ray.  Caudal  rounded.  End  of  niaxillary 
reaching  nearly  to  opposite  posterior  margin  of  large  orbit.  A  delicato 
frontal  carina.  Greatest  depth  3  times  to  base  of  caudal.  End  of  iiuizzlo 
truncate,  with  emargination  to  receive  tubercle  of  mandible.  K'tildish 
brown,  with  a  series  of  dark  brown  spots  on  the  edges  of  the  scales  of 
each  row  (except  that  bearing  the  lateral  line),  each  with  a  silver  center; 


^^ 


tm^ 


7 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1111 


Bad  nmcli  com- 

,h ;  siiuiit  Hliort 

leter  of  orbit; 

,  bnt  not  to  iioH- 

teeth  in  iiaiiov 

68  minuto ;  ey« 

^e  and  behind ; 

;itudinal  ridge: 

16 ;    gill   rakers 

f  orbit,  X  or  !• 

6  rather  weak 

t  height  of  tin; 

nilar  to  hccoihI 

1  18  contained 

id  pectorals  11, 

sides  of  head 

1  freckled  with 

B6C0ud  dorsal, 

osterior  half  of 

iOral8  colorless, 

lown  Hpeciiiiens 

■Of,  unwashed.) 

SyiiopHis,  9:il,  1SS3, 


heiid  with  Dumorou8  Hllver-center6d  brown  bpots.    Candal,  dorsal,  and 
anal  tins  dark,  with  diiHky  cross  bars.    Total  l6ngth  1  inch,  7.5  lines; 
ileal!   7.5  lines.     Bbhanu>";    one   sp6Cinien   known.     (Cop6.)     (utellatua, 
wilii  Htarry  spots.) 
Ap,,jiiiikhlhi/$  tlilliiliiK,  OuPK,  Trails.  Amer.  I'hiloa.  Soc.,  1860,  400,  Nassau,  Bahama  Islands. 

ir>07.  APOGOMCHTHYK  IMINCTIt'UIiATVS,  Pony. 

Head  3S  in  total ;  depth  3f .  D.  VI-I, «.» ;  A.  II,  8 ;  scales  .3-30-8 ;  eye  2^, 
twice  length  of  snout.  Preoperclo  with  both  margins  entire;  mouth 
id)li([ue,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  pupil;  teeth  in 
viliiform  bands;  ventral  reaching  beyond  pectoral  to  middle  of  anal  tin. 
Scales  cycloid.  Reddish  with  bbio  reflections  on  theopercle;  head  and 
middle  of  trunk  covered  with  black  specks,  as  are  also  the  fins,  except 
tlio  i»ectoral,  which  is  blackish  at  the  tip.  Cuba.  (Poey.)  Not  seen  by 
\u.  (7>H»c'<(c'H/a<i(»,  with  fine  specks.) 
jllu.ii'iiiiihtliyii  pmicticulalUD,  Poky,  Koportorio,  ii,  233,  1867,  Cuba. 

483.  GLOSSAMIA,  Gill. 

(Slim.iiiiiii,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac,  Nat.  .Sci.  Philn.,  1863,  82,  (aprion). 

This  genus  contains  a  few  species  with  small,  cycloid  scales,  40  to  4o  in 
the  lateral  lino,  and  the  preopercle  entire.  The  anal  is  short,  as  in  Apogon 
and  Apogonichthy8,  its  rays  being  about  II,  9.  (yAwtraa,  tongue; 
Amid      Apogon.) 

1508.  OLOSSAMIA  PANDIONIS  (Goodo  &  Bean). 

Head  1;  depth  4.  D.  VII-I,  9;  A.  II,  8;  scales  -^-'all,  cycloid,  3-45-9. 
Body  oblong,  rather  robust,  not  elevated  nor  greatly  compressed.  Eye 
very  large,  forming  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head,  much 
greater  than  the  interorbital  space;  maxillary  as  long  as  eye,  extending 
to  opi)08ite  front  of  pupil;  preopercle  entire.  Gill  rakers  very  long  and 
Blender,  Mouth  oblique,  but  not  nearly  vertical,  the  lower  jaw  projecting. 
Teeth  in  jaws  very  feeble ;  feeble  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines.  Fins 
low;  caudal  well  forked.  Color  nearly  plain  reddish,  the  body  and  fins 
everywhere  speckled  with  line  dots.  Deep  water,  off  Chesapeake  Bay  ; 
rare.  (Pandion,  the  Osprey,  named  for  the  United  States  Fish  Commis- 
sion steamer,  Fish  Hawk,  by  which  the  species  was  dredged.) 

Aiuuj,,,,  jiimdinms,  OooDE  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,,  1881, 160,  deep  water,  off  Chesapeake 
Bay.    (Typo,  No.  26228.) 

484.  EPIGONUS/  Rafinesque. 

F.pignmm.  Rafinesqite,  Indico  Ittiol,  Sicil.,  64, 1810,  (macropthalmu$  r-  telfscopium), 

VomnlnHiHn,  CuviEUife  Valenciennes,  Hist,  Nat.  Poise.,  11, 171,1828,  (lelescopium,  notof  Lac£pede), 

T*«,ny,»,  IJiEEKKB,  Ai'chiv.  Nocrl.,  XI,  261, 1876,  {telencopium). 

VomuliiiiikhlhiiH,  Giaiioii,  Elonco  Pesci  Italia,  1880,  80,  {coiistuncia:  --■  lelescopium). 

*The  name  PomcUomus  can  not  b9  used  for  tliis  genus,  I'omalomiis  was  oriKinally  framed  by 
Lacqu'ile  for  the  bniofisli,  his  " Pomaiowut  isii7»."  Later,  in  1810,  Risso  described  tlio  typo  of 
F.piijo It ll.^,  referring  it  to  I'omnlovim  as  a  second  species  of  that  genus,  Cu  vier  arl)itrarily  renamed 
the  hlucflsh  Temnodon  and  retained  Pomatomua  for  the  type  of  Epiiioiius,  a  form  unknown  to 
Laccpi'ile.  In  defiance  of  rules  of  nomenclature,  most  European  writers  have  followed  Cuvier 
in  this  iirrangement. 


'-¥:^ 


r  « 


1* 


1112  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Bo«ly  elongate,  thick,  covered  w  ith  rather  large  deciduous  scalea.  I  lead 
very  large, entirely  covered  with  scales;  eyes  very  large;  tooth  all  villi- 
form,  withont  canines;  no  teeth  ou  vomer  or  palatines.  HrauchioHtc^'ulM 
7;  opercular  bones  not  seriated  nor  spinous,  tlie  operclu  ending  in  2  I'ucblo 
points ;  preoperclo  with  prominent  rounded  or  striated  angle.  l)orMiils2, 
well  separated,  the  first  with  7  spines;  anal  spines  2.  Caudal  forked. 
Soft  fins  more  or  less  scaly  ;  pyloric  couca  numerous.  Deep  si'a  fiHlusM  of 
the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean. t  'Im,  above;  yuvin,  angle,  the  liiick 
angulated.) 

1600.  EPIUONVS  OCCIDENTALIS,  Ooode  &  Bean. 

Head  3;  depth  7.  D.  VII-9;  A.  II,  9;  scales  4-5r)-8.  Least  hoi«lit  of 
tail  e«iual  to  width  of  interorbital  space.  Eye  nearly  half  leiif^tli  of 
head  and  7  in  body.  Snout  about  ^  eye;  maxillary  reaching  soniewluit 
beyond  anterior  margin  of  orbit,  its  length  half  that  of  head  without 
snout;  preinaxillary  short  and  thin,  its  length  about  equal  to  tlmt  of 
snout,  its  connection  with  the  tip  of  maxillary  ligamentous;  groove  for 
premaxillary  process  naked,  narrow,  its  length  twice  its  width  ;  a  weak 
spine  on  the  operculum.  Sixteen  gill  rakers  below  the  angle,  the  l()iii,'est 
about  }  length  of  maxillary.  Weak  villiform  teeth  in  very  narrow  liaiids 
on  the  Jaws;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless.  Third  spine  of  ih^sul 
longest.  Interspace  between  dorsals  as  long  as  the  lust  spine.  ISiino  of 
soft  dorsal  i  as  long  as  head,  the  longest  ray  slightly  longer  than  base 
of  fin.  Ventral  fin  i^  length  of  head.  Color  in  spirits:  Upper  parts  dark 
brown  ;  lower  parts  light  brown ;  inside  of  mouth  pale ;  trace  of  a  dai  k 
band  beginning  on  the  snout  and  continued  behind  the  eye,  aloiifj  tin' 
lateral  line  to  the  tail.  Only  one  specimen  known,  secured  by  the 
steamer  Blake  off  Barbadoes,  in  237  fathoms.  The  species  is  very  readily 
distinguished  from  the  Mediterranean  species  {E.  telcbcopiiim)  by  its  more 
slender  form  and  its  large  number  of  rows  of  scales.  Length  5}  iiicliea. 
((xoode  &  Bean.)    (occidentalw,  western.) 

Epitjomu  occideiilalis,  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  233,  1896,  ofT  Barbadoes.    (Coll, 
niako.) 

485.  CHEILODIPTERUS,  Lacdpfide. 

CheSodiptenit,  IiAcfepftDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poi88.,  lii,  539,  1802,  {taltalrije,  vtacrodoii,  etc.,  rentrictoj  by 

Oi'viEn  &  Valenciennes,  in  1828,  to  macrodou). 
Chilndiptenig,  GOntiier,  amended  spelling. 
Paramia,  Bleeker,  IteviBion  AiX)gonini,  74,  1874,  {macrodon,  the  name  Cheilodiptents  being  trail!- 

ferred  to  I'omaloinus  aaltairix). 

Body  oblong,  covered  with  rather  large,  deciduous  scales;  teeth  on 
jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines,  some  of  them  in  both  jaws  strong,  canine- 
like; operculum  without  spine;  preopercle  with  a  double  ui.argiii,  tbe 
posterior  edge  serrated ;  eye  large.     Dorsal  fins  separated,  the  iirst  of  6 

fits  chief  characteristics  are  its  globular  eyrs  of  extraordinary  dimensions,  its  Inree  nml 
strong  flns,  the  powers  of  rapid  swimming,  and  :\.  generally  vigorous  and  active  ronstitiitiou. 
All  these  charaotcristicB  are  necessary  for  its  defense  against  the  oceanic  animals  which  frequoDt 
the  marine  abysses,  where  it  customarily  lives." — Bmo, 


1  r  ' 

yii 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       \\\'S 

spiuea;  anal  spinena;  oiuidal  forked.    Tropical  seuB.     (^xtllm:^  lip;  ,5/(, 
two,  nrepov,  flu  ;  lidlies  with  2  dorsals  and  the  upper  lip  exteuuible.) 

1610.  <<HElLOniPTKHITH  AFFIMK.  Poey. 

Depth  48  in  total  length  with  caudal.  D.  VI-I,  9.  A.  II,  9.  Eye  3  in 
Iliad ;  mouth  obli({ue,  deeply  cleft,  the  maxillary  omarginato  behind, 
iciichiug  to  opposite  center  of  pupil.  Opercle  with  2  flat  Hpiiies  and  a 
Htria,  which  ends  in  the  lower  spine,  itehind  which  the  subopercular  lobe 
extends;  preopercle  dentate,  with  a  double  border,  having  at  itn  angle 
Hcarcely  discernible  points.  A  spine  on  the  mastoid  region;  jaws  with 
villiform  teeth,  with  some  canines  in  front;  lower  Jaw  witii  lateral 
canines,  also.  Second  dorsal  opposite  anal ;  second  ray  of  first  and  third 
of  second  double  height  of  the  last ;  ventral  spine  strong ;  caudal  eniar- 
t^iuate.  Scales  of  back  cycloid,  those  of  sides  finely  ciliato;  cheeks  with 
scales.  Color  red ;  peritoneum  silvery  ;  base  of  caudal  blackish  ;  opercle 
Hiiiooth  and  shining.  Cuba;  3  specimens  known.  (Poey.)  Not  seen  by 
iiH.  {affin'm,  related,  to  CheUodiptcrus  macrodon.) 
Ch,  ilndnilerm  afilnis,  I'oBV,  Ann.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  N.  Y.,  xi.  187G,  &8,  Havana      (Typo,  No.  117410.) 


I- 


Sarbadoes.    (Cull. 


;,  etc.,  restrktoil  by 


rlij)<cni«  being  traiiH- 


486.  AMIICHTHYS,  Poey. 

Amiwhlhyn,  PoBT  MS.,  in  .Iorpan,  Proc.  U.  3.  Nat.  MilR.,  1S86,  586,  {(Uaptemn). 

liody  rather  elongate,  covered  with  small,  caducous  scales.  Hoadblunt- 
JHh,  the  mouth  almost  vertical,  the  lower  jaw  short.  Small  sharp  teeth 
on  jaws,  none  on  vomer  or  palatines ;  opercles  entire.  Dorsal  deeply 
notched,  very  long,  of  13  spines  and  22  soft  rays;  anal  short,  with  3 
spines  and  8  soft  rays.  Lateral  line  parallel  with  the  back ;  caudal 
rounded.  One  species;  the  affinities  of  the  genus  doubtful,  but  probably 
Itolonging  to  the  Cheilodipterinai.  (Amia,  a  name  used  by  Uronow  and 
Pooy  for  Apogon]  Ix'&vg,  fish.) 

1611.  AMIICHTHYS  DIAPTEItUS  (Poey). 

Head  4  in  total  length  with  caudal ;  depth  5 ;  eye  large,  2f  in  head.  D. 
XII-I,  22;  A.  Ill,  8;  V.  I,  5.  Head  bluntish.  Mouth  almost  vertical ; 
maxillary  reaching  pupil ;  lower  jaw  short.  Teeth  in  jaws  only,  sharp, 
curved,  and  well  separated.  Opercles  entire.  Dorsals  deeply  notched ; 
tin;  third  dorsal  spine  highest,  more  than  half  depth  of  body,  the  last 
spine  2  in  eye;  second  dorsal  low,  its  height  half  that  of  longest  dorsal 
spine;  caudal  lounded ;  pectoral  acute.  Lateral  line  parallel  with  the 
back.  Scales  small,  caducous,  erch  one  with  a  central  dot.  Color  uni- 
form, the  e.'"^8  silvery,  the  vertical  fins  yellowish.  Two  specimens,  2* 
inches  long,  from  the  coast  of  Cuba.  (Poey.)  Not  seen  by  us.  {6ia, 
divided;  Trrepot;,  fin. ) 

"Glims  ? dxaplerutfi,"  Poey,  Synopsis,  305, 1861,  Cuba. 

Amiichthj/B  diapterM,  Jordan,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886,  686. 

*  In  view  of  the  dou;  <t  attached  tu  tho  1  vlatious  of  tliese  young  flsheH,  the  specific  name  only 
wiis  published  by  Poey.  With  his  permission,  the  generic  name  chosen  by  Poey  was  later  printed 
i>y  Dr.  .Jordan,  tho  confusion  being  less  if  the  species  has  some  recognized  name. 


',:!■ 


k\ 


iii 


'^'  m 


1114  HulUtin  47,  United  States  National  Museufn, 


487.  SPHYRiGNOPS,  Uill. 

HlihyriiHopii,  Gill,  In  Puiv,  MeimiriaN,  11,  ;I4U,  1801,  {hainUanut). 

Hotly  ulongiito,  Hleiider,  covorotl  witli  Hiimll  Hcalea.  Head  elnn^nto; 
snout  mtlior  convux  ;  prnopercio  rounded,  itH  edgo  Herruto  ;  o]ifrci««  with 
M  apineH,  tluMuiddloone  lurgeHt ;  oyo  large;  mouth  large.  Villilonii  t<>i'tli 
on  jawH  and  vomer.  Dorsal  flns  well  separated,  the  first  with  7  HpiiM'H; 
second  dorsal  and  anal  short,  the  latter  with  3  spines ;  caudal  foi  kni. 
One  spevius  known.     {Sphyrmni,  the  Uarraoudu;  wrji,  appearance.) 

1518.  HPHTBA^NOPg  RAIRDIANITH,  P007. 

Head  3;  depth  5i^ ;  eye  large,  as  long  as  snout,  H  in  head.  li.  t; ;  I). 
VII-I,  10;  A.  ni,  7;  acales  about  60.  Head  depressed  above  the  »\vu; 
mouth  very  protractile ;  teeth  pointed,  subequal.  Maxillary  loii^r  and 
pointed,  reaching  posterior  border  of  pupil.  Opercular  spine  Htron^r; 
dorsals  about  equal  in  height,  the  longest  spine  2i  in  head;  voiitralN 
longer  than  pectorals,  which  are  2i  in  head  ;  caudal  forked  ;  anal  Hpinrs 
weak,  ('armiue  red ;  a  largo  blue-black  spot  on  the  operclo ;  iiuN  red. 
Known  from  a  single  young  specimen  taken  in  deep  water  olf  Cuba,  (i^x^v.) 
Not  seen  by  us.    (Named  for  Professor  Spencer  FuUertou  liaird.) 

Sphyririiopt  bainliaHuii,  I'oby,  MemoriaM,  11,  300,  18C1,  Cuba. 

488.  SCOMBROPS,  Temminok  &  Schlegel. 

Scnmhropn,  Trmminck  &  ScHLlOEL,  Fauna  Japonica,  118,  1842,  {clieUuilipleroMen). 
LatehniH,  PoEV,  MoiiioriuH,  11,  168,  1860,  {oculatiu). 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  small,  thin,  smooth  scales ;  lower  jaw- 
longest  ;  2  to  4  long  canines  in  upper  jaw,  a  series  of  canines  in  lower ;  tcetli 
on  palatines;  bones  of  head  not  serrated;  opercle  with  2  feeble  jxniitH. 
Eye  large.  Hranchiostegals  7.  Dorsals  separated,  the  first  of  8  very  f<;tl)le 
spines ;  anal  spines  3 ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  rather  long,  of  12  to  11  i  aytj. 
Pyloric  cwca  6  to  15.    {Scomber,  mackerel ;  uip,  appearance.) 


Subgenus  LATEBRUS,*  Poey. 
1618.  8C0MBB0P8  UCULATU8  (Poey). 
(Ebcolar  Chino.) 

Head  3^ ;  depth  3i ;  eye  very  large,  3i  to  3i  in  head.  D.  VIH-1, 11 ;  A. 
Ill,  12;  scaltK.  45  to  50.  Body  elongate,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines 
similar;  mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  extend- 
ing beyond  pupil,  its  length  li  in  eye.  Teeth  long,  sharp,  slender,  well 
separated,  with  conical  points,!  some  of  them  enlarged,  forming  Huiall 
canines;  12  canines  on  premaxillary,  2  to  4  on  inner  edge  longer  than 

*Latebruii,  "dtymologio  fantastique."    (Poey.) 

tin  Poey's  figure  the  premaxillary  canines  are  represented  as  distinctly  barhod,  alllioiiKli 
nothing  is  said  of  this  character  in  his  description.  If  this  character  exists,  it  may  ilvftiw  tin' 
s.ibgenua  or  genus  Latebrtts,  as  the  teeth  in  tbo  Japaaese  Scambropschilndipteroidea  are  not  l>:tt'lit'il' 


« 


Joriian  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  Ameriea.       1 115 


ul  elongate; 


i;   lower  jaw 


tluMttherH)  teetli  on  vomer  nnd  pulatiuuH  coiiipreaiMul,  in  u  HingU^  row; 
|ii(M>|>orolo  entire;  opurcle  with  2  Hat  pointH.  DorHiiJH  well  Hepunitfil, 
the  HpineH  Hleuder,  the  loutfeHt;  about  halt*  head.  Soft  dorHal  and  uiiiil 
Niiiiilar,  concave  in  outline,  the  longest  ray  half  head,  ('autlal  forU«>d ; 
|ir(>toralH  and  ventralH  Hhort,  the  former  1|  in  head;  ventrulH  iiiHcrted 
under  the  pectoralH.  Hcales  huge,  caducouH,  with  entire  edgcN ;  liuad 
hialy  except  the  lipH;  Hoft  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  scaly.  Air  bladder 
slender;  pyloric  co>ca  0.  Violet  brown,  paler  below.  (I'oey.)  Coast  of 
Cuba  in  deep  water;  roaches  a  weight  of  It  pounds,  the  general  appear- 
ance suggesting  that  of  the  Harracuda.     {ooulatiin,  big-eyed.) 

I.iililinig  Dculalw,  i'liKY,  Momuriuii,  ll,  108,  with  platr,  18M),  Cuba. 
S  'iiiibropi  oculattu,  UuouE  it  Ukan,  Ocuuulc  Iclitbyulugy,  ZMi,  18U0. 

489.  HYPOCLYDONIA,  Goode  «&  Heau. 

/////"if/.(/(/oiiia,  OoonE  &  Hkan,  Oceanic  IcIilliyuloKy,  230,  ISltB,  (hella). 

Hody  covered  with  thin,  deciduous,  cycloid  scales.  Kntire  head  scaly, 
with  the  exception  of  the  angle  of  the  prooperculum,  but  the  scales  of  the 
licad  are  deeply  embedded  in  the  skin  and  are  covered  by  minute  pores, 
HO  that  their  outlines  are  almost  entirely  concealed.  Eye  large.  Mouth 
iimderately  large;  the  upper  jaw  slightly  protractile.  Teeth  in  the  |)re- 
inaxillary  minute,  in  broad  bands,  which  are  separated  at  the  syin- 
piiysis ;  mandible  with  a  marked  concavity  in  front  on  each  side  of  the 
Hvniphysis,  this  concavity  being  armed  with  a  band  of  minute  teeth ;  4 
Hiiiall  canine-like  teeth  in  an  irregular  group  at  the  symphysis ;  5  addi- 
tional canines  on  the  mandible,  increasing  in  size  backward  and  coa- 
tiiiued  hehind  by  a  short,  narrow  band  of  minute  teeth;  minute  teeth 
oil  the  vomer  in  a  triangular  patch  ;  palatine  teeth  in  bands,  which  are 
broadest  in  front.  Anterior  nostril  small,  circular,  not  tubular;  pos- 
terior nostril  in  a  long,  wedge-shaped  slit.  Maxillary  dilated  posteri- 
orly. Lower  lip  well  developed,  broadly  attached  to  the  under  surface 
uf  the  maxilla.  Preoperculum  minutely  serrated  behind  and  bilow ; 
o|ierculum  with  2  thin,  Hat  spines.  Branch iostegals  7 ;  gill  rakers  in 
moderate  number,  rather  stout ;  a  glandular  organ  in  the  upper  angle  of 
tlio  gill  opening ;  fins  well  developed,  the  spinous  dorsal  longer  than  the 
Hocond  dorsal ;  dorsal  with  9,  anal  with  2,  spines ;  veutrals  long ;  scales 
large,  thin,  cycloid,  deciduous;  lateral  line  high  up,  with  a  gradual  curve 
nearly  following  outline  of  back.  This  genus  resembles  Scomhrops  in 
furm  and  is  closely  related  to  it,  but  none  of  the  vortical  fins  is  scaly, 
the  tongue  is  toothless,  and  the  soft  dorsal  and  anal  have  few  rays,  (iirru, 
below ;  K'A'vduVf  wave). 

1614.  HTPOCLYDONIA  BELLA,  Goodo  A  B«an. 

Head  3 ;  depth  3| ;  eye  3*  in  head.  D.  IX-I,  9 ;  A.  IV,  7 ;  scales  2-29-7. 
iSnont  J  as  long  as  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  below  middle  of 
eye,  its  length  ^  of  head.  Spinous  dorsal  inserted  over  origin  of  pec- 
toral ;  the  third  and  longest  spine  as  long  as  the  postorbital  part  of  the 
bead ;  interspace  between  the  2  dorsals  very  short ;  longest  ray  of  soft 


1' 


■v.     •: 


111(( 


Hulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


(lurNal  \  I«m)kM>  •>('  tiiaitdiblo.  Anal  Hpinfiii  alender.  Peatoral  ah  ton^  iih 
littiiii  witlioiit  tli«)  Hiioiit.  WMitnil  HliKlitly  in  a<ivanc«)  of  oriKin  of  ptc- 
toral,  tlio  (In  noiiily  uh  lon^  »»  pectoral,  itH  length  4  in  body.  Ltm^tli 
!K)  nii!liinet<!i'H.  Oolorn  fiul«>it  in  tlie  typeH;  traces  of  piirpliHh  lirown  on 
the  npper  ]>iirtH  tind  the  h<<u«l ;  HpinoiiH  dorHal  with  a  dark  triunKnhn 
Itlotch  on  ItH  npp<-r  portion,  extending  from  the  necond  to  the  nImIi 
H])ine,  involving  Ichh  than  half  tlie  height  of  the  niemhrane.  Hpecimi'tiK 
wi^e  uhtiiiuttd  l)y  the  Albali'OHH  from  Htation  2314,  at  a  depth  of  ITi!) 
fathoniH;  from  Htation  2',W7,  at  a  depth  of  2K()  fathoniH;  fn»ni  Ntallnii 
'JiOl,  at  a  depth  of  142  fathoniH;  from  station  2417,  at  a  deptli  of  !)') 
fathoniH;  from  Htation  2418,  at  a  depth  uf  90  futhoniH ;  from  station  L'L'.'i, 
ut  a  depth  of  111)  fatliimiH,  antl  from  station  242(i,  in  d'i  fathoms,  (liuntlu 
Si  Mean.)     (b<7/HM,  beautiful.) 

Illilii"l!i<l<'iii"  Mtii,  liouDK  lie  Bean,  Oceanic  IditbyuIOKy,  'i30,  1800,  Oulf  Stream.   ('r>|»', 
Nu.  4-»l21.) 


ii 


Family  CXLV.  CENTROPOMID^E. 

(TlIK  KOIIALOB.) 

Tills  family  is  thus  defined  by  Profonsor  Oill  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miih., 
18H2,484):  "Typical  Acanthopterytjiana  with  the  postorbital  portion  of  t  lie 
hUiiU  longer  than  the  oculo-rostral ;  the  pariotals  behind  the  constrict iuii 
continnons  with  the  epiotics  and  transverse  lamiuie  i  'lug  from  liit< 
Hiipraoccipital  crest,  the  three  together  forming  a  well  'intiated  ym- 

terior  oldong  pentagonal  or  hastiforin  area ;  the  reeutei  ^  ^..riotal  niimih, 
with  its  anterior  margin,  produced  forward  nearest  the  opisthoticn  ;  I  In* 
exoccipitals  well  developed  and  contiguous  above  the  foramen  niagiiiim; 
the  vertebra^  in  typical  number  (10-fl4)  and  longish ;  the  anterior  li 
partly  coossiiied  and  the  first  with  selliform  apophyses  extending  bm  k- 
ward  and  embracing  the  second  vertebra;  the  vertebrie  mostly  with 
fovea!  or  pits  for  the  ribs  and  only  with  developed  parapophyses  for  tlio 
poHterior  (6  to  10)  pairs  of  ribs;  the  second  neural  spine  subereot,  antl 
with  laminiform  extensions,  which  embrace  the  first;  the  nenrapo|)liyNt>s 
and  neural  spines  of  the  other  vertebrie  depressed  at  theirbaseSjContinnons 
with  the  zygapophyses  in  front,  and  slightly  curved  upward  at  their  tipH; 
the  hii-mal  spines  resembling  the  neural."  Subocular  lamina*  produced 
behind  in  a  pointed  process.  External  characters  are  the  elongate  Ixuly, 
with  elevated  back,  straight  abdomen  and  angulated  base  of  anal.  SciiIoh 
ctenoid,  varying  in  size,  lateral  line  conspicuous,  extending  on  the  ciindul 
tin,  the  tube  straight,  confined  to  basal>half  of  the  scale.  Head  deprcsHcd, 
pike-like,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  villiform  teeth  in  bauds,  on  jiiws, 
vomer,  and  palatines ;  tongue  smooth.  Maxillary  broad,  truncate  behind, 
with  a  strong  supplemental  bone.  Pseudobranchio)  present,  small.  Fru- 
opercle  with  a  double  ridge,  the  posterior  margin  strongly  serrated,  with 
larger  spiutts  at  the  angle ;  preorbital  and  suprascapula  serrated ;  opercle 
without  true  spines.  Qill  rakers  long.  Dorsal  fins  well  separated,  the 
first  with  8  spines,  the  first  and  second  short,  the  third  and  fourth  lon<;est; 
anal  with  3  spines,  the  second  strong,  the  third  longandsleader,  these  llus 


1* 


Stream.   ('I'M"', 


Jordan  and  Evtrtnnnn. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1117 

iiKtvInt;  ill  HiMily  Hlioiitha.  Ciiiulnl  torki'd.  VuiitnilH  lurui*,  I,  R,  iitHortod 
woll  hohiiKl  tho  pcotoriilH,  a  Noaly  pructmN  nt  thoir  liaN«> ;  |i«t(;t<>rnlH  narrow 
uiul  rather  iH>intvtl,  tlio  iippvr  riiyH  longer  tliuii  low<<:.  HraticliioNtt<KnlN 
7.  Air  bladder  well  dfveloped,  Hiniplo  or  with  itppfndii»{<>H  anteriorly. 
SpeoiuH  about  15,  all  American  and  referred  to  (»ne  ){eniiH.  'I'lify  are  game 
I'lHlies,  exoollent  aH  food,  the  liabitH  and  eburacter  of  tlenb  remMnbling  the 
liiiNS,  as  the  oommuu  uunio  Kubdlu  *  iudiottt.eH.     (Uituthur,  Cat.,  x,  HU,  geuuH 

490.  CENTROPOMUS,  Laot^piid.. 

(KOHAI.OH.) 

>','\tr<yp(m«t,\tKff.vi.XM.,  Illit.  N»t.  PoIm.,  iv,  V!4M,  XtMi,  (/iirjojMTcu,  iiii((cc-imufif<,  etc.,  rattrlctvil  tu 

Mni(ri'<ma/i<i  by  Ouvim  \.  Vai.BNOIKNnkh). 
tiriilahrax,  BlEEKKU,  Arch,  Nuerl,  H<-,  Kx.  Nut.,  xi, 'Jt)-!,  IHTO,  {iinilri-timtliii;  (li«  liunix  dfulriiimmu* 

\mlug  reitrli'ted  tu  JuoiojjeiTU,  the  tIrHt  ii|K)cl<m  inuiitioiieil  uiiilcr  llio  Kciu'rlc  uumu  Cuilruiiuiiiut 

l>y  Iiar6p<'(lii). 

iW'i'ToCi'pAaJln  (UllOWNB)  ItLKBKKR,  oj).  vil.,  XI,  lUJO,  1H78,  (H«./«<iiH(Wi«). 

Charaotei'8  of  genuH  included  above.    (Kivrpop,  npino ;  rr<.>/mf  operole.) 

II.  Preorbltal  ontiro  or  vory  faintly  Harrat<Hl;Hpln(>« of  flu*  mixinralc,  iiinic  iimn' tluiii  Imll  IhmmI; 
lutcriil  lino  Muck,  with  ulioiit  7(1  hcuIi'h  (|i<ireH);  cuiulul  (In  Hliort;  air  bluililir  iiHiiiilly 
with  recurvtxl  appenduKua  at  itn  •nturiur  oiid;  unul  with  (1  suft  ruy*,  tliu  laiit  clut't  to  tbu 
1)080.     8i/.(i  tiirgu. 
'i.  AppoiidaiffH  to  air  bladder diivelopod;  v<'>  •  ntl  fliiH  ytdluw  in  tif(>,  tlie  puHturlur  |iurt  with- 
out duric  blotch. 
0.  ApiiendagoH  to  air  bladder  very  loug,  2  to  3  tlnii's  diameter  of  eye;  tliird  anal  it\t\ni' 
proJectiuK  beyond  Herond.  virikih,  1,'iiri. 

ce.  AppcndageH  to  air  bladder  ohort,  shorter  than  eye;  Rwoud  anal  Niiitin  proJoctJiiK 
beyond  third.  iindkcihamh,  I6l>i. 

lib.  AppendagoH  to  air  blathier  obaolote;  aorond  anal  Dpino  UHiiaily  Hhortcr  thiiu  third,  li.'iw 
tlian  lialf  depth  of  body;  ventralH  more  or  Iohh  blackish.  nkihesck.nh,  1,'')I7. 

(III.  l'rcorl)it<il  with  woll-devoio|)e<l  rotrunto  teeth,  eHpociully  poxteriorly;  uir  bladder  without 
iippendugeg;  HpiiieH  longer.     Size  conipiiratively  Hniull. 
>(.  Lateral  line  iu  u  narrow  black  streak. 

e.  8cale«  moderate  or  largo,  M)  to  00  iu  lateral  line;  aecoi.d  itiiiil  Npiim  very  xtroiiK, 

veutrals  more  or  less  dusky;  usually   broadly  tipped    with  blink;  iinal   ruyH 

III,  7,  tho  second  spine  a  little  shorter  than  third. 

/.  Scales  in  lateral  line  67  to  60;  uecoud  anal  spine  very  long,  l^  to  1}  in  head; 

depth  of  body  3^/,  in  length.  I'EiiiMACiaA,  1618. 

Jf.  Scales  In  lateral  lino  61  or  62;  second  anal  spine  \%  Iu  head. 

g.  Body  rather  stout,  tho  depth  about  3J^  in  length.       iiUANDocrLATrs,  1,510. 

gg.  Body  more  slender,  the  depth  3^  in  length.  crviF.iti,  l.ViO. 

ee.  Scales  small,  about  70  in  lateral  line;  ventrals  pale;  uecoud  anulspiiui  Htriing,ei|ual 

to  depth  of  Iwdy;  anal  rays  III,  G.  mf.xicanuk,  l.O^l. 

d<l.  Latoral  lino  pale,  not  in  a  dark  stripe;  ventral  flns  yellowish,  without  black  tip. 

h.  Scales  very  small,  about  87;  sides  of  body  parallel  with  each  ntber;  S'jcuud  anal 
spine  longer  than  third,  equal  to  depth  of  body;  anal  rays  III,  ti. 

I'ARALLF.LCH,  162'.i. 

hh.  Scales  small,  66;  second  anal  spine  very  long,  about  equal  to  depth  of  body;  third 
anal  spine  same  length;  angle  of  preopeicle  with  about  •>  long,  conib-like 
teeth;  anal  rays  III,  7.  pectinati'h,  1623. 

*  Uubfilo  'u  tho  Spanish  name  of  the  European  bass,  DwetUrarchmt  (or  Moroue)  Utbnir. 

t  Dr.  Boulenger  adds  to  this  group  the  old  world  genera,  LalentMA  Pxnmmoperca.  These  genera 
are  ajiparently  allied  to  Ceuimpomtu,  but  in  them  there  are  11  or  12  |)recaudal  vertebra',  26  in  all, 
tlu'ilursalsanicounected,  and  there  are  numerous  minor  differences. 


<i 


I   1 

i 


ii 


1118  Bulletin  47 ^  United  States  National  Museum. 


\   r.  1 1 


hhh.  ScHles  largo,  4U  tofiiiiii  lateral  linn ;  eye  mudorati',  uhoiit  ftiii  head;  anal  rays  Ill,i>. 

i.  Second  aual  spine  moderate,  abuut  ^^  depth  of  b<Mly,  little  longer  than  iliini; 

prooporcle  with  .'  Htroug  teeth;  hack  Btcpply  elevated.       onionknsis,  1  .Ji. 

ii.  Second  anal  Hpine  oxtromcly  long,  it8  length  little,  if  any,  Iosh  than  duptli  uf 

body;  much  longer  than  third  aual  spine. 

j.  Body  modoratuly  elongate,  the  depth  314  to  !)%  in  length. 

Jfc.  Scales  before  the  dorsal  small,  IC  tu  IH  in  number;  maxillary  n-acliiiig 
past  front  of  pupil.     Third  dorsal  Hpine  half  head;  hcuIcs  Al. 

AlnnTiH,  \aii\, 
kk.  Scales  before  dorsal  not  crowded,  10  to  14  in  nuL.^'or;  maxillary  Ijanly 
roachiug  front  of  pupil;   third  dorsal  spine  not  quite  half  ln'ud; 
scales  61. 
/.  Third  dorsal  spine  less  than  half  head;  Hcales  47  to  50, 

IIOHAIITO,  1520;   AFFINIS,  1 'i'J7 

JJ.  Body  more  elongate,  the  depth  4  in  length;  second  auul  spine  exios'-ivi'ly 
lung,  IJ  times  depth  of  body;  scales  53.  ensifkruk,  Vi'iH, 


i'       f 


1A15.  CEMTB0PUMV8  YIKIDIS,  Lockington. 

(ROBALO.) 

Head  3;  depth  H;  eye  7i  in  head.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  6;  soalos 
9-75-15,  pores  71.  Snout  3i  in  head,  including  subopercular  flaji;  18 
scales  before  dorsal ;  gill  rakers  4  +  9.  Preorbital  faintly  serrate,  lu'toin- 
ing  entire  with  age.  Subopercular  flap  extending  to  within  4  to  (i  N(;ales 
of  front  of  dorsal.  Maxillary  2f  in  head,  extending  to  below  middle  of 
eye.  Preopercle  strongly  serrate,  with  coarser  teeth  at  the  angle.  Body 
robust,  the  sides  not  flattened.  Dorsal  spines  moderate,  the  third  longest, 
2  to  2i  in  head ;  second  anal  spine  not  reaching  tip  of  third,  its  length  2; 
in  head,  quite  variable,  proportionately  longest  in  the  young.  Ventral  2 
in  head,  reaching  more  than  halfway  to  anal;  caudal  shortish,  1.}  in 
head ;  pectoral  2^  in  head.  Air  bladder  large,  with  2  recurved  appen- 
dages anteriorly,  each  2  or  3  times  diameter  of  eye.  Back  greenish,  Hides 
dull  silvery,  the  upper  fins  dusky,  the  lower  paler ;  ventrals  plain  yellow- 
ish, scarcely  dotted  with  dusky;  no  yellow  on  other  fins;  lateral  lino 
black ;  some  dusky  at  base  of  pectoral  and  behind  second  anal  Hpine. 
Length  2  to  4  feet.  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico  ;  very  common  from  the  (inlf 
of  California  to  Panama;  u  valuable  food-fish,  in  all  respects  siniilai  to 
Centropomus  undecimalia.  The  only  differences  we  find  are  the  larger 
size  of  the  appendages  to  the  air  bladder  and  the  greater  length 
of  the  third  dorsal  spine.  Here  described  from  a  specimen  from  Mazatlau. 
{viridis,  green.) 

Oenlropomus  viridis,  Lockinoton,  Proc.  C&l.  Ac.  Sci.,  vii,  1876  (1877),  110,  oif  Asuncion  Island, 
Lower  California.    (Coll.  W.  J.  Fisheb.) 

1616.  CENTS0P0MU8  UNDEeiMALIS  (Bloch). 

(RoBALo;  Snook;  Jbochet  de  Meb.) 

Head  2f  to  3;  depth  4  to  4i;  eye  7i  n  head.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  6; 
scales  9-75  to  80-15  to  17,  pores  60  to  70 ;  snout  3i ;  gill  rakers  4  +  D ;  18 
scales  before  dorsal.  Body  robust,  the  sides  little  compressed,  the  back 
not  much  elevated.  Preorbital  faintly  serrated ;  subopercular  flap  extend- 
ing to  within  4  to  6  scales  of  origin  of  dorsal.    Maxillary  extending  to 


■pp 


lortish,  1^  in 


suncion  Island, 


Jordan  and  Ever mann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1119 


liolow  middle  of  orbit,  2^'  iu  head.  Dorsal  Hpines  of  moderate  strength, 
I  ho  third  longeiit,  about  half  as  long  aa  head  ;  second  anal  spine  more  or 
IcHS  longer  than  third,  2  to  2\  in  head,  the  spines  variable  iu  length, 
louger  in  the  young.  Venfrals  2  iu  head ;  pectoral  2^  iu  head ;  caudal 
shortish,  1^  iu  head,  reaching  more  than  halfway  to  anal.  Air  bladder 
witl'  a  pair  of  shortish  appendages  anteriorly,  these  about  as  long  as  eye. 
Cc'loi-  olive  green,  the  sides  dull  silvery ;  dorsal  fins  blackish  ;  lateral  line 
l)Uick ;  ventrals  pale  yellowish,  rarely  dotted  with  black ;  blackish 
bliades  behind  second  dorsal  spme.  Length  2  to  4  feet.  The  largest,  most 
abundant,  and  much  the  moat  important  species  of  the  genus.  Common 
on  sandy  shores  throughout  the  West  Indies,  from  the  coast  of  Texap 
to  Surinam  or  beyond.  An  excellent  food-fish  with  delicate  white  flaky 
Hcsh,  like  that  of  the  striped  bass  (Soccua  lineatus).  Here  described  from 
Hpccimens  from  Havana,  {undecim,  eleven,  the  soft  dorsal  with  eleven 
rays.) 

S<i:inaHndecitHalii>,  Block,  Ichthyol.,  vi,  60,  pi.  303, 1792,  Jamaica. 

<  I'lilropomiu  undecimradiaitti,  Lao£p£de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poim.,  iv,  268, 1802,  after  Blooh. 

I'vica  loubina,  LAc£r£DE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  397, 1802,  Cayenne. 

SiihyrKiia  aureoviridiii,  LACirilDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  v,  324,  1803,  Martinique. 

Ci'iitropomus  appeiidictdattis,  PoKY,  Meniorias,  ii,  119, 1860,  Havana  andCienfuegos. 

Ciutropomm  nndecimalin,  CuviEB  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poigs.,  ir,  102,  1828  ;  Vaillant  & 

BocouRT,  Miss.  8ci.  Mex.,  iv,  17, 1875  ;  UVntiiek,  Cut.,  i,  70;  Jordan  A  Gilbert,  Syno^wis, 

528  ;  Boulenuer,  Cat.,  i,  367. 

1617.  CEMTBOPOMUS  NIGBESCENS,  GUnthor. 
(RoBALO  Prieto.  ) 

Head  2J  to  2^ ;  depth  4  to  4J;  eye  7  to  9  in  head.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A. 
Ill,  6;  scales  10-73  to  78-19,  pores  70.  Gill  rakers  4 -f  9.  Body  robust, 
the  flanks  not  compressed.  Preorbital  very  faintly  serrated ;  subopercu- 
lar  flap  reaching  to  within  5  scales  of  origin  of  dorsal  fin.  Maxillary 
extending  a  little  beyond  middle  of  orbit,  2|  in  head.  Dorsal  spikes  not 
very  strong,  much  as  in  Centropomus  undecimalia,  third  and  fourth 
equal  in  length,  2^  to  2|  in  head  ;  second  anal  spine  rather  shorter  than 
third,  barely  i  head ;  ventral  2i  in  head,  reaching  scarcely  more  than  ^ 
distance  of  its  base  from  anal.  Pectoral  2^  in  head.  Caudal  shortish. 
Air  bladder  without  appendages  anteriorly.  Dusky  olive,  sides  silvery  ; 
dusky  shades  on  opercle  and  base  of  pectoral;  ventrals  largely  black; 
upper  fins  dusky  ;  lateral  line  black.  Length  2  to  3  feet.  Pacific  Coast 
uf  Tropical  America ;  generally  common  from  Mazatlan  to  Panama ;  a  food 
fish  of  some  importance,  rather  smaller  in  size  than  CentropomuH  viridia. 
HtM-e  described  from  a  specimen  from  Mazatlan.    {nigreacena,  blackish.) 

Cmtnuwmns  nigrescefu,  GOntuer,  Fishua  Central  America,  407,  1869,  Chiapas;  Vaillant  A 
Bocourt,  MiBB.  Sci.  Mex.,  20,  1876. 


[J 


i;; 


1618.  CENTBOPOMUS  PEDIMACVLA,  Poey. 
(Constantino  de  las  Aletas  Prietas;  Robalito  pk  las  Ai.ktas  Pbibtas.) 

Head  2it ;  depth  31  to  3f ;  eye  5  in  head.    D.  VIII-I,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales 
8-55  to  58-11,  pores  55 ;  21  scales  before  dorsal ;  gill  rakers  5  -f- 13.     Body 


\i 


■iV.. 


1120 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


i<-.- 1 


deep,  compreused,  with  Uuttoued  parallel  sideH  Pieorbital  Mliatply  mt- 
rate ;  prcopercle  very  uharply  serrate,  the  teeth  at  the  angle  louder ;  I 
HpinuleH  oil  the  humeral  plate ;  Bubupercular  flap  ending  6  scales  bct'oru 
dorsal  fin.  Maxillary  nearly  roaching  front  ot  pupil,  2f  in  head.  Doisul 
spines  strong,  the  second  a  little  shorter  than  third.  t,ho  third  1|  in  IumkI; 
second  anal  spine  very  long  and  straight,  li  to  1^  in  head  (in  Pacific  CoiiHt 
specimens,  var.  medius,  Gilntlier,  this  spine  is  somewhat  curved,  a  littlu 
shorter  so  far  as  known,  than  in  Atlantic  specimens,  var.  j)t;dimacula,li  to  1  i 
in  bead) ;  Cauda?  fin  deeply  forked,  the  lobes  pointed,  1\  in  head;  ventral  li; 
in  head,  reaching  more  than  halfway  to  anal ;  pectoral  shortish,  2i  in  head. 
Air  bladder  simple.  Lateral  line  black.  Darkolive,  the  sides  bright  silvery; 
ventral  pale  yellow,  tipped  with  black;  some  yellow  on  anal,  with  Ijlack 
behind  the  spines ;  upper  fins  dusky  ;  pectoral  colorless,  a  little  dusiiy  at 
its  base.  Length  15  inches.  Both  coasts  of  tropical  America ;  very  com- 
mon in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  south  to  Brazil,  and  also  on  the  west  coa»t 
from  Mazatlan  to  Panama;  a  food-fish  of  some  importance.  Except  that 
the  second  anal  spine  is  a  little  shorter  and  more  curved  in  Pucitiu 
examples  {Ctntropomus  mediiis,  Giinther),  we  find  no  difference  between 
these  and  the  typical  pcdimaciila.  On  both  coasts  the  species  enters  the 
rivers.  Here  described  from  specimens  from  Havana  and  Mazatlan.  {pvs, 
foot;  macula,  spot.) 

CeHlropomiiK  jtedimaculii,  PoRV,  Meniorias,  ii,  122,  1860, Havana  and  Cienfuegos;  Vaillant  i 

HocouuT,  Miss.  Sci.  Mox.,  29,  1875;  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  371. 
Cenlrtypumus  vieilhia,   GOnther,   Traas.   Zojil.  8oc.   Luud.,  18C4,  144,  Chiapam.     (Coll.  Oiibort 

Salvin.) 


Hi 


rl       <( 


SH 


1619.  CENTROPOMUS  6BAND0CVLATUi«,  Jenkins  &  Evermann. 

Head  2^ ;  depth  3*  to  3J.  D.  VII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  8-52  to  54-13, 
23  to  26  before  dorsal.  Body  moderately  elongate,  somewhat  compressed, 
but  not  flat-sided,  the  back  elevated,  the  belly  straight;  nape  convex; 
snout  projecting,  the  profile  behind  it  concave;  maxillary  2|  in  head, 
reaching  front  of  pupil ;  snout  3^  to  3i  *  in  head.  Lower  jaw  stroufjly 
projecting;  eye  5i^  in  head;  preorbital  with  rathar  small  retrorse  seine 
posteriorly ;  preopercle  with  sharp,  distinct  teeth  on  posterior  limb,  2  to 
4  enlarged  teeth  at  the  angle ;  moderate  teeth  below ;  suprasoapula  with 
5 spines;  opercul.'t>rflapending  about  6  scales  beforedorsal,  the  scales  before 
dorsal  being  much  reduced  in  size.  Scales  of  body  large.  Dorsal  spine 
strong,  the  third  much  longest  and  strongest,  1§  in  head,  fourth  slenderer 
and  shorter;  second  anal  spine  very  strong,  straight,  1|  in  head,  shorter 
than  the  very  slender  third  spine;  caudal  well  forked,  1^  to  H  'u  head ;  pec- 
toral 1|;  ventral  1|.  Color  pale  greenish,  silvery  below,  the  lateral  liii'j 
black  and  conspicuous,  becoming  straight  under  last  dorsal  spine ;  ujiper 
tins  slightly  dusky  ;  ventrals  pale  or  with  a  few  dusky  specks  near  tip  ; 
a  little  dusky  behind  second  anal  spine.  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico  Here 
described  from  two  specimens,  1534  (L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mus.),  15  inches  loug, 
and  201  (L.  S.  Jr.  Univ.  Mus.)  14  inches  long,  both  taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert 


*  Not  3.7,  as  stated  in  the  original  description. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1121 

{AlhatroBH  ?ixp.)  in  San  Juaii  Lagoon,  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico.  The 
larger  Hpocinion  is  much  deeper  in  body  than  the  other,  and  both  dift'er 
somewhat  from  the  two  specimens  from  Guaymas,  the  original  types. 
This  species  is  very  close  to  CentropomuN  jwdimacula,  bnt  its  scales  are 
larger  in  all  the  four  known  Bpecimeus  than  in  any  of  the  latter  we  have 
seen.     ((/ra«<?j«,  great ;  oculu8,  eye.) 

I ',;itroponm»  (/r<inrfoei(/i(/H»,*  .Tr.NKlNS  &  Evermann,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  1888,  130,  Ouaymas. 
(Type,  No.  30030.    Coll.  Jenkins  &  Evermann.) 

1520.  CENTROPOHUS  CUYIRRI,  Bocourt. 

Head  3;  depth  3J;  eye  5.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  9-51-14. 
Maxillary  reaching  first  third  of  eye ;  preopercle  with  2  short  spines  at 
tlio  angle,  with  smaller  ones  above  and  below.  Third  dorsal  spine  high, 
iiliont  half  head ;  second  anal  spine  long,  but  shorter  than  third,  not 
(|iiite  equal  to  greatest  depth  of  body.  Air  bladder  simple.  Olivaceous; 
Hides  silvery  ;  lateral  line  black  ;  ventrals  dusky  at  tip.  Length  8  inches. 
Haiti.  (Vaillant  &  Bocourt.)  Not  seen  by  us.  Apparently  very  close 
to  Centrojwmun  2)edimacula,  bnt  the  scales  apparently  larger.  Dr.  IJoulen- 
ger  refers  the  species  to  the  synonymy  of  Centropomua  i)cdimacula. 
(Named  for  Georges  Leopold  Dagobert  Cuvier.) 

i\»lropomm  aivieri,  BocouuT,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Paris,  18C8,  91,  Haiti;  Vaillant  &  Uocoubt,  Mils. 
Sci.  Mox.,  2(>,  1875,  with  plato. 


:  i 


1621.     ENTROPOMUS  MEXICANU8,t  Bocourt. 

Head  2i;  depth  4;  eyo  4.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  6;  scales  11-69-16. 
Flanks  compressed,  parallel  with  each  other;  ventral  outline  nearly 
straight,  with  an  angle  at  the  anal.  Suborbital  with  5  or  6  sharp  teeth ; 
preopercle  with  2  teeth,  larger  than  the  others ;  opercular  lobe  reaching 
front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  spines  high,  the  third  longest,  1?  in  depth  of 
body;  second  anal  opine  very  long,  much  longer  than  third,  equal  to 

*  The  following  is  a  description  of  the  GiiayniaH  tviK's,  slislitly  condensed  from  tlie  original: 
Head  2%;  dopth  3g.  D.  VII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  8-52-10,  21  in  front  of  tlio  dorsal.  Allied 
til  CintrojximHs  pvdiiiiacula;  the  body  couipressod,  tlio  belly  straight,  the  back  somewhat  elevated; 
prolilo  concave;  nuchal  region  convex;  miixillary  reaching  a  vertical  line  through  the  pupil,  3 
in  licad;  snout  3>4  to  3^  in  bead;  eyo  large,  6  in  head;  preorbital  with  small  serrtc  un  the  pos- 
terior portion,  directed  backward;  preo|tercle  with  nearly  equal,  distinct  teeth  on  the  vertical 
liiiili;  a  series  of  graduated  teeth  on  the  horizontal  limb;  a  strong  spine  at  the  angle,  and  a 
Btroiig  spine  next  above  the  angle,  sometimes  bifid;  2  Hat  spines  at  the  angle  of  the  anterior 
rillKi';  suprascapula  with  4  strong  spines;  opercular  flap  about  reaching  the  vertical  from  the 
fr"i!t  of  the  dorsal.  Gill  rakers  (i  +  16,  tho  longest  as  long  as  pupil.  Dorsal  spines  strong,  the 
tliii'il  being  the  highest  and  strongest,  1|  in  head;  the  fourth  but  little  shorter,  but  more  slen- 
der, their  tips,  when  depressed,  scarcely  reaching  tips  of  ventrals;  insertion  of  first  dorsal  spino 
midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  last  ray  of  second  dorsal;  fourth  dorsal  spine  2  in  head; 
Beiuiid  anal  spine  very  strong,  straight  in  one  specimen,  slightly  curved  in  another,  1%  in  head; 
third  anal  spine  a  little  longer,  but  much  more  slender  than  tho  second  anal  and  loiiger  than 
th(!  tliird  dorsal;  caudal  well  forked;  pectoral  small,  2J  in  head,  much  smallerthiin  the  ventrals; 
ventrals  with  a  strong  spine;  tho  spino  nearly  as  long  as  the  pectoral  fin;  soft  rays  of  ventral  as 
Ions;  as  third  dorsal  sjjine.  Scales  largo  on  the  sides;  crowded  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Color 
white  below;  dusky  above  tho  lateral  line,  which  is  black  and  conspicuous;  scales  on  back  and 
Bidis  covered  with  numerous  punctulatiotis;  first  dorsal  somewhat  dusky,  second  lighter,  colora- 
tion of  both  due  to  fine  punctulations;  a  large  black  blotch  on  the  tipsof  tho  ventrals  and  anal; 
nuinlirane  between  second  and  third  anal  spines  black. — Jeukim  it  Ecertnann. 

tl*r.  Boulenger  refers  this  species  to  tho  synonymy  of  Ceuti opcyivs jxtraVelns.  This  dctermina- 
tinii  II, ay  be  correct,  but  from  Bocourt's  description  it  would  appear  that  ' '  itropomxts  mexicamv 
bail  a  dark  lateral  line  and  larger  scales  than  I',  parallelui. 


Mir 


ni 


i:       I 


tS-ii: 

^1 


F.  N.  A.- 


-78 


1122 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Mttseum. 


depth  of  body,  Vi  in  head.  Air  bladder  simple.  Color  olivaceuuii, 
whitish  below,  lateral  line  blackish;  ventrals  not  black.  Length  7  inches. 
Coasts  of  Mexico ;  recorded  from  the  Coast  of  the  Gnlf  of  Mexico;  alNo 
reported  from  the  State  of  Oaxaoa ;  the  exact  locality  not  known.  ( Vuil- 
lant  &  Bocourt.)  Not  seen  by  us.  Recorded  by  Steindachner  from 
Bahia. 

Ctntropomui  mexicarwt,  Bocourt,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Paris,  1868,  00,  Gulf  of  Mexico;  Vaillant  A 
BocouBT,  Miss.  Sci.  Mex.,  23, 1876,  with  plato. 


■jl 


1622.  CENTBOPOHVS  PARALLELFS,  Poey. 

Head  2\]  depth  3i ;  eye  small,  5.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  6?  scales  8".  to 
90.  Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed  so  that  the  two  sides  of  the 
body  are  parallel ;  an  angle  at  front  of  anal.  Month  small;  maxiilury 
not  quite  reaching  middle  of  eye.  Subopercular  flap  reaching  front  of 
dorsal.  Dorsal  spines  feeble,  the  longest  2  in  head.  Lateral  lino  not 
black  ;  12  scales  between  second  dorsal  and  lateral  line.  Serratioim  of 
preoperole  directed  slightly  upward;  2  or  3  much  stronger  spines  ut  t1i<' 
angle;  suborbital  toothed.  Length  of  second  anal  spine  equal  to  i1e|>Lii 
of  body ;  third  spine  much  shorter  and  very  slender.  Air  bladder  simjile, 
Greenish  above,  sides  silvery,  with  bright  reflections;  faint  pale  strealvs 
along  the  rows  of  scales  ;  ventrals  and  anal  tipped  with  orange  brown. 
A  small  species,  rarely  more  than  a  foot  long,  found  on  the  coasts  of  Cuba, 
entering  lakes  and  streams.  (Poey.)  Also  recorded  from  San  Domingo, 
Jamaica,  Barlados,  and  Rio  Chagres,  Guiana,  Pernambuco,  and  13abia. 
{■Kiipu'k'kri'Koq, ;parallelu8,  parallel,  the  form  being  "slab-sided.") 

CeiOropomwi  paraUelm,  Poey,  Hcmorias,  ii,  120,  1800,  Havana  and  Cienfuegos ;  GCntiikh, 
Fishes  Central  Amer.,  407, 1869;  Boulknoeb,  Cat.,  i,  369. 


I  1' 


m: 


1628.  CENTROPOHVS  PECTINATITS,  Poey. 

Head  2\y  depth  3f ;  eye  6.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  68.  Hody 
moderately  elongate,  compressed,  with  an  angle  at  front  of  anal,  ilouth 
small.  Maxillary  reaching  anterior  third  of  eye ;  angle  of  preopercle 
with  about  6  long  spines,  slender  and  close-set,  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb ; 
preorbital  sharply  serrate  behind ;  second  or  third  dorsal  spine  longest, 
If  in  head;  second  anal  spine  as  long  as  depth  of  body,  liin  head ;  lliird 
slightly  longer,  but  very  slender.  Air  bladder  simple.  Plumbeous  above, 
sides  and  belly  white ;  center  of  each  scale  bluish,  thus  forming  faint 
lines ;  fins  greenish ;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  yellow.  A  small  species 
(Poey ;  Boulenger),  rarely  more  than  a  foot  long,  found  on  the  coasts  of 
Cuba,  entering  the  lakes  and  rivers.  Also  recorded  by  Boulenger  from 
San  Domingo  and  Pernambuco.    (pectinatus,  comb-toothed.) 

Centropomua peclinatus,  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  122, 1860,  Havana  and  Cienfuegos;    Buvi.kn<:er, 
Cat.,  I,  368. 

1624.  CENTROPOMUS  UNIOXENSIS,  Bocourt. 

Head  2f ;  depth  3i ;  eye  small,  6.  D.  VIII-I,  9 ;  A.  Ill,  6 ;  scales 
8-49-12.    Body  robust,  back  steeply  elevated ;    base  of  anal  angulated. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1123 


ico;  Vailiant  A 


I'rofilu  iiioi'H  concave  tliau  in  other  specieH.  Snout  lung,  about  3  in  head; 
iiiMxillary  not  reaching  middle  of  eye.  Preopercle  with  2  very  Htrong 
tiitlli,  other  serrations  very  weak.  Dorsal  spines  moderate,  the  longest 
lint  (|uite  halt'  head  ;  anal  spines  long,  the  second  \  depth  of  body,  about 
lialf  head,  but  little  longer  than  third.  Air  bla('der  simple.  Olivaceous, 
with  faint  streaks  along  the  scales;  upper  fins  brownish,  vcntrals  pale  ; 
liiiorul  line  pale.  Pacific  coast  of  Central  America;  rather  common  at 
ruuama;  not  recorded  from  Mazatlau ;  closely  related  to  Cintropomua 
unnatus  and  to  C.  enaiferua,  but  apparently  distinct  from  both.  (From  La 
I'liion.) 

Cnh-oimviuii  uniimitisis,   Bix'oi'RT,   Ann.   So.  Nat.   I'nris,   1^08,  (M),  La  Union,  San  Salvador; 
Vaui.ant  a  BocimnT,  Miss.  Sci.  Mex.,  1875,  87;  Boulknoek,  Cat.,  i,  370. 


1525.  CKNTROPOMUK  ARMATUS,  Gill. 

Head  2i ;  depth  3;?  to  3|.  D.  VIII-I,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  6 ;  scales  7-51-14,  10  to 
14  Ncales  before  dorsal.  Preorbital  serrated  in  its  hinder  half ;  suboper- 
ciilum  produced  into  a  long  flap,  which  extends  beyond  the  vertical  from 
tlif  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Premaxillary  scarcely  extending  to  below 
middle  of  orbit.  Dorsal  spines  of  moderate  strength,  the  third  longest, 
half  as  long  as  head;  second  anal  spine  exceedingly  strong,  much 
Htninger  than  third  and  longer  than  third  dorsal  spine;  ventral  tin 
HCiircely  more  than  i  of  distance  of  its  base  from  anal.  Air  bladder 
simple.  Silvery  ;  dorsal  fins,  a  blotch  on  the  opercle,  and  the  membrane 
bt't  ween  the  anal  spines  blackish  ;  lateral  line  not  black.  Length  about 
a  lout.  Pacific  coast  of  Central  America,  common  from  Chiapas  to  Pan- 
ama. Dr.  Boulenger  refers  this  species,  with  its  allies,  robalito  and  affinin, 
to  tlie  synonymy  of  Centropomus  ensiferus.  Our  Atlantic  Coast  material 
shows  that  etmj'erua  and  affinia  are  very  close  to  each  other  and  doubt- 
fully distinct  from  robalito,  but  certainly  distinct  from  armatua.  It  is 
probable  that  robalito  and  affinia  should  be  united  with  enaiferua, 
{lumatua,  armed.) 

Ceulmpomiis  armalttf,  GiLi,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1803,  163,  Panama;    GPntheu,  Fishes 
Tentral  Amer.,  408,  1869;  Vaillant  &  Bocoukt,  Miss.  Sci.  Mex.,  34,  1875. 


■I 


BollKNliER, 


162«.  CENTROPOMUS  ROBALITO,  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
(Constantino  ;  Bobalito  kk  las  Aletas  Aharillas.) 

Head  (with  opercular  flap)  2^  in  length  ;  depth  3i.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A. 
Ill,  tl;  scales  5-51-9;  scales  large,  those  in  front  of  dorsal  not  crowded, 
10  to  14  in  number ;  b  series  between  lateral  line  and  front  of  spinous  dorsal. 
Body  comparatively  elongate,  the  back  little  elevated;  profile  from  snout 
to  base  of  dorsal  more  nearly  straight  than  in  most  of  the  species ;  upper 
outliuo  of  head  somewhat  concave  ;  nuchal  region  little  gibbous.  Mouth 
smaller  than  in  C.  armatua,  the  maxillary  barely  reaching  the  verticiil 
Hue  from  front  of  pupil  (in  C.  armuttia  of  the  same  size  reaching  past 
front  of  pupil),  the  gape  contained  nearly  3  times  in  length  of  head; 
snout  long,  longer  than  in  C.  armatua,  3^  in  head;   eye  moderate,  a  little 


U-m 


'1 


mm 


ni 


■'\ 


■i  i 


'I   i 


-^^^ 


1124 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


more  than  half  length  of  aiiout ;  preorbital  with  Htroiig  rctroiso  n(>ii;i'. 
Top  of  head  narrower  than  in  C.  armatun  an<l  more  strongly  rid^oil; 
the  two  interior  rid^oH  on  the  interorbital  Hjuice  Heparatcd  Ity  u  s|i;ico 
little  wider  than  the  noHtril,  coalescing;  opposite  the  nostrils  and  romiinir 
a  single  ridge  for  a  little  distance  forward  to  near  the  base  of  the  N|iiiit's 
of  the  prcniaxillary.     Preopercle  with  rather  distant  teeth  of  iit;nlv 
e(inal  size  on   the  entire  length  of  its  vertical  margin;  similar  teilli  on 
the  horizontal  part,  growing  larger   l)uckwar(l;    about  2  tetUh  nt   tin. 
angle  much  longer  and  stronger  than  the  others;   suprasoapnla  witli  .'i 
or  6  strong  teeth  ;  subopercular  flap  reaching  about  to  front  of  HpiiHuis 
dorsal.     Gill  rakers  long,  about  i  diameter  of  orbit.     Dorsal  spiiu-N  hiirh 
and  rather  strong,  but  distinctly  slenderer  and  more  flexible  than   in 
C.  armatua,  their  tips  when  depressed  reaching  considerably  fartlier  luick 
than  the  tips  of  the  pectorals  or  ventrals;  third  spine  lon.iL^fst,  a  littlo 
less  tlian  half  length  of  head;  fourth  spine  but  little  shorter  than  tliiid; 
insertion  of  first  dorsal  spine  a  trifle  nearer  last  ray  of  second  dorsal 
than  tip  of  snout ;  second  anal  spine  very  long  and  strong  and  strai^lit  01 
more  or  less   curved,  its  length  and  form  very  variable,  its  tip  iiliont 
reaching  base  of  caudal ;   much  longer  than  third  dorsal  spine  cv  tliuii 
third  anal  spine,  and  about  1.}  in  length  of  head  ;  third  anal  spine  aluMit 
e«iual  to  first  soft  ray  ;  caudal  fin  well  forked  ;  ventral  tins  long,  loiuiiini,' 
in  most  oases  scarcely  to  the  vent ;  pectorals  about  equaling  ventrals,  It 
in  length  of  head,  not  reaching  tips  of  ventrals.     Vent  about  iiiidwiiy 
between  base  of  ventrals  and  middle  of  base  of  anal.     Color  lilui.'sli, 
olivaceous,  silvery  white  below  ;  lateral  line  pale  ;  membrane  of  iinteiior 
dorsal  spines  and  of  second  and  third  anal  spines  blackish ;  pectorals  and 
soft  parts  of  vertical  fins  somewhat  dusky  ;  ventral  plain  bright  yillow; 
anal  with  more  or  less  of  bright  yellow.     Length  about  1  foot.     I'acilic 
coast  of  Mexico  from  Mazatlan   to  Panama;   generally   common,  e.s)»ec- 
ially  about  Mazatlan,  where  it  enters  the  streams  in  abundance.    I'lobii- 
bly  not   distinct    from   C.   ensiferun.      (liobalito,   the  vernacular    name; 
diminutive  of  JRobalo.) 

Cenlroponms  robalUu,  Jordan  k  Gii.beht,  Proc.  V,  S.  >fiit.  Mus.,  1881,  ■Ki'i,  Mazatlan  ;   Aca- 
pulco.     (Types,  Nob.  28102,  2?ia2,  28150,  etc.     Coll.  Gilbert.) 

1527.  CENTROPOMUS  AFFINIS,  Stoindachner, 

Head  2'i,;  depth  3*;  eye  large,  4  in  head.  D.  VIII-I,  10;  A.  Ill,  (i; 
scales  7-46-11  (Vaillant),  7-47  to  50-10  or  11  (Steindachner).  Nnotit 
depressed,  its  profile  a  little  concave;  back  not  much  elevated;  ides 
compressed,  parallel;  line  of  belly  straight.  Maxillary  reacliing  t"  iirst 
third  of  eye ;  suborbital  with  5  or  6  small  teeth  ;  preopercle  with  2  large 
triangular  teeth  at  angle,  the  other  teeth  strong;  subopeiculai  tlap 
reaching  base  of  first  dorsal  spine.  Scales  large,  those  before  dorsal 
amall.  Suprascapula  with  4  teeth.  Ventral  reaching  more  than  half 
way  to  anal;  pectoral  It  in  head;  third  dorsal  spine  1|  in  depth  of  Ikm'v, 
about  2i  in  head;  second  anal  spine  notably  longer  than  third,  its  Icugtii 
If  in  head,  iV  greater  than  depth  of  body ;  caudal  a  little  shorter  than 


Jordan  and  l<A>ermaun. — Fishes  of  A'orth  America.       1125 


Mazatlan  ;    Aca- 


elevated ;     uU'S 


liciiil.  Coloration  oliv«;  Hides  silvery;  Maek  shades  on  vertical  flns, 
i^jiocially  beliind  anal  spines,  l.atoral  line  brown;  ventrals  pale.  (Vail- 
laiit  «&  liocourt.)  Coast  of  lira/il,  north  to  Belize;  evidently  very  close 
to  C<'utropomn8  eiiHi/vruH,  to  which  Dr.  Itoiilenger  refers  it.  (affiiiin,  related, 
to  CtntropomuH  luulevimulia.) 

r.iitritjmmiin  ajiiiin,  Stkindaciinkr,  lolitli.  Noti/.on,  I,  pi.  1,  fi|?.  1,  18(14,  Rio  Janeiro  and 
Cajutuba,  Brazil;  Demerara,  (Coll.  .Toliaiin  Natlcrur);  Yaillant  >V  Bocut'RT,  MIhm.  Hri. 
Mox.,  :il,  III.  1,  flg  1. 

('.ninffKimiiH  hviilier,  lloconuT,  Aim.  Sci.  Nat.,  5  Sor.,  ix,  00,  180H,  marshes  of  Belize.  (Coll. 
Ilucoiirt). 

152S.  CKNTROPOMIIH  KNSIFKKl'S,  Poey. 

Head 2*;  depth 4;  eyefijin  head.  I).  VIII-1, 10;  A.  111,6;  scales 7-i3:^ll, 
j)(iie8  48.  Preorbital  coarsely  serrated;  snJiopercnlar  Map  extending  to 
vertical  from  origin  of  dorsal.  Maxillary  scarcely  extending  to  below 
middle  of  orbit.  Dorsal  spines  of  moderate  strength,  the  third  and 
fourth  longest,  %■  as  long  as  head  ;  second  anal  spine  exceedingly  strong, 
mnch  stronger  than  third,  1.^  times  depth  of  body,  much  longer  than 
dorsal  spines;  ventral  somewhat  more  than  i  the  distance  of  its  base 
from  anal.  Silvery;  dorsal  fin,  a  blotch  on  the  opercle,  and  the  mem- 
brane between  the  anal  spines  blackish ;  lateral  line  not  black.  Air 
bladder  simple.  Lengtii  about  a  foot.  West  Indies;  generally  common 
from  Cuba  to  Surinam  ;  also  found  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  if  C.  robalito  is 
the  same,  which  is  not  unlikely,     (twm,  sword  ;  fero,  I  bear.) 

CeiiliopouiuK  eim/enm,  PoEY,  Momorias,  li,  122,  1800,  Havana;  OC.ntiiku,  FIhIi or  Central  Amer., 

■108,  1809;  Bi)ULEN(iKR,  Cat.,  I,  1509. 
♦  r.iifrojwiiiHd  fcrei'in,*  GCNTiiEn,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Ivoii.i     1804,  144,  locality  unknown. 

For  the  sake  of  completeness,  we  add  the  description  of  the  only  remain- 
ing; species  of  this  genus  which  is  known  to  us: 

CnitroponiiiH  coimtaHthiHa,  Jordan  &,  Starks,  new  species.  —  Head  2f ; 
depth  31;  eye  5  in  head;  snout  'ii;  interorbital  ^  eye;  D.  VIII-I,  10; 
A.  Ill,  6;  scales  10-67-13.  Posterior  half  of  preorbital  rather  strongly 
retrorse-serrate;  anterior  portion  entire;  maxillary  extending  to  below 
the  middle  of  orbit,  2^  in  head ;  subopercular  Hap  extending  nearly  to 
within  4  scales  of  the  vertical  from  the  origin  of  dorsal.  Gill  rakers 
4+9;  21  series  of  scales  before  first  dorsal.  Third  and  fourth  dorsal 
spines  equal,  abor  ;  h.If  as  long  as  head;  second  anal  spine  longer  and 
much  stronger  tiiu,ii  third,  l^  in  head  ;  third  longer  than  soft  raj's ;  ven- 
trals long,  li  in  head,  nearly  reaching  vent,  their  length  not  quite  equal 
to  distance  from  their  tips  to  anal.  Air  bladder  with  very  short,  blunt 
anterior  appendages^  which  are  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
pupil.  Pectorals  2  in  head;  caudal  short,  with  roundish  lobes,  2  in 
head.  Olive;  sides  silvery;  lateral  line  dusky;  head  pale;  ventrals 
paks  tips  of  dorsal  and  membrane  behind  anal  spines  blackish.     Allied 

*  <  eiitropomus  brevis,  Gilnthor  :  Head  2\4;  depth  3i^.  I). VIII-I,  10;  A.  HI,  fi;  scaleH  8-r)0-X. 
Maxillary  reaching  to  middle  of  eye;  suborbital  strongly  toothed;  lolm  of  siiboperclo  reaching 
beyiiiiil  front  of  dorsal.  Vent  ranch  nearer  anal  than  ventrals.  Dorsal  spines  strong,  the  third 
pqiial  to  distance  from  chin  to  posterior  border  of  eye;  second  anal  spine  strong,  i),^  in  head, 
greuti'rthan  depth  of  body;  third  anal  spine  much  shorter.  Air  bladder  simple.  Lateral  line 
pale;  lower  flns  pale  Locality  unknown,  (tiiintlier.)  This  may  bo  a  species  distinct  from 
Cenh'immis  emifeniH.  having  deeper  body  and  smaller  scales.  Its  validity  is,  however,  very 
iloul'tdil.  Dr.  lioulenger,  who  has  examined  its  type,  as  well  as  siiecimeng  certainly  refer- 
able tn  robalito  (Presidio,  Forrer),  to  urnia(«.«  (Panama,  Salvin),  and  tiwi/eriw  (Jamaica),  regards 
tbeni  -.M  as  identical.  C.  armalm  is  certainly  valid,  but  the  others  may  all  b«  identical  with 
eim/f)!(». 


.;  -"i  i^ 


II 


Ki  ■ 


iri 


1120 


Jiulletin  77,  Ihiited  States  National  Afuseum. 


to  C.  mexicanuH,  luit  tho  doraal  Hpines  more  slender  and  Hhorter  and  tlic 
body  deeper.  Known  from  3  HpeciniuiiH  collected  ut  Huliia.  Hra/il,  liy 
the  Alhati-OHH.  The  one  here  dcHcrihed  Ih  8|  inches  lon^  and  nunilttnil 
1033  on  the  register  of  Stanford  University.  Two  others  are  in  tiie  l'.  S, 
National  Museum,  numbered  4.32Ki).  (Coimtantitio,  a  Spanish  veruaciiliir 
name  of  the  smaller  ItohaloH  or  Jiobaliton.'^ 


Family  CXLVI.  SERRANID^. 

(TiiK  Ska  Bass.) 

Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  adherent  scales  of 
moderate  oi  small  size,  which  are  usually  but  not  always  ctenoid;  ddisal 
and  ventral  outlines  usually  not  perfectly  corresponding.  Mouth  moder- 
ate or  large,  not  very  oblique,  the  premaxillary  protractile  and  tho  liiiiad 
maxillary  usually  not  slipping  for  its  whole  length  into  a  sheath  foi med 
by  the  preorbital,  which  is  usually  narrow.  Supplemental  maxillary 
present  or  absent.  Teeth  all  conical  or  pointed,  in  bands,  presL'iit  on 
jaws,  vomer  and  palatinco.  (iiii  rakers  long  or  short,  usually  stiff,  a  i mcd 
with  teeth.  (Jills  4,  a  long  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobruiaiiiii' 
present,  large.  Lower  pharyngeals  rather  narrow,  with  pointed  teetb, 
separate  (except  in  Centrogenya).  Gil)  membranes  separate,  free  from  the 
isthmus.  Branchiostegals  normally  7  (occasionally  6).  Cheeks  and 
opercles  always  scaly;  preopercle  with  its  margin  more  or  less  serrate, 
rarely  entire ;  the  opercles  usually  ending  in  one  or  two  flat  spitie-Iikc 
points.  Nostrils  double.  Lateral  line  single,  not  extending  on  tho  lau- 
dal  fin.  Skull  without  cranial  spines  and  usually  without  well-dev(d()i)r'd 
cavernous  structure.  No  suborbital  stay.  Post-temporal  normal.  Second 
Bubofbital  with  an  internal  lamina  supporting  the  globe  of  the  eye; 
entopterygoid  present ;  "til  or  most  of  the  ribs  inserted  on  the  tranHverse 
processes  when  these  are  developed;  anterior  vertebrie  without  trans- 
verse processes.  E  real  spines  usually  stiff,  2  to  15  in  number  ;  soft  dor- 
sal with  10  to  30  rays ;  anal  fin  rathershort,  its  soft  rays  7  to  12,  its  spines. 
if  present,  always  3,  in  certain  genersk  (GrammisUnce,  Kypticinw)  alto^'i  ther 
wanting.  Ventrals  thoracic,  usually  I,  n  (I,  4,  in  Plesiopinai),  normally 
developed,  without  distinct  axillary  scale.  Pectorals  well  developed, 
with  navrow  base,  the  rays  branched.  Caudal  peduncle  stout,  the  fm 
variously  formed.  Vertebrae  typically  10  +  14  =  24,  the  number  sonic- 
times  increased,  never  more  than  35.*    Air  bladder  present,  usually  small, 


*  The  following  .iccount  of  tho  numbore  of  vertebrnB  Is  takun  from  Dr.  Bonleiigcr'g  Ciiti 
of  Toleo8tcan  Kisheg;  tho  nomenclatiiro  of  certain  spocies  is  changed  tu  agree  with  tliat 
the  iiroscnt  worl{: 

Percichthys  trucha 15  -f  20  =  35 

PerelclithjB pocJia 14  -f  19  =  33 

Percilia  gilllsBii 13 -f  22  =  35 

Lateolubraxjaponicua 17  -j-18  =  3u 

Niphon  spinosug 14 -f  17  =  31 

Morone  aniericana 12-1-13  =  25 

KoRcus  chrysops . 12  -f  13  =  25 

Dicentrarchus  labriix 12  -j- 13  =  25 

Percalates  colc.ioruni 11  -}- 14  =  25 

Ctenolatea  ambiguua 11  -i-16  =  2(') 

Siniperoa  chuatsi 13  -f  15  =  28 

AcantbUtiua  pictua 10  + 16  =  26 


AcaiithiBtJna  Borratus 10  |  Ifl  =-- 

Ileinilutjanus  macrophthal- 
mus 10  + 15  -^ 

Centrogeuy8  vaigiensis 11  -fH- 

Polyprioii  amcrlcanus 13-1-14^ 

Polyprion  prugimthus 14 -(-13- 

Oligoriis  tnactjiiarienBis 16 -)-]',)  = 

AulacuccphaluB  teni.   hickii  10-i-14  = 

Plectroponia  niaciilatum 10  ^- 14  = 

Variola  loiiti 10  |  14 

BodianUB  guttatuB 10-1-14: 

Bodiauus  punctatus .  10  -|- 14  - 


'Jti 


itn. 


Jordan  and  Kvertnann. — Fishes  of  .Vortli  America.       1127 


lorter  and  the 
lia,  Ih'ii/.il,  liy 
aiul  nuinlii nil 
ne  in  tlu)  IS, 
iHh  veruaculiir 


lerent  Hcalfs  of 
itenoid ;  dorsal 

Mouth  niodt  1- 
i  and  the  Imiad 

Hheath  fonufd 
utal  inaxillary 
ds,  present  on 
illystifl',  anniMl 
seudohramliiii' 

pointed  teotb, 

D,  free  from  \\w 

Cheeks  and 

or  less  senate, 

flat  spine-like 
ing  on  tlie  can- 
well-developcd 
ornial.  Seeoml 
)e   of  the  eye ; 

the  tranHvei.sf 

witliout  tians- 
tnber ;  soft  dor- 
bo  12,  its  spines. 
nnce)  altogttliei 
>iwtt'),  noriiiaily 
irell  developed, 
e  stout,  the  tin 

number  some- 

,  usually  small, 


uleiiBcr's  Cat 

l|ll(.'UC 

•eo 

with  tliat 

..r  til. 

10  +  lC    - 

•ji; 

al- 

lO-i-15.- 

'.'"> 



11 -fU- 

'Si 

13-1-14. 

•J7 

14-1-13- 

■J" 



16  +  19^ 

I'l." 

:kii 

10-H4- 

■Jl 

10-1-14 

■1\ 

10  1  14 

■:\ 

10-!- 14: 

:.\ 

>•« 

10  +  14-- 

•zi 

and  adherent  to  the  wuUofthe  abdomen.  Stonuichciecal,  with  fewormany 
|)ylori«  appendages;  intestines  short,  as  is  usual  in  carnivorous  fishes, 
(leiiora  ()0  to  70.  S|)ecies  about  400. t  Carnivorous  fishes,  chiefly  murine, 
;iiid  found  in  all  warm  seas;  several  genera  found  in  fresh  waters.  As 
lieie  understood,  the  Svrranidn)  comprise  the  most  of  the  family  of  /'er- 
viiiiv  as  understood  by  (Uiuther  and  others,  exclusive  of  those  with  imper- 
tVet  pseudobranchiu*,  those  with  one  or  two  anal  spines,  those  with  the 
iiiimbur  of  yortebnu  increased,  those  in  which  the  whole  length  of  the 
maxillary  slips  under  the  preorbital,  and  those  with  the  anal  fin  many 
rayed,  ai'd  the  cranium  shortened  behind.  As  here  understood,  the 
Sirranidw  are  essentially  e(|uivalent  to  the  Serramnw  and  GrammMinn; 
of  Houlenger's  Catalogue.  Even  after  these  eliminations,  the  family  is 
eonsiderably    varied,      (rercidte,  part,  Giiuther,  Cat.,  I,  6i-220.) 

I.  Anal  gpinoH  3,  woll  dnvolopcd. 

<i.  Dorsal  fliis  2;  vortebrii!  25  to  30, 11  to  16  in  precaudul  portion. 
MonoNiN;»;: 
h.  Maxillary  without  Biipplomontal  bone;  teeth  all  pointe<l;  pectoral  iimymnietrical,  itit 
upper  rays  lougoBt;  dorRiil  (in  our  gonera)  X-14;  skull  without  cavornouK  struc- 
ture; prcopercio  strongly  serrate;  caudal  flu  furl«Mi;  tongue  with  teeth;  ventral 
fins  inserted  behind  axil  of  pectorals;  teeth  all  alike,  usually  villiforni,  without 
canines;  preorbital  narrow;  lateral  lino  normal,  straight,  or  bent  upward  at  hose; 
preopercle  serrate;  gill  rakers  moderately  long  and  slender;  species  generally  ut 
largo  si/o,  and  silvory-olivo  coloration,  mostly  inhabiting  froKh  or  brackish  waters. 
Preoporcle  without  antrorso  spines  on  its  lower  limb. 
I'.  Dorsal  fins  separate;  spines  of  tins  weak;  anal  rays  III,  12,  the  spines  graduated; 
lower  jaw  projecting;  base  of  tongue  with  teeth.  It<i('cr8,  491. 

cc.  Dorsal  flns  joined;  spines  of  flns  strong;  anal  rays  III,  !),  the  spines  not  gradu- 
ated; jaw8  Bubequal;  base  of  tongue  toothless.  Mokone,  402. 
"«.  Dorsal  tin  single,  sometimes  deeply  divided. 

(/.  Maxillary  with  a  distinct  supplemental  bone  (rarely  obscured  by  the  skin);  dorsal 
usually  divided  or  deeply  notched. 
e.  Inner  tdetli  of  jaws  not  dopressible  or  hinged. 

Ll0PR0P0MIN£: 

/.  Soft  dorsal  longer  than  spinoug  part;  doi-sal  deeply  divided,  the  spines  G  to  9  in 

number;    prcopercle  entire;    vortebrea  10-t-14=s24;    lateral   line  arched 

anteriorly. 

g.  Dorsal  spines  9;  caudal  lunate.  Liopuopoma,  493. 

ijg.  Dorsal  spines  0;  caudal  truncate.  C'iiurististivm,  494. 


'  ~lianu9  tmniops 

ilpinephelusareolatus 

iilpinephelus  striatus 

Kpinephelus  fasciatus 

Epinephelua  tauvina 

I'mniicropBgiittatus 

Alphestesafer 

Mycteroperca  bonaci 

Anyperodou    leucogranimi- 

cus 

Paranthias  furcifer 

Parolabrax  liumeralis 


10-t-14  =  24  Seiramiscabrilla 10-114-^24 

10  i  14  -f:4  i  Serranus scriba 10-M4:-24 

10  +  14^24  'l  Qilbertiaseniicincta 10  4  17-27 

10  1-14=24  i!  Ctcsioperca  lepidoptora 10-|-10-^2« 

10  +  14=^24  II  Oaprodon  lougimanus lO-i-lO-    20 

10)14  =  24  !'  Ilolanthias  borboniuB 10  [16^-20 

10-1-14  =  24  |i  Authiassacer 10-f  16  =  26 

10-f  14  =  24  !i  Plectranthiasanthioides—  10  ;  16=26 

;  Callanthiaspeloritanus 11-1-13  =24 

10-H4  =  24  ||  Paraplesiops meleagris "(04  10  =  26 

10  +  14  =  24  I  Pleslops  nigricans 10  +  1.1  —  25 

10-114  =  24  li  Rypticus  saponaceuB 10 -'-'14  =  24 


t  A  review  of  the  genera  and  gpec!es  of  Sen-ani<lie  found-in  the  waters  of  America  and  Europe, 
by  David  Starr  Jordan  and  Carl  U.  Eigenniann,  was  published  in  Bulletin  viii  of  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Conimission,  1888  (1800),  329-433,  plates  60  to  09.  In  that  paper  may  l)o  found  full  synonymy 
of  "II  the  genera  and  species.  A  must  excellent  account  is  given  in  Boulonger'g  Catalogue  of 
TeluoBtean  Fishes,  Vol,  i,  Just  published  as  these  pages  are  going  through  the  press. 


?l 


I 


1  i 


1 

-         i 

i      i:  " 
i     V 


J 


I*  '  8 


1   ( 

I , 

t 


1128 


Bulletin  -/7,  United  States  National  Museutn. 


l'(ll,VI>nillNIN.«: 

fj.  Hurt  (li)i'Hal  iiliorter  tlinii  Niiliioiu  inrt;  vortubriu  inure  than  24  ('ifi  to  ltd);  lii,i<| 
without  riiiioMfl  di'rnial  umtllli'iitiuiiH. 
A.  Totith  itll  villirorni,  without  <-anlii«<«;  wirt  ihtmal  with  10  to  12  rnyit. 

I.  Head  nut  urinuil  with  HiiiiiiK<'rouN  rlili^i'x;  |jru<i|H'i'i'lii  riiixli'ratnly  m  r- 

rato,  HiiiiictinioN    l»<('oi>iini,(    itntirn    with    uk<';  liinwil   tin  i|im'|,Iv 

nutclii>il,  tlio  laiit  H|iini>fl  much  Hhorlcr  liiaii  tlm   iiiliiiihi  ciiim; 

■rales  ruKuM;  Moft  durini  m-aiy;  tlunuil  Hpiiii't  II;  IcmKUn  tm.lli- 

lom;  furtilieuit  liroaci,  llattlHli;  Muuut,  |ireiiiiillai,  and  Jkuh  nakxi; 

raudal   ■ulitruiR'alc;    jiro()|i<iri'lu  (Inuly   Koi'ratu,   licrDinIni;  iiilnv 

witli  aK<t;  gill  riikcrH  very  HtroiiK;  p.vlorir  cn'ca  fi'w  (iihoiii  7i; 

pecturul  ubtUHuly  |iuliiti'd;  vuntral  iuBcrted  a  littk' lolurc  axil  of 

puctural;  vurtubrui  20,  Stkhkui.eimh,  t'.i'i. 

a,  Hi'ad  ariiii'd  witli  roUKh  ii|iini)(«r<iUHcn'RtH,  thitre  l>«lnK  H|iliioim  pru- 

Jectiuns  uliuvii  thi<  oyuH  and  a  i-oukIi,  Ixmy  I'idKii  uii   tlin  ci|ii'ii'|i<, 

witli    uthiTH  (III   tli«   |iiiHl-tuiii|»>i'al;  iliUMal    tin    low,   tiiiitiiiiiniiii; 

toiiguu  with  tui'tli;  donial  HpinoH  11  ur  1'^;  mift  dnriai  icaly;  I'liiulal 

ruuudi'd;   voiitial  nut  iiiaerti'd  iMifurn  axil   nf   pucturul;  pylniic 

cu'cu  niiiiutruui  (abuut  70);  vcrtebrii'  '27.  roi.Yl'itinN,  lln,. 

Epinkimirmn^;: 

('<■.  Inner  tneth  of  JawH  deproKdible  or  liinged;  caniiio  tmith  more  ur  1pm  dUtlin  i,  in 

front  of  each  jaw;  BcaluH  nniall,  firm,  tho  fop  of  licud   morn   or  1<'»h  kihIv; 

lateral  line  ninuiiiK  low  (uxeept  in   ({(iiUniilfrlnm,  utc);  Hii|iniu('c'i|>ital  crvKt 

usually  more  or  l«t»  encroaohing  on  tliu  top  of  the  hUiiII,  nu  uh  to  leiivii  w  'Ih- 

tluct  amuoth  area  at  tlie  vertex  (except  in  riii'f(//ii);  ti'iiiporal  crcKtN  iisimIIv 

distinct;  gill  rakers  various,  generally  sniall  andNliort.     Dorsal  ruyn  Vill  in 

XIV,  12  tu  ^0,  tho  number  uf  spines  usually  not  Ki;  anal  rays  III,  7  tu  III.  IJ: 

ventral  fliis  iusortud  mure  or  less  behind  axil  of  pucturaln;  head  iiiianni'il, 

except  for  the  opercular  Hplnes  and  the  serne  on  the  prooperclc;  Hol't  i\'>v^n\ 

scaly;  srales  of  lateral  line  usually  triangular  ami  cyeluid;  vertebne  uIiikihI 

always  10  ]- 14  —  24,  rarely  20  ur  27.     Chiutly  shure  flslieR,  often  of  large  size; 

all  of  them,  so  far  as  known,  bisexual. 

j.  Pectoral  uiigynimotrical,  'ts  up|M>r  rays  longest;  dorsal  spines  8;  plectroid  hpiiii' 

on  preopcrcle  sing' j,  very  strong:  "  ;4ruiig  canine  on  middle  of  si. If  uf 

lower  jaw;   opende  with  a  long,  kiiife-Hha|H^d  spine;  bo<ly  rather  cli'i].; 

lateral  lino  running liigh ;  Jaws  naked ;  Hcalcs  small,  Ann,  and  ruugli ;  lan- 

dal  ruundcd;  soft  dorsal  rather  sliurt,  of  12  ur  l^i  rays. 

QONIOPI.ECTm  s,  l'.»7. 

jj.  Pectoral  ruunded,  symmetrical,  its  middle  rays  longest;  canines  iisuallv  ilis- 
tinrt,  in  front  of  1  or  both  Jaws. 
k.  Frontals*  with  a  transverse  ridge  on  posterior  part  In  front  of  the  siijira- 
occipital  connecting  the  parietal  crests;  frontal  hones  without  iirocoKsi'd 
or  longitudinal  ridges  on  tho  upper  surface;  dorsal  spincH  alwayH  '.I 
I,  Posterior  process  of  promaxillary  extending  to  betwo^n  frontaln;  iiian- 
diblo  without  curved  canines  on  its  sides;    caudal  not  fuiUud; 
scales  ctenoid.  Petkomktoi'on,  iw. 

H'.  Frontals  without  transverse  ridge. 

m.  Dorsal  spines  9;  soft  dorsal  of  moderate  length  and  height,  its  rays 
1.3  to  15;  anal  rays  III,  7  or  8;  skull  and  head  essentially  as  iu 
Ephinephehm,  the  snout  not  very  short,  the  frontal  region  tiat  or 
convex,  the  supraoccipital  crest  continued  forward  over  it,  I  If 
lateral  crest  short,  low,  and  diverging;  mouth  and  toctli  as  in 
Kphinephtlua.  Bo»IAM>,  l'.''i. 

*  These  characters,  with  other  osteological  cliaractera  used  in  this  analysis,  are  taken  from 
Boulenger's  Catalogue,  p.  165  et  teq. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1120 


(itr>iu:iO);  III  .1.1 


B,  are  taken  truiii 


■mm.  Diimnl  Kplm'i  11,  (nirnly  Ht,  tii'vnr  !»). 

II.  I'lirinlikl  rri'HiN  ii"t  |iriHhii'i'i|  furwurtl  on  tli«<  t'roiiinU;  rruiititU  with 

u  in'orfwt  III' kiiiili  on  iiiicli  xlilii,  lii'himi  iiitrrnrliltiil  ami;  |ir)>- 

initxillHry  |iriic(>HH<>H  lltlliiK  liiln  ii  cikvit.v  al  llii-niitcrliiri'xirMii- 

ity  III'  till)  fi'iiiititlH,  III'  Jiidi  nil  I'liinrKliitttluii  of  tlK-tM<  Iiuiii'h;  anal 

riiyM  III,  H,  III  III,  I). 

(1.  HcaloN  iif  IIki  IntiTttl  linn  normul,  nmi'l«>il  hy  raillutliiK  riilKON. 

\>.  Crttuiuni    nnrmw  almvo  tlii>    liiti'iorlillul    H|iari-,   ili'i>|ily 

concikvo;  iiccipltHl  rri<Ht  niii'tiiiK  inliriii'liilal  region. 

Kl'INI.l'IIK.I.I  H,  .'■i(H», 

;>;>.  (Jriuiiiini  vxry  liruail  and  Hat  alinvf,  thn  intorniiiital  little 

ctini'uve,     tlio     oc'i'lpltul    rrcNt    ili!ia|i|ie»iiiiK    lii'rurii 

niai'liiiiK  IntiTiirliltiil  n-Klon.  (iAiiiii  ta,  5(11. 

mi.  i^tstleH  <if  till'  lateral  lliii'  earli  willi  4  tu  I)  ntron^  raiiiiitliiK 

riilKex ;  i-ranliini  Nliort,  extii'iiii'ly  limail,  ami  ilepri'iiHi'il 

between    tlio  eyon;  the  uiiterlor  iirollle  of  lieiui  a  litlle 

eoncHve;  ilornal  H|ilnoii  low;  ilunial  ray«  XI,  l*i. 

I'liiiMiciiiii'M,  ri(i2. 
nn.  I'ui'iolnl  rreNiN  prmlin'eil  forward  nn  the  IVuiilalM. 

I/.  KruiilalN    with   a   pmcuxM  or  knoli  <in  narli    Hide    liehind    the 

Interurliiial  area;    preiMiixlllarleN  llttiiiK  into  a  eiivity  al 

antHfior  extremity  of  fruiitsin;    anul   rayH  III,  H,  rarely 

III,  l>. 

r.   I'reoperrle  with  u  8in)(le  ant riirue  Imuk  or  Npiiie  near  the 

HUKle;    Hiipraoeripllal  and  parietal  iTunIm  nut  extendiiiK 

to  lietwcen  orliU«;  BcaloM  ctenoid.  Ai.I'IIKstkh,  fii);». 

rr.  Preoperrle   wilhunt  anIrorNe  Hpine;    Nnpraoiripilal  and 

parietal  ituhIh  extending  to  between    uriiit.s;   aralcH 

Hinooth;  caninu  teeth   Hnwill  or  oliNolete;  head  xniull 

mueh  I'oinpreaHud,  the  interorliital  area  In  the  uiiiilt 

uot  broader  than  the  eye;  NUpraoei'ipltal  erc"t  low; 

«oft  diirrtal  uniiHually   Ioiik,  the  rays  \l,  17  to  'JO; 

dornal    spluuH   low;    vertical    flim  all    roiinited   poN- 

terlorly.  Ukkmatoi.f.I'ih,  riOI. 

qq,  FrontaU  without  procecsus  on   the   upper  Hiirface;  parietal 

cruHts  extendiuf;   to   between   nrbits;    preniaxillary  pro- 

cenHei  not  extending  to  the  frontalM.     Anal  tin  elungato, 

tt8  rayH  III,  11  or  III,  12,  (very  rarely  III,  it  or  III,  10); 

caudal  tin  lunate  or  truncate;  HpiDexidender,  thuHo  of  the 

anal  fin  graduated;  lower  Jaws  ntrongly  projcetinn;  era- 

niuni  rather  broad  and  traD8ver8oly  concave  between  the 

oyea,  its  lateral  c.reNtH  very  strong,  nearly  parallel  with 

the  supraiH-eipital  crest  and  extending  farther  forward 

than  the  latter,  joining  the  HUpraocnIar  rrest  above  the 

eye;    Hcales  Hinall,  largely  cycloid,  thoMe  of  the  lateral 

line  gimple;  pyloric  coeca  few  (12  to  20);  dornal  rayn  \I, 

10  to  IH.  MVCTBHI'I'KHCA,  506. 

({(/.  Maxillary  without  aupplenieutal  bone;  canine  teeth,  if  proRcnt,  usually  duvelo|H-d  on 
the  side  of  the  lower  jaw  as  well  as  in  front;  no  deprcisibie  teeth;  scales  mostly 
ctenoid,  including  those  of  the  lateral  line;  tubes  of  lateral  line  straight  or  with 
un  ascending  tubule,  covering  most  of  the  length  of  scale.  Temporal  crests  on 
cranium  almost  obsolete, 

SERRANINiF.  : 

».  Gill  rakers  comparatively  short  and  wide  apart;  lateral  Hue  not  running  close 
to  the  back  (except  in  Stiroiiiiii);  dorsal  rays  X,  11  to  16;  anal  rays  usually 
III,  7;  supraoccipital  crest  not  extending  far  forward  on  top  of  the  skull, 
a  more  or  less  distinct  convex  smooth  area  being  left  on  thi;  vertex  between 
the  supraoccipital  and  the  interorbital  area;  mouth  uot  very  oblique;  ver- 
tebrte  about  10  -f  14  =:  24.    Chielly  shore  fishes  of  olivaceous  colors. 


1 


« 


] 


1130 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


irr- I 


(.  Voiitrnl  ttiii  liiHitrtutl  heli  w  nr  more  nr  toM  behind  hxII  of  poctorul;  lirniir  h 
lii«t«Kalii  7. 
H.  DuriNtl  till  with  4  or  ai|ilii«i«  prodiiroil  la  IniiK  lllaniiMiU;  ilomul  \.i\- 
X,  12,  or  X,  l.'t;  pn  )|Mircle  tivi'iily  ittrrutis  |iruorbitul  riiiii|j,tii 
tlvvly  hroinl;  tii|>  of  htiiiil,  clieokR,  aiiU  pn^orlillul  fliinlv  mnl 
rIoKily  m'ulnd  to  the  tl|)  of  mioiil;  iiioilt  loiit{  hihI  low,  tlii'  linni 
Jaw  much  priJectlMK;  •■autUI  timitti';  iH'ikl*>H  ruthdrHmttll;  rntiiiniii 
with  It  lurife  iinooth  iiron,  much  itit  In  Stmmuii  ami  hiimwi. «, 
Itoily  clongittu,  llttio  uoni|)ruaM(l;  rIII  rukori  few  •n<l  Mlxirt. 

<.'llATIN|Ii,  fillH. 

Hii,  Dunal  without  long  flUnM^ntoui  iplnoM,  nut  niurn  thun  one  ni'  itn 
MlilndK  upeclally  produci'd. 
V.  Ikxly  Hhort  and  df«|i,  with  ulevatotl  liack,  thu  depth  mon-  tlmu  ^ 
tint  length,  UBimlly  nowrly  hulT;  pr<>up<-rcle  with  »  fi'w 
antrorae  ««itiii  on  li*  lower  llinh;  lop  of  HupmcH'cipltiil  <  i'>t 
vory  high,  about  um  long  iw  the  Hmooth  uroii  on  vorlcx  ol 
cranium,  which  U  well  tlovclopod,  iih  In  Serrauuii  Hiid  I'riimcile: 
Top  of  head  nukvd;  dunal  ruyii  usually  X,  14. 

lIvi'oi'i.KUTUiirt,  riii;. 

I'll,  Body  romiMiratlvnly  olongate,  tho  dtipth  )/;  to  )4  thu  longtli;  tm 

hooked  (pinuleion  lowitr  llnih  of  pruo|H)rclo. 

IP.  Cranium  with  Iti  smooth  urua  vory  short  and  Kmall,  much  a^  in 

OeittriiprHeii;  caudal  flu  more  or  lotw  dUtluctly  lunutc  (ir 

concave,  thu  middlu  rayH  ihortoit;  dorsal  spines  atrnii);, 

very  unequal,  the  third  or  fourth  moro  or  lessclitviitcd; 

(scales  small;    dorsal   rays  X,  14;  top  of   head  uitiially 

more  or  luss  sculy).  Paralarhax,  mw. 

U,  Ventral  flns  anterior,  inserted  more  or  less  in  advance  of  axil  of  portnnil, 

well  separated;  upper  half  of  |)octoral  fin  usually  vertlcallyltruiu  ati'. 

X.  Hmooth  area  on   top  of  cranium  very  short  and  small*;  tlie  Ihiik 

supraocclpltal  crest  encroaching  on  the  posterior  border  nf  c m- 

nlum  so  that  the  latter  in  profile  is  not  nearly  vertical  nluu;;  tlu' 

occipital    region.    Branchiostegals    7,    Caudal    fln    nut   liiimtc', 

rounded,  or  ending  in  3  imints,  the  middle  rays  produced  like  the 

onter  ones;  dorsal  spines  slender,  the  third  little  elevated,  Huiiie 

of  them  with  dermal  appendages  ur  fliamcnts  (tooth  giiiall.  In 

broad  bands;  top  of  head  naked;  scales  large,  dorsal  rnv'^  .\,  11). 

Cbntropriktks,  Ml, 

seat.  Smooth  area  on   top  of  craniam*  very  largo,  longer  than  tli>'  luw 

Bopraoccipital  crest,  which  is  low  and  short;  {tosterior  iKirdir  uf 

cranium  at  occipital  region  nearly  vertical  in  profile.    Caudal  tin 

lunate  or  tfuncate;  dorsal  rays  X,  11  to  X,  13;  soft  dorsal  Malelei-ii 

or  nearly  so.     Canine  tenth  small. 

y.  Bntnchiostegals  7;  caudal  fln  lorked  or  Innate;  none  of  the  durtuil 

spines  elongate. 

a.  Preopercle  with  numerous  strong  diverging  spines  at  its  niielo, 

those  spines  diverging  from  one  or  two  centers;  preoiliital 

broader  than  maxillary,  which  la  widest  near  itx  niidilU'; 

scales  rather  large.  Diplectiii'm, '>l(i. 

!z.  Preopercle  simply  and  rather  finely  serrate;  preorbitui  narmw. 

PRioNonr>,  Till. 
y;/.  Brauchioetegals  6;  caudal  fln  truncate.  Di'i.rs,  .'il'.>. 

H.  OiU  rakers  (in  American  species)  very  long,  slender,  and  close  set;  lati'ral 
line  running  close  to  the  back;  supraocclpltal  crest  high;  occiput  with 
a  short  convex  smooth  area;  canines  strong;  nc  depresslble  teeth:  iirc- 
orbital  narrow;  maxillary  without  supplemental  bone  or  with  a  rudiiufiit 
only. 

*  Seen  on  removal  of  skin  of  vertex. 


Jordan  and  /'.vfrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1131 


^utural;  lirani'li- 


\NTiiriN«: 

i',  IiUtaritl  lino  i-(imtili>l«  ami  roDiiiiiiniii,  axlendInK  to  I>«i4«  of  raud*!;  vtntral   rajri   I,  0; 

ilorvul  ray*  IX  to  XII,  I)  Id  JO;  itiml  rityii  III,  7  to  lli;  |H>clural  rayM  lintiicliml;  mioul 

Nliurt,  iiKimty  riiiivt'X  In  |iri>flli-;  lliliox  ol  rHtlier  ilnop  wator*,  chinfly  liriKl't  riil  in  lir«. 

b'    Diirnul  iiilni-H  D,  all  low,  tlio  Nolt  rnyii  about  lu.    Cainlal  fln  ili*<i|ily  forknl,  tli«  lolxm 

proiliKM'il;  KculcN  Ninall,  ctunoid;  voutraU  Ioiik,  lnii«rt«d  liahlnd  iixll  of  {icrtoral; 

nittxillary  xraly;  frontal  roglon  flaltlih,  the  HU|iraoccipltal  crmt  vary  pronilneut. 

I'akantiiian,  ni3. 

/•/•'    Domal  DpIneH  lu  or  muru;  HcaU>i  not  very  iniali    proo|Hjrclo  angular,  with  Milictit  tnatli 

at  ilti  unglo;  oni<  or  niori<  ilorNul  iplni'M  lonietlmci  fllamontoiiH;  vimtrat  tinii  long. 

(•'    Mitxillnry  and  Iroiitiil  xt\%\u\\  nakttd;  tongue  niiiHtly  tootliU'm;  caudal  fln  lunatn; 

|iari(!tulii  wuak;  p<mli>rior  pruc(<iN  ul'  pnvmaxlllary  ruucliing  thn  rmntalii. 

<''.  Vtiitralf)  lURertud  Ixiliiud  axil  of  pectoral;  ic«lo«  00  to  00. 

IIkhianthuk,  r>14. 

ihV.  VtintraU  Iniertod  btifure  axil  of  pectoral;  icale*  38  to  46. 

PnoNOTOIIHAMMUM,  b\t\. 

r<''.   Maxilliiry  ocaly,  top  of  hoad  iicah^d  to  tliu  Knout. 

<•' .   i'h'iygoidi  tootliluiH),  tuuguo  with  fi^w  tenth  or  none;  cuudal  forked. 

Antiiiar,  sit), 
fi'.  I'terygoUk  with  u  large  |>atch  of  teeth;  tongue  toothe<l;  parietal  croiitHtrung, 
extending  to  above  eye,  ponterlor  proci'itHi-e  of  pn<niaxillary  not  reaching 
the  fruntaU;  caudal  truncate,  with  the  outer  rayi  much  produced. 

OuYANTiiiAg,  (>n, 

<«i'.  Lateral  line  interrupted,  running  close  to  the  back,  l)eKiiinlng  again  on  caudal  pi'duncl<>. 

Qhammin;!': 

/''.  Ventral  rayR  1.  A;*  proopcrclo  aerrate;  caudal  convex;  waloH  rather  largo,  nomewhat 

ctenoid;  dorsal  HpineB  12.  Oramma,  618. 

Ku'TlciN.*: 

//.  Anal  Hpinos  wantiUK;  domal  splnea  2  to  4  only;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  long,  the  dorsal  of  20 

to  2ti  soft  rayH;  the  anal  of  14  to  17;  maxillary  with  a  eupplemental  bone;  the  pre- 

operclc  with  2  or  :i  vpiue-like  hooks  poHterlorly,  the  Hcalee  Hmall  and  cmbi'dded,  the 

teeth   all  villiform;   preorbltal  narrow,  no  canine  teeth;  preoperclu  without  angle 

or  BorratureH,  Its  margin  with  2  or  3  apinouH  teeth  above;  caudal  fln  rounded;  icalea 

small,  smooth,  embedded;  smooth  area  on  top  of  head  very  large,  transversely  convex, 

much    longer  than   the    low  supraoccipital  crest;  intororbital  urea  very  narrow; 

temporal  ridges  Htrong;  lateral  lino  normal;  vertebra!  10  |- 14.  KYi>i'iL't'(i,  &1U. 


II 


491.  ROCCUS,  Mitobill. 
(Striped  Bass.) 


none  of  the  dursHl 


llornm,  MiTCHiM.,  FislieHof  Now  York,  25,  1814,  (ulriattu  —  lineatm). 
f.'liihetim,  Rakinesqiif.,  Ichthyologia  Ohionsis,  23,  1820,  (chryiopi). 

Hase  of  tongae  with  1  or  2  patches  of  teeth ;  anal  spines  graduated ;  dorsal 
liiiH  entirely  separate ;  anal  rays  III,  11  or  12 ;  supraoccipital  crest  scarcely 
widened  above;  lower  jaw  projecting.  Vertebra}  12-f  13  =  25.  Other- 
wine  as  in  Morone,  the  body  more  elongate,  the  scales  smoother,  and  the 
tin  spines  more  slender  than  in  the  latter  genus.  Anal  fin  with  11  or  12 
.soft  rays.  Species  all  American,  valued  as  food-fishes.  In  both  lioccus 
and  Morone,  the  antrorse  preopercular  spines  (characteristic  of  the  Euro- 
|ii'an  genrs  or  subgenus  Dicentrarchua)  are  wanting.  (From  the  vernac- 
ular, Rockfish.) 

''  The  related  group  of  Pleaiopiuee  {Ptaiiops,  Parapletiopi)  and  Trachinopa)  have  the  ventral  rayti 
I  I  only.  It  may  be  that  they  do  not  belong  to  the  Serranidte,  In  which  case  Gramma  ehould 
l>i  iibably  be  detached  alio. 


li 


\    I 


I  1^ 


i    I 


B 


1132 


Bulletin  -//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Lt:i>iiiKMA(Aen'it,  hciiIu;  0^/bia,  ii  Btaircaiio,  from  th«  Rcalos  at  base  (if  dorsal) : 

a.  Teeth  on  Ihiho  of  tuiiKUu  in  a  Biiigin  luktch;  body  rather  deeii  and  compreRsed,  the  di'|itli 

murotliiiii  3':',  thu  length ;  back  arcliod. 

h.  Color  wliitiHh  with  Hevoral  narrow  duHky  lateral  Htripeii  following  the  rowgof  Hcali-^; 

second  anal  spiDo  ubont  3  in  bead.  chhyhops,  Vvi.'.\. 

Boccis : 

im.  Teeth  on  bune  of  tongue  in  2  parallel  patches;  body  rather  elongate,  the  depth  Iush  t:<;tii 

yin  the  length;  back  not  arched. 

\>h.  Color  bratiHy  or  greenish,  sides  with  7  or  8  continuous  dark  sirijies;  second  anal  K|iini' 

5  in  head.  mneatus,  irilin. 

Subgenus  LEPIBEMA,  Rafine8(iue. 

ir.2«/KO(;CII8  CHKTSOPS  (Kaflnescjiio). 
(WiiiTK  Bass;  Whitb  Lake  Bass.) 

Head  3^  ;  depth  2*  ;  eye  5  in  head  ;  snout  4^.     D.  IX-1, 14  ;  A.  Ill,  11  or 
12;   scales  10-55  to  (55-15,   53  to  61  pores.     Body  rather  deep  and  com- 
pi'ossed,  tlie  depth  more  than  \  the  length  ;  hack  considerably  arched : 
head  snhconical,  slightly  depressed  at  the  nape;  mouth  moderate,  nearly 
horizontal,  the  lower  Jaw  little  projecting;  eye  large,  nearly  as  long  an 
snout ;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  pupil,  2\  in  head  ;  teeth  on  base  of 
tongue  in  a  single  patch,  a  patcli  also  on  each  side  of  tongue  ;  margin  of 
subopercle  with  a  deep  notch  ;  head  scaled  to  between  nostrils;  preoi)fi- 
cular  serne  feeble,  strongest  at  the  angle ;  gill  rakers  rather  long  ami 
slender,  x-{-14,  as  long  as  gill  fringes;  longest  dorsal  spine  2  in  huad : 
anal  spines  graduated  ;  second  anal  spine  3;  middle  caudal  rays  lii   in 
outer.      Color  silvery,   tinged  with   golden  below;   sidee  with  narrow 
dusky  lines,  about  5  above  the  lateral  line,  1  along  it,  and  a  variable 
number  below  it,  these  sometimes  more  or  less  intei'rupted  or  transposed. 
Length  15  inciies.     Great  Lake  region,  upper  Mississippi  and  Ohio  valleys, 
south  to  Washita  River ;  not  founa  -just  of  the  Alleghanies  nor  in  salt 
water ;  rare  in  the  Ohio  Valley :  generally  abundant  in  the  Great  Lakes. 
It  frequents  deep  or  still  waters,  seldom  ascending  small  streams,   {xpvaiir, 
gold;  (1)1/;,  eye.) 

Pcna  ihrifsops,  Ka/'inesque,  Ichthyologia  Ohiensis,  92,  1820,  Fall3  of  the  Ohio. 
lAibra.i:muUiliiie(ilm,  Cuvieh  it  Valf.noiennkb,  Hist.  Nat.  dcs  Poissous,  in,  488,  1830,  Wabash 

River;  GCnther,  Cat.,  i,  67,  1859. 
Tydftni.c  ji()/n<iis  (Hamii.to.«  Smith)  Kichabdson,  Kanna  Boreali-Americaua,  iii,  8,  183(>,  Lower 

St.  Lawrence  River;  GCntheu,  Cat.,  i   67,  1850. 
lMhra.1-  ulbidm,  De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.:  Fishes,  13,  pi.  51,  fig.  165,  1842,  Buffalo. 
Lubrax  osculatii,  I'lLii'i'i,  Bov.  tt.  Mag.  de  Zoologio,  2d  serieii,  v,  164,  1853,  Canada;  OCntiiku, 

Cat.,  I,  65. 
lioceus  chi-yatrpn,  GiLL,  Ichth.  Rep.  Captain  Simpson's  Sm  v.  (ireat  Basin  Utah,  391,  pi.  I,  figs.  1  7, 

1876;  Joni  an  A  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  422,  1890. 
Morone  mullilineala,  Boulrnueu,  Cat.,  i,  128. 

Subgenus  ROCCUS. 

1680^ilOCCCS  LINEATUS  (Bloch). 

(Striped  Bass;  Uockfish  ,  ItocK.) 

Hoad  3J  to  3J ;  depth  3i  to  4,  varying  considerably  with  age,  the  youiii; 
being  more  slender.    D.  IX-1, 12;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  8-67-11.     Bodyratliei 


'L\ 


led,  tho  ilcpiii 


pth  lesn  t'.'iiM 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       113t'J 


(■longate,  little  compressed,  the  depth  less  than  \  tho  length  ;  hack  litth^ 
arched  ;  head  subconical ;  month  large,  ol)li(|ue,  tlie  maxillary  reaching  to 
nearly  below  middle  of  orbit,  2\  in  head,  its  width  at  tip  nearly  ^  diameter 
of  eye ;  teeth  on  l)a8e  of  tongue  in  two  parallel  patcheN  ;  intororbital  space 
wide;  lower  jaw  projecting;  eye  A  to  J  the  length  of  tho  rather  sluirp 
snout,  5  to  7  in  head;  preorbital  entire;  preoperclo  rather  weakly  werrate, 
t  lie  teeth  strongest  at  the  angle ;  margin  of  snbopercle  entire  ;  siipraHcap- 
iila  entire;  gill  rakers  long  and  slender,  about  4  +  15;  dorsal  fins 
entirely  separated ;  spines  slenderer  than  in  allied  species;  longest  dorsal 
Hpine  1\  in  head;  anal  spines  graduated;  second  anal  spine  5  to  H  in  head; 
Cauda,!  forked,  tho  middle  ru,ys  ?  length  of  outer.  Color  olivaceous,  sil- 
very, often  brassy-tinged;  sides  paler,  marked  with  7  or  S  continuous  or 
interrupted  blackish  stripes,  one  of  them  along  the  lateral  line  ;  fiiis  jiale. 
Atlantic  coast  of  tho  United  States,  from  New  Urnnswick  to  the  Escambia 
Kiver,  Florida,  ascending  all  rivers  in  spring  for  the  purpose  of  spawn- 
ing; rather  rare  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  most  common  from  Capo  Cod  lo 
Cape  May;  occasionally  in  Lake  Ontario.  Introduced  by  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission  into  Sacramento  River  and  elsewhere  on  the  west  coast, 
where  it  has  become  an  abundani,  and  valuable  food-Hsh.  This  species  is 
one  of  the  most  important  of  the  game  aud  food-fishes  of  America.  It  is 
v<>ry  abundant  throughout  its  range  and  reaches  a  large  size,  often 
weighing  30  to  90  pounds.  The  largest  one  ever  reported,  according  to 
(loode,  was  taken  at  Orleans,  Massachusetts,  and  weighed  112  pounds. 
Its  flesh  is  firm,  white,  flaky,  and  of  excellent  flavor.     {Uneatitu,  striped.) 

I\rca  Hock-Jhh  vol  Striped  litua,  SciliiiT,  Schrift.  tier  Gesells.  Nut.  Frouii<le,  viii,  KiO,  1788,  New 

York. 
I'tren  saxatilU,  Walbaum,  Artcdi  Genera  Pisciuni,  330,  1788,  New  York;  after  SciiiiPF. 
.s'.wiia  liimita,  Bloch,  Ichthyologia,  ix,  53,  pi.  30r),  1792,  Mediterranean  Sea;  liijiirc  incorrect, 

but  probably  from  an  Anioricau  siiocimon. 
I'.rca  teplenlrionalis,  Bi.ocil  &  Sciineidf.r,  Systeina  Ichthyol.,  tlO,  pi.  7(t,  1801,  New  York. 
Itiiccim  strialim,  MiTCliiLL,  Rep.  Fislics  N.  Y.,  25,  1814,  spociinens  from  New  York.;  Ukan,  Proc. 

r.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  243,  H|)ecimcn8  from  Montgomery,  Alabama. 
Perca  mitchilU,  MiTCiiiLI.,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  413,  pi.  3,  tig.  4,  181.'.,  New  York. 
I'erca  milchilli  attertiata,  MiTCHlLL,  I.  c,  415,  1815,  New  York. 

I'erea  milchilU  interrupta,  MiTCiULL,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  4ir),  IHlo,  New  York. 
I.epihema  Unealum,  Steindachneb,  Verb.  /ool.  Hot.  Ges.  Wion.,  xii,  1862,  5o4. 
I.ipihema  mitchilU,  Rakinesque,  Iclithyologia  Ohiensis,  23,  1820. 
I.nlii-ax  lineatm,  CuviEli  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  de«  Poiwons,  ii,  79,  1828. 
Univm  Uneatus,  Gn.L,  Ichth.  Rep.   Capt.  Simpson's  Kxpl.  Great  Basin  Utah,  391,  1876;  Goode, 

Nat.  Hist.  Aquat.  Anim.,  425,  1884. 
Il'itviis  scuralUin,  Joriian  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  599. 
Unrais  Uneatun,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  423,  1890. 
Moronc  Uiteala,  Boulenuer,  Cat.,  I,  129. 

492.  MORONE,  Mitchill. 
(White  Perch.) 

M'>rone,  Mrrcil.lL,  Fishes  of  New  York,  18,  1814,  (rii/a  and  flavesceiis :  the  genus  properly  a  sy.io- 

nym  of  Perca). 
ihirone,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1860,  111,  (restriction  to  amerkaua  -  rn fa). 

Body  ratb  :^  short  and  deep,  compressed;  maxillary  broad,  naked,  with- 
out supplemental  bone;  teeth  subequal,  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting ;  no 


'f:*f 


;- <!■;'?:  ,'t 


'■M  '!■: 


ti',  '■■  % 


'I 


U^ 


.'■I 


^i-f 


«!1 


!<!> 


1134 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


canines;  no  movable  teeth ;  base  of  tongue  without  teetli ,  odgeof  tonj^iu' 
with  linear  patches  of  teeth.  Lower  margin  of  jtreoperclo  simply  serrate 
or  entire,  the  serra*  not  greatly  increased  in  size  toward  tiio  angh;,  and 
none  of  them  developed  as  antrorse  hooks.  Spines  strong,  10  in  the 
dorsal  An  ;  dorsal  fins  more  or  less  connected  by  membrane:  second  aim! 
spine  much  enlarf^d,  not  shorter  than  third  ;  anal  rays  III,  8  or  9-  lowci 
margin  of  preopercle  iinely  serrate,  without  antrorse  spines.  Lower 
jaw  slightly  projecting ;  vertebrae  12  +  13  ^=  2.5.  Scales  rather  larjits. 
ctenoid;  top  of  head  scaly;  lateral  line  little  arched.  Ventrals  inseitid 
well  behind  pectorals.  Two  known  species,  both  American  (Nairn; 
unexplained.) 

a,  LoDgc8t  ilorsal  splno  considerably  more  than  hull'  head;  color  briissy  yellow,  with  7  very  ilis. 
tinct  lougitudinul  black  lines,  interrupted  posteriorly;  dorsal  fins  Hiightly  couui'diil, 
Bpiuesull  very  robust.  inteiihui'Ta,  I.pIU. 

aa.  Longest  dorsal  spino  about  half  head;  color  green  or  olivaceous  and  silvery  with  tuint 
atreuks;  dorsal  flns  well  connected;  spines  moderate.  Americana,  VMi. 


1631.  MORONK  INTEBRUPTA,  Gill. 

(Yellow  Bass.) 

Head  3;  depth  2J.  D.  IX-I,  12  ;  A.  Ill,  9  or  10;  scales  7-50  to  r.l-ll, 
Body  oblong,  ovate,  the  back  much  arched;  head  depressed,  the  .snout 
somewhat  pointed,  the  anterior  profile  concave ;  eye  large,  as  long  as  siioiil , 
4i  in  head ;  preorbital  finely  serrate ;  suprascapula  serrate ;  mouth  siikiII. 
somewhat  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  orbit,  about  :>  in 
head ;  maxillary  somewhat  scaly ;  gill  rakers  moderate,  x  +  13  to  Ki, 
longer  than  gill  fringes;  dorsal  and  anal  spines  very  robust,  the  lou},'cst 
dorsal  spine  If  to  If  in  head,  the  longest  anal  spine  2  to  2^;  dorsal  tins 
slightly  connected.  Color  in  life  brassy  yellow,  with  about  7  very  dis 
tinct  longitudinal  black  lines,  those  below  the  lateral  line  interruptod 
posteriorly,  the  posterior  part  alternating  with  the  anterior.  Length  lo 
inches.  Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  north  to  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis, 
chiefly  in  the  channels  of  the  larger  streams;  rather  common  southward: 
a  good  food-fish,  {interruptua,  interrupted,  referring  to  the  longitudinal 
black  lines. ) 
Morone  inlenrvpta,  GiLt,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1860, 118,  St.  Louis;  New  Orleans   (iii.L, 

Ichth.  Rep.  Capt.  Simpson's  Sur.  Great  Basin  Utah,  398    pi.  2,  figs.  1-8,  1876,  Joki^an  >v 

Gilbert,  Synopsis,  530,  1883;  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  /.  c.  420,  1890 
Morone  miagissippiensis,  Jordan  &  Eiqenhann,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pnila.,  1887  (substitute  iiaiiM'  lii 

intemtpta,  regarded  as  preoccupied,  as  it  has  been  used  for  a  species  of  Roccus,  a  gcuu^  at  iliat 

time  merged  iu  Morone);  Boulenoeb,  Cat.,  i,  127. 


y 


1632.  MOBONG  AMERICANA  (Gmelin). 
(White  Perch.) 

Head  2f  to  3 ;  depth  2i  to  3.  D.  IX-I,  12 ;  A.  Ill,  8  or  9 ;  scales  8-50  to 
55-12,  50  to  55  pores.  Body  oblong,  ovate,  the  back  moderately  elevated; 
head  depressed  above  eyes ;  the  snout  lather  pointed;  mouth  small,  some 
what  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  middle  of  orbit,  24  in  head,  its 
width  at  tip  half  eye ;  preorbital  entire ;  eye  moderate,  scarcely  as  long 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,       1135 


as  BDOiit,  4  iu  bead ;  base  of  tongae  witbout  teeth  ;  head  scaled  tu 
l)etweeii  tbe  nostrils ;  gill  rakers  4  -{- 14  to  17,  rather  loug,  as  long  as  gill 
tringes.  Dorsal  and  anal  spines  moderate,  tbe  longest  dorsal  spine  2  in 
lioad;  tbe  second  anal  spine  2^  to  3,  as  long  as  third  spine;  dorsal  fins 
considerably  connected.  Pectorals  \\  to  1^  iu  bead.  Color  olivaceous, 
varying  to  dark  green;  sides  silvery  or  olivaceous,  usually  with  faint, 
paler  streaks.  Length  8  to  14  inches.  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United 
States,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  South  Carolina,  ascending  streams  and  fre- 
quently landlocked  in  ponds,  tbe  pond  specimens  much  darker  in  color; 
(iiio  of  the  most  abundant  and  characteristic  fishes  of  the  brackish 
waters  and  river  mouths  of  our  Atlantic  Coast.  A  very  excellent  pan- 
tlsh.  Specimens  from  Woods  Hole  represent  tbe  variety  called  nigricans, 
very  dark  green  in  color,  scarcely  paler  below,  the  body  deeper  and  the 
spines  lower  and  shorter  than  in  the  common  White  Perch  (bead  3J^  in 
length;  depth  2i;  fourth  dorsal  spine  2J  in  bead;  second  anal  spine  3,1 ; 
A.  Ill,  9) ;  this  form  occurs  landlocked  in  fresh-water  ponds,  (ameri- 
canua,  American.) 

The  liiver  Perch  of  New  York,  Schopf,  Schrift.  der  Gesells.,  Nut.  Freuude,  viii,  159,  HRS,  New 

York. 
IWca  amerkana,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i.  III,  1308, 1788,  New  York;  ufti-r  Sciiiirr. 
I'crca  immuatlala,  Walbai'm,  Artedi  Gonera  I'isciiini,  330, 1788,  New  York;  iiftur  Sciiiii-K 
Jl'roie  nifa,  MiTCHll,!,,  Rep.  Fishes  N.  Y.,  18,  1814,  New  York. 
Mnnme 2MUUla,  MiTCiiiLi.,  Hop.  Fishes  N.  T.,  18,  1814,  New  York. 

CLiUnypomiiB  albiif,  Kafinesqi'k,  I'rieis  des  Ducouvcrtes  Somiolog.,  1814,  IU,  Philadelphia. 
I'emi  mitcronata,  Rafinksque,  Am.  Mouth.  Hag.   and   Crit.    Rev.,  ii,  204,  1818,    Delaware, 

Schuylkill,  and  Susque'i.anna  rivers. 
iMbrax  nigricatu,  De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.:  Fishes,  12,  pi.  50,  fig.  ItiO,  1842,  Long  Island; 

laudlouked  form. 
Ilihlianna  rufus,  MiTCiilLL,  Traus.  Lit.  aud  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  i,  420,  1816. 
Liihrax  mucronatm,  Gi'ViER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  86,  pi.  121,  1828. 
LuUrax pallidus,  De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.;  Fishes,  ii,  pi.  i,  fig.  2,  1842. 

IMax  rtifus,  De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.:  Fishes,  9, pi.  3,  fig.  7,  1842;  GCntiier,  Cut.,  i,  65,  185"). 
Liltiiix  americatiHii,  HOLBUooK,  Ichth.  8.  C,  Ed.  1,  21,  \)\.  3,  fig.  2,  1856. 
Uorotw  americana.  Gill,  Ichth.  Rep.  Capt.  Simpson  Sur.  Great  Basin,  Utah,  397,  1876;  Jordan 

&  GiLBSBT,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1878,  380;  Jobdan  &  Ciqbn'IaMM,  /.   v.,  421,   1890; 

BouiiEKOEB,  Cat.,  1, 126. 

493.  LIOPROPOMA,*  Gill. 

Loipropovta,  GiLl,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Si.  Phila.,  1862,  236,  (aberram). 

fl'ikea,  Steindachneb,  Sitzgber.  Ak.  Wien,  lxxi,  1874,  375,  {lumilala). 

flnbracopsis,  Steindachner  &  Dodeblein,  Donkschr.  Ak.  Wien,  xlvii,  225,  1883,  (japomcmf). 

Body  elouj.  ite,  tbe  caudal  peduncle  robust ;  mouth  moderate,  the  lower 
jiuv  projectile  4 ;  maxillaries  scaly;  teeth  small,  uniform;  picopercle 
entire;  operclc  with  a  spine;  numerous  pores  on  head.  Scales  large. 
Lateral  line  wi.h  a  strong  upward  curve,  as  in  Anthias,  Dorsal  spines 
moderate,  9  in  number,  tbe  third  highest,  tbe  fin  deeply  notched.  Soft 
(lui'sal  and  anal  short;  caudal  short,  lunate;  pectorals  long,  falcate. 
Vertebne  10+14.  One  species  known,  from  deep  water.  (Xelor,  smooth ; 
7rpo7rw/io,  preopercle. ) 

*  Dr.  Boulengcr  unites  to  Liopropoma  the  extraliniital  genera — Pikea,  Steindachner  and  Lahar- 
(o\im,  Steindachner  &  Diiderlein.  In  these  genera  there  are  but  8  dorsal  spines,  and  in  Lahar- 
cojisis  the  preopercle  is  serrate.    Pikea  is  certainly  very  close  to  Liopropotna. 


''miv-ii 


i 


U 


)    .: 


r  1 


P 


113(i 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


K>»it.  lilOPKOrOMA  AHGKUANS  (I'ocy). 


Head  2*;  doptli  3-!;  D.  IX,  12;  A.  Ill,  8;  scales  45;  vertebrm  10+ il. 
IJody  rather  cloiijfato,  tlio  back  littlo  elevated;  the  caiida^  peduncle  v(>rv 
thick.  Head  larjje,  form  as  iu  J'JpiiuphehiH.  Maxillary  exteudiii;,'  to 
below  posterior  part  of  eye.  Lower  jaw  longest;  teeth  small,  unHoiiii 
on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Preopercle  entire;  opercle  with  a  H|iinc. 
Eye  moderate,  lA  in  snout,  4^  in  head.  Head  with  numerous  conNpicn- 
ous  pores,  especially  above  eye,  on  proorbital,  suborbital,  and  lower  Jaw. 
Lateral  line  with  a  strong  upward  curve  running  close  to  spinous  doisul. 
Dorsal  spines  moderate,  the  third  longest,  3  in  head;  the  sixth  shortest, 
seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  progressively  longer,  so  that  the  spinous 
dorsal  is  deeply  notched;  anal  spines  slender,  graduated ;  caudal  slioit, 
lunate;  pectorals  long,  falcate,  li}  in  head;  ventrals  shorter,  2k  in  luiul, 
inserted  farther  forward.  Head  scaly,  including  the  maxillaries;  soft 
parts  of  vertical  fins  with  scales.  Head  rose-color,  rest  of  body  oranjfc; 
the  rose-color  extending  on  back  and  throat,  the  orange  forming  a  bioad 
band  to  end  of  muzzle;  cheeks  with  orange  spots;  an  orange  border  on 
the  maxillary;  vertical  fins  orange,  jiaired  fins  rose-color;  a  yellow  post- 
ocular  band.  Pyloric  cu'ca  4.  Coast  of  Cuba ;  known  from  one  speciiueii, 
5  inches  long.  (Poey.)  (aherrans,  wandering  away,  from  the  type  of 
Perca.) 

Perca  aberrans,  Poey,  Memoriiis,  ii,  120,  1800,  Cuba. 

Lhpropoma  abet -ana,  I'oKY,  Synopsis,  2;»1,  1808;  Boulfnokr,  Cat.,  i,  155. 

494.  CHORISTISTIUM,  Gill. 

Ghorittistinm,  GiM,,  I'rnc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1802,  23C,  (riihrHm). 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  covered  with  ctenoid  scales.  Lateral  lino 
running  high,  close  to  dorsal  anteriorly.  Mouth  large,  the  lower  Jaw 
projecting,  the  teeth  all  villiform ;  maxilluiy  scaly  ;  preopercle  entire; 
gill  rakers  moderate,  slender.  Dorsal  spines  6,  the  two  fins  well  separiited, 
the  second  spine  longest ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  produced  backward  to  a 
point.  Caudal  truncate.  One  species  known,  from  deep  water,  (vw/)""""?, 
divided;  lariov,  sail,  for  dorsal  fin.) 

1534.  CHORISTISTIUM  RUBRIJM  (Poey). 

Head  3k  in  total  length  ;  depth  4^  ;  eye  4=:  snout.  D.  V-I,  12;  A.  Ill, 
8.  Body  rather  stout,  with  deep  caudal  peduncle.  Head  long,  narrow, 
resembling  that  of  Sphip'o-na.  Lower  jaw  much  longer  than  upper;  chin 
projecting;  teeth  very  small;  maxillary  reaching  posterior  bonier  of 
orbit;  Jaws  with  pores;  preorbital  very  narrow,  not  sheathing  the  max- 
illary, lioth  jaws,  vomer,  and  ])alatines  with  villiform  teeth;  preopercle 
rounded,  with  two  borders,  both  entire;  opercle  with  two  spines;  gill 
rakers  moderate,  slender.  Scales  covering  the  body,  except  the  extreme 
end  of  muzzle,  ctenoid;  small  scales  on  second  dorsal  and  anal;  lateral 
line  running  very  high  anteriorly,  forming  a  high  arch,  as  in  Jnllii<i'<- 
Dorsal  fin  very  short,  notched  to  the  base ;  first  dorsal  spine  nearly  as 


I   ::  I 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1 137 


Idiij?  us  Hecond,  the  others  rapidly  shortened ;  secoiid  dorsal  opposite  anal ; 
lioth  fins  high  and  produced  backward  in  a  point ;  hocoiuI  anal  spine 
luiarly  as  long  as  third  ;  caudal  squarely  truncate.  Color  deep  red,  with 
■"i  reddish  longitudinal  stripes,  the  middle  one  from  snout  to  base  of  cau- 
dal, the  others  parallel,  extending  on  the  head ;  another  streak  on  the 
middle  line  under  the  throat ;  a  narrow  streak  of  pale  orange  in  each 
iiitorspaco;  iins  red;  a  black  spot  on  the  point  of  the  dorsal,  on  that  of 
tliuanal,  and  on  each  angle  of  caudal ;  these  fins  also  fdged  with  white. 
Length  4  inches.  Coast  of  Cuba,  in  deep  water  ;  very  rare.  Here  described 
tVom  Poey's  type  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge,     {ruber,  red.) 

l.i"l»ii]iiimiir)ihra.  I'dky,  Moniorias,  il,  418,  18G1,  Havana. 
(ii'irialietium  rtibnwi,  PoEV,  Syuopsis,  291. 

495.  STEREOLEPIS,  Ayres. 
(Jkwfishks.) 

Slfirolepit,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  8ci.  1859,  28,  (gigaii). 

M'ljaperca,  UiLOENDORF,  Sitzgbor.  Qes.  Nnt.  Freundo,  Uerlin,  1878,  l.'iS,  {innhina'jt). 

Body  oblong,  somewhat  elevated,  little  compressed.  Head  robust,  the 
pi(»file  steeply  elevated,  the  forehead  broad  and  flattish.  Edges  of  pre- 
oiitTcle  and  interopercle  serrate,  becoming  nearly  entire  with  age,  the 
interopercle  with  antrorse  spines  on  its  lower  border ;  oporcle  with  two 
ohtuse  spines.  Crown,  cheeks,  and  opercles  scaly  ;  snout,  preorbital,and 
jaws  naked.  Scales  small,  not  strongly  ctenoid,  their  surface  rugose, 
with  radiating  stria*.  Mouth  large,  wide,  placed  low  ;  lower  jaw  promi- 
ucut.  Maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone,  extending  to 
below  the  eye.  Preorbital  wide,  only  the  anterior  edge  of  the  maxillary 
sliitping  under  it.  Teeth  all  villiform,  in  broad  bands  on  jaws,  vomer, 
and  palatines.  Branch iostegals  7.  Pseudobranchiie  very  large.  Gill 
rakers  very  strong.  Dorsal  fin  with  11  low,  stout  spines,  and  10  soft  rays, 
the  last  spines  very  much  shorter  than  the  middle  ones,  and  all  depressible 
iu  !i  deep  groove.  Anal  fin  short,  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  3  low,  stout 
spines ;  caudal  fin  broad,  nearly  truncate ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaly ; 
pectorals  moderate;  ventrals  long,  inserted  a  little  before  pectorals ; 
caudal  truncate  or  rounded.  Vertebne  26.  Pyloric  cccca  about  7.  Size 
enormous,  among  the  largest  of  Percoid  fishes.  This  genus  contains  two 
spooies,  the  gigantic  Serranoids  known  as  "Jewfishes,"  rivaling  in  size 
Pohiprion  ceniium,  Garrupa  nigrita,  and  Promicrops  guttatus.  {oTepeb^,  firm ; 
Xe-zf,  scale). 

1635.  STEREOLEPIS  UIGAS,  Ayrea. 
(Califohnia  .Iewfish.) 

Head  3  in  length;  depth  3.  D.  XI,  10;  A.  HI,  8;  scales  115.  Body 
oblong,  somewhat  elevated,  little  compressed;  head  robust,  the  profile 
steeply  elevated,  the  forehead  broad  and  flattish  ;  edges  of  preopercle  and 
intciopercle  serrate,  becoming  nearly  entire  with  age  ;  crown,  cheeks,  and 
opeicles  scaly ;    snout,  preorbital,   and  jaws  naked ;   scales  small,  not 

F.  N.  A. 73 


h   1      ■■"       IS 


•1 


1138 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


strongly  ctenoid,  the  surface  rugose,  with  radiating  strim  ;  mouth  hiii^f, 
lower  jaw  prominent;  maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplenienial 
bone  extending  to  below  the  eye  ;  preorbital  wide ;  teeth  all  villiforin.  in 
broad  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  ;  dorsal  spines  stout,  tlir  lust 
spines  very  much  shorter  than  the  middle  ones,  and  all  depressible  in  u 
deep  groove;  anal  fin  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  3  low,  stout  spines; 
caudal  flu  broad,  nearly  truncate;  pectorals  moderate;  ventrals  lonf;. 
reaching  vent.  Color  brownish,  with  large  black  blotches,  becoming  witli 
age  nearly  uniform  greenish  black  ;  vertical  fins  in  the  young  with  a  con- 
spicuous pale  edge;  ventrals  black.  Coast  of  California  from  Coronados 
Island  (San  Diego)  north  to  the  Farallones.  A  huge  fish,  rather  coiiimon 
about  rocks,  reaching  a  weight  of  400  to  500  pounds  and  a  length  of  5  to 
7  feet,     {yiynq^  ffiffas,  giaut.) 

Blereolexiis (jigiu,  Ayues,  Pioc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sci.,  1850,  28,  Southern  California;  .I(i«i>an  ,t  Gii.i;ki:i, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  27, 1880;  .Tobdan  &  Giliiekt,  Synopsis,  l.WX  ;  Jokdan  k  Eioenmaw, 
/.  c,  344,  1890. 

Btereolepis  cal{forniciu,  Gii.i,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Philii.,3;iO,  l80;i,  California;  substitute  f(ir;/i.;.i», 
supi>oBed  to  be  preoccupied,  but  tlio  Cenlropristin ijujuh  of  Owkn  in  I'olypiiim  oiiiijeneios. 

ff  Megaperca  Uchiuagi,*  Uiluenuoiu',  Sitzgb.  Gos.  Nut.  Vi:  Uerliu,  1878,  15G,  Yeddo  and  Yoko- 
hama. 


,•  ! 


i    I 


496.  POLYPRION,  Cuvier. 

(WkKCKI'ISHKS.) 

Polyprion  (Cuvier)  Valenciennes,  Mfinioiros  du  Mus6uiii,  xi,  266,  1824,  (cernium). 
//ectona,  Castelnau,  Proc.  Zoill.  Soc.  Vict.,  11,  1873,  1851,  {gi,ja»=  oxijgenem). 

Body  robust,  moderately  elevated,  not  much  compressed,  covered  witli 
small,  firm,  ctenoid  scales  which  extend  on  the  bases  of  the  vertical  lins. 
Lateral  line  complete,  partly  concealed  under  adjacent  scales,  the  tubes 
covering  the  whole  length  of  the  scale.  Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  i)io- 
jecting;  maxillary  with  supplemental  bone.  Teeth  in  broad,  villiloiiii 
bauds  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue;  no  canine  teeth.  Heud 
scaly.  Preopercle  serrate ;  orbital  region  with  spinous  projections  ;  opercle 
with  a  stroBg  spine  and  with  a  strong,  rough,  bony  longitudinal  ridge. 
Gill  membranes  separate;  gill  rakers  long,  few.  Dorsal  fin  continuous, 
low,  with  11  strong  spines  and  11  or  12  rays,  the  spinous  portion  loi)j,a'8t : 
caudal  rounded ;  anal  short,  with  3  spines,  the  third  the  longest ;  voiitials 
large,  inserted  below,  little  behind  pectoral ;  caudal  rounded  or  truncate ; 
pectorals  short,  uusymmetrical,  of  18  or  19  rays,  the  upper  longest.  Spines 
of  anal  and  ventrals  somewhat  serrate  on  the  anterior  edge.  >'ei  telme 
13  -f  14  =  27.  Pyloric  ccrca  about  70.  Branchiostegals  7.  Posterior  pro- 
cesses  of  premaxillaries  not  reaching  frontals ;  parietal  and  supraocular 
crests  not  extending  between  postfrontal  processes ;  supraoccipital  <  rest 
strong,  but  not  produced  forward  on  cranium.  Species  inhabitinj.;  ilecp 
waters  in  the  warm  seas,  reaching  a  very  great  size.  The  one  is  conliued 
to  the  coasts  of  Southern  Europe  and  neighboring  waters;  the  other 


*  Dr.  Doulenger  is  probably  in  error  in  placing  tliis  Japanese  siKicies  in  the  syuonvmy  ot 
Stereolepis  gigas. 


Jordan  and  Kvcrtnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1139 

irnljiprion  oxygeneioH)  \h  recorded  from  Juan  Fernaiide^  and  about  New 
/.liiland.  (toAiV,  many;  npiuv,  saw,  from  the  uumerouH  serratious  on 
btad  and  iins.) 

1686.  POIiYPRKtN   AHIERICANUS  (Dhxh  .<c  Schneider). 
(WuKi'KFisii;  Stone  Banh;  Ckknier.) 

H«ad  3;  depth  2ir  to  3*.  D.  XI,  12;  A.  Ill,  8.  Kodyrobnst,  moderately 
elivated;  month  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  posterior  border  of  eyes; 
tt't'tli  in  vllliform  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines  and  tongue ;  supraocular 
n'j;ion,8upraclavicle,  post-temporal,  preopercle,  and  aridgeon  theopercle 
H|iinigerou8;  dorsal  fin  low,  with  II  strong  spines;  caudal  rounded  ;  anal 
H)>iiies  short,  serrate  anteriorly,  the  third  much  the  longest;  ventrals 
liir;je;  pectoral  short.  Color  grayish  brown,  the  caudal  edged  with  white; 
young  clouded  with  light  and  dark.  This  large  iisii  is  not  uncommon  oft' 
tlio  coast  of  Europe  in  deep  waters  of  300  fathoms  or  more,  the  young 
only  swimming  near  the  surface,  especially  southward.  It  is  said  to  live 
inoHt  abundantly  about  wrecks;  hence  the  common  name  of  wreckfish. 
It  reaches  a  length  of  5  or  6  feet.  A  single  young  specimen  has  been 
taken  in  the  deep  waters  of  the  (iulf  Stream  by  the  United  States  Fish 
Commission,  but  there  is  no  other  record  from  America.     (Eu.) 

f  Aiiiphipriim  amerituiimf,  Bi.ocii  &  Schnkider,  Syst.  Icbth.,  205,  1801,  PI.   xi.vii;  (liusodmi  a 

drilling  sent  by  Latliiini  to  .Sclmcidt'r  rupresuntiug  Bume  fish  culled  la  America  "f/iVnm;" 

(iilled  Amphiprinn  miKlrntiii  (in  pi.  47). 
.'v',r//.Mm  iiiamtien.iiM,  Riggo,  Iclith   Nioo,  184,  1810,  Marseilles. 
I'liliiiiiimi  ceniimn,  CrviER,  in  Vai.enpiknnes,  Mem.  ihi  MuHcuni,  xi,  265,  PI.  xvii,  1824,  France; 

CiviEB  &   Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Pois.s.,  in,   21,  pi.  42,   1821);  rtCNTiiER,  Cat.,  i,  109. 
llilui-antrus  gulo,  Rissr>,  Europe  Muridionalo,  in,  :!ri7,  1820,  Nice. 
SirriiMiM  coiicAii,  Yarrei.l,  Dritish  Fislios,  Ed.  1,  12,  18^(i,  Great  Britain. 
PiihiltrioH  orygenivK,  Jordan  &  Gilhert,  Synopsis,  fi32,  1881!,  (not  Kpinephelus  oxijgeneim,  Bi.orii  & 

SriiNEiDRR,  which  is  the  Now  Zealand  species). 
I'ohjiirion  americaum,  .Jordan,  Cat.  Fish.  N.  A.,  83,  188r>,  (after  Amphiprion  americanuii,  Blocii  <& 

Schneider);  Boulenoeb,  Cat.,  i,  148. 
Vohipnuu  cemium,  Jordan  ic  Eiuenmann,  /.  c,  342,  1890. 


1 


i 


1 


inhabiting  <l«'ep 


in  the  syuonyray  "' 


497.  GONIOPLECTRUS,  Gill. 

(Spanish  J'lags.) 

'.'<,H».;)/pWn/»,  GiM,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila  ,  1802,  230,  237,  {hinpamim). 

Body  short,  deep,  with  very  short  tail,  covered  with  small  scales,  the 
latpiiil  line  running  high,  bent  posteriorly.  Mouth  large ;  maxillary  with 
a  supplemental  bone;  dentition  essentially  as  in  i?/«we/>/»(7H8;  preopercle 
will)  a  large  antrorse  hook ;  opercle  with  sharp  spines;  posterior  nostril 
slit-like ;  gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Dorsal  spines  8  in  number,  low  and 
Htout;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  short ;  anal  spines  strong;  pectoral  rounded, 
its  upper  rays  longest.  This  well-marked  genus  contains  a  single  species, 
allii'd  to  Plectropoma  and  ..'//j)/ifs<e«,  but  with  a  stronger  opercular  armature 
than  is  found  in  any  other  genus.  According  to  Poey,  the  skull  "shows 
a  great  affinity  with  Hypoplectrus.  Thus  it  is  roundetl  above,  the  supra- 
occipital  crest  is  below  the  level  of  the  frontals ;  the  other  crests  are  low." 
()ur(a,  angle;  TT?.^KTpov,  spur.) 


I 


I      ;    i 


1140 


JiulUtin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


nWi.  OOMOFLK<'Titl  H  IIISIMNrS  (Ciivinr  .V  Vali-nrioMiKn), 

("8l'ANI»II   Fl.Ad";   OuATII.ini    EsPAONOI,  ;   lilA.fAIIIA    KK    1.0    Al.Tll.) 

Heart  2^  in  length;  rtoptli  2^  D.  VIH,  IM;  A.  Ill,  7;  Hciiles  70.  Ilndy 
short  and  deep,  with  very  Hhort,  deep  tail;  interorliital  region  naiiou, 
the  bonea  rugose  ;  Hnoiit  3{  in  head;  niaxilliiry  reaching  middle  of  oi  i. it, 
2  in  head,  nuked,  itn  Muppleinentiil  hone  well  d«*voloped;  preorl)ital  ii;ir 
row;  lower  jaw  projecting,  teeth  verysnuill,  in  narrow,  villiforin  IihikIh, 
the  deprcHHible  teeth  very  few;  a  Htoiit  canine  on  each  side,  in  frciiii  ni 
eacli  Jaw,  and  1  or  2  similar  canines  in  middle  of  Hide  of  lower  Jaw  ;  *  yi' 
4^  in  head  (exclusive  of  opercular  spine) ;  preopercle  finely  Herrate,  wiili 
a  single  very  large  antrorse  hook  at  its  angle;  opercle ending  in  4  Mplncs, 
the  second  of  which  is  h)ng,  straight,  compressed  and  knife-shapfd.  as 
long  as  eye;  nostrils  small,  round,  separated,  the  posterior  the  !ar;;cr: 
suborbital  serrate  on  its  edge ;  gill  rakers  rather  long  and  slender,  x  -|  15 ; 
scales  small,  firm,  and  rough;  lateral  line  arched,  running  high,  cIom'  to 
middle  of  spinous  dorsal  and  then  bent  abruptly  downward;  dmsal 
spines  low  and  stout,  the  tin  notched;  soft  dorsal  short  and  rather  iii<r|i; 
longest  dorsal  spine  3  in  head;  second  anal  spine  2i,  very  strong,  1(iiil;(m 
than  third,  the  soft  rays  high  and  rather  short,  scaly  ;  pectorals  modti  .itc. 
unsymmetrically  rounded  at  tip,  the  upper  rays  longest,  longer  than  veii- 
trals,  IJ-  in  head;  caudal  truncate,  its  peduncle  as  deep  as  long.  (Oloi 
rose-colored,  with  yellow  stripes  along  head  and  back  ;  top  of  head  witli 
orange  spots;  a  pale  bar  before  vent;  caudal  fins  sometimes  with  daik 
spots ;  fins  otherwise  plain.  West  Indies ;  not  common  ;  the  specimens  lien 
described  from  Cuba,  being  sent  by  Poey  to  the  Museum  at  Cambiiilfje. 
(Aisj/anus,  Spanish,  its  splendid  colors  resembling  those  of  the  Spanish 
flag.) 

Flectropoma  hiiipaniim,  CrviEli  .k   Vai.ENIiknnkr   Hist   Nnt.  Poiks.,  ii,  .190,  1S28,  Martinique: 

PoEY,  Meinorias  Cuba,  i,  72  pi.  4,  fij,'.  1,  1H51  ;  GOntiikh,  Cat.,  i,  105,  1859. 
Gonioplectriis  liu<i>anH/>,  PoEY,  Synopsis,  28!),  ISUH;  .Fokdan  k  Eiuknmann,  /.  c,  .'i40,  18'J(»;  llm- 

LENOER,    Cut.,  I,  15U. 

498.  PETROMETOPON,  Gill. 
(Enjamures.) 

Petromelopon,  Gill.,  Proc.  Ac,  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18fi5,  105,  {" yultalvs,'"  PoEV  ^cnieiilnliis). 

Frontal  bones  with  an  anterior  giuove  or  excavation  for  the  reception 
of  the  posterior  processes  of  the  premaxillaries,  without  processes  on  the 
upper  surface ;  a  curved  or  angular  ridge  across  the  posterior  portion  dl' 
the  frontals  in  fiont  of  the  supraoccipital,  connecting  the  parietal  cn^sts' 
supraoccipital  and  parietal  crests  not  produced  forward.  Dorsal  spines 
9;  anal  rays  mostly  III,  H;  scales  ctenoid;  otherwise  essentially  ms  in 
JCpinephelita.  Species  rather  few,  mostly  of  small  size,  distinguished  t'miii 
Bodianus  chiefly  by  the  peculiarities  of  the  frontal  bones,  the  aliove 
account  being  taken  from  Bouleuger,  Cat.,  i,  17.5.  {niriwg,  stone ;  ftf-i.i-w.' 
forehead.) 

*  "Distinguislieil  by  the  petroiis-lilid  convexity  betwoon  the  Biipmorbital  grooves  mihI  ii- 
triangular  sinus  behind,  into  the  angles  on  each  side  of  which  tlio  lateral  crests  torniliiat'';  tin' 
crests  are  parallel  and  the  surface  between  flat  or  slightly  convex." — Gill. 


.ul 


Jordan  and  Kverniann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1 141 


.1  I.owcrjnw  Htripngly  jiroJortliiK;  oppmilnr  fliip  polnti'il;  Jiody  with  !•  nr  lodiirk  ctosh  liiimln; 
NidcNdf  licml  mid  jawH  V  itii  iniiliy  rdiinil  IiIiiInIi  nr  ycllnwiNh  H|i<itN;  ii  litrgrji't-liliiik 
flpot  l)i'liiiicl  eyo;  vorflciil  fliiH  (ulncd  witli  Mini;  iinxiptircli'  very  tliirly  Hi'rrulul«>,  iti 
aiigin  not  Mklli'iit;  kcuIch  riiOii'i-  liir^^u  (iibuiit  HO);  kocoiiiI  anal  Hplm-  IniiKt-Nt;  ciiiutiil 
Miiii'li  roiiiulud;  vi'iilralH  not  ri'iirliiiiK  vi-nl.  i'anamknsih,  l/iiU*. 

II. t.  I.iiwi'rjiiw  ncit  Htninnly  proJretiiiK;  opmriijiir  Hup  vi-ry  oIiIiimi';  litMly  wltlnnit  cicikh  liuiidn; 
Ixidy,  lii'iid,  unit  nnit  nioni  iir  \v*a  covi'i-imI  uitli  Hrnrli't  or  oniiiKo  HpotH;  iiliniit  4  rmiiid, 
iuky  npdiH  ahiiiK  liimn  nf  dorHiil;  lnwor  Jiiw  not  Htroiiitly  pro.ii'i-tiii);;  iimdiil  tin  ininh 
roiindud;  hciiU'H  nitlicr  litrKc.  t'ti'iioid  (uliont  HO);  vcntrulH  not  ii'iii-liini;  vent. 

rHlKNTATIH,   \'^\V^. 

ISSH.  l>KTU<»MKTOPO>   IMNAMKNSIH  (St(dnda<  Iiimi). 

Ileadl^;  deptli  3;  eycOiii  hea<l.  D.  IX,  14;  A.  III,K;  hcu1uh77,  poruanS. 
Hoily  rather  elou^atu,  compreMHod.  II«ad  pointed,  the  lower  jaw  much 
liKi.inctin^ ;  luaxillury  HcaleleHs ;  eye  broader  than  interorbital  upaoe ; 
two  Miiiall  caniiieH  in  each  Juw  ;  angle  of  preopercle  rounded,  its  edge 
liiMt  with  very  flue  teeth;  anterior  profllo  of  head  Hteep  and  rather 
straight ;  dorual  upineH  moderate,  8ube<iual,  the  longeHt  Hcarcely  i  iiead  ; 
second  and  thinl  anal  ttpines  about  equal;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  high, 
miii'h  rounded;  caudal  much  rounded;  pectoral  rather  long;  scales 
strongly  ctenoid.  Color,  dark  brownish  violet;  sides  with  9  or  10  dark 
cKisH  bands;  sides  of  head  and  jaws  with  many  round  bhiish-yellow 
8|iotH,  those  on  lips  smaller  and  clear  blue  ;  a  large  Jet-black  spot  behind 
eye:  vertical  fins  edged  with  blue;  flns  unspotted.  Panama.  (Stein- 
iliicliner.)  On  rocky  coral  reefs;  rare  ;  the  characters  of  the  skull  not 
(leHciibed  by  Steindachner,  the  only  naturalist  who  has  seen  the  species. 

Sermiiuspanameiiiiiii,  Steinkaohnkr,  Icbtli.    '  iltriino,  iv,  1,  1H71,  with  pinto,  Panama. 
U'"h'hittM iKiiiaiiiciisis,  JonitAN  it  KioBNMANN,  /.  c,  37s,  18!)0. 
Kiiiiriri  iiiiiiH  jKindiiiriiniH,  Jordan  it  Swain,  /.  c,  ;i9S. 
Ejiito jilielus panaiuentii!,  IjOULGNtiKU,  Cat.,  i,  177. 


I' 


1589.  PKTROMKTOPON  (lU'EXTATUS  ( r,ac6iHMle). 
(Enjamukk;  CoNF.y  ;  Hed  Hind.) 

Head  2A;  depth  2j;  ;  eye  5  in  head.  D.  IX,  14  or  15;  A.  Ill,  8;  scales 
8-8')  to  95-30,  pores  50  to  55.  Body  oblong,  rather  deep  and  compressed, 
its  width  2i  in  greatest  depth.  Head  moderate,  a  little  acute  anteriorly, 
the  profile  nearly  straight  from  snout  to  nape,  where  it  is  rather  convex. 
Moiitli  rather  large,  the  maxillary  extending  somewhat  beyond  eye,  its 
leiijith  lii  in  head.  Lower  jaw  not  strongly  projecting.  Teeth  in  narrow 
bands,  the  depressible  teeth  of  the  inner  series  very  long  and  slender, 
loiiijcr  than  in  any  other  of  our  species,  those  of  the  lower  jaw  and  front 
of  upper  especially  enlarged,  longer  than  the  small,  subequal  canines ; 
interorbital  space  narrow,  with  a  median  depression,  its  width  7  in  head. 
Pre(i]iercle  convex,  very  weakly  serrate,  its  posterior  angle  obliquely  sub- 
truncate,  without  salient  angle  or  distinct  emargination.  Opercle  with  3 
tlistiiict  spines.  Nostrils  small,  subequal.  Gill  rakers  slender,  x-|-9  to  11 
liesidi's  rudiments,  the  longest  as  long  as  gill  fringes.  Scales  rather  large, 
mostly  strongly  ctenoid.  Dorsal  spines  rather  slender  and  pungent,  the 
fourtli  and  fifth  spines  highest,  3?  in  head,  the  outline  of  the  fin  gently 
iircbt!(l  ;   caudal  very  convex,  its  middle  rays  Ij?  in  head,  their  length  If 


"''|i-i 


. 


114li 


Hullt'tin  ^7,  United  States  National  Mnnum. 


titnoM  thiit  ut'  tlio  oiitur  rityit ;  nunl  ruiiiithMl,  ItH  lonKOHt  ray  liiilf  IumiI; 
H«con«l  anal  Npino  u  littlo  Htr<)ii);ur  tliaii  tliinl  and  Hli(;litly  loii^ttr,  J  in 
bottd  ;  puctoralH  long,  ruachiiig  iiiiich  pant  tip  of  vuntralH,  1^  in  luad ; 
venttalH  nhort,  n(»t  itmchinK  vout.  In  tho  typioal  form  (iruviitatiiii),  troiii 
riitlier  (le«<p  wator  aii<l  anioiif;  rockH,  tlio  ground  lin«  in  iifo  In  n  livid 
rnddiuh  gray,  a  littlo  jialor  l>»low,  und  tliu  HpotH  aiu  vorniiiiun,  MNiiuJIy 
darki^r  poNtoriorly ;  the  HpotH  arn  lai'Knr  «tNp«<;ially  antfli'iorl,\ .  In  N|iiiitN 
the  vermilion  npota  become  liglit  gray,  except  puHteriorly,  whore  tlnv 
are  brown  ;  thone  on  the  head  remain  very  diHtinct,  th<»Ne  above  invt'i 
dinappearing.  Lcngtii  about  a  foot.  Went  Indian  fauna;  Mru/il  to 
Florida  Keyu;  a  beautiful  HhIi  ;  very  common  on  the  coast  of  Cnbii :  a 
food-tlNli  of  Houu)  importance.     {eriietiltttiiH,  dyed  with  blood.) 

Jiirviicitpebd  or  tiaiam,  M&RCciUAVK,  IIIhI.  llraitil,  140,  IlllH,   Brazil  (doiilitriil). 

Percnynlldtii*,  Ui.orii,  Ichlliyol.,  312,  17ii'2,  Martinique  (di-Nrrlption  itml  fl({iirfH  ('rum  a  linwlnir 

by  Pi.hmif.k);  not  I'ercn  yutlala  o(  IiInn.v.i'h,  wlilili  Ih  l'ii>mierii]m  ynlliihiH. 
UliarvitiriieiilnliiH,  lj.\i(:vitur.,  IIM.  Nut.  Poiiui.,  IV,  Ui7,  |il.  4,  f\n.  1,  1hO:(,  Martinique  (<>ii  i  iiipy 

uf  I'Inniiur'a  ilriiwIiiK). 
Stirtuiun  iiiiinriiiii,  I'OEY,  Meniorian,  ii,  1411,  IHliU,  Havana, 
HnraiiiiH  torimulHii,  (JI'NTIIKli,  Cut.,  I,    1'24,  iMf)!!. 
PelriimtlojKiii  ajiiiiriiiK,  Poey,  SynopBltt,  18iiH,  2H8. 
KiineiuviiliiiHfiiillaliin,'*  JoitiiAN  &  Swain,  /.  c,  3'.)9,  1884. 
noilidHiiH  iriiruUilHf,  JoitnAN  A  Kiiiknmann,  /.  <■.,  H7«,  18iHI. 
EjnneplieUimiuUaliu,  Duulenoer,  Cut.,  i,  17(i. 

KepreHeiited  in  uhallow  waters  by  the  form  or  variety 


IfiilHa.  PKTIIUMKTOPUN  CRUKNTATrH  r<»ROXATrS  (<'nvi.  i  .VViil.nclonncM). 
(Bbown  Hiwn;  Petite  NftoHE.) 

In  life,  whitish  or  dusky  olive,  somewhat  translucent,  the  head  deoid- 
edly  greenish;  spots  everywhere,  all  bright  orange  red,  darker  in  ttn' 
center,  those  on  the  edges  of  the  Aertical  fliiH  darker  maroon  or  clienv 
color;  four  larger  spots  along  base  of  dorsal,  inky  black,  irreguliii,  tlif 
third  largest,  the  fourth  smallest;  a  very  small  one  on  each  side  of  shimi- 
der.  Eyes  green  above,  with  red  specks,  iris  yellow;  fins  rather  hiuisli; 
tips  of  ventrals  dasky,  tips  of  vertical  fins  appearing  so  from  the  dm  kei 
color  of  the  spots.  In  spirits,  the  bright  sjiots  become  brown  oi  tado 
into  the  ground  color;  those  on  the  head  mostly  disappearing.  In  <>tlii'r 
respects  like  the  preceding,  its  colors  duller.  West  Indies,  north  U>  Key 
West;  generally  common.     (coron«/M8,  crowned.) 

HvrraniiH  coronalim,  CuviEB  At  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  PoisH,,  ii,  371, 1828,  Martinique. 

aemimig  cornnaiiiK  var.  iH(jriciiltts,  GCntiiek,  Cut.,  i,  124,  1860. 

Velrometojxm  gnUaltis,  Poey,  SynopsiH,  288,  18(18. 

Kpiiiepheliia  tjultatim,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mub.,  1884,  12.'). 

Knneacenlnm  giUUittu  corotiaUis,  Jordan  &  Swain,  {.  c,  1884,  398. 


*  Ab  this  species  is  in  no  wise  concerned  in  forming;  the  Perca  ijiiUald  of  LinnaMiH,  the  ^pivifir 
numo  guttalHs  should  not  bo  used  for  it.  Tlio  lioiliimun  gnUalus  of  Blocli  (Sen-amif  i'niri.i>hr 
Cuvior  &  ValeucieuueB)  i«  an  East  Indian  species,  referable  to  Bodianiia  ns  here  restricteil. 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  .hufritn,       1  I4.'J 


iiri'H  rrmii  it  IiumIhi: 


rtlnique  (nn  i  ,ii|,y 


Viilcnclcmii's). 


Martinique. 


499.  BODIANUS,  MIocli. 
(Jacou  Kvkut/.kns.") 

.■iilUmut,\  niorit,  (clitliyoloKlii,  17tlO,  {iiHltithm,  hiiiliuHUn,  <<!(<.,  i)|mm'I(>n  with  Hiitlri>  |iri'u|H'ri-li>  itml 

Hpitin  nil  ii|H<rolu;. 
i.l>liiili>iihnliii,  ni.orii  Jlc  HrilNriliKll,  flynt.    Iclitli.,  :ill,  IHOl,  (rin/ua       lUxlitiiw  iiiiIIhImh,  Kmhii, 

iS.  milllM  Vlllriimlr,    CrviKK  A  VAI.KNiir.NNrH). 
/;."/i.(»i»M,Ci'Vir.n,  Hl^K^o  Aiiiiniil,  K<l  1,  li,  27(1,  1817;  Oii.i,,  ri<".  Ac.  Nut.  8.1.   riiilii.,  IHfl2,  'J:n 

(rpNirlction  to  f/ii/'n/im,  ctr.) 
I  ,illluil'nl,l  HWAINMON,  Nut     Iliot.  (JIlUtMtl.   FUIm'H,   II,  Wi,  IHUJI,  (lillltliill). 

/Jiiic(«vii<rii»,  (ill.?,,  I'nx'    Ai-.  Nut.  Si  i.  I'liilii.,  IHUr),  liifi,  (niiiiltililii      /iWi'No,  R<n/i<iHM<i  lioiiiK  IruiiN- 

lorri'd  to  /im/miiin  linilniuiin,  lll.iiiii,        lliirjif  riij'n). 
1/i'iiq>/ioiii«,  PciKY,  Ann.  Lye.  Nul.  Hint.  N.  Y.,  x,  18119,  Co,  (.(iWnii.), 

IjlllfinlllH,  .InilDAN  A  KVKKMANN,  HOW  l<Ullt,t'IHlH,  (il<(lll//li«/il(»). 

TliiH  )i;enii8  Ih  close  to  I'^pinrphdnH,  fioin  wliirli  it  is  Httpuratod  niaiiily  l»y 
Mm  |iroH«nc»  of  9  NpiiicH  in  tlio  dorsal  (in  inHtvad  of  11.  In  (^liarac^tt^r  of 
(M'aniuMi  tliu  two  Keiicia  ditf'ur  littln,  tho  Hknil  altovo  having;  itH  lionoH 
lliin  and  sniootli,  tlie  angular  rid^ro  on  tho  ]ioNtorior  part  of  tlin  frontaln 
lilting  wanting,  tho  parietal  and  aupraoccipital  croHts  not  oxtendingon 
tlio  frontalH.  HpecioH  rathor  nninoroiiH  in  warm  Hoaa,  of  Hinall  si/e  and 
liright  color.  ( Bodinno  or  I'ndiano,  PortugucHO  name  of  tho  larger  Lahroid 
lishes  in  Hra/.il,  tho  name  UHod  for  Iforpr  nij'a.  whieh  Illoch  referred  to 
this  gonuH.  The  word  is  from  piitlor,  modesty,  and  is  cognate  with  Ihn- 
zilla,  St'Hiirita,  and  niniilar  terms  applied  to  the  same  tishes,  in  opjioBition 
to  Old  Wife,  Vieja,  etc.,  given  to  the  larger  and  jdainly-colorod  species.) 

ItnmANIH: 

II.  ScaleH  ctonoid;  nonu  of  the  dnrml  xpinog  elovatctl. 

/>.  Caudal  flu  not  lunate;  )iea<l  and  Imdy  with  low  or  many  Hinall,  blu«,  darlc-edp^od  sputx. 
('.  Caudal  tin  ronndod,  tlin  iniildlo  riiVH  lon^cNt;  Himutwitli  1  or  2  liliiit  Ntrijics;  tiiicic  of 
tail  without  ooi.spioiiouH  hhu-k  hlotcli;  nchIi'm  hiiuiII;  lateral  lino  iiliDiit  Il.'i. 

T-v:nii)|'8,  1.54(1. 
cc.  Caudal  flu  truncate,  tho  middio  and  outer  rayo  about  equal;  Biioiit  without  ntripen; 
I)ack  of  tail  wltti  2  Mack  BpotH;  lower  .jaw  with  u  Idai-k  npot  at  tip;  Hcalog 
niodcrato;  lateral  llnu  about  !I0. 
(I.  Ground  color  lemon-yellow;  blue  spots  few.  rutvus,  1641. 

d(l.  Ground  color  bri^lit  Hcarlot.  ui'Bkr,  IfAlu. 

Mil.  Ground  color  lirown.  i-cnctati's,  l.'vJlb. 

Mknf.imioiu'8  (urivij,  moon;  iftoptoy,  to  boar)  : 
III.  Cnudal  liii  lunate,  with  proniiiient  ant;lcH;  body  covered  with  blue  Hpots, 

e.  Mody  rather  deep;  proopcrclo  evenly  convex,  without  Biilient  an^le;  mouth  small, 
tho  lower  jaw  much  projecting,  k'H  rakers  slender,  long,  about  x  '■■  2(1;  color 
carinino  red,  tho  head,  back,  an<l  Kidos  more  or  less  covered  with  blue,  dark- 
edged  ])oints;  caudal  tips  black;  somo  dark  spots  on  maxillary  and  about  eye; 
no  black  blotch  on  caudal  peduncle  or  on  tij)  of  lower  jaw.  nriiirs,  1542. 

I'o.  Hody  more  slender,  the  depth  4  in  total  length;  eye  ft'ij  in  head. 

I'lNCTIFKBrS,  154U. 


*  According  to  Dloch,  .Jacob  Evortzen  was  a  noted  Dutch  pilot  in  tho  middle  of  tho  last  cen- 
tury. From  his  pock-marked  face,  his  fellow  sailors  gave  to  these  dark-simtted  and  freckled  fishes 
('■.^liecially  to  Dodiamis  gultdtns,  tho  type  of  the  genus)  the  name  of  Jacob  Evert/.en. 

i  /i(H/i(iHiM  of  Bloch  is  an  artificial  group,  resting  on  characters  valueless  or  erroneous.  It  was 
limited  by  Cuvier,  in  1817,  to  species  allied  to  KpinephelnK;  by  Gill,  18()2,  to  9-spined  species  of 
this  group;  and  by  .Jordan  &  Gilbert,  188:5,  to  the  limits  hero  assigned,  Budiaiiiis  giilUitiiii,  Bloch 
(=  <!»■(/«»),  an  East  Indian  species,  being  recognized  as  the  type. 

I  The  generic  name  Vriphxton  was  given  to  a  specimen,  "Serrmiua  phifloii''  Cuvier  ,k  Valen- 
cii'imcs,  of  somo  species  of  liodUimm,  probably  Bodiamis  uitjripiimiK,  according  to  Itouleuger,  in 
till'  caudal  tin  of  which  the  caudal  fliament  of  Fislularia  had  l>ecu  inserted. 


1144  hullctin  4J,  Vnitid  States  Natiopuil  Museum. 

KNNEIilTt'ii  (•ff^d,  ninii;  iirrnt,  iniiit): 

cm.  H<'iili-H  mil  I  ii'iiiild;  IliinI  ilormil  n|iltin  oli'Vn(«<<l;  innxlllaiy  liiikiiil, 

/.  ColurrnI;  It  black  Ktruitk  unrliHokii;   llliii  all  lilncklah  iiii  illxtiil  lialf. 

Al-ANTII|IITI|I«,  \U\\ 

Ifi40.    HODIAM'N  T.KNIOfN  (Ciivli-i  A  V.il»m(|..iiii.-,.). 

Head  2|  to  :< ;  d(«|itli  :<  to  \\\.  D.  IX,  in;  A.  Ill,  »  (rnruly  10) ;  Hciihm  In 
tu  12,  I'^o  to  13(M2  to  IK,  poi«>H  7r>  to  ^'1,  'I'fflth  t'oniiiiitf  rutlim-  hioinl 
buiiilN,  in  3  or  4  HorieH  on  tlio  HideH  of  the  niantliblo;  caiiiiwH  Htron;,'. 
Kiioiit  t^  to  \\  (liunuttnr  of  «\v<'.  wliicli  In  contiiinuil  T)  to  0  tirii«>H  in  l<^ll^tll 
of  iiuad  ;  iiiturorhital  width  <!  to  7  tiiiioH  in  It^n^th  of  huud  ;  lowi^r  jiiu 
)>roJ«)ctint{ ;  niaxillaiy  uxtt^ndiu^  to  liolow  |»oHterior  l>ord«r  of  «y«  m 
h«yond,  th«)  width  of  itu  distal  oxtruinity  o<|nal  to  or  a  littlu  Ichh  tlmn 
dianiotur  of  oyo;  prooiMsiclo  very  llntdy  Horratod,  tlio  Horiw  N(!un-il\ 
nnlar^vd  at  tlie  anglu,  which  in  ronnded;  middle  opttirular  Hpinu  iicani 
lower  than  npper,  lower  not  extundiiiK  ho  far  back  aH  npper;  opercular 
(lap  obtiiHely  pointed,  itH  upper  border  Htronj^Iy  enrved  ;  head  eovexil 
with  cyehtid  Hcalew ;  Hnmit  and  maxillary  entirely  or  partially  Hcaiy. 
(fill  rukorH  10  or  11,  and  0  to  H  rndimentH  on  lower  ])art  of  anterior  arch, 
the  lon^eHt  lon|;er  than  gill  fVingeH.  Dorsal  originating  above  baHe  <>t' 
pectoral;  spineH  ineroaMing  in  length  to  the  third,  which  is  about  > 
length  of  head  and  Hlxirter  than  posterior  soft  rays;  soft  dorsal  roundrd: 
pectoral  %  to  }  length  of  head;  ventral  shorter,  reaching  annsor  not  i|uii(' 
so  far;  second  and  third  anal  spinea  equal,  as  long  as  or  a  little  shoriiM 
than  longest  dorsal  spine  and  much  shorter  than  soft  rays;  cauii:il 
rounded.  Scales  strongly  ciliated.  Dark  brown  (or  red)  all  over,  wilii 
small,  blue,  black-edged  Hpots;  a  blue  horizontal  streak  below  the  eyo; 
soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  edged  with  blue.  Length  1  foot.  (Itoii- 
lenger.)  West  coast  of  Africa,  and  adjacent  islands;  very  common;  snid 
by  Steindachner  to  stray  to  the  coast  of  Florida  and  the  liahamus ;  imt 
obtained  by  any  American  collector.     (ruivUi,  band;  uij',  face.) 

Strrauim  III  iiinpii,  C'uviKit  A  Vai  kmiknnf.h,  Hist.  Nat.  VoIbh.,  m,  370,  181!H,  Cape  Verde;  GCNTiint, 
Cut.,  I,  121,  IK.IO;  .STKlNl).\riiNKli,  Fisclic  AlrikiiH,  1H81,  -J,  i>l,  1  ("very  coiniiiuii  on  tlu'  i  .a-l 
of  Sttne^^iiiiiliia  to  the  ('iipc  Vcrdo  JnlamlH  aiiU(iuinou;  raru  on  tin-  coantB  or  tlm  liitliuiiiii 
Islauds  tu  Florida.") 

UiidiiiuiiH  ItniiojiH,  JoiiliAN  A  till.llRRT,  SynoiitiiH,  1)10,  18S.1  ;  JoKDAN  &  KlURNMANN,  /.  c,  379,  \i>Mi. 

EimiiiiniiniH  tiiiiidjiH,  Jordan  Jt  Swain,  /.  r.,  402,  1881. 

Epiiiephelua  taiiiojiH,  Buvi.kmogh,  Cat.,  i,  18G. 


1541.  BODIAM'K  FI'LVrN  (Linniiug). 

(QUATiVKUE;   NiOtiER-FIHIl;   Yf.I.LOW  KISH;   BrTTRR-FIBII;   (iUATiVERE  AHABILLA.) 

Head  2«  ;  depth  3 ;  eye  largo,  5  in  head.  D.  IX,  14  to  16 ;  A.  Ill,  8  oi !' : 
scales  9-90  to  110-33,  pores  53  to  65.  Body  oblong,  moderately  com- 
pressed, its  greatest  width  2\  in  depth.  Head  rather  pointed  anteriorly, 
the  proflle  forming  an  even  curve  from  snout  to  base  of  dorsal.  Moutli 
moderate,  the  maxillary  extending  somewhat  beyond  eye,  its  length  '_'  in 
head.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting.  Teeth  in  narrow  bands,  rat  Iht 
large,  the  depressible  teeth  smaller  than  in  I'vlrometopon  cruentatitn ;  cunini» 


« 


•     > 


illlKTII'*,   IMI 


N,  /.  v.,  H7U,  If  '"■ 


Jordan  and  Kir r maun. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica.       \\\T\ 


latlior  Hiiiull,  Hiiltni|iitil ;  iiitororliitul  Npnuit  iiiirrow,  lliittiHli,  witli  a  iiu'iliati 
il)'|ti-uNNioii,  itN  wiiUli  7  III  h»ii«l.  l'itM)|)«^rt;lo  witli  wtntk  HtMiutiiiiiN,  itHoiil- 
liiio  cdiivux,  witli  UHlif{lit  tiiiil  hIiuIIow  <>iii»rKiiiiitii)ii,  itHuii^'l«  not  Hiilifiit. 
Optirclu  with  3  tliHtiiict  H|)iii«m.  NoHtiilM  miiull,  hiiIk'<|iiu1.  (iill  iuUimh 
hloiitlrr,  X -f  17  or  18,  tlit)  lon^ttNt  iih  Ioii);  uh  ^ill  tViii^t'M.  SualfH  lutlicr 
liUKu,  inoHtly  Htroii){ly  rtotiditl.  DimhuI  NpiiifH  hU>ihI<-i,  piin^fiit,  tlio 
loiirth  uiid  ilftli  lii^huHt ;  tlio  oiitliiiu  of  tliu  tin  ul><»vu  nuiiily  Htnil^lit. 
laiulHl  truiicatM,  itH  aiiKlt'N  Hli^iitly  r(iiiii(l«Ml,  itN  loii^uHt  (iniililltO  niyH  \'\ 
ill  heiul,  HouiToly  loii^or  tliau  tlio  oiiti-r  itiyN;  luiiil  iii>;ii,  roiintliMl,  itH 
Imi^uHt  layH  2  in  IiimkI  ;  him-oikI  anal  Hpiiu^  Ntroii^^rr  and  rtitlnr  li>ii;{<<i'  tlian 
iliird,  2il  in  head;  ptictoral  loii^,  riuicliinj^  iniieli  paHt,  tipn  of  vi'iitraln,  \\ 
ill  lifliid ;  ventral  Hliitrt,  not  ittacliin^  vitnt.  Ciilor  in  tlii^  typical  t'uiin 
ifiilruH) :  lu  lift),  loiiion  y«;llow,  Iti'iiiK  Hoinuwliat  oraii);o  nil  (in  tint  liack  ; 
two  Mack  HputH  un  back  uf  tail ;  a  f«t\v  Hky-liliio  HpotH  on  Itudy  antoiiorly, 
:iiid  on  liuad  with  darker  niarKitiH ;  a  tVw  violet  HpotH  about  *-ye;  linn 
colored  like  body  ;  IioikI,  pttctoralH  and  doiHiil  a  little  redder  than  reHt  of 
tiHh.  E<l){o  of  «pinoiiN  doi'Hal  blackiHh.  Color  in  HpiritH,  olivaceoiiH  yel- 
low; other  color  variatioiiB  indicated  below.  Leiifrtli  about  a  toot. 
WcHt  IndieH  ;  ran^in^r  from  Kerninda  anil  Florida  KeyH  toltaliia;  «<very- 
where  very  cointnon,  the  l)rown  and  the  red  foriiiH  iiioHt  mo,  the  ydiow  or 
typical  variety  Hcarce  in  the  niarketH  of  Cnlia  and  not  yet  recorded  from 
Florida.  ThiH  is  probably  contined  to  water  still  deeper  th  n  that 
iiiliabitod  by  the  red  variety.     (J'ltlntH,  tawny  in  color.) 

7'iiri^i*  I'uiKia  ciiii(r.r(i  (till!  Vcllow  FIhIi),  (.'atkhiiy,  Nut.  lllHt, Carol.,  |il.  x,  ll(?.'-i  nilt,  BahamaB. 

/.ridrn*  /idfui,  LiNN.KUR,  Syst.  Nut.,  Kd.  x,  IT.^S,  '.iH7,  Bahamas;  after  Catemhv. 

liihilifere  (iiiiarillii,  I'auka,  lltwcr.  I>if.  PiczuM,  IlUt.  Niit.l'ulm,  17H7,  lain,  v,  ll>r.  '^,  Cuba. 

}liih>cenlni»  auratnn,  Ili.di'ii,  Iclitliynl.,  VII,  A7,  (il.  'IWfi,  I7'.)'J,  East  Indies. 

liiiilianiis  guiilin're,  IJi.cicil  it  .Si'iineiiikii,  Hyul.  Iclitli.,  1>^01,  :i:}(i;  liiiHeil  on  Pahba'h  tlKiiriH. 

^11  Ilium  aiiratuH,  Ci'ViKR  A  Vai.eni'ie.nn'er,  IlJMt.  Nut.  roluH.,  ii,  ;i(i-t,  1H28. 

SemmilH  j/HutilWe,  I'l.'VIEIl   A  VALENCIENNES,   Ulst.    Nat.    PuJBI.,  II,    38H,  182H,  (Ml    1'AHIIA'h  Wiiilld 

flguro;  I'uEY,  lU'iHTtoridf  i,  'J(KI. 
EniiifacentniH  fitlvitu,  .FoiiiiAN  &  Swain,  /.  c,  402,  1884, 
Bodiamu  /u{vii«,  Jordan  &  Eigenmann,  (,  r.,  379. 

Represented  at  moderate  depths,  esxtecially  in  the  WoHt  Indies,  by  tlio 
HCiirlet  form  or  variety 

1641a.  BOOIANI'S  FULVIS  KI'liKK  (Hlodi  ,t  Sclinoiditr). 
(Red  OuatIveiie  ;  OrATii.iiii.) 

Color  in  life,  vivid  scarlet ;  spots  on  head  nearly  black  ;  others  lijjfht 
blue,  with  a  purplish  border;  two  black  spots  on  lower  jaw  and  two  on 
back  of  tail ;  caudal  paler  than  body,  with  a  few  scatteriiif;  dark  points  ; 
veiitrals  and  anal  edged  with  dusky.  Pectorals  paler  than  doi.sal.  In 
spirits  this  fish  becomes  pale,  almost  cream  color  ;  sjiots  on  head  dark,  the 
others  brown,  with  grayish  margins.  West  Indies,  etc.;  very  common. 
{ruher,  red.) 

'^araiina,  Maiicurave,  Hist.  Urnsil,  1G48,  147,  Brazil. 

QiMtirere,  Pahra,  Dcscr.  Dif.  Picziiw,  Ilint.  Nut.,  1787,  lam.  v,  Ar.  1,  Cuba. 

Perca  punctata,  Dlocu,  Icbth.,  314,  179J,  Martinique;  mi  u  figiiru  liy  Pi.umiek. 


■:'Vt 


:.'(  ■    Li: 


=• '  I 


f 


'  ) 


1'  . 


y 


:f 


1146 


Bulletin  4/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Oynmocephaliis  rither,  Itl.ocil  A  SciiJiKlDBB,  Syst.  I<-)ith.,  340,    pi.  67,  1801,  on  OiraiiMO  of   Maui- 

tiUAVE;  uot  Kpiiieplielii*  ruber,  Bl.ocil. 
Serrwim  nuatalihi,  CrviKn  ■&  Valencikxnbs,  Hist.  Nat.  T'oiHH.,  ii,  381,  1828,  Havana;  QI'ntheh, 

Cut.  :,  1859,  12(1;  PoEV,  Il<'iii)i-tori<>,  i,  2(12,  1S67. 
ScrraMHS  cnrauna,  CuviER  A  Valenciennes.,  Hist.  Nut.  roiss.,  ii,  384,  1828,  Brazil. 
Eiineiireiilnit  /iilfun  imtahhi,  Jdkiian  >t  SwAiN,  I.  i.,  402. 
Bodianm  fnicm  ruber,  Jordan  &  Eksenmann,  I.  <.,  379. 

Riiprosented  along  the  Bhores  from  Southern  Florida  to  the  West  Indies 
by  the  brown  form  or  variety 


ir.41b.  BODIANUS  FlILVUS  PlINCT ATI'S  (LinnauH). 
(Nkioer-firii;  Ne<iro-ki8h;  Black  GuATfvERE.) 

Color  in  life,  rtlackish  olive ;  spots  everywhere  on  sides  and  head,  dark 
bine  with  light-bine  centers ;  dorsal  fin  dusky  olive,  edged  with  darker,  ii 
few  spots  on  its  ba?e ;  the  soft  dorsal  margined  with  whitish.  Candal 
dusky  olive;  anal  and  ventrals  violaceous  black;  pectorals  olivaceous; 
the  spots  in  spirits  become  brown,  with  gray  centers.  West  Indies,  etc.; 
every v/here  common,     (punctatiis,  dotted.) 

Perai  marina  pwictii^-'"la  (the  Negro-fish),  Catesby,  Hist.  Carolina,  etr.,  pi.  7,  1S43,  Bahamas. 

Perec  punctata,  hins xvs,  Syst.  Nat.,  x,  1758,  291,  Bahamas;  bused  on  Catesby. 

Pcrca  pvnc'.ulata,  Gmemn,  Syst.  Nat.,  1315,  17S8,  Bahamas;  after  Catesb" 

Juniieacentnis  punctr.tua,  Poey,  Synoi)sis,  288,  1868. 

Bo(Uami8  punclatua,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  919,  1883. 

Bodiamis  fuhus  pmirtatiis,  Jordan  &  Ekienmann,  I.  e.,  380. 

Epinephelui  pv.uclatut,  Boxtlenoer,  Cat.,  i,  184, 


!    ;:  : 


Subgenus  MENEPHORUS,  Poey. 
16»2.  BODIANUg  DUBIUS  (Poey). 

Head  3.J, ;  depth  2;^ ;  eye  moderate,  4^  in  head,  as  long  as  snout.  D.  IX, 
11+  (the  fin  having  been  injured  in  youth) ;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  96.  Body 
rather  deep  and  compressed,  formed  much  as  in  Bodianua  fulvus',  Iicad 
anteriorly  pointed,  the  profile  forming  a  slight,  even  cnrve.  Mouth 
small ;  maxillary  extending  to  posterior  edge  of  pupil,  2\  in  head  ;  lower 
jaw  much  projecting;  teeth  moderate,  the  anterior  caninds  in  both  jawa 
rather  strong.  Interorbital  space  narrow.  Preopercle  finely  serrate,  its 
outline  evenly  convex.  Gill  rakers  slender  and  long,  x+20.  Scales 
moderate,  strongly  ctenoid.  Caudal  fin  lunate,  its  angles  pointed,  the 
inner  rays  2^  in  head,  the  outer  1?.  Dorsal  8i>ines  low,  stiff,  the  lonjjcst 
3  in  head ;  outline  of  the  fin  not  notched;  anal  fin  high  and  rounded,  its 
longest  rays  2^  in  head;  second  aaal  spine  stronger  than  third,  Imt 
scarcely  longer,  3J  in  head;  pectoral  long,  reaching  past  tips  of  ventrals. 
1^  in  bead.  Color  much  as  in  Bodianus  fulrtis  ruber,  bright  red ;  head, 
back,  and  sides  covered  with  blue  points,  which  are  edged  with  black- 
ish ;  dorsal  edged  with  dusky  ;  caudal  tips  black  above  and  below;  max- 
illary with  a  low  of  dark  spots;  some  dark  spots  about  eye.  Length  9 
inches.  Onoa,  3  specimens  known;  the  one  above  described  in  the 
Museum  at  Cambridge,  probably  sent  by  Poey.     A  well-marked  spccips. 


1 


West  Iiulii'H 


tl  below;  niax- 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1147 


possibly  the  type  of  a  valid  genus,     (dubiux,  doubtful ;  the  author  being 
ill  doubt  as  to  whether  the  species  belongs  to  Scrranua.) 

SerrnniiK  diihiiis,  I'oKY,  Mctnoriufl,  II,  142,  1800,  Cuba. 
^Tfitei>h<iniii  duhiiiH,  PoEV,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  x,  180!t,  50. 
Uoi  inmill  (/l(/>ll(jl,  ,f()lt»AN  &  KlflENMANN,  /.  <■.,  380. 

1648.    BODIANITH  PIJN€TIFKBI!S  (I'ooj). 

Very  similar  to  Bodianns  duhius,  differinjj  in  the  more  slender  body ; 
the  depth  1  in  total  length;  eye  5^  in  head,  H  in  snout.  Red,  the  blue 
spots  not  covering  the  whole  body,  those  on  the  head  blue  and  very 
HHiall ;  those  on  the  body  forming  oblique  series  of  dashes,  rather  linear 
than  rounded;  fins  l-spotted.  (Poey.)  Cuba.  Known  from  one  speci- 
men, 10  inches  long,  probably  a  color  variation  of  Bodianm  dubUia.  {piinc- 
tiiDi,  i)oint;  fcro,  F  bear.) 

Menejilioiiiit yiDwtiferiis,  I'oky,  Kniniioruti  ^  ^1,  IST.^,  Havana. 


Subgenus  ENNEISTUS,*  .rordaii  .^  Everm.ann. 
1544.  ItOniANUS  ACANXniSTH  S  (GilliLit). 

Head  2iv ;  deptii  2/ ;  eye  large,  equaling  length  of  snout,  5  in  length  of 
iiead;  interoibitiil  space  narrow,  convex,  6i  in  head.  D.  IX,  17;  A.  Ill, 
!t;  scales  75,  56  pores.  Mouth  oblique,  with  mandible  strongly  projecting, 
the  mandibular  canines  shutting  outside  of  premaxillarios  in  olosod 
mouth;  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  behirid  pupil,  its  length  hi^jf 
that  of  head.  Teeth  in  sides  of  mandible  in  2  perfectly  defined  series, 
separated  by  a  narrow  groove-like  interval ;  outer  teeth  nearly  erect  and 
rigid,  the  iiiiier  series  directed  obliquely  inward  and  very  slightly  mov- 
able (not  strictly  depressible);  a  patch  of  smaller  movable  teeth  at  sym- 
])hy8is,  with  the  customary  pair  of  canines  in  front  of  them ;  prtMuaxillaries 
with  an  outer  series  of  strong  teeth,  terminating  anteriorly  in  the  double 
pair  of  enlarged  canines;  behind  this  series  a  wide  band  of  minute  villi- 
iorm  teeth,  only  slightly  movable;  wide  bands  of  similar  villiform  teeth 
Du  vomer  and  palatines,  the  vomerine  patch  without  buiskwanl  prolonga- 
tion along  median  line;  tongue  smooth;  nostrils  close  together,  the 
posterior  round  and  much  the  larger,  the  anterior  with  a  Hap.  Preopercle 
minutely  serrubit«  on  hinder  margin,  which  is  convexly  rounded;  a  shal- 
low notch  above  the  angle,  which  is  provided  with  2  or  3  irregular  lobes, 
coarsely  toothed;  lower  margin  smooth,  entire.  Uill  rakers  long  and 
strong,  17  below  angle,  the  anterior  short;  opercle  with  3  flat  spinous 
jioints.  Scales  with  entire  edges,  those  on  opercles  and  on  middle  of  sides 
tlie  largest,  smaller  above  lateral  line  and  along  ventral  outline,  becom- 
ing much  reduced  on  breast  and  hesid  (except  opercles).  Mandible  with 
1  tow  embedded  scales,  maxillary  and  premaxillary  wholly  naked;  top 
and  sides  of  head  wholly  scaled,  including  both  limbs  of  preopercle  and 

''■This  suogonus  Koems  closo  to  BDiliauux,  from  wliieli  it  differs  in  its  .smoo'li  scali's,  naked 
iiiax'lliiry,  and  elovati'd  spinous  dorsal,  wliich  is  deeply  notched  as  in  I'aralnlirax.  The  charac- 
Ifr  of  the  craniuiu  has  not  been  indicated  in  the  single  known  species,  but  Dr.  Iloulenger  ia 
jirobably  right  in  placing  it  with  the  group  here  called  BodiaiiM. 


'    f 


.  I  \ 


:J  it 


\ 


i         : 


:  ( 


)  f 


11J8 


Jiulli:li;i  ./J,  Uniteit  States  National  Museum. 


tlie  oporciiJar  /iioi/it/ranc.  First  donsal  Hpinc  very  short,  the  tliird  the 
liigln'st,  lialf  Icngtliof  h<  ad,  th<!  fourth  bm  little  shorter ;  in  the  typespeci 
iiioii  tlio  /iftli  mid  sixth  rapidly  shorcenod,  while  the  seventh,  eighth,  and 
ix\i:\\\  are  again  IcngthenecJ,  thus  forming  a  decided  notcli  in  the  course  ol 
the  .spinous  ^lorsai;  spines  all  with  pungent  tip^i;  doisal  membranes  from 
third  tosixtli  spines  very  deeply  incised,  that  between  third  and  fourth 
joining  hiftcron  the  basal  'i  of  its  length;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  pointed, 
not  falcate,  the  outline  behind  angle  straight;  anal  higher  than  the  dor- 
sal, but  shorter  than  the  spinous  dorsal;  caudal  rounded,  1^  in  the  head: 
pectorals  long,  reaching  beyond  the  ventrals,  and  nearly  to  front  of  anal ; 
lirst  anal  ne  concealed  in  our  single  si)ecinien,  probably  mutilated,  tin- 
second  stroi.gcr  but  much  shorter  than  the  third,  which  is  contained  4^  in 
the  length  of  the  head.  Color  of  head  and  body  uniform,  probably  red 
in  life;  a  black  streak  on  cheeks,  following  hinder  edge  of  maxillary 
tins  all  blackish  on  distal  half;  basal  part  of  tins  scaly.  A  single  speci- 
men, l(i  inches  long,  from  Alhairom  Station  11017,  in  58  Aithoms,  near  Oapt 
Lobos,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  (lulf  of  California.  This  peculiar  spe- 
cies is  characterized  by  its  convex  caudal,  plain  coloration  (varied  onl\ 
by  a  black  streak  behind  maxillary),  its  comparatively  large,  smooth 
scales,  the  naked  maxillary,  and  the  very  higii  spinous  dorsal  with  ilH 
deeply  incised  membranes,  (iulf  of  California;  one  specimeri  known. 
{uKdvUii,  siiiiio;  Inriov,  sail.)     ((•il))ert.) 

Uixlidiiits  ,i,„iitli(slii('<,  ItiMii'.iiT,  I'ror.  li,  S.  Nat.  HIus.,  1801,  !t'i'l,  Cape  Labos,  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Gulf  of  California.     (Typi',  N(i.  4091(1.     Coll.  AMjiitross.) 


500.  EPINEPHELUS,  lUoch. 

(GUOUI'KUS.) 

Kpitiephchia,  ULiicn,  Iclitlivologiii,  17!);i,  (after,  iiinriiiimlis,  lirniini'ui>,mena,  riihei;  otc,  reHtrivti'd  (.> 

iiiimjiiKilix  tiy  iiiitliors). 
Cermi,  BoNAi'AUTK,  Iiitrodiizinne  alia  Claase  Pesci,  Faiuia  llalli  a,  tunic  ill,  \>t.  1,  \h:\:\,  (j/Z./kji 

ijimm). 
Q/m'(/(/////.v,  .S\v.\lN^so^',  Xat.  Hist.  (Uassn.  PisIieB,  11,  L'Ol,  18;)!t,  (jUd-o-piirpiiialiis). 
Ci-oiiiHeplfH,  SwAlNSON,  Xat.  Hist,  f  las-.sii.  Fislics,  11,  iiCil,  18110,  (;/i;/'(»,  etc.). 
Ili/jxiiflindiis,  Gii.l.,  I'loc.  Ai  .  N'at.  Sci.  I'liila.,  \xt\\,  2:!7,  (j]ai-Uan,hi      uiviatm). 
Srhislornn,  Gii.F.,  Vvw.  .\i-.  Nat.  St:i.  I'hila.,  ]8(i2,  2;i7,  (miiMwhi-M). 
Lahrojwrca,  GiLL,  Tioc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  I8(i:i,  80,  (latirifdimis). 
Menm,  Poky,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  x.  p.  3n,  1871,  (</iyn»). 
PriiHimtUiihth!ii>,  Day,  Proc.  Zoill.  Soc.  London,  18t')8,  193,  {ninilviii!.pale\ixiii,  j-oung). 
Ccriiii,  DoDKUi.Kix,  Ucvi.sta  dclle  Siiccio  del  guiicro  Kiii'iephlim  n  CViiik,  l,S7:i,  (;//;/(Ui). 
llomalogrjiiiUH,  Ali.eyne  &  Maci.eay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  Kew  South  Wales,  i,  1870,  268,  pi.  vi,  flj.'. :: 

(gii)ilhcrij. 
l[il}H)seiTiiniix,  Ki.uN'/iNGKB,  Fisclie  do8  Rothon  MeoreB,  3,  18H4,  (moir/iim). 

Hody  stout,  compressed,  covered  with  small,  ctenoid  scales,  which  an 
often  somewhat  embedded  in  the  skin  ;  scales  of  the  lateral  lit     triangu 
lar,  cycloid  ;  soft  parts  of  the  vertical  lins  generally  more  01   less  8cal\ 
Cranium  narrow  above.     Parietal  crests  not  produced  on  fiontals  v.hicli 
are  without  transverse  ridge  jiosteriorly  :  frontals  with  a  process  or  kuoh 
on  each  side  behind  inteiorbital  area  ;  premaxillary  processes  fitting  into 


r?!: 


1^ 


1  the  eastern 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1149 


a  notch  or  cavitj'  on  the  anterior  end  of  tlie  frontals.  Preopercle  moder- 
ately serrate  bebiml,  its  lower  limb  entire,  without  distinct  antrorso 
spine;  opercle  with  two  strong  spines.  Nostrils  well  separated.  Mouth 
large ;  maxillary  large,  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  hone,  its  sur- 
face usually  with  small  scales.  Canine  teeth  few,  large  in  the  front  of 
the  jaws;  enlarged  teeth  of  the  inner  series  of  each  jaw  depressiide. 
Gill  rakers  short  and  rather  few.  Dorsal  spines  usually  11,  rarely  10,  not 
filamentous,  the  last  ones  somewhat  shorter  than  the  middle  ones.  Anal 
spines  3,  the  second  usually  the  larger;  the  numlier  of  soft  rays  7  to  9. 
Caudal  fin  rounded  or  liinate.  I'ylorio  co'ca  few  (usually  10-20).  Pec- 
torals rounded,  shortish,  nearly  symmetrical,  of  1")  to  20  rays.  Vontrals 
moderate,  inserted  helow  pectorals,  close  together,  each  with  a  strong 
spine.  Species  very  numerous,  most  of  t'  nn  of  large  size,  abound- 
ing ill  nil  tlie  (r(»pical  seas,  where  they  are  valuable  food-fishos.  This  is 
the  largest  and  most  iniportani  genus  of  the  Scfraiiidn-,  and  its  species 
are  most  widely  dJHtributed.  (/TU't^eJ^or,  clouded  over,  in  allusion  to  the 
inembraiio  supposed  to  cover  the  eye  In  the  typical  species.) 

I    SoiUHToni'S    (o-xnTTo?,  split;   opo?,  fur  pyloniii):   Nustrils  iuic<|niil,   tli<>  iiugtcriur  iniirli  thr 

liirgtr,  i)  tliiii'H  dlttliii'ti'I' of  lilitoiiDr;  priMijuTcIo  witli  2  or  .'(  simill  irrcirnliif  tiMtli  licluw 

its  iiuglo;  pyloric  citcaill  iiicrciiscil  iiiifiilior;  iirad  largi-. 

(I.  Scconil  iinil  tliird  anal  fpiries  about  ciiiiul  in  Icnutli;  cidor  lirownisli,  with  nliout  s  ilarkci- 

c^(>^i.s  biiiids;  dark  bandH  radiating  from  nyc;  a  dark  niiiataclic  ^iliovc  niuxillary;  a 

dark  lilotrh  on  bai  k  of  caudal  peduncle.  .Mvsr  \o/ni's,  1545. 

11.  KpiNEI'liEi.fs:  No!<tril8  Bubequal,  the  posterior  Bcanrol.v  larger  tlian  aiitrrior;  pylori'    mra 
in  luodorato  number. 
II.  Second  dorsal  spine  short,  lower  than  tliird  or  fourth,  the  tin  not  much  iiotrlnd;  laiiilal 
rounded    more  or  les.s;   lower  oper<ular  spine  inserted    farther  back    than    upp^r. 
Lateral  teeth*  of  lower  .jaw  in  more  than  2  rows,  at  least  in  the  adult.     IntiidrliJtal 
space  of  moderate  width,  its  breadth  more  than  half  diameter  of  lye  .I'ld  7  to  10 
times  in  length  of  head. 
h.  Dorsal  spines  10;  body  with  faint,  dark  cross  shades  and  many  round,  dark  orangi^s^otin, 
these  extending  on  the  fiu.-;;  vertical  fins  not  edged  w  itii  black;  preojieri  le  without 
salient  angle;   maxillary  naked;  lower  Jaw  strontrly  projecting  (in  all  respects 
except  the  number  of  spines  almost  identical  with  /.'.  adfceitsiimiK). 

ANAl.ooL's,  1546. 
hh.  Dorsal  spine.s  11;  preoporcltt  without  distinct  spinules  on  its  lower  limb. 
c.  Maxillary  naked. 

d.  Lower  Jaw  strongly  projecting. 

e.  Body  and  head  covered  with  red  or  orange  spot.'i  (dusky  in  spirits  and  always 
darker  than  the  ground  color);  vertical  fins  wilhoiit  dark  t-',ii;  tlieir 
bases  spotted  like  the  body;  body  with  large  pale  sjiols  besides  the 
orange  spots;  young  with  large  black  blotches  at  base  of  dorsal;  ofiglo 
of  preopercle  not  salient;  form  robust.  AnscENSio.srs,  U)iT. 

te,  Hody  and  head  reddish  brown,  the  adult  iii  arly  plain,  the  yoii"g  ifvi<|i 
darker  spots;  vertical  fins  broadly  edged  with  dark  brown,  fiini]/ 
robust,  the  depth  ;i  in  length.  1).  XI,  15  or  10.  Cauda!  ti'i  convex 
behind;  maxillary  nakea;  dorsal  spines  low,  subequal;  interorbital 
moderate,  G],^  in  hea<l;  preciierclo  with  strong  tieth  at  its  angle,  the 
lower  limb  entire.  oi'aza,  \!'AH. 


■'  Lateral  teeth  of  lower  jaw  in  two  rows  only  in  the  grouji  or  subgenus  /f;//" 

dinger. 


Kluu- 


•I 


'"'■■1 
;'.\i 


i: 


!Ui 


6 


If 


t  'H 


1150 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


dd.  Lower  Jaw  not  prDiiiinviit.  I'roopt'rclx  wlthnut  Hiiliuut  uiikIi',  the  Mcrni'  ;,t 
tlui  anKitt  Hcarcely  enliirgud;  ciiiidul  Dii  ruuiid(i<l;  ftcah'H  of  lioily  snicirtli- 
IhIi;  lower  jaw  not  iiruniinont;  eye  not  siirroiindcd  liy  dark  |iuiiitr<;  l„„iv 
without  traces  of  longitudinal  daikcr  t<tri|)C8;  caudal  ]iodunclo  with  u 
large,  quadrate  black  blotch  above  (noinetimcH  obsidoto  in  young  nr  ii, 
very  old  examples);  color  (in  splrits)dark  brown,  witli  m-attrrcd  rouipli.-l, 
blotches  of  pale  iilui^h,  these  must  distinct  on  breast  and  lower  jiarl- '1 
head;  flns  pale,  spotted  like  the  body,  their  edges  darker;  young  witli 
large  round,  whitish  spots,  regularly  arranged.  i.aiikifoumis,  |  .|.i, 

ct).  Maxillary  more  or  less  scaly. 

/.  I'roopercle  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  salient  angle,  which  is  armed  witli  liir-er 

teeth  (these  teeth  occasionally  undevclo|ied  in    /'.  slriahis,  wliicli  ^|H•(  i,  s 

may  be  known  by  the  presence  of  black  jjoints  around  tlio  eyis). 

y.  Ilody  without  orange  or  dark-brown  sjiots,  the  spots  (if  any)  brownish  ur 

pearly,  diffuse  or  irregular;  vertical  fins  without  broad  black  niar-m. 

/(.  (Caudal   peduncle  without  black,   saddle-like    blotch  above,     ('iiinl.ii 

tin  truncate  or  emargiuato  when  spread  open,  not  convi'.xlxliiihi; 

nutxillary  usually  more  or  less  scaly;  vertical  Hns  witliout  li. ml 

edging    of   black;  dorsal   fln,  or  a   iiart  of  it,  distinctly   xlu..! 

with   bright    yellow;   color  of    body  uniform  reddish  brown.  ;i 

clear  blue  streak  from  eye  to  angle  of  iir(M)rbilal;  a  faint  lUil; 

mustache;    no  black  spots  anywhere;  whole  dorsal  with  al'ii-lit 

yellow    edging;  anal  nnd  caudal    without    pale  edging;  imihI.-iI 

slightly  lunate;  maxillary  scaly;  dorsal  rays  XI,  14;  lowir  jinv 

strongly  projecting   (as  in   Ephitiihrhis  xindlus,  with   wliirli  ilii~ 

species    seems  to    agree  very  closely  in  all  resin'cts  ex((  |ii  th.' 

color).  KI..\VOI,IMIIATrs,   l.i'ill. 

hli.  Caudal  jieduncle  with  a  large  ipiadratc  saddle-lik«  black  blotdiiil.ipvc 
(sometimes  wanting  in  7v.  iiindluK,  esjiecially  in  the  ycjunyj, 

i.  Kyo  not  surrounded  by  dark  points;  sides  brown,  innrkeil  witli  l;irj;e 

blotches  of  steel  blue,  these  more  or  less  reguliirly  arnmu'iil 

and  not  distinct  on  the  breast;  no  dark  crossbars;  Iowitjmu 

strongly  projecting;  caudal  fin  subtruncate,  its  angles  lalli.  r 

acute;  pyloric  cieca  rather  numerous.  mve.mi  s,  I'l'^l. 

ii.  Kye  surrounded  by  conspicuous  dark-brown  points;   body  iiitli 

irregular  dark  cross  bars;  angle  of  preojierclo  little  wilicni; 

third  dorsal  Hj>ine  highest,  2^.j  in  head;  scales  moderate,  ;ili(iiit 

100;  caudal  rounded;  lower  jaw  little  projecting;  vertiml  tin- 

in  life  broadly  edged  with  yellow.  STiu.vTts,  IV,'.', 

gg.  Body  covered  with  small  dark  orange  or  brown  spots;  lower  jii«  imi 

prominent;  intororbital  space  very  narrow,  not  half  clianietcr  (.Icve. 

Vertical  fins  broadly  edged  with  blue  black,  their  oases  uiis|iotti'(l: 

bwly  without  pale  spots,  the  orange  spots  rather  small;  body  hiIht 

slender;  size  small.  MAcri.osis,  ITii;'., 

//'.  Preopi-rcle  without  salient  angle;  body,  head,  and  (ins  ilark  reddish  lnnwn, 

profusely  covered  with  st»;ail  pearly-white  stellate  SI  uts;  body  robust;  iowii 

jaw  projecting;  caudal  subtruncate,  with  sharp  angli^s. 

nitlMMONll-IIAVI,   1  Vil 

aa.  Second  dorsal  spine  elevated,  not  lower  than  third  or  fourth;  caudal  fin  lunate;  lui"]"! 
cular  angle  little  salient,  without  enlarged  teeth;  interorbltal  width  T'.j  in  li'inl: 
c«dorbrowu,  clouded  with  whitish:  lower  parts  flushed  with  orange  red;  sMiiiil  I;!'! 
spots  about  eye;  vertical  tins  broadly  edged  with  blue  black.  mohio,  15'i'" 


Jordan  and  FA>ertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1151 


Subgenus  SCHISTORUS,  Qill. 

ir>46.  EP1NEPHELU8  II1TMTACINU8*  (I'oey). 

(CiiRRNA  i)F,  Lo  Alto.) 

Head  2^ ;  depth  2ti ;  eye  large,  4A  in  head.  D.  XI,  15  ;  A.  Ill,  J) ;  scales 
18-120-50,  pores  75.  Body  oblong,  rather  deep,  somewhat  conipreNsed, 
Its  thickness  2\  in  its  depth.  Head  large,  rather  obtuse,  the  anterior 
profile  little  convex  and  not  steep.  Mouth  moderate,  the  broad  maxillary 
reaching  posterior  border  of  eye,  2i  in  head  ;  maxillary  naked  or  nearly 
HO.  Teeth  rather  strong,  those  below  mostly  biserial,  those  above  in  a 
narrow  band;  canines  small,  shorter  than  the  depressiblo  teeth  of  the 
inner  series,  those  of  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  ditterentiated  ;  lower  Jaw 
little  projecting.  Posterior  nostril  larger  than  anterior,  nearly  round, 
iiiterorbital  space  slightly  convex,  6  in  head.  Preopercle  rather  sharply 
Horrate,  the  posterior  limb  nearly  vertical,  not  emarginate,  the  angle 
nearly  a  right  angle,  its  serrations  considerably  enlarged,  coarse,  variable 
ill  form,  some  of  the  lower  ones  usually  hooked  forward.  Lower  limb 
straight,  its  edge  otherwise  entire.  Skull  essentially  as  in  other  species 
of  Epinephelus.  Opeicle  with  3  distinct  spines,  larger  than  in  any  other 
of  our  species.  Gill  rakers  short  and  thick,  15  below  the  angle.  Scales 
mostly  ctenoid,  those  on  head  small ;  none  on  the  maxillary  and  few  on 
lower  jaw-  Lower  jaw  with  5  or  (5  large  mucous  pores  on  each  side,  more 
distinct  than  in  our  other  species.  Dorsal  spines  rather  strong  and  high, 
the  first  nearly  half  the  second,  which  is  considerably  higher  than  the 
'.enth;  third  spine  longest,  2f  in  head;  second,  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth 
but  little  shorter ;  soft  dorsal  rather  high;  caudal  rounded,  its  longest 
ray  1$^  in  head;  anal  rounded,  its  longest  ray  2^  in  head;  second  anal 
H])ine  stronger  than  third,  which  is  of  the  same  length,  3?  in  head ;  pec- 
torals reaching  slightly  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  1^  in  head ;  ventrals 
rather  long.  Pyloric  ctrca  many,  according  to  I'oey.  Color  in  life,  dull 
olive  brown,  the  body  grayish  brown  crossed  by  8  bands  of  dark  olive 
brown,  the  one  on  caudal  peduncle  broader  than  the  others,  darkest  on 
back  of  tail ;  these  bands,  which  are  more  conspicuous  in  life  than  those 
of  other  species  of  this  genus,  become  faint  in  spirits ;  a  dark  mus- 
tache along  edge  of  maxillary ;  three  dark  bands  across  cheek,  almost 
disappearing  in  spirits ;  dorsal  dull  olive,  the  bands  of  sides  extending 
on  the  scaly  parts;  caudal  and  anal  dull  olive,  the  anal  dusky  in  spirits; 
ventrals  blackish ;  pectorals  light  olive  brown  ;  mouth  bluish  within. 
West  Indies,  south  to  Brazil ;  not  rare.  It  inhabit.^  deeper  water  than 
luoat  s^eciea  of  Ejyinephel II H.  Si/e  small;  length  about  2  feet ;  the  speci- 
nion  here  described  from  Havana,  10  inches  long,     {n'varu^,  mustache.) 

6iirimw> myilacinm,  Poev,  Memurias,  i,  b'i.,  1851,  pi.  10,  flg.  1,  Cuba;  GCntiieu,  <:at.,  i   109, 

1859. 
SilhKtonismijslachiuii,  Poey,  Kepertorio,  ii,  154,  1868. 
Fpint'phelm mijsitwinm,  Jordan  &  Swain,  I.  c,  383,  1884;  Jordan  &  Kioenmann,  '.  o.,  360,  1890. 


'■  This  species  is  referred  l>y  Dr.  Boiilonger  to  the  syn(inyni>  of  Kpinephelun  sepleinj'asvialtig 
Criiunberg).  It  is  evidently  closely  Killed  to  this  Japanese  form,  hut  we  hesitate  to  unite  thorn 
without  material  fur  comparison. 


7 


l:  \ 


n 


is 


-  ,,J 


■;!! 


ilif 


/•I 
1  >. 


! 


i 


n 


1152 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  Natiomil  Museum. 


Subgenus  EPINEPHELUS. 
lAIA.  KFIMKI'HKIilH  AXALOUIIK     Mil. 

(CAIIIIILI.A    I'INTA.) 

Ilond  2*  to  3;  depth  3  to  3i  ;  eye  rather  large,  5J  in  head.  D.  X.  17: 
A.  Ill,  8;  HculoH  14-110  to  120-40,  porea  70  to  73.  Hody  oblonjj,  latlici 
robiiHt.  Head  moderately  acute,  the  anterior  profile  Htraight  from  tip  oi 
Hnoiit  to  above  eye,  thence  moderately  convex;  Hnoiit  short,  43  in  lu-iid 
Month  large, obli(|Uc,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  eye.  its  longth21  in 
head.  Maxillary  naked.  Lower  Jaw  strongly  projecting.  Canine  tccili 
short,  thoseol'loworjaw  small.  Interorbital  space  gently  convex,  its  width 
H  in  head.  Nostrils  round,  su>>eqnal.  Preopercle  well  serrate,  itsoutlino 
strongly  convex,  without  distinct  emargination.  Gill  rakers  modeiaic, 
about  as  long  as  gill  fringes,  17  or  18  below  angle  of  arch.  Scales  modii- 
ate,  rather  strongly  ctenoid,  mostly  cycloid  above.  Dorsal  spines  ratlni 
strong,  the  third  and  fourth  subetjual,  ^k  iu  head;  caudal  fin  slightly 
rounded,  Iv'o  i»  head  ;  anal  high,  its  longest  ray  2?  in  head.  Second  anal 
stronger  than  third,  but  rather  shorter,  5  iu  head;  pectorals  reacliiiii,' 
beyond  tii)s  of  vontrals,  IJ  in  head  ;  ventrals  shortish,  not  reaching  viiit. 
Color  in  sjiirits:  Brown,  clouded  with  darker  and  with  faint  dusky  ciohs 
bars  ;  body  and  fins  everywhere  covered  with  roundish  dark-brown  sjiots 
larger  and  fewer  below,  smalleot  and  most  numerous  on  the  tins,  and 
everywhere  very  distinct ;  soft  dorsal  with  3,  spinous  dorsal  with  about  L' 
rows  of  dark  spots.  In  life,  orange  brown  on  an  olivaceous  ground,  iis  in 
E,  aducnixioinn,  to  which  species,  as  the  name  indicates,  this  fish  in 
extremely  analogous.  No  distinct  dusky  edgings  to  fins  ;  no  evident  dark 
blotches  along  base  of  dorsal.  Length  1  foot.  Pacific  Coast  of  trojiii  al 
America ;  common  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico.  Here  described  lioni 
No.  1944,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  from  Panama.  (aiialo(ju8,  similar;  its  form  and 
coloration  resembling  tho.se  of  EplncphcluN  (iihccnsioim.) 

EpiiK'jihiliifi  (iiiiiliiyuH,  Gir.L,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Si:i.  Pliila.,  18(;3,  1C.3,  Panama,  (Coll.  Dow),  .Iouiian 

&  Swain,  /.  «•.,  ;!93,  1884;  Jokdan  .^  Kioenmann,  I.  ,:,  DM,  1890. 
Seri((iw<  roiiilaihi,  Bocounx,  Auu.  Scl.  Nat.  I'aris,  222,1808,  La  Union,  San  Salvador.    (<'i'll. 

Bocuurt.) 

1547.  KPIXKPHELIS  AIISCENSIOXIS  (Osbeck). 
(Rock  Hind  ;  Cahua  Mora.;) 

Head  2i ;  depth  3;  eye  moderate,  6  in  head.  D.  XI,  17;  A.  Ill,  7,  oi  III, 
8;  scales  12-90  to  110-40,  pores  5.5  or  60.  Hody  comparatively  robust, 
little  compressed,  the  greatest  thickness  2  in  depth.  Head  Hubconic, 
acute,  its  anterior  profile  straight  from  tip  of  snout  to  nape,  thi  nco 
slightly  gil)l»ous.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  rather 
beyond  the  eye,  2^  in  head.  Lower  jaw  rather  strongly  projecting,  indio 
prominent  than  in  any  other  of  our  species.  Teeth  iu  rather  bioad 
bands,  the  canines  short  and  stout,  those  of  the  lower  jaw  larger  rliau 
those  of  the  upper.  Interorbital  sjiace  fiattish,  not  very  narrow,  its 
width  6  in  head.  Nostrils  subeijual,  roundish.  Preopercle  finely  mi- 
rate,  its  outline  strongly  convex,  with  a  very  slight  emarginatiou.    ('ill 


I 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1 153 


rakers  rather  short  and  thick,  If)  to  18  holow  th«  angle.  Scales  inoder- 
nto,  mostly  strongly  ctenoid.  Dorsal  spines  rather  strong,  the  tliird  and 
fourth  longest,  3.^  in  head,  the  outline  of  the  tin  little  convex,  tlio  second 
Hpine  about  as  long  as  tenth ;  caudal  fin  slightly  rounded,  2  in  head ; 
longest  anal  ray  2i ;  second  anal  spine  stronger  Ihan  third,  the  length 
f(|ual,  3g  in  head  ;  pectorals  broad,  reaching  much  l)eyond  the  tips  of  the 
short  ventrals,  Ijf  in  head;  ventrals  not  reaching  vent.  Pyloric  c«L'ca  12 
(I'oey).  Color  in  life:  Olivaceous  gray,  with  darker  clouds;  a  number  of 
irregular  whitish  blotches,  roundish,  mostly  rather  larger  than  pupil, 
scattered  over  different  parts  of  the  body;  5  roundish,  blackish  blotches, 
ill-defined  along  sides  of  back,  the  4  under  the  dorsal  fin  extending  up  on 
tlie  fin,  these  disappearing  with  age;  head  and  body  everywhere  covered 
with  round  orange-brown  spots  of  varying  sizes,  the  centers  more  orange, 
the  borders  rather  brown;  the  ipots  largest  on  breast,  smallest  on  lips 
luid  upper  parts,  equally  distinct  everywhere.  Mouth  pale  within,  its 
roof  with  red  spots;  dorsal  light  olive,  with  rather  sparse  spots,  colored 
like  those  of  the  body,  but  smaller;  no  dark  edge  to  dorsal  or  anal; 
numerous  whitish  spots  on  dorsal,  especially  on  soft  dorsal ;  caudal  pale 
olive,  with  some  paler  spots.  Anal  reddish,  marked  like  dorsal,  its  spots 
larger;  basal  half  of  pectoral  similar,  outer  part  plain  olive;  ventrals 
pale,  with  orange  spots;  the  orange-brown  spots  of  body  and  head 
lu'conie  brown  in  spirits.  Length  about  18  inches.  West  Indian  fauna ; 
Florida  Keys  to  Brazil,  Ascension  and  St.  Helena  islands;  common  in 
rocky  places;  widely  distributed  through  the  Western  Atlantic;  recorded 
by  Bouleuger  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  is  considered  a  liner  food- 
lish  than  any  of  the  others,  (adacemionia,  from  Ascension  Island,  where 
tlio  species  was  first  taken.) 

I'int-pixanga  or  Ont-visch,  Makcobave,  Hist.  Brasil,  152,  IG48,  Brazil  (doubtful). 

IWra  tola  macnUii,  Seba,  Thesaurus,  ni,  tali.  27. 

TiacliiiMnadscensiuHia,  Osiir.CK,  Iter  Chin.,  etc.,  IT')!,  and  in  Englitih  edition,  96,  1771,  Ascension 

Island.    (Coll.  Osbeck.) 
fnifhiuMpimctitluii,  Honnaterre,  Tableau  Encycl.  Method,  1788,  46;  after  Osiieck. 
rniaslcUio,  Walhaum,  Artedi  Pisciuni,  31;),  1792;  after  Seiia. 
I'aai  wacitlata,  Blocii,  Ichthyol.,  pi.  HI:!,  1792,  Martinique  (on  a  fiKuro  by  Ph'mieii;  not  Ilnlo- 

cciitrus  viaciihiliiK,  Blocu,  taffl  242,  an  Kast  ludian  Kiiocioa of /■,^)ii(e/)/»/»«  -    Ittiliinilrii.i  ulln'/iti.- 

rns,  LACtl'fiDE). 
Trii  Imms  nsberk,  LACfipfiDE,  Hist.  Nat.  Poll's.,  li,  361,  1800;  aftiT  Osiieck. 
Si.  .  ».s-  atlaiilicHs,  LAc£pfiDE,  I.  c,  iv,  158,  jil.  5,  flg.  I,  1803,  Martinique  (on  a  iiipy  ul'  u  drawing 

liy  Plumieb). 
.S'. ir.iiiHs  m'jcit'K/iid,  CuviER  A  VALENCirNNEs,  Hisf.  Nat.  I'liiss.,  ii,  '.^^r>,  1828,  Martinique.    (Coll. 

VU-a.) 
^'•rniiiits  pixanga,  Cuvier  A  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss..  ii,  383,  1828,  aftm-  .'NlAitniKAVE ; 

I'oey,  Bepertorio,  I,  203,  1866. 
Smnins  aspersun,  Jenynh,  Voy.  Beagle,  FislieB,  6,  1842,  Porto  Praya,  St.  Jago,  of  the  Cape 

Verde  Islands.    (Coll.  Darwin.) 
SfmiiiHs  impelighiomH,  Mfi.LER  &  Tboschel,  .SiliomburgkV  Hist.  Barb.,  6Gri,  1S48,  Barbadoes, 

GOntiieb,  Cat.,  i,  142,  1859. 
Hmmus  rarms,  BocouBT,  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  (5),  x,  1868,  222,  Gulf  coast  of  Mexico.     (Cull.  SaliU'i 

.t  Boucard.) 
H  '   vii/nis  ptmctalus,  Bloch,  Ii  hthyol.,  viii,  pi.  241,  1790. 
VI,  ,n,,.v  mncit/ohw,  Peters,  Berliner  MonatslnT.,    1866,  109  (identification  of  iVrci  tiinciilalu, 

Kloch). 

P.  N.  A. 74 


.1 


'1 


^■■a 


-1;   ^1! 

I"       ill 


I    '11 

i  l-^- 


'4*  j 


I 


1154 


Bulletin  4jy  United  States  National  Alusetim. 


Epittephehm  pmiclaliiii,  Poky,  Enmneratio,  16,  187n. 

I^iiieiihelun  allniilinii;  Jordan  &  Oii.iikrt,  SynopHis,  !tl8,  0711,  18«:l. 

Epiurphehin  luu'vnuinn'ui,  Jordan  k  Swain,  Pror,  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.,  18H4,  ;i!)l. 

Epinephduii  ntliuvnHionii,  Jordan  A,  Eihenmann,  I.  i'.,354,  18'JU;  Buulenijkh,  Cut.,  i,2'if8, 

Epinephelua  <uipenrii,  Jordan  &  Kiuenmann,  I.  c,  ,168. 


1548.  EPINEPHKIil'H  (UTAZA  (Mniiieua). 
(Mkiioc  ;  MAro  ;  Ouara.) 

Head  2i;  depth  21;  eye  5|  in  head.  D.  XI,  15;  A.  Ill,  8;  scales  11'  to 
17-100  to  120-42  to  55,  pores  55  to  (50.  IJody  rather  deep;  profile  Htcdp; 
snont  short,  rather  pointed;  lower  jaw  little  prqjectiun  ;  canines  small; 
preopercle  without  salient  angle,  the  teeth  just  altove  the  angle  liujje 
and  strong;  lower  limh  of  preopercle  entire.  Scales  of  head  cycldid, 
Gill  rakers  very  short,  x^- 15.  Interorhital  space  narrow,  not  as  wide  an 
eye;  maxillary  naked,  2^  in  head.  Third  dorsal  spine  highest,  L','  in 
head;  anal  high  and  rounded,  its  second  spine  5  in  head;  caudal 
rounded;  pectoral  IJ  to  2  in  head;  ventral  short,  not  reaching  vini. 
Color  in  spirits:  Dark  hrown,  with  rather  faint,  round,  whitish  spots 
which  are  irregular,  and  arranged  somewhat  in  vertical  rows,  and  moNt 
distinct  on  caudal  peduncle;  dorsal,  anal,  caudal,  and  pectorals  broadl/^ 
edged  with  black.  Coasts  of  southern  Europe  and  western  Africa.  laiii,'- 
ing  north  to  England  and  westward  to  Cape  of  (»ood  Hope  and  h'io 
Janeiro,  and  to  Guiana;  reaching  a  length  of  3  feet,  and  wcjirlit 
of  about  25  pounds.  This  description  is  taken  from  No.  4500,  M.  ('.  /., 
15  inches  long,  collected  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  Professor  Agassiz.  Tiitn^  is 
not  much  doubt  that  EinmphclnH  hraclHjxoinits,  Cope,  and  the  Hra/ilian 
specimens  referred  T)y  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes  to  Eit'invphvluH  dichraiilirns, 
belong  to  this  form,  for  which  the  earliest  American  specific  name  in 
mcntzeli.  We  are,  however,  unable  to  see  any  difierence  botwccn  tla^ 
Bra/.ilian  form  and  the  common  "  M6rou  "  of  the  Mediterranean,  (diiaw 
or  Guaza,  Spanish  name  of  the  large  fishes  called  Meroua  or  (iurmpd^.) 
(Eu.) 

Lahmsguaza,  Linn;kub,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  285,  "  Habitat  in  Pelago. 
I'l'via ijiijnn,  BuCnnicii,  Iclilhyol.  MahrtilieiiKiH,  6.5,  No.  81.  ITiiH,  Marseilles. 
UnhiieiiliKKvierou,  LACtrf.DE,  HiHt.  Nat.  I'ojhh.,  iv,  H77,  1803,  Marseilles;  after  Ilnf'NNi'  ii 
Soranio  vtenUeU,  Cuvier  &  Vai,encikn.ne9,  Hist.  Nat.  I'oisri.,  ii,  2'Jl,  1828,  coast  of  B 

GOnther,  Cat.,  I,  140,  1859. 
I'erca rohmta,  Coucil,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1832,  v,  21,  flg.  7,  Polperro,  Cornwall. 
Serranm  tnurginalus,  Lowe,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soo.  Loml.,  1833,  142,  Madeira.     (Coll.  K.  T.  Lnw 
Semmut  fimbriatm,  LowE,  Trans.  Cambr.  Phil.  Soc,  1836,  I'JD,  pi.  i,   Madeira.     (Cull. 

Lowe.) 
Svmmmonmi.i,  GPntiibr,  Cat.,  i,  142,  18.')9;  not  Epinephrliis  iiiiijuh,  Bi.ocii,  a  Jajmncse  ll^ll 
l^miepheUishnichymmm,  Coi'E,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sue.  Pliilu.,  1871,  4fiti,  Rio  Janeiro. 
St'rrniiHs  (/i(;(w,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  270,  i)l.  xxxii,  1828;  (ii  n 

Cat.,  !,  132,  18.50,  and  of  Kiiropeau  authors  generally. 
Cerna  gigai,  Diideri.ein,  KiviHta  del  Qenero  Epinephdm  <>  Cenm,  Is.SJ,  10,  tal).  1,  li^'.  1   (>i'' 

description  and  synonymy). 
Epinephelm  giV/ns,  .Jordan  &  3wain,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.   Mus.,  1884,  388;  Jordan  .t   Kim.s- 

{.  c,  859;  BoULENQER,  Cat.,  i,  232. 


razil; 


Ii    T, 


iI.mI 


f 


Jordan  and  F.vermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1155 


1A4».  Kl'lMKI'HKIil'H  liAIIKIFOKMIS  (.lonyiiM). 

Head  2i;  depth  3.  D.  XI,  15;  A.  111,8;  scaloH  IMtO  to  100-40.  poies 
Tm  to  57.  Body  oblong,  inodorately  coiiipntHHed,  tho  back  Hoiimwhat  tdc- 
\iited.  Head  rather  slender  and  Hharp,  anteriorly  pointed,  tlie  protilt^ 
marly  straight  from  the  tip  of  the  lower  juw  to  the  base  of  the  doiHal. 
Snout  sharp,  3^  in  head.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting.  Month  niod- 
eiate,  the  maxillary  extending  to  slightly  beyond  eye,  its  length  2^  in 
litiiil.  Maxillary  naked.  Canines  moderate,  about  eipial  in  tiie  '1  jaws. 
Nostrils  suboqual,  roundish.  Eye  large,  5^  in  head.  Interorbital  space 
niirrow,  convex,  its  width  9  in  head.  Preopercle  weakly  and  Itluntly  ser- 
rate, its  angle  evenly  rounded,  without  evident  notdi  or  salient  angle. 
Gill  rakers  rather  short,  about  Iti  on  lower  limb  of  arch.  Scales  moder- 
ate, ctenoid.  Dorsal  spines  strong,  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  longest,  3 
ill  head.  Soft  dorsal  not  very  high.  Caudal  slightly  convex,  2'.  in  head. 
Lon^'est  anal  ray  2\  in  head.  Second  anal  spine  about  as  long  as  third, 
H  in  head.  Pectorals  short,  reaching  little  past  tips  of  ventrals.  1(  in 
iicad.  Ventrals  not  tpiite  reaching  vent.  Color  in  spirits:  I'.uk  brown 
t'vi  rywhere,  on  head,  body,  and  tins  much  clouded  with  roundish  pale 
bidlches,  these  most  distinct  on  breast  and  lower  parts  of  head  ;  a  con- 
spicuous black  blotch  on  back  of  ciiudal  peduncle;  fins  rather  pale, 
(linker  toward  their  edges,  with  narrow,  pale  margin,  spotted  like  X\w 
boily,  the  spots  smaller  and  fainter.  In  life,  the  mouth  is  salmon  color 
within,  the  pectoral  salmon  yellow,  with  pale  edge;  caudal  with  a  maroon 
i)aiid  above  and  below;  dorsal  edged  with  blackish  red;  spots  on  sides 
and  belly  nearly  white.  Length2feet.  Pacific  Coast  of  tropical  America; 
Cape  San  Lucas  to  the  Galapagos  Islands,  abundant  in  rocky  places  ;  here 
described  from  28213,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  from  Socorro  Island.  Specimens  seen 
from  Cape  San  Lucas,  Mazatlan,  Mauzanillo,  Acapulco,  Panama  ;  .Socorro, 
Alliemarle,  Charles,  and  Indefatigable  islands.    (Ldbrus ;  J'ormu,  form. ) 

Striiniiis  labrifnniiis,  Jenyns,  Zoiil.  of  Beagle,  FisliCH,  8,  pi.  3,  1840,  Galapagos  Islands,  (Coll. 

CliarlcH  Darwin). 
Kiiiwiihdiw  selUemida,  GiLL,  I'roc.    Ac.   Nat.  Sci.    I'liila.,  1802,  2Co,  Cape   San   Lucas,  (Coll. 

.\antufi) ;  Jordan  &  Swain,  /.  c,  ;185. 
Fiiiii'plii'Uin  iirilinuiKH,  (liiPK,  Trans.  Am.  IMiil.  Sor,,  1871,  -ItiG,  Panama. 
K]iiii.j//(Wi(.s /(ibri/vrmi»,  Gi'NTllF.ii,  Cat.,   i,   l.')2,   IS.W;   dark  lilotch  on  liack  of  tail  not  iioti((Hl; 

.loRDAN  &  Swain,  /.  c,  1884,  387;  Jordan  &  Kioenmann,  ;.  c,  .'iStl,  1890;  Boui.knuer,  Cut., 

I,  230. 

1550.  EPINKPHELUK  KLAVOLIMB.tTI'S,  I'oey. 
(Yellow-kinnkp  Guoiri'KK.) 

Head  2j^;  depth  2!|.  D.  XI,  14;  A.  Ill,  9.  Lower  jaw  strongly  prqject- 
ini;.  Closely  related  to  EpinephelHS  ninatus,  with  which  it  seems  to  agree 
in  all  respects  except  in  color.  Color  in  life:  Brownish  llesh  color, 
unspotted,  a  clear,  blue  streak  from  angle  of  eye  to  preopercle;  no  spots 
or  Iilotches  anywhere,  and  no  black  on  caudal  pedunclt!;  whole  dorsal 
with  a  narrow  edge  of  bright  yellow  ;  dorsal,  pectorals,  anal  and  caudal 
without  pale  edging ;  ventrals  dusky ;  a  very  faint  mustache  of  dark 
olive  along  the  maxillary.    Three  specimens  of  this  species  have  been 


i 


i<::\ 


I 


•■Mr 


i\m 


Hulletin  ^7,  Unittd  States  National  Museum, 


obtaiiiud  at  the  Snupitur  KuukH  ult'  roOHiiuulu  liy  Mr.  SiluN  StiiiruN 
TliuHe  ditl'ur  a  littl«)  tVoiii  I'ouy'H  iiccoiiiit,  but  tliuy  tniduiitly  iMtlon^r  to 
tho  HiuiiM  Hpuci(!H  iiH  tiiu  J'J.  Jiaroliiiihatiiii  ol'  I'ocy.  In  all  «lutuilH  of  t'lmii 
the  HpecioH  Ht!(4inH  to  a^i'ue  fully  with  A',  iiireiiluii,  )>ut  tlio  coh>rati(iii  is 
({uito  unlike  that  of  thu  latter  HpecicH,  and  ho  Hharply  dttliiutd  that  wi<  :iii< 
obliged  to  admit  it  an  a  dlHtinct  H[)ucivH.  It  may,  uevtutheleHv,  pri>\<  to 
l)e  the  adult  <»f  h'-innvphcluH  iiircdliiH,  uh  HUppoued  by  Dr.  Houhii;;!  i. 
Went  IndieH,  recorded  from  Havana  and  i'enHacola,  in  rather  di-t>p  waii  1  ; 
uut  common.  Our  HpecimenH  from  the  PeuHucola  Snapper  liank^, 
(Jhtnts,  yellow  ;  Hmhitu,  edge.) 
t:jiiiniiliiliiiijhniiliiiibiilH»,  I'oKV,  UfjKTtorlo,  I,  \M,  1W17,  Cuba;  I'lirv,  Syrm|)MlH,  '^«il,  IsflN;  .Ihuimn 

*  KlIlBNMANN,  I  C,  :ifi7,  18!H). 

KjiiiipjilivUiii  iiiiruliiH,  Jordan  A  Kvkkmann,  rrm-.  V.  S.  Nut.  Mhh.,  iMHti,  ■^^!l. 


1S51.  KFINKIMIKI.rS  M  VKATrH  ((hivior  .(  Vuloiicifuneii). 

Head  2j^;  depth  2,"„.  1).  XI  (rarely  X),  14  or  15;  A.  Ill,  9;  Hcales  |n-1|-, 
to  12()-.')0,  poreu  (>7  to  75.  Hody  oldoug,  compressed,  tho  back  elevaiid; 
the  anterior  profile  Homewhat  convex  ;  the  Huout  Hhort,  rather  Hliar|i,  it.s 
length  'Sa  in  head.  Mouth  large,  tho  maxillary  extending  to  bcluw  ]i(i8- 
terior  margin  of  eye,  its  length  2  in  head.  Caiiineu  rather  Htrong,  vh]H'- 
oially  in  upper  Jaw.  Lower  jaw  considerably  projecting.  Eye  rather  large. 
Preoperclo  with  its  angle  decidedly  salient,  armed  with  stronger  Iccth, 
tho  emargination  above  the  angle  slight.  luterorbital  space  flattiisli,  jtH 
width  7i  in  head,  (iill  rakers  moderate,  the  longest  as  long  as  gill  fringeH, 
about  15  on  lower  limb  of  arch.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal  spines  latlii-r 
high,  the  fourth  about  2j}  in  head  ;  soft  dorsal  of  moderate  height ;  caiului 
truncate,  2  in  head  ;  anal  moderate,  its  second  anal  spine  about  an  low^  an 
third,  2}  in  head;  longest  soft  ray  2!^.  Pectorals  not  reaching  to  II10  ti|ig 
of  the  long  ventrals,  l{\f  in  head.  Ventrals  nearly  reaching  vent,  alioiit 
as  long  as  x)ectoruls.  Color  of  young  specimen  in  alcohol :  Brown,  with 
round  whitish  spots  on  the  body,  rather  smaller  than  pupil,  reKnluiiy 
arranged  in  vertical  and  horiitontal  series,  about  5  in  horizontal  ami  1  in 
vertical  row  ;  these  rows  sometimes  show  irregularities;  no  distinct  sjiots 
on  breast ;  a  very  large  black  blotch  on  upper  part  of  caudal  peduncle. 
much  larger  than  in  I'J.  hihriformia  and  extending  to  below  lateral  liiif: 
a  dark  niustacho  above  edge  of  maxillary;  fins  nearly  plain,  i)ii>lia))ly 
yellowish  in  life,  the  dorsn'.  with  a  median  row  of  round  dusky  npol.s  ou 
the  membranes,  (Description  from  young  specimen  6i  inches  long. )  West 
Indies  to  Brazil  (Rio  Grande  do  Sul);  not  very  common;  occaHionally 
northward  in  the  G'llf  Stream  as  far  as  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  Some 
specimens  lack  the  saddle-like  blotch  on  the  tail,  but  in  all  the  jifaily 
spots  on  the  side  are  persistent,     {niveatun,  snowy.) 

i!e»T<()i(M  m're(i/i((i,  CiiviEB  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  380,  1828,  Brazil;  (iivuiKii 

Cat.,  I,  lao,  185!). 
SerrauuK  miirii<irili/er,  GCntiier,  Cut.,  i,  1.31,  IH!)9,  South  America. 
Serrniiiis  coiinpiTSHH,  Poev,  Meinorias,  II,  IIW,  18G0,  Havana. 
Ilypdilhiidiigiliiiicimilo,  Oll.L,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1861,  ".t8;  yoiiug  Hpocinieii,  taki'ii  iii  New 

port,  Rhode  Island.     (Coll.  Samiuil  Powell.) 
Kpinejihehm  iiireatiin,  PoEV,  Synopsis,  280,  1868;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  SynopBis,  ,")41,  188:i;  .I^kiian 

&  Swain,  {.  c,  386,  1884;  Jordan  &  Eiuenhann,  {.  c,  357, 18UU;  Boulenqeii,  Cat.,  i,  ::2U. 


-TW 


II    'P^ 


<tl,  iHCKi  .Imiiuan 


Brazil;  (ii'MiiKU 


en,  taken  at  New 


Jordan  and  Ever  man  n. — Fishes  0/  North  America,      lir>7 


ir.li1I.  KIMNKPHKLIH  STHIATIH  (Uloch). 

(NaHMAII   OROI'I'KII  i    IfAMLET;    ClIKRNA    V\^\^\\^.K.) 

n«a<l  '1\  ;  depth  27, ;  eyo  ratlior  liii>j[«,  Hi  in  Ii.mkI  (younn).  I).  XI,  17; 
A.  Ill,  8;  scales  13  to  18-110  to  125-15  to  55,  pores  55  to  (55.  Hody  nitlu'r 
(Itiop,  not  strun^rly  notiipresHod,  its  groiitoHt  width  2';  in  depth.  Ilt-iid 
honiewhat  pointed;  the  unterior  prolili>  iieurly  Htniif^lit  to  tii«t  iVoiit  of  the 
ilursivi.  Mouth  moderate,  tiie  iowoi  jaw  little  proJectin)r ;  tiio  nuixiliiiry 
icacbin}r  posterior  border  of  eye,  2^  in  head.  Teeth  in  moderate  hands; 
L'  moderate  canines  in  front  of  each  Jaw,  the  lower  smallest.  Nostrils 
close  together,  the  posteri(»r  a  little  the  larger,  ovate.  Intt^'orhital  space 
iiiirrow,  tiattish,  or  somewhat  concave,  H.^  in  head.  Angle  of  preopercle 
hiightly  salient,  a  shallow  notch  above  it;  the  teeth  at  the  angle  some- 
what larger.  (>ill  rakers  slender,  about  10  below  the  angle.  .Scales  mod- 
rrate,  strongly  ctenoid.  Dorsal  spines  of  moderate  strength,  higher  than 
ill  most  species,  the  second  much  higher  than  tenth,  the  third  highest,  2^ 
in  head;  soft  dorsal  ratlier  high;  caudal  rounded,  1-7  in  head;  soft  anal 
KHinded,  the  largest  ray  2i  in  head;  second  anal  spine  stronger  than  tliirtl 
and  about  as  long,  \  in  head;  pectorals  reaching  tips  of  ventrals,  IJ,  in 
liead.  Ventrals  short,  barely  reaching  vent.  Color  in  life:  Rather  pale 
olivaceous  gray,  paler  below,  and  with  obscure  whitish  clouds  along  sides ; 
Itody  with  about  4  vertical  bars,  very  irregular  and  undulating,  of  an 
olive  brown  color,  darker  on  the  back,  and  all  extending  on  the  dorsal 
I'm  ;  a  8(|uare  blotch  of  jet  black  on  back  of  tail  ;  a  band  of  tlark  olive 
tiirough  eyo  and  on  snout,  meeting  its  fellow  on  shoulder  just  before 
dorsal;  another  on  median  line  of  snout,  forking  opposite  front  of 
eye,  the  2  bands  extending  backward  parallel  and  ceasing  abruptly  on 
o(U!iput  without  reaching  the  other  iiand;  dark  shades  radiating  from  eye 
ludow  ;  a  ring  of  deep  brown  or  blackish  ]ioints  around  eye,  the  upper 
ones  on  eye  ;  a  deep  orange-red  strij»e  on  lower  edge  of  preorbital ;  mouth 
within  partly  orange  ;  lower  parts  of  head  and  breast  tinged  with  orange 
and  with  coppery  cloudings ;  vertical  fins  colored  like  the  parts  of  the 
body  nearest  them;  edge  of  both  dorsals  yellow  ;  caudal  and  anal  tipped 
with  orange  yellow ;  ventrals  blackish,  faintly  yellowish  at  tips ;  pectorals 
chiefly  light  orange,  dusky  at  base;  bands  and  dark  markings  of  body 
liccoming  fainter  in  old  examples  of  this  species,  .and  almost  disappearing 
in  alcoholic  specimens.  West  Indies,  Key  West  to  Hrazil ;  very  common  ; 
a  well-marked  species  and  a  food-fish  of  importance.  Length  3  feet ;  those 
usually  found  in  the  markets  much  smaller,     {striatua,  striped.) 

(•//■nia,  Parua,  Dif.  IMezRB  Hist.  Nat.,  1787,  .10,  lam.  24,  Havana. 

Anlhins  slriatun,  Bi.ocH,  Ichthyologia,  IX,  100,  pi.  3'.i4,  1792,  Martinique;  on  a  tlgurc  by  Tmimibb. 

Aitlhinii  fhenm,  Block  it  Sciinkidf.r,  Sysf.  Ichtli.,  .'tlo,  1801,  Cuba;  after  I'a  it  ha. 

Simrtm  fhriimmiHaminiH,  LAoti'h^DK,  Hist.  Nat.  PolsB.,  IV,  100,1803,  Martinique;  mi  a  copy  of 

I'I.UMIER'8  flgUI'O. 

Srnamiit  slrialita,  CuviKR  &  Vai,i,nciknnf.8,  Hist.  Nat.  PoInh.,  ii,  288,  1828;  GCntiikii,  Cut.,  i,18.'i0, 

110. 
F-liimplielm  ilrUUug,  JoVLVAH  Ac  Kioenmann,  I.  c,  356,  1890;  Udulemier,  Cat.,  l,  2:i6. 


f 


t    ; 


* 


'I 

n 


SMAGEEVALUA.     N 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


# 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


■50     ^^"^       H^^ 

■^  1^    |2.2 

i  ^  Is 

kiuu. 

Mil 


^> 


V 


f 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


1158  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1658.  EPINEPHELV8  MACVLOSUS  (Cuvier  k  Valenciennes). 
(Caiibilla;  Bed  Hind.) 

Head  2i ;  depth  3i^ ;  eye  largo,  4J^  in  bead,  rather  longer  than  snout.  1). 
XI,  16;  A.  Ill,  8;  scales  19-10()-x.  Body  rather  slen('er,  moderately  com- 
pressed, tlie  back  somewhat  elevated,  the  greatest  thickness  of  the  body 
21  in  its  greatest  depth.  Head  rather  long  and  pointed,  its  anterior  pio- 
file  regularly  and  rather  weakly  archod.  Mouth  not  very  large,  the  max- 
illary reaching  to  below  posterior  margin  of  eye,  its  length  2i  in  hciul ; 
lower  jaw  rather  weak,  its  tip  little  projecting;  teeth  rather  stronj;;,  m 
moderate  bands ;  both  jaws  with  two  moderate,  curved  canines,  those  m 
the  upper  jaw  largest.  Interorbital  space  very  narrow,  anteriorly  con- 
cave, its  width  11  in  head ;  nostrils  small,  round,  close  together,  the  pos- 
terior largest.  Preopercle  weakly  serrate,  with  a  salient  angle,  whicli  is 
armed  with  stronger  teeth;  a  shallow  emargination  above  the  angle,  (iill 
rakers  slender,  longer  than  gill  fringes,  15  to  17  de\  eloped  below.  Scales 
of  moderate  size,  rather  strongly  ctenoid.  Dorsal  spines  rather  slender 
but  pungent,  the  second  spine  considerably  higher  than  the  tenth,  I  lie 
third  and  fourth  longest,  2^  in  head ;  soft  rays  lower  than  the  highest 
spines  ;  caudal  fin  rounded,  its  length  2  in  head  ;  anal  rather  high,  pos- 
teriorly rounded,  its  longest  soft  rays2|  in  head ;  second  anal  spine  soimo- 
what  stronger  than  third  and  rather  longer,  3  in  head;  pectorals  ratlier 
narrow,  reaching  past  tips  of  ventrals.  If  in  head ;  veutrals  short,  not 
reaching  vent.  Color  m  life :  Light  yellowish  olive  above,  whitish  below  : 
three  broad,  cblHiue,  obscure  bauds  of  olive  rnnuing  upward  and  back- 
ward on  sides ;  spots  on  body  vivid  scarlet  red,  those  above  a  little  darker, 
the  edges  of  the  scales  being  brown ;  inside  of  mouth  mostly  pale,  paitly 
scarlet ;  belly  spotted  ;  dorsal  olive  yellow,  somewhat  clouded,  a  few  ved 
spots  on  spinous  dorsal ;  soft  dorsal  broadly  edged  with  black ,  caudal 
yellowish,  the  posterior  half  black,  its  edge  white ;  anal  like  soft  dorsal; 
pectorals  light  yellow,  with  rows  of  small  scarlet  spots ;  ventrals  red, 
blackish  at  tips;  branchiostegal  membrane  spotted  like  body.  The  olive 
bands  on  sides  disappear  in  spirits,  and  the  red  spots  above  become  brown, 
those  below  gray.  West  Indies ;  Carolina  to  Brazil.  This  is  one  of  the 
smaller  species  of  the  genus,  rarely  exceeding  18  inches  in  length ;  very 
abundant  in  the  Havana  market,  West  Indies  ;  occasionally  north  to 
Charleston,  the  Florida  Keys,  and  the  Bermudas ;  south  to  Brazil ;  here 
described  from  Havana  specimens.     (maculosuSf  spotted.) 

Ougiipiiguncii  Brazil,  tUe  Hind,  Catesiiy,  Nat.  Hist.  Carolina,  etc.,  pi.  14,  1743,  Bahamas;  imt 

of  Maucorave. 
Cabrilla,  Parra,  Dif.  Piezas,  Hist.  Nat.  Cuba,  1787,  Havana. 
Lutjanua  lunulatuf,  Blocii  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichthyol.,  329, 1801;  after  Cabrilla  of  Paura;  nut 

Lnljanus  lumilalm  (Mungo  Park). 
Serranus  apua*  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Polss.,  ii,  287,  1828;  not  BodianuK  <ii>n", 

Blocii;  GOntiier,  Cat.,i,  140, 7859. 

*  We  reject  the  name  apun  formerly  used  by  us  for  this  species,  the  original  liodian-M  iqni'i  of 
Bloch  being  in  our  opinion  based  on  the  red  variety  of  Mycternperca  venettosa.  Tlie  name  ijnll'ihis. 
Linuanis,  is  based  chiefly  on  the  Onijupugiiacii  of  Marcgrave,  with  which  Catesby  had  err  mic- 
ously  identified  his  '*  Hind,"  wliich  is  the  present  species.  The  oldest  tenable  name  of  thin  v.ah, 
so  far  as  we  can  see,  is  Epinephelua  viaculomi. 


I* 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1169 


Semmm  maculomin,  CuviER  &  VALENCIENNES,  I.  c,  II,  332,  1828.     (Type,  No.  7300,  Mus.  Paris. 

Examined  bj  Dr.  Boiilengor.) 
Ssrranus  ratm:,  CuviER  &  Valj.nciennes,  /.  c,  II,  373, 1828,  Martinique. 
SerranKn  nmra,  Cdvier  &  Vai.encienneh,  I.  c,  ii,  377,  182S,  Havana;  orronoously  idontitled 

with  lionaci  arard  of  Parra. 
f  Seirnimii  angnntifronii,*  STElNDAcnNEB,  Verli.  Ges.  Wien,  xiv.  1864,  230,  i)l.  vii,  flg.  213,  Cuba. 
Epinephelus  cuhanus,  PozY,  Reportorii,,  i,  202,  18G7,  Cuba. 
Strraiius  sludOionilen,  Vaillant,  MisH.  Sci.  Mox.,  Poiss.,  60,  1877;  based  on  Serrumin  macidosun, 

CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  tlio  name  regarded  as  preoccupied  by  Serramis  uMatlatus,  wliicli  is 

a(lKCHScio)iiii. 
Setrawm  lumdalufi,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  I.  c,  ii,  379, 1828;  after  Parra. 
Epinefhelm  luniilatus,  PoEY,  Synopsis,  286,  1868. 
Kpinephelm  guUattig,  Iokuan  &  GILBERT,  Synopsis,  'J19,  !»73,  1883;  wrongly  identified  wltli  Perca 

giiit'Ua,  LiNN.ta'S. 
Epinejihelm  «/)i((i,  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  380. 
iJei-rr.iitolepU  uuguslifroiiH,  Jordan  A  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  375,  1890. 
Epinephelm  aUtu,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  355,  1813;  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  210. 


15S4.  EPINEPHELUS  DRUMHOND-HAYI,  Goodo  &  Dean. 


il 


(Speckled  Hind;  John  Paw.) 


Brazil ;  liere 


Bahamas:  ii<>t 


He.id2|;  depth  2|;  eye  6  to  8  in  head.  D.  XI,  16;  A.  Ill,  9;  Pcalee 
32-12i  -57.  Body  robust ;  lower  jaw  strongly  projecting ;  preopercle  evenly 
serrate  with'  ut  salient  angle;  caudal  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate,  Lhe 
angles  acute.  Dark  umber  brown,  tlensely  covered  with  small  pearly 
white  spots,  thoso  below  smaller  and  nearly  round,  all  arranged  in  some- 
what irregulaf  snries;  fins  not  dark -edged,  all  covered  with  similar  spots, 
those  of  the  paired  fins  chiefly  on  the  inner  surface;  lower  side  of  head 
flushed  with  red  and  unspotted;  caudal  fin  more  densely  spotted  than 
body,  the  terminal  spots  of  a  fine  lavender;  pectoral  with  a  subterminal 
band  of  orange.  Reaches  a  weight  of  30  pounds.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  north 
to  the  Bermudas,  once  recorded  from  Charleston;  common  on  the  Snapper 
Banks  off  Pensacola,  where  it  is  a  valued  food-fish;  the  most  beautiful  in 
color  of  all  the  groupers.  (Named for  "Col.  H.  M.  Drummond-Hay, C.  M. 
Z.  S.,  of  Leggieden,  Perth,  Scotland,  formerly  of  the  British  army,  by 
whom  the  species  was  first  discovered  at  the  Bermudas  in  1854.") 

Epiriepheliu  dmrumond-liayi.  Qoode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1878,  173,  174,  Pensacola, 
(Coll.  Silas  Stearns);  Bermuda;  (Coll.  Lieut.  Drummond-Hay);  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synoi)- 
sis,  540, 1883;  Jordan  &  Swain,  I,  c,  388;  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
1887,  269;  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  356,  1890;  Bou'-enoeu,  Cat.,  i,  224. 


*  Epinephclus  angustiffoiii  (Steindachner):  Head  3;  deptli  4.  1).  XI,  17;  A.  111,8.  Body  very 
strongly  compressed;  scales  very  small,  ctenoid;  interorbital  space  not  half  diameter  of  eye, 
wliicli  is  4^  in  bead,  l}/i  in  snout;  maxillary  reaching  middleof  eye;  angle  of  preopercle  salient, 
with  5  to  7  strong  teeth,  the  two  lowermost  being  turned  forward;  lower  limb  of  pn'opuicle 
entire;  tliird  dorsal  spine  highest,  twice  diameter  of  eye;  anul  spines  graduated;  pectoral  as 
long  as  from  snout  to  edg*  of  preopercle,  a  little  longer  than  caudal,  mucli  longer  than  ventral; 
caudal  triangular;  dorsal  and  anal  rounded.  Color  brown,  the  scales  edged  witli  darker;  flna 
brownish,  blackish  toward  tips  of  first  dorsal.  Cuba;  not  seen  by  us;  referred  by  Dr.  Boulenger 
to  the  synonymy  of  Epinephdm  maadosm,  a  species  to  which  it  is  evidently  related.  The  very 
narrow  interorbital  area  is  the  chief  basis  of  this  ideutiflcation  as  the  color  markings  of 
Epinephehis  maculosus  are  not  indicated  in  the  account  of  antjustifrom.  We  know  nothing  of 
this  species  except  what  is  contained  iu  the  original  description,  {angustm,  u&noy/ ;  front, 
forehead.) 


i'     K 


,,■         .   r« 


'l  ■■    % 


■  ■  ''■. 

■'il' 


t     }■ 


.  1 


^i 


if 


:]■■ 


IICO  Bulletin  v/,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1555.  EPINKPHEliUS  MOBIO  (Ouviur  k  Valouclennes). 
(Ked  Guoupebj  Chkrna  Americana;  Chebna  de  Vivero;  Nkhre.) 

Head  2i;  depth  2*;  eye  large,  5  in  head  (young).  D.  XI,  16-17;  A. 
Ill,  9,  rarely  III,  8;  scales  18  oi  20-130  to  140-00,  pores  60  to  65.  Uody 
comparatively  deep  and  compressed,  highest  under  front  of  spinous  dor- 
sal, its  greatest  width  2i  in  greatest  depth.  Head  large,  moderately 
pointed,  the  anterior  profile  rather  steep  and  nearly  straight.  Moutli 
rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  slightly  beyond  eye,  its  length  2,'j  in 
head.  Lower  jaw  not  strongly  projecting.  Teeth  moderate,  in  rather 
narrow  bands;  2  moderate  canines  in  the  front  of  each  jaw,  the  lowei 
smaller.  Interorbital  space  narrow,  its  width  7^  in  head,  the  outline  of 
the  bone  (uudei  the  llesh)  transversely  concave.  Nostrils  small,  rounil, 
subequal.  Preopercle  moderately  serrate,  its  angle  slightly  salient;  teeth 
at  the  angle  a  little  enlarged.  Gi!l  rakers  rather  slender,  about  15  below 
the  angle.  Scales  small,  mostly  ctenoid.  Dorsal  spines  high,  slender  but 
pungent,  the  first  less  than  hall  the  second,  which  is  highest,  2\  in  head: 
the  outline  of  the  fin  thence  almost  straight  tj  the  tenth  spine,  which  is 
IS  in  the  second;  soft  dorsal  not  elevated;  caudal  tin  lunate,  the  outer 
rays  a  little  produced.  If  in  the  head ;  caudal  peduncle  comparatively 
lender;  soft  part  of  anal  rounded,  its  longest  ray  2\  in  head;  second 
anal  spine  somewhat  stronger  but  not  longer  than  third,  4^  in  head. 
Pectorals  reaching  slightly  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  1*  in  head;  ventrals 
short,  not  reaching  vent.  Pyloric  ca'ca  25  (according  to  Poey).  Color  in 
life:  Olive  gray  or  olive  brown,  clouded  with  paler  olive,  with  no  clear  red 
shades  except  on  jaws  and  lower  part  of  sides  of  head  and  breast,  these 
regions  being  usually  a  salmon  color;  besides  these,  very  irregular 
rounded  blotches  of  grayish  white  over  the  body;  preorbital,  suborbital 
region,  and  snout  with  numerous  roiiud  points  of  liark  orange  brown, 
most  numerous  oa  preorbital,  these  points  brown  in  spirits;  inside  of 
month  posteriorly  bright  orange;  iris  gilt;  vertical  tins  colored  like  the 
body,  the  shades  from  the  body  extending  on  them;  soft  dorsal,  anal,  and 
caudal  with  a  broad  ridge  of  blue  black,  with  a  narrow  whitish  edge: 
spinous  dorsal  narrowly  edged  with  blackish;  ventrals  slightly  dusky; 
pectorals  light  olive.  With  age  this  species  becomes  more  and  more  of  a 
flesh  red,  especially  below  and  on  moutii ;  the  pale  spots  and  blotches 
are  less  distinct  in  old  examples.  Length  1  to  8  feet.  Atlantic  Coast  of 
America,  from  Virginia  to  Rio  Janeiro ;  the  most  abundant  of  the  genus  on 
our  coasts;  ranging  farther  northward  than  any  other;  a  food-tish  of 
importance ;  handsome  in  coloration,  (morio,  Moor,  translation  of  the 
name  nhjre  used  at  San  Domingo.) 

Svrraiim  viorin,   CrviEU  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  28,5,  1828,  New  York  and  San 

Domi.igo;  GCntheu,  Cat.,  i,  142,1859;  I'oey,  Eniimeratiu,  1'). 
Sen((iiH»et7///i)'0(/a«((T,DE  Kay,  New  York  Fauuu:  Fishes,  21,   pi.  10,1842,  Florida;  GCntheu, 

Cat.,  I,  133,  1859. 
Si'1-rmms  reitiotiis,  I'oey,  ]*IemoriaB,  ii,  140,  1860,  Havana. 
Ephiejihehis  morio,  .Iordan  Si  Gii.UEUT,  Synopsis,  510,  1883;  Joiidan  k  Swain,  Proc.  V.  S.   Nat. 

Mus.,  1884,  :i81. 
Einnephelue  morU),  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  301,  1890;  Boulenuer,  C'at.,i,  237. 


nniBRii 


H 


■oc.  r.  S.  Nut. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1161 


501.  GARRUPA,  Jordan. 
(Black  Groupeks.) 

ffarrnjja,  Jobdan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  viil,  1888  (1890),  liS:!,  (niyWhis). 

This  genus  coutains  ver^  large  groupers,  closely  allied  to  Epinephelus, 
but  with  the  skull  different  in  form  so  far  as  its  upper  surface  is  con- 
cerned. In  Garriqxi*  the  skull  is  very  broad  and  flat,  the  interorbital 
area  is  little  concave,  and  the  median  ridge  is  scarcely  evident ;  the 
occipital  crest  disappears  before  reaching  the  interorbital  region ;  the 
outline  of  the  skull  above  is  everywljere  more  or  loss  flattened ;  the  top 
of  the  temporal  crest  points  outward;  the  stay  of  the  occipital  crest 
meets  the  crest  at  right  angles  and  does  not  form  a  groove  between  itself 
aud  the  latter.  A  single  species  known,  of  very  great  size,  its  dorsal 
spines  indifferently  10  or  11.  Atlantic  Ocean.  {GarnuM,  the  Portuguese 
name  of  the  large  species  of  Ep\np,phelu»,  transferred  also  to  species  of 
Sebaatodea,  and  corrupted  by  the  Americans  into  Grouper  or  Grujtcr.) 

1666.  GABRVPA  MIGKITA  (Holbrook). 
(Black  Jewfish  ;  Black  Gkoupeu  ;  Mkko  de  i,o  Alto.) 

Head  2i;  depth  21 ;  eye  ve^y  small,  6  to  8  in  head.  D.  XI,  14  (nigrita), 
or  X,  14  (merua) ;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  90  to  110.  Body  very  robust;  teeth  in 
broad  bands;  canines  strong,  but  growing  smaller  with  age.  Interor- 
bital width  ii  in  head;  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  scaly,  about  2  in 
head,  extending  beyond  eye;  preopercle  rounded,  without  salient  angle, 
the  young  with  enlarged  teeth  at  the  angle.  Gill  rakers  short  and  thick, 
X  -f  12  to  14,  the  longest  not  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Dorsal  fin  notched ; 
second  dorsal  spine  longest,  its  length  2  to  3  times  in  head,  and  half 
longer  than  third  spine  ;  caudal  fin  rounded  ^  second  anal  spine  shorter 
than  third,  6  in  head.  Scales  ciliated,  those  of  lateral  line  of  the  ordi- 
nary type.  Color  plain  chocolate  brown,  varying  to  blackish  gray,  with- 
out markings,  or  with  faint  pale  blotches,  the  lower  parts  scarcely  paler, 
the  distal  part  of  the  vertical  fins  dar!  .er ;  a  dark  streak  along  edge  of 
maxillary.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  the  United  States  (Charles- 
ton to  Pensacola)  south  to  Cuba  and  Brazil,  once  straying  to  Sicily, 
rather  common  off  the  coast  of  Florida.  This  species  reaches  a  weight 
of  probably  500  pounds,  about  the  same  size  as  the  largest  known  exam- 
ples of  Promicropa  guttatus  and  Stereolejua  gigaa',  but  one  specimen  of  less 
than  100  pounds  weight  examined  by  naturalists.  None  of  the  European 
Serranul(v  reaches  so  large  a  size,  the  extreme  weight  q{  Epinephelus  guaza 
being,  according  to  Doderlein,  about  50  kilograms ;  that  of  E.  caninua,  90 
kilograms,     {nigriius,  blackened.)    (Eu.) 

Sen-anus  nigriius,  HoLBunoK,  Iclitli.  S.  Carolina,  Ed.  1,  173,  pi.  xxv,  fig.  11,  185G,  Charleston  ; 
Gl'NTHER,  Cat.,  I,  l:i4,  1859. 

*  lu  Epinephelus  ninrio  tlie  skull  is  narrow  anJ  tho  ujipcr  mirfaco  rugose,  tho  interorbital  area 
iH  deeply  concave,  and  tho  median  crest,  though  low,  is  quite  prominent;  the  occipital  crest  is 
sharp,  and  drawn  out  so  that  it  gradually  merges  into  the  interorl)ital  ridgo;  tho  outline  of  the 
skull  immediately  behind  tlio  orbit  is  I'onvex;  the  tip  of  tho  temporal  crest  points  inward  to  the 
occipital  crest;  the  stay  of  the  occipital  crest  forms  a  groove  betweou  it  aud  the  posterior  part  of 
the  crest. 


r 


:,   I 


!li 


■ } 


if 

I  4i 


m  4 


1162 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  A  f use  it  m. 


CeiUropristU  menu*  I'oEY,  SynopHis  riHcitiin  Cuhoiisium,  288, 1808,  Cuba;  Hpecinion  with  10  doival 

B|)inOH. 

Cenin  nininii,  Dddgulkin,  Rivista  (loUu  Specie  do!  Uonere  Kpinephelun  o  Cernn,  1882,  81,  Palermo 

Hpcciiiieii  witii  to  ilursal  HpinoH. 
Kpiiiephehis  nigrilim,  Jordan  A  Gimikht,  SyiiopHiri,  MO,  1883;  Jordan  A  Swain,  I.  <•,,  1884,  ;!ni: 

Jordan,  I'roc.  V.  S.  Nut.  Mils.,  188'),  208;  Jordan  A  Kkienmann,  /.  c,  :iCl,  1890;  Uoui.enukj;, 

Cat.,  I,  238. 
Epiiiephelut  tiiertu,  Jordan  &  Kiqknmann,  /.  c,  302,  1890. 


502.  PROMICROPS  (Gill)  Poey. 

(GUASAS.) 

Promicrnps  (Gill  MS.)  Poev,  SynopHls  Pluclum  Cubensiuni,  287,  1808;  Ann.  N.  Y.   Lye.  N;it. 

ni«t.,  X,  1871,42,  ((/iwjKi). 
Iluiiiyn,  Vaiilant  &  Bocoubt,  Miseion  Soieutiflquu  iiu  Moxi(|iio,  1875,  90,  (Uaiani). 

Cranium  sliort,  extremely  broad  au<l  depressed  between  the  eyes,  tlio 
anterior  profile  of  the  head  more  or  less  concave.  Dorsal  spines  all  low. 
Scales  of  the  lateral  line  each  with  4  to  6  radiating  ridges.  This  genuH  in 
fairly  well  distinguished  by  the  peculiarities  of  its  cranium.  One  specits 
is  certainly  known,  a  tropical  fish  of  very  large  size,  like  the  species  of 
Stercolep'iH  and  Garrupa.  Dr.  Boulenger  does  not  separate  either  J'rinni- 
cropH  or  Garrupa  from  EpimpheluH.  The  relationship  of  each  to  I'^jiim- 
plielus  is  certainly  very  close.  ( tt/w,  before ;  /tiKfiui,  small;  uxl',  eye;  in 
allusion  to  the  shortness  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  cranium.) 

166V.  PKOMI€KOPf«  OUTTATl'S  (Liuujeus). 
(Guasa;  Spotted  Jewfisii  ;  Mero.) 

Head  2^  to  3;  depth  Si^,, ;  eye  very  small,  7  in  head  (in  young),  about  12 
in  adult.  D.  XI,  16;  A.  111,8;  scales  16-95  to  135-40,  pores  60  to  70. 
Body  more  robust  than  in  any  species  of  Epinephelus,  its  greatest  breiultli 
If  in  the  depth.    Head  very  large,  unusually  broad,  anteriorly  obtuse, 

*Tho  following  descriptiou  of  tlio  nominal  Bpucic",  (iarnipa  ineriia  (PoeyJ,  rharactcrizod  by  llii' 
possession  of  10  dorsal  spines  and  by  a  more  strongly  armed  preopercle,  is  taken  fro!n  i  spcciiin^n 
from  Rio  Janeiro,  (Mo.  9737,  Hus.  Comp.  Zool.;  Coll.  L.  Agassiz) :  Head  2S  in  length  of  b(><l.v; 
depth  2g.  D.  X,  14  ;  A.  Ill,  9.  Scales  86  (series).  Second  do;-8al  spine  2f  in  head ;  8e;ond  an.il 
si)ine  0.  Pectoral  IJ;  maxillary  2;  eye  7;  snout  3%;  interorbital  area  4}^;  soft  dorsal  i;ijs 
2%  in  head.  Body  very  deep  and  short,  deeper  and  more  compressed  than  in  Epinejilieliis.  Iliinl 
large  and  blunt,  the  anterior  proflle  regularly  convex  ;  interorbital  area  broad,  aH  in  Gurniint 
«i</n7a,  rather  convex  ;  eye  small;  mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  supplcmenliiiy 
maxillary  small.  Three  or  four  very  small  canines  in  front  of  each  jaw ;  no  lateral  canim'S. 
Nostrils  round,  neartogether,  tiie  posterior  largest.  Preopercle  without  salientangle,  but  ratliiT 
coarsely  serrate ;  two  or  three  very  coarse,  irregular  teeth  just  below  angle,  these  turned  dittii- 
wurd  much  as  in  Epinephelus  mysliicinm.  Opercular  spine  moderate.  Gill  rakers  very  slimt . ■mil 
thick,  X  +  12,  the  longest  not  twice  as  high  as  broad  and  all  very  coarsely  toothed ;  prcculiiial 
moderate,  nearly  as  broa'  as  the  small  eye.  Scales  moderate,  not  very  rough  ;  dorsal  tin  ratlur 
deeply  notched,  the  second  spine  highest,  nearly  three  times  the  heiglit  of  the  first,  but  little 
higlier  than  the  third ;  soft  dorsal  high;  caudal  rounded;  anal  fin  high,  rounded,  the  xpiiii's 
moderate,  graduated ;  pectorals  short.  Color,  in  spirits,  plain  dark  brown;  fins  all  darkvi- ;  a 
dark  ri-.istache  along  the  edge  of  the  maxillary,  la  a  young  specimen  from  Rio  Grande  du  tjiil 
the  caudal  fin  is  abruptly  paler.  West  Indies,  recorded  from  off  Cuba,  Sicily,  and  Ilin/il. 
{Merus,  from  jiktok,  the  French  name  of  Epinephdna  yuiiza,  derived  from  Latin  morrhiui,  codfit^li.) 
Gamipa  merus  is  probably  identical  with  Gamipa  nigrila.  The  five  known  specimens  of  (I'dii ";"i 
merus  (from  Havana,  Palermo,  Rio  Janeiro,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul)  differ  from  Garrupa  uiyiiln  in 
having  10  dorsal  spines  instead  of  11,  no  other  distinction  being  evident.  Often  spvcimeiis  cif 
Gumtpa  nigrila  from  Pensacola,  Florida,  examined  by  us,  one  has  lu  spiuee,  the  utbur^  II. 
Probably  all  belong  to  one  species,  for  which  the  oldest  name  is  nigrila. 


Y.   I,yo.  Nat. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1103 


ito  proiile  t'epressed  or  slightly  concave  above  the  eye,  convex  at  the  nape. 
Snout  very  short,  \\  in  head ;  lower  jaw  projecting.  Maxillary  scaly. 
Mouth  largo,  the  maxillary,  even  in  the  young,  reaching  much  beyond  the 
eye,  2  in  head,  its  tip  in  the  adult  as  wide  as  eye.  Teeth  in  broad  bands, 
those  of  the  outer  scries  somewhat  enlarged,  the  canines  very  snuill, 
scarcely  differentiated,  but  present.  Interorbital  area  ilattish,  very 
broad,  its  widlli  f)  in  head.  Nostrils  subc(iiuil,  roundish,  close  to  the  eye. 
Freopercle  convex,  with  a  slight  emargination,  the  angle  a  little  luomi- 
nent,  Avith  somewhat  larger  teeth.  )percular  flap  obtusely  pointed,  its 
ui)per  edge  curved.  Opercular  spines  small  and  blunt.  Gill  rakers  short 
and  thick,  few  (about  12}  in  number.  Scales  com])aratively  large,  mostly 
ctenoid.  Scales  of  the  lateral  lino  each  with  4  to  6  conspicuous  radiating 
ridges  separated  by  furrows.  Dorsal  spines  low  and  strong,  the  third, 
fourth,  and  iifth  subequal,  4  in  head,  the  outline  of  the  fin  scarcely  con- 
vex ;  second  spine  lower  than  tenth ;  caudal  fin  rounded,  its  outer  rays 
very  much  shortened,  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  middle  rays, 
which  are  1^  ii.  head.  Anal  rounded,  its  longest  rays  2<^  in  head  ;  second 
anal  spine  rather  shorter  than  third  and  a  little  stronger,  4?  in  head ;  pec- 
toral reaching  a  little  beyond  tips  of  vontrals,  1|  in  head;  ventrals  2,  not 
reaching  vent.  Pyloric  co'ca  excessively  numerous  and  finely  divided. 
Color  of  adult  nearly  uniform  dull  olive  brown,  the  spots  and  bands  faint 
or  obsolete.  Young  specimens  in  life  pale  olive  green,  slightly  yellowish 
on  breast  and  lower  jaw,  the  body  with  5  cross  bars  of  dark  olive  green, 
with  irregular  but  rather  sharply  defined  edges,  and  extending  on  the 
dorsal  and  anal  fin ;  2  under  spinous  dorsal,  2  between  soft  dorsal  and 
anal,  1  on  caudal  peduncle;  these  bars  partially  or  wholly  disappear  in 
spirits ;  a  dark  blotch  at  nape ;  two  shades  down  and  backward  from  eye ; 
a  bar  at  base  of  caudal ;  round  blackish  spots  smaller  than  pupil,  of  differ- 
ent sizes,  scattered  over  the  whole  of  head  and  nuchal  region  ;  a  few  along 
back;  these  smallest  on  upper  part  of  head,  largest  on  back  and  lower 
parts  of  sides  of  head  ;  breast  and  belly  plain  ;  dorsal  fin  olive,  with  dark 
clouds  like  the  body,  a  few  spots  on  spines  and  tips  of  soft  rays;  caudal 
much  clouded  with  dark,  which  form  series  of  spots  on  the  hinder  parts, 
thece  spots  smallest  and  best  defined  posteriorly.  Anal  similar  to  caudal ; 
pectorals  light  olive,  profusely  covered  with  large  dark  spots ;  ventrals 
similar  to  pectorals,  with  fewer  spots.  Tips  of  p^^torals  and  caudal 
slightly  reddish.  In  spirits  the  dark  bands  and  blotches  of  body  are  more 
or  less  faded.  Length  2  to  6  feet.  Both  coasts  of  tropical  America  north 
to  Florida  and  Gulf  of  California,  south  to  Brazil ;  not  uncommon  about 
rocks;  here  described  chiefly  from  a  young  specimen,  1(5  inches  long,  from 
Key  West;  specimens  examined  by  us  from  Punta  Arena,  Mazatlan,  Pan- 
ama, Key  West,  Havana,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Pernambuco,  and  Ca'i- 
narivieras.  Dr.  Boulenger  records  a  specimen  5  feet  7  inches  long  from 
Clarence  River,  New  S^uth  Wales.  We  are  not  able  to  separate  the  Pacific 
Coast  form,  Promicrojts  quinquefaaciatun,  from  the  Atlantic  guUatua.  (gut- 
tatas,  spotted.) 

Gugupugnacu,  Mahcoiiave,  HiHt.  ISruxil,  IG'J,  1G48,  Brazil. 


»         I 


■if !  j 

i' .: :  ' 


1104 


Bulletin  4j^  United  States  National  Museum. 


Peri'ii  gnUiil'(,  Lixnaium,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  292,  Braxit;  after  Marciihave,  Willuoiiby, 
StOANE,  Catkhiiy,  etc.;  tlio  liccount  of  color  liikon  from  CiiteHliy'H  fluurn  of  tli«  Bed  Iliiul 
{EpiiiijihiliiK  eiilim);  tlio  vnriuiiB  uiithorH  qiiutrd  cucli  )iU|i|iOHiui;  IiIh  H|H-('iiiioi)H  to  liii  idi'iitiriil 
with  that  of  Marcgravo. 

SfirniiiiH  ildiiirn,  Liciitkn'stkin,*  Acta  ItnrolinonH.  for  1821,  378,  1H22,  Brazil;  Ci'viku  A  Vai.fn- 
ciRNNES,  HlHt.  Nat.  I'oiss,,  II,  llTtl,  182S;  not  Iliiinni,  Maiu'ukavk. 

Si'miiniH  iiiileim,  MCli.kr  and  Tb08CIIEI,,  in  ScliululiiirKli'H  Roinn  in  Brit.  Onlana,  •121,  1H4'J, 
Guiana;  (iCntiikii,  Cat.,  i,  130,  IHM. 

SuniniinijuiiMi,  INiKY,  Ml  nioiias  Cuba,  ii,  141,  .'t.')4,  tab.  l.'l,  flu.  8,  1H(i(),  Cuba. 

Sriiiiiiun  iiiiiiiiiiii'fiiHci'iliis,  IloiiiruT,  Ann.  .Sri.  Nat.,  IHOH,  221),  Nagualate,  Pacific  Coast  of 
Guatemala. 

F.liinriiliehin  iiiimii«rf(ii>vi(iluii,  Jokdan  A  (ill.nEKT,  Bull.  U.  S.  FIhIi  Conim.,  1882,  lot!,  110,  112. 

I'riiiiiifiiiiiH  {luiiHd,  .ToitnAN  .t  tiiMiKIlT,  SynopBJH,  tA'i,  188U. 

lyiiiephihin  ijiiliiin,  .loiinAN,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  188;j,  28.'). 

I^liiiiipliehm  ilaidrii,  JonnAN,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh,,  1884,  124;  llniti.KNGKii,  Cat.,  I,  262. 

I'mmicritjiH  ilnimii,  .Iouhan  k  Swain,  /.  c,  1884,  877. 

I'ruviUropn  giUliiliiK,  .Tordan  &  Kkienmann,  I.  <•.,  ;i(!;i,  181K). 


503.  ALPHESTES,  Bloch  &  Schneider. 

AllihesleH,  Bi.ocif  A  SciiNuinER,  Syst.  Iclithyol.,  2;jf!,  1801,  (qfer). 

I'loHpimin,  (Poky  MS.)  Gii.i.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862,  2H7,  {ihhropleriiK -- a/er). 

The  genus  AlpheHteH  containu  two  species  of  eniall  fishes  which  diP'er  from 
JSintiephehia  proper  in  the  presence  of  a  strong  antrorse  spine  on  the  lower 
limb  of  the  preojjercle.  Frontal  bones  with  an  anterior  excavation  for 
the  reception  of  the  posterior  processes  of  the  i)remaxillaries,  a  process  or 
knob  on  each  side  of  skull  behind  the  interorbital  area ;  supraoccipital 
and  parietal  crests  produced  on  frontals,  but  not  extending  to  betweoii 
orbits.  Dorsal  rays  XI,  17  to  20 ;  anal  III,  9.  (uA^r/ffn/f,  greedy  or  iliicoii- 
tinent,  a  name  applied  to  a  kind  of  lish  that  swims  in  pairs,  one  behind 
the  other,  possibly  Symphodiia  tit>ca.) 

(I.  Second  anal  Bpine  as  lout;  as  third;  gill  rakers  short.  Color  olive,  clouded  with  dusky,  the 
hody  with  rather  few  dark-orangu  spots;  breast  with  pearly  spots;  a  dark  uniBta(;lii' 
above  the  maxillary;  lower  jaw  little  projecting;  preorbital  very  uarrow.     akkr,  1558. 

aa.  Second  aral  sjiino  longer  than  third;  gill  rakers  long,  longer  than  gill  fringes.  Color 
olivaceous,  the  jrround  color  nearly  uniform,  the  body  and  fins  closely  covered  with 
small  dark-browu  spots;  breast  plain;  snout  sleuder,  i)oiuted;  lower  jaw  rather  stronjilv 
projectiug.  mvltiouttatus,  155'.i. 


1658.  ALPHGSTK8  AFKU  (Bloch). 

(Guaskta.) 

Head  24;  depth  2| ;  eye  large,  4*  in  head.  D.  XI,  17  to  19;  A.  Ill, !»; 
scales  10-75  to  80-35,  pores  50  to  60.  Body  oblong,  ovate,  rather  com- 
pressed, the  greatest  width  2i  times  in  depth ;  head  small,  rather  pointed, 
the  profile  nearly  straight  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  to  the  nape,  there 
forming  a  considerable  angle,  being  steeper  and  more  gibbous  to  the 
front  of  the  dorsal  fin;  snout  short,  shorter  than  eye;  mouth  Email,  the 
maxillary  extending  a  little  beyond  the  eye,  its  length  2}  in  head ;  max- 
illary naked ;  teeth  comparatively  small,  in  broad  bands,  the  upper  jaw 


♦According  to  Professor  Peters,  the  type  of  Serramu  Uaiara  is  a  very  young  fish,  with  the  eye 
as  wide  as  the  interorbital  space,  but  iu  other  respects  identical  with  the  type  of  Serranus  galeuii 


Jordan  and  Evermann, — Fishes  of  North  America,      11C5 


■P. 


with  ahont  four  small  canines,  the  canines  of  tlio  lower  Jaw  scarcely  dif- 
ferentiated ;  lower  .jaw  rather  weak,  little  projecting ;  interorhital  wpace 
moderate,  convex,  its  width  6  in  head  ;  preopurclo  Htruugly  and  unc(inally 
convex,  its  upper  limb  oblique,  without  notch  above  the  angle;  upner 
limb  of  preopercle  with  slender  teetli,  wiiich  regularly  incroaNe  in  size 
downward,  those  at  the  rounded  angle  strong;  bulow  tlio  angle  is  a 
strong  flattish  spine,  directed  forward  and  downward,  its  length  4  in  eye; 
nostrils  small,  round,  close  together;  scales  not  very  small,  mostly 
cycloid,  those  on  opercles  larger  than  those  on  body,  those  on  cheeks  huuiU  ; 
gill  rakers  short  and  stout,  their  length  not  more  than  half  pupil,  14  to 
16  below  angle;  dorsal  spines  rather  short,  robust,  and  pungent,  the  sec- 
ond higher  than  the  tenth,  the  fourth  and  fifth  highest,  2^  in  lioad,  the 
outline  of  the  fin  gently  curved;  soft  rays  about  as  high  as  third  spine; 
caudal  convex  behind,  its  angles  rounded,  its  length  1;-!  in  licad ;  anal 
rather  high,  posteriorly  rounded,  its  longest  soft  rays  2  in  head;  second 
anal  spine  longer  and  stronger  than  third,  2J  in  head;  pectorals  broad, 
rounded,  extending  beyond  tips  of  ventral,  1;^'  in  head;  ventrals  nearly 
or  quite  reaching  vent.  Color  in  life,  dark  brownish  olive,  mottled  with 
darker  blotches ;  body  with  some  I'ark  orange  spots;  vertical  iins  dark 
olive,  mottled  with  darker  blotches ;  lower  parts  of  head  yellow  ;  pec- 
torals dill  olive  red,  with  bluish  spots;  ventrals  dull  olive,  edged  with 
darker;  some  pearly  spots  on  brsast  and  on  anal;  mustache  dark  red 
brown  ;  the  orange  spots  become  brown  in  spirits.  Length  about  a  foot. 
West  Indies ;  Cuba  to  Brazil ;  generally  common ;  the  specimen  here 
described  from  Havana;  recorded  by  Dr.  Boulenger  from  the  Falkland 
Islands;  only  the  original  type  of  Bloch  recorded  from  Africa,  (c/cr, 
African.) 

Epinephehis  afer,  Btocil,*  Tchthyologia,  pi.  327,  1793,  Acard  in  Guinea;  (Ooll.  Dr.  iHort); 

BoULENOEB,  Gat.,  I,  254. 
Pkctropoma  chloroptenim,    CuviEn   &    Valenciennes,    Hist.    Nat.    Poiss.,    ii,  3ii8,  1K28,  San 

Domingo;  Martinique;  Poev,  Memorios  Cuba,  i,  73,  tal>.  U,  fig.  3,  1861. 
Plectropoma  monacanthm,  MOller  &  Trobchel,  Scbomburgk's  HiHt.  UurbiulucH,  (i65,  Xti47,  Bar- 

badoes ;  GUntiier,  Cat.,  i,  164,  1859. 
f  Serranus  armalm,  OsORio,  Jorn.  Sci.  Lisboa,  2,  in,  1804,  74;  tido  Boclenoer. 
Alphettet  afer,  Blooh  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.,  1801,  236;  Peters,  Borlinor  MonatHlicr.,  Ifiti,'), 

105  (deecription  of  Blucu's  typu);  Jordan  &  Swain,  I.  c,  lb84,  3UU;  Jordan  ii  Eiuenmann, 

/.  c,  350,  1890. 
ProspiMiM  chloro]^terxu,  Poey,  Synopsis,  289,  1868. 

1669.  ALFHESTE8  JHULTIGUTTATUS  (GUntbcr). 

Head  2J  ;  depth  2J ;  eye  large,  4^  in  head.  D.  XI,  18  to  20 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ; 
scales  10-75  to  80-36,  pores  55  to  62.     Body  oblong  ovate,  compressed. 

*  According  to  Professor  Peters,  who  has  examined  the  type  of  Blocli  in  tlm  Museum  nt  Berlin, 
Epinepliehu  a/er  of  Bloch  is,  in  all  respects,  identical  with  "lectr<ipmiia  Moroptermn,  the  types  of 
the  two  having  been  compared  by  him.  This  may  be  true,  in  which  ease  the  American  species 
should  stand  as  Alphesleit  aftr.  It  is  to  be  noticed,  however,  that  few  species  are  common  to  the 
faunas  of  Guinea  and  the  West  Indies;  no  one  has  yet  recorded  the  We.st  Indian  fipecies  of 
Alphenles  from  Africa.  Bloch  distinctly  asserts  that  his  specimen  was  from  Arara  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  wbince  it  was  sent  by  Dr.  Isert.  The  flguro  of  Bloch  represents  a  species  dectper  in 
body  and  more  uniformly  colored  than  is  our  Rpecics.  The  American  tipecles  should  perhaps 
stand  as  Alphestea  chloropienm  until  its  identity  with  the  African  one  is  more  clearly  Fliown.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  must  be  admitted  that  Bloch  was  often  careless  as  to  his  statement  of  locali- 
ties, and  in  default  of  other  knowledge,  we  may  accept  Peters 's  identification  as  sufBcieut. 


I 
I 


H 


•>i; 


'1 


i  - 


1166 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


B 


I  »i' 


!    i--"i 


Head  Hinall,  sleudor,  and  pointed,  the  prutUn  nearly  Htraight  front  the  snout 
to  behind  the  oyo,  wlioro  ia  formed  a  conHideralile  an^lo;  the  outline 
thence  Hteeper,  but  still  nearly  Htrai^ht  to  the  front  of  the  dorsal  tin. 
Snout  very  short,  rather  pointed,  5^  in  head.  Mouth  sniull,  obli<|u«,  tlir 
maxillary  not  reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  eye,  its  length  2j!  in  head. 
Teeth  small ;  small  canines  present  in  upper, jaw  only.  Lower  jaw  ratlu-i 
strongly  projecting.  Interorbital  space  very  narrow,  convex,  its  witltli 
10  in  head.  Proopercle  strongly  convex ;  the  an^le  not  salient,  but  armed 
with  sharp  radiating  seme.  A  strong  llattish  spine  directed  downwaitl 
and  forward  below  the  angle.  Nostrils  small,  round,  close  together,  suli 
equal.  Gill  ruaiers  moderate,  the  longest  as  long  as  gill  fringes,  ir>  or  It;. 
14  on  lower  Kwib  of  arch.  Scales  not  very  small,  mostly  cycloid ;  thoso 
on  opercles  somewhat  enlarged.  Dorsal  spines  rather  short  and  stitf,  tli*> 
fourth  3  in  head;  soft  dorsal  high  ;  caudal  aiibtruncate,  2  in  head  ;  anal 
rather  high,  rounded,  the  longest  rays  2  in  head ;  second  spine  longer  aixl 
stronger  than  third,  2/f  in  head  ;  pectorals  broad,  reaching  a  little  beyond 
tips  of  veutrals,  1^  to  1^  in  head;  ventrals  shortish,  scarcely  reachiiti; 
vent.  Color  dark  olive  brown,  the  body  and  head  profusely  covered 
with  round  spots  of  a  darker  brown,  their  diameter  about  half  that  ol 
the  pupil ;  spots  on  posterior  part  of  body  continent  in  horizontal  streakH; 
breast  and  front  of  bead  with  few  spots;  a  very  faint  mustache  a))ovo 
maxillary  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  dusky  olive,  nearly  plain ;  anal  with  two 
cross  bands  of  dusky;  pectoral  yellowish,  with  5  dusky  cross  bands,  its 
edge  pale;  ventrals  dusky.  Very  close  to  ^1.  aj\r,  ditfering  chiefly  in 
color,  the  head  more  slender,  the  chin  more  prominent.  Length  8  inches. 
Pacific  Coast  of  tropical  America,  Mazatlan  to  Panama ;  rather  common  ; 
here  described  from  specimens  from  Panama,  (inultum,  many ;  guttatun, 
spotted). 

Plectropoma  tmilligiUtatuni,  GCntiier,  Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  ISCfi,  )i(K»,  Panama. 

Plectropnma  a/nini,  GOntiieb,  Fislies  Contr.  Amcr.,  411,  18()9,  with  pliito. 

AlphcuIeK  mulliijiittahu,  .lonDAN  A  Gilheut,  Bull.  U.  S.  Flsti  Oomm.,  1882,  107,  110 ;  .TonoAN  A 

ElQENMANN,  I.  c,  349,  1890. 

E^nuepheliin  multiijutUitwi,  JuuuAN  ii  GiLUEBT,  Froc.  U.  S.  Nat.  3Iub.,  1882,  U2j  ;  Juhdan  &  Sw.\i.n, 
I.  c,  18S4,  395. 

504.  DERMATOI^EPIS,  Gill. 

DermaMfpU,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.,  1861,  64,  {punclatiiii). 
Lioperi-n,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862,  237,  (iiiermw). 

Body  shorter  and  deeper  than  in  Epinephelus,  the  head  small,  niucli  com- 
pressed, the  interorbital  area  narrow  ;  supraoccipital  crest  low  ;  canines 
very  small  or  obsolete;  lower  opercular  spine  absent;  frontal  bones  witli 
the  anterior  concavity  for  the  reception  of  the  posterior  processes  of  tlu' 
premaxillaries,  and  with  a  process  or  knob  on  each  side  behind  the  intei 
orbital  area ;  supraoccipital  and  parietal  crests  produced  on  the  frontaKs  to 
between  the  orbits.  Dorsal  rays  XI,  19;  anal  111,9.  Soft  dorsal  very 
long;  anal  short;  spines  low;  vertical  fins  all  rounded;  scales  tiJ 
cycloid,  small,  embedded ;  squamation  approaching  that  of  liypticit'' : 
canine  teeth  very  small.  Otherwise  essentially  as  in  Epinephelua.  Species 
three,  in  the  warm  seas,  {dipiua,  skin  ;  Tienlcj  scale.) 


;.h;K 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America,      1167 


LilopElirA  (Ac/of,  Hninoth  ;  >r<piii|,  iMjrch}: 

(I.  rrt'i)|i((r(lii  uvliii'iitly  Mcrruti',  tlio  Ht'rrm  rntlior  conroo  ftml  Mnnf  ;  iipp<>r  jiiw   with  very 

iiniill  ranini-ft;  pvcturni  IIiih  Ion;;,  inoru  lliitii  twn-lliinlH  loiiKtli  uf  IicikI,  ri'iichiii^  vciil ; 

niml  ii|iiiu-N  rnthur  dtroiiK  ;  dnnky  ullvc,  with   liirK"  ruiiiiilcil   whitlnh  nimiIn  ;   iir>  hhick 

HpotH  iiu  head  ;  u  wbitiili  Htruuk  from  «ouut  through  uyo  toward  trout  of  dumil. 

INKRMIN,  1600. 
Dr.RMAToI.EPlI: 

(M.  Proo|Htr(-lo  mitmntirn ;  caniiii*  tot-tli  uliwdete  ;  poctoriil  fliiHiiliort,  not  two-thin)N  Imigth  of 
head  and  nut  rmichinK  vent ;  nnnl  itplueN  Hhort ;  duftky  olive,  with  round  whltlnli  Hpotx  ; 
hoad  with  BHiullvr  bluclc  spota,  ruNCTATi's,  ISUl. 


w 


Subgenus  LIOPERCA,  Oill. 
16«0.  DERXATOI.EPIH  INKKMIS  (Cuvlcr  tc  VitlenriennuH). 

Head  21 ;  depth  2i  D.  XI,  19;  A.  Ill,  9;  BcaleH  20-115  to  12r>-J5  to  50, 
70  pores.  Hody  comparatively  short  and  deep,  stroiifjly  conipreHHed,  the 
hack  elevated,  the  anterior  profile  concave,  forming  a  reentrant  angle 
hefore  the  eye,  thence  nearly  straight  to  the  nape.  Head  comprcHHtul, 
the  snout  short,  moderately  pointed,  3^  in  head.  Kye  Hinall,  5}  in  head. 
Interorhital  space  narrow,  anteriorly  with  a  lnoad  groove,  whicii  receives 
the  spines  of  the  premaxillary  bones,  its  width  8  in  head.  Posterior  part 
of  head  narrow,  strongly  convex  transversely.  Month  sniall,  oblifpie, 
the  jaws  subequal,  the  broad  maxillary  extending  to  below  the  middle  of 
the  eye,  its  length  1\  in  head.  Supplemental  maxillary  well  developed. 
Teeth  in  narrow  bands,  formed  as  in  Ejunephehia,  but  small.  Canines 
scarcely  differentiated,  none  in  lower  jaw,  I  on  each  side  in  upper  jaw 
ulightly  larger  tlian  the  other  teeth.  Preopercle  with  very  weak  and 
irregular  serrations,  the  angle  not  salient,  its  teeth  little,  if  any, 
enlarged.  A  very  slight  emargination  above  the  angle.  Opercle  with  a 
single  spine,  above  which  is  a  Hat  lobe.  Opercular  Hap  unusually  large, 
extending  beyond  the  spine  for  a  distance  nearly  equal  to  the  diameter 
of  the  eye.  Gill  rakers  rather  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  gill  fringes, 
about  14  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Nostrils  round,  very  close 
together,  the  posterior  the  larger.  Scales  small,  all  cycloid,  somewhat 
embedded  in  the  skin  ;  lower  jaw  scaly  ;  maxillary,  preorbital,  and  tip  of 
Huout  naked.  Dorsal  spines  strong,  the  third  highest,  2>!  in  head,  the 
others  gradually  shorter  to  the  ninth,  whicli  is  3^  in  head;  soft  dorsal 
I'levated,  the  twelfth  ray  highest,  2  in  head ;  caudal  long,  rounded  in 
outline,  li  in  head ;  anal  very  high,  the  middle  soft  rays  1*  in  head,  the 
other  rays  vapidly  shortened  each  way ;  anal  spines  short  and  strong, 
fjraduated,  the  second  spine  3J  in  head ;  pectorals  very  long,  nearly 
reaching  anal,  1^  in  head ;  ventrals  moderate,  1§  in  head,  reaching  vent 
or  a  little  farther.  Color  in  alcohol,  dusky  brown,  mottled  with  darker; 
head,  body,  and  fins  covered  with  roundish,  whitish  blotches,  which  are 
very  irregular  in  form  and  size,  some  of  them  larger  than  the  eye ;  the 
Npots  most  numerous  and  distinct  on  the  tail  and  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  head;  several  spots  behind  the  eye,  confluent  into  a  pale  stripe  from 
eye  toward  spinous  dorsal ;  lins  all  blackish,  the  pale  spots  smaller  and 
f^enerally  less  distinct  than  on  body ;  pectorals  olivaceous,  with  small, 
rather  distinct  black  spote.    West  Indies ;  rare ;  hero  described  from  an 


I  1 


II 


11  ()8 


iUilietin  47,  United  States  National  Muuum. 


Huvuiiu  H|M-(;iiiu<n  oeitt  by   Luoiiul  riuMunciii.     Ltmgtii   1   loot.     (\mvmU^ 
iiiiaririotl.) 

*icr/ -iiiim  iiifniiin,  CiviKii  A  VAi.r.NrrtNNf.H,  IIUl.  Niit.  Piilim.,  ix,  4H8,  183:»,  Antillea;  nCNTiiKii, 

(.'ttt.,  I,  ln/ilt,  ir.:). 
Ihlifriii  liiiriiii;  ToKy,  Synii|MtlH,  'JH2,  IKOH. 

hmiiiiint, fiiit  iwrmh,  .Ioudan  it  Swain,  /.  <•.,  HVt,  1HH4;  .Idrman  M  KlorNMANN,  I  (.,  !17tl.  lH!Mt 
l^imiihvlm  iwrmu,  Uoi'LENUKU,  ('lit.,  i,  'i't\. 


Subgenus  DERMATOLEPIS. 
16«l.  HKIt.HATOM'.l'IH  IMINCTATIN,  riill. 

IToad  2|''„;  «lopth  2'!;  oyo  Hiiiall,  <»A  in  head.  1).  XI,  19;  A.  Ill,  9;  Hcali>. 
2l-lir>-x.  IJody  «;oiiiparativttly  Hlioit  aiul  dct'p,  Htroiigly  compreNHtMl, 
thu  back  ol«!vatt>d,  the  aiit(M'i(»r  ])rotilo  forming  a  Hiiglit  ivuiit  rant  angle 
bofoi'o  t]i»  eyo,  ihencu  nearly  Btraiglit  to  thn  nape.  Head  coinitroNHcd, 
the  Bnont  Hhort,  moderately  jiointed,  4  in  head.  Interorbital  Hpaco  )|nitr 
narrow,  anteriorly  witii  a  broad  groove,  which  receives  the  NpinoH  of  tim 
preniaxillarioa,  its  width  Ih  in  head.  Cranium  ])OHteriori}'  narrow, 
Htrongly  convex  transverHely.  Month  rather  Hmall,  oblique,  the  jaws 
Hube(|ual,  the  broad  maxillary  oxtendin<r  to  below  the  middle  of  the  eye, 
itH  length  2,^  in  head.  Supplemental  maxillary  well  developed.  Teetli 
Hunill,  formed  an  in  EplnvphduH,  but  with  no  canines  in  either  Jaw,  nut 
even  rudimentary  ones.  Preoper<;le  not  serrated  anywhere,  its  upjx'i 
part  with  a  few  irregular  creuations,  its  angle  not  salient,  its  enuirgina 
tion  obsolete.  Opercle  with  a  rudimentary  spine,  above  which  is  a  llai 
lobe.  Opercular  Hap  extending  beyond  the  spine  for  a  distance  nearly 
equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Gill  rakers  shortish,  about  13  on  lower 
part  of  anterior  arcli.  Nostrils  small,  round,  close  together,  the  posterior 
cue  the  larger.  Scales  small,  cycloid,  somewhat  embedded  in  the  skin 
Maxillary,  preorbital,  and  tip  of  snout  naked.  Dorsal  spines  low,  strong, 
Bubequal,  the  longest  1  in  head;  soft  dorsal  elevated,  the  longest  ray  2|',i 
in  head;  caudal  long,  subtruncate,  with  rounded  angles,  IJ  in  head;  anal 
very  high,  rounded,  its  middle  rays  2\  in  head;  anal  spines  short  and 
strong,  graduated,  the  second  spine  5  in  head ;  pectorals  short,  not  nearly 
reaching  vent,  1|  in  head;  ventrals  short,  2^  in  head.  Color  in  spirits, 
dusky  brown,  mottled  with  darker;  head,  body,  and  fins  covered  with 
rounded  whitish  blotches,  very  irregular  in  form  and  size,  none  of  them  so 
large  as  the  eye,  these  spots  most  distinct  on  the  body  ;  head,  breast,  and 
branchiostegals  thickly  covered  with  smaller,  round,  dark  spots,  very 
distinct  on  the  jaws  and  on  the  membrane  of  the  maxillary  ;  top  of  head 
with  some  dark  longitudinal  streaks;  pectoral  with  small  black  spots; 
other  fins  blackish,  with  pale  spots  like  those  on  the  boc  y,  but  smaller. 
Rocky  shores  off  the  west  coast  of  Mexico;  known  from  Cape  San  Lucas, 
the  Venados,  and  the  Revillagigedos.  About  the  latter  islands,  Dr.  Gilliei  t 
found  it  in  abundance.  Description  from  a  specimen  14  inches  lon^' 
(U.  S.  N.  M.,  No.  28223.  Socorro  Island.  Coll.  Captain  Nichols),  {pum- 
tatua,  spotted.) 


wm 


1 


,.     (InermiH, 


lea;  (ICntiiku, 


Jordan  and  F.vermatw. — Fishes  of  North  /Imerica.       1101) 


t>trmiilnlet>i» ixinrtalHf,  Oii.i,,  rr<n'  Ac.  N»t  Hi-I.  I'hiln.,  IHOI,  M,  iin«l  IHfl'J,  y.lo,  Cape  San  Lucaa, 
(("i>ll.  XhiiIiih):  .loKiiAN  *  (liMiKRT,  I'ror.  V.  H.  Nut.  Mim.,  Ti'.\  1m|;  .I.iui'an  a  M»  ain,  /.  «., 

4(17,  1HS»;  JcillDAN  ,V  KldKNM  \NK,  I.  r, ,  llVt'i,  1H!K). 
Hpiiniiliilii*  liniiiil'ilrfiiH,  liiii'LENiiKlt,  Cut.,  I,  2&t'i,  \HM;  imiiiii  ii  milmtltillo  lor  imniliUiit,  |>rriH'i:i)< 
|iU>(l  ill  f'(iiH«f  Ae^M. 

505.  MYCTEROPERCA,  (Jill. 

Miji'lrropfren,  Gii.i,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Hcl.  I'lilln.,  IWKI,  HO,  (..//(«•). 

Tii'iilinpit,  Oll.l,,  I'roc-.  Ar.  Nat.  Scl.  I'lillii.,  IHO:.,  lot,  {,'iill,iliii)      r.iio.n.iM). 

I'liiiliiiniihiliiM,  Iti.KKKl'.ii,  S.VHtt'iiiii  I'ciiHriim  Ui'viHiiiM,  ~!'il,  IH7fi,  (iiciWi(<)»/n'«), 

.(n/io/icnii,  .loUDAN  A  KVKIIMANN,  ni'W  HuliK'''lilli«,  {hiiiihmjni), 

Xiislriiixrrii,  .nmiiAN  iV  KVKIIMANN,  luiw  (illli({i'IIIIH,  (ymii/<i/i«). 

Craniiiiii  hioiul  uiid  triiiiHvtMHuly  coiicavo  liotwocti  tlio  eyofl,  its  latnral 
or«Ht8  very  stroiiK,  noaily  |iar!illel  with  tlio  suinaocicipital  orcHt  and 
cxtuiidin^  iMiich  fartlmr  t'(»i\vaitl  than  tlio  latter,  Joining;  t  lio  Niipriiociilnr 
( i«Ht  altovo  tlio «y«,  the Htiiuaocoipital  (urHt  iiotextoiMlin^oii  tli  »fn>ntalH; 
fKintiil  boneH  without  anterior  concavity  or  notch  for  tho  iccoption  of 
the  promaxilhiiicH,  without  proroHHcs  on  tho  upper  Hiirtaco;  lower  jaw 
htroiifjly  projecting;;  anal  fin  elouj^ato,  witli  11  or  12  (in  one  Hpecie.s  !)  or 
10)  Hoft  rayH;  caudal  luiuite;  HpinoH  of  fiiiH  slender,  none  of  them  much 
I'lovatcd;  scales  snuill,  nuiHtly  cycloid,  those  on  the  lateral  lino  simple; 
l)ylorio  co'ca  few;  ;;ill  rakers  variouH;  nostrils  Hiiiall,  and  Huhciiual,  or 
with  tho  posterior  enlarj?ed.  Otherwise  essentially  as  in  I'.^nufitlulnx,  from 
which  ^cnus  Myrtn-oprrvit  is  well  separated  by  tho  structure  of  the 
.skull,*  and  superficially  by  the  lonnor  anal,  laij^er  mouth,  and  more  olon- 
;;ate  body.  Largo  food-lishes  of  the  tropics,  mostly  American,  (ui'kti/ii, 
nostril ;  •nPitKif,  perch,  iu  allusion  to  the  large  divided  posterior  nostril  of 
M.  olj'ax.) 

(1.  NostrilBfluhoqual,  woll  Bopfiratod;  Boalos  rni  lioad  cycloid. 

h.  (iill  rakors  coinpiirativi'ly  few  unil  nliort,  H  to  '.io  below  niiRlo  of  nrcli. 
ARCiiopRRrA  (ap^uf,  anuH;  ntpKti,  inTch;  from  the  IiIkIi,  >ihi>i't  anal  liii): 
c.  Anal  rayn  Iir,  10  (III,  ft  to  111,11),    tlm  llii   lii^li  and  f'alcatu;   liody  df'(>p,  com- 
prcssod;  K'll  rakoi'M  fi  |   15;  Bcale«  !).'>;  uii(jlo  of  iiroupcrclL' slightly  HalionI;  color 
(divo,  with  hlaukiHli  niarkiiif^M;  (Insilark.  uoiii.knqkiu,  10(i2. 

TRISOTBoriK  (rpii?,  tlirco;  Icrd?,  cqnal;  rpoiri?,  kcol): 
cc.  Anal  rayH  III,  11  or  III,  12,  tho  flu  Iodr. 

tl.  Aual  fln  not  unKUlated,  its  oiitlim-  inoro  or  loss  ovonly  roi-ndcd  in  ndnlt  as 

well  as  in  young;  H(pft  parts  of  vertical  tins  rdni'd  witli  Mack  in  life. 

e.  Anglo  of  prcopurcUi  nut  Halicnt,  its  tuuth  Hcai'coly  enlarged;  gill  rakors 

X   1-  8  to  10. 

/.  Oill  rakora  very  few  and  short,  x   |-  8  developed  (liosidos  goirio  nidi- 

nientN);  general  color  pale,  bright  red,  or  graylHh,  with  ruiiiidlsli 

HpotB  or  blotchCM  of  black  or  red  darker  than  tho  gronnd  color; 

tho  blacker  blotches  aloii^  the  middle  of  sldeR  much  larger  ami 

ipiadrato   iu    tho   young;    red   always  present  somewhoro   in   lifo 

(fading  in  spirit.s);  pccturaln  blackish,  iu  the  ailult  broailly  tipped 

with  orange  yellow;  scales  rather  Miiall  (about  125);  caudal  lunate. 

VEKKNO.fA,  l.'lfiS. 

*Thi8  character  is  thus  expressed  by  Dr.  Gill:  "  The  skull  differs  from  that  of  Fpiiiephiliis  by 
til'  wider  interorbital  area;  tho  parallelism  and  contiiiuatinn  of  tho  lateral  crests  forward  to 
till  middle  of  the  orbits,  inclosing  an  elongated  parallelogram,  the  surface  of  which,  especially 
Imiwcou  tho  orbits,  is  more  uniform;  the  absence  of  a  frontiil  crest,  the  simple  curvature  or 
Binightness  of  tho  naso-vomerinu  ridge,  and  absence  of  the  angle  ut  the  suture  hutweuu  the 
iiii-ftlsand  tho  vomer." 

F.N.  A. 75 


I         1-1 


■    ) 

■  «.     .. 


1170 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


y.  Gftncral  color  gray,  with  red  and  black  markingii,  (var.  ventnom). 
fiy.  General  color  scarlet,  wItL  red  and  black  iiiarkingB.  aima,  151;:',,,. 
y.  Gill  rakoni  rather  slender,  about  x  |-  10  (besidoB  several  rudiments i; 
caudal  Bubtruncatc;  nostrils  Hinull. 
g.  Scales  not  very  small  (about  110);  color  dark  olive  gro-jn;  liiden  ■p| 
head  and  body  with  rivulations  of  dark  blui.h  around  roninl- 
ish  uark-bronze  spots,  largo  or  xniall  (these  markinKSKiilijirt 
to  considerable  variation,  fading  in  spirits);  sides  with  datki  r 
qnodijkto  areas. 
2.  Dark  blotches  on  body  rather  largo,  often  iiuadrate. 

DONACI,  iriCI. 

zz.  Dark  iipots  on  body  very  small,  close-set,  of  a  ilucp  lnoii/i 
orange.  xanihosticta,  l,^)t',4,i. 

gg.  Scales  small  (120  to  140);  angle  of  preoperclo  not  salient,  Imt  tln' 
teeth  at  tlio  angle  somewhat  larger;  r;r;iieral  form,  iippcar- 
.'.nce,  and  color  of  M.  honaci.  Color  olive  green;  lieiid  uitli 
numerous  durk-green  streaks  radiittinK  front  eye;  a  ihirk 
mustache  along  maxillary;  body  with  small,  irregular,  durk, 
quadrate  blotches;  flns,  except  pectorals,  mostly  dusky. 

.lOBDANI,  loW. 

ee.  Angle  of  preoperclo  more  or  less  salient,  its  teeth  somewhat  c'nlui":i'd; 

gill  rakers  more  numerous,  x  +  i;j  to  14. 

h.  Scales  very  small  ( ibout  140);   caudal  peduncle  without  black  i-pot; 

interorbital  area  scarcely  concave;  cheeks  without  distinct  Uiisky 

stripes;  commissure  without  yellow;  caudal  dibtiiictly  lunutr;  gill 

rakers  few,  about  12  un  lower  part  of  anterior  arch. 

BIICBOI.EPIS,  I.'iliO. 

Ml.  Scales  rather  small  (about  120);  interorbital  area  channeled;  mifilf  Mf 
preoporcle  little  salient;  body  slender;  caudal  little  concave;  r-'iiiiv 
with  small,  faint  spots  of  darker;  comniissure  with  yellow  giccn. 

INTERSTITIAI.IS,  t.')fi7. 

hhli.  Scales  not  very  small  (about  110);  upper  part  of  body  dark  ludwn, 
the  lower  half  abruptly  })aler;  a  pale  ring  aronnd  the  iiiiidal 
peduncle,  behind  which  is  a  squarish  dark  blotch,  smaller  tliitn 
eye,  at  base  of  upper  rays  of  caudal;  raudal  deeply  liinale; 
teeth  strong.  nuiiDiAn,  1.'>GS. 

dd.  Anal  fln  angulated,  its  middle  rays  much  exscrted,  its  posterior  niar);iji  inn- 
cave;  body  rather  robust;  scales  moderate  (about  110);  caud:\l  liii  siilj- 
truncate;  gill  rakers  about  x  -\- 18;  angle  o"  nreopercle  slightly  sili'iit, 
with  coarser  teeth;  seventh  ray  of  anal  nearly  half  head;  tenth  my  of 
dorsal  somewhat  produced;  color  nearly  plain  dark  olivaceous,  tlie  iilgivs 
of  the  fins  scarcely  darker.  xenarciia.  16611. 

pAREPlNEPllKI.rs  {itapa,  near;  Epinephehis) : 
bb.  Gill  rakers  close-set,  very  long  and  slender,  25  to  35  below  angle  of  arch. 

i.  Caudal  fin  lunate,  its  angles  more  or  less  produced  in  tlic  adu'.t,  the  fln  subtriiiicfttc 
in  the  young;  anal  iin  more  or  Icssangulato  in  the  adult,  rounded  in  theyuung; 
soft  dors  '  Bomowbat  angular;  scales  rather  largo  (lateral  lino  95);  body  rallnr 
deep,  the  snout  sharp;  preoperclo  with  a  salient  angle  which  is  armed  willi 
larger  teeth;  dorsal  spines  low;  gill  rakers  close-sot,  x  +;iO,  tl;'j  longest  7'., iii 
bead;  ventrals  not  reaching  to  vent;  color  olive  gray,  with  darker  roticulatiinif 
around  pale  spots;  fins  not  much  darker  on  their  edges;  a  dark  niustaclie  along 

the  maxillary;  adult  examples  nearly  uniform  brown;  not  known  to  hr  i'  d. 

BVliiiA.  laTii. 

a.  Nostrils  very  close  together,  the  posterior  decidedly  '.arger  than  the  anterior,  and  witli  a 

more  or  less  distinct  horizontal  cross  septum  within;  scales  on  head  cycloid. 
Xystropebca  (^varpov,  a  raker;  iripKi),  perch): 
J.  Gill  rakers  very  numerous,  long  and  slender,  about  24  below  angle  of  arch;  fourtli  dor- 
sal spine  bighoflt;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  high,  l>ut  scarcely  falcate.    Color  grc  iMi, 
with  mauy  round  brown  spots.  pabdaljs,  IftTl. 


Jcrdan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1171 


Mtcteropeboa  : 
j(/.  QUI  rakera  moderate,  fewer  in  number,  0  to  18  below  angle  of  arrli, 

Jt.  Second  dorsal  spine  liigheRt,  its  length  more  than  ^;,  tluit  of  Iwad;  third  Hpinn 
Bt'arcoly  shorter;  caudal  slightly  Annate;  ranino  teeth  inwleriite;  angle  of  pro- 
opercle  not  salient;  unal  fln  angulatod,  its  longest  niys  uliuut  2|;,  in  head,  its 
posterior  margin  concave;  gill  rakers  coarnu  uud  lung,  xl-l.'i;  sculcs  small 
(13-20-x). 
X.  Color  brown,  with  grayish  reticulations  around  brown  spots;  fins  dusky-edged. 

OLFAX,  1572. 
7x.  Color  chiefly  red.  iiuiierrima,  1572<i. 

Ick.  Second  dorsLi  spine  low,  shorter  than  third,  the  third  and  fourth  highest. 
{.  Margin  of  anal  An  posteriorly  concave,  its  middle  rays  much  ex;.3rt<)d. 
m.  Gill  I'akera  rather  numerous,  17  to  20  below  angle  of  arch. 

w.  Outer  rays  of  caudal  scarcely  produced,  not  ;V,  length  of  head;  canine 

teeth  moderate;  angle  of  preoiterde  little  tialient;  scales  small 

(about  130);  color  plain  red;  vertical  tins  without  blnck  edgings; 

gill  rakers  long,  x   h  17.  kosacka,  1573. 

n«.  Outer  •ays  of  caudal  much  produced,  more  than  "X^  length  of  head; 

preoporcle  with  salient  angle;  canino  teeth  strong;  scales  small 

(140);   gill  rakers  about  4  f  20.      Color  brownish,  with  small 

darker  spots;  vertical  fins  broadly  edfr'  J  with  blackisli, 

X.  Upper  canines  directed  strongly  forward,  the  lower  backward; 

.".oloration  obscure.  falcata,  1574. 

XX.  Upper  canines  nearly  vertical;  coloration  paler  and  brighter. 

riiENAX,  1574a. 
mm.  Gill  rakers  few,  8  below  angle  of  arch;  caudal  well  forked,  the  outer  rays 
1%  in  head;  preoi)ercle  without  salient  angle.    Color  uniform  (live 
brown,  the  vertical  flns  dark-edged.    Size  very  large. 

VEfJADORUM,  1575. 

II.  Margin  of  anal  fln  not  concave  posterio.'ly,  the  outline  of  the  flu  rounded  or 

slightly  angular. 

o.  Gill  rakers  rather  few,  x  -|- 12;  body  without  dark  cross  bars,  covered  with 

grayish  reticulationu  around  small  round  spots,  these  not  evident  on 

lieud;  aual  fin  rounded;  prcoperclo  with  a  salient  angle;  caudal  deeply 

lunate;  scales  moderate  (latera)  lino  90  to  100);  form  rather  robust; 

anal  fln  not  angulatc.  calliura,  1570. 

oo.  Gill  rak"r«  very  few,  short,  and  thick,  about  x  -|-  G;  body  olive  or(var. 

canwfojjardnlwi)  bright  red,  with  light  and  dark  cross  bars,  these  often 

becoming  obsolete  with  age;  head  usually  with  distinct  reticulations 

around  yellowish  ipots;  anal  fin  with  angular  margin,  subtruncate 

posteriorly;   preopercle  without  salient  angle;  scales  rather  small 

(lateral  line  133);  form  rather  robust. 

X.  Ground  color  dark  olive.  Tigris,  1577. 

XX,  Ground  color  bright  red.  cAHELorARUALis,  1577a. 


Subgenus  ARCHOPERCA,  Jordan  k  Ev-rmann. 
1562.  MYCTEROPERCA  BOl  LENGKRI,  Jonlan  &  Starks. 


■'I 


-I 


P  % 


Ji 


!     ||l 

'     llil 
'     I  I' 


(Cabrii.la  de  Raizero  ;  Manouovf  Grouper.) 


Head  2*  to  2(1  in  length ;  depth  2-^  to  3,  Dorsal  XT,  15  (14  to  16);  anal 
III,  9  to  III,  11 ;  scales  about  19-90  to  9o-38 ;  snout  3i  in  head  ;  maxillary 
2.^;  eye  5i;  pectoral  If;  ventral  1| ;  anal  ray  1|;  caudal  1^.  Longest 
dorsal  spine  2^.  Gill  rakers  short,  about  6 -{-17,  the  longest  about  \  in 
eye.    Longest  dorsal  ray  2.     Body  short  and  deep,  compressed.    Plead 


IK 


i 


1172  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 

moderate,  compressed,  its  profile  not  steep,  nearly  straight,  a  depression 
before  eye.  Upper  caniuen  moderate,  scarcely  differentiated,  the  lower 
quite  small.  Teeth  in  2  irregular  rows  laterally,  a  larger  number  m  front . 
Nostrils  small,  well  separated,  the  anterior  slightly  larger.  Lower  juw 
very  strongly  projecting.  Maxillary  reaching  opposite  posterior  edge  of 
pupil,  or  a  little  farther.  Preoperclo  slightly  notched,  the  angle  slightly 
salient,  with  somewhat  enlarged  teeth,  the  serrations  all  weak.  Dorsal 
scarcely  notched,  the  fourth  spine  not  elevated,  the  spines  all  subequal 
except  the  first.  Second  dorsal  high  and  long,  its  median  rays  forniin„' 
a  conspicuous  angle,  its  posterior  border  somewhat  concave,  rounded. 
Caudal  scarcely  lunate,  the  upper  lobe  slightlj-  exserted,  the  lower  trun- 
cate. Anal  very  high,  strongly  faL^ute,  its  posterior  border  incised,  tlu; 
anterior  rounded.  Pectoral  and  ventral  moderate,  almost  coterminous. 
Anal  spines  graduated.  Scales  smoothish,  not  very  small.  Color:  Olivo 
gray,  covered  everywhere  with  oblong,  irregular  markings  of  black, 
between  which  the  ground  color  foruis  rivulations;  color  of  adult.s 
fainter,  with  smaller  spots ;  gi-ay  lines  radiating  from  the  eye;  a  black- 
ish blotch  behind  maxillary ;  pectoral  olive  yellow;  other  fins  blackish, 
clouded  with  pale;  first  dorsal  with  faint,  small,  black  spots;  caudal 
with  a  very  narrow,  pale  margin  ;  none  on  other  fins.  Length  15  inches. 
A  small  species,  rather  common  in  the  astillero  or  estuary  at  Mazatlan, 
with  Mifctcropcfca  jordatii,  which  it  nmch  resembles  in  color,  dift'ering  in 
form  and  in  the  short,  high  anal.  This  species  has  the  coloration  and 
form  of  Myctcropcrca,  with  a  short  anal  fin,  scarcely  longer  than  in 
Epineph€ht8.  The  character  of  the  skull  is  somewhat  intermediate,  but 
on  the  whole  nearest  Mycteroperca.  The  supraoccipital  and  parietal  crests 
are  high,  the  former  extending  forward  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
orbit ;  parietal  crests  parallel  with  each,  and  extending  forward  to  pupil ; 
interorbital  space  concave.  (Named  for  Dr.  George  Albert  Boulengei, 
the  accomplished  ichthyologist  of  the  British  Museum,  in  recognition 
of  his  admirable  work  on  the  Serranidce,  in  the  Catalogue  of  Teleostean 
Fishes.) 

Mycteroperca  hmlewjeii,  .Torban  &  Stauks,  Fishes  of  Sinatoa,  in  rrc^.  Cnl.  Ac.  Sci.,  189.5,  445,  pi. 
38,  Mazatlan.     (Type,  No.  47481.     Coll.  Hopkins  Kxjiedition  to  Mazatlan.) 


H 


I   1 


Subgenus  TRISOTROPIS,  Oill. 
16«8.  MYCTEKOPERCA  VENENOSA  (Linnw. .). 
(BocKFiBii ;  Yeli.(i\v-finnbd  CiROUPKn;  BoNAd  i>e  Pikihia.) 

Head2f  (3});  depth  3  (3,f);  eye  small,  7  in  head  (adult).  D.  XI,  Hi; 
A.  Ill,  11 ;  scales  24-125-x.  T3ody  rather  robust,  not  strongly  com- 
pressed; head  rather  bluntish,  its  anterior  ^/lofile  a  little  uneven. 
Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  much  beyond  eye,  2  in  head ;  teeth 
in  rather  narrow  bands,  each  jaw  with  2  .strong  canines,  which  are  not 
directed  forward ;  nostrils  moderate,  close  together,  the  posterior  largest, 
Interorbital  space  flat,  broad,  5  in  head.  Preopercle  without  salient 
angle,  its  emargination  slight.  Scales  rather  small,  chiefly  cycloid. 
Dorsal  spines  not  very  weak,  the  outline  of  the  fin  gently  convex,  the 


Sci.,  1895,  44ri,  jil. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  Norih  America.      1173 


second  spine  about  as  long  as  tenth,  the  highest  3  in  head;  caudal  lin 
lunate,  che  inner  rays  1^  in  outer,  which  are  \\  in  hoa«l ;  anal  rounded, 
rather  low,  the  longest  rays  24  in  head;  pectorals  reaching  well  beyond 
tips  of  ventrals,  2  in  head.  Pyloric  c<nca  15  to  20  (,Poey.)  Color  in  life 
(adult):  Clear  olive  green,  livid  bluish  or  pearly  below  (grayish  below 
in  spirits) ;  upper  parts  marked  everywhere  with  broad  reticulations, 
and  curved  blotches  of  bright,  clear  light  green  ;  these  reticulations 
most  distinct  on  the  upper  part  of  the  head ;  a  greenish  blotch  on 
shoulder  before  dorsal;  entire  body  and  head  covered  with  round 
orange-brown  spots  (becoming  brown  in  spirits)  about  as  large  as  the 
nostrils,  the  centers  darkest ;  these  spots  largest  and  least  nuTuerous 
above  ;  angle  of  mouth  orange  within  ;  iris  orange ;  breast  slightly  rosy, 
grayish  in  spiri+s  ;  dorsal  olive  brown,  with  whitish  blotches  and  a  very 
few  dark  spots;  soft  dorsal,  anal,  caudal,  and  ventrals  broadly  edged 
with  blackish,  the  caudal  with  more  spots,  these  fins  otherwise  colored 
like  the  dorsal  fin ;  pectoral  olivaceous,  its  tip  yellow,  its  base  spotted. 
Length  3  feet.  Bahamas,  Florida  Keys,  and  southward ;  generally  com- 
mon in  rocky  places ;  hero  described  from  a  specimen  from  Key  West. 
(ffiHeH08u«,  venemous,  the  flesii  being  sometimes  poisonous.) 

Verca  manna  vei'.eHOna,  tho  Rockflsh,  Catesby,  Nat.  Hist.  Fishes  Carolina,  etc.,  n,  tab.  5,  1743, 

Bahamas. 
Perca  rencnosa,  LiNNiF.us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  292,  Bahamas;  iiftur  Catespv. 
Seiraitm iielrimis,  PoEY,  Memorias,  ii,  130,  18(10.  Havana. 

Mijderoperca  vcncnoHa,  .'ordan  &  Swain,  /.  c,  373,  1884;  Jordan  &  Kioknmann,  /.  c,  3(19,  189(). 
Tiisolropis pelrosus,  Jordan  &  Giliieut,  Synopsis,  918,  1883. 
Epiwphelua  veiieiwsus,  Boulenoeu,  Cut.,  i,  259. 

Represented  in  deep  water  by  the  red  form  or  subspecies 

1563a.  MYCTEROPEltCA  YENENOSA  APIIA  (Blu' h). 
(Bonaci  Cardenai,.) 

Head  2J ;  depth  3;  eye  small,  5^  in  head  (young).  D.  XI,  16 ;  A.  Ill,  11 ; 
scales  24-121-x.  Body  rather  short  and  deep,  rather  strongly  compressed. 
Head  rather  bluntish,  the  anterior  profile  rather  strongly  jid  regularly 
arched ;  mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  past  the  eye,  2i  in 
head  (in  young).  Lower  jaw  projecting,  but  rather  less  prominent  than 
usual  in  Mycteroperca.  Teeth  moderate,  in  rather  narrow  bands ;  both 
jaws  with  2  moderate  canines  in  front,  the  upper  larger  and  not  directed 
forward.  Nostrils  3lose  together,  subequal  Interorbital  space  llattish 
or  slightly  concave,  its  width  6  in  head.  Preopercle  withoi;";  salient 
iiugle,  its  emarginstion  very  slight,  the  teeth  below  the  notch  slightly 
enlarged.  Scales  rather  small,  chiefly  cycloid.  Dorsal  spines  not  very 
slender,  the  second  spine  as  long  as  tenth ;  the  third  and  fourth  highest, 
3/;  in  head ;  caudal  fin  slightly  lunate,  the  outer  rays  a  little  longer  than 
inner,  1^  in  head;  anal  rather  high,  somewhat  rounded,  the  longest  rays 
If,  in  head ;  pectorals  about  reaching  tips  of  ventrals.  If  in  head.  The 
color  varies  much  with  age  and  probably  also  with  the  depth  of  water : 

(a)  Color  in  life  of  an  adult  example  about  2i  feet  in  length ;  Very  dark 
everywhere,  sparsely  covered  with  round  spots,  which  are  black  on  the 


♦  J. 


^! 


■i 


,    ' 


n 


(       <! 


1174  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


body  and  red  on  the  belly ;  month  red  within  ;  pectoral  broadly  edged 
with  orange  red,  otherwise  ]»lain  ;  no  other  bright  colors  anywhere;  sofi 
parts  of  vertical  fins  largely  black. 

(/')  Color  in  life  of  an  example  about  2  feet  in  length :  Intense  scarlet  red 
above,  grayer  below  ;  above,  small  black  spots ;  below,  larger  red  ones ; 
base  of  dorsal  and  caudal  deep  red;  edge  of  dorsal,  caudal,  and  anal  black; 
pectoral  spotted  at  base,  then  blackish,  thence  broadly  yellow. 

(c)  Color  in  life  of  specimens  8  inches  in  length :  Scarlet  brown  above, 
the  color  varying  from  vermilion  to  gray,  becoming  grayish  in  spirits ; 
sides  light  gray  ;  the  ground  color  forming  rivulations  around  quadrate 
blotches  of  black  ;  belly  and  lower  part  of  head  scarlet ;  blotches  above 
and  on  sides  black ;  the  upper  ocellated  with  red ;  those  on  sides,  below 
lateral  lino,  presenting  the  appearance  of  interrupted  horizontal  bands; 
the  blotches  below  all  vermilion,  separated  V»y  rivulations  of  ground  color; 
lower  jaw  yellowish,  with  red  blotches;  pectorals  yellow  ;  the  tins  other- 
wise all  marbled  with  red  and  black ;  the  vertical  fins  with  grayish  rivu- 
lations, edged  Avith  black  and  tipped  with  white.  In  spirits  the  scarlet 
and  red  above  become  gray,  the  vermilion  below,  whitish.  With  age  the 
large  quadrate  blotches  on  the  sides  and  below  gradually  break  up  into 
smaller  s)>ots,  and  in  time  the  coloration  of  a  and  h  is  reached.  West 
Indies,  Florida  Keyb,  and  southward  to  Brazil,  in  deeper  water  than  the 
true  vcneiiosHs,  from  which  only  the  color  separates  it.  Whether  this  and 
similar  color  forms  should  be  regarded  as  subspecies,  as  distinct  species, 
or  should  be  totally  ignored  in  systematic  literature  is  a  question  not 
easily  settled.  For  the  present  we  let  them  stand  as  subspecies,  but  do 
not  regard  this  view  of  the  case  as  satisfactory.  We  have  never  seen  a 
specimen  intermediate  between  apua  and  venenoaa,  nor  can  any  doubt 
exist  in  the  determination  of  specimens.  {Apua  or  Jpia,  a  Brazilian  name ; 
Pirati  apia,  according  to  Marcgrave.) 

Pirali  apia,  Marcoravg,  Hist.  Qrasil,  1048,  158,  Brazil. 

Bodiaimii  apua,  Bi.ocii,  Ichth.,  vii,  37,  taf.  229, 1790,  Brazil  (after  a  drawing  by  Princo  Mauriio 

of  Nassau— the  Hamo  used  by  Marcgrave). 
Bonacl  cnnUnal,  Paiira,  Piezas  de  Hist.  Nat.  Cuba,  29,  pi.  xvi,  1787,  Havana, 
Juhuim  giillatiif,  Bloch  &  SciiMEiUER,  Syst.  Itbthyol.,  77,  1801  (after  Parba). 
Bodianus  iiiarginaltin,  Bi.ocii  &  Scuneider,  /.  c,  3IJ1  (after  Marcgrave). 
Serramis  vardinnlin,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ii,  378, 1828  (after  Parra). 
Setratim  rnpenlrui,  OuviKR  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  437,  1833,  San   Domingo; 

Gl'.NTHER,  Cat.,  1,  145,  1859. 
TrUotro^iis  cardinalis,  PoEY,  Eiiumeratio,  13,  1875. 

Mijcleroperca  venenosa  yiUtata,  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  375, 
Mycteroperca  venenosa  apua,  Jordan  &  Eiqknmann,  {.  c,  :{70,  1890. 


1664.  MTCTEBOPEBCA  BUNACI  (Posy). 
(BoNAcl  Abara  ;  Black  Grouper  ;  Aouaji.) 

Head2f ;  depth  3J;  eye  moderate,  6  in  head  (young).  D.  XI,  16  to  18; 
A.  lil,  11  or  12;  scales  18-120  to  125-50,  pores  70  to  85.  Body  conipaia- 
tively  slender,  a  little  more  robust  than  in  M.  mia'olepia,  its  breadth  2*  in 
its  depth ;  head  moderate,  rather  pointed,  its  anterior  profile  little  curved ; 


rincc  Miuirii  !• 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1175 

mouth  rather  largo,  the  maxillary  reaching  ulightly  beyond  eye,  1);  in 
head  (in  young),  proportionately  lunger  in  adult;  maxillary  with  cycloid 
HcaleH.  Teeth  in  rather  narrow  bandH  ;  two  rather  strong  canines  directed 
little  forward  in  front  of  each  jaw.  Interorbital  space  slightly  convex, 
its  width  (i  in  head.  Preopercle  forming  a  regular  curve  without  salient 
angle,  the  emargination  near  the  angle  very  slight.  Nostrils  small, 
roundish,  subeiiual ;  not  very  close  together.  Gill  rakers  few  and  long, 
10  to  12  besides  rudiments  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Scales  rather 
small,  chiefly  cycloid;  dorsal  spines  comparatively  slender  and  weak,  the 
outline  of  the  tin  gently  convex  ;  the  tenth  spine  about  as  long  as  second; 
third  and  fourth  spines  longest,  3^^  in  head ;  caudal  fin  truncate  when 
spread  open,  its  outer  rays  a  very  little  produced,  1.^  in  head ;  anal  rather 
high  and  rounded,  its  longest  rays  2i  in  head ;  pectoral  reaching  slightly 
beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  li^,r  in  head.  Ventrals  short,  not  reaching  vent. 
Pyloric  ca3ca  15.  Color  in  life,  deep  orange  brown,  more  olive  on  the  back, 
clouded  above  by  paler  or  grayish ;  sides  and  belly  marked  everywhere 
by  reticulations  of  pearly  gray,  which  surround  roundish  or  oblong  spots 
of  the  ground  color,  the  pale  streaks  being  largely  horizontal  on  the  sides ; 
sides  of  the  head  similarly  marked,  the  spots  smaller,  bronze  brown,  the 
reticulations  decidedly  bluish ;  6  or  7  spots  in  a  straight  line  between  eye 
and  preopercle,  the  spots  having  nearly  the  diameter  of  the  pupil;  spots 
on  the  body  mostly  covering  4  to  6  scales,  all  of  them  larger  than  a  scale ; 
dorsal  olive  brown,  somewhat  mottled  ;  caudal  similar  to  dorsal,  narrowly 
edged  with  whitish ;  anal  similar,  with  2  or  3  rows  of  bluish  spots,  its 
tips  blackish,  with  a  narrow  whitish  edge ;  pectorals  olive  brown,  plain ; 
ventrals  blackish,  the  rays  bluish.  Mouth  not  green,  the  lips  olive, 
barred  witli  bluish  ;  iris  reddish.  Here  described  from  a  specimen  11^ 
inches  long,  from  Key  West,  k  large  specimen,  about  2i  feet  in  length, 
seen  at  Key  West,  retained  the  same  general  coloration,  the  bronze  spots 
and  rivulations  being  distinct  and  not  smaller  than  in  the  young.  In 
spirits  the  orange  brown  of  the  body  is  replaced  by  dark  brown,  and  the 
blue  reticulations  of  the  head,  by  gray ;  all  the  markings  become  more 
faint.  Length  2  to  3  feet;  maximum  weight  50  pounds.  West  Indies, 
Pensacola  to  Brazil ;  abundant  about  Key  West,  where  it  is  known  aa 
Black  Grouper,  being  the  only  species  to  which  that  name  is  applied. 
The  young  are  taken  along  the  shore  in  the  seine.  The  species  is  equally 
common  at  Havana.     {Bonaci,  the  Cuban  name  for  the  species.) 

Serranns  bonaci,  PoEY,  Meniorias,  ir,  129,  1860,  Cuba. 

Serraitut  brwiueus,  Poey,  Momorias,  ii,  131,  1860,  Havana. 

Serrauiu  arard,  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  132,  1860;  not  of  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

Sierranus  decimalis,  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  138,  1860,  Cuba;  spvciiucn  with  lOdorsal  spines. 

Triaulropis (ujitaJi,VoEY,  Kepertorio,  ii,  2-9,  1868,  Havana. 

Serramu  cychpomatiia,  PoEY,  Memori:v8,  ii.  353,  1861,  Cuba. 

Serramu  lalejiktus,  PoEY,  Memorias,  ii,  353, 1861,  Cuba. 

'Vrisotropis  bmitci,  Poey,  Synopsis,  283,  1868. 

Epinephelm  bonaci,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  124;  Boulenqer,  Cat.,  i,  266. 

^Tycteroperca  bmiaci,  Jordan  &  Swain,  I.  c,  1884,  370;  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  370, 1890. 

Truotropit  bntnnetw,  PoKY,  Synopsis,  1868,  284;  Jordan  &  Qilbert,  Syuopsis,  1883,  638. 


'ii 


1 
i.  ■ 


t;; 


.1   1 


i-\ 


% 


t,  1 


I 


A]  1 


1176 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum, 


Reiiteauutc'l  in  deeper  water  oil"  Flori»la  by 

ir.Hla.  MlCTEltOI'KUCA  HONACI  XANTIIOSTUTA,  Jordan  A  Swain 

Head  3 ;  depth  3 ;  eye  %  in  head  (adult).  D.  XI,  17 ;  A.  Ill,  12 ;  scaUjs 
22-ll()-x.  Body  comparatively  robust,  formed  much  aH  in  M.  vvnvnom. 
Head  large,  its  auterior  profile  little  curved,  the  snout  not  very  acute. 
3i  in  head.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  eye,  l,',  in 
head  (in  adult).  Teeth  in  moderate  bands;  2  strong,  nearly  vertical 
canines  in  front  of  each  Jaw.  luterorbital  space  strongly  convex,  its 
breadth  4i  in  head.  Preoperclo  forming  a  regular  curve,  without  salient 
angle,  the  emarginatiou  near  its  angle  very  slight.  Nostrils  roundisli, 
close  together,  subequal.  Scales  rather  small,  chiefly  cycloid.  Dorsal 
spines  rather  slender  and  low,  the  third  spine  '6'i,  in  head  ;  caudal  fin  sub- 
truncate  when  spread  open,  its  outer  rays  very  slightly  produced,  IJ  in 
head  ;  the  rays  of  the  fin  projecting  slightly  beyond  the  membranes ;  anal 
high  and  lounded,  its  longest  rays  2*  in  lieud ;  pectoral  reaching  slightly 
beyond  tips  of  veutrals  2f  in  head.  Color  of  fresh  specimen,  rather  bright 
dark  purplish  gray,  scarcely  paler  below ,  rather  darkest  along  top  of 
head  and  sides  of  back;  chin  dark;  a  few  obscure  paler  rivulations  on 
belly,  sides,  and  especially  on  breast ;  head  and  body  everywhere  covered 
very  evenly  with  round,  close-set  spots  of  a  bright  bronze  orange ;  these 
spots  mostly  broader  than  the  interspaces,  and  with  an  average  diameter 
about  equal  to  that  of  a  nostril,  obscure  on  lower  part  of  head  and  body, 
but  traces  of  such  spots  almost  everywhere;  spots  most  distinct  on  head, 
and  covering  the  dark  part  of  the  eye;  on  the  lower  jaw  the  spots  arc 
oblong  and  more  closely  set ;  about  23  spots  in  a  straight  line  from  eye  to 
angle  of  preopercle ;  spots  on  the  body  usually  arranged  one  to  each 
scale,  the  average  diameter  being  considerably  less  than  that  of  a  scale. 
none  on  body  as  large  as  the  scale ;  bases  of  pectoral,  anal,  and  caudal  simi- 
larly spotted;  dorsal  dark  olive  brown,  the  distal  half  of  the  soft  dorsal 
black;  caudal  and  anal  colored  like  the  soft  dorsal,  the  black  on  the  cau- 
dal paler,  the  latter  without  the  narrow  pale  edge  of  the  dorsal  and  anal ; 
pectorals  and  ventrals  brownish,  blackish  toward  the  tips,  the  pectoral 
with  a  grayish  edge  and  no  yellow;  a  dusky  mustache  on  preorbital. 
along  edge  of  maxillary ;  membrane  of  region  concealed  by  maxilluiv 
covered  with  very  bright  orange  spots;  angle  of  mouth  on  lower  jaw 
largely  yellowish  green,  with  some  dull  orange  Length  1  feet.  Snapper 
Banks  off  Pensacola  ;  scarce.     {^av66^,  yellow;  aTiKT6(j,  spotted.) 

Mycleroperca  botiaci  ximthosticla,  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  371,  PensacoUi, 
(Cull.  Jordan  &  Stearns);  Jobdan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  370,  18'J0. 

1565.  aiYCTUKOPERCA  JOBDANI  (Jenkins  &  Evermanu). 
(Cabrilla  dk  Astilleko;  Baya.) 

Head2f  to2i;  depth  3Ho3f;  eye  6i  to  7J  in  head;  snout  3i  to  3'. 
D.  XI,  16  or  17;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  20-120  to  135-43;  maxillary  2J ; 
pectoral  If  to  If ;  ventral  2  to  2^^ ;  fourth  dorsal  spine  2 J  to  3 ;  soft  dorsal 
rays  2^  to  2i;  longest  anal  ray  2^;  caudal  lobes  If  to  1|  in  head;  gill 


'I 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1177 


rakerH3-}-10  or  11,  ubort,  tlio  longest  baruly  longer  than  pnpil.  Body 
niodui'utoly  elongate,  conipreuHed.  Heiid  low,  large,  profile  anteriorly  a 
little  convex,  depressed  before  eye.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lower  jaw  very 
prominent;  canines  in  both  jaws  ratlier  strong.  Nostrils  well  separated, 
siibetiual.  i'reopercle  scarcely  notched,  the  angle  not  salient ;  the  teeth 
at  angle  scarcely  enlarged.  First  dorsal  low,  scarcely  notched,  the  fourth 
spine  not  elongate.  Soft  dorsal  moderate,  rounded:  caudal  truncate  or 
very  slightly  rounded,  becoming  concave  with  age;  anal  high,  anteriorly 
rounded,  not  falcate  but  with  a  sharp  angle,  its  posterior  border  not 
incised ;  second  anal  spine  shorter  than  third,  ti  in  head.  Pectorals  mod- 
erate; ventrals  shortish.  Color  olive  gray,  blackish  above,  with  obscuro 
clouds  of  darker  olive  in  the  form  of  diliuse  dark  blotches,  these  oblong, 
quadrate,  and  arranged  in  4  series;  lower  parts  pale  olive;  sides  of  head 
with  wavy  blackish  streaks;  a  black  mustache  behind  maxillary;  lower 
side  of  head  clouded  ;  lower  lip  greenish  ,  inside  of  month  pale;  pectorals 
reddish  green,  without  pale  edge  ;  other  tins  blackish,  the  soft  dorsal  and 
caudal  narrowly  edged  with  whitish;  a  little  dull  red  on  lower  edge  of 
anal  and  caudal.*  Length  2  to  3  feet,  (julf  of  California;  common  in 
bays  and  sheltered  waters;  not  seen  about  rocks;  here  described  from 
specimens  from  Mazatlau ;  a  food-lish  of  importance  at  Uuaymas  and 
Mazatlan.     (Named  for  David  Starr  Jordan.) 

V.\nne\thrXm  jorAunx,  Jenkins  &  Eveiimann,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  18«8,  140,  Guaymas,  (Type, 

No.  ;!9G'.!8.    Coll.  .roiikiiis  &  Evormanii);  Jt()i'i,KN(iKii,t  Cat.,  i,  '2C;i. 
Myeleropena  jonlani,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  371,  1890;  Eveumann  A  .Ik.skinh,  I'loc.  U.  8. 

Nat.  Mijs.,  1891,  1415,  j)!.  i,  lig.  2. 


15««.  MYCTKKOPKKCA  MICROLEPIS  (Kuodo  &  liouu). 

(Gau  ;  AorAji.) 

Head  2i  ;  depth  3i ;  eye  moderate,  6^  in  head  (young).  D.  XI,  16  to  19 ; 
A.  Ill,  11;  scales  24-140  to  145-50  to  GO,  pores  88  to  95.  Body  compara- 
tively elongate,  compressed,   its  greatest  width  2i  in  greatest  depth. 

*  The  following  Ih  tlio  original  description  of  this  BpecieH,  slightly  condonscd:  Head  2.0  in 
body  to  baxe  of  caudal  (3.1  in  total);  depth  3.6  in  body;  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  8.8;  dornal 
XI,  17;  anal  111,11;  scales  very  small,  ciowded,  about  20-160-40.  Body  comparatively  elongate, 
compresHed.  Ilead  long,  lower  jaw  protruding,  maxillary  extending  but  slightly  beyond  the  eye 
in  the  smaller  8i)ecimeu8  and  not  at  all  in  tlii!  larger  ones;  eye  7.2  in  head,  the  iuterorbitul 
Kpaco  0  in  head.  Preopercle  slightly  emarginate  above  the  angle  and  on  lower  limb  below  the 
angle;  the  serrni  above  the  angle  very  line,  at  the  angle  stronger,  the  lower  limb  entire.  Nos- 
trils not  very  near  together.  iJistanco  between  them  8  in  longer  diameter  t)f  eye;  the  anterior 
circular,  with  a  flap;  posterior  elliptical  and  not  more  than  twice  tho  diameter  of  the  anterior. 
Gill  rakers  of  anterior  arch  rather  short,  the  longest  about  2  in  c/e;  about  9 developed  and  2 
rudimentary  ones  on  lower  branch,  one  in  the  angle,  2  well  dcvelo]  ed  on  ujiper  branch,  with  a 
few  others  rudimentary.  Teeth  on  lower  jaw  in  about  2  scries,  l;tterally  strong;  on  upper  jaw 
Keveral  strong  teeth  intermingled  with  many  small  ones;  two  prominent  canines  in  each  jaw. 
Caudal  fin  very  slightly  lunate,  the  outer  rays  scarcely  longer  than  inner,  2  in  head;  pectorals 
reaching  beyond  the  tip  of  ventrals,  .5  in  body  and  1.9  in  head;  ventral  flu  shorter  than  the 
pectoral,  6.25  in  the  body,  its  spine  4  in  head;  the  first  3  spines  of  the  dorsal  graduated,  the  first 
8.8,  the  second  4.26,  the  third  3.3,  in  head;  the  tenth  spine  4,  and  the  eleventh  ;!.8,  in  bead. 
The  longest  soft  ray,  the  sixth,  2.3  in  head;  origin  of  dorsal  a  littlo  less  than  length  of  head 
from  tip  of  snout;  anal  spines  graduated,  the  first  14.4,  the  second  6  4,  the  third  5.2,  in  head, 
the  fin  evenly  rounded,  the  longest  soft  ray  2.3,  and  the  last  4.8,  in  head.  Color  inalcoliol,  much 
as  in  JC.  honaci,  I'oey,  brown,  with  irregular  darker  mottlingaof  considerable  size,  but  varying 
much;  bslly  paler;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  of  the  general  color  of  the  body,  ttio  anal  having  the 
lower  edge  pale,  the  outer  margin  not  evidently  darker;  ventrals  black  with  the  tip  white;  pec- 
t-^.ttls  paler. 

t  By  error  credited  by  Dr.  Bouleuger  to  Jordan  &  Bvermaun,  instead  of  to  Jenkins  &  Evermann. 


.   '!    i 


'  N 


:il.: 


1178 


Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


Head  l<>ng,  rather  pointed,  compreHHed,  its  anterior  profile  comparatively 
evenly  curved  and  not  niiicli  arched;  mouth  comparatively  liirj^t^ 
the  maxillary  extending  (in  the  young  a  foot  long)  slightly  beyond  the 
eye,  ita  length  12^  in  head.  In  the  adult  the  maxillary  iu  proportionately 
longer,  about  half  head;  teeth  in  rather  narrow  bandu;  each  juw  \vitli 
two  canineH,  the  upper  rather  large  and  directed  little  forward,  the  lower 
rather  Hmall,  Interorbital  space  slightly  convex,  7  in  head.  Uill  rukeis 
few,  about  12  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Preopercle  with  a  shallow 
emargiuation  above  the  angle,  which  is  somewhat  salient  and  armed  witli 
radiating  serrte  considerably  larger  than  those  on  the  upper  limb,  whicli 
are  very  fine.  Nostrils  small,  rounded,  subeiiual,  not  very  close  tcgether. 
Scales  very  small,  chiefly  cycloid.  Dorsal  spines  comparatively  slendri 
and  weak,  the  outline  of  the  tin  gently  convex  ;  the  tenth  spine  about  as 
long  as  second;  third  and  fourth  spines  longest,  3^  in  head  ;  caudal  dis- 
tinctly lunate,  the  outer  rays  ^  longer  than  the  inner,  1}  in  head ;  anal 
rather  high,  its  posterior  margin  convex,  the  longest  ray  2Jt  in  head,  tlio 
spines  small,  graduated ;  pectoral  reaching  slightly  beyond  tips  of  ven 
trals,  2  in  head.  Shade  of  color  variable,  those  found  in  shallow  wutur 
being  lighter  and  nmre  variegated.  Specimens  from  deep  water  are  plain 
brownish  gray,  paler  below,  with  no  distinct  spots  or  rivulattons,  but 
faint  traces  of  darker  spotting,  which  disappear  in  spirits ,  a  faint  mus- 
tache ;  lips  not  green ;  dorsal  dark  olive,  the  tip  of  soft  part  blue  black, 
its  edge  narrowly  white;  caudal  black,  with  bright-blue  shadings,  its 
edge  white;  anal  deep  indigo  blue,  olive  at  base,  its  edge  white ;  pec- 
torals olive,  dusky  toward  the  tip;  veutrals  blackish,  the  first  ray  tipped 
with  white.  Specimens  taken  in  shallow  water  among  grass  are  gret-n 
olive,  mottled  with  darker  green,  and  variously  clouded,  but  without 
spots  or  rivulations ;  mustache  black ;  fins  colored  as  above,  distinctly 
bluish ;  radiating  streaks  of  bluish  from  eye ;  all  the  blue  markings  ut' 
life  fade  more  or  less  into  dusky  or  grayish  in  spirits.  Length  2  to  ;{ 
feet.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast  of  United  States,  north  to  Beaufort, 
North  Carolina,  and  Pensacola;  not  known  from  the  West  Indies.  Tliis 
species  ranges  farther  north  on  our  coasts  than  any  other  of  the  Epinepht- 
Ihiw  except  Epinephelus  morio.  It  reaches  a  weight  of  about  50  pounds. 
Along  the  coast  of  Florida  it  is  generally  abundant  on  the  banks  ami 
reefs,  and  is  an  important  food-fish.     (/iiKpog,  small;  ?.emc,  scale.) 

IVimtrdpu  microlepi»,  GoouE  &,  Bkan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  141,  West  Florida,  (Tyin, 
Nor.  5137((;  6137b.     Coll.  Kaiser  &  Martiu);  Jordan  &  Gimieut,  Synopsis,  538,  1883. 

Trisolropis  sloiiiias,  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  427,  Pensacola;  Key  West, 
(Typo,  Nob.  21330,  26561,  26587.    Coll.  Stearns);  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  918,  971. 

Kpi)iej)helii8  viiorolepity  JoRUAN,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  124;  Boulgnoer,  Cat.,  i,  260. 

Mycteroperca  microlepis,  Jordan  &  Swain,  I.  c,  367,  1884;  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  371,  ls!"i. 

lfi«7.  HYCTEROPERCA  INTERSTITIALI8  (Poey). 

Head  2f ;  depth  H  ;  eye  large,  H  in  head.  D.  XI,  16  or  17 ;  A.  Ill,  12 , 
scales  20-120-x.  Body  more  slender  than  in  any  other  of  the  specit's 
here  described ;  its  greatest  width  half  its  greatest  depth ;  head  not  very 
acute,  the  anterior  profile  rather  strongly  curved,  somewhat  gibbous 


:!Hi 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1179 


:*  ft 


•  1 


above  the  eyes;  mouth  inoilerato,  the  maxillary  roachiiif;  Hlightly  Iteyoml 
eye,  2i  in  Iiuiul ;  teeth  in  narrow  ItandH  ;  2  strong  oanint>H  in  tlie  front  of 
each  jaw,  tliose  of  the  npper  Jaw  nearly  vertical ;  nostrils  rather  small, 
snbequal,  nearly  roiintl ;  interorhittil  space  slightly  concave,  its  width  5^ 
in  head  ;  the  orbital  ridges  elevated.  I'reopercle  with  a  moderate  cmar- 
gination,  its  angle  a  little  salient,  with  slightly  coarser  teeth  ;  gill  rakers 
rather  few,  abunt  17  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Scales  rather  small, 
chiefly  cycloid.  Dorsal  spines  rather  slender  and  weak,  the  outline  of 
the  tin  gently  convex;  the  second  spine  slightly  longer  than  the  tenth, 
the  third  and  fourth  longest,  3^  in  head  ;  unal  rather  high,  jmsteriorly 
ronnded,  2  in  head  ;  caudal  tin  a  little  concave,  the  inner  rays  \\  in  outer, 
which  are  1|  in  head;  pectorals  reaching  tips  of  ventrals,  2  in  head. 
Pyloric  co'ca  12  (Poey.)  Color  o<^  body  in  spirits,  dark  brown,  in  life 
with  small  darker  spots,  surrounded  by  reticulations  of  the  ground 
color  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  tins  dusky,  their  margins  blackish  ;  anal  dusky, 
edged  with  bluish  black;  ventrals  dusky,  edged  with  bluish  black,  the 
rays  lighti^r ;  pectorals  dusky,  a  well-detined  mustache  above  the  maxil- 
lary ;  tins  edged  with  dull  orange  in  life,  this  color  disappearing  in 
spirits.  Length  about  a  foot.  Coasts  of  Cuba ;  rather  common  in  the 
markets  of  Havana,  tvhere  the  specimens  hero  described  were  taken  by 
Dr.  Jordan.     (hitvrHiitial'm,  having  interstices.) 

SirrniiiiH  hiternlilialiH,  PoEV,  Memoriiu,  ii,  127,  1800,  Cuba. 

Trimtr<nti«  rhhmi»lit})in»,  PoEV,  Hepertorio,  ii,  2^1,  18()8,  Cuba. 

7Vi»«/»i)j)('«  MeiHlitidlis,  I'oKY,  SyiiopsiB,  285,  18(18. 

Mijclernpci^a  ii,tcrnliH(iliK,  .TuiiDAN  &  .SwAiN,  /.  c,  'MH,  18H4:  .Iouiian  .fe  Riiibnmann,  I.  c,  ;i71,  189(1. 

Eiiineiihehui  inlenlMlU,  Uoui.knukk,  (^it.,  i,  2*><). 

1568.  MYCTKROPKiU'A  DINIDIATA  (Pooy). 


I    1 


Head  3  ;  depth  3.  D.  XI,  1(5;  A.  Ill,  11 ;  scales  110.  Body  rather  deep 
and  compressed ;  mouth  small,  lower  jaw  projecting;  canines  strong,  as 
in  Mjjeteropcrca falvata ;  snout  rather  sharp,  4  in  head;  maxillary  2;  eye 
.5;  nostrils  small,  not  far  apart,  the  anterior  rather  the  larger;  angle  of 
preopercle  salient,  armed  with  stronger  teeth;  gill  rakers  rather  slender, 
x-|-14.  Scales  rather  small;  caudal  fin  rather  deeply  lunate;  anal  fin 
rounded.  Color  in  spirits,  «iuite  dark  above,  the  lower  half  abruptly 
paler ;  a  narrow,  pale  ring  around  caudal  peduncle,  behind  which  is  a 
squarish  dark  blotch,  smaller  than  eye,  at  base  of  upper  rays  of  caudal ; 
a  dark  area  from  tip  of  lower  jaw  through  eye  to  the  boundary  between 
the  dark  and  pale  on  the  sides ;  caudal,  soft  dorsal,  ventrals,  and  anal 
edged  with  black.  Here  described  from  a  small  specimen  (26953,  M.  C. 
Z.,  8  inches  long)  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge,  sent  from  Havana  by 
Professor  Poey,  and  probably  one  of  his  types.  Coasts  of  Cuba ;  appar- 
ently very  rare.  (dimidiatu8,  halved,  upper  half  of  body  differing  in 
coloration  from  lower. ) 

Serrnnus  dimidMiis,  Poby,  MemnrioH,  ll,  129,  IStiO,  Cuba. 

Trisolropis  dimidialun,  PoEV,  Synopsis,  285,  1868. 

Mycteroperca  (Uiuidiata,  Jordan  &  Swain,  /.  c,  1(67,  1884;  .Iordan  u.  Eiuknmann,  /.  c,  372,  1890. 

Kpin^heltu  dimidiaiut,  Boclenoeb,  Cat.,  i,  264. 


, ! 


13 


.Ml 

Ms: 


I  i 


1180  Jiutletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Afuseum. 


lAAII.  MYCTEROPRRfA  XKNAKCIIA,  .TonUn. 

Ho.'iil  2n  ;  drpth  :< ;  <iyu  hiiiuII,  7  in  Inmd.  I).  XI,  1(>;  A.  TIT,  11;  HcaloH 
2r>-n(>  to  lliVaO.  Mody  ratluM'  drep  and  roniprcHmul ;  linid  coinpntHMMl, 
with  rather  Hhort,  Hhurp  wnont,  whicli  Ih  4  in  iioa«l ;  prolilo  Hteup  and 
nearly  straight;  month  lurgo,  tho  nuixIMmy  roaohing  Nrarcoly  Itoyond 
oyc,  2  in  lioad  ;  lowtM'  canintmHniall ;  npptMcanint'H  (2  in  nnnilior)  Mtrnng, 
Hcarooly  dir«M;t<Ml  lorward ;  prt'orltital  narrow,  J  widtli  of  «y«i ;  int«ror- 
liitul  arua  convox,  its  widtli  4^  in  head;  nontrilH  Hnuill,  th«)  poHturior 
Hcarcoly  tho  largor,  Htiparattid  from  ttio  anterior  )>y  one  diameter ;  angle 
of  preopercle  Hcareely  Halient,  hnt  provided  with  coarser  teeth  ;  a  rather 
Hharp  notch  above  it ;  operenlar  npine  flat  and  divided  into  about  (>  teeth 
attheend;  gill  rakers  nioderai.e,H-f'l^!  BcaleH  moderate,  Ncarnely  ctenoid  ; 
<lorHal  Hpimvs  low,  the  outline  of  the  HpinotiH  dorsal  gently  convex,  the 
fourth  Hpine  longcHt,  !(  in  head;  Hoft  dorsal  high,  itH  outline  angular,  the 
tenth  ray  jtnxluced.  If,  in  head  ;  anal  (in  formed  as  in  Mucteroixrcujalcata, 
its  seventh  ray  )>roduc«^d  and  falcate,  1;^  in  head,  its  ]ioBtorior  outline 
concave;  caiKlal  subtruncate,  the  outer  slightly  produced  ;  pectoral  1}  in 
head.  Color  in  spirits  pliiin  dark  olivaceous,  the  edges  of  the  fins  scarcely 
tlarker.  Hocky  Islands  of  the  eastern  Pacific  from  Ma/atlan  to  the  coast 
of  Peru;  known  from  numerous  s])ccimen8  in  tiio  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology  at  Camltridge,  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  and  from  Payta, 
Peru.  The  above  description  is  from  a  specimen  22  inches  long,  taken  by 
us  at  the  Venados  Islands,  near  Mazathin.  This  is  larger  than  the  original 
types  of  the  species,     {iti'oi',  strange;  "/j^iif,  anus.) 

Miirtiriiprmi  :n'n(ii<lm,.1itiiT>\s,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1887,  ;i87,  James  Island,  Galapagos 

(Typn,  No.  iJ41!)8,  MuH.  Ooiiip.  /ool.);  .Tohuan  &  Ei.iknma.nn,  /.  <•.,  372,  IHWI. 
EpineplieluK  fenaixlms,  Uoulenuku,  Out.,  i,  20C. 


Subgenus  PAREPINEPHELUS,  nicoker. 
1570.  NYCTKllOPKIU'A  KUIIKIt  (lllocli). 

(SCIUENdA.) 

Head  2 J  iu  length ;  depth  2>.  D.  XI,  16 ;  A.  Ill,  11  or  12 ;  scales  15-95  to 
115— iO  to  46,  pores  75  to  85.  liody  rather  deep,  compressed,  the  snout 
sharp,  the  anterior  i)rofilo  straight ;  interorbital  space  flat  or  convex,  4  to 
oi  in  head  ;  mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  extending  Just  beyond  eye, 
21  in  head ;  eye  4^  to  7  in  head  ;  canine  teeth  small;  preopercle  with  a 
salient  angle ;  gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  x  +  31  (22  to  35  accord- 
ing to  Boulenger),  the  longest  .;*  diameter  of  eye  and  7^  in  head;  dorsal 
spines  small ;  soft  dorsal  slightly  angulated,  the  longest  ray  2},  in  head  ; 
anal  fin  (in  most  specimens,  especially  in  adults)  sharply  angulated  as  in 
M.  falcata,  the  longest  ray  1|  in  head,  in  young  specimens  rounded ; 
caudal  lunate,  the  angles  well  produced  in  the  adult,  the  fin  subtruncate 
in  yonng ;  pectoral  Ijj  in  head ;  ventrals  short,  not  reaching  vent,  (2|  to 
3J,  Boulenger).  Coloration  grayish  olive,  with  reticulations  of  dark 
around  irregular  roundish  pale  spots ;  a  black  mustache  along  edge  of 
maxillary  ;  fins  not  much  darker  than  uody,  usually  dusky  at  tip ;  young 


^'p 


Jordan  and  ETermann. — Fis/irs  of  North  America.       1 181 


Loop  aiul 

)  Htroiij?, 
;  iiiteror- 
l»oHtorior 

a  rather 
lit  T)  toeth 
r  ctenoid ; 
nvox, the 
u;nlar,  the 

[)r  outline 
toral  11  in 
iH  scarcely 
)  the  coast 
Coinpara- 
oin  Payta, 
;,  taken  l»y 
hoori>;iual 


with  the  niarkinnH  more  diHtiiiot  than  they  are  fn  the  adults ;  younR 
HometiniOH  witli  a  dark  blotch  on  hai-k  of  caudal  ixMliincle,  aciiordin^ 
to  HouleuKor.  This  dcHcription  Ih  chielly  from  No.  IW)*!,  M.  C.  Z.,  from 
Kio  do  Janeiro,  i:<  inchcH  long.  TIuh  HperieH  is  very  \vo1l  diMtiii^uiHiied 
from  all  other  ^lonperH  l»y  tiie  greatly  increaMed  number  of  gill  rakern,  it 
character  first  pointed  ont  by  Dr.  Hean.  Perhaps  more  tliitn  one  species 
of  this  type  exists,  dlHtingniMhed  by  thennmbor  of  gill  rakers.  'I'1h«  typo 
of  vxihvr  has  but  21.  Those  examined  by  ns  from  Hra/.il  and  from  Athens 
have  30  «»r  more.  West  Indies,  Urazil,  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  islan«ls  of 
the  eastein  Atlantic;;  common  in  tlie  Meiliterranean  and  otf  the  coast  of 
Rraxil.  (ruhir,  red  ;  from  the  supposed  coloration  of  t  lie  original  blea<-lied 
specimen,  which  may  possibly  have  been  a  «leep-wat('r  form.) '     (l-n.) 

F/iiHiiihtiUif  rii/i.r,  Hlocm,  IctitliyoloKiii,  VI  I, '.'2, 17!i;t,  pi.  :i;tO,  "Japan  ";  lloii.t.MjKii,  Cat.,  i,  2118. 
Mtlilirtiperrn  urirnifiii,  Jokdan  A  SwAIN,  /.  c,  'M[),  1N84  (not  Siiiinm  miniiiju,  lUl'INKNgrK,  which 

Ih  an  Hjihifplnlnn). 
SerrwiiiK  nrulirimlriii,  Cvwr.RSi  Vai.ENCIKNNKH,  Hint.  Nut.   I'oiit.,  li,  2«(i,  1H2N,  Brazil;  (iC.NTIIKIt, 

Cut.,  I,  l.l.l,  1869. 
Serrnimiiiiii(/i(/««ii«,  <;t'MKii  id  Valkn(;iknnkh,  Hint.  Nat.  Poiw.,  ii,  29/i,  1828,  Brazil;  OCnthkb, 

Cut.,  I,  HI),  IBM. 
ScmtiiiM  fiiicd,  Cantrainr,  "Ndiiv.  MOiii.  Ac.  Itnix.,  i8:il,  xi,"  Naples. 
ScrrdHH* /i(»d(»,  Lowe,  TrunB.  C'umt)r.  I'lilliiH.  8oc.,  vi,   l!Mi,  IHltti,  Madeira;  (irNTiiKii,  Cat.,  i, 

1;M,  185!). 
CiTiKi  vuliuliisd,  Cocco,   "Indiro  PoRt'l  MoshIiiu,  (icii.  'iri,  Hp.  2,"  1844,  Messina. 
(VnidiimiToi/CHiK,  .Sahsi,  "DcstT.  (iuiiova  c  il  (JoiKivafiuti),  i,  l;ill,"  I84li,  Genoa. 
Serranim  eiiiiir(jiiiiiliiii,  Vai.knciknnks,  IcIiIIi.  Huh  Caiiarii'H,  111,  IH.'iO,  Canary  Islands. 
I'lpiiiijilulim  clKiliiiiiin,  Coi'K,  TraiiH.  Am.  I'IiIIoh.  .'^oi'.,  IsVl,  4iir),  St.  Martini. 
Cenin  iicnliroatrh,  var.  hila,  Dudkiii.rin,  /.  <■.,  74,  Palermo;  iiioiiHtruiiH  i'oriii. 
SerrmiM  nih^r,  PKTEns,  Iturliiior  MuniitHb.,  1(I7,  iHft'),  (rcdoHcriiitioii  of  urigiliul  typ<'). 
iludtropercu  rubra,  Jouuan  &  jd)iuE.NMANN,  {,  c,  'Si'i,  1800. 


.Galapagos 


Subgenus  XY3TROPERCA,  .Tunliiii  \  Bvcinmiiii. 


les  l.>-95  to 
the  snout 
on vex, 4  to 
eyond  eye, 
■cle  with  a 
35  accord- 
)ad;  dorsal 
',},  in  head; 
lated  as  in 
rounded ; 
ubtruncate 
out,  (2f  to 
IS  of   dark 
mg  edge  of 
tip;  young 


1671.  MYCTEKOPKKCA  PAI{|>ALIS,t  (Jilb.  it. 

(CaIIRII.LA   PlHlTITA.) 

Head2;!  in  length;  depth3;  8nout3i;  eye6.    D.XI,17;  A.  111,11;  scales 
90.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting.   Teeth  small,  the  outer  row  in  mandible 


*In  case  a  rod  form  of  this  spocieg  should  bo  found,  the  ordinary  brown  form  or  variety  may 
1)0  calleil  var.  ac.nlirtmtriii.  It  is  poHsihlo,  also,  as  ulmve  indicated,  tliat  Miiilerojwrra  unilinislris,  to 
which  form  tho  abovo  doscription  bulongri,  is  really  a  diHtiiict  npccies.  Tlic  I'dlJuwin^'  c<iMi|iari- 
Hon  of  nioch's  typo  of  Hpinophehm  ruber,  .ICJ  motors  in  longth,  from  "Japan,"  with  Miirlnuju-rrn 
(iciir/nin/i'iii,  is  niado  by  Dr.  IIllKendorf,  who  writes:  "Tlio  gill  rakers  are  Indeed  miiiienitis.  I 
count  24  on  thecerutobrunchial  of  tho  first  arch.  Tlio  longest  of  theso  ineasureM  (i>,_,  inillinie- 
ters.  The  points  in  which  niher  dilTers  from  acntinintrin  (compared  witli  a  larger  ('xample — 
12581,  .283  millimeters  long,  from  Athens)  arn  the  following:  The  pale  eolorat ion,  which  is  hardly 
to  bo  explained  by  bleaching,  as  the  dark-brown  pigment  HUlVers  little,  n<ir  is  it  to  be  iiciunuti^d 
for  by  ditToronce  in  age.  Thu  caudal  is  in  ntber  apparently  Htrongly  niuiidod,  ami  the  pecturals 
as  well  as  ventrals  are  longer  in  ruber.  The  vontrals  reach  at  least  to  the  vi'iit.  Tlie  point  of 
the  pectoral  is  78  millimeterH  from  the  snout,  86  millimeters  from  the  c'nd  nf  the  (iiiuial  (as  7 
to  8).  In  (iciiliroHtrii  these  numbers  are  respectively  123  and  lUO  millimeters  (as  8  to  4i.  This 
difference  may  be  expressed  by  saying  that  in  aciilirnslria  (or  in  (dd  examples?)  the  hinder  parts 
of  the  body  are  more  stretched.  The  strea'  n  the  sides  shown  in  Hloch's  ligunMin!  merely 
the  boundaries  of  the  groups  of  muscles."  I'he  difference  in  the  form  of  the  caudal  abovo 
noticed  may,  we  know,  bo  due  to  ago,  as  in  specimens  of  6  inches  it  is  very  randy  lunate.  The 
diff(!rence  in  form  is  not  unlikely  also  a  matter  of  ago.  The  pale  color  of  tlic  type  at  I'liitiepheltu 
mher  may  lie  due  to  exposure  of  tho  typo  to  sunlight.  .\  few  weeks  of  sucji  exposure  will 
destroy  all  pigment  cells.  As  tho  siiecimen  has  now  been  more  than  a  century  in  alcohol,  such 
an  exposure  may  have  some  time  taken  i)lace. 

t  The  following  description  is  taken  from  a  specimen  from  the  Venados  Islands,  near  Ma/.atlan : 

Mijcleroperca  pardalix.—WeaA  'A  in  length;  depth  :!^'„.     D.  XI,  IG;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  '.»"  to  1(X), 

small,  smooth,  embedded,  difficult  to  count.    Eye  &%  in  head;  maxillary  '2,%;  pectoral  1^^; 


,§, 


'■ii 

i'l: 


l':l 


1182 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


rittitli  Hinall«tr  tliuii  thoHo  of  tli«  iiiiutr  HwrieH,  wliicli  urn  <le|it'«fNHihl<>.  Tin 
iuuor  HurlcH  widuiiH  into  u  piitcli  ut  HyiiiphyNiN,  in  front  of  wiii«;h  HtantU 
tlH«  pair  of  voiy  Huuill  iiiconHpiciioiiH  caiiini^H.  ()!it«M'  Ncrit'H  of  t«M>||i  in 
upper  JaNv  t^nlar^^nii,  cuiiino-likt<,  ^rowint;  iaruiM'  lowanl  in«>«lian  line, 
whuro  they  t«M-ininato  in  2  HlronK(!anin«>Hon  uaoli  Hi(l«^  A  pat«!liof  dt^iroH- 
Hihlu  troth  holiind  lh«'Ho  caninoH  in  front  of  Jaw,  rapidly  liiininiNhinK  in 
Hi/o  and  h«u;uiiiiiiK  lintdy  villiforni  on  niidiih^  of  prcniaxiliaritN.  A  U-Hhapcil 
patch  of  villiforni  titoth  on  vonior,  tlioNo  lulcrally  tho  iar^imt,  and  a  vor,\ 
narrow  lian<l  «»n  palutinoH;  tunt^iiu  covcrttd  with  niiniito  tct^tli.  Ma\illar\ 
rua(;hin){  vertical  Itchind  middle  of  «^yo,  'J^  in  head.  Intcrorliital  Npiiir 
Htrongly  convex  tranHvorsely,  li  in  head.  ^'(Mirth  dorsal  Npiiio  tlio  lon>;»«Hi , 
3Jl  in  head,  the  Hocond  H  its  hoi);ht;  lon^cHt  ray  o*'  Noft  dornal  '2}^  in  head, 
the  outline  of  fin  overywhcru  convcxly  round«Ml ;  anal  HpineN  Htron^  and 
low,  the  Hucond  half  the  height  of  tho  third,  whi(  h  f(|ualH  length  of  eye 
and  Huout ;  Hoft  rayu  hi^h)  tho  an)(lo  rounded,  the  posterior  portion  of 
flu  straight,  not  concave;  longent  anal  ray  half  head;  caudal  lunate, 
the  longest  ray  Vi  in  head.  Scales  hiiuiII,  not  arranged  in  regular  series, 
partially  cniheddod,  those  on  head  and  hiiuler  part  of  liody  smooth  ;  head 
wholly  scaled,  except  preuuixillaries  and  anterior  part  of  nuixillaries; 
flns  naked,  except  basal  half  of  caudal;  sides  covered  with  nuinerouH 
very  minute  accessory  scales;  scales  apparently  in  about  !K)  transverse 
series  above  the  lateral  line,  but  extremely  ditlicult  to  determine;  scales 
on  cheeks,  top  of  head,  and  above  the  latt^ral  line  anteriorly  much  reduced 
in  size.  Color  in  spirits:  Sides  of  head  and  body  everywhere  profuHel^ 
covered  with  round  brown  spots,  those  on  caudal  peduncle  largest,  hull 
the  diameter  of  the  pupil,  those  anteriorly  and  above  becoming  much 
smaller,  those  on  top  of  head  about  the  si/,e  of  a  pin  head;  on  Hi<lcs  these 
spots  are  surrounded  with  reticulations  of  grayish  silvery,  this  ground 
cohir  darker  and  brownish  on  upper  parts  ;  a  dark  brown  streak  behind 
the  maxillary,  and  one  on  membrane  of  premaxillary  ;  vertical  lins  light, 
soft  dorsal  and  anal  with  brown  streaks  on  n  mbranes  between  tho  rays 
on  basal  half,  and  a  few  indistinct  browu  spots  on  middle  of  fin  ;  caiitlal 
brown  spotted,  with  a  narrow  white  margin  ;  pectorals  light  at  base,  the 
distal  half  blackish,  with  a  wide  i>alo  border  posteriorly ;  ventrals  witii 
browu  streaks  along  membranes  ou  inner  face.    (Gilbert.)    Length  2  feet. 


lonfrt'Ht  anal  ray  1^4;  longest  dorsal  ray  2;  lunKeHt  dorsal  spino  V^-f^  Caudal,  iipporlobi'  1';,; 
ventrals  'i.  Body  uccp,  robust;  anterior  pruAIe  ratliur  Htecp  and  straiKlit;  Iowi.t  Jitw  iiKidcrati'ly 
projecting.  Small  canines  in  botli  Jaws;  proop<-rclu  witli  notch  anil  a  salient  anr;lo.  (iill  ntl<oi.-i 
about  15  +  25,  rather  stout,  tlie  bmgest  about  V'-rJ  in  liead;  snout  lt'(,.  Posterior  noHtiil  nbloiiL', 
4  times  as  long  as  anterior.  Dorsal  spines  low,  the  third  and  t'ourtli  but  littlu  longer  than  tli'' 
last.  Dorsal  tin  pointed;  anal  very  high,  triangular  in  t'orin.  anteiioi  iiiurgiu  convex,  ponteiioi 
concave.  Sixth  soft  ray  very  high,  reaching  far  beyond  tip  of  last,  wliicli  is  short;  spines  gra<l- 
uated.  Caudal  fin  broad,  on  a  broad  peduncle,  unequally  lunate.  Upi'er  lobe  longer  and  brnader 
than  lower.  Pectorals  rounded.  Color:  Olive  gray  ground,  paler  below,  clouded  with  clark  alxivr; 
overywhoro  covered  with  small,  roundish,  dark  olive  or  bronzed  spots,  so  thick  as  to  obscure  tin 
ground  color;  very  close-set  on  head  and  back,  small  a»i'  distinct,  not  larger  than  anterior  nos- 
tril, growing  larger  and  less  thick,  dense  below;  posteriorly  still  larger,  oil  en  half  iliarneti'r  c! 
pupil,  and  tending  to  run  together,  forming  elongate  blotclies  and  veriniciiliitions.  Dorsel  snni- 
larly  spotted  with  spots  which  grow  faint  in  soft  rays;  pectoral,  anal,  and  caudal  lik<^  sol'r  dorsii  I. 
All  soft  fins  growing  dusky  toward  margin.  Soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  very  narroWiy  odgeil 
with  pale.  Pectoral  with  l)roader  pale  margin;  ventral  like  pectoral,  pale  edge  narrower  Wle>ii 
seen  from  back  an  appeftrancQ  of  abimt  10  very  faint  dunky  ctma  shades,  i)rububly  more  conspii:ii- 
0U8  iu  youDg. 


''»^ 


Jordan  anU  Evermant^ — Fishes  o/  North  America,       1  IH^J 


'  ttM'Mi  ill 
litiii  liiii', 

if  <1<>|)ICN- 

iNliiii((  ill 
U-hIiiiixmI 
ihI  a  v<iry 
Maxillury 
ital  H|»iu'f 
1*1  l()M>i;«'Hi , 
i  in  Ik-uiI, 
rong  ami 

;tli  of  (\\«' 

•ortioii  of 
al  litiiatu, 
lar  HMi'ii'N, 
i»th  ;  liuud 
iixillarioH; 

nuiiierous 
trairnvtMHf 
no;  srah's 
bIi  re<liicc(l 

piofiiMel\ 
r^oNt,  liult 
ling  niucli 
4i*luH  those 

iu  groiiiiil 
ak  bohiiiil 

iiuH  liglil. 

1  the  rays 
caiulal 

t  base,  tlio 

trals  with 

gth  2  feet. 


ppor  lob"  1';,; 
w  iii(i(U'i°iiti'ly 

(ill I  ritkoi'-i 

ostril  iiMoml', 

ii(;i-r  tliikii  til'' 

ex,  jiu.-'ti'iiiir 

;  HpiiicH  urail- 

ruiiil  hMuili'i 

h  (lurk  aliDVc; 

<i  (il)Hciire  til'' 

iintciior  nii>- 

f  (liiuiiftor  I  ; 

DdrHn'i  Himi- 
ic  HoO  ilorwil 
iiTowi.v  oUnk''l 
•ower.  AVIi"ii 
loro  conspicu- 


(Jiilf  of  (California;  lathorconinion  altoiit  tlio  i-onl<y  iHhitnlH  about  Ma/.»tlan; 
a  liantlHoino  H|Mt(;iuH,  valu«'<l  iih  footl.     (/r</^)il(i>/i ,  liMtpurtl.) 

Af(/i7>ri7i<Tiii  ;)iim/ii/i<,  (iii.iiriir,  l'r<M'    U.  H.  Nitl.   Mum.,  IHtil,  Tiril,  La  Pax  Bay,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia.    (<'i)ll.  .MlHtlrima.) 
Kliiiiipheliiii  jiiirjuh;  Uoi'I.knokh,  <'nt.,  I,  'iAM. 

SubRcnuH  MYCTEROPERCA. 

167lt.  MVCTKUOfKHCA  OLI-'AX  (Joiiyiw). 
(TcLLow  (JRoi'pcn.) 

Hinul  2,"„  to  3;  depth  3i ;  exonniall,  7  in  houd.  I).  XI,  17;  A.  III.  11 ; 
BoaleH  2()-ll()  to  120-50,  pores  I't,  Hody  robust,  not  strongly  .'Hiuipr'^ssed  ; 
head  deep,  the  snout  rutlier  sharp,  the  anterior  protilo  steep;  mouth 
large,  the  maxillary  reaching  somewhat  beyond  eyi*,  21  in  hea<l,  its  sur- 
face snaly  ;  teeth  moderate  ;  lower  jaw  prominent ;  canines  normal ;  nos- 
trils large,  very  close  together,  separated  by  a  narrow,  vertical  septum, 
the  posterior  about  3  times  the  diameter  of  the  anterior,  which  is  broader 
than  the  septum;  preorbital  as  broad  as  eye;  interorbital  area  llattish 
and  biiuid,  4ii  in  head;  gill  rakers  c«iarse  and  long,  x  +  !•'>;  preopercle 
without  salient  angle,  its  not(!h  moderate;  scales  small,  chielly  cycloid. 
Dorsal  spine  strong,  the  second  and  third  elevated  so  that  the  posterior 
outline  of  the  tin  is  concave,  tirst  spine  Just  half  the  second,  second  and 
third  equal,  2ii  in  head,  fourth  U  in  third  ;  soft  doiHul  scarcely  angular; 
pectorals  lit  in  head;  ventrals  short,  scarcely  reaching  vent ;  caudal  tin 
shallow-lunate;  soft  anal  falcate,  its  posterior  margin  concave,  tint  long- 
est rays  2^  in  head.  Color  brown,  with  some  traces  t>f  grayish  vermirula- 
tion^  around  small  round  brown  spots;  fins  all  dusky,  especially  distally ; 
young  covered  all  over  with  round  brown  spots,  much  smaller  than  the 
pupil;  a  black  mustache;  pectoral  with  a  narrow  pale  edge.  (Descrip- 
tion from  No.  24198,  M.  C.  Z.,  2  feet  long,  from  James  Island,  (ialapagos.) 
Galapagos  Islands;  I'auama.  Length  2  or  3  feet.  (c//<(c/u,  to  smell,  from 
the  large  size  of  the  nostrils.) 

Berrauua  olfax,  Jf.nvns,  Zoiil.  DeiiRlo,  FinhuH,  9,  pi.  4,  1840,  Galapagos  Islands  (Coll.  Uiirwiu); 

GCntiieh,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  London,  1H77,  ti7. 
Mycleropercn  olfax,  Jokdan  A  Swain,  /.  e.,  18H-t,  376;  Jordan  A  Kioknmann,  /.  r;.,  ;)tl7,  1890. 
EiiinephduD  ol/uz,  BouLENOER,  Cat.,  I,  203. 

Represented  iu  deep  water  about  the  (ialapagos  Islands  by 

1672a.  NTCTEUOPKRCA  OLFAX  RUBEKRLIIA,  Jorduii  A  Dollmitn. 

A  large  specimen  taken  by  the  Albatro»<s  at  Abingdon  Island,  in  the 
Galapagos,  seems  to  have  been  bright  red  in  life.  It  probably  represents 
a  deep-water  variety  analagous  to  the  red  varieties  of  WcHt  Indian 
species.  The  anal  is  a  little  lower  than  in  an  equally  largo  specimen  of 
the  typical  olfax  taken  in  the  same  locality.  No  other  ditl'eronco  is 
apparent.     Abingdon  Island,  (jialapagos  Group,     (ruberrimua,  very  red.) 

Mycleropercn  olfax  ruherrima,  .Iorhan  A  lioi.LMAN  MS.  In  JoitDAN  &  Eiuenmann,  lleview  Sorra- 

uidir,  3C7,  1890,  Abingdon  Island. 
Mi/cteroperca  olfax,  Jordan  &,  Vulijuan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Kat.  Mus.,  1889,  181;  in  part. 


,"■( 


,!ii 


5|!^(IM!^lii''''- 1  •'7t"  "f  f,'^iifJ.'<!"u«»»^?VRiTrw.i'»w,|iHJ 


■  PI.    I 
i|  t    : 


hm 


1184 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1579.  NYCTEROPERCA  ROSACEA  (StreotH). 
(Cabrilla  Cai.aharia.) 

Head  2^  ;  depth  2J ;  eye  7  in  head  (adult).  D.  XI,  18;  A.  Ill,  11; 
scales  25-130-10.  Body  rather  elongate,  compressed ;  head  large,  com- 
proHsed,  pointed  anteiiorly,  the  anterior  profile  nearly  straight  or  slightly 
convex;  snout  rather  long  and  oharp,  3i  in  head.  Mouth  large,  the 
maxillary  reaching  tc  opposite  posterior  margin  of  eye,  its  length  2  in 
head.  Teeth  in  moderate  bands;  canines  of  moderate  size,  neaily  verti- 
cal, the  lower  turned  somewhat  hackwaid.  Interorbital  space  strongly 
convex,  its  breadth  about  4  in  head.  Preopercle  with  the  angle  a  little 
salient,  the  emargination  above  it  rather  distinct,  the  teeth  small,  those 
near  the  angle  being  somewhat  enlarged.  Nostrils  rounded,  very  close 
together,  the  posterior  much  the  larger.  Gill  rakers  rather  few  and  long, 
about  17  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Scales  small,  chiefly  cycloid. 
Dorsal  spines  rather  slender  and  low,  the  third  3^  in  head ;  soft  dorsal 
moderate  ;  caudal  fin  distinctly  lunate,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  If  in 
head  ;  anal  very  high  and  falcate,  the  middle  rays  produced  in  a  point, 
their  length  l/'o  in  head,  the  posterior  rays  rapidly  shortened,  so  that  the 
outline  of  the  fin  is  much  concave ;  anal  spines  small,  graduated ; 
pectorals  reaching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  2  in  head.  Color  in  life :  Body 
and  fins  nearly  uniform  brick  red  ;  cip  of  pectorals  dusky  ;  vertical  fins 
without  distinct  dusky  edgings.  In  spirits,  fading  first  to  lemon  color, 
then  to  dull  gray.  Gulf  of  California.  But  three  specimens,  all  adult, 
of  this  beautifully  colored  species  are  known.  The  first  was  secured  by 
Dr.  Streets  at  Angel  Island  ;  the  second,  described  above  (28131,  U.  S.  N.M.), 
obtained  at  Mazatlan  by  Dr.  Gilbert,  where  it  is  very  rare;  and  the  thiid 
obtained  by  Dr.  Jordan  in  December,  1894,  from  Venados  Islands,  near 
Mazatlan.  Length  of  specimen  described,  38  inches.  The  brown  form, 
if  existing,  is  unknown,     {roaaceua,  rosy.) 

Einmphelus  rosacem,  STREETS,   Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  vii.  51,  1877,  Angel    Island,   Gulf  of 

California  ;  BouLENaER,  Cat.,  i,  262. 
Trisotrnpig  rusaceiis,  JORDAN  &  GILBERT,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Comni.,  II,  1882,  107. 
Mycteroperca  rosacea,  Jordan  &  Swain,  I.  c,  302,  1884;  Jordan  &  Eiuenmann,  {.  c,  308, 1890. 


1674.  MYCTEROPERCA  FALCATA  (Poey). 
(Scamp  ;  Baoalao  ;  Abadejo.) 

Head  2}  to  3;  depth  3k  to  3^;  eye  large,  5  in  head  (in  adult).  D.  XI, 
16  to  18 ;  A.  Ill,  11 ;  scales  22-130  to  140-47  to  55,  pores  72  to  85.  Body 
moderately  elongate,  compressed,  its  greatest  width  2^  in  its  depth;  head 
compressed,  rather  pointed  anteriorly,  the  anterior  profile  nearly  straight. 
Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  posterior  bolder  of  eye,  2^  in 
head  ;  teeth  in  rather  narrow  bands ;  each  jaw  with  two  strong  can  ues, 
rather  larger  than  in  any  related  species,  those  of  the  upper  jaw  directed 
very  strongly  forward  and  slightly  downward;  those  of  the  lower  jaw 
a  little  smaller,  and  directed  similarly  upward  and  backward.  Interor- 
bital space  slightly  convex,  5  in  head.    Nostrils  close  together,  the 


J  $ 


.  Ill,  11; 

ki'ge,  coiu- 
ir  slightly 
large,  the 
[)gth  2  in 
uly  verti- 
5  strongly 
tIo  a  little 
[iall,  those 
very  close 
and  long, 
ly  cy«loid. 
loft  dorsal 
nger,  li  in 
in  a  point, 
HO  that  the 
graduated ; 
life:  Body 
jrtical  iins 
inion  color, 
,  all  adult, 
I  secured  by 
U.S.N.M.), 
d  the  thiul 
lands,  near 
rown  form, 

ind,  Gulf  of 
c,  368, 1890. 


ft).     D.  XI, 

85.    Body 

lepth;  head 

lly  straight. 

|f  eye,  2^  in 

ig  car.  ics, 

iw  directed 

lower  jaw 

Interor- 

rether,  the 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  NorOi  Ame*-icit.       1 185 


posterior  the  larger.  Upper  liinli  of  preopercle  slightly  convex,  very 
finely  serrate ;  u  rather  sharp  notch  above  the  angle,  which  is  salient,  and 
boars  a  few  coarse  teeth.  Gill  rakers  rather  elongate,  15  or  16  besides 
rudiments,  19  or  20  in  .all,  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Scales  small, 
mostly  cycloid.  Dorsal  apiues  rather  slender  and  woak,  the  outline  of 
the  tin  gently  curved,  tlie  second  spine  about  equal  to  tne  eiglith  and 
liighcr  than  the  tenth  ;  the  third  and  fourth  spines  longest,  2.|  in  head; 
caudal  with  falcate  lobes ;  anal  with  its  middle  rays  exserted ;  longest 
ray  of  anal  2i  in  head ;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  1^.  Pectoral  reacliing  tips 
of  vontrals,  \%  in  head.  Ventrals  short,  not  reaching  vent.  Pyloric 
ccL'ca  15.  Color  in  life,  brown  above ;  sides  grayish  brown,  faintly  covcreu 
with  darker  spots  which  disappear  in  spirits  ;  eyes  and  angle  of  mouth 
yellowish  ;  vertical  fins  dusky,  the  outer  portions  bluish  bhick  ;  ventrals 
and  pectorals  bluish  black,  the  pectorals  with  a  whitish  edge.  Length 
2to3feet.  West  Indies,  north  to  Bermuda;  aconiii?on  food-fish  at  Havana. 
{faloatuo,  scythe-sliaped.) 

tSerrnntisfakiUiiii,  PoKV,  MeniuriaH,  ii,  138,  l»fiO,  Havana. 

Trimtriqna f<ilattm,  I'oEY,  Synopsis,  285,  18C8. 

Mijcteroperva  fulaitr.  Jordan  &,  Swain,  /.  <•.,  18H4,  302  ;  Jorvan  &  Kicenmann,  /.  c,  :«!H,  1«9(). 

t'liiueiihelm  fitlcMus,  Boulenoeu,  Cut.,  t,261. 

Kepresented  on  the  Florida  Coast  by 

1574a.  HYCTEBOPEBCA  FALCATA  PHENAX,  Jordan  &  Swaiu. 
(Scamp;  Bacai-ao.) 

Specimens  from  the  Florida  Coast  differ  somewhat  from  all  those  observed 
at  Havana.  The  chief  difiference  is  in  the  direction  of  the  canine  teeth, 
which  are  rather  weaker  than  in  var.  falcata,  those  of  the  upper  jaw 
scarcely  directed  forward,  those  of  the  lower  scarcely  backward.  The 
serra3  on  the  preopercle  are  rather  weaker  than  in  var.  falcata,  and  there 
is  some  difference  in  color,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  notes  on  a  speci- 
men from  Key  West:  Head  3;  depth  3*.  D.  XI,  18;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales 
24-135-10.  Color  in  life:  Pinkish  gray  above,  paler  purplish  gray  below ; 
upper  parts  and  opercle  thickly  covered  with  email,  rounded,  irregular 
spots  of  dark  brown ;  sides  with  larger  and  fainter  brown  blotches,  more 
or  leH3  horizontally  oblong,  and  somewhat  reticulate;  spinous  dorsal 
brownish ;  soft  dorsal  darker,  faintly  spotted,  edged  with  dusky  and 
with  a  narrow  rim  of  whitish  anteriorly;  caudal  brownish,  spotted  with 
darker,  its  outer  rays  blackish  posteriorly ;  anal  dusky,  blackish  ante- 
riorly, and  edged  with  wLitish ;  pectorals  plain,  dusky  toward  the  tips, 
edged  with  whitish ;  ventrals  pale,  tipped  with  dusky ;  mouth  pale, 
scarcely  greenish.  Length  about  2  feet.  Coasts  of  southern  Florida ; 
abundant  about  the  Keys.     {(j)ivai,  deceptive,  equivalent  to  "  scamp.") 

'l\imlrojih  fiilcaliis,  Gooi)E  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Bins.,  1879,  14(i;  Joiu>an  &  Gilbert,  Synop- 
sis, 538,  1883. 

I'lHiHphehisfalcatus,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  124. 

Jrycteioperca  fak-atii  pltcmix,  Joudan  &  SwAiN,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  36:t,  Key  West; 
Jordan  &  Eiqenmann,  I.  c,  368, 1890. 

F.  N.  A. 76 


i 


jijf 


ji 


.)'.<•:•.,        «. 


,: -.  fii 


m  ^ 


i^^vi-^^-^y.;.; 


: 


S  .1 

i 


:i 


1180 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


1675.  MYCTKROPKRCA  VENADORrN,  Jordrtii  ,%  StarkB. 
(Cahi.opa.) 

Head  3,^  in  length;  depth  3J.  D.  XI,  16;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  small, 
Biiioothish,  about  130.  Snout  3  in  head;  maxillary  2 ;  eye  8.  Gill  rakers 
3  +  8;  pectorals  1-i^u-;  fourth  dorsal  spine  3:'J ;  longest  dorsal  rays  3;  longest 
anal  ray  1\  ;  caudal  lobe  If.  Yentrals  2J,  measured  to  bony  opercle. 
Body  robust,  not  strongly  compressed,  the  head  large.  Lower  jaw  much 
projecting.  Posterior  nostril  3  times  diameter  of  anterior.  Preopercle 
scarcely  notcl  ed,  its  angle  scarcely  salient,  its  teeth  a  little  enlarged. 
Qill  rakers  short,  thick,  few  in  number.  Dorsal  deep-notched,  second 
spine  a  little  lower  than  the  fourth ;  soft  dorsal  high,  slightly  angulated ; 
anal  very  high,  with  exserted  rays;  caudal  well  forked,  lobes  unequal. 
Color:  Olive  brown,  almost  uniform,  no  spots  or  bands;  dorsal,  anal, 
and  caudal  with  broad  black  margin  narrowly  edged  with  whitish  ;  pec- 
toral and  ventral  darker  behind  ;  pectoral  with  pale  edge.  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia; not  rare  about  rocky  islands.  The  type,  a  specimen  from  the 
Venados  Islands,  Aveighing  in  life  75  pounds,  has  been  sent  as  a  skin  to 
the  British  Museum.  Its  length  was  40  inches  to  base  of  caudal  fin.  The 
species  reaches  a  weight  of  150  pounds,  and  is  a  food-lish  of  importance. 
(Name  from  the  Venados  Islands  near  Mazatlan ;  J'cnadn,  hunted,  the 
Spanish  name  of  the  deer,  Mazatlan  being  the  Indian  equivalent  of  the 
same  word.) 

Mijderoperra  renadonim,  Jordan  &  Starks,  Fishos  of  Sinaloa,  in  I'roc.  Ciil.  Ac.  Sci.,  ISOr),  41ii, 
Venados  Islands.     (Coll.  Hopkins  Kxp.     Type  in  IJritish  Miiscnm.) 

167«.  MYCTEROPERCA  TALLIURA,  Poey. 

Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  XI,  16;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  90  to  100;  eye  5  in 
head;  snout  4f.  Body  rather  deep  and  compressed;  preopercle  witli 
salient  angle;  gill  rakers  x-fl2;  nostrils  as  in  M.  tUjris,  the  posterior 
considerably  the  larger,  the  two  close  together,  the  larger  with  an  intorioi 
horizontal  cross  partition  at  base;  anal  scarcely  angulate.  Pyloric 
co'ca  12,  large  and  firm.  Color  in  spirits,  brownish  everywhere,  with 
grayish  reticulations  around  small  brown  spots,  these  not  larger  than 
pupil  and  not  evident  on  head  ;  fins  all  edged  with  dusky.  Accordinjr 
to  Poey  the  color  is  dark  brownish  olive,  Avitb  rounded  spots  of  yellow- 
ish, obscure  in  some  specimens;  lips  yellowish;  iris  olive;  fins  dai]< 
brown,  darker  on  the  edges  of  the  vertical  fins,  with  a  pale  edge  along 
the  soft  dorsal  and  anal;  8  narrow  dusky  cross  bands,  which  disappear 
after  death.  Caudal  with  a  beautiful  green  cross  band,  preceding  tin' 
denticulations  of  its  extremity.  The  pectoral  toward  the  center  isyellow 
ish,  followed  by  a  dark  color  coming  from  the  coloration  of  the  rays ;  all 
the  posterior  margin  is  green.  Length  1^  feet.  Coast  of  Cuba;  very 
rare;  here  described  from  No.  10011,  M.  C.  Z.,  14  inches  long, apparently 
one  of  Poey's  types.     {KuXlog,  beauty  ;  ohpa,  tail.) 

Mycleroperca  caUiura,  PoEy,  Reportorio,  r,  181,  309,  1867,  Cuba;  Jordan  &  Ekiknmann,  /.  <■.,;!(;^, 

1890. 
Trisolrojiin  cattiunw,  Poey,  Synopsis,  284,  1868;  Jordan  *  Swain,  I.  c,  .300, 1884. 
Epinephelus  caUiuriif,  Bovlenger,  Cat.,  i,  264. 


...^i.-.i.'.-n.^u.iii^  -^. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1187 


1677.  MYCTKltOPKKCA  TUIRIS  (C'uvier  A  VuhmrimncM). 
(BoNAOl  Gato.) 

Head  2-<  ;  depth  3J.  D.  XI,  16  or  17  ;  A.  Ill,  10  or  11 :  scales  18-125  to 
135-r)0  to  55,  pores  80  to  85.  Body  moderately  elongate,  rather  strongly 
conipresHed.  Head  large,  the  anterior  pn  file  rather  more  strongly  curved 
than  in  most  species,  somewhat  gihhons  ahove  the  eyes ;  snout  not  very 
acute,  3;|  in  head.  Mouth  very  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  extending 
to  beyond  the  eyes,  its  length  2i  in  head.  Canines  moderate,  nearly 
vertical.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting ;  eye  6g  in  head.  Posterior 
nostril  much  larger  than  anterior,  the  two  close  together  and  close  to 
eye.  Interorbital  space  strongly  convex,  its  breadth  5a  in  head.  Pre- 
opercle  forming  a  regular  curve,  without  salient  angle  or  conspicuous 
emargination.  Gill  rakers  very  short  and  broad;  about  G  developed  on 
lower  half  of  arch,  besides  about  3  rudiments.  Scales  rather  small, 
chiefly  cycloid.  Dorsal  spines  rather  slender,  the  second,  third,  and 
fourth  e""^oqual,  3i  in  head;  soft  dorsal  slightly  angulated,  the  tenth 
ray  slightly  longer  than  the  others,  3  in  head ;  caudal  truncate  or  some- 
what lunate,  the  outer  rays  li'n  in  head;  anal  high,  slightly  angulated, 
the  largest  rays  2J  in  head;  anal  spines  short,  graduated;  pectorals 
reaching  somewhat  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  2  in  head ;  centrals  short, 
not  reurching  vent.  Color  in  spirits,  olivaceous;  the  head  covered  wilh 
very  distinct  honeycomb-like  reticulations  of  darker  olive,  surrounding 
pale  spots,  from  the  size  of  the  nostril  to  that  of  the-  pupil ;  body  show- 
ing traces  of  such  spots  ;  fins  plain,  the  soft  dorsal  and  anal  edged  with 
blackish.  Color  in  life,  olive  brown,  with  about  5  pale,  grayish  cross 
bands,  narrower  than  the  interspaces;  these  bands  about  obsolete  in 
spirits ;  all  the  fins  bluish  black,  the  vertical  fins  edged  with  whitish, 
the  pectorals  tipped  with  orange ;  top  of  head  reddish,  becoming  dusky 
in  spirits.  Length  of  specimen  described  ((5708,  U.  S.  N.  M.)  from  Har- 
badoes,  19  inches.  West  Indies ;  not  very  common ;  north  to  Bermuda. 
(<ijfm,  tiger.) 

Stfif <(iiH« /ij/rto,  CuviEn  &  Vaiencienneb,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ix,  440,  18U3,  San  Domingo;  QOn- 

TiiEK,  Cat.,  I,  112. 
Serranw fel\nvt»,  POBY,  Memorias,  ii,  11)4,  1860,  Havana. 
8('iTam(8 rejjmKfiis,  PoEY,  Memorias,  ii,  13;'),  18C0,  Havana. 

Tritolropia  retintlatuii.  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.,  ISC'),  105,  Ba.-bacloes;  culuration  fudud. 
Trisotropis  tiijris,  Pdey,  Ann.  Lji:.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  18G!),  307. 
Mijcleropcrca  reticulula,  Jokdan  &  Swain,  I.e.,  373, 1884. 
Sen-unm  rii-ulatM,  PoEv,  Memorias,  ii,  135,  1800. 

Miideroperca  tigrii,  Jordan  &  Swain,  /.  e.,  304,  1884;  Jordan  X  Kiuknmann,  I.  r  ,  :«i'.i,  IKOO. 
Kjimephelua  ligrin,  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  25'J. 

Represented  in  deep  waters  by  a  red  form  or  subspecies, 

1677a.  MYCTEROPERCA  TIGRIS  CAMELOPARDALIS  (('oey). 

Ground   color  bright  red,  otherwise   as   in  Myctcroperca  litjrix.     West 
Indies,     {camelopardalw,  like  a  giraffe  or  camelopard  in  color.) 

S.rrimm  camelojmrdnUi),  Poev,  Munioriap,  ii,  132,  1860,  Havana. 
Tiitutropis camelopardalig,  PoEY,  SynopsiH,  283,  1808;  Enuineratio,  14,  1875. 


'1 


s 


I 


■.^M 


i-T::- 


-i. 


1188  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


sot.  CRATINUS,  Steindacliner. 

Oratimm,  STBiNDAciiNEn,  lohtliyol.  Hi>Hriigi',  vii,  !!•,  187H,  (mjumUii). 

IJody  siihfusifonn,  moderately  conipresHod ;  tlie  bead  lon/4  and  low; 
craiiiiiiu  esHentially  as  in  Sermnux,  the  Huiooth  area  above  very  larjje, 
longer  tban  tbe  lo,v  and  short  supraoccipital  croMt.  Lower  jaw  much 
projecting.  Canines  Hniall.  Scales  small  and  rough.  (Jill  rakers  mod- 
erate. Dorsal  spines  very  unequal,  most  of  +bem  attenuated  into  long 
filaments  without  dermal  appendage.  Caudal  slightly  lunate.  East 
Pacific.  This  genus  is  r<ilated  to  I'araluhrax,*  differing  in  the  form  of 
tbe  bead  and  in  the  prolongation  of  most  of  its  dorsal  spines,'  which 
are  attenuated  into  filaments  without  dermal  appendage.  One  species 
known,  a  fish  with  a  very  peculiar  physiognomy.  (Name  unexplained; 
perhaps  from  crates,  a  bundle  of  rods.) 

157H.  OBATINUS  AOASSIZII,  Stpindachnor. 

Head  to  end  of  the  opercular  flap  2^  in  length;  depth  4.  L,  X,12; 
A.  111,7;  eye  9  in  head;  snout  2^;  maxillary  2i;  pectoral  2;  ventrals 
slightly  shorter;  longest  ray  of  soft  dorsal  3;  second  anal  spine  5;\ ; 
scales  9-68-22.  Body  elongate,  not  much  compressed;  profile  gently 
curved  from  tip  of  snout  to  dorsal;  snout  longanc^  pointed;  mouth  largo, 
not  very  oblique ;  maxillary  extending  to  posterior  margin  of  eye;  lower 
jaw  strongly  projecting;  teetli  moderate,  in  several  irregular  series; 
nostrils  equal,  nearly  round,  tfie  space  between  them  as  great  as  their 
diameter,  tbe  anterior  one  with  a  flap  on  its  posterior  margin  ;  eye  small, 
set  high  in  the  head ;  interorbital  shallowly  and  evenly  concave ;  supra- 
occipital  ridge  extending  nearly  to  upper  angle  of  opercle  ;  rounded  pos- 
terior limb  of  preopercle  finely  serrate,  lower  limb  entire;  opercle  with  a 
broad,  flat  spine,  behind  wiiich  is  i«  large  flap.  Gill  rakers  moderate, 
rather  slender,  3  -f  9,  with  3  or  4  rudimentary  ones.  Snout,  preorbital^ 
interorbital,  and  upper  edge  of  maxillary  with  a  few  scattered,  partially 
embedded  scales,  with  much  naked  skin  between ;  lower  part  of  maxil 
lary  and  lower  jaw  naked;  cheeks  closely  set  with  small  scales,  opercles 
with  much  larger  ones ;  many  accessory  scales  on  head.  Scales  on  body 
large,  without  accessory  scales ;  a  few  snuill  scales  running  up  on  base  of 
soft  dorsal ;  all  scales  on  body  and  head  ctenoid.  First  dorsal  spino 
short,  not  much  longer  than  eye, the  second  slightly  longer  :  third,  fourth, 
fifth,  and  sixth  extremely  long,  longer  than  head,  and  reaching  to  tlui 
middle  of  soft  dorsal,  the  rest  not  elongate ;  soft  dorsal  moderately  higli, 
the  first  rays  the  longest;  second  anal  spino  about  twice  as  long  and 
much  stouter  than  first,  third  slender,  a  Httlo  longer  than  second,  and 
closely  united  to  first  anal  ray,  the  middle  rays  the  longfist,  twice  as  long 
as  second  spine,  fin  rounded  behind ;  pectorals  broad,  tbe  middle  rays 
longest,  the  iin  bluntly  rounded  behind,  reaching  a  little  past  ventrals; 
caudal  fin  shallow-lunate.     Color  in  spirits :  Snout  and  upper  parts  dark 

*  Dr.  Buulciiger  is  cortaiuly  lu  error  in  referring  tbis  species  to  liis  BubgeuuB  Seiranus. 


.••■7^.»in.7  ^'T^"  t  '■'■  ?^-f  y^^'rrT;*!7»^'y'"*^THT»»  'i'i|jM.A  ji ->,?■/' 


'»:pt^^PJ51tii  ^,|« 


Jordan  and  B>ennann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1189 


brown,  light  below;  dorsal,  anal,  ami  vontrals  dark.  Galapagos  Archi- 
pelago;  scarce;  the  spe  Iniens  here  described  from  Charles  Island,  one  of 
the  (jalapagos,  the  largest  about  18  inches  long.  The  posterior  half 
of  the  body  resembles  tl  t  of  the  species  of  l'ar(tlahrax ;  the  long,  low 
head  suggests  I'hihjpHua.     (Named  for  Professor  Louis  Agassiz.) 

CralimiH  iiijnssr.U,  Stkindaciinku,  Ichtli.  Beitr.,  vii,  lit,  1H7H,  Gal'-nagos  Islands  (Coll.  Ariw 

Hi/,  &  SteiiKlai'liiii'r);  Jhuiian  i:  Kiurnmann,  '  c,,  :i<J4,  18W. 
Serraiiim  wjaiukii,  Bui'LKNUEB,  Out.,  i,  282. 

507.  HYPOPLECTRUS,  (iiM. 

(Vacas.) 

Uijimi>Uclrw,  O11.L,  Pre.  Kc.  Nut.  Sri.  I'liila.,  1802,  23«,  {pntlla). 

Body  more  deep  and  conipressiMl  than  in  the  other  groups  allied  to  Ser- 
ruHUH.  The  skull  dithM's  from  that  of  Serrnuun  chiefly  in  the  development 
of  the  supraoccipital  crest,  which,  in  accordance  with  the  form  of  the 
body,  is  much  elevated.  The  smooth  area  on  top  of  cranium  is  large 
extending  backward  to  border  of  preopercle,  the  supraoccipital  and  pari- 
etal crests  being  short;  the  ventrals,  as  in  Sci'vuhuh,  a.10  behind  the  axil 
of  the  pectoral.  All  the  species  have  several  antrorse  serra;  on  the  lower 
limb  of  the  preopercle,  but  smaller  than  in  Gomophxlrun.  The  species  of 
Ilypopleclius  are  all  American,  and  a  study  of  their  relations  oft'ers  many 
difficulties.  We  have  examined  typical  examples  of  a  large  number  of 
the  nominal  species.  While  each  of  these  shows  certain  striking  peculi- 
arities in  color,  most  of  them  are  absolutely  identical,  one  with  another, 
in  all  other  respects.  Moreover,  even  among  those  in  which  the  coloration 
»:;tiems  most  sharjly  deflned,  there  are  many  variations.  After  an  exami- 
nation of  the  iarge  series  of  typical  forms  sent  by  Professor  Poey  to  the 
Museum  at  Cambridge,  we  find  ourselves  driven  to  the  conclusion  that  all 
the  common  forms  of  llypopUctru::  probably  constitute  but  a  single  species, 
subject  to  almost  endless  variations  in  color.  This  view  we  here  adopt, 
leaving  for  convenience  sake  the  various  nominal  species  to  stand  as  color 
varieties  or  subspecies,  produced  by  the  action  of  some  agencies  as  yet 
unknown,     (iitto,  below  ;  7rA//Kr/)(>»',  spur.) 

a.  Scales  large,  about  46  pores  iu  lateral  line;  l)ody  short  and  deep,  tlio  depth  2J/j  in  length; 
head  2J;  profile  from  dorsal  to  ocoiiiut  convex,  concave  above  eye;  preorbital  narrow; 
maxillary  reaching  to  below  middle  of  eye;  lower  jaw  slightly  included;  teeth  strong, 
largo  teeth  in  front  J;  fourth  dorsal  spine  highest,  2J  in  head;  middle  caudal  rays  little 
shorter  thau  the  outer  ones;  pectoral  reaching  anal;  teeth  of  preopercle  growing  larger 
downward;  angle  and  lower  limb  with  about  9  strong  radiating  sernv,  those  nearest 
the  angle  largest,  the  others  directed  more  and  more  forward.  Color  (of  the  single 
specimen  known)  black  with  violet  luster;  faint,  pale  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales 
on  lower  parts  of  body;  caudal  fm  aiiruptly  translucent  yellowish;  pectorals  colorless; 
tips  of  dorsal  and  anal  spines  and  edge  of  soft  rays  abruptly  whitish. 

lAMI'Ill-RVS,  ].'")79. 

a<t.  .Scales  moderate,  GO  to  Of)  pores  in  the  lateral  line;  dorsal  rays  X,  l.");  depth  2  to  2]^  in 
length,  the  head  about  \i;  maxillary  2  iu  head;  caudal  flu  slightly  lunate;  fourth  dor- 
sal spine  highest,  22  in  head;  i)ectorals  narrow,  about  reaching  second  anal  spine; 
gill  rakers  short  and  slender,  x  -|-  12.  Coloration  extremely  Yarious,  characterizing 
many  nominal  species  or  varieties  described  below.  unicolob,  1580. 


■;  m. 


.siia 


W% 


1190  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


aaa.  Scalt'H  hiiiiiH,  70  to  80  in  tlie  lateral  lino. 

h.  Caudal  rotkod.  Color  piirplu  with  lightorrluudingH;  flus  colorlciH,  tho  oxternni  niudal 
ray  duiker;  caudal  deeply  lunat",  tlio  cxturnal  royH  nuitli  prolongod,  eH|K)<:lally 
tlio8o  of  tliu  upper  lolie,  which  uri.'  twice  an  lon^  u»  the  niiddio  rayH.  I)(']ith  2'/,  in 
loMBth.     Scales  9-70-32.  okmma,  15N1. 

ir>70.  HYPOPLECTItrN  LAJIPRURIIN  (Jordan  and  Gilbert). 

Heart  21 ;  rtopth2i.  D.X,  15;  A.  111,8;  Hcales  fi-GO-x ,  pores  46;  snout 
aliotit  as  lung  as  eyo,  which  is  3i  in  heart,  greater  than  intororbital  wirttli ; 
Borty  short  aurt  rteep;  profile  from  rtorsal  to  occiput  convex,  concave 
above  eye;  preorbital  narrow;  maxillary  reaching  to  below  mirtrtle  of 
eyo ;  lower  jaw  slightly  inclurtert ;  teeth  strong ;  large  teeth  in  front  }, ; 
snout  and  top  of  head  naked ;  cheeks  aurt  opercles  scaly ;  fourth  dorsal 
spine  highest,  2,V  in  head ;  middle  caudal  rays  little  shorter  than  the  outer 
ones ;  pectoral  reaching  anal,  a  little  shorter  than  head  or  than  ventral ; 
anal  spines  strong,  the  second  longer  and  stronger  than  thirrt  ;  teeth  of 
preopercle  growing  larger  rtownward;  angle  and  lower  limb  with  about 
9  strong  radiating  sernii,  those  nearest  the  angle  largest,  the  others 
directed  more  and  more  forward;  opercle  with  2  flat  spines.  Color  (of 
tho  single  specimen  known)  black  with  violet  luster;  faint,  pale  streaks 
along  the  rows  uf  scales  on  lower  parts  of  body ;  caudal  flu  abrui)tly 
translucent  yellowish;  pectorals  colorless ;  ventrals  black ;  tips  of  dorsal 
and  anal  spines  and  edge  of  soft  rays  abruptly  whitish.  Panama ;  known 
from  a  single  specimen  ;  well  distinguished  from  the  Atlantic  species  by 
the  much  larger  scales ;  the  single  type  has  almost  exactly  tho  coloration 
of  the  form  called  Uypoplectrua  chlorurua.  We  can  only  guess  as  to  the 
color  variations  which  it  may  undergo,     {^afinpug,  bright;  ovpu,  tail.) 

Serranus  limprunm,  Jordan  &  Giuikrt,  Bull,  U.  S.  Fish  Comm.,  i,  1881,  322,  Panama.     (Typo, 

No.  29051.    Coll.  Gilbert.) 
llypoiilechiis  himpriinii,  JouDAN,  Free.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mils.,  1885,  370;  Jordan  &  Euienma.vn,  I.  c, 

384,  1890. 


1680.  HIPOPLECTBUS  UNICOLOR*  (Walbaum). 

(Vaca;  1'etit-n£ore.) 

Head  2^0  3 ;  depth  2  to  2h  D.  X,  14  or  15;  A.  Ill,  8 ;  scales  8  to  10-80 
to  92-30  to  35,  pores  52  to  60.  Snout  longer  than  eye,  whicli  is  3J  to  4  in 
head ;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting,  with  small  canines ;  maxillary  2  in 
head,  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  eye ;  snout  and  top  of  head  smooth  ; 
cheeks  and  opercles  scaly ;  caudal  fin  slightly  lunate ;  fourth  dorsal 
spine  highest,  2if  in  head;   pectorals  narrow,  about  reaching  second  anal 


*  We  have  examined  large  numbers  of  specimens  of  this  typo  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge 
and  elsewhere.  The  best  series  seen  is  that  sent  from  Havana  by  Toey  to  tho  Museum  at  Cambridgo. 
So  far  as  we  can  discover,  tho  various  nominal  species  of  this  type  are  absolutely  identical  in  all 
respects  except  in  color.  Many  of  them — e.  g.,pueUa,  indigo,  cMoninu — seem  at  flmt  sig-lit  to  be 
certainly  different.  Nevertheless,  each  of  these  forms  is  suliject  to  wide  variations,  and  from  th*' 
material  which  we  have  seeu,  we  can  draw  no  other  conclusion  than  this:  All  belong  to  a  single 
8|)ecies,  which  varies  excessively  in  its  coloration.  Blue,  yellow,  and  black  are  arranged  in  great 
variety  of  patterns,  in  different  specimens,  and  the  cause  of  such  variation  is  still  unknown. 
The  following  localities  are  represented  in  the  specimens  examined  by  us:  puella,  Havana, 
St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix;  vHalinus,  Havana,jpmiiit)urtu8,  Havana;  macuHferus,  Havana;  guUavarius, 
Havana;  chlorunu,  Havana;  nigricans,  Flufida  Keys,  Havana,  St.  Thomas;  indigo,  Havana. 
The  other  nominal  epeciee  vre  have  not  seen. 


INMANN,  2.  C, 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1191 


spine,  nearly  as  long  uh  head,  uhoiit  o<iiiul  to  ventrala;  third  anul  Hpiue 
longest,  US  long  as  longest  of  dorsal ;  gill  rakers  short  and  slender,  x  -f- 12. 
Length  0  to  12  inches.  West  Indies,  north  to  the  Florida  Keys  on  rouky 
shores;  not  recorded  fioin  lira/.il;  locally  common  antl  excessively  vari- 
able as  indicated  above.  Only  the  tbrni  called  tiiyrieunx  thus  far  recorded 
from  tho  United  States.  Length  about  a  foot,  {unicolor,  uniformly  col- 
ored ;  a  most  inappropriate  name  even  for  the  typical  form  )  Coloration 
extremely  various,  the  following  being  the  nominal  species  or  varieties 
thus  far  described : 

n.  Soft  ilorfial  cliockerod  or  gpottod  witli  palo  liliio  or  croAHed  liy  liliie  liueo  (thoHo  occiuiioimlly 

oIlNoll'to), 

b.  Body  diiHky,  tlio  head  uiid  bolly  orungo,  tlin  lop  of  thi^  ticttil  olivacooii*;  ii  black  spot 
oil  fiu'h  Hid<i  of  cuiidiil  iic'duncli'  clodu  lirliiiiil  iormil;  Murk  hiind  or  Npot  ia  rioiit 
of  o,vo  nut  1iord»rod  by  blmv,  cliuukH,  opiTclu  and  liruiitit  witli  verticiil  liiicH  of 
metallic  bluu;  dorMut  yellowisb;  pectoral  and  candul  orangu;  a  black  xpot  in  tho 
axil;  upper  margin  of  pectoral  bluu;  uual  orango  with  bluu  bordur;  vontral 
grcuniHli,  its  biiso  orange.  unicoi.ou  (  --  macui.ikkiii;«),  I.IHO 

lih.  Ito<ly  all  violet  with  5  or  (>  more  or  leHs  distinct  black  croxa  bunds,  the  niiddlu  one  broad- 
est, covering  the  N])a<'o  from  the  fourth  to  the  tenth  dorHul  Npiiie  and  meeting  itH 
fellow  under  the  belly;  the  band  at  the  nape  broad  and  saddlu-like,  bounded  by  2 
pale  croHB  Btreaka  on  nape,  opercle,  and  cheukH;  Hiuiut  pale,  a  |Hile  Hhade  acrosH  it; 
vontralH  pale  cr  dark;   other  fins,  exeopt  spinouri  ilurHal,  mostly  pale.     I'ores  (10; 
8  BericB  above  lateral  line. 
c.  Cheek  with  a  bluu  bau<l  befo  e  eye  and  Korao  blue  BputB  before  it.        i'UEM.a,  1.'>8ilu. 
o:  Cheek  without  bluu  band;  no  bluuHpolN  on  snout;  colorHduller.     viti'LInub,  1.''iS0/i. 
bbb.  Body  and  head  yellow  anteriorly;  body  abruptly  black  posteriorly,  the  back  extending 
forward  to  a  wavy  line  reaching  from  first  dorsal  spine  to  vent;  a  broad  dark-blue 
l>und  in  front  of  eye,  bordered  by  sky  blue;  flna  chiefiy  orange;  ventral  and  anal 
bordered  by  sky  blue.  I'INNAVaiiiiis,  l.WOc. 

aa.  Soft  dorsal  plain,  without  distinct  blue  lines  or  spots, 

tl,  Preorbital  region  with  1  or  more  dark-blue  stripes,  bordered  by  bright  sky  blue  (not 

fading  in  Bpirits). 

e.  Body  yellov;  anteriorly,  black  posteriorly,  tho  blaclc  extending  forward  to  a  lino 

joining  the  nape  and  last  anul  ruy;  fins  orange;  a  single  blue-black  stripe  or 

spot  in  front  of  eye,  ocellatcd  witli  sky  blue;  caudul  pedunclu  very  durli  aliove. 

(iUTTAVAllll'S,  ir)80(f. 

ee.  Body  all  orange  yellow,  fins  orange;  snout  and  lower  jaw  blue;  2  blue  stripes,  each 

bordered  with  sky  blue,  before  the  eye.  oi'mmkictta,  l')SOe. 

eee.  Body  safTron  yellow,  orange  posteiiorly;  snout  with  blue  streaks  and  some  blue 

dots.  ciiocoTUS,  1580/. 

dd.  Preorbital  tegion  without  blue  stripes;  scales  usually  (?)  smaller;  pores  (>."),  11  series 

aliove  lateral  line. 

/.  Preorbital  region  with  violet  Bpots;_a  round  black  spot  on  side  of  caudal  peduncle; 

dorsal  light  greenish;  body  light  olive  green  above,  reddish  below;  pectorals 

pale  yellow,  the  first  ray  blue;  veutrals,  anal,  and  caudal  light  orange. 

ABERKANS,  1580(/. 

jr.  I'reo.uiir.l  region  without  distinct  violet  spots. 

</.  fJeneral  color  blackish,  brown,  or  yellowish — not  indigo  blue. 

//.  Color  brownish,  the  middle  of  the  front  of  body  yellowish;  fins  all  yellow 

except  tho  vontrals,  which  are  black.  ACCKNSrs,  1580/i. 

)ih.  Color  yellowish  pink;  caudal  and  pectorals  imlo;  vontnils  and  anal  bright 

light  blue.  AFFINIB,  15801. 

gg.  Color  of  body  black  with  violet  shades. 

J.  Pectoral  and  caudal  fins  abrujitly  bright  yellow,  cHLonirnus,  1580;. 

ii.  Pectoral  and  caudal  fins  violet  black  like  the  rest  of  the  body. 

NIURICANB,  1580ik. 


'    ' 


i 


m 


.'»F 


1192 


Bulletin  4J,  United  States  National  Museum. 


j,  GeniTal  color  (lup|>  indigo  l)liio  ovurywlioru  uii  IxHly  unti  fliii;  lio<ly  witli 

■t  to  0  liroail  cro-H  l>arii  of  iliirkcr  l)1iio. 

k.  OliuolCH  ])litiii,  willioiit  (liHtilirt  Niript'M.  INliliio,  VMU. 

kk.  ChovliRwitli  a  diirli-liluuMUtMirliitnl  liaiul  lu<twni>ti  2  IuiiiiIm  nrrlntr 

bliio.  iioviM'H,  VMhn. 

ISNO.  HYPOPIiKCTRirH  I'NIfOLOIt  (typical). 

Perra  nnkohr,  Wai.uaiim,  Artoill  PlHciutn,    ill,  30'.',  171I2,   locality  unknown;  after  Permii 

tiiuVo/ur,  8RIIA,  TlicmtiiniH,  in,  71!,  tali.  27,  tig.  lo. 
llnloreiilnu  unirnlnr,   Ill.ni'il  A  ScilNKIIir.H,  Hygt.   Irlitli.,  322,  18()1. 
I'leclrojiimin  cphiini'mm,   CfviMi  *   Vai.km'Iknnem,   III»t.   Nut.    I'oIhh.,   ii,   4(W,    1H2H,  locality 

unknown;  loiiinl  among  fishci*  fnun  Jiiva  bought  in  AiuHtrnliiui. 
Uijimjili'ilrm  imu-uliferiiK,  I'oKV,  Aun,  Lye.  Nat.  liigt.  N.  Y.,  x,  78,  pi.  1,  x,  2,  1«71,  Havana. 
SermwiK  nnieiihir,  lioi'i.RNdKit,  Cat.,  I,  299. 

ISSOa.  IIYPOPLKCTRIIH  ITNICOLOR  PITKLLA  (Cuvier  .tc  Valonricniios). 

Plcctrnpnmii  imrlla,  Ci'viKit  Si  Valrncirnnrh,  If  Int.  Nat.  Poind.,  ii,  405,  pi.  37,  1H2K,  Martinique; 

GOntiikr,  Cut.,  I,  lf;r.,  18.-.9. 
Illipoiilecliiis pnella,  PoKV,  8ynopHiH,  290,  18CH,  JoiinAN  A  Ekiknmann,  /.  <:,  383. 

1580b.  liYPOPLIX'TKHS  HMrOLOU  VITIILINVK  (Poey). 

Plectroiinma  I'ltHliHum,  PoRV,  Memorios,  i,  08,  1851,  Havana. 
llypoi>hclru»  vituUnm,  PoBV,  Enuniuratio,  23,  1875. 

1580c.  HYPOPLKCTKIIS  irNICOLOR  PINNIVARIHK  (Pwiy). 
Hjipojileclnit  pinniranm,  PoEV,  Synopsin,  291,  1808,  Havana. 

1680d.  HYPOPLKdRIJS  irNICOLOR  MUTTATARIVS  (Pooy). 

l^ectmjmvia  gullavnrimn,  PoEV,  Mi-morluo,  i,  70, 1851,  Havana;  GCntiikb,  Cat.,  i,  ICC,  IHfiO. 
PkclroponiavielaiKiihimi,  GiiifllKNOT,  Poissoiis,  in  Itamun  do  laSugra,  Hist.  Cuba,  18,  pi.  I,  flg.  1, 

1855,  Havana. 
JllUmjihctntu  ijutlaniriuti,  Poky,  SyiioiMif),  291,  18G8. 

1680e.  IIYPOPIiKCTRUS  IINICOLOR  (JlINHIUrTTA  (Pony). 

Plectrojmma  ijmnmiijnlla,  PoKV,  Moniorias,  I,  70,  \Wt\,  Havana;  GI'ntiit;!!,  Cat.,  i,  ICC,  IS-W. 
H>ipti}ilectnis  ymniitiijulla,  Poky,  Synopsis,  290,  18G8. 

1680f.  IIYPOPLECTRUS  UNICOLOR  CROCOTIJS  (Cope). 

Pkclrnpnma  troeotu*  Coi'E,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  xiv,  1871,  4fiC,    St.   Martins,  West 

Indies.    (Coll.  Dr.  K.  K.  Van  Rijgersina.) 
lliipnphdrua  cnwotun,  Jordan  &  Kkif.nmann,  I.  c,  380,  1890. 


*Tli('  following  is  the  description  of  Ilijpnplectrus  cromtm  (Cope):  "  Form  gibhons;  depth  2.2  in 
lougtli  without  caudal;  length  of  bead  3  times  in  same.  Eye  3</^  in  houil  (including  spine). 
Anterior  rays  of  solt  dorsal  little  more  elevated  than  last  ray  of  spinous  tin.  Radii  D.  X,  15; 
A.  Ill,  7.  Veutrals  to  anal;  pectoral  to  first  soft  ray  of  anal;  caudal  moderately  emarginate. 
Front  concave  in  profile;  muzzle  a  little  longer  than  an  orbit's  diameter.  Eight  equal  teeth  on 
tho  lower  limb  of  tho  preoi)erculum;  end  of  maxillary  to  lino  of  ]iosterior  margin  of  pupil. 
Scales  12-81-,32.  Length  4  5  inches.  Color  saffron  yellow,  becoming  orange  on  tho  caudal, 
anal,  and  vertical  fins;  dorsal  region  becoming  brownish  anteriorly  ;  a  narrow  band  from  front 
of  orbit  posteriorly  ou  check,  and  some  small  blue  spots  on  side  of  muzzle;  a  narrow  blue  line 
along  upper  edge  of  preoperculum;  two  faiut  vertical  lines  on  operculum;  dorsal  and  pectoral 
fins  and  Jaws  satTron  yellow.  This  brilliant  specieB  was  found  at  St.  Martins,  W.  I.,  by  Dr. 
U.  E.  van  Btjgersma."  (Cope.)  The  type  Bpecimeu  is  uo  longer  to  be  found  iu  tho  collection  of 
tlio  Academy  at  Philadelphia. 


Jordan  and  Evtrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1103 

IftNUg.  IIYPOFLKt'TBVM  VNIOULOK  AIIKBKANH  (I'.M.y). 

Illljiojilectnii  alurratit,  I'oKV,  Synoiwln,  2!tl,  1868,  Havana. 


I, 


» 


IJlHOh.  IIYPOPLKCTKI'S  ITMCOMMt  ACCKXHI'M  (l><>«y). 

ntrlrojtitma  m-cewum,  PoKV,  MviiioriaN,  i,  72,  1H51,  Havana. 
llyiinphclniH  (icci-imiik,  1'okv,  8ynii|wii,  2!MI,  IHtiN. 


IV 


IftNOI.  IIVPUlMiKCTUIH  INICOMHt  AKFIMH  (l>(>.<>). 

Vltrlroiumnmlllni:  PoKv,  MomorlBH,  ii,  427,  lH(il,  Havana. 
IlUltopUctrKK  nfini»,  I'oKV,  Kiiutneratiu,  24,  1876. 

I680J.  IIYI'OPLKCTKl'K  IINICOLOK  ('IILOItlltrS  (Cnvlc  i  A  Viiloncl.niicH). 

I'lectroiwiiiu  ehhrurtim,  (!iiviEH  A  Vai.eni'IKNNks,  UIhI    Nut.  I'oIhh.,  ii,  4(Mi,  1H2H,  Martinique; 

OCnthkh   Cut.,  I,  1(>7. 
Hyiioiilninm  thiinuniit,  Vin:\,  S.>  iiupNig,  200,  18C8. 
SemmiiB  chlumritii,  Jukiian  ik  <iiMiBUT,  SyiiopHiK,  fi:i7,  ISSIt. 

1680k.  HVPOPLKCTRL'S  HNIt'OLOIt  MOHK^AXS  (I'ooy). 

Pleelropoma  nigrifwm,  Vi\y;\,  MunioriuR,  I,  71,  1H51,  Havana. 

Ilypopleitnui  uijirkmin,  loKV,  Syiiopoiii,  20(1,  1868;  JoBDAN  &  (Jll.liEUT,  SyiiopHis,  018, 188;». 

16801.  IIYPOPLECTRITS  UNICOLOK  IXDMJO  (IVu-y). 

(AS.t.) 

Pleclroj>omii  iniUijo,  Poky,  Meniorian,  I,  09,  IS.M,  tub  3,  ft;;.  1,  Havana,  (iCNTllKit,  Cut.,  i,  1(10. 
Ilyiiuplectriia  intliyu   Poky    Sybopsis,  200,  1808. 

1680m    IIYP0PLECTRU8  rNKOLOK  HOVINI'S  (Pi)oy). 

Pleetrnpnina  honHiim,  I'liEV,  Mciiioriua,  I,  CO,  1851,  Havana;  OCntiieb,  ("ut.,  i,  100. 
UyiioplfdruftbovinuH,  PoKV,  Syiioiwis,  20O,  1808. 

1681.  HYPOPLKCTRUS  nKNniA,  G00.I0  &  Bcun. 

Head2i;  depth  2^;  eye 4  in  bead.  IJ.  VII;  D.  X,15;  A.  111,7;  C.  9 +  8; 
P.  14 ;  V.  I,  5  ;  scales  9-70-32.  Least  height  of  the  tail  contained  3  times 
in  the  length  of  the  head.  The  scales  small,  weakly  ctenoid,  about  70  in 
the  lateral  line,  9  above  it,  and  29  below  (elsewhere  stated  as  9-70-32); 
lateral  line  following  very  closely  the  contour  of  the  dorsal  profile 
throughout  its  entire  extent.  Greatest  length  of  head  3  in  distance  from 
the  tip  of  snout  to  end  uf  middle  caudal  rays.  Snout  3  in  liead  ;  oper- 
culum to  end  of  flap  equal  to  snout ;  upper  jaw  extending  to  vertical 
from  anterior  margin  of  orbit,  its  length  equal  to  half  that  of  head ;  lower 
jaw  about  the  same  length  ;  armature  and  squamation  of  the  opercular 
bones  and  dentition  normal.  Distance  of  dorsal  fln  from  snout  very 
slightly  less  than  greatest  height  of  body  ;  length  of  dorsal  base  equal  to 
distance  between  its  origin  and  base  of  the  posterior  ray  of  anal  fin,  the 
foarth  spine  longest,  its  length  equaling  that  of  base  of  anal ;  anal  fin 


ti 


i'l 


.v'lL 
id 


I'll     I 


Si 


I 


i  'm 


i   sjtl 


1194 


JiulUtin  -/7,  United  States  National  Afuseum, 


iuHurttMl  hulow  origin  of  huvoikI  dorHuI  ruy,  tlio  ItUHu  of  itH  iuHt  ruy  Ikmiik 
luiiiuiitli  timt  of  ninth  doiHul  ray,  itH  third  Hpiiiu  vury  HJitflitiy  hinder 
than  liin  Huoond,  tlitiir  tliuniutorH  t)i|iial ;  anal  liiglii;r  tlian  dorHal,  itH 
);roat«Mt  luMglit  uqnal  to  diHlaiuio  liutwoun  Imihu  of  tint  vcntrals  andorif^iii 
of  anal;  cauclal  croHcunt-Hhapod,  tho  oxtcrnal  rayn  niiich  prolon){«Ml, 
uHpocially  thoNo  of  tho  iipiHtr  lohu,  which  arc  twicu  uh  lon^  an  thu  middle 
cainlal  rayu;  dintanco  of  poctoralu  from  Hnoiit  u(|ual  to  huiglit  of  body  at 
vcntralH,  tlndr  len);th  equal  to  that  of  thu  Hapvri«>r  candal  lolio ;  whtii 
uxtundud  liorixontally  thuHu  liiiH  roach  to  vortical  from  iiiNurtion  of  DrNi 
anal  ray  ;  diHtanco  of  ventralH  from  unont  uqnal  to  half  Htundard  body 
length;  vtMitralH  extending  to  inMcrtion  of  anal,  and  equal  in  length  In 
the  rayH  of  tho  lower  caudal  lobo.  Color  in  alcohol, dull  purple;  in  lilf, 
probably  deep  purple,  with  cloudingH  uf  lighter  color;  finn  in  alcohi»l 
colorlesH,  in  life  probably  puai!^  ;  external  rayH  of  the  caudal  corrcNponti 
iug  in  hue  with  the  deeper  portiono  of  the  body  c<dor.  Florida  Keys  ; 
known  from  one  Hpecimon  from  Garden  Key  ;  whether  variable  in  color  i.s 
of  course,  not  known,    (ijemina,  u  jewel.) 

lliiliitjilivlvm  ijimmii,  (iiiiiDR  ,k  Ukan,  I'rcic.  L'.  S.  Niif.  MiiH.,  IH82,  428,  Qarden  Key,  Florida, 
(T.viKi,  Nu.  'M22) ;  Juuvan  &  Kiuunmann,  t.  •'.,  am,  IHIH). 

508.  PARALABRAX,  (Jirard. 
(Caukii.kas  Vkudks.) 

Paralahrax,  niRARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.,  18r>«,  131,  (nehuli/er). 
Alriiflnpimi,  Oii.i,,  I'r.ic.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliilu.,  18(il,  lOr.,  (ilaOinilim). 
(Iniiuiperiit,  Gn.l.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.,  lHtl3,  80,  {iilhnmwiiliiliiii). 

Body  robuHt,  covered  with  Hmall  ctenoid  scales.  Mouth  large,  with 
HUiall  lateral  canines  and  no  depreasible  teeth.  The  Huiooth  area  on  tix' 
top  of  the  cranium  is  very  short  and  small,  not  extending  much  bcliiiiil 
the  orbits.  The  long  and  low  supraoccipital  crest  extending  well  forward 
to  a  line  connecting  the postfrontal  processes.  Ventral  tins,  as  in  Serrann^ 
and  EpiiicphcluH,  inserted  behind  the  axil  of  the  pectoral.  Caudal  tin 
always  lunate;  some  of  the  anterior  dorsal  spines  considerably  elevatcii. 
Dorsal  rays  usually  X,  14;  anal  III,  7.  The  known  species  of  PuruluUrux 
are  confined  to  the  coasts  of  tropical  America,  where  they  are  important 
food-fishes,  (napii,  near;  Lnbrax,  l&jipa^,  the  sea  bass  or  liohalo  of  Europe, 
DiceH  tra  rch  tin  la  brax. ) 

(I.  Iiiterorbitnl  area  muro  or  Iom  scaly,  the  Rcales  extending  forward  at  lca8t  to  thu  midilli'  <■( 

pupil  ;  third  dorsal  Bpino  lungur  than  fourth  ;  gill  rakura  x  +  14  to  17  ;   jiroorliilal 

broud,  118  broad  us  eye  lu  adult ;  Home  of  the  aurrtu  ou  lowur  limb  of  preorbitui  hoolicd 

forward. 

b.  ScalcH  ou  top  of  head  extending  forward  aa  fui-  aa  front  of  cyea ;  no  round  darl(  himM- 

anywhere  except  on  cheeks  and  preorbital  region  ;  lower  jaw  projecting  ;  eye  niml- 

crute,  BhorturthanKuout,  about  5%  in  head  ;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary  2J  in  lioail, 

rather  narrower  than  the  preorbital;  first  two  doraul  apinea  abort,  the  third  very  lont,', 

throe  times  second  and  nearly  2  in  head  ;  cundal  alightly  lunate  ;  second  anal  spin'' 

OS  long  as  third  and  much  atoutor ;  color  greenish,  with  irregular  pule  und  durU 

mottling  and  tracca  of  dark  obli<iuu  crosa  burs  ;  |)reorbital,  auborbitul,  and  chcrUs 

profusely  marked  with  round  orange  apots  ;  a  dark  streak  downward  and  buckwiuu 

from  eye.  nebulifeb  1o82. 


Mi 


Jordan  and  F.vrrmann. — Fishes  of  North  America,       1195 


/>'>.  Hauli'H  nil  lii|>  iif  lii'kil  I'xh'iidliiK  rnrwunl  (iiily  tn  tiilddin  of  nyni ;  In  .i|  nml  )i|i|pi  nf  Ixxly 
I'ViT.vttliciiii.vi'icil  Hlthdiirk  i>niiiKi>ii|MitH  \  uSW  nikiTii  Hlicirt  iiml  lliirk,  \  f-  I  J,  lliit 
lillinidt  'Jl.j  III  I'.vo;  ImhIv  iiKiilcTlltily  lOiiliKiltr  ;  lower  Jiiw  |ir<>Ji'Clilit(,  litit  li'HM  mi 
tliiiii  ill  /'.  Ill /iii/i/cr ;  iiiuxlllniy  IuikIiIiik  iiiIiIiIIi'  (if  i>y<',  'l\  l:i  lii'Uil  ,  ni  uli>s  i|iilt<< 
ruiiKli.  hicniiil  (liirHiil  Hjiliiu  Hhorl,  not  lialt  llii<  tlilril,  wlilrh  lit  t{  In  linul,  tli» 
rmirtli  Ncurci'ly  nIiui'Iit  ;  hi'cihkI  uiiuI  h|i|iiu  Hlinrlrr  lliiiii  tlilnl  ;  t-uinliil  nIIkIiIIv  <'iiii. 
niVd  ;  rtilnr  iillvn  lirowil,  tlllrkly  rnvcrril  rViTywIicri'  nlinvc  u  Itli  iliirk  lic\iiuip||iil 
111'  I'iiiiihIIkIi  h|iiiIn,  kii  rliiw  tn)(i>tll<>r  w*  In  Iclivi-  tlir  kI'ciIIIkI  i  nli.r  ii|i|m  initio  i,h  iiliiii- 
liilliiiiM  ai'iiiiiiil  llii'lii  ;  tlii'in  hiioIn  arx  iiiorc  nr  Ii'KN  rniitliiciil  mi  llic  Imi  k,  iiml  iiii' 
IIIiinI   ilinllllrl,  mill  ||ii;(|'i|  Willi    liril!IK<'  iili  nIiIi'H  nl'  lli'inl,  nil    llllllli'llinHti'^iilN,  mill   nil 

linHi' nf  |ii'i:t(>rulii ;  iiliniit  Ni'xni  diinky  iiiwh  ImrH  uIoiik  IIki  hIiIi'h,  In  wlilili  IIih  HpnlK 

liri>  ilri>|i<'r  III  ciilnr  uiid  nini'u  cuiifliH'iit  ;  a  MiiIhIi   Nti'liir  rrmii  (iyi<  iirroxH  rliiM'kx; 

nnrt  ilnrHiil  mill  rmiilul  witli  lirnti/ii  H|iiitH.  MAi  TI.A  rni.\Hri.\ri'H,  I'lKfl. 

oil.   liiliTiii'liitiil  Ki'i'ii  I'lilrlly  linked,  tlin  hi  iiIi'h  uii  tnp  of  head   IiikIiiiiIhk  iikii'ii  nr  Iixh  lirliliid 

llii'  |iii|i||  ;  k'II  rakiTH  X  -f  17  tu  'I'i.  ;  tliird  ilnrwil  n|>Iii(i  Hiiirnly  Imiuer  tlimi  tmirtli. 

r,  I'renrliitiil  riitlier  lirmul,  iiinre  tliuii  tbroe-rmirlliH  wldtli  nl'  eyn  ;  HiileN  of  liiuk  with  liirK<' 
whitu  NiHilM  I  ruiirlli  dnrwil  Npllio  innially  lilKher  lliaii  third,  no  that  thu  iiiwlerhir 
lliart^lll  nf  thu  dnl'Mill  flii  Ih  deeply  I'oiii'iive  ;  Hllniit  \\\  III  heitd  ;  the  Hi'lileH  liPKiimiHK 
iippii>ile  luxt  part  nl'  pupil;  k'" ''" ''*)■''*  NhnrtiHh,  II  4  111;  flrHt  ilnrniil  Npiiie  Hlinrt  ; 
Nenilid  (ilii'-tliiril  Inll^fer  ;  third  more  thllll  three  tlineH  Keniliil  ;  rtiiirth  almiit  the 
xmiie  ;  iiiiiil  Kpiiu'H  Nlmrt  ;  eiiiidul  liiiiiite  ;  color  diirk  iilmve,  uliniplly  pule  helow  ; 
11  liirKK,  dark,  nliliiiiio  iIiimIi  hiduw  oyo,  covurliift  iiuiMt  uf  cheek  ;  a  row  of  tlvii 
nlilnllK,  hnrl/.nlltui  white  lilntcheH  JllHt  helnw  lateral  line  ;  caildlll  dllhky,  ItH  central 
and  poNterior  part  juile  ;  anal  and  ventral  black  ;  pectural  palu  ;  Nplnnim  dorxal 
diiKky  at  Iiumu  ;  Moft  ilnrHiil  inottled.  iiitmkiialih,  1.'>84. 

If.  l>reoil>ilal  iiarrnw,  nnt  twn-thirdN  width  of  oye  ;  hoily  widl  oiimprcHHed  ;  hi, nut  polntc.l; 
prenrliitui  narrow,  liot  ho  hroiid  as  maxillary,  Icnh  than  half  width  of  uye  ;  k'" 
rakei'H  rather  IniiK,  x  +  ''!*>;  third,  fourth,  and  llfth  dornal  xpiiieR  aliniit  eipial, 
the  thiiil  twice  theHeconil,  2  In  head;  goooiid  anal  Hpine  Ioniser  than  third  ;  caiidal 
On  KllKhtly  lunate ;  color  Kfaylxh  green,  with  nhncuro  Iiroad  diiBky  HireakH  and 
liarx;Nld>s  oftiui  Hhaded  and  innttlrd  with  IiIuIhIi  and  KreenlHli,  but  imually  with- 
niit  dixliiict  HpotH  ;  a  broad,  dark,  lungltudluul  Hliado  aluug  uxIh  of  Imdy  ;  belly 
plain  Bilvcry  gray.  clatukatis,  iriH.'i, 


:i 


1' 
S3 

I  i 


1582.  PAKALAHUAX  KDRIILIFKR  ((ilrard). 

(Johnny  Vkude.) 

Head  2^  in  length ;  depth  3i  to  3}.  D.  X,  It ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  ir>-110  to 
120-33,  pores  72  to  8(»;  about  32  scales  from  dorsal  to  occiput.  Hody  rather 
elongate;  lower  jaw  projecting;  eye  moderate,  shorter  than  snout, ulioiit 
Ti.V  in  head ;  gill  rakers  half  orbit,  8-fl4  to  17;  preorbital  broad,  as  broad 
as  eye  in  adult ;  some  of  the  serriu  on  lower  limb  of  pn^orbital  hooked 
forward  ;  scales  on  top  of  head  extending  forward  as  far  as  front  of  eyes  : 
no  round  dark  spots  anywhere  except  on  cheeks  and  preorbital  region  ; 
interorbital  nearly  flat;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  below 
piil)il,  2^  in  head,  rather  narrower  than  the  preorbital;  first  two  dorsal 
spines  short,  the  third  very  long,  three  times  second  and  nearly  2  in  head; 
soft  dorsal  rather  low;  caudal  slightly  lunate;  second  anal  spine  as  long 
aa  third  and  much  stouter;  pectorals  moderate,  1^  to  If  in  head;  ventrals 
2  to  2A.  Color  greenish,  with  irregular  pale  and  dark  mottling  and  traces 
of  dark  oblique  cross  bars;  the  colors  faint  as  if  faded;  tins  dusky,  mot- 
tled; preorbital,  suborbital,  and  cheeks  profusely  marked  with  round 
orange  spots  ;  a  dark  streak  downward  and  backward  from  eye ;  lower 
side  of  head  salmon  color ;  lower  side  of  tail  with  -wavy  whitish  streaks. 


I1 


1:  If 


WW 


:!  I 


i      ■ 


' 


^^li 


mm 


liulhfin  47,  United  Studs  IV,Uioual  Sfusfum 


Htiutlu'in  ( 'ill  i  turn  ill  from  Mttnteicy  to  MiiK»liil»'iia  lliiy ;  k"I"''''i1I.V  «!OMimoii 
ill  nIiuIIow  vviitoi  ;  ii  t'ooil  IIhIi  of  t'XcolUtiit  i|iiiility.  Loii^^tli  ulioiil  |x 
iiiclit'H.  Ilt<iit  (IcHci'ilM-tl  fruiii  Sun  l^iugo  H[it'uiuiunH,  {mbuUt,  clond;  /ira, 
I  Ituui.) 

t,iiliifi.f  iifliiilliw,  (Jiii*iiii,  I'rix'.  Ar.  Nut.  Scl.  riiilik.,  In.'iI,  MJ,  Monterey. 

/'.iniW./iM    )(.(.i(/;/(/,  IJlliAUli,  I'mr.   A>-.    Nut.  Krj.    I'lillii.,  iH.'dl,    I;iJ;  (illlAlin,    11.8.    \'ar.    II,   Ii. 

.xiii'v.,  :i.'l,   |il.   Ml,  tlu.   1,   InAM;   tll'NiiiKli,  Cat.,  I,  I'i'i,   InM;  .Imiihan  .t  Kiuknmann,  /.  r., 

:iHH,  IKOO. 
N'ri'lllllM  Il.'.ll/l/.l',  StKISHAI  IINIII,   Ii  lllll.   Ilrillll((i',  III,   1,    |H7.'>;  .liillllAN    A    (!il.li»:iir,    I'lnc  .   I  .  S. 

Nut.   .MUH.,   I>'WI,   |-,ll;    Hill  I.KMIKII,  Cut.,  I,  WD. 


l.'iSii.  IMItAI.Aint.iX  MAt  ri„iTOI  .iS(  IATrS(.SI.Iii.|>i<liiiui). 

(S|M)1TK.1>   CMIUII.H.I 

\Uhu\  L'.J  to  :«;  (h'pth  M.  D.  X,  i:{  or  11;  A.  Ill,  7;  hciiI.'h  17  it'J  t.. 
IliO-K't,  |ioi(>H  illi  to  80;  iiiioiil  ll'i  Niiiiill  Hcalt'H  fioiii  doi.sal  to  occipui. 
Hotly  niotUnattily  »'lon;;iitt';  lowtir  Jiiw  |iroJc(!tinj{,  but  Iomh  ho  tlian  in  7'. 
Ill  hilt  i/rr',  cyi^  Nina  II,  '>  to(i  in  liniil,  Nlioi'lcitliaii  Niioiit  ;  intfroiliital  <;»ntly 
convex;  iiia.\illary  nanow.  its  width  aixnit,  half  tjyts  luiiorliital  svidi", 
\vi(hT  than  nyt).  Top  of  hi'iid  wcaliMl  on  nicdiun  lint^  t<»  front  of  jnipil, 
nakfdon  widcH.  SitalcMiinitf  roiij^h  ;  HcalfHon  toji  of  head  t'xttsndinj;  foi  wind 
only  to  iiiiddlo  of  eyes.  (Jill  lakt'iH  -I  in  orliit,  <>  -f-  I'.i,  tlio  lonKt)Ht'_'i  in  ivc 
S*>(M)nd  ilorsal  upint^  Hhort,  not  half  tht>  tliinl,  which  \h  1  i  in  Iicad,  tlukloni  t  li 
scarcely  shorttu';  second  anal  spiiio  shorter  than  third;  poctoial  niodeiatc 
\S  in  head;  veiitrals  l'(;  caiitlal  sliyhtly  concavts  Color  olive  hrown, 
thickly  covered  everywhere  ahove  with  thirk  hexa^'onal  or  romulish  sikiIs, 
so  <!lose  tojiother  as  to  leav*^  the  j^rountl  color  appearinj;  as  reticiiliitidiiH 
around  them;  these  spots  arc  more  or  Iohs  continent  on  the  iiack,  and  au' 
most  tlistiniU,  and  tiiigtMl  with  oriin<rt>()n  sith'S  of  hoail,  on  Itranehiostu^'iiU. 
ami  on  hase  of  pectorals;  ahont  7  dusky  cross  liars  alonj^  the  sides,  m 
w'liich  the  spots  arc  tleoper  in  color  and  more  continent;  a  hinish  stiipr 
from  eye  across  cheeks;  lover  parts  yellow  ;  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  wiili 
l>ron/.e  spots.  liCiij^th  ahont  IK  inches.  Lower  Californian  fauna,  San 
I'edro  toMazatlaii;  every  where  common  in  sanily  hays;  a  jjood  foo(l-li>li. 
Here  de.scrilied  from  specimens  from  San  Diego.  {luuciiIiitHn,  spoitdl; 
faHcidliis.  lianiUul..) 

Sirriniii'i  iKuriiliil'i/td^riid''     STr.iNI>A('IINKli,  Iclitli.   Noli/x'ii,   \ii,   .I,   IsiiS,   Mazatlan;  .liiin)\v   .\ 

CilMlK.IM,   I'lnc.    r.  .'''.    >  ilt.   Mils.,  l.S,Sl, -Ki;   .luUllAN  ,V  fil  I.IIKII  I,  S.VIlllIisis,  ."i:!i;.  l.Sh:!;    lOviaOMNV 

\  Jknkins,  IMdi  .  1  .  J.  Nut.  HIiin.,  IMDI,  l-1'.i;  llnriKviaai,  Cut.,  i,  -ZHl. 
Si'iTdiiiis  iiiautlii'jilioriis,  '..iicontT,  .Villi.   Sci.  Nat.,    x,    187(1,  U'j:!,   west  coast   of  Mexico,  (inll. 
llocourt.) 

I'llldhlhlilJ-  lllilclllillii/il.iflilllls,  JlUtllAN  .t  KkiK.NMANN,  I.  ('.,    ll^S,  IS'.MI. 

KiHI.   I'AKALAHUAX   III'MKltAlilS  (CiiviiT  A  Viilrnrlciinrs). 

Head  2^  to  3i  in  length  ;  depth  H,';  to  A.     D.  X,  11  ;   A.  Ill,  7;  scales  i:i 
to  1K-S5  to  lOO-oli,  pores  (it  to  70;   about  32  scales  befjre  dorsal.     Hmlv 
robust;  canines  small;  snout  3^  in  head;  eyoS^;  least  width  of  pivoi 
bital  6  in  head;  iuterorbital  gently  convex;  the  scales  usually  begiuuing 


)  MJ> 


Joti/iiH  iiri/  /''.vrrtnaiin — Fishes  of  Norlli  .hnrnKi.        I  I1>7 

oppoHltii  luNt  purt  of  pupil;  iiiiixilliiry  '2\  in  head;  nuNtriU  Niimll.  Hiilt. 
t)i|iiiil ;  \!,\\\  rakiti'H  1*  4-  1!':  tli'Ht  tlorHtil  Npimt  Hliort,  hccoihI  I.  Iiiii^cr,  tliirti 
iiiuitt  tliiiii  :<  tiiiH'N  Nt'Cdiid,  i'linrlli  Ntill  Intiucr  ( in  Mpcciriii'iiN  i'\atiiiiii-il  liy 
UN 'J  to 'J!  ill  liciid,  not  loii^^i'i  tliaii  tliinl  in  otiicr  Hpct'iniciiN,  acniiilin^ 
to  uiitlioiN),  tlio  (ill  tliiiH  very  il<'<*ply  iiotclii'il ;  anal  NpinfH  Nlmrt,  tlio 
Hi'<-oiiil  alioiit  «'i|iial  to  tliinl,  \\  in  IummI  ;  CHiiilal  liinatf  :  pectoral  11  to  lH 
in  Ik'UiI,  till-  niiilillit  ia,\H  lon^t'Kt,  Color  in  alcolnil :  |)ai  l<  almx  r,  a))i  iiptl> 
pain  Inflow;  a  liir^o,  dark,  oidi(|iio  daNJi  lirliiw  t\vi<  covering  iiiohI  of 
cln-fk  ;  a  row  ol'  5  olilont;,  hoii/ontul,  wliitc  lilotclicK  JiinI  Im-Iow  lateral 
liiir.  liiHt  and  Hccorid  lar>j;t'Mt,  alioiit  aw  lonn  as  cyf,  a  nIiihIc  I'lm  as  laryo 
aH  tliird  liiotcli  aliov'^  tliin  row  Indow  tlic  second  tolnnilli  laysofNol't 
doifial;  caudal  tliinky,  itM«!<>ntral  and  ])ONtcrior  part  pale;  anal  and  ven- 
tral l)la(;k  ;  piMtoral  |»al»' ;  HpinoiiH  dorsal  dnsky  at  l>aH«;  Hoft  dorsal  mot- 
tled witiidark.  Voiinj;  (/(«/»<  )(///•<)  with  rallnr  Caint,  d.irk  itiiisaiid  ronnil, 
pa  In  spotH  on  head  and  ventral  liiiN.  li«^n;r||,  -j  to  :<  t'eit .  racille  ('<ia>tt  of 
tSoiitli  AnuMica  from  ranania  to  .hian  Furnande/.  AeiuirdiiiK  to  Dr.  Stuin- 
dacliiM^'  this  h'lndNoine  speeieH  is  quite  (miiimiioii  in  the  deep  clianneis  sep- 
lira! in;;  tiit)  (<alapaKoH  Islands  from  each  otlit^r.  Here  deseiilied  from  No. 
lOL'L'L',  M.  C.  Z.,  2  feet  lon^j,  from  IndefatiKiiMe  Island,  ie|ireHeiit  in;;  the 
form  called  iilhomaiiilalits,  of  which  hiinnritlis  is  reKaidtsd  Ity  Dr.  I'><iiilcnf{er 
HH  tilt)  yoiiii);.     (liitmrntliK,  ]iertaiiiin;;  to  tlm  Hhoiildur.) 

.SiT/Kiiim  hiiiiiDiiln,  ("rviKii  A  Vai  K.MirsNFs,  Ill^t.  Nut,  I'liiks.,  II,  'jlc,  !>.;«,  Chili;  (iCMiiiii, 
Cut.,  I,  lot,  is'.l);  Iliii  iBNiiKit,  (,'ul.,  i,'J7s. 

.Scmi/iiiN  (i.)i(//i(«ri(i/ii«  (Uiiii  liiuol),  (Jav,  Hint,  riiilc,  II,  I'll,  |il.  1,  l)j-.  t'iK. '-,  I""  IT,  Juan  Fer- 
nandez. 

I'erni-UiliiifijiiileiTmiji,  (JCntiikii,  .loiirn.  Muh,  (ii)ilcrir(iy,  i,  n,  2,  lnV.'l,  !I7,  Iquiqiic,  Peru. 

Seriiiiiiii  alliitmiiniliiiiii',  Jknvnh,  /nol  Hcayji',  KIhIics,  M,  |i1.  •^,  ls|(),  Galapa(.;os  Archipelago; 
(iCNTiiF.n,  Tilt  ,  I,  lor.,  ^xr>'.>;  Sir,iNi).\(iiM-;n,  Iclitli    Ui'ltrii^'f,  i\,  I,  1n7"..  |iI.  1,  li_'.  J. 

Parohiliiii.r  iilhimiK  iiliiliis,  .JoliliAN  A  Itol.l.MAN,  I'rin  .  U.  .S.  Nut.  .'Muh.,  l^,^;l,  l^l;  .Ihui.a.v  A  I.IUK.N- 
MANN,  /.  <■.,  ;i8U,  IN'.III. 

Vamlabrux  Iminerutin,  Jihidan  Sc  Kiuknman.n,  t.  >'.,  It.s'l. 


15N6.   I>AltAL.4BltAX  ('LATIIKATI'S  ((iinir.l) 

(CAIIUIM  A  ,     liiMK     liASS.) 

Head  3;  depth  .'J.  D.  .\,  14;  A  III,  7;  scales  ll-iK)  to  lOO-.'lO.  (58  to  7.") 
pores.  Caudal  slifjlitly  Innate,  not  forked  ;  liodv  eloiii^ate,  more  com- 
pressed  tlian  in  related  species;  snout  pointed:  eye  l;i  in  snout.  H  in 
head.  Toj)  of  head  mostly  naked  :  a  few  scales  on  median  line  liehind 
pupil;  preorliital  narrow,  not  so  hroad  as  niaxiliary,  less  than  hall' w  idl  li 
of  eye;  maxillai-j' 2:  in  head,  hroad  at  toji;  gill  rakers  rather  Ion;;,  \ -|- L'O 
to  21  ;  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  dmsal  spines  about  e(|iial,  tlie  third  twice 
the  second,  2  in  head;  Hecond  anal  spine  lon;;er  than  third:  pectoral 
long,  \\  in  head;  ventrals  I'i ',  caudal  tin  slightly  lunate.  Color  grayish 
green,  with  oltsciire.  hroad,  dusky  streaks  and  hars,  which  form  reticiilii- 
tiouH  on  the  Hides;  sides  often  shaded  and  mottled  with  Miiish  .ind  green- 
ish, Imt  usually  without  distinct  spots;  a  Inoad,  dark,  longitiidiniil  sliade 
near  axis  of  hody;  belly  plain  silvery  <rray.  Coast  of  southern  California, 
from  Sau  Frauciaco  to  the  Ceiios  lalauds ;   the  most  coinniou  species  of 


1198 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


Paralahrax  on  the  California  Coast;  an  excellent  food-fish,  reachinfj  11 
weight  of  nearly  five  pounds  and  length  of  18  inches.  Here  doscribed 
from  San  Diego  specimens,  {clathratus,  latticed,  from  the  lattico-liku 
markings,  from  KTiff^pov,  a  bar.) 

Liihnijr  clathratm,  GlRARD,  Proc.  Ar.  Nat.  gel.  Phila.,  18.'i4,  143,  San  Diego. 

I'arulahrax  chilhraliit,  UiKABi),  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci   Pliilft.,  131,  IBrjC;  QiiiAUD,  I'ac.  B.  U.  Siirvc.v, 

34,  1858,  pi.  XII,  flg.  5;  GCntiieb,  Cat.,  i,  C,-},  \(\r,0. 
Alrnctnpercu  clathrata,  OiLl,,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Scl.  Plilla.,  ISfil,  164. 
Bcrrat.uH  chithratm,  Stiiniiachnrk,  Ichth.  DcitriiKo,  in,  1,  1876;  .Jordan  &  (iii.iiKnT,  Proc.  I'.  S. 

Niit.  Mu8.,  45G,  1880;  .Jordan  &  Giliikrt,  Synopsis,  5.35,  1883;  Buiji.knmek,  Cat.,  i,2i''J. 
Paralubrax  clatfiratuii,  Jordan  ic  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  390,  1890. 


509.  CENTROPRISTES,  Cuvier. 
(Black  Sea  Bass.) 


Cfnlropristes,  Cuvifr  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Polss.,  iii,  36,  1821),  (iiij/ricaiM). 
Cviilntpristiii,  Cvvier,  Ilvgno  Animal,  Ed.  11,  2,  145,  18'29  {niijricims). 
Triloburus,  Gill,  Cat.  Fiuli.  East.  Coast  U.  S.,  30, 1861,  (uanie  only;  Irifnrca). 

Body  robust,  somewhat  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large  ctenoid 
scales.  Mouth  large,  formed  as  in  Serranun  and  Paralahrax,  the  canines 
small.  Tongue  smooth,  Preopercle  serrate,  the  lower  teeth  somewhat 
autrorse.  Gill  rakers  rather  long  and  slender.  Supraoccipital  and  parie- 
tals  with  strong  crests  extending  forward  to  between  postfrontal  pro- 
cesses; frontals  posteriorly  with  un  angular  transverse  ridge  in  front  of 
supraoccipital  connecting  the  parietal  crests;  posterior  processes  of  pro- 
niaxillaries  not  reaching  frontals.  The  characteristic  smooth  area  on  top 
of  cranium  very  short  and  small.  Dorsal  short,  its  rays  X,  11 ;  anal  rays 
III,  7;  caudal  usually  3-lobed  or  double  concave;  the  f'aniiws  very  weak 
and  the  top  of  the  head  naked.  The  ventrals  as  in  Prionodcx,  close 
together  and  inserted  in  advance  of  axil  of  pectoral ;  pectoral  with  19 
rays,  its  upper  half  truncate  behind.  The  three  species  of  Centropristcs 
are  closely  related.     {Kivrpov,  e^ine;  ■n-piarii^,  saw.) 

Centuopbibtes: 
a.  Dorsal  spines  with  dermal  flaps,  which  scarcely  project  l>oyonJ  tlio  tip  of  the  spine;  longest 
dorsal  spine  less  than  half  length  of  head. 
b.  Caudal  fin  more  or  less  rounded;  coloration  in  alcohol  uniform;  scales  5-50-13. 

RUcUS,  1580. 

bb.  Caudal  fin  with  its  angles  little  produced,  the  longest  ray  not  exsbrted  for  a  aistano- 
equal  to  the  length  of  the  fin;  gill  rakers  x -f  18;  scales  on  cheek  in  more  tlwin 
7  rows;  dorsal  spines  rather  strung,  the  middle  ones  rather  higher  than  the  po.-^- 
terior,  which  are  lower  than  the  soft  rays;  highest  dorsal  spine  2  in  head;  none 
of  (he  spines  filamentous,  color  dusky  hrown  or  black,  with  paler  longitudinal 
str<  akd;  dorsal  with  oblique  light  and  dark  stripes;  young  with  a  black  longi- 
tudinal band,  many  dark  cross  shadef>,  and  a  large  black  spot  on  last  dorsal  spineK. 
Sexes  notably  different,  the  fin  rays  longer  in  the  male.  striatus,  1587. 

bbb.  Caudal  fin  with  its  upper  and  lower  lobes  filamentous,  much  produced,  the  middle 
rays  still  longer,  length  of  longest  ray  in  the  adult  2  in  body;  gill  rakers  about 
X  -|-12;  scales  on  cheek  in  7  rows;  color  grayish,  each  side  with  3  longitudinal 
rows  of  quadrate  black  blotchos,  the  upper  series  obscure,  the  secoud  from  eye 
below  the  lateral  line  to  caudal  quite  distinct,  the  third  serieu  composed  of 
shorter  spots  on  a  level  with  the  lower  half  of  the  pectorals;  some  jet-black 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1 199 


T'-'TR^B 


U.  Survey, 


f<!X)t8  alxiiit  operclo  and  above  axil;  cinrmi  with  a  porica  of  jet-black  (ipotg  alonn 
itH  buw;  raiidal  with  tlio  niiddie  raya  blaclt  at  their  tips,  tlio  uiitur  |iiil(>;  Jot- 
blacl{  Hpots  on  miildle  rays.  ocvuRiig,  1688. 

Tnu.omm'H  (rptis,  I'lroe;  Ao/Sov,  lobo;  oupo,  tail): 
nn,  Dorwil  Bpinw,  or  Bonio  of  tliom,  tippt'd  witli  floshy  fltamnntH,  which  project  cnnBideraldy 
l)oyond  tlio  tip  ot  tlio  spine;  longcHt  dorsal  spino  about  half  length  of  head;  caiiuul 
lolieu  more  or  lesH  produced. 
0.  U(Hly  rather  clongutc,  little  compressed,  theantt  cior  jifofile  nearly  straiKht;  eye  large, 
as  long  as  snout,  about  4  in  head;  mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  projecting:  1"  rows 
of  senlcs  on  ehcck;  dorsal  spines  slender,  gradur    id  rajiidly  to  the  third  or  fourth, 
thenee  decreasing  to  the  last;  fourth  dorsal  spine  ii  in  head;  color  olive  gray; 
sides  witli  about?  broad,  diffuse,  brown  bars  extending  from  back  obliquely  for- 
ward to  level  of  pectorals;  a  largo  lilack  spot  on  menibrano  of  last  dorsal  spines; 
dorval  fllami^its  scarlet;  caudal  with  irregular  cross  rows  of  round  bmwnish  sjiots; 
other  flns  simil  ..  ly  marked.    Soxes  little  different.  i>iiiLADR!,riiicrB,  1589. 


Subgenus  CENTROPRISTES. 

1688.  CENTBOPKISTES  Rr*  I's,  Cuvlor  &  Valenciennes. 

This  Bpecies  resemblpe  very  closely  Centropristca  str'mtus  in  all  respects,  the 
only  difference  tliat  wo  can  detect  being  that  the  caudal  fin  is  quite  regu- 
larly ro-.uded  instead  of  trilobate.  Fourth  dorsal  spine  longest,  2  in 
head.  Scales  5-50-13.  Eye  4^  in  head.  Pectorals  extending  beyond 
ventrals,  \\  in  head.  Color  uniform  dark — in  alcohol.  Known  only 
from  the  original  types,  two  specimens  in  fair  condition,  from  Martin- 
ique, in  the  museum  at  Paris.  The  species  is  a  doubtful  one  and  its 
characters  need  verification,     {rufus,  reddish.) 

Cetilropriite*  rufm,  Ctjvieb  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  in,  47, 1829,  Martinique.    (Coll. 

P166.) 


'i 

:'ii 


f;-:.; 


IN 
m 


pine;  longest 


1687.  CENTROPRISTES  STBIATUS*  (Linnreus).  ; 

(Black  Sea  Babs;  Blackfish;  Tally-Wao  ;  IIannahii.l;  Black  Will;  Black  IIakry.) 

Head  21 ;  depth  2J  to  3.  D.  X,  11 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  5-55  to  60-16  to  20, 
po"e8  50  to  55.  Body  robust,  the  back  somewhat  elevated  anteriorly ; 
head  large,  thick,  little  compressed ;  top  of  head  naked ;  eye  large,  nearly 
5  in  head ;  mouth  oblique,  low,  rather  large ;  lower  jaw  projecting ;  max- 
illary broad,  2i  in  head;  teeth  in  broad  bands,  the  canines  small,  none 
of  the  teeth  movable;  gill  rakers  long,  about  x-j-18 developed ;  scales  on 
cheek  in  about  11  rows ;  posterior  border  of  preopercle  finely  serrate,  the 
angle  and  lower  border  with  larger  teeth,  some  of  them  turned  forward ; 
maxillary  slipping  anteriorly  under  the  edge  of  the  preorbital,  which  is 
as  broad  as  the  ey<^ ;  dorsal  spines  rather  strong,  the  middle  ones  rather 
higher  than  the  posterior,  which  are  lower  than  the  soft  rays ;  highest 
dorsal  spine  2  in  head ;  none  of  the  spines  filamentous,  but  provided 
with  short,  lateral  dermal  flaps ;  pectorals  very  long,  li  in  head ;  ven- 
trals scarcely  shorter;    anal  spines  graduated;    caudal  slightly  double 


♦Dr.  Holbrook  has  maintained  that  the  northern  form  of  this  flsh  (s^-t(i/Ms=/MrrHs  — tiit/ricoiw) 

is  distiact  fiom  the  soutliern  atrariitii.    The  northern  form  (>'.  i ;  is  said  to  have  the  air  blwlder 

simple  and  the  pectoral  fin  as  long  as  the  ventrals.  In  the  southern  fish  (atrarius),  the  air 
liladder  is  sacculated  and  the  pectoral  longer  than  th.)  ventral.  Wo  do  not  find  that  these 
UlScreuces  exist. 


-  !ir 


' 


!>; 


;B! 


1., 


Li.^e.-.''j--:.j.'a>-lfc^^  :■ 


viii 


■ 


I  'idi 


m 


1200 


Bulletin  ^7,  UniUU  S^u*i.\i  A^af tonal  Museum. 


concave,  with  ita  angles  little  produced,  the  longest  ray  not  exserted  for 
a  dJHtance  eqnal  to  the  length  of  the  fin.  Color  duHky  brown  or  black, 
more  or  leas  mottled,  and  with  paler  longitudinal  streaks  along  the  rowN 
of  scales;  dorsal  with  several  series  of  elongate  whitish  spots  formirg 
oblique  light  stripes;  other  fins  dusky,  mottled;  young  with  a  black 
longitudinal  band,  which  later  breaks  up,  forming  dark  cross  shades ;  a 
large  black  spot  on  last  dorsal  spines.  Sexes  notably  different,  the  fin 
rays  longer  in  the  male,  which  approaches  the  male  of  Centi  ipristes  oci/u- 
rua.  Pyloric  coica  4  io  7.  Length  18  inches.  Atlantic  Coast  of  United 
States,  Cape  Ann  to  northern  Florida;  common  northward;  one  of  the 
counnon  food-fishes  of  our  Atlantic  Coast,  reaching  a  weight  of  about  3 
pounds  ;  its  flosh  excellent.     {ntriatu8,  striped.) 

Lahriin utriiUun,  LiNN.T-;us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  285,  "  America,"  (description  very  brief,  but 

not  to  1)0  rofciTod  to  any  othor  lish). 
Piri'u  iilr<nia,  LiNN.»;u8,  .Syst.  Nut.,  Ed.  xii,  48.'i,  17C6,  Carolina.     (Coll.  Dr.  Oarilon.) 
lilarkjii'h,  Sciioi-f,  Scliriftou  diT  Natnrforsoh.  Freundo,  Borliu,  viii,  164,  1788,  New  York. 
Peiritfiirvii,  Walbavm,  Art(^di  Piscium,  ;i3ii,  1792,  New  York  (after  Bliickli.sh  of  SciiiiPF). 
OiinjihiriKi  jdV/i-C'  "MS,  Bhorn  &  SciisrcDEit,  Syst.  Iclith.,  297,  1801,  New  York. 
I.iiljitwis  trilohuK,  L.\cf;ri:nK,  Hist.  Nat.  PoisK.,  iv,  240,  1802,  locality  unknown. 
I'cirt  raiiii,  MiTciiiLl-,  Report  Flslios  N.  Y.,  415,  pi.  3,  flg.  G,  1815,  New  York. 
Ciiiliii])ii!.tf>i  nigrUam,  Ouvikr  &  Vaivxciknnks,  lliBt.  Nat.  Poisa.,  ill,  37,  j)l.  44,  1829,  New  York. 
Hirnmm  uiijretcenn,  .Tokdan  &  GiLiiKUT,  Syr.opfis,  917,  1883. 
Ciiitrojiriittis  airuiins,  OCntiieii,  Cat.,  I,  86,  1859;  Hoi.BROOK,  Ichth.  S. Cnro'ii'.     ^'  '  1860;  Boulen- 

OEK,  Cat.,  I,  303. 
Sen-imuH  alruriiis,  Jokdan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  533, 1883;  Jordan  &  Swain,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub., 

231,  1884. 
Set ramisf units,  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  C46,  1884. 
CvntroprMis  striattu,  Jorda.s  ji  1.  ienmann,  I.  v.,  391,  plato  64, 1890, 

1688.  CENTB0PRI8TKS  OCTURUS  (Joidan  <&  Evermann). 

Head  2f ;  depth  3.  D.  X,  11 ;  A.  ITT,  7 ;  scales  5  or  6-50-14.  Dorsal 
spines  not  iilameutous,  the  longest  2^  in  head ;  pectorals  1?  in  head, 
reaching  a  little  past  tips  of  ventrals.  Scales  on  cheeks  little  larger 
than  in  C.  atriatua,  in  about  7  rows,  Serrte  of  preopercle  smaller  than  in 
C.  atriatua.  Gill  rakers  shorter  and  farther  apart  than  in  Centropriatea 
atriatua,  only  11  or  12  developed.  Color  pale  olive,  somewhat  darker  on 
the  back  ;  each  side  with  3  longitudinal  rows  of  quadrate  black  bio'  ches ; 
the  uppermost  series  obscure,  along  base  of  dorsal  fin;  the  sec  .1  'lifi- 
tinct_,  and  placed  just  below  lateral  line,  the  three  anterior  blc'  :;;  of 
this  series  somewhat  confluent;  the  lower  series  very  distinct  jet  'u'l'iv'' 
and  not  confluent,  placed  along  side  of  belly,  on  the  level  of  the  axil 
of  the  pectoral.  The  blotches  in  each  series  correspond  in  position  to 
those  in  the  other  series,  so  that,  with  dusky  shades  extending  from 
one  to  another,  they  form  about  7  dusky  cross  bands ;  some  dark  inky 
spots  on  opercle  and  above  base  of  pectoral;  opercle  and  preopercle 
with  dusky  shades.  Chin  with  some  dusky  ;  spinous  dorsal  plain  ;  soft 
dorsal  with  fine  oblique  bars  on  a  pale  ground,  2  of  the  dark  blotches 
on  body  extending  on  its  base ;  last  ray  with  2  or  3  dark  spotp  Caudal 
flu  with  the  middle  rays  black,  the  outer  pale,  all  of  them  with  darker 
spots  which  become  black  on  the  median  rays;  anal  fin  pal«),  slightly 


Jordan  ami  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1201 


mottled,  the  tips  of  its  rays  dusky;  ventrals  dusky;  pectorals  entirely 
pale ;  caudal  fin  with  its  upper  and  lower  lobes  filamentous,  much  pro- 
duced, the  middle  rays  still  longer,  exserted  for  a  distance  nearly  equal 
to  \  length  of  head,  the  total  length  of  the  longest  ray  being  half  the 
length  of  the  body.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  iii  rather  deep  water ;  known  from 
the  Snapper  Banks  off  Pensaoola.  In  spite  of  the  striking  diRnreuces 
in  color,  in  which  this  species  considerably  resembles  the  very  young  of 
CentrGpriates  utriatus,  the  details  of  form  and  structure  arc  almost  identi- 
cal in  the  two  species,  the  most  notable  difference  being  in  the  gill  rakers. 
Here  described  from  the  type,  lOJ  inches  in  length.  ((.'j«iV,  swift ;  oi>im, 
tail.) 

Serranua  Irifiircim,  Jordan  &  Gttttnnr,  Synopsis,  r)34,  1883;  not  I'ercu  (ri/nrea,  LiNN/i;rH. 

SermiiiiH  (iri/imm,  Jordan  &  Evkrmann,  Proc.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iGS,  1880,  Snapper  Banks  off 

Pensacola.     (Tjih',  No.  370!t7.    Coll.  Silas  Steams.) 
< 'eiiiropristin  ocyui-iin,  .Iordan  Ic  Eiqenmann,  I.  c,  392,  18(K). 


Subgenus  TRILOBURUS,   GUI. 

15M0.  CKNTROPRISTES  PHILADKLPIIICUS  (Liunwus). 
(Rock  Sea  Bass.) 

Head  2f  to  2* ;  depth  3J^  to  3J.  D.  X,  11 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  P.  17;  C.  18 ;  scales 
5-52  to  55,  15  pores.  Maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  pupil,  2i 
in  head ;  mandibular  band  of  teeth  becoming  a  single  series  laterally  ;  a 
few  inner  teeth  in  the  front  of  each  jaw  enlarged;  lower  Jaw  with  the 
inner  series  laterally  and  the  outei'  series  anteriorly  of  enlarged  conical 
teeth,  the  lateral  teeth  but  little  larger  than  those  in  front ;  outer  series 
of  upper  jaw  much  enLirged,  becoming  smaller  laterally,  those  in  front 
larger  than  any  in  lower  jaw  ;  patch  on  vomer  crescent-shaped ;  on  pala- 
tines long  and  na'Tow.  Head  naked  forward  from  occiput,  including 
suborbital  ring,  snout,  preorbital,  top  of  head,  maxillary,  and  lower  jaw; 
scales  on  cheeks  small,  in  9  to  11  very  regular  oblique  series ;  scales  on 
opercles  as  large  as  those  on  body,  in  8  or  9  oblique  series,  tlioae  on  the  flap 
again  smaller;  least  interorbital  width  about  f  diameter  of  eye,  which  is 
4}  in  head ;  serrao  on  and  below  preopercular  angle  slightly  enlarged  and 
more  distant  than  those  above ;  subopercle  and  interopercle  finely,  evenly 
serrate.  Gill  rakers  i  length  of  eye,  3  -f-  10  in  number.  First  2  dorsal 
spines  short,  the  third  and  fourth  nearly  equal,  the  fourth  i  or  nearly  J 
head;  the  last  spines  are  then  much  shortened,  forming  a  notch,  the  last 
spine  3}  in  head,  J  the  ray  following;  membrane  deeply  incised  between 
the  spines,  the  upper  angles  produced  beyond  the  spines  in  long,  narrow 
filaments,  very  variable  in  length,  usually  less  than  diameter  of  orbit ; 
the  spines  themselves  are  acute ;  *  the  structure  of  the  dorsal  thus  does 
not  differ  from  that  of  Centropristea  atriatus,  which  has  also  a  trifurcato 
tail.  Caudal  with  the  upper  and  middle  rays  much  produced  and  nearly 
equal,  the  lower  lobe  but  little  lengthened ;  median  rays  nearly  as  long 
as  head  (i  to  ji),  the  lower  rays  about  i  head.    A  young  specimen,  5 

♦Not  at  all  filamentous,  as  figured  by  Holbrook  (Iclitb.  S.  C,  pi.  7,  fig.  1). 
F.  N,  A. 77 


*,•' 


ill 


II! 

"i 


% 


!l 


i- 


h 


■ii 


M  ¥. 


m 


m   t 

m  '^ 


1202 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum, 


inches  long,  has  caudal  nearly  evenly  convex  behind,  with  the  upper 
raya  only  slightly  projecting.  Anal  spines  short,  graduated,  the  second 
the  strongest,  the  third  slightly  longer,  about  i  head ;  longest  rays 
nearly  \  head ;  middle  ventral  rays  longest,  not  nearly  reaching  vent, 
f  head;  pectoral  bubtruncate,  reaching  "ent.  Ij^  in  head.  Scales  very 
strongly  ctenoid,  running  well  up  on  ca:ul)il  fin  and  on  membranuH 
of  soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventrals.  Color  iu  life :  Olivaceous  above, 
whitish  below;  7  broad  brown  bars  fron,  back  obliquely  forward  to 
level  of  middle  of  pectorals,  these  almost  obsolete  along  lateral  line; 
the  color  of  the  bars  is  not  intense  and  is  formed  by  shadings  along 
the  base  and  margins  of  the  scales;  the  anterior  bar  crosses  the  nape 
and  is  very  indistinct;  snout  and  upper  part  of  head  with  numeroun 
brownish-red  spots  and  lines,  3  or  4  of  these  parallel  and  running  from 
eye  to  snout,  the  interspace  usually  light  blue;  upper  lip  reddish  brown  ; 
tip  of  lower  jaw  broadlj'  purplish ;  a  dark  blotch  on  opercle  anteriorly 
and  sometimes  a  small,  dark  spot  behind  eye;  lining  of  opercle  and 
throat  lemon  yellow;  a  large  jet-black  blotch  behind  pscudobrauchia'; 
spinous  dorsal  translucent,  with  indistinct  whitish  and  dusky  longitu- 
dinal streaks;  a  large  blackish  blotch  on  membrane  of  last  spines  imme- 
diately above  fourth  vertical  bar  of  sides;  some  dark  spots  on  the  spines 
form  2  irregular  lengthwise  series ;  dorsal  filaments  bright  scarlet,  the 
fin  usually  with  light-bluish  shading;  soft  dorsal  with  a  series  of  bluish- 
white  spots  near  margin  (1  between  each  2  rays),  1  or  more  incompleto 
series  above  and  below  this;  the  fin  is  margined  with  reddish  brown, 
and  has  usually  several  series  of  reddish-brown  spots,  these  most  numer- 
ous posteriorly;  some  irregular  olive-brown  spots  toward  base;  a  small 
black  spot  on  base  of  membrane  between  eighth  and  ninth  and  1  between 
tenth  and  eleventh  rays,  the  former  frequently  absent ;  caudal  translu- 
cent, with  irregular  cross  series  of  round  brownish-red  spots,  the  space 
between  them  often  with  bluish-white  spots;  the  fin  margined  above 
with  brownish  red;  lower  lobe  whitish,  unspotted;  anal  white,  with  n 
median  sulphur-yellow  streak  and  a  terminal  dark  bar;  ventrals  whit- 
ish, with  dusky  areas,  often  uniform  blackish ;  pectorals  translucent ; 
peritoneum  silvery.  Sexes  similar.  Kocky  shores  of  South  Carolina,  in 
rather  deep  water;  not  yet  seen  elsewhere,  but  not  rare  at  Charleston, 
where  the  specimen,  9i  inches  long,  above  described,  was  taken  by  Dr. 
Gilbert,  {rhiladelphicua,  from  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  where  the  species 
is  not  found.) 

I'erca ])liilmMpMca,  Linn.t.i's,  Sj-st.  Nat.,  Ed.  x,  1758,  291,  America. 

I'erca  trifnrca,  LiNN^us,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  489,  176C,  Carolina.     (Coll.  Dr.  Garden.) 

Luljaum  tridens,  LAcf:pi!i)E,  Hist.  Nnt.  Polss.,  iv,  24C,  1802,  Carolina. 

Centroprislu  trident,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  PoiBS.,  iii,  43,  1829. 

CtnlroitriMU  trifurcm,  Hoi.BROOK,  Ichth.  S.  Carolina,  49,  pi.  7,  fig.  1,  1860. 

Anthias  trifurcus,  GCnther,  Cat.,  i,  91,  1859. 

Berranus pliiladelphictm,  JoRnAN  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  COO. 

Berranus  trifurctu,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Synopsis,  5;i4,  1883. 

Centroprislu  philadelphicus,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  393,  1890. 

CeiUroprisles  Iri/urca,  BouLBNOEB,  Cat.,  I,  304. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1-J03 


510.  DIPLECTRUM,  Holbrook. 

(S({UIRRKL-FISIIR8.) 

l>il)lrclnim,  Hcii.nitonx,  I(tlitliy<)I(igy  of  Soiitli  Ciinillua,  Kd.  1,  U2,  ISSti,  {/<wiailiirin    ■ /urmoniif). 
lliiliiMiiii,  (ill,!,,  I'roc.  Ac.    Not.  Hfi.   I'hilii.,  IHC'2,  2311,  (hU'iUnlnit       radiiilin,  iiiiil  utluT  hiiccIch; 

ri'Ktiirl'  (I  to  liivillatiis  ]>y  Jordan  &  (iii.iiKiiT,  SjuopMiH,  ri;i5). 
/•(iniviiKKiiit,  Dlkekkk,  Vorli.  Akatl.  Amst.,  xiv,  1873,  (1,  (/hiwcW). 

This  genuH  is  very  close  to  rr'umodvs,  from  which  it  (litters  chietly  in 
thu  arinuturo  of  the  preoperclo,  which  ia  provided  in  the  udiilt  witli  1 
or  :^  clusters  of  strong,  straight,  divergent  spines.  »Sniootli  area  on  tup 
of  head,  as  in  Serranum,  large,  extending  backward  to  a  lino  connecting 
borders  of  preopercle;  the  supraoccipital  and  parietal  crests  very  short; 
preorbital  broad ;  maxillary  widest  before  its  tip  ;  protile  of  snout  rounded ; 
pectoral  unsymmetrically  rounded,  its  upper  rays  longest;  veutrals 
inserted*  somewhat  before  axil  of  pectoral;  dorsal  spines  slender,  none 
of  them  much  elevated ;  soft  dorsal  short,  the  rays  X,  12 ;  anal  rays  Ilf,  7 ; 
caudal  lunate.  Species  all  American,  of  small  size  and  bright  colors. 
((5(V,  two;  7rA//«Tpov,  spur.) 

IIai.ii'Krca  (oAs,  bou;  7rep<c>(,  porch): 
It.  Pruui>orclo  witli  it  siiiglu  center  of  divorgciicu  of  the  spinuk-ii  about  it8  uiiglo  (in  tlio  udult 

aH  well  aii  in  the  young). 
b.  Ciill  I'ukcrH  very  long,  Hlundcr,  nnd  numerous,  uliout  2r>  below  unglo  of  iii'ch;  HcalcM  on 
check  in  7  or  >*  rows;  prcoiicrcuhir  proccBH  narrow  and  truncate,  its  widtli  about  \f^ 
licad;  no  black  witiiiu  gill  cover;   a  paI<'-l)Iuo  streak  below  orbit;   nbont  18  BcaleH 
before  donml;  head  with  opercular  flap  about  3  in  body.  scil'Ri's,  WM). 

bb.  (lill  rakers  moderate,  about  10  Inilow  angle  of  arch;  Bpineri  on  protluccnl  portion  of  pre- 
opercle numerou.-*,  8  to  20  in  nun\bcr;  outline  of  the  HpinouB  dorxal  tin  Homewhat  <'on- 
vex,  BO  that  the  flu  ig  more  deeply  notched  than  in  hiplectrHiii  /ormuiiutti;  jaws  equal; 
vertex  naked;  operclo  black  within, 
c.  Scales  on  chocks  Bmall  and  regularly  placed,  in  about  10  rows;  22  Bcales  before  dorsal; 
head  short,  with  opercular  flap  about  3  in  body;  width  of  preoiwrcular  proceBU  4)^ 
to  6  in  head,  its  posterior  edge  rounded;  gill  rakers  x -|- 10,  gliort  and  tslender, 
well  separated;  region  above  the  large  eye  prominent;  snout  short,  blnntiHh; 
cheeks  with  10  rows  of  scalcH;  these  regularly  placed;  serric  on  preiii)en'le  much 
produced  in  the  adult,  short  in  tho  young;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  little  produced. 
Color  light  brown  above,  dull  yellowish  below;  tho  scales  on  sides  each  with  a 
silvery  center;  irregular,  vague,  dark  cross  bari>,  broader  than  the  interspaces;  a 
black  bar  at  ba.^e  of  caudal;  usually  no  blue  lines  or  white  areas  on  head;  soft 
dorsal  with  bright-bluo  spots,  each  surrounded  by  a  dark-blue  ring;  caudal  with 
bars  of  similar  spots;  young  with  2  black  longitudinal  stripes,  the  lower  forming 
a  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  iiadialk,  1501. 

cc.  Scales  on  cheek  large,  irregular,  in  5  or  C  rows;  head  larger;  soft  dorsal  pale  below, 
mottled  above,  without  distinct  blue  spots;  1">  to  17  scales  before  dorsal. 
d.  Head  moderate,  2%  in  total  length,  with  opercular  flap;  width  of  preopercular  jiro- 
cess  J4  head,  its  posterior  edge  truncated;  upper  edge  of  preopercle  nearer  tip  of 
opercular  flap  than  snout;  brownish,  with  numerous  traces  of  vague,  dark  cross 
bars;  a  very  distinct  black  caudal  spot;  snout  with  4  or  5  pale  blotches;  a  pale 
streak  from  below  eye  across  i)i'eoi)ercular  'tuglo;  no  black  at  base  of  soft  dorsal, 
the  fln  with  v.ry  faint  traces  of  blue  spots.  macropoma,  IJ.02. 

M.  Head  very  largv ,  2%  to  2}<2  m  total  length  (witli  opercular  flap);  upper  angle  of 
preopercle  midway  between  ti|>  of  snout  and  tip  of  opercular  flap;  preopercu- 
lar process  very  broad;  soft  dorsal  dark  at  liase.  kurvpi.ectrim,  1593. 


11 


!    ' 


\u  liir 

Pi  .1 

li:!    i 


i:f ' 


^'Essentially  as  in  CeHlroprigtes,  not  as  in  Serranus,  in  which  these  species  are  placed  by  Dr. 
Bouloiiger. 


'11 .1 

1204 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  A'ational  Museum. 


Pin.KCTiii'M: 

Kii,  k'rc<i|M-rcl)i  with  2  cliiHtxrii  of  ilivrrgnit  H|iinoii,  tlio  oiut  nt  llio  uiikIo,  tliu  ntlior  Iiigbor 

(llio  two  t'liHficlrH  woM  HfiNiriktoil  ill  tlioiiiliill,  but  Hiimllcr mill  r  iilcHcciit  in  tli«yoiiiiK). 

I'.   Iloail  mill  liiiil^'  iiiarltcil  witli  iniiiiy  iiitrrni|iluil  liliin  liiii'H;  iiri'orliitiil  lirmiil,  iiioru  tlimi 

twin-   tliK  wliltli   or  iiiiixilliiry;  lowur  liiilf   of  iinto|ii!rrlu  wllli  Hlrong,   Htr»i)j;lit 

HpiiirH  ilivorKiiiK  friim  two  rcntorii;  f^WX  rulirrs  itliiirt  auil  Hiiinll,  x   i   14;  11  rnwH  of 

Hi'ulvH  III)  c'lii-okH;  cmiilikl  ilcojily  lunate,  tint  u]i|iRr  lulm  t)iii  IiiiiKi'r,  Kimiotimt'it  ciiil- 

iiig  ill  a  long  lllaniiMit.     Color  lirowiiiNli,  Hilvcry  ItiOow;  niiIoh  with  7  or  N  longi- 

tiiiliiuil  (l«i-|)-liluo  liiii'H  mill  alioiit  iih  many  dark  croHH  liarN,  tlii<  last  liar  rnriiiing  a 

largi'  Mark  Motcli  at  uppur  Imihi'  or  rmnlitl;  young  with  2  liriiail,  ilimky  Imigltuili- 

nnl  Htri|ii<H,  wlilrli  lii'roniii  iiitrrrn|iti'il  witli  agr;  11  or  4  ilistinrt  Miin  Htripi'H  iin 

Biik'H  of  top  of  licad;   2  acnmH  proorbitui,  tlio  lower  forkwl;   fliiH  with   iiarmw, 

wavy  liarH  of  tiluu  ami  (lalu  yullow.  tuumoHUM,  15!>'l, 


Subgenus  HALIPERCA,  Gill. 

1500.  IMPIiKnitlun  Kl'IVRI  S,  nilbirt. 

Iload  2*^  to  3  in  length;  depth  3;|  Tin  Bpociineus  5  incIiOH  long).  D.  X, 
12;  A.  Ill,  8.  Scalen  on  cheuka  Bmall,  in  7  or  8  rather  regular  rows.  Lat- 
eral line  with  about  52  pores,  about  75  vertical  rows  of  scales  above  it ; 
about  i8  scales  before  dorsal.  A  single  rather  wide  cluster  of  si>ines  at 
angle  of  preopercle,  much  as  in  lUpUctrum  macropoma,  the  width  of  the 
cluster  4^  to  5  in  head,  in  specimens  5  inches  long.  Upper  angle  of  pre- 
opercle nearer  to  end  of  opercular  flap  than  tip  of  snout.  Vertical  fins 
low,  the  height  of  soft  dorsal  i  length  of  head.  Gill  rakers  long  and 
slender,  about  14  -f  25.  In  color  this  species  difters  from  its  near  relatives 
in  having  no  black  on  the  inside  of  gill  cover,  and  in  having  a  very  light 
blue  line  below  the  orbit;  the  snout  is  without  spots  or  streaks;  the 
upper  part  of  body  is  crossed  with  irregular  dusky  bars,  and  the  soft 
dorsal  and  caudal  are  marked  with  round  yellow  spots  half  as  large  as 
the  pupil,  ocellated  with  blue  or  dusky.  Known  from  small  specimens 
taken  in  considerable  numbers,  at  stations  3014, 3015, 3021,  3026,  and  3033, 
all  in  shallow  water  in  the  (iulf  of  California.  This  species  most  resem- 
bles Diph'ctrum  macrojwvut ,  differing  strongly  from  this  and  all  other  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  in  the  very  numerous  long  and  slender  gill  rakers, 
which  are  t  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  even  in  young  specimens ;  they  are 
about  25  in  number  on  the  horizontal  limb  of  the  outer  arch,  instead  of 
12  as -in  rarftrt/t  and  «iflCJ'oj>o»««,  or  9  as  in/o?'morfM«».  (Gilbert.)  (Sciurus, 
squirrel ;  the  name  squirrel-fish  has  been  long  applied  to  JJiplectrum  for- 
mo8um,  perhaps  from  a  croaking  noise  it  makes.) 

Dipleclrum  mlimi/i,  Oii.beut,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  ISDl,  550,  Gulf  of  California,  AlbatroHH 

Stations,  Nos.  3014,  3021,  :!02n,  and  3033.     (Coll.  Albatross.) 
Serramu  aciunu,  BouLENOEn,  Cat.,  i,  298. 


i- 


i    .'■■ 


1691.  DlPLECTRUn  RADIALE  (Qiioy  &  Gaimard). 

(AOUAVINA.) 

Head  3;  depth  3i.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  8-^  to  70-20,  48  to  55 
pores.  Scales  on  cheeks  small  and  regularly  placed  in  about  10  rows; 
width  of  preopercular  process  4|  to  5  in  head,  its  posterior  edge  rounded ; 


ijiiiinjjj,*i^i»»i,i"iiv''.""F»'"-Vw.infP".ij,f;iiH;!i|i.i,ip^|ii 


Jordan  and  Evennann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      12U5 


gill  rakoi'H  U-f- 13  or  14  with  i  or  5  riuliiaeutury  ouch  on  iippur  angle,  iilen< 
dor,  wvll  Hupuratud  ;  rugion  ubovu  tlio  litigo  t^yu  proniintMit ;  Hnout  shorty 
bluntish,  uh  long  aH  ey«,  4  in  head  ;  chueku  with  about  lU  rowH  of  HcalcH, 
regularly  placed,  about  22  BualeH  before  dorual ;  Herrit^  on  preopercle 
much  produced  in  the  adult,  uhort  in  the  young,  itu  upper  angle  nearer 
to  end  of  opercular  llap  than  tip  of  unout ;  upper  lobe  of  ca.idal  little 
produced;  longest  dorual  Hpine  2\  in  head  ;  anal  npineH  feeble,  gra<luated. 
Coloration  of  body  light  brown  above,  yellowitih  iielow ;  Hideu  Halnion 
color,  much  uhading  of  cherry  red  on  head  and  fiuH  in  life ;  head  with 
greenish  Htroaku;  the  scales  on  sides  each  with  a  silvery  center;  irregular, 
vague,  dark  cross  bars  broader  than  the  interspaces ;  a  black  bar  at  base 
of  caudal;  usually  no  blue  lines  or  white  areas  on  head;  soft  dorsal  with 
bright-blue  spots,  each  surrounded  by  a  dark-blue  ring ;  caudal  with  bars 
of  similar  s^mts ;  young  with  2  black  longitudinal  stripes,  the  lower  form- 
ing; a  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Both  coasts  of  tropical  America,  north  to 
Havana  and  Guaymas ;  very  common  on  the  coast  of  lirazil  and  in  the 
Gulf  of  California;  found  in  shallow  bays;  our  specimens  from  Guaymas, 
Mazatlan,  Panama,  Sambaia^  liio  Janeiro,  and  Havana.  (ru({i'u{t»,  radiaut, 
from  the  radiating  preoporcular  spines.) 

StTraiiiia ra<It(({ui,  QroY  k  Gaimaud,  Voyiigo  Uraiiic,  31C,  1824,  Rio  Janeiro;  Cuvier  k  Vai,kn- 

ciKNNEH,  IliHt.  Nut.  ruiiiH.,11,  213,  1828;  Ddui.knukr,  Out.,  l,  2!)7. 
Semmm  hMlliitiif,  Ci'viEii  &  V'alencignnrb,  IliHt.  Nut.  PhIkh.,  ii,  241,  1H2K,  Martinique. 
Ceutrtnirintet  ayreai*  Stkimuaciiner,  Ichtli.  Nutl/.uri,  vii,  1,  18i!8,  {il.  i,  11);.  1,  Santos,  Brazil. 
ParaiurrmiUH  hanwlU,  Dlekkf.r,  Vcili.  Aliud.  AiiiHt.,  xiv,  187U,  No.  2,  7. 
CeiUropriHliit  rdtlmlU,  GI'ntiieii,  I'ut.,  i,  SI!,  1x5!);  Sti'.i.miaciinkh,  Iclitli.  Hoitriit;c,  iv,  0,  1875. 
IlnUperca  hirUUilu,  I'liEV,  SynopBiH,  282,  I8fi8;  I'oEV,  KiniriKTUtio,  22,  187'). 
Dipleclriiiu  radialin,  Stueet.'*,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  vii,  .'i2,  1877;  .Iukdan  &  Kuienmann,  I.  r., 

398,  1890;  Kveumann  A  .Tk.nkixs,  I'ioc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mub.,  1891,  142. 
CentropristitlivUtatus,  UUntheb,  Out.,  i,  82,  1809. 


I     'i 


a,  AlbutroHH 


1692.  DIPLECTItUM  MACItOPO.WA  (UUnthor). 

Heada.V;  depth  3i.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  5-48-14.  Snout  4  in 
head;  eye  4.  General  form  of  body  and  head  essentially  as  in  I),  radiale. 
Produced  portion  of  preopercle  not  very  broad ;  its  (vertical)  breadth  not 
more  than  i  length  of  head.  Scales  on  cheeks  large  and  irregular,  in  5 
or  6  rows ;  about  15  scales  before  dorsal ;  width  of  preopercnlar  process 
about  i  head,  its  posterior  edge  truncated;  gill  rakers  x-f  10;  longest 
dorsal  spine  2}  in  head.  Coloration  brownish,  with  numerous  traces  of 
vague,  dark  cross  bars;  a  very  distinct  black  caudal  spot ;  snout  with  4 
or  5  pale  blotches ;  a  pale  streak  from  below  eye  across  preopercnlar  angle ; 
no  black  at  base  of  soft  dorsal,  the  fin  with  very  faint  traces  of  blue  spots; 
caudal  plain,  darker  toward  tip ;  vontrals  pale.  Pacific  Coast  of  tropical 
America,  in  rather  deep  water,  from  Panama  southward ;  abundant ;  here 
described  from  specimens  dredged  by  the  Jlbatrotss.  {fxaKpoi,  large ;  Trw^tn, 
opercle.) 

♦  Dr.  Stclndaclincr  lias  alruuiJy  noted  tlie  iili^ntity  of  liis  <  'eiilroprUles  ivjreti  from  Santos,  Brazil, 
with  Diplectntiii  tadiale.  Witli  Dr.  Stoinduchucr,  wo  find  no  vMfTercnce  between  Atlantic  and 
Paciflc  oxainpleii  of  tills  typo.  SeiraiiiiK  bifUtalns  is  merely  the  young  of  this  species.  Specimens 
sent  to  us  from  Cuba  by  Poey  conftrm  this  supposition,  as  they  differ  from  radiale  precisely  as  the 
young  differs  from  the  adult  in  formosum. 


:.!     % 


■mi: 


1200  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


CeHlnjirUlu  iniorfijiiiiiiii,  OCntiikh,  Pnic.   Zuiil.  Soc,   London,  1804,  14S,  Panama;   QOnhikk, 

FUhc8  Centriil  Amoricii,  40U,  iil.  i.xv,  itJOO. 
bipUrtriim  miurojinnia,  Jordan  &  IIollman,  Pruc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  1881),  157;  Johdan  A,  Kiokn- 

MANN,{.  c,  31)8,  1800. 


1608.  niPIiECTRlISI  EITRTPLECTRIMI,  Jordan  A  Dollnmn. 

Head  (to  end  of  opercular  Hpine)  2i  to  2};  depth  3;^  to  H*.  I).  X,  12; 
A.  Ill,  8  ;  HcaleH  8-50  to  ri5-18.  Itody  moderately  elongate,  houvy  through 
shoulderH;  tlie  back  not  much  elevated;  anterior  profile  convex,  nearly 
straight  above  eyes  ;  mouth  large,  maxillary  reaching  posterior  border  of 
eye,  2  in  head;  snout  blunt,  3|  in  head  ;  eye  largo,  slightly  shorter  than 
snout,  4  in  head.  Interorbital  space  appearing  slightly  concave,  IJ  in  eye. 
Tooth  as  in  />.  radiale.  Preopercular  process  very  wide,  its  width  li  times 
diameter  of  eye ;  spines  long  and  slender,  15  to  20  developed  ;  the  lower 
angle  r.ot  so  strongly  projecting  as  in  D.  macropoma.  Opercular  spine 
rather  sharp,  embedded.  Opercular  ilap  long  and  well  rounded  at  the  end ; 
upper  end  of  prooporcle  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  opercular  ilap. 
Gill  rakers  rather  long,  stout  as  in  other  species,  x  -{-  12.  Scales  small, 
rather  firm,  smaller  than  in  other  species,  8  or  9  rows  on  cheeks ;  scales 
on  oi)crcle  smaller  than  in  D.  radiale  or  D,  macropoma,  about  12  scales 
before  dorsal.  Dorsal  spines  weak,  pungent,  second  1^  in  third,  fourth 
and  fifth  almost  equal,  Sjr  in  head;  first  soft  ray  3  in  head,  shorter  than  next 
the  last ;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  longest,  1?,  to  \l  in  head,  lower  lobe  1?  to  1* 
iH  head  ;  first  anal  spine  1^  in  second,  which  is  strongest  and  1^  in  third, 
latter  5  in  head;  soft  rays  showing  a  convex  margin,  the  longest  3^  in  head ; 
pectorals  broad,  their  posterior  margin  trancate-concave,  their  length  1(; 
in  head;  ventrals  1^  inhead.  Color  brownish  above,  as  in  D.  radiale,  become 
ingmore  yellowish  and  silvery  below;  sides  with  about  5pairs  of  interrupted 
black  bars ;  a  largo  black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal ;  markings  on  pruorbi- 
tal  and  cheeks  rather  indistinct ;  a  large  black  spot  above  preopercular 
angle  ou  opercle ;  lips  bluish;  spinous  dorsal  dusky  above ;  a  small  pale 
spot  under  tip  of  spines  ;  soft  dorsal  plain  olive,  dark  at  base;  inner  rays 
of  caudal  tipped  with  dusky,  a  few  lower  rays  pale ;  pectoral  and  anal 
pale;  ventrals  dusky.  This  species  is  known  from  numerout^  specimens 
dredged  by  the  Albatross  at  stations  2795  and  2797,  southwest  of  Panama, 
at  a  depth  of  33  fathoms,  and  at  station  2805  at  a  depth  of  51^  fathoms. 
The  largest  of  these  is  about  7  inches  long.  This  species  and  the  preced- 
ing, of  which  we  have  examined  many  specimens,  are  well  distinguished 
from  Diplcctrum  radiale,  with  which  Dr.  Boulenger  has  united  them.  Di- 
2)lectrum  macropoma  is  in  appearance,  coloration,  and  in  habit  intermediate 
between  the  other  two,  but  the  characters  of  all  are  well  marked,  {cvpvqi 
wide;  Tr/^r/zcrfiov,  spur.) 

Dipleclrtim  ennipleclruvi,  Jordan  &  Bollman,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1889,  157,  Pacific  Ocean, 
off  coast  of  Colombia,  from  8°  o6' 30"  N.,  78°5i' W.,  and  7°  57'  N.,  78°55'\V.,  7° 
56'  N.,  79°  41'  30"  W.,  stations  2797,  3795,  3805.     (Type,  No.  41141.    Coll.  Albatroes.) 


•"i 


Jordan  and  Ei'ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1207 


Subgenus  DIPLECTRUM. 

1&U4.  niPLKCTitryi  KouMosrn  (tiitiuiiuH). 

(Sg(iiRiiKl.-Fl8li;  HElinANo;  HANli-riHll.) 

IIoiul  3;  depth  3?.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  7;  hcuIoh  9-H()  to  00-22,  pores  51 
to  (JO.  Itody  elongate,  the  prolile  Htroiigly  arched  al»ove  oyen  ;  month 
hiri^e,  lower  jaw  Hliglitly  projecting;  niiixiUury  narrow,  reaching  middle 
of  eye,  2\  in  head;  canine  tcetli  small;  eyu  placed  high,  Hhorter  than 
snout,  ahoiit  5  in  head;  preorbital  broad,  more  than  twice  the  width  of 
maxillary  ;  upper  part  of  nuirgiu  of  preopercle  finely  Herrat«! ;  preopercle 
with  two  cIuHters  of  divergent  spineu,  the  one  at  the  angle,  the  other 
higher  (the  two  fascicles  well  separated  in  the  adult,  but  smaller  and 
coalescent  in  the  young) ;  distance  from  opercular  (lap  to  upper  end  of 
preopercle  IJ  in  rest  of  head  ;  opercular  flap  short  and  sharp ;  gill  rakers 
moderate,  x  +  11  "i"  l-'^J  top  of  head  and  preorbital  region  naked  ;  smooth 
area  on  top  of  crnniiim  very  convex;  11  rows  of  scales  oncht^eks;  tins, 
except  caudal,  Hcaleless;  15  scales  before  dorsal;  dorsal  spines  low  an<l 
slender,  the  first  three  graduated,  the  rest  subequal ;  caudal  deo]>1y 
lunate,  the  upper  lobu  the  longer,  sometimes  ending  in  a  long  tilament; 
anal  spines  very  weak,  the  third  longest,  li  in  eye;  pectoral  \%  \\\  head. 
Color  brownish,  silvery  below  ;  sides  with  7  or  8  longitudinal  blue  lines, 
bright  blue  above,  pearly  whitish  below,  and  about  ns  many  dark  cross 
bars,  the  last  bar  forming  a  large  black  blotch  at  upper  base  of  caudal ; 
6  of  these  present,  with  another  at  base  of  dorsal ;  a  broken  median 
stripe  before  dorsal ;  stripes  on  hesid  bright  blue;  spinous  dorsal  with  2 
stripes  of  light  blue,  bordered  with  darker,  and  3  of  light  orange  yellow  ; 
3  blue  stripes  and  4  yellow  ones  on  soft  dorsal:  caudal  with  light-blue 
reticulations  around  light-orange  spots ;  veutrals  and  anal  bluish  white, 
shaded  with  light  yellowish;  pectoral  transparent;  posterior  part  of 
mouth  tinged  with  yellow  ;*  young  with  2  broad,  dusky  longitudinal 
stripes,  which  become  interrupted  with  age ;  3  or  4  distiuct  blue  stripes 
on  sides  and  top  of  head  ;  2  across  preorbital,  the  lower  forked  ;  fins  with 
narrow,  wavy  bars  of  blue  and  pale  yellow.  West  Indies  ;  common  from 
Charleston   south  to   Montevideo. t    A   handsome  fish,  common   on   the 

*  A  spocimon  oMiuulmI  by  Dr.  HiikIi  M.  Sniitli  in  Iliscaytio  Hay,  Floriila,  in  Fcbrnary,  Imd  tlic 
folluwin);  life  colois;  Uudy  dull  light  brownisli  nbovf,  wbiti-  below,  niurkcci  by  8  rut  her  broiul 
dark  cross  buudH,  W  or  4  lungitmlinul  dark  BtripPH,  uiid  8  narrow  bliii'  l(>u)j;itiidiual  tttripcH  most 
dititinct  above  wliero  they  contrast  with  the  dark  back.  Head  yellow,  5  or  0  narrow  wavy  bine 
Htript'Hou  liido  of  lieiul  below  eye;  bead  between  eyes  marked  by  5  narrow  blue  cross  burs  run- 
ning out  on  this  nose;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  dorsal  uniformly  yellowish  preen,  marked 
by  '2  median  cross  lines  of  blue,  same  color  as  the  back;  the  blue  lines  [posteriorly  forming  small 
yellow  ocelli;  caudal  same  as  dorsal  as  to  color  and  markings;  other  tins  white. 

fWe  have  examined  si)eciniens  from  ("harlestou,  Pensacolu,  Ivey  West,  Captita  Key,  Havana, 
Pernambuco,  and  Kio  Janeiro.  These  siiecimens  show  no  evident  spocitic  ditfcri'nces,  but  the 
difl-  -'(nces  due  to  age  are  so:;iewhat  considerable.  The  smnlUst  specimens  before  ns  (2  inches 
\w\\L,)  have  a  very  distinct  dark  lateral  band  rnnning  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  and  ending  in  a 
dark  spot  at  the  upjior  base  of  caudal  fin;  another  (paler)  band  runs  from  the  upper  part  of  eye 
to  base  of  last  dorsal  rays;  another  from  above  eye  along  base  of  dorsal.  These  bauds  are 
sharply  defined  in  the  young,  and  traces  of  them  are  usually  found  in  all  examples.  In  the 
smallest  spccinu'ns  the  preopercle  is  simply  but  coarsely  serrate  with  »  salient  angle;  in  larger 
ones  a  |M)rtion  of  the  preopercle  is  prolonged  backward  anil  its  spines  begin  to  radiate.  In 
exanii)les  of  4  inches  the  spiles  are  not  yet  divided  into  2  fasciie,  but  later  they  begin  to  show 
radiation  from  2  distiuct  centers.  In  specimens  of  lYf  inches  the  2  fascicles  of  spines  are  dis- 
tinct.   In  the  largest,  the  upper  lobe  of  the  caudal  is  fllamcntous. 


il 


I     . 


(  I 


il ' 


. 


i  1 


!  i 


ff 


rjo« 


JiuUetin  ^7,  United  Staki  National  Mmeum. 


South  Atluntio  luul  (Jiilf  couHtH  of  tho  IJuittMl  StutcH  on  rocky  or  hiukI.v 
HlioroH.     Loii^th  ulioiit,  11  foot.     {formoHUH,  liiindHomu.) 

firm  fiinniiM,  I,inn*i'n,  S^hI.  Nnt.,  M.  xii,  4hs,  ITtid,  Carolina  (t'ull,  Dr.  (iunlt'n  ;  (i>iKi,i\, 
HjHt.  NhI,,  VA'i'i,  17HH  icupli'cl),  mill  of  llm  I'DpylxlH;  (Hirtly  conriiitiMl  with  lln miihiti  iiliiiiiini, 
to  wlilcli  Hpcrii'M  hiinit'  of  till'  fiirly  ri'fi'ii'iii'i'H  Im'Iiiiik. 

Kliiuephtlui  tlriiilim,  Dliioii,  lihthyiilugiii,  pi.  ICIo,  170;i,  Jamaica  (nut  Anlhint  i-triilii.i,  lil.iii  II, 
whli'li  In  rt-iilly  till  /'/loii'/i/ifVifn. ) 

ftirnmiiH  rai{iiiii*,  (^'itv  A  (Jaimahu,  Voy.  ilc  ITraMlo,  1'oIh*.,  .llll,  pi.  TiH,  11k.  'J,  1H'J4,  Monte- 
video (?);  IliU'i.KNdKii,  Out.,  1,  'IM. 

^'lTr(lm(.1  iniii/iiiMx,  CiviKU  tc  Vai.kncik.nnkh,  IlJHt.  Niit.  1'iiIhm.,  ii,  !il4,  IH'JM,  Montevideo. 

AffTidiiiM /iHi.icii/iiri/i,  (IrviKii  A  Valknciknnkm,  IliNt.  Nat.  I'oiHH.,  ir,  ■Jl.'),  pl.  ;io,  iH^iM,  Brazil; 
iiIho  i.\,  4:tl,  1h:!:|;  Jokhan  a  Uii.iirht,  SyiiuiitiH,  S:tl,  1883. 

CiittinjiiiiiliiiriiiliiiiiM,  (iCNTllKli,  ('at.,  I,  8:),  iH.'tO. 

Cciilri'iiiiiiliii/iiHiii  iiliiiiH,  QCntiikii,  Cat.,  I,  83,  IS.IO. 

hipUilriim/aiii-ii-iiluri;  Hol.liriiMiK,  Iclitli.  S.  Curuliim,  :t8,  18»K);  ror.Y,  SynuiMlii,  282,  1808. 

JUliliilruiii  riiiliiins,  1'oky,  Kiiilliioratio,  'Z\,  \Hir>. 

S>nii>i>" fi'iiiiDKiin,  .loitDAN,  I'roc.  l'.  S.  Nat.  Miw.,  IHHl,  X). 

Viiikclrumfurmutum,  JonuAN  A  Eioenmann,  /.  >■.,  :t!i7,  pl.  (i."),  lH!Mt. 

SI  I.  PRIONODES,  Jenyns. 

(SEltUANOS.) 

I'rimiotkf,  Jenvnb,  .Voyago  of  thn  IUmirIi'  •  Fi!<lirM,  H',,  1840,  (/iwinltu). 
Mt'iilijieiTii,  Oli.l.,  I'roc.  Ar.  Nat.  Scl.  I'lilla.,  isi'j,  -j  '.(',,  {Iiirii)i>rrcaiiuii). 

Uody  oblong,  inodoratoly  coiiiprcHsed,  covered  with  modorate-Hi/ed, 
ctenoid  HculeH.  Lateral  line  normal  in  direction,  not  running  chme  to  tiio 
back.  Cranium  above  with  a  very  large  convex  Hinooth  area,  which  in 
longer  than  tiio  low  Hupraorbitai  crest;  Bupraoccipital  and  parietal  crestH 
short,  extending  to  a  line  connecting  borders  of  tho  preoperclo  ;  posterior 
outline  of  cranium  nearly  vertical  in  profile;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary 
not  scaly  and  without  supplemental  bone;  canines  small,  lateral;  no 
depressible  teeth  in  jaws  ;  teeth  always  present  on  vomer  and  palatines." 
Gill  lakers  usually  few.  Branch iostegals  7.  Dorsal  with  10  rather  slen- 
der spines,  either  subequal  or  one  of  them  much  produced;  tho  fin  not 
deeply  notched,  the  soft  portion  short,  of  11  to  13  rays  and  nearly  or  (juite 
destitute  of  scales ;  anal  short,  with  slender  spines ;  caudal  lunate  or 
truncate.  Ventrals  not  very  close  together,  inserted  somewhat  in  advance 
of  pectorals,  as  in  CentroprMcs  and  Diplectrum.  Vertebrie  10 -f  14  =^24. 
Species  of  small  size,  probably  all  American,  closely  allied  to  the  Old 
World  genus  Serranua,  from  which  they  are  distinguished  by  tho  short, 
naked,  soft  dorsal,  the  anterior  insertion  of  the  ventrals,  and  the  smaller 
teeth.  The  type  of  Serranua  (Serranua  cabrilla)  has  the  lateral  line  running 
very  high,  following  the  outline  of  the  back.  The  subgenus  tStrramlhis 
(ScrramiH  •••/&«)  is  intermediate,  having  the  long  soft  dorsal  and  stroii<; 
dentition  of  Svrranna,  with  tho  lateral  lino  and  general  appearance  of 
PrioHodeH,  the  ventral  fins  longer  and  closer  together,  and  inserted  much 
farther  back ;  the  skull  is  esseutially  similar  in  rrioiiudin,  Duh>t,  and 
Sciranus.  (n-^j/(ji',baw;  ttdof, resemblance, from  the  resemblance  to  Serranua — 
serra,  saw.) 


*  Not  wautiug,  ua  BtutuJ  by  Jeuy iib,  who  perliaps  liud  au  iujured  or  iuiperfuct  specimen. 


Jordan  <///</  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Amtrica.       1209 


'    i  ^ 


I'iiioniiiikh: 
II.  Hciili'H  liirK'',  Vi  lo  '>•'>  ill  tliK  latrral  lin*'. 

fi.  !<oulfii  (III  rliui'k  vtT.v  liirKv,  in  uliuiil  tt  wriui*;  (lurxul  )i|iiiirtt  not  ijuilc  i'i|iiul,  tlm  fnurtli 

loliKVHt,  illiuilt  twico  luiiKtll  tif  tkr  liililli. 

I'.  Tuvth  or  JiiWH  iinilHiiall.v  Miiiiill,  tin'  riiiilncH  Hiiincly  illlTuri'iitijiti'il;  Ihuit  trctli  in 

UIIK  Hi'I'ioH;  IdUi'r  jiiW  llltli'  |>l'iijrc'tlll|;. 

'.  Ilc'inl  liiiiK,  '.^';,  in  liMiKtli;  |>iri>rliital  iiiirniw,  '  ,  ■'}(".  iin^'liMil'  |ii'i'(i|M'r>'li'Hll){liil,v 

lii'iiJcrtliiK;  vi'itt'x  Hciily,  III!' Hcrri)' ininiitii  Jinil  •'(|intl:  Kill  rukciH  Iihik  ainl 

NJiiiiilcr,  X  -f  li'i  llio  loiiKvHt  liuir  uy(i;  ilnrwil  HjiincM  ui'iilt,  lli'xilili',  low; 

ritniliil  c|c'i-|i|y  liiiiiiti",  |ii'('|()|'iiIh  liin^  iiiiil  iiiii'i'ou,     ('i>li>r  ilnHl<y  brow  ninli, 

IHilcr  lii'liiw,  II  M'i'li'ri  of  uliiiiit  7  ill-ili'llni-il  iluxlt)'  MoIcIivh  iiloii^  lati  rul 

lini';  liniiiK  "I  niKiirli'  lur);i'ly  liluiU,  tlUN  ii|i|ii'iirin;;  iixti'iiHilly  iifi  ii  ilu>U> 

lildlrli;  vertical  tliiN  tninN|>uruiit,  witli  iiiiniito  ilaik  n|ii'cI\n;  iki  hIiiiI'|i  nutrk- 

iliKM  on  liody  or  IIiih.  .v.i<I'I|iknn,  I'lll.'i. 

rr.  Tcrtii  uniiNiiully  8troliK,  'A  or  4  on  cucli  Hiilc  in   iipIxT  jiiw  iih  liir(;i'  »*  llo'   liii'Ki'iit 

lull' ml  tcctli;  JilwM  i'i|ni(1;  |>ri'urliitHl  cxtriMncly  niirniw,  not  '.,  widlli  nl'  |mi|>II; 

|iri'o|;i'i'i'lii  very  Hhiirply  Herriite;   ^iH   rnkerN  Kliort,    Hlcnili'i-,  x      Id;   (uihIhI 

forked,     Oilor  plain  oliviiceoiiK;  tinr*  ull  pule;  NidiH  witli  ulmnt   r>  taint  ilaik 

croHH  liands,  more  or  Ii'hm  conllni'iit  itluii);  lateral  line.  ti  scilik,  \'t'M\. 

lih,  Hi'uleH  on  rlieek  moderate,   in  aliuul  H  nerien;  lioily  olilonK,  lieiivy  anteriorly;  dontiil 

oiltlinu  a   litllu  ulevatucl,  tlie  ]irotlle  uluiu.Ht  Htnti^lit;  eyen  very  lar^e,  as  lon^  aH 

Hiiout;  lower  jaw  not  projoetinj.';  canincH  Hinall;  nioutli  lar^e;  preorliital  narioH  ; 

Kill  ruker."  Hliort,   abont  x   i   Id;  cIdrNtI  xpineH  HtroiiK,  the  t'unrtli  liitrlosl,  'J'  ,  in 

head,  a  little  lonj^i'r  tlian  lon^ext  Noft  ray;  dorriul  till  not  iiotclied;  ^ol't  dorsjil  a 

little  Hculy;   eamlal  deeply  hinale;    peitoralK  lonj;.      <'idor  HkIiI  lirowniNli,  with 

lighter  liloteheM  and  faint  diiaUy  liarn;  a  vuiy  eoiiHpieiioilN,  Hliarply  detined,  veiti- 

cal  wliitu  liar  extunding  niiward  on  each  Hide  rmni  jUHt  herore  vent;  fins  pale. 

I'liiniK,  l">'.t7. 
lihh.  ScaU'H  on  the  cheek  very  Hinall,  la  Kl  to  VJ  HeriuH;  necond  anal  npiiie  ahont  as  lonj;  uh 
fonrtli  ilornal  Hpliie.  Ilody  ohlon^,  not  idevated;  snout  nliarp;  lower  jjiw  inncli 
])rujectint;,  its  tip  unteriiiK  the  prolile;  tuctli  rather  Htront;;  gill  rakei-H  short  and 
few,  x -f  8,  Dorsal  continiionN,  the  spines  low,  the  tiniest  'I  In  head;  caudal 
Hoinowhat  lunate,  ('olor  light  <dlvace<>us,  with  1-  irruKUlar,  broad,  daiU-hrown 
band.i  extending  to  hidow  the  lateral  liii<>,  appearing  again  at  levi  1  of  base  of 
pectorals  as  a  series  of  rounded  blotihes;  two  pale  streaks  or  rows  of  blotches 
extending  from  snout  through  eye  ami  backwanl;  a  liroad  brown  streak  from  eye 
to  upperungle  of  opercle;  u  dark  spot  at  base  .,!'  vontrals.  one  or  more  bolow  base 
of  pectorals,  and  om^  in  front  of  the  latter;  caudal  dark  browii  at  base,  ri'ticu- 
lated  with  irrogular,  narrow,  light-blm^  lines,  these  marks  most  disliiK  t  on  outer 
rays;  u  large  double  blotch  at  base  of  caudal;  anal  anil  vditrals  niarkeil  with 
brownii)li-yellows|iots;  tipper  part  (d'soft  diU'sal  sharply  spotted  with  dark  brown, 

twsciATL's,  16'.i8;  mi.i.Kiti,  l.V.Mi. 
Mentipeiica  (iiienlnm,  chin;  jiprcti,  porch): 
aa.  Scales  small,  the  lateral  line  with  (id  to  7.^  in  its  course. 
('.  liower  jaw  not  vi^ry  strongly  iirojecting. 

/.  Ilody  covered  with  irregular,  inky-black  spots  anil  bands.  Hody  long  and  low,  theliead 
lowend  sharp,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  scales  o'v  cheek  in  Idorl-  lows;  teeth 
8mall;  gill  rakers  very  short,  x-f  7;  ilorsal  low,  not  notclu'd;  caudal  forked. 
(Jolor  brownish  above,  the  sides  yellowish,  everywhere  above,  below,  and  on  tins 
covered  with  irregular,  iuky-blacksiiots,  blotches,  and  bands,  the  latlei-  mceling 
around  the  belly;  pectorals  and  anal  plain;  abroad  ring  around  base  ofcaudal, 
and  many  irregular  spots  around  bases  of  vent  rals  and  pectorals;  numerous  black 
spots  on  dorsals  and  caudal,  one  of  thoso  ou  front  of  spinous  dorsiil  very  conspic- 
uous. TliiKlNlS,  1()(MJ. 

Jf.  Uody  not  covered  with  conspiououR,  inky-black  spots  and  bands. 

(/.  llacU  with  o  or  more  large,  co.i8]picuous  blotches  of  yellowish  white.  Ilody  more 
elongate  than  in  related  species;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting;  scales  on 
clieeksin  11  series;  dorsal  spines  low,  fifth  the  longest,  2'.^  in  head;  caudal 
strongly  lunate;  pectorals  and  vontrals  short.     Color  brownish  red  above. 


'  ( 


l\ 


ILMO  Hullftin  .fj,  Ihiitftl  States   .Witiotuil  .\fitsfum. 


Mith  nrt'iiHiif  IlKlit  yi-lluw  ciiiKldimiif  huck;i>tii>  liururvilornal,  n,  Iiu'ki'  iiiu'iiihI 

umiUtll  mil'  liiliiw  |i|lilliillit  iliilnlll:  u  lill)(i>iilli'  lieloVV  lllxt  I'uy"  uf  Nult  ilnraul; 
mil'  nil  liiii'k  III'  tuil;  tuji  i<r  l|i  ail  Willi  1  |ii(|i'  ( roiui  xliaili'N,  oim  lii'lmr,  nnx 
lHi|iliii|i>yf!ii;  InwiT  DllH  \\\i\\i  iii'itiiK)':  I'lklliliil  I'i'il,  ultli  '.:  rii||ii|i|ri|iiiiH  IchikI. 
llUllllul  ■<lrl|>l'D  i)f  lilui  UIkIi  nil;   ilnrnill  ll'il  >>llllilri|,  Ik  IIIIIMiill  llliiti'll  nil  I'lli  li 

|iiirl  III'  II,  lAli'iidiiiK  ii|iMiii'il  t'riiiii  a  HitiilJHi'  lilolrli  mi  IIh'  Ikh  k. 

TAIIAiMlll  H,   I'llI] 
"I/.    lliuU  williiillt  roiii4|<l('iimiH  liliitrliin  iif  ,vi>IIiikIhIi  white. 

/>.  I'olm'ulinii  ncurly  imiruriii;  Imily  I'lmigittit;  Niioiit  Rlmrt  ami  iliirk;  iiiinl.ii 
Hll^lilly  liiimttv  diiliit'  liriiH  iiinli  yi'lliiw  mi  Inn  k,  m'liii^i'  mi  sIiIch,  ,iii.| 
liriKliti'i'iir  nil  mi  ImIIv;  tiii.'<|hitHiiiir  ImiihU;  iipiicr  |iuiI  of  IhmiI  liliii«li, 
till'  IliiH  tiriky;  cuuilul  liurilt'ii'il  ulmvi'  anil  lu'lnu  with  limwn. 

n  AVKHi  KNH,   ll.llj 

l.iiwcrjaw  vrry  Hlroiigly  iirojoctiiigiliody  i'li>nKi>t<',  inniliTutHly  rmii|iri'i<MiMl;Hriili'>ii«Miiill, 
iilioill  711;  Hiimil  hIiiii'|i,  iiiiirli  ImiKir  lliiin  tln'  liii'ui'  rye;  |>r<'i>|irn  !i'  lliii'ly  ilmilli  ii 
lilt  I'll;  tii|>  III'  lit'iiil  w  nil  \ri  t('\  liiiki'il;  I'll  mill  I  ill  I' ply  t'mki  il;  hkllllilr|>lr>N('i|,  \\\\\\  i 
hIiihIo  rlrsi;  iIoihiiI  h|i|iii«  lilmliTiil",  III"  tlilnl  lilnlirst. 

i.  Ciiliir  rli'iir  liiiiuii  Willi  liii't;!'!' ilitrkcr  N|i(il:4  m- liiirri  nil  till' nIiIi'h;  IImh  puli',  himii'  i,i 

ll'HH  Iilioill  Witll  i'l'ltllK«.  M  I'lnl'K.Iti  AM'-l,   iMi:', 

II.  Ciiliii'  nil,  Willi  iiiiiiii'ii'iir'  nuitnliNli  Inky  Miirk  h|h>Ih  Ih'IiIikI,  it  liiii:i'  i|imilriili' ilm  I, 
liliiti'li  mi  limit  ulNiit'l  ilniMil;  IhWii'  IiiiII  hT  i  iimliil  Mm  K;  a  litiK<'.  oMmi'.;  >i'\i'i 
wliili'  liliilrli  trmn  liilnn'  vnit,  t'.xlumliii^  iipwaril  iiml  liacUwanl. 

srii.iiii.xriiiMA,  li'iiil 


I 


I!:      ■ 


■m 


I 


r  ■) 


Ml 
I 


Subgenus  PRIONODES. 

VMU.  I'KIONIMtKS   KtfllllKXS  ((iillurt). 

Iload  2^  ;  doptli  ',\\\  oyo  l!ii;j;(>,  iih  long  iih  niuiiiI,  I\  w  IiouiI.  I).  IX,  I, 
l!';  A.  111,7;  hcuIom  U-l8-i;{,  5  Nt-iieN  on  rliet'k.s  jiiii!  with  pimlt'iini 
miiifiiii  of  oiliit.     Hody  Nli'iidrr.  tlio  la-ad   very  long,  idii!  iicdiiiiclr 

iiiiirow.     'rij)  of  iowiT  jiiw  Itut  little  pi'ojtMtiiig ;  iiioiith   laig*!,  tlic   mas 
illaiy  rcacliiiig  voi'tleul  from  poHterlor  margin  of  pupil,  -\  in  lunid.    rppn 
Jaw  witii  tiM'tli  lati'iully  in  a  NingJo  HtuifM,  lu'coniing  doiililo  ant(«iioil>  ; 
tlio  oiiti-r  ti'ctli  aro  larger  and  spaced  1)iit  not  eaninc-liki' :  the  inner  air 
<rloMe-Het,  small,  directed  inwaid  ;  the  iiu-dian  ]iair  of  tt'efliof  inneris»'rif^ 
uru  larger  than  the  others  and  directed  backward.     Teeth  of  lower  Jaw 
in  a  .single  series  forming  a  very  narrow  jiateh  at  symphysis.      I'eelli  in  :i 
narrow  patch  on  vomer,  the  posteiiorenlarged, almost  canine-like,  diiecteil 
backward;  on  palatines  in  an  irregular  double  series.     Interorbital  span 
flat,  its  w  idth  j!  orbit.     Preorbital  narrow,  i  orbit.     Angle  of  preopereli 
slightly   i)roJeeting,  the   vertical   margin   gently   concave;  teeth   miniilr 
anil  e(|ual  on  both  limlis  and  at  angle.     Ojtercle  greatly  produced  bads 
ward,  reaching  much  beyond   inner  edge  of  shoulder  girdle,  tlui  margin 
of  preopercle  t^ciuidistant  between  front  of  eye  and  end  of  opercular  Hap 
Opercle  with  a  singlospine,  t  he  lower  not  developed.    No  spine  on  shouldci 
(Jill  rakers  long  and  slender,  .\  4- !•>)  tl'«  longest  \   tiie  diameter  of  tin 
large  eye.     Dorsal    with   weak,   flexible,   low   spines,  which    increase  ii: 
length  to  the  fourth  (f  length  of  head),  then  decrease  to  the  ninth,  whicli 
is  less  than  }  the  fourth,  the  tenth  again  longer  ;  dorsal  rays  slender,  litllr 
forked,  the  longest  less  than  highest  spine.     Caudal  d»;ei)ly  Innate;  aiuii 
short,  with  slender  rays,  the  margin  not  nmnded,  the  anterior  rays  Ion;; 
est,  the  jioaterior  but  little  shortened  ;  anal  spiues  slender,  graduated,  the 


1 1,1 1 1 


Jortian  tin,/  /•'.jrttniinn. — Fis/ics  vf  Xorth  Amfriia.        1211 

tliiiil  nciirci'ly  i  Iri^lit  of  iliNr  moIi  ia.\  ;  M>iitiiilN  iiiNntiil  well  in  ailvunct' 
of  liuHo  nf  |ti'.  tiiials,  lint  iiraily  ii>ai'liiiiK  vciit,  \  licad :  |M-«-li>ialM  Inn;;  ami 
nari'dw,  n-acMiiu  trout  of  anal,  witli  niiriow  Hcaly  liaNc,  tiit*  |ioNtt>rioi 
niai^iii  ol)lii|iif)y  tnincati' or  sonuwliat  ./' Nlia|i<-il  inlln'  spiraii  (In.  the 
lower  ia,\  H  Nli;;lil  ly  ion^tr  tlian  n|i|irr,  tli(<  iniilditt  rayn  HliortrNt.  SciiU-h 
laru;i>,  iti-noitl,  a  witio  t'oii);li  area  witliiii  tln^  .ipiiioiiK  niarKin;  i;lit>«>kH  ant! 
()|i  ri'lt'H  HcalrW,  tin*  Ncalf'4  on  o|m<i<'I<>m  lar^^cr  tliaii  cIncw  hcic;  top  ot°  lirail 
Ni-a It'll  an  far  forwanlaM  poNtciior  inar;;in  of  )iiipj|  ;  cainlul  tin  Ncalcil  at 
Itani' of  lolirH  ;  I'iiih  ot  liii  w  Imo  without  Kcaics;  latt>ral  line  innnin^  liiuli 
and  ilfsccniliti;;  ^radnaliy  to  iiiiddli<  of  tandal  pt>dnncli>.  Cidor  in  N]tiritH: 
DnNky  !iro\\  niNli  alio\  c,  Ii;;lit<'i  Im-Iow  ;  a  k<  i  Ikn  of  alioiil  7  iil-dt'HiH'd  diisk.\ 
Idolcliis  alon;;  lateral  liiif,  finhi  wliirliNtill  fainter  liars  mn  downward, 
Noon  diMappi-arin;; :  lining  of  opoiulu  lar^tdy  Miifk  :  tliix  appaiont  as  a 
duNk)  liloti'li  rslciiially  ;  \ritical  I'iiih  t ranspatcnt ,  ininntidy  pMin'talr 
with  idack  ;  median  rays  of  ventrals  idaik,  the  onler  ami  inniM  whitish  ; 
pcriionenm  isilvery  wiiiti':  no  \ery  conspicnonH  marks  on  Itody  or  lins. 
iinlf  ot'  Califoi'iiia  A  sini^le  Hpt^uiinrn  known,  ahoni  7  inches  lon^,  from 
Station  'JIMM),  in  1 1'J  fathoms,  {hi/iiks,  eipuil;  ilnix,  tooth.) 
.SiiiiiMiii  ;i./iiiWmi>,  fill  I'.i  Hi.  I'rui  .  1.  S.  N;ii,    Mil".,   iMilii,  ill,  Gulf  o*' California,    AII)atrosH 

Station   No.   3g<)6  ('I'mic,    No.  'II'JTT);    .Iiiiiii\n    ,v    l':iiir.\M.\NN,   /.    «.,    'liHi;    llui  i  ►si.iii, 

('ill.,  I,  'JIM. 

i:.l»«.  IMtKtNODKK  Kl'Sn  IJSfl'ooy). 

Head  2' :  deptli  ;t'.  1).  \,  !'_' :  A.  Ill,  7:  sciiles  IH.  I'.ody  ratlier 
eion;;at»',  litt  h' (•oiiiincsscd  ;  >rales  on  ehooks  very  lur^^e,  in  ahont  ;">  .serie.s  : 
teeth  nniisMally  Htron^,  three  or  four  on  tMich  side  in  upper  jaw  as  lar^'e 
as  the  lar;iest  lateial  tei^tii;  eye  very  lar^e, 'J,';  in  head;  iiiaxiliaiy '_"  in 
head:  Jaws  ei|nai:  preorliilai  extremely  narrow,  not  f;  width  of  pnpil  ; 
|ireoper»'ie  \  el  y  sharply  st'iiate;  ^^ill  rakers  hIioiI,  slender,  x  -|-  HI;  scales 
\ciy  lar^e,  eo\  t-rin;;'  head  forward  to  Lack  of  pupil  ;  first,  dorsal  spine 
Hludt,  second  a  little  lousier:  foiiith  l(»n;;esl,  'J\  in  head;  the  rest 
j^radiiiilly  shortened,  lower  than  the  Hoft  rays,  which  are  scaleless  ;  secMind 
jinal  spine  1  in  head,  as  loni;- as  third  and  stouter  ;  caudal  forked.  Color 
plain  olivaceous  ;  tins  all  Jialc,  no  opercular  hlotch  ;  Hides  with  aiioiit  (1 
faint  dark  cross  hands,  more  or  less  (umtliu'nt  alon^j  l.'iteijil  line,  and  dis- 
appearinii  lielow.  t'liha  :  known  only  from  the  ori;,'inal  type,  sent  l»y 
I'oey  to  the  iiiMseiim  at  ( 'amliri<l;^e.  Krom  this  specimen  ( lOdl."),  M.  ('.  /., 
7  inches  in  len;ftli)  our  description  is  taken.  [/Kunilns,  somewhat 
tawny.) 

i\  iitn^i'ii-im/ds,  ithi>,  \'<'V.\,  >Ii'rMnii,i~,  ii.l'.rj,  l.'^iil,  Havana.    (('"11.  Tci'V.) 
Il.iliiw,,;,  fr.,„l.l    l',.r.v,  S\ii..p-^is,  '.isl,  l.xf.s. 
Sill, mill  t'lli-rlllli^,  .IilllilW    ,V    Kli.r.N.M  \NN,  /.  r.,    tUT,   l,"*!!'!  ;    lt(ill.|-,Ni;l;it,  "'ill.,  I,  '^'Xl. 


I.'itt;.   I>KI(»\(»I>KS  IMKKItKfl'  i\). 

(I'llil.DK). 


llc'id  2!  :  depth  :;i.  D.  .\,12:  A.  111,7;  scales  r.-,'.3-l.".,  poros  ,')(>  to  r)2. 
Mody  oldon^,  heavy  anteriorly  ;  dorsal  outline  a  little  elevated,  the  prolile 
almost  strai;;ht  ;  eyes  very  lar^e,  as  lonj;  as  suoiit,  '.ih   in  head,  twice  the 


wH^^.^^/ih'ii^  9fi>  "."-.'w^ ' J >-' '^ ^*t ■•flfljs^^MW' wBP^wssn^  wiiy -  '• 


121U  Jiulletin  ^7,  Vrited  States  National  Museum. 

concave  iutetorbital  Bpacv ;  Hcales  011  cheek  moderate,  in  about  eigiit 
Hories;  top  of  head  naked:  lower  jaw  not  projecting;  canin'eH  small; 
mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye ;  preorbital  narrow ; 
gill  rakeru  short,  x  -f  13 ;  12  rows  of  scales  before  doraal ;  dorsal  Hpines 
strong,  the  fourth  highest,  2\  in  head,  a  little  longer  than  longest  soft 
ray ;  dorsal  fiu  not  notched ;  soft  dorsal  a  little  scaly ;  caudal  dc«;ply 
Innate  ;  second  anal  bpine  3^  in  head,  stronger  but  scarcely  longer  tluin 
third  spine;  pectorals  long,  reaching  anal,  as  long  as  vcntra'N,  1^  in 
head.  Color  light  brownish,  with  lighter  blotches  and  faint  diHky  bars  ; 
a  very  conspicuous,  sbarply  deiined,  vertical  white  bar  extending  upwanl 
on  each  side  from  Just  before  vent ;  fins  pale.  Length  8  inches.  West 
Indies,  north  to  Pensacohi ;  rather  common  ;  our  specimens  of  this  species 
are  from  Havana  and  from  the  Snapper  Banks  off  Florida,  {phwbe,  the 
moon,  from  the  white  lateral  bar.) 

St'n-amis }ih(jebe,  PoEY,  Mnmorias,  i,  55,  pi,  2,  flg.  3, 1851,  Havana;  Joudan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Niit.  Mub., 

1884,  ;J5;  JoiiiiAN  A  Kioenmann,  /.  <•.,  407,  1890. 
Ceiilrojiriiitis plufhi;  GC:;iilFit,  Cut.,  i,  85,  1850.  • 
llalipeicaphixbe,  PoBY,  SyuoptiiB,  281,  18G8. 


1598.  PiClONODES  FASCIATUS,  JonynH. 

Head  2{;  to  3 ;  depth  3^  to  3J.  D.  X,  '2 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  5-50-15,  pores 
49.  Body  elliptical,  little  elevated,  the  dorsal  outline  gently  arched. 
Snout  sharp;  lower  jaw  distinctly  longest;  maxillary  reaching  vertical 
from  middle  of  pupil,  or  beyond ;  interorbital  space  somewhat  concave 
and  ridged.  Teeth  small,  cardiform;  2  small  canines  in  front  of  lower 
jaw,  4  in  front  of  upper  jaw  ;  the  inner  series  of  teeth  somewhat  enlarged, 
containing  2  or  3  large  fixed  canines  in  the  middle  of  sides  of  lower  jaw, 
these  larger  than  the  canines  in  front;  strong  teeth  on  vomer  and  pala- 
tines ;  no  supplemental  maxillary  bone ;  gill  rakers  short,  few  in  number, 
about  10  below  angle;  preopercle  nearly  evenly  rounded,  the  posterior 
margin  nearly  vertical  and,  as  well  as  the  angle,  very  finely,  evenly,  and 
sharply  serrated,  the  serne  on  angle  scarcely  larger,  the  lower  limb 
nearly  entire ;  opercle  ending  in  three  compressed  spines,  the  middle  the 
largest,  the  membrane  extending  much  beyond  them.  Scales  well  ctenoid, 
on  cheeks  small,  in  9  to  11  ro^-  .i ;  opercles  with  about  4  series  of  large 
scales;  jaws  and  top  of  head  naked.  Spinous  dorsal  low,  not  notched, 
the  first  two  spines  shorter  than  the  others,  which  are  of  equal  length 
and  shorter  than  the  soft  rays ;  length  of  spines  about  equaling  distance 
from  snout  to  middle  of  eye,  Z  in  head ;  soft  dorsal  elevated,  the  anterior 
rays  somewhat  shorter  than  the  posterior,  the  tips  of  which  reach  rudi- 
mentary caudal  rays,  21  in  head ;  anal  spines  short  and  stronj^,  the  middle 
one  stronger  and  slightly  longer  than  the  third;  the  second  about  equal 
to  dorsal  spines ;  anal  rays  more  elevated  than  those  of  dorsal,  the  last 
ray  the  longest  and  about  equal  to  f  length  of  head ;  ventrals  reaching 
vent ;  pectorals  slightly  beyond  it,  f  k  iigth  of  head ;  ventrals  inserted  in 
front  of  axil  of  pectorals;  caudal  short,  somewhat  lunate,  with  the  outer 
rays  produced,  the  fiu  Ig  in  head ;  dorsal  and  anal  scaleless.  Branchi- 
ostegals  7.    Color  light  olivaceous,  the  dorsal  region  with  about  12  broad 


Jordan  and  Evertnann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1213 


■^■7 


dark-brown  cross  bands  extending  from  back  to  below  lateral  line,  wburo 
they  are  interrupted,  to  reappear  on  tlio  level  of  base  of  pectorals  as  a 
series  of  roundish  blotches;  those  in  front  pinkish,  behind  brown;  a 
light  etreak  from  nape  to  front  of  dorsal,  with  2  parallel  ones  (usually 
indistinct)  on  each  side  of  it;  the  brown  bar  inmiediately  behind  soft 
dorsal  replaced  by  the  ground  color,  but  the  correspondin<j;  brown 
spot  ou  sides  present;  a  brownish  streak  from  snout  through  eye  to 
upper  angle  of  opercle,  clear  l>rown  anteriorly  ;  suborbital  light  blue, 
with  a  narrow  median  streak  of  clear  brown ;  numerous  clear  brown 
blotches  on  top  of  head  ;  base  and  axil  of  pcctorajs  largely  pink,  the  fin 
very  finely  vei-miculated  with  pink  and  light  blue;  dorsals  reddish,  with 
a  median  light  streak,  which  disappears  posteriorly  ou  soft  dorsal ;  distal 
part  of  soft  dorsal  with  numerous  small  dark-brown  spots,  becoming 
light  pink  posteriorly  and  alternating  with  similar  spots  of  whitish  or 
liglit  blue ;  a  dark-brown  spot  at  base  of  ventrals ;  one  below  base  of 
pectorals,  and  one  in  front  of  the  latter  at  margin  of  gill  opening ;  caudal 
brown  at  base  and  on  outer  rays,  pink  on  inner  rays,  vermiculated  with 
irregular  narrow  light-blue  lines;  anal  and  ventrals  light  glaucous  blue, 
thickly  marked  with  brownish-yellow  spots.  In  older  specimens  the  mark- 
ings fainter,  but  the  general  pattern  remains.  A  specimen  9  inches  long, 
from  Indefatigable  Island,  has  the  upper  black  bands  coalesceut  into  a 
continuous  beaded  streak  from  eye  to  last  ray  of  dorsal,  whore  it  is  inter- 
rupted to  form  again  a  black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal  above ;  a  blotch  i)t 
the  base  of  pectoral  and  several  black  spots  on  breast,  irregularly  arranged. 
In  this  specimen  the  vomerine  and  palatine  teeth  are  few,  and  covered  with 
slime  so  as  to  be  scarcely  appreciable.    Length,  one  foot. 

Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico,  Cape  San  Lucas  to  (ialapagos  Islands ;  common 
about  rocky  places ;  a  very  handsome  little  fish.  We  have  examined 
specimens  of  this  species  from  Mazatlan,  Pearl  Islands  (Panama),  La  Pa/, 
from  Charles,  Hood,  Albemarle,  and  Indefatigable  islands,  of  the  Gala- 
pagos, and  from  the  Revillagigedos.     (fasciatus,  banded.) 

Prhnoden  fatciatim,*  .Ienyns,  Voy.  Beagle,  FishoB,  4f>,  1840,  Chatham  Island,  Galapagos  (Coll. 

CharleH  Darwin);  GCnther,  Cat.  Fish.,  i,  90,  1859  (not  IMucentrm  /asciatim,  IIlocii,  which  is 

ScrmiuBscriha);  Jordan,  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1889,  81. 
Serranm  psittacinus,  Valenciennes,  A'^oyago  A'enus,  Poiss.,  290,  pi.  i,  fig.  1,  18r>5,  Galapagos 

Islands. 
SerranvK  cnhplenj.r,  JoitnAti  &  Giliieut,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ."ISO,  1881,  Mazatlan.     (Type, 

No.  28123.     Coll.  Cilbert.) 
CeHtroprixtiii puittucinits,  GOnther,  I,  Cat.,  186,  1859. 
Sftraum lyKiltacinns,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  407,  1890;  Bori.ENGER,  Cat.,  i,295. 


?i 


HI 


i   i 


lfi09.  PRIONODES  BULLERI  (Boulcnger). 

Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  5  to  6-52-15,  pores  50;  snout 
as  long  as  diameter  of  eye,  which  is  4  times  in  length  of  head ;  interor- 
bital  width  5  times  in  length  of  head ;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting,  with 
feeble  canine  teeth  on  the  sides ;  maxillary  extending  to  below  center  of 
eye,  the  width  of  its  distal  extremity  i  diameter  of  eye ;  snout  and  vertex 
naked,  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly,  the  scales  on  the  opercles  large,  larger 


fl 


i 
,1 

■li 


i, 


1214  liulUtin  4j,  United  States  National  Museum. 

than  any  on  the  body,  in  5  vertical  series;  preopercnlum  finely  serrated, 
the  Berra;  coarser  at  the  angle,  obsolete  on  the  lower  border ;  middle  ujier- 
cular  spine  strong,  nearer  lower  than  upper.  Gill  rakers  moderate,  12  on 
lower  part  of  tlie  anterior  arch.  Dorsal  originating  above  base  of  pec- 
toral, the  spines  increasing  in  size  to  the  fourth,  which  e<|uals  '(  len<,rth 
of  head  and  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  longest  soft  rays ;  no  notcli 
between  the  spinous  and  soft  portions;  pectoral  obtusely  pointt'd, 
slightly  longer  than  ventrals,  f  length  of  head;  second  and  third  anal 
spines  c(iual,  stouter  and  slightly  shorter  than  longest  dorsal ;  ciindal 
slightly  emarginate.  Brown,  with  ill-defined  darker  vertical  bars;  Nol't 
dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  with  small  dark  and  light  spots;  pectorals  and 
ventrals  yellowish.    Length  6  inches.    Coast  of  Jalisco,  western  Mexico. 

Sirmmia  bnlleri,  BouLENOEn,  Cut.,  i,  288,  1895,  Las  Peflas,  Jalisco.     (Coll.  A.  C.  Bulkr.) 

Subgenus  MENTIPERCA,  Gill. 

1600.  PBIONODES  TIGRINUS  (Ulocli). 

Head  2|; ;  depth  3? ;  eye  4  in  head.  D.  X,  11 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  8-()8-24, 
60  pores.  Body  long  and  low,  the  head  low  and  sharp,  the  lower  jaw 
projecting ;  scales  small ;  top  of  head  naked,  the  smooth  area  on  frontal 
region  large ;  scales  on  cheek  small,  in  10  or  12  rows ;  preopercle  rounded, 
with  regular  seme  ;  teeth  small ;  gill  rakers  very  short,  x  -f  6  to  8 ;  max- 
illary 2^,  reaching  to  center  of  eye ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  naked ;  dorsal 
low,  not  notched;  caudal  forked;  second  and  third  anal  spines  equal, 
the  second  the  strongest,  2i  in  head ;  pectoral  li  in  head.  Color  brown- 
ish above,  the  sides  yellowish,  everywhere,  above,  below,  and  on  fins 
covered  with  irregular,  inky-black  spots,  blotches,  and  bands,  the  latter 
meeting  around  the  belly  ;  pectorals  and  anal  plain ;  a  broad  ring  around 
base  of  caudal,  and  many  irregular  spots  around  bases  of  ventrals  and 
pectorals;  numerous  black  spots  on  dorsals  and  caudal,  one  of  those  on 
front  of  spinous  dorsal  very  conspicuous.  West  Indies ;  scarce ;  an 
exceedingly  handsome  little  fish,  here  described  from  the  original  type  of 
Serranus  prwstigiator,  sent  by  Poey  to  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoiil- 
ogy*    {tigrinu8,  spotted  like  a  tiger.) 

Unlocentnm  tigrinm,  Bloch,  pi.  237, 1790,  aftcrBEBA,  TliosawruB,  iii,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  5,  East  Indies, 
Serruiim  prwstigiutor,  Toey,   Mopiorias,   i,  ."iS,  pi.  2,  flg.  2,  1851,  Havana.     (Coll.  Pooy.     Type 

iu  M.  C.  Z.) 
f  Ocntrojiristes  amiuUvis,  GOnther,  Shore  Fishes,  Clialleugor,  t>,  pi.  1,  flg.  B,  1880,  Pernambuco 

young  specimen  2  inches  long. 
C<nlropri)itis jmesligialor,  GCntheii,  Cat.,  i,  85,  1859. 
Ilalipercti prnsligintor,  Poey,  Synopsis,  282,  1808. 
Scnanm  tigriiiiiK,  JonnAN,  Proc.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  188C,  579;  Jordan  &  Giqenmann,  /.  c,  4()S, 

1890;  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  l,  293. 
f  Serramis  annularis,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  406, 


•The  earliest  spcuifiu  name  of  this  species, /(i««ia/i(s,  can  not  Ik;  used  if  tli<?  species  bo  referred 
to  SeiraiiHs,  as  already  more  than  one  Serrnnns  has  heon  culled /cw/o/iis.  The  name  is,  howoViiT, 
not  preoccupied  in  Prionodet.  The  genus  I^hnodeK  was  supposed  by  Jenyns  to  ditter  from  Serramis 
by  the  absence  of  vomerine  and  palatine  tenth.  These  teeth  are,  us  a  matter  of  fact,  well  devel- 
oped in  the  young,  but  in  some  old  specimens  they  are  small,  partly  covered  by  the  skin,  and 
possibly  even  decrdnous.  Renewed  comiiariBou  shows  that  1598a,  Prionoden  hulleri  (Bouleugcr).  is 
a  distinct  species,  though  close  to  i'.  fasciatus;  the  jaws  shorter,  the  color  dull. 


1  ...'i 


7*^^..*«7*T*"?.J'.*)rF-':,7!S[r.4;v''^;M,,T7'TJV'n';»; 


Jordan  and  Rvermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1215 


1801.  PRIOMODES  TABACARIUH  (Cuvier  A  ValpiuiciincB). 
(Jacome;  Bovt  he  Taiiac.) 

Head  3;  depth  3|.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  11-90  to  !t8-25,  50  to  65 
pores.  Body  more  elongate  tliau  in  related  species ;  profile  Hlightly  con- 
vex ;  interorbitul  space  concave ;  >.yes  large,  longer  than  snout,  3i  in  head ; 
maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting;  scales 
on  cheeks  small,  in  11  series;  scales  in  front  of  dorsal  small,  crowded,  in 
25  series ;  top  of  head  naked ;  gill  rakers  long,  x  -\- 15 ;  dorsal  spines  low, 
fifth  the  longest,  2\  in  head  ;  caudal  strongly  lunate ;  anal  spines  gradu- 
ated, the  third  Z\  in  head;  pectorals  and  ventrals  short,  not  reaching 
vent.  Branchiostegals  7.  Color  brownish  red  above,  with  areas  of  light 
yellow  on  sides  of  back ;  1  before  dorsal,  a  largo  one  and  a  small  one 
below  spinous  dorsal ;  a  large  one  below  last  rays  of  soft  dorsal ;  1  on 
back  of  tail;  yellow  before  eye  ;  belly  and  lower  parts  light  red  ;  top  of 
head  with  2  pale  cross  shades,  1  before  and  1  behind  eyes ;  lower  fins  light 
orange;  caudal  red,  with  2  conspicuous  longitudinal  stripes  of  blackish 
red ;  dorsal  red-shaded,  a  maroon  blotch  on  each  part  of  it,  extending 
upward  from  a  similar  blotch  on  the  back.  Length  10  inches.  West 
Indies;  our  specimens  from  Havana,  where  it  is  rather  common,  (tahaca- 
riu8,  pertaining  to  tabaciim,  tobacco,  the  fish  being  called  bout  de  tabac 
(cigar  stump)  by  the  negroes  at  Martinique.) 

Cfulrojiriifleit  labacarinn,  Cvvir.n  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nut.  PoIbs.,  hi,  44,  1829,  Martinique. 
Semmus  jnmiiti;  PoEY,  Memorial,  i,  57,  pi.  2,  fig.  1,  1851,  Havana. 
Hiiliperca  tahavariii,  PoEY,  Synoiisis,  282,  18C8. 
IlaUperva  jai-ome,  Poey,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1871,  34. 

Serranm  tabacarim,  .Iordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  1880,  39;  Jordan  &  Kioenmann,  /.  c,  108, 
1890;  BovLGNOEB,  Cat.,  i,  291. 


'i  i 


•'n 


1«02.  PRIONODES  FLAYESCENS*  (Cuvior  &  Valuncionnes). 

Dorsal  IXt,  12 ;  anal  III,  7 ;  scales  7-90-27,  60  pores.  Depta  of  body 
3f  times  in  total  length,  length  of  head  3  times.  Snout  as  long  as  diame- 
ter of  eye,  which  is  3^  times  in  length  of  head ;  interorbital  width  5 
times  in  length  of  head  ;  lower  jaw  projecting,  with  feeble  canine  teeth 
on  the  sides;  maxillary  extending  to  below  center  of  eye,  the  width  of 
the  distal  extremity  i  diameter  of  eye ;  upper  surface  of  head  naked ; 
cheeks  and  opercles  scaly ;  preoperculum  finely  serrated,  the  serrie 
coarser  at  the  angle,  obsolete  on  the  lower  border ;  opercular  spine 
strong,  equidistant.  Gill  rakers  a  little  shorter  than  gill  fringes,  14  on 
lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Dorsal  originating  above  base  of  pectoral, 
spines  subequal,  not  quite  i  length  of  head,  }  length  of  longest  soft 
rays;  no  notch  between  the  spinous  and  soft  portions  of  the  fin.  Pec- 
toral rounded,  a  little  longer  than  ventral,  f  length  of  head.  Third  anal 
spine  longest,  as  long  as  dorsals.  Caudal  emarginate.  Brown  above, 
lighter  (orange  or  red)  on  the  belly ;  head  bluish  above ;  fins  dark  gray 

♦Descrlbeil  from  the  typo  speclmou  (Paris  Mus.,  No.  7028). 

t  Tho  npinous  dorsal  is  malformed  iu  front;  the  normal  nui'  '  or  of  spineB  is  no  doubt  X. 


/^•^ 


■  v*(/i,j«!jS»;i^!IV»;,'«WS!s^ 


i     V: 


121C 


Bulletin  ■//,  United  States  National  Museum. 


brown;  caudal  whitish  in  the  middlo.  Total  length  6J  inchos. 
Martinique;  known  only  from  the  typo,  the  above  deHcription  of  wliicli 
wo  copy  from  Boulonger.     {JlavenvviiH,  yellowish.) 

Si-rrauimjtiireiicnui,  Cvvir.v,  .fe  Vai.kncikknks,  Hint.  Nat.  PoIsh.,  vi,  TiOd,  1830,  Martinique;  .luii- 
DAM  &  FlUKNMANN,  I.  c,  408,  1890;  Uoi'i.KNaeR,  Cat.,  I,  202. 

1«0:).  PRIONODES  LUCIOPKRCANUS*  (Pooy). 

Head  3  in  length;  depth  3i.  D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  7-70-20. 
Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed ;  cranium  depressed,  with  a  singjo 
crest;  snout  sharp  ;  lower  jaw  very  strongly  projecting;  eye  large,  much 
shorter  than  snout ;  top  of  head  naked ;  caudal  deeply  forked  ;  dorsal 
spines  moderate,  the  third  highest.  Color  clear  brown  with  larger,  darker 
spots  or  bars  on  the  sides;  fins  pale,  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange. 
Coast  of  Cuba,  apparently  very  rare,  only  the  original  type  known  (at 
Cambridge)  examined  by  us.  {lncioj}crcanu8,  resembling  LuciojKrcu,  tlio 
Pike  Perch,  a  European  genus  of  I'ercidw.) 

SerrauuB  Inciopercatmii,  Poey,  Memoriaa,  i,  ."iC,  pi.  0,  fif;.  1,  1851,  Havana;  Johdan  *  Kioknmann, 

I.  c,  410,  18!>0;  Boiilonger,  Cat.,  i,  204. 
rv-w/roj/nVw    ImiiipernmiiH,  GCntiier,  Cat.,  I,  84,  18()U;   Vaiilant  A   Bocounr,    Misd.   Sii.   .m 

Moxiquo,  1874,  j)!.  v,  fig.  1. 
Mrntiperca  luciopercaiia,  PoEY,  SynupsiH,  281,  18C8. 


1604.  PRIONODES  STILBOSTIOXA,  Jurdau  &  Bollmun. 

Head  3;  depth  3J.  D.  X,  12;  A.  HI,  7  ;  scales  8-58-18.  Body  elongate 
elliptical,  less  slender  than  in  Prionodea  luciopervanm',  back  not  much  ele- 
vated; anterior  profile  straight  from  tip  of  snout  to  front  of  dorsal. 
Snout  sharp,  3J  in  head,  lower  jaw  considerably  projecting,  mandible  3^ 
in  head.  Mouth  rather  large;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of 
pupil,  2?  in  head.  Eye  large,  a  little  shorter  than  snout,  4  in  heatl. 
Interorbital  space  very  slightly  concave,  ridged.  Teeth  small,  anterior 
teeth  of  front  row  in  both  jaws  slightly  enlarged ;  posterior  teeth  of 
lower  jaw  also  enlarged  ;  vomerine  teeth  in  a  V-shaped  patch.  Preopercle 
finely  serrate,  the  lower  teeth  a  little  coarser,  the  margin  evenly  rounded. 
Opercle  ending  in  three  spines,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  considerably 
the  largest ;  membrane  extending  beyond  spines.  Gill  rakers  moderately 
long  and  slender,  about  9  developed.     Scales  small,  firm,  ctenoid  ;  11  rows 


*  Three  sppcimnns  from  Martiniqno  in  tito  Paris  Museum  have  the  folluwing  characters:  Dor- 
s.il  X,  12;  itiiiil  III,  7;  scales  8  to  10-85  to  00-25  to  29,  pores  56  to  50.  Depth  of  body  :»J4  to  3% 
times  ill  total  length;  length  of  head  3  times.  Snout  longer  than  diameter  of  eye,  which  is  3*^ 
times  in  the  length  of  head;  interorbital  widtli  C  to  7  times  iu  length  of  head;  lower  jaw 
strongly  iirojecting,  with  feeble  canine  teeth  on  the  sides;  maxillarj' extending  to  below  anterior 
third  or  center  of  eye,  the  width  of  its  di.stal  extremity  jf  diameter  of  eye;  snout  and  vertex 
naked,  cheeks  and  opercio  scaly;  preopercle  finely  Berrate<l,  the  serrre  coarser  at  the  angle  and 
obsolete  on  the  lower  border;  opercular  spinea  strong.  Gill  rakers  longer  than  gill  fringes,  15 
or  16  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Dorsal  originating  above  base  of  pectoral;  the  spines 
increasing  in  size  to  the  fourth  or  fifth,  which  equals  about  J  to  j^  length  of  bead,  and  exceeds 
longest  soft  raya;  no  well-marked  notc'n  between  the  spinous  and  soft  portions  of  the  tin.  Pec- 
toral obtusely  pointed,  as  long  as  ventral,  %  length  of  head.  Third  anal  spine  longest,  about  as 
long  as  third  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  emargihate,  upper  lobo  the  longer.  Purplish,  with  reddish- 
brown  irregular  spots  or  marblings;  fins  yellow,  spinous  dorsal  partly  purple;  upper  and  lower 
CAudal  lobes  bordered  with  purple.    Total  length,  8  inches,    Caribbean  Sea. 


i»f 


Jordan  and  Ei^ermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1217 


on  cheeks;  11  vertical  rows  on  operole  to  base  of  spines;  2  rows  on  inter- 
opercle.  Spinous  dorsal  rather  low,  not  notched;  iirst  spine  about  1^  in 
second,  fourth  very  slightly  longer  than  third,  as  long  as  from  tip  of  snout 
to  middle  of  eye,  1\  in  head ;  soft  dorsal  not  elevated,  first  ray  2|  in 
head  ;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  the  longer,  1.^  in  head ;  lower  lobe  If  in  head ; 
8»';ond  anal  spine  strongest,  hardly  as  long  as  third,  which  is  3f  in  head  ; 
first  19  in  second ;  first  anal  ray  3  in  head ;  penultimate  longest,  2^^^  in  head ; 
last  somewhat  shorter ;  pectorals  pointed,  1.^  in  head,  reaching  beyond 
tips  of  ventrals  to  vent ;  ventrals  1§^  in  head ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  with  u 
few  scales.  Scales  on  breast  and  belly  small.  Color  reddish  (probably 
crimson  in  life),  becoming  paler  beneath,  breast  somewhat  orange ;  a  few 
small,  round,  pale  spots  on  cheeks  and  opercles;  occiput  rather  dark; 
lower  jaw  dusky ;  a  slight  bluish  shade  on  preorbital ;  anterior  part  of 
back  with  small  indistinct  light  and  dark  specks ;  large,  quadrate,  inky- 
black  spot  larger  than  eye  at  base  of  soft  dorsal,  which  involves  the  basal 
half  of  several  rays,  and  extends  downward  almost  to  lateral  line;  in 
this  blotch  are  traces  of  three  darker  spots ;  behind  this,  three  much 
smaller,  roundish,  black  spots,  which  extend  on  fin  ;  below  these  a  row  of 
about  10  round  black  spots  smaller  than  pup*l,  on  median  line  of  side 
extending  from  opposite  front  of  large  dorsal  spot  to  base  of  caudal ; 
below  this  series  some  fainter  irregular  spots  of  black ;  extending 
obliquely  upward  and  backward  from  above  tip  of  ventral  fin  to  lateral 
line  a  large,  elliptical  creamy  or  silvery  blotch  which  is  about  as  wide  as 
interorbital  and  as  long  as  snout  and  eye ;  this  spot  does  not  reach  middle 
line  of  belly ;  spinous  dorsal  with  3  rows  of  diffuse,  confluent,  black 
spots  separated  by  pale  streaks  ;  soft  dorsal  marked  with  several  black 
spots,  which  extend  upward  from  body  ;  above  these  a  pale  median  longi- 
tudinal streak  ;  upper  half  of  caudal  red,  with  a  few  small  black  spots, 
lower  lobe  inky  black,  with  some  pale  edgings;  outer  half  of  ventrals 
and  anal  dusky  ;  pectorals  pale.  Length  of  type  7^  inches.  In  form  it 
agrees  very  closely  with  PrxonoAei  luciopercanu8,  but  the  coloration  is  quite 
different.  Coast  of  Ecuador ;  known  from  a  single  example,  dredged  in 
45  fathoms,  at  the  equator.     (ariTifioQ,  shining;  artyua,  spot.) 

Prionodet  tlUbotlifftna,  Jordan  &  Bollhan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  1889, 158,  Pacific  Ocean,  off 
the  coast  of  Ecuador,  0°  50'  S.,  89°  36'  W.;  depth  45  fathoms;  Station  2809. 
(Coll.  Albatroea.) 

Serranui  ttUbotligma,  Jobdan  &  Eiobnmann,  I,  c,  409, 1890;  Bovlenqeb,  Cat.,  I,  294. 


512.  DULES,  Cuvier, 

Dule$,  CuviEB,  R^gne  Animal,  Ed.  11,  Vol.  11,  147,  1829,  (auriga). 

This  genus  is  close  to  Prionodes,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  possession 
of  but  6  branchiostegals,  and  in  the  truncate  form  of  the  caudal  fin.  In 
one  species  the  third  dorsal  spine  is  prolonged  in  a  whip-like  spine.* 

*  "  Par  CO  nom  do  doules  {ei>clave)  noiis  avoiis  voulu  iiidiquor  la  resBcmblanco  de  cos  poissonR 
avoc  ceux  quo  depuis  longtemps  nous  avons  apiwlees  th'rapom,  nom  qui,  hii-mCme  assez  arbi- 
tniire,  n'ost  que  la  traduction  de  I'epithote  donnfie  k  Tespeco  de  Xherapon  dSctite  le  plus  ancieune- 
uiont  {V Holocenirus  seroui  de  Blocb)."    (Cuvier  &  YalencieuoeB.) 


F  N.  A. 


-78 


I  K>?>><wr^~''ri^'^""**^^5^~'^^ 


»':jKBT«flBT;V5i'»^'5r''J<!5»»?»-7^3^^^rT^''!BJ!^ 


i 


111 


I 


1 
141 


1218 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


American.     ((toiXoc,  a  alave,  the  fish  being  under  the  laah  of  the  lung  dor- 
sal spine,  t) 

a.  Tbird  dorsal  Hpinn  not  longer  than  fourth,  3  in  head;  second  anal  Bpino  ooniidorably  longer 
than  third,  about  2V4  in  head;  lowur  Jaw  littlo  projecting;  gill  rakern  short  and  few, 
0  or  8  in  nnmbi-r;  jaws  scaloIvgH;  soft  dorsal  with  sinull  scoIuh;  pxctoral  long,  ruuching 
anal.     Color  brown,  with  darker  cross  shades;  soft  domal,  aual,  and  caudal  tins  check- 
ered with  blackish  on  a  white  ground;  a  broiid  white  area  or  bar  before  anal  flu. 
6.  Dorsal  rays  x,  l;t;   head  small,  acuminate;   pectoral  fln  finely  barred  with    black  and 
whitish,  precisely  like  the  caudal  flu;  a  very  conspicucms  inky-black  blotch  ou 
front  of  soft  dorsal  (at  least  in  young  specimens),  this  being  a  continuation  of  one 
of  the  bars  on  the  body;  a  black  ring  about  tail  at  base  of  caudal,  before  which  are 
6  or  7  dark  barH,  becoming  progressively  broader  and  fainter  forward;  lower  parts 
of  head  with  a  conspicuous  network  of  dark  streaks.  suiiLlOARirs,  1005. 

66.  Dorsal  rays  x,  12;  head  V't»  slender;  (wctorals  red;  Inky  blotch  on  soft  dorsal  small 
or  obsolete;  dusky  bars  on  body  distinct.  visi'iLuitus,  1606. 

aa.  Third  dorsal  spine  in  the  adult  male  greatly  elevated,  reaching  past  middle  of  soft  dorsal, 
its  length  quite  variable  ;  Kec<md  anal  spine  as  long  as  third,  2JJ  in  head;  lower  jaw 
prominent;  gill  rakers  10  to  12  below  arch;  pectoral  shorter  than  head;  brownish, 
lower  parts  with  light  and  dark  shades;  fins  clouded.  Ai;KiaA,  16U7. 

1«05.  J)ULKS  SUBLIOARIUS  (Cope). 

Head  2^;  depth  2f ;  eye  rather  large,  4  in  head.  D.  X,  13;  A.  Ill,  7; 
scales  about  6-42-17.  Body  rather  deep,  compressed,  the  back  elevated, 
the  anterior  profile  nearly  straight.  Head  long  and  low,  slender,  acumi- 
nate, its  depth  at  middle  of  eye  but  half  its  length  in  the  smaller  speci- 
men, in  the  larger  proportionately  deeper.  Mouth  rather  small,  lower 
jaw  scarcely  projecting;  maxillary  reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  pupil, 
its  length  2\  in  head ;  teeth  small,  the  canines  little  developed,  those  ou 
sidesof  lower  jaw  largest.  Preorbital  and  interorbital  space  very  narrow. 
Edge  of  preopercle  subequally  and  rather  sharply  serrate ;  none  of  the 
teeth  directed  forward.  Gill  rakers  short,  rather  few.  Scales  on  cheek 
small,  in  about  10  series.  Dorsal  fin  scarcely  emarginate,  the  fourth  spine 
not  elevated,  about  2i  in  head,  a  little  lower  than  the  soft  rays ;  caudal 
subtruncate,  a  little  more  than  half  head ;  second  anal  spine  longer  and 
stronger  than  third,  1\  in  head;  ventrals  If  in  head;  i)ectoral8  1> ;  neither 
reaching  front  of  anal ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  jaws,  preorbital,  and  front 
of  head  scaleless.  Olivaceous,  tinged  with  reddish  above,  paler  below 
but  not  silvery ;  each  scale  on  the  sides  with  a  blackish  margin,  these 
forming  rather  faint,  continuous,  dusky  streaks ;  posterior  part  of  sides 
with  faint  traces  of  about  5  irregular  cross  shades  of  darker  along  the 
sides ;  a  large  blotch  of  cream  color  in  front  of  the  vent,  extending  upward 
as  an  irregular  cross  bar  to  near  the  middle  of  the  side,  its  posterior  edge 
sharply  defined,  its  anterior  fading  into  the  color  of  the  belly ;  a  lack 
ring  around  tail  behind  dorsal  and  anal ;  a  large  black  blotch  on  front  of 
soft  dorsal,  extending  downward  on  the  body,  where  it  is  less  distinct 
than  on  the  fin ;  cheeks  yellowish  ;  opercles  darker ;  lower  parts  of  head 
brown,  the  preopercle, (below),  interopercle,  lower  jaw,  and  branchioste- 
gals  covered  by  a  network  of  wavy  bluish  streaks ;  spinous  dorsal  dark 


t  According  to  Dr.  Bonlenger  this  prolonged  spine  is  a  character  of  the  male.    We  do  not  kuow 
the  foundation  of  this  statement,  and  in  other  SerranidK  no  such  sexual  differences  exist. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1219 


groy,  mottled ;  soft  dorsal  aimilarly  and  more  distinctly  marked ;  pec- 
torals, anal,  and  candal  grayish,  with  sharply  defined  narrow  blackish 
bars,  somewhat  undulating;  ventrals  faintly  barred,  mostly  black. 
South  Atlantic  coasts  of  the  United  States,  in  rather  deep  water ;  not 
common  ;  recorded  from  Beaufort,  Charleston,  Pensacola  Snapper  Banks, 
and  Big  Uasparilla;  a  small  and  very  pretty  species.  (Here  described 
from  a  specimen,  No.  30859,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3  inches  long,  taken  by  Jor- 
dan &  Stearns  from  the  Snapper  Banks,  oft'  Pensacola.  {iVLblujarxm.,  wear- 
ing a  truss,  in  allusion  to  the  white  cross  band.) 

Oenlroprtfiiii  nihliynriuB,  Cope,  Pnic.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.,  1870, 120,  Pensacola. 

Berranuii  mbliijarinn,  Ooodk  A  Dban,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.,  1882,  2;i8;  .Iorpan  &.  Oll.nEliT,  Proc. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.,  274,  1882;  .Iorpan  &  Oii.nERT,  Synopsi«,  MS,  1883:  Jobdan,  Proc.  U.  6. 

Nat.  Mub.,  1884,  39;  Jobdan  &  Eioenmann,  {.  c,  400,  1890. 


I! 


I 


I 


i 


1«0«.  DULES  DISPILURUS  (GUnthcr). 

Head  21;  depth  2i.  D.  X,12;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  5-45-14.  Preoperciilnm 
rounded,  finely  serrated  behind,  entire  below,  without  projecting  angle. 
Eye  of  moderate  size,  I  length  of  head.  Diameter  of  eye  much  more  than 
width  of  the  interorbital  space,  but  somewhat  less  than  the  extent  of 
the  snout,  contained  4^  times  in  the  length  of  the  head.  Opercles  scaly  ; 
the  scales  on  the  preoperculum  in  7  or  8  series,  much  smaller  than  those  on 
the  operculum  and  rest  of  the  body.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  oblique,  the 
upper  maxillary  reaching  to  the  vertical  from  the  center  of  the  eye ; 
preorbital  somewhat  wider  than  the  maxillary.  Preoperculum  rounded, 
finely  serrated  behind,  entire  below;  suboperculum  and  interoperculum 
entire.  Operculum  with  3  flat  short  points,  the  upper  and  lower  of  which 
are  concealed  by  the  scales,  the  middle  one  being  the  longest  and  sharp- 
est. Dorsal  fin  commencing  just  above  the  extremity  of  the  operculum ; 
its  spinous  portion  scarcely  lower,  but  longer  than  the  soft ;  the  fourth, 
fifth,  and  sixth  spines  are  the  longest,  more  than  i  the  length  of  the  head  ; 
the  first  spine  is  very  short,  half  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  eye ;  soft 
dorsal  rounded  ;  the  anterior  and  middle  rays  the  longest,  the  sixth  being 
not  quite  twice  as  long  as  the  last  spine ;  caudal  fin  truncated,  slightly 
rounded  at  the  angles,  about  ^  of  the  total  length ;  anal  with  the  soft 
portion  rtarrjw  and  deeper  than  the  dorsal  fin;  second  anal  spine  strong 
and  loL.^,  ^  the  length  of  the  head;  third  anal  spine  much  longer  than 
the  first;  pectoral  long,  rounded,  reaching  to  above  vent,  i!  of  the  length 
of  the  head ;  ventrals  not  reaching  to  vent.  Teeth  villiform ;  several 
larger  teeth  in  the  outer  series  of  each  jaw ;  vomerine  and  palatine 
teeth  in  narrow  bands ;  tongue  toothless.  Brownish  olive,  with  indistinct 
darker  cross  bands  extending  on  the  dorsal  tin  ;  a  broad  white  cross  band 
on  the  belly,  before  the  vent,  extending  upward  to  the  level  of  the  pec- 
toral fin  ;  a  small  deep-black  spot  behind  the  top  of  the  last  dorsal  spine, 
on  the  middle  of  the  first  two  dorsal  rays;  several  other  irregular  more  or 
less  distinct  spots  on  the  dorsal  fin  corresponding  to  the  cross  bands  on 
the  body ;  the  soft  vertical  fins  with  transverse  series  of  small  brown 
spots ;  a  small  black  round  spot  above  and  below  on  the  r'-.ot  of  the  caudal 


\m 


I'll 

m 


s 


I:. 


I  i 


!:  I 


;i  ! 

i 


M 


1220 


Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


fin;  pectoral  red ;  ventral  blackiHli.  (Ounther);  rtescriptiOii  of  types,  2 
specimens,  4  iucbes  long,  from  Trinidad.  (rUf,  twice;  amloq,  spot;  nvp&, 
tail.) 

CentrafrMU  tlupilwun*  GPNTiiEn,  Proc.  ^oJll,  8i)C.  LonJ.,  18fi7,  Ott,  Trinidad. 

1007.  DIliES  AURIGA,  Ciivler  &  ValciiciennuH. 

Head  2f ;  depth  21^-,  eye  3^ ;  snout  4.  D.  X,  13;  A.  111,7;  scales  6-48-15, 
pores  45  to  50.  liraucliiostegals  6,  the  first  being  ubsoleto.  Body  rather 
deep  and  compressed ;  anterior  profile  utocp  and  nearly  straight ;  mouth 
rather  small,  the  lower  jaw  protruding;  preorbital  rather  narrow,  an 
broad  as  pupil ;  top  of  head  naked ;  the  frontal  area  largo  and  well  defined, 
broader  than  long  ;  occipital  crest  low  and  short,  shorter  than  the  frontal 
area;  teeth  small,  with  no  marked  canines;  gill  rakers  ratlier  short  and 
slender,  x-f-9,  besides  rudiments  (12  to  14  in  all);  maxillary  2f  in  head; 
scales  large,  those  above  in  series  parallel  with  the  lateral  line ;  scales  on 
breast  small;  third  dorsal  spine  extremely  long,  reaching  beyond  middle 
of  soft  dorsal ;  other  spines  all  short  and  even;  soft  dorsal  moderate,  a 
little  scaly  at  base;  do''<<"l  iiol  notched;  caudal  truncate;  second  anal 
spine  2^  in  head,  as  long  a^:  third,  and  a  little  stouter;  pectoral  l^^o  iu 
head.  Coloration  in  spirits,  brownish ;  a  dark  area  from  front  of  anal  up 
to  soft  dorsal ;  before  this  a  whitish  p.rea,  upper  parts  with  dark  streaks 
along  the  rows  of  scales,  these  faint  and  not  continuous  ;  a  dark  band 
upward  from  middle  of  base  of  ventrals;  fins  clouded.  Length  10  inches. 
Coasts  of  Brazil  and  Uruguay;  said  to  range  occasionally  northward; 
once  reported  by  De  Kay  from  New  York,  probably  by  error.  Our  descrip- 
tion from  several  specimens  (4581,  M.  C.  Z.),  the  longest  about  5}  inches 
long,  collected  by  Professor  Agassiz  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  (auriga,  a  coach- 
man, from  the  whip-like  dorsal  spine.) 

Dule»  auriga,  CuviEB  &  VALF^CIE^NE8,  Illst.  Nat.  Poiss.,  ill,  112,  pi.  51, 1829,  Braxil;  De  Kat, 
New  York  Fauna:  Fishep  J4,  pi.  10,  fig.  34,  1842;  Jenyns,  Zool.  Beagle,  Fishes,  16,  1840; 
Oastelnac,  Anim.  N--  v.  ou  rares  Am^r.  Suil,  6, 1855;  GCntiier,  Cat.,  i,  260;  Jordan  &  Gil- 
bert, Synopsis,  542,  i883  (description  from  the  original  type);  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  1884,  98;  Jordan  &  Eioenhann,  {.  c,  395;  Bebo,  Enum.  Posccs  Argentina  y  Uru- 
guaya,  4,5,  1896. 

*  CenlropfUlis  rfiojiitxitix,  from  Trinidad,  is  said  to  have  the  dorsal  x,  12,  the  dorsal  spot  sniall, 
and  the  pectorals  red;  otherwise  the  description  agrees  entirely  with  Dulea  tubligariits.  With  the 
account  of  (iipilitms  the  short  description  given  by  Cuvier  and  Vulencieunes  of  Dnleg  JJavivetitru 
is  in  perfect  agreement.  One  of  the  types  of  Rrisout  de  Barueville's  Ccnirnprinlui  hrnsilieimsiB 
preserved  in  the  museum  at  Paris,  where  it  has  been  examined  tiy  U4.  It  is  .095  millimeters  in 
length,  and  was  sent  from  the  museum  at  Geneva.  This  specimen  has  the  dorsal  rays  x,  12, 
the  dorsal  spot  obscure  and  dlfTuso,  but  is  ot  herwise  similar  to  8Nb{/(/aritifi.  A II  specimens  have  the 
second  anal  spine  long,  the  caudal  barred,  a  white  bar  before  anal,  tlie  caudal  truncate,  with  other 
characters,  which  rendily  distinguish  this  species  from  all  others  related  to  it.  It  Isnot  unlikely, 
therefore,  thttt«H''.'rf/(iriMs,  hrasilieHsis,jUivifeutrii,  and  dispilitrtisiiTe  synonyms  of  auriga.  If  2  species 
exist,  mhtiijiirius,  tlie  northern  form,  would  be  separated  from  the  niirign  by  the  presence  of 
13  dorsal  rays,  by  having  the  pectoral  fin  barred  like  the  caudal,  and  the  black  spot  on  the  dor- 
sal very  large.  It  may  be,  however,  that  aunV/u  or  braailiensit  represents  the  adult  of  the  s|iecies, 
aiirija or  </«i)j»Jmiim younger  specimens,  and  mthlujnrim  those  still  younger.  In  the  typeof  hniKilitn- 
lis  the  head  is  consiaerably  less  slender  than  in  8M&{if;artN8.  This  is  probably  a  matter  of  age.  This 
species  reaches  but  a  sniall  size,  none  of  the  known  specimens  being  G  inches  in  length,  the 
largest  of  «iib^'!;nt-iii4  but  4.  Dr.  Boulcngcr  places  all  these  nominal  species  in  the  synonymy  of  Diiles 
auritjit,  regarding  Jlaviventriit  as  the  female  and  auriga  as  the  male.  Dr.  (^arlos  Uerg  (P^nimi. 
Peces  Argentina  y  Uruguaya,  p.  45,  1895),  reaches  the  same  conclusion.  lie  remarks:  "Most 
male  examples  have  the  white  ventral  spot  which  Cuvier  it  Valencien.js  indicate  only  in  the 
fumaXc,  Duletfluvivertria."  l>uk»mbligarius  is  certainly  different  from  i>ui««uuni/abotkiu  formaud 
color. 


T 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1221 


i)u{Myfiivii'«n/ri«,  CcviRii  lie  Vai.bncicnnkh,  IliHt.  Nat.  I'iiIhh.,  hi,  11:),  isjii,  Brazil;  OCntiier, 

Cut.,  I,  2(17,  IHftu. 
C«ltfrii;)riWiii  hriiDi/iViiiiM,  nniBOI'T  life  nARNKVIM.R,  n«Vllo   /unlo|{li]iin,    1H47,   Ml,    Bahia;  lout  to 

I'lirlH  fnim  tliu  Miiafiirii  of  (jIoiiovh;  Or.NriiKH,  Cut.,  i,  H.'i,  IS.'iO. 
Ser-nRiK  fii'>i«i7i>N(iM,  Jiinii.\N,  Proc.  T.  H.  Nut.  MiiH.,  lt*S(1,  AXi  (fruni  typo). 
Berrunim  Jtiirieritlriii,  JuSDAN  A  KliiKNMANN,  /.  c.,40G,  1890. 
Serrumii  aurifi'i,  Ouulenuku,  Cut.,  i,  287. 


513.  PARANTHIAS,  Onichenot. 

Braehiirhhmii,  Gii.l,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  Phllu. ,  1H(12,  2:iti,  (crci/iin      fiin-ifir)  (proocciiiilcd  In  onto- 

mol(i);,v  I. 
ParnnOiiiiH,  (iricilENOT,  Ann.  Hoc.  Linn.  Haino-ot-Loiro,  x,  18(18,  (fm-ci/ir      ireohiH). 

Body  strongly  coniprosHed ;  Hiioiit  uhort ;  maxillary  broad,  scaly,  its 
supplemental  bone  reduced  to  a  rudiment ;  teeth  HUiall,  recurved,  in  nar- 
row bands,  2  to  4  canines  in  front;  preorbital  very  narrow;  preopercle 
serrate,  with  a  salient  angle;  gill  rakers  slender  and  numerous;  scales 
small,  ctenoid;  lateral  line  complete,  running  high,  the  tube  with  an 
ascending  tubule  on  each  scale;  dorsal  fin  low,  of  i>  short  spines,  the 
third  longest;  soft  dorsal  low,  long,  like  the  soft  anal,  closely  scaled  at 
base;  anal  short  and  small,  its  spines  graduated,  its  rays  III,  9  or  10; 
pectorals  long,  obtusely  lanceolate,  symmetrical,  with  20  or  21  roys; 
ventrals  long,  close  together,  inserted  behind  pectoral;  a  tleshy  ridge 
extending  backward  from  axilla;  caudal  deeply  forked ;  branchiostegals 
7;  frontal  bones*  with  an  anterior  concavity  for  the  reception  of  pos- 
terior processes  of  premaxillaries  and  with  a  knob-like  i)rocc88  on  each 
side  behind  interorbital  area;  supraoccipital  bone  extending  forward  to 
between  postfrontal  processes;  supraoccipital  and  parietal  crests  pro- 
duced on  the  frontals  to  between  orbits ;  vertebrie  10  -j-  14  =  24  ;  pyloric 
C(£ca  6  to  8.  One  of  the  most  strongly  marked  genera.  But  one  species 
is  known,  a  beautifully  colored  fish,  inhabiting  deep  waters,  {napa,  near; 
Anthias,  a  related  genus.) 


1608.   PARANTHIAS  FURCIFER  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes). 
(ItAlilRVBiA  DE  10  Alto  ;  Creolf.  Fiaii.) 

Head  3jj^ ;  depth  3 ;  snout  about  4  in  head ;  eye  about  4.  D.  TX,  18  to  20; 
A.  Ill,  9  or  10;  scales  12-120  to  135-35,  pores  77  to  85.  Body  moderately 
elongate,  strongly  compreased;  the  profile  convex  and  the  snout  short,  as 
in  Jnihiaa;  maxillary  reaching  to  below  middle  of  eye,  2'k  in  head;  max- 
illary broadened  posteriorly,  its  surface  scaled,  as  in  Anthias,  its  distal 
extremity  i  to  ^  eye;  teeth  small,  recurved,  in  a  narrow  band  in  each 
jaw,  2  to  4  straight  caaines  near  the  front  of  each  jaw ;  preori>ital  very 
narrow ;  preopercle  finely  serrate,  with  salient  angle  or  enlarged  teeth ; 
gill  rakers  long,  slender,  and  close-set,  12  +  20  in  niiB.ber,  the  longest  f 
eye;  scales  small,  closely  and  regularly  imbricated,  mcst  of  them  strongly 
ctenoid  ;  dorsal  fin  low,  the  spines  strong,  the  third  longest,  2^  in  head  ; 
soft  rays  of  dorsal  low,  scarcely  higher  than  longest  spine;  anal  short, 

*For  an  account  of  the  skeleton  Bee  QUnther,  Cat,  i,  101. 


Ill 


1  ■  ■% 


!|  I 


1222 


JiuUetin  ^7,  IhtiieJ  States  iVational  Afitseiim. 


its  longoHt  (nocoikI)  Hoft  ray  2  in  liead,  itM  tliini  Hpiiio  loiigoHt,  2li  in  liuad; 
vuntrulH  niirrow,  li  in  lioad,  not  ruiichinff  vont :  pectoralH  lancuolufu,  uh 
long  iiH  ]i«)u«l;  Iniinoral  hciiIo  lon^;.  ('olor  Itrif^lit  rod,  or  Hulnion  color, 
with  .')  Hmnll  violut  HpotH,  1  on  sido  of  hack  antl  1  or  2  on  tlui  tail ;  a  har  of 
Hiinilar  color  oxtunding  from  upprr  corner  of  pectoral  uctomm  tho  linnicral 
proceHH;  HidcH  with  faint  ohliijuc  NtroakH  alon^  the  rowHof  Hcah>H;  dorHal 
fin  with  a  longitudinal  hluckiNh  Htrcak.  Moth  comhIh  of  tropical  AintM'ica, 
Cnl»a  to  Iha/il,  Cape  Han  LiicaH  to  the  (lalapa^oH,  common  altout  the  oiit- 
Iyin|r  iHlandH;  thu  HpccinionH  herodcHcrilted  from  Havana.  We  arc  not  aide 
to  He)mrate  the  Pacific  form  (coIoiihh)  from  tho  Atlantic  (J'liiriftr).  A  moHt 
hoaiitifiil  fiMh.  (fiirvii,  fork;  /«■»•»,  I  hear;  from  tho  form  of  the  caudal.) 
ftVmiHin ./'lie. (/()•,  (U'viKii  U  Vai.knciknnks,  IllHt.  Niif.  INiiss.,  II,  'ZC,\,  18'JH,  Brazil. 
SiriaiiiiH  neiilim,  Ci'viEii  .<£  Vai.kncikn.nkh,  IIIh».  Nat.  I'ijImh.,  II,  'iFil>,  IS'JS,  Martinique,  San 

Domingo;  GCntiikii,  Cut.,  i,  !0(>,  IH.W;  Stkinhaiiinkii,  Irlitli.  lliltriiKi',  iv,  fi,  1H7'>. 
Corfhiii  oxiiiilirii,  Vr.  Kav,  New  Yorlt  Kiuina:  KIhIk'h,  77,  |il.  xxx,  fl){.  (Ill,  1HI2,  locality  unknown. 
Sirnmu)  cntimuii,  Valkncirnnkk,  Viiya);)'  Vuduh,  Zciiil.,  3U0,  pi.  2,  Ug.  1, 184U,  Galapagos  Islands. 
Aiilhiiii/nrritW,  (il'NTllKii,  Cat,  I,  111,  1859. 
nriiiliiirhiiiiis  rmiliiH,  Oil.l,,  I'rof.  Ac.  Nat.  Sri.  Plilla.,  lHt;2,  249. 
PitniiilliiiiH  ni'iiliis,  (Utii'iiKNOT,  Aim.  Minia'uii  .Soc,  x,  18ti8. 
PiiriiiithUiH/iiriiffi;  Oti|i'iiF.Ni>T,  Aiili.  Ijilinii'nii  Soc,  x,  1868. 
Itrarhiirhiiwn  fiinij'ir,  .loluiAN  Si  (ill.iiKn'r,  S)ii(i|ihIh,  UM,  1H8.1. 
I'aranthUu /uni/er,  .luuuAN  &  EitiKNMANN,  {.  c,  'Ml,  18'J0;  Oui'LENaiR,  Cat.,  i,  273. 


:lif 


I        I 


1     'I 


514.  HEMIANTHIAS,  Steindachner. 

Ilemianthiaf,  STElNnACliHEn,  Ichth.  HeitriiRC,  i,  4,  1874,  (pertmmt). 

This  genus  is  very  close  to  rronotof/rammus,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly 
in  the  more  posterior  insertion  of  tho  ventrals,  which  are  not  before  tlui 
axil  of  pectoral.  Scales  smaller  than  in  I'ronotoijrammus,  Vertebra;  25 
or  26.     Species  American.     (/>/,  half;  Jn//uV/«.) 

(I.  Scnl*>8  ri-50-20;  pccturul  short,  15<i  in  licod;  color  rose  red,  with  (HITuhr  goMpn-brown  spots. 

I'F.ItlANfS,  1(;(I9. 

aa.  Scales  3-48-16;  pectoral  1';^  in  heac  ;  color  carm!':.:,  much  mottled  with  golden  .vellow. 

VJVAMU,  1(510. 

1609.  HEMIANTHIAS  PEKl'ANrS,  Steiiiduchm  r. 

Head  3^;  depth  3;  eye  very  large,  4i  in  adult.  D.  X,  14  ;  A.  Ill,  8: 
scales  4  or  5-56-20.  Pectoral  tin  short,  Ij  in  head  ;  middle  rays  of  caudal 
as  long  as  head ;  body  compressed,  rather  deep,  deepest  behind  the  head  ; 
head  compressed,  almost  as  deep  as  long ;  anterior  profile  nearly  straight, 
moderately  steep;  month  moderate,  very  oblicjue,  the  lower  jaw  project- 
ing, its  tip  entering  the  profile  ;  preorbital  narrow,  as  broad  as  pupil,  its 
edge  roughened  with  mucous  tubes;  maxillary  2  in  head,  naked,  very 
broad  at  tip,  its  width  ^  eye;  snout  4^  in  head;  snout,  forehead,  and 
top  of  head  naked  ;  teeth  verj'  small,  in  very  narrow  bands ;  2  canines  each 
directed  outward,  in  front  of  lower  jaw,  a  smaller  one  turned  backward 
before  middle  of  side  of  jaw  ;  upper  jaw  with  a  single  short  canine  directed 
forward  on  each  side  in  front ;  iuterorbital  region  flatfish,  with  two  bony 
ridges  and  a  median  depression  ;  smooth  area  of  frontal  region  of  skull 
short  and  small,  broader  than  long;  occipital  crest  high  and  long:  pre- 
opercle  sharply  serrate,  its  angle  a  right  angle ;  gill  rakers  very  long. 


Jordan  ./«</  Evertnann. — Fishts  of  Xorth  .\infrica.       I'JL'.'J 


Mlundor, atiil  cloHf  Not,  x  -f- I'H,  tlio  lonncst  '  \\w  i\vt" :  luiiiicliioHtunulH  7; 
(lot'Hiil  NpiiifH  rather  low,  Hlt'iiilcr,  only  tlit<  third  |iroil(i('cil  in  a  ioiiK  '^t'l- 
IImIi  tliaiiM;iit,  wliich  riMirlirs  tiio  third  Nott  ruv  :  Hot't  dorsal  iiaUid,  the  last 
raye  very  hi){h,  1{  in  hoad  ;  raiidal  very  loii^,  with  a  narrow  fork,  the 
tiiiddlo  ravH  \\h  loii^  as  head,  and  1-  in  tho  lniiircHt  :  anal  hi^li,  its  spinrs 
moderate,  );rudnat«-d  ;  ventrals  elon;;ate,  the  third  ray  loii;;er  liian  head  ; 
vontralH  insurted  Nc;arc»ly  liet'oru  axil  of  poctoral,  uh  in  \\vi\uHx\  pectorals 
sliortish,  pointed,  lij  in  head;  Hcales  moderate:  lateral  line  complete, 
rnnnin^  alirnptly  iipwaid  and  backward  to  Ixdow  Hivth  dorsal  spine, 
then  uMiidnally  cnrvinj^  d«»wnward.  Color  rose-red,  with  small  dilVnse 
^oldun-iirown  spots  on  body  and  on  softdorHal,  candal,  and  anal.  Coasts 
of  I'urn  iiixl  Chile  occasionally  iiortliwaid;  one  specimtMi  taken  by  tho 
AllitdrDHM  at  station  .'lill7(oir  the  coast  of  Lower  Caliloiiiia)  ;  the  piesent 
doHcription  fr(»m  two  of  Dr.  Steindaehner's  types,  15  iu(dies  lon^,  from 
I'ayttt,  I'ern.     {ptruiiiiuH,  from  I'eru.) 

Aiilliinxi  lie  iiiiinlhiitH)  jii  iiiiniiiii,  Sti-imliic  liiiiT,   Iililli.  Ili'ilr,,  I,  -1,  ISTl,  Hayt.i;  Trujillo.     (full. 
IIunhIi'I'  Kxp.) 

I'lfnii'liiijlilillllills  lidllimm,  ,lilR|i.\N    ti    IlliJKNM  ANN,  /.  r,,  •111). 

Aulliiiit  jienutiiiiit,  Iliil'I.KMiKli,  t'at.,  I,  ll'JJ, 


IHIO.  IIKMIAM'IIIAS  VIVAMS  (.r..nliiii  .\  .Swiiin  i. 

Hoad  3i  ;  tlepth  :».  I).  X.  1 1  or  1");  A.  Ill,  7  or  8  :  scales  :$  to  .--r.:]-20, 
])ores  IM  to  .')().  Hody  rather  eIoii<jate,  coinitressed  :  jirotile  convex  to  the 
occiput,  straight  anteriorly;  month  very  oblii|ne,  the  maxillary  extend- 
infr  to  bidow  pnpil,  '2\  in  hca<l ;  lower  jaw  with  a  canine  in  front  on  each 
side  directed  forward  and  outward  ;  a  canine  hooked  backward  in  front 
of  middle  of  side  of  Jaw  ;  upper  Jaw  with  a  <'anino  directed  forward  on 
each  Hide  in  front  ;  eye  longer  than  snout,  li  in  head;  vertical  marj^in  of 
preopeicle  serrate,  the  serra'  larger  below;  a  short,  strong.  Hat  spine 
at  the  .'ingle  ;  lower  limb  entire  or  serrate  ;  ton  of  head  naked  fiom  the 
o(!ciput  forwaid  :  .">  series  of  scales  on  cheek  ;  dorsal  spines  rai)idly 
graduated  to  the  fourth,  which  is  nearly  half  head  ;  several  of  the  spines 
ending  in  long,  fragile  dermal  lilaments  ;  the  lilanient  of  tlu^  fourth  spine 
longest,  sonnet  inies  reaching  caudal;  (caudal  very  dt-epiy  forked,  some  of 
tho  outer  rays  produced  sonu'tinies  half  length  of  body  ;  jinal  spines  grad- 
uated, the  second  3J  in  head,  a  little  shorter  than  third  ;  pectorals  short, 
IJ  in  head;  ventrals  jiroduced,  longer  than  pectorals,  extending  Iteyond 
origin  of  anal,  their  insertion  scarcely  before  axil  of  jx-ctoral  ;  lateral 
lino  on  third  row  of  scales  ;  gill  rakers  very  nuintnous,  x  +  •^^)  l'>i'g  'H'd 
slender.  Color  carmine,  deepest  on  the  back,  lieconiing  a  clear  violet  on 
sides;  back  and  sides  e\-erywher»i  freckled  with  golden  olive,  this  on  the 
sides  becoming  reticulations  around  the  violet;  a  bright  golden  stripe  from 
eyoto  base  of  pectoral  above;  another  from  tip  of  snout  along  lower  border 
of  eye  to  middle  of  pectoral ;  dorsal  carmine,  tho  rays  tinged  with  golden  ; 
caudal  similar ;  anal  goMen  ;  pectoral  carmine;  ventrals  red  and  yellow. 
(lulf  of  Mexico,  in  deep  water:  one  of  our  most  beautifully  colored  tishes. 
Length  8  inches.  All  the  known  specimens  of  this  brilliantly  colored 
species  have  been   taken  oil"  the  Snapper   IJanks   between  I'ensacola  and 


i|i|' 


I  I'll  I  Jiiiililin  77,  I'niteii  SUiles   Aatioiuii  Mumuih. 


;  ■ 

it ; 


ii 


1 1 
I 

'  i ' 


r   1 


s 


i 

1  \ 

Mi 

1   ■ 

i  - 
1  • 

1         ^ 

1 

\ 

^     i 

! 

'I'liiiipii,  ii«ail,\  all  III  tlifiii  iMtiii^  iKitii  tlii<  Npowiii^N  of  thti  N|H>(;kl«-il  lliti«l, 
lllihiiphiliit  ilnimminnlliiiifi,  (Fiuin  ilic  I{»'«1  .Siiii|i|n'i  or  I  irinnl,  tlicii 
ciillftl  /.iiliiiiiiiH  rininnx,  riniii  tlio  sliiiiiacli  «i'  ^^lli('ll  tliJH  H)M'i'ii'H  wiin 
liihl   takuii.) 

.iiiilii.li  liniiiiin,  .liiHDAN  ,V  Sw  Mv,  I'riM'.  I  ,  s.  Nut.  .Mil-..  1^H^,  ,'.H,  Snoppcr  HnnkK  of  H«n«a- 

cola,  CI'M"'>  N"'  'K''*)-.     <'i>II.  HiIiin  ,>^|c  iiiiini;  lim  i  k.><ik.ii,  I'nl,,  i,  ;i'j:i. 
/'i.  i(i.(.ii/riiiM(riM»  I  ((■i)i(i»,  JiiiinAN  .V  Kna.MiANN, /,  • .,  11:1,  iK'.m. 

515.  PRONOTOGRAMMUS,  (iiil. 

/'/..„,,/,,,/,, I, „//(M. ,  <iii, I,.  rr,H    Ar.  Nut    S(  I    riillii.,  IT,;!,  >l  (niiilti/.i'.  i„liiKi. 

Hdily  «'li»ii;^atr,  ('iiiii)iit'HM'il,  riiM'i'cd  witli  lallicr  laiKf,  rtciioifl  HcalcH; 
Iiitt'ial  liiD'  niiiMitifX  Nt'iy  lii;;li,  clnsc  t<>  the  (luinal  tin:  t(i|i  of  licail  ami 
iiiaxiliary  iiaktMl ;  inont  li  nIhu'I,  olilii|Ur,  t  Im'  lowti' jaw  |ii'i>|i-('tiii}{ ;  maxil- 
lary very  liiouil.  willioiit  Nii|i|iU'iiu'iital  lioiir;  «'aiilim  ti'clii  iisualiy  present 
Itotli  ill  I'loiit  ami  nil  Hiilt's  III' Jaw  s  :  no  inos  aMc  liM>tli ;  toii^ii*>  lootlih'ss  ; 
lioslciior  jtroccsscs  of  j)H'iiia\illai  its  cxlriKliiin  t<>  iM'tWfcii  tlii'  ridiilalM, 
wliiili  ha^i'  a  ilt't'p  I'oMsa  in  Iniiit  ;  Miipniuccipital  cifst  si'iy  lii^^li,  no! 
t'licroarliin!;;  on  llir  nIioiI,  con  vex,  niiiooiIi  ai'<'a  on  top  of  licail,  u  liicli  is 
nioii' or  li'Ms  (Icpifsscil  :  paiu-tal  (McmI  iVflilc;  a  liansvciHc  ii(l;;f  lirliinil 
iVontalN  ImIsvi'i'Ii  poNtrrior  lioiilcrs  of  oihitM  and  la'foii-  siipiaocripital 
crest,  (iill  laktiN  very  loiij;,  HliMidcr,  and  (lose-.set.  I'lfopeicUwiiijiiilar, 
with  proniiiMnt  tcrtli.  Uoisal  with  1()  spincH,  noiiu)  of  tlii'iii  lilanifiitons ; 
anal  tin  slioii.  with  7  or  H  soft  rays;  caudal  deeply  forked,  iis  lidx-s  jno 
(Inced  ;  pectorals  ohi use.  nearly  HyiiinuM  1  teal,  of  17  or  IS  rays:  veiiti.ils 
h>n^,  inserled  liefoio  axil  of  |)ectoial.  Ccdor  n-ii.  Ileaiit  ifnll\'  colored 
American  li.shes,  clo.sely  allied  to  the  Kuropean  jieiiiis  .IrlhiKs.  Imt  dili'ei- 
iii^  ill  the  naked  top  of  head  and  maxillary,  and  in  the,  form  of  the  l>ody. 
(r:()o,  bofore;  ii,iTti<,\tin:k:  i^ja///;//,  line  ;  111  allusion  to  liie  upward  curve 
of  the  lateral  line. ) 

'/.   S III!   iiiMil  N]iiiii>  >lioilcr    tliiili   lliiiil;  liuily  clniitrnti',   llir   lii'iul    tliiiU,    Ih''    Iuwit  initlirn' 

liiMilv  MiMijilit;  lip  c.r  jiiHcr  jiiw  rutin;,'  into  :i  iiuti  li  dl'  npinT.  rn't  ciilclinj;  iimIiI.  ; 
iiri^h'  ipI'  |iicii|.ii<-1c'  >li(;lilly  |irii|cr|int;,  ili<  mTI'ii'  c'l'iir.srr;  d.iisiil  I'niaruirmlc,  It]'  liii'  - 
N  li'i  II  lir  1111(1  I'lini^riit,  (III'  ~ixtli  loll  iri'.'t,  :'<',,  ill  luail,  1)  .j  tiimv^  liiitli;  lacli  hpiiir  n  ilh  a 
HJiiiit  liliiiiiiiit  iiiiir  ilH  tip,  iiM  iisiiiil  ill  tlii'<  yi'iiiis;  ciiiiiliil  I'niUi'il,  till'  iiiiiMli'  rii\  -  ■■  ;  11m' 
olitci',  wliirli  ;ii(>   iii>t  piiiilini(|;  scali<  lii|-;;c',   rti'iioi.j,   cxti'inliiii:  rcirwiud  t'i'lii   iriipiil 

I'M   li.p  III'    111  •11 1   |.i  llli<|illc  III    nlliil:    M'illc-  (111    rllicU   111  r.   luWS.        Ill  111'  ml,  silVrrv   In  ji'.v. 

Iliii   lili>  liL;lit    vi'lliiw  ;   ii  il:nU    ipi.t  iilmvo  tlic  liiiililli'  nl'  I'iU  li  I'Vi-  ami  '.i  V-''i'l" ''  "Ii*" 

liiuikrt   liiliiml    lii'.nl,    llir    iipi'N    III'   llii'iiiii'    at  lln-    liapi',  Un'   ullni'   al    I'lulit  nl    il.Tsil. 

Siali's2'o-:;s.  i.iK,  I'll. 

iiri,   Si'fiPiiil  iiiial  hpiiic  loliKi  r  tliaii  tliiril;  i!ii|>al  ,~|.iiii-^  rapiillv  iiHTrasinu  In  lln'  fumtli.  "liii  li 

Ik  iiIkiiiI  7  in  li'li;;lli  ul'  liiiii.\,  lliiiiri'  ili-iiiiasilli:  to  liii'  la~t.      I'lilni   ic  iMi-li,  lln'  jniiiii.- 

witli  iiiiini'i  iiii-<  ilaiU  iiirmis  liamln,  l|l'-^l•nllill^;  iH'ai'l\   In   tlir  iiiiililli-.     Si  .ili  s 'J- l;'i- IJ 

(Adult  iilikiiiiwii. )  Ml  i.lli  .\Si  I.Mi  s,  liitJ. 

Hill.  ntoNOTiMiUAinu's  kos.  i:iiii<it 

Head  L'.l  lo  L'i  :  tleplli  2'  to  ii:  eye  very  larjie.  H,  much  lon'j;er  I  han  snuiii. 
1).  X.  l.'i;  A.  III,S;  scales  L'i-iJS-x.  I'.ody  eion.nate,  tapering  leunlailv 
bacdvward  from  Hhonlder.  the  low  er  oiilline  nearly  straif^ht:  head  tliicK: 
nionlb  terminal,  (ddi(|iie,  the  mandible  laterally  included,  its  tip  lilfiiii: 
into  au  emargination  of  premuxillarieH,  not  entering  }irofile.     Maxillary 


i> 

I 


Jotilan  (///</  I'.iernuiun. — Fishts  oj   Xorlh  .t»ieri,tt.        TJlT* 


I.T- 

1  \'  I' 


III    A 


|,Ul 


ilH. 


i 


II. 

t„ 

fr' 

i.ll 

<? 

?; 

lUL' 
1 '  > 

';> 

1  - 

i; 

■  1-. 

*• 

t 

^: 

^' 

Ut. 

t 

■l.v 

1       • 

4 

ly 

%• 

1 

fe 

witlidiit  Nii|i|i|i'iiiciiliil  lutiH',  liiuiul,  rt'iicliiiit;  viTlinil  rmin  niiiltllt<  ut' 
|iii|iil,'J^  tii'Ji,  ill  l('ti;;lli.  'I'ci-tli  ill  ii|i|ii't  jiiw  in  n  iiiiriiiw  \  iliirni  in  l>iiiiii, 
I  lie  Diitci  N*-i  ii'H  .slightly  i'iilai;;r<i.  iiinl  \n  il  li  I  oi  L'  nI  inn;;  ciuiiiMN  ili  ii-i'li'<l 
for \v II III  II ml  out  VMM il.  IVrlli  in  inanilililr  snuill,  in  n  sil|^|(•  HiTicN,  ii  piiii 
of  iintri  ioi  I'iinini-s  ilincti'il  I'liivNanl  iiimI  oiilw  mil,  :inil  u  mi-cihhI  pair  mi 
Hitli'H  oljaw  iliii-ctiMlliarkwaiil  and  inwaiil.  IVftli  in  lal  lirr  liiitaillianiU 
on  voiiirr  anil  ]>aliitiiirN;  iiiin«<  on  ti)n;;ii<>.  Iiitt>i'iirl>ilal  M|iai'r  ^I'lit Iv  con- 
ottvo,  till*  Hii|)niocular  i'iil;;i>  NJi^lilly  olc\  ati'il.  ilH  wiiltli  lull  lilllt<  iikik' 
til  a  II  halt'  iliaiiK'ttT  of  orliit.  I'ri'ni  liita!  narrow.  itN  wiiltii  alioM-  niiililli' 
of  iiiaxiliaiy  *  |iii|iil.  Nriliral  limit  of  |>iro|ici('it'  iisiiaily  witli  a  Hli;,'lil 
I'liiar^inalioii  aliovctlii-  ati;;li'  (in  atliills).  tlx-an^li-  ilsclt'  ami  a  ii'^^ion 
iilioM' I  liiM'iiiaryinatioii  Hli;;litiy  itiojcctiny.  'IVfihot'  Vfiticai  iiiiili  linr, 
ci|iiiil ;  tlioNi- of  an^^lc  coaist'i,  tliost*  liclow  fl^^ain  lliw,  liiiit'tfiliiacisw  aid  : 
iiotcli  aliovt'  aii^ilc  usually  Ninootli  when  piCHi'iil.  Two  ilat  Mpim-s  on 
oporoli-;  otluT  ItoiicN  of  head  t'litiro.  (iill  rakiTH  Ions,',  mIoimUt,  closr-.sct , 
a lioii t  ;!(>  on  anterior  liiiili  of  ardi,  the  loii^^t'st  \  orldt.  Dorsal  t'iiiai;;iiiatc  ; 
tlir  Npini's  hlcmlri .  |iiini;i-iit.  not  llcviltic,  noni'  of  tiicm  pnidiicnl  ui-  liia- 
im-ntoiiN,  cacli  with  a  Nlioit  inrmlnaiionx  llap  lu'liind  its  tip:  Mpincs 
gradually  incn-asin;;  in  lici^^ht  to  I  lii^  si\t  li.  wliirli  iscniitaini'd  '.\\  tinii's 
ill  head  :  tliiiti'iilh  is  slioi  tcr  tliaii  any  otloT  t-xccpt  llir  llist  and  second, 
and  is  ii  tlioHixtli;  soft  dorsal  liitfli,  sonir  of  t  lif  iiosterior  rays  liiylicst, 
n<d  reaidiin;;  liasr  of  (aiidal,  L'  to  2\  in  head  :  anal  similai  to  sot't  dorsal, 
its  posterior  rays  in  ad\  a  nee  of  end  of  dorsal  :  seecuid  anal  sjiine  st  roiiyei 
lint  sliorter  t  iian  tliird,  I  he  leiii^tli  (d  wliieli  is  .'>'  in  head  ;  \  eiit  lals  iiisei  ted 
sli^^litly  ill  ad\aiiee  id'  liase  of  pectorals,  the  oilier  rays  soniewhat  jiro- 
(lueed,  reachiiiif  iieyond  vent  and  iisiially  to  or  slightly  lieyond  front  of 
anal ;  caudal  forked,  the  middle  rays  ;i  the  leiinl  h  of  the  outer,  uhicdi  are 
not  produced.  I'ectoralH  short,  reachiii;;  sli^ihlly  lieyond  front  «d' anal. 
Scales  iarije,  ctenoid,  on  hot  h  iicad  ami  Itody  :  on  toji  id"  head  the  scales 
cover  occiput  and  send  a  V  '^liajied  patch  to  ahnsc  midilie  ot"  orhits :  ihe 
rest  ot'  interoihital  space,  the  smnit ,  max  ilia  ry,  pieopeicle,  hramliioste^ral 
me  III  lira  lies,  .ind  anterior  half  <d'  mandihles  naked.  Scahs  on  cheeks  in  *! 
rows;  those  on  opendes  larmier:  ail  luit  the  central  rays  of  caudal  tin  well 
Healed;  dorsals  and  anal  naked;  pectoral  and  vcnirals  scaly  on  hasal  por- 
tion; lateral  lim>  running;  very  hi^ili.  umlci  end  id"  spinous  dorsal  sepa- 
rated t'roiii  dorsal  outline  hy  less  than  .'i  full  scries  id' scales  :  under  end  of 
soft  dorsal  it  ie!.;aiiis  somewhat  aliruidl\iiiid(lie  of  side  ami  runs  stiai;;lit 
thence  to  hase  of  tail.  Cidor  rosy  red,  ovcilyiii;;  sihery  on  sides,  ami 
Ixdow  the  tins  li^ht  yellow  :  ii  dusky  sjiot  alioN  e  t  lii^  miihlle  of  each  orliit, 
and  2  V-'^haped  oliveludwn  marks  lichiml  the  head,  one  t'roiu  iiiijie  down- 
ward anil  l)a(d<wai(l  on  each  side  to  iipjicr  an<j;le  of  j^ill  opciiin<;s,  the  sec;- 
oiid  iiarallel  with  it.  starting  from  oii^iin  of  doisal  ;  linin;;  of  luiccal  and 
jjill  ca\ities,  and  peritoneum  siiveiy  white,  ((iilhcit.)  I'acilic  Coast  of 
tropical  Americ.i  ;  known  from  several  examples,  the  largest  7  in  (dies  Ion  u, 
dred;;ed  hy  the  .1 //»<//*•().«  at  Station  L'l'iM!.  ol)'  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  in 
112  fatlioniH.     (.'i.i'..  sunrise,  from  the  coloration.) 

l'roii(,l<i'jiiUiiiiii(s  .oj,  (Iii.iir.KT.  I'roc.  r.  .s,  Niit.  Miis.,  IS'ni,  r,j.  Albatross  Station  igg6,  west 
coast  of  Mexico;  .Ihhdan  a  i;i(jf.nmann,  /.  r.,  4i;i,  ls'.»u;  Uoi'lenokr,  Cat.,  i,  ;i.il. 


1226 


Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


Iff  12.  PBONOTOGRAMIHVS*  MCLTIFA8CIATCH,  Oill. 

This  species  is  thus  described  by  Dr.  Gill:  "D.  X,  15;  A.  Ill,  7;  P.  I, 
14 ;  V.  I,  5 ;  C.  10,  1,  8,  7,  1,  9 ;  scales  3-31  +  2  +  12  =  J5-17.  The  great- 
est height  equals  or  slightly  exceeds  a  quarter  of  the  length  from  the 
snout  to  the  end  of  the  median  caudal  rays.  The  head  equals  a  third  of 
that  length  and  contains  the  diameter  of  the  eye — which  is  oval — 3  times. 
The  snout  is  less  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  The  spines  of  the 
dorsal  rapidly  increase  to  the  fourth,  which  nearly  equals  a  seventh  of  the 
length,  and  thence  decrease  to  the  last,  which  equals  about  an  eleventh 
of  the  same.  The  longest  ray  about  equals  the  longest  spine.  The  second 
anal  spine  is  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  first,  et^uals  the  fourth 
dorsal  one,  and  is  considerably  longer  than  the  third  a!<al  one.  The 
median  caudal  rays  enter  6|  times  in  tlie  total  length,  while  the  longest 
exceed  the  greatest  height.  The  pectoral  fin  commences  a  little  before 
the  end  of  the  first  third  of  the  length  (32)  and  equals  a  quarter  of  that 
length.  The  ventral  is  inserted  considerably  in  advance  of  the  pectoral 
(28)  and  is  rather  shorter  than  it.  The  lateral  line  is  deflected  on  2  scales. 
The  color  is  tawny  yellow,  with  numerous  (20)  rufous  bands  descending 
nearly  to  the  middle  and  rather  wider  than  the  tawny  intervals.  Only 
one  specimeu,  whose  extreme  length  was  little  more  than  2  inches,  was 
obtained."    (Gill.)  Cape  San  Lucas,   {multiia,  many  ;  fasdatm,  banded.) 

Vroiwtogrammm  mtiliifiiscialus,  GiLL,  Pruc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18f>a,  81,  Cape  San  Lucas,  (Coll. 

John  Xautusdb  Vasey);  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  /.  c,  413,  1890. 
Anthiai  multifascialus,  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  30O;  Jordan  Proc.  U.  S. 

Nat.  MuB.,  1885,  377;  Boulenqeb,  Cat.,  i,  324. 


516.  ANTHIAS,  Uloch. 
(Barbiers.) 

Anthicu,  Bloch,  AuBlSndischo  Fische,  vi,  97,  1792,  (tnUhiaa). 

Aylopon,  Kafinesqvk,  Carattcro  di  Alcuai  Nuovi  Generi,  52,  1610,  (avihias);  tho  generic  name 
AtiOnati  said  to  be  preoccupied. 

Body  strongly  compressed;  scales  moderate  or  rather  large,  ciliate, 
smooth ;  lateral  line  complete,  angulatod  below  last  rays  of  dorsal,  the 
tubes  straight  or  with  an  ascending  tubule,  and  extending  along  nearly 
the  entire  scale ;  javfs  and  front  scaly;  mouth  large,  protractile;  maxil- 
lary exposed,  its  surface  scaly ;  jaws  with  villiform  teeth  intermixed  with 
curved  canines ;  a  small  group  of  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  a  narrow  series 
on  each  palatine ;  tongue  smooth  or  with  a  few  teeth ;  head  entirely 
scaled ;  proopercle  serrated,  without  antrorse  teeth  on  the  lower  border; 


*  The  followiiig  is  the  originel  account  of  the  gi-nuB  Prounlogranimnn,  Gill,  liased  on  the  present 
ppecies:  "This  genus  has  the  fom  of  Brachyrhlnus.  The  hody  is  covered  by  moderate,  ctenoid 
scales.  The  lateral  line  runs  higli  on  the  sides  for  tlio  greater  part  <  f  its  length,  but  is  abruptly 
deflected  behind,  and  ilieucc  continued  along  tlie  middle  of  the  caudal  peduncle.  Tlie  head 
most  resembles  thut  of  Byavhin hiniis.  The  preoperculum  is  serrated  on  its  posterior  margin  and 
has  a  strong  compressed  spine  at  its  an^le.  The  operculum  has  '.)  acute  angles,  the  middle  con- 
tinued from  an  internal  i'ib.  The  teeth  are  like  those  of  SerraiivK,  etc.;  2  large  ones  exist  on 
each  side  of  the  front,  lu  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw,  and  1  on  each  side,  near  the  gyniphysis 
iu  the  lower,  while  there  are  also  2  uu  the  sides.  Tho  vomer  and  palatiuo  bones  have  villiform 
tee'U.  There  are,  apparently,  only  6  branchiostegat  rays.  The  dorsal  is  undulated  and  has  10 
spint  .  The  anal  has  3  strong  spines,  tho  second  of  whfch  is  largest.  The  lobes  of  the  caudal 
are  acui  ~,  the  puctorals  acutely  rounded,  and  the  ventrals  angulated." — Oill. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.      1227 


op«rcle  with  2  or  3  spines ;  gill  membranes  separate ;  7  brancbiostegala ; 
pBeudobrancbiii)  present ;  gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender ;  a  single  dor- 
sal tin,  with  X,  12  to  18  rays,  the  spinous  portion  a  little  longer  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  soft ;  anal  short,  III,  6  to  8 ;  caudal  emargiuate ;  pectoral 
obtuse-pointed,  subsymmetrical  rays  17 or  18;  ventrals  long,  below  pec- 
torals, close  together,  each  with  a  strong  spine;  posterior  processes  of 
preniaxillaries  extending  to  between  the  frontals,  which  embrace  a  deep 
fossa  in  front;  frontals  very  convex,  with  a  transverse  ridge  behind, 
between  the  posterior  borders  of  the  orbits  and  in  front  of  the  very  strong 
snpraoccipital  crest ;  parietal  crests  feeble ;  vertebra)  10  -f-  15  or  16  =:  25 
or  26.  Tropical  seas;  the  typical  species  {Anihxas  anthitiH,  L.)  a  well- 
known  inhabitant  of  the  Mediterranean.  {avOia^,  Anthiaa,  ancient  name 
of  some  large  fish,  perhaps  the  Albacore,  apparently  from  uvOog,  a  flower.) 


1613.  ANTHIAN  A8PERILINGUI8,  OUnther. 

Head  3;  depth  2i.  D.  X,  15;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  2  to  4,  40-16,  pores  37. 
A  few  teeth  in  the  middle  of  the  tongue.  Snout  scaly,  half  as  long  as 
eye,  with  straight  profile;  diameter  of  eye  2^  times  in  length  of  head,  1^ 
interorbital  width ;  lower  jaw  projecting,  partly  scaly  ;  maxillary  scaly, 
extending  to  below  center  of  eye,  the  width  of  its  distal  extremity  ?  diam- 
eter of  eye ;  serra)  at  angle  of  preoperculum  enlarged,  but  feeble  ;  3  oper- 
cular spines;  28  gill  rakers  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Dorsal  origi- 
nating above  opercular  cleft ;  first  and  second  spines  shortest;  rest  sub- 
equal  and  much  shorter  than  the  soft  rays ;  no  notch  between  spinous  and 
soft  portions;  j)ectoral  as  long  as  head;  ventral  much  produced,  the 
longest  ray  filamentous  and  nearly  reaching  caudal ;  anal  spines  strong, 
first  short,  second  slightly  shorter  than  third  and  as  long  as  longest  dor- 
sal spines;  soft  portion  rounded,  third  and  fourth  rays  longest;  caudal 
cresceutic,  with  the  outer  rays  much  produced  and  ending  in  filaments. 
Lateral  line  forming  an  angle  below  last  dorsal  rays.  Red,  with  golden 
stripes  along  the  series  of  scales.  Total  length  165  millimeters.  !ltlantic 
Coast  of  South  America.  (Boulenger.)  Only  the  type  known,  (aaper, 
rough;  lingua,  tongue.) 

AttlhUu  asperiUnijiiiit,  GOntiikr,  Cat.,  I,  89, 1859,  South  America,  probably  Guia.'ia,  (Coll.  Sir 

Robert  Scliomburgk);  BoiiKNOEn,  Cat.,  i,  320. 
Odontanthias  a/^ieriliiKjuis,  Jordan  &  Ciqenmann,  I  c,  416. 


517.  OCYANTHIAS,  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

Oq/anthias,  Joedan  A  Evermann,  new  genus,  (martinicensis). 

This  genus  is  close  to  Anthiaa,  from  which  it  differs  mainly  in  the  pres- 
ence of  large  patches  of  teeth  on  the  entoptery golds  and  tou^ue.  Soft 
dorsal  nearly  naked.  Posterior  processes  of  premaxillaries  not  reaching 
frontals,  which  are  very  convex  behind ;  parietal  and  snpraoccipital  bones 
e-^ter-^ing  to  between  orbits ;  snpraoccipital  crest  strong,  not  produced  on 
the  irontals.    Vertebrae  10 -f  16  =  26.    From  Holanthiaa,  Giiuther,  with 


""  :.i7*r^'?««vrT'«^inr  ^i^m^fiKi'-^. ' 


>;-->7,*7«  -sfT    .;   ^~t^^yr.' 


1228  Bulletin  47^  United  States  National  Museum. 


which  it  agrees  Ip  other  respects,  Ooyanthiaa  difTers  in  the  form  of  the 
eaiidal,  which  is  truncate,  with  prolonged  angles.  In  Holanthiaa  fronti- 
cinctua  the  caudal  is  convex.    (uKvg,  swift ;  Anthiag.) 


A,] 

l\ 

'1  ;!i 


i' ' 


If 
i; 


MM 


1«14.  0CTANTIIIA8  NARTINICENSIS  (Gulchenot). 

Head  3 ;  depth  2i  to  3.  D.  X,  15 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  2  to  4,  38  to  41-15  to 
17,  pores  .35  to  40.  Snout  f,  diameter  of  eye,  which  is  3^^  times  in  length 
of  head  and  a  little  exceeds  interorbital  Avidth ;  lower  jaw  projecting ; 
maxillary  extending  to  below  posterior  third  of  eye,  the  width  of  its 
distal  extremity  j|  to  |  diameter  of  eye;  posterior  border  of  preoperculum 
finely  serrated,  the  serra)  enlarged  at  the  angle;  middle  opercular  spine 
strong;  25  to  27  gill  rakers  on  lower  part  of  anterior  arch.  Dorsal  origi- 
nating above  opercular  cleft ;  first  and  second  spines  shortest,  third  long- 
est, IV  as  long  as  the  following  ones,  which  are  equal ;  soft  dorsal  rounded, 
deepest  posteriorly ;  no  notch  between  spinous  and  soft  portions ;  pec- 
toral as  long  as  head,  a  little  longer  than  ventrals;  latter  reaching  origin 
of  anal ;  anal  spines  strong,  first  short,  second  and  third  equal  and  as 
long  as  last  dorsal  spine:  fourth  and  fifth  soft  rays  longest;  caudal  trun- 
cate, with  the  outer  rays  much  produced.  Lateral  line  forming  an  angle 
below  last  dorsal  rays.  Reddish  golden,*  with  lighter  spots;  sr  "ut  and 
vertex  whitish  (red?),  this  color  extending  as  a  stripe  on  the  nape  to  the 
first  dorsal  spine,  where  it  terminates  in  a  point.  Total  length  160  milli- 
meters. Caribbean  Sea;  known  from  Martinique  and  Barbadoes;  the 
present  description  taken  by  Dr.  Boulenger  from  the  original  type. 
(mai'timcenaia,  living  in  Martinique.) 

Aylopon  Mmiimcemif,  Guiciif.N'ot,  Anthiani,  Ann.  Linn.  Soc,  Vol.  x,  18G8,  Martinique.    (Coll. 

Boulenger.) 
Odonlanthias  marlhiicensis,  .Tokdan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  41C,  1890. 
Uolaitthias  marliHtcetuu,  Boulenoeb,  Cat.,  i,  317. 

518.  GRAMMA,  Poey. 

Cramma,  Poey,  Synopsis  Piscium  Cubcnsium,  290, 18C8,  {loreto). 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large,  smooth- 
ish  scales.  Lateral  lire  interrupted,  concurrent  with  the  back,  begin- 
ning again  on  caudal  peduncle.  Head  scaled  above,  its  profile  not 
acute;  preopercle  serrate;  opercle  with  weak  armature.  Mouth  large, 
with  rather  strong  canines,  especially  in  front  of  lower  jaw ;  strong 
teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines ;  preorbital  very  narrow,  the  maxillary  not 
slipping  under  it;  maxillary  not  scaly;  dorsals  connected,  the  spinous 
part  twice  as  long  as  the  soft  part,  spines  '2  in  number ;  anal  spines  3, 
the  soft  rays  not  elevated;  pectoral  narrow,  without  thickened  rays; 
caudal  somewhat  rounded ;  gill  membranes  somewhat  connected.  Gill 
structures  not  described  (having  been  cut  away  in  the  only  specimen 
known).  A  singular  little  fish,  apparently  allied  to  the  Old-World  genera 
Phseops  and  Tmchiiiops,  differing  from  these  and  agreeing  with  Anthiaa 


*  Color  golden  red,  little  palur  below,  many  luBtrouB  green  spots  on  the  back;  fins  all  unspotted 
and  more  or  K'^ss  yellow;  upper  part  of  head  red.    (Gulchenot.) 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1220 

in  having  the  ventral  rays  I,  5  instead  of  I,  4.  Dr.  Gill  has  referred 
Oramma  to  Bleeker's  family  of  Pseudochromididw,  with  which  it  agrees 
in  the  form  of  the  lateral  line.  The  Pseudochromididw  soem  to  be,  how- 
ever, an  unnatnral  assemblage,  and  Dr.  tioulonger  has  separated  the 
percoid  elements  of  this  group,  referring  them  to  the  Serranida:  Gramma 
loreto  seems  not  far  removed  from  Anthias,  though  Poey  places  it  among 
the  Lutianinai.    (ypafififi,  a  line,  from  the  peouliarities  of  the  lateral  line.) 

1«16.  GRAMMA  LOBETO,  Pooy. 

D.  XII,  9  ;  A.  Ill,  9  ;  P.  11 ;  V.  I,  5 ;  C.  17 ;  scales  31  + 11  =  42.  The  fol- 
lowing  is  a  translation  of  Poey's  description  :  Length  5()  millimeters. 
Body  oblong,  as  in  Meaoprion  (Lutjanua),  the  depth  equal  to  length  of 
head,  4i  in  total;  eye  large,  3  in  head,  situated  half  its  diameter  from 
tip  of  snout ;  jaws  equal ;  interorbital  width  |  eye.  Mouth  large,  the 
maxillaries  reaching  posterior  border  of  eye.  Upper  teeth  very  fine ; 
lower  larger,  acute,  curved ;  teeth  on  the  palatine  urch.  Preopercle  den- 
ticulate ;  opercle  entire.  Nostrils  near  together,  near  upper  anterior  bor- 
der of  eye.  Pores  below  eye  and  along  lower  jaw.  Fins  scaleless;  soft 
part  of  dorsal  not  i  length  of  spinous  part.  Anal  spines  weak ;  veutrals 
sabthoracic;  first  soft  rays  reaching  beyond  anal  spines;  caudal  acute. 
Lateral  line  almost  touching  outline  of  back,  falling  interrupted  below 
last  dorsal  spine,  the  posterior  part  ending  at  middle  of  caudal. 
Scales  moderate,  ctenoid,  45  on  a  horizontal  line ;  scales  on  opercles  and 
cheeks;  above  the  head  they  cease  at  the  nape.  Color  of  body, bluish 
anteriorly,  paler  on  the  sides,  passing  insensibly  into  red  posteriorly ; 
fins  yellowish,  the  ventral  blue  anteriorly ;  membrane  of  first  4  dorsal 
spines  with  a  spot  of  intense  blue;  2  short  black  lines  mark  region 
behind  eyes,  turned  obliquely  upward,  the  upper  broader.  (Poey.) 
This  species  is  known  from  a  single  specimen  2  inches  long,  sent  by  Poey 
to  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  where  it  was  examined  by  us. 
It  is  in  bad  condition,  the  gills  being  destroyca.  (Named  for  its  col- 
lector, la  Setiora  Da.  Loreto  Martfnez,  "que  la  pesco  n  la  bahia  de 
Matanzas,  y  que  aprovecha  la  localidad  que  habita,  playa  de  Judius,  para 
enriquecer  los  museos  de  bus  amigos  aficionados  a  ia  historia  natural." 
Poey.) 

Gramma  loreto,  PoEY,  bjnopsis,  29G,  18G8,  Matanzas,  Cuba;  Gill,  Froc.  U.  S.  Nut.   Mu8., 
:887,  (il5. 

519.  RYPTICUS,  Cuvier. 
(S0APFI8HE8.) 

Ryptiau,  trviER,  Rfegne  Animal,  Ed.  11,  Vol.  11, 144,1829,  {napoHaceun). 
Smectictm,  Valenciennes,  Voyage  de  la  V6nn8,  305, 1855,  (bicolor). 
lihyptims,  GCntheb,  Cat.,  i,  171, 1859,  (corrected  ortbography). 
fVomicrop/enw,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1861,  53,  {maKidatu»). 
EletUheractis,  Cope,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  1870,  467,  (cnriacenn). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  very  small,  smooth,  embedded 
scales.  Lateral  line  normal;  head  scaly.  Month  rather  large,  oblnjue, 
the  lower  jaw  the  longer ;  maxillary  with  a  supplemental  bone,  as  in 


:ww.*i\'i..'?'^w." '' 


y^  j»ws^ 


1230  Bulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


(i 


Epiuephelus,  with  which  genus  this  family  agrees  in  general  osteology ; 
smooth  area  on  top  of  cranium  very  large,  transversely  convex,  umch 
longer  than  the  supraoccipital  crest ;  iuterorbital  area  very  narrow ; 
parietal  and  supraoccipital  bones  short,  with  feeble  creuts  which  do  not 
extend  on  the  frontals ;  premaxillaries  reaching  frontals,  which  have  a 
fossa  in  front ;  teeth  all  villiform,  in  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  pala- 
tines ;  preopercle  crescent-shaped,  without  angle  or  serratures,  but  pro- 
vided with  2  or  3  spinous  hooks  on  the  posterior  margin ;  opercle  with  2 
or  3  spines  ;  gill  rakers  short.  Branchiostegals  7.  Dorsal  fins  separate, 
the  first  of  2  or  3  (rarely  4)  small  spines,  the  second  of  many  (about  25)  Huft 
rays  ;  anal  long,  rounded,  of  soft  rays  only  ;  caudal  rounded  ;  pectorals 
rounded,  nearly  symmetrical,  of  17  rays;  ventrals  small,  I,  5,  inserted 
slightly  before  pectorals,  the  spine  short  and  strong.  Vertebra)  10 -f 
14  =  24.  Skeleton  generally  similar  to  that  of  Epincphelus.  Species  about 
8,  all  from  the  seas  of  tropical  America.  KypticuH  is  apparently  related 
to  the  Epinephelinw,  from  \vhich  it  is  perhaps  descended,  having  suffered 
degradation  in  the  loss  of  the  anal  spines  and  most  of  the  dorsal  spines, 
in  the  less  roughness  of  the  scales,  and  in  the  increase  in  numbers  of  the 
soft  rays.  The  resemblance  of  liypticus  to  Dermatolepin  is  especially 
marked.  The  Old  World  genus  Grammiates,  commonly  referred  to  the 
Serranidw,  has  much  in  common  with  Kypticus,  but  in  Gramnmtea  the  lin 
formula  is  D.  VII-I,  13 ;  A.  8.  {pvnriKo^,  washing,  from  the  soapy  feeling 
of  the  skin.) 

I.  Rtiticos  : 
a.  Doreul  Hpiiiea  2  or  3  (rarely  4). 

b.  Prcopurclo  with  3  spines,  the  uppermost  blunt,  and  sometimes  obsolete,  the  lower  the 
largest;  opercle  with  three  strong  spines,  the  middle  one  largest;  body  rather  deep, 
the  depth  about  equal  to  length  of  head  and  3^  in  length  to  base  of  caudal;  dor- 
sals slightly  connected;  ventral  fins  moderate,  nearly  twice  as  long  us  eye;  gill 
rakers  short  and  thick.  Color  very  dark  olive  brown,  the  flus  all  blackish;  sides 
with  vague  blotches  of  light  brown.  xanti,  lUlti. 

bb.  Preopercle  with  two  spines  only,  the  lower  scarcely  the  longer, 
c.  Opercular  spines  3,  all  well  developed. 

d.  Color  red,  with  darker  cross  shades  on  sides  of  back;  fins  all  dusky;  dorsal  flus 
well  separated;  body  rather  elongate.  uk'olok,  1617. 

M.  Color  not  red,  chierty  olivaceous;  dorsal  (ins  distinctly  connected  by  mem- 
brane. 
c.  Eye  not  longer  than  snout;  pores  in  lateral  line  85  to  90.  Body  compara- 
tively deep,  the  depth  in  the  adult  about  equal  to  length  of  head  and 
3  to  3^,  in  length  to  base  of  caudal ;  young  nioroslendcr;  back  elevated; 
first  and  second  dorsal  spines  subequal,  the  third  smallest;  dorsals 
slightly  connected;  ventrals  very  small;  pill  rakers  very  small  and 
short,  about  8  developed.  Color  dusky  brown,  fins  marked  with 
blackish  and  usually  with  a  narrow  pale  edge;  tides  generally  with 
irregular  pule  spots;  back  and  head  usually  immaculate. 

SAi'ONACKUS,  1618. 

ee.  Eye  longer  than  snout;  pores  in  lateral  line  67;  brownish,  with  blackish 
spots  aad  dots.  aiienatus,  161!). 

cc.  U|)ercular  spines  2,  small,  the  uppermost  the  smaller  (the  lowermost  being  obso- 
lete); dorsal  flus  separated;  lK)dy  moderately  elongate;  preopercular  spines 
short,  bluntish,  close  together,  the  uppermost  the  smaller;  flrst  dorsal  B])iue 
longest,  the  two  fins  well  separated.  Color  nearly  plain  brown,  the  edges  of 
the  scales  darker  with  dark  points;  sides  with  some  faint  paler  spots;  edges 
of  vertical  fins  dusky.  coriaueus,  1620. 


•■%^-^ 


•^mr'\W'  .1*^:99 '/'X    •^PW.I,,t^^,U 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  America.       1231 


r. 


II.  i'ROMlCRuiTF.RUS  (vpa,  liffut'c;  /ixiKpof,  Hiiiall;  irTcpoi>,  flu)  : 

/.  Butly  coiniNirntively  deep,  \\w  depth  iiioro  than  loiiKth  of  hetul  iiiid  nioro  thnii  ' ;,  tlio  loiigth 
ill  thn  udult(lciia  in  the  young);  liitck  conHidcrably  olovated;  proop^Tcln  with  2  devi-l- 
oped  Hpini'H  nnly,  tlio  iippornioRt  nHiinlly  obNoloto;  upprr  (median)  Rpinu  on  prooporclii 
often  divided,  tho  luwvrniost  larger,  directed  partly  downward;  a  deproMion  horore 
eye,  the  Hlinrp  Hhont  abruptly  prujcctiuK;  o|)«r  niar  HpiiioH  Nniall;  flrnt  dontal  spine  a 
little  lunger  than  Hucond,  which  is  nearly  or  (|uite  free  from  tho  soft  rays.  Color  dusky 
olive  brown,  Nrimowhat  clouded;  sides  with  a  few  smal  lirrcgular  whitish  B|K>ts;  young 
with  brownish  spots,  iiistuini'im's,  1021. 

ff.  Body  more  slender,  the  depth  about  equal  to  length  of  head  and  less  than  3  ,i  the  length 
even  iu  the  adult;  back  little  elevated;  depression  before  eye  slight,  tho  proflle  not 
very  nnoven,  slightly  convex  above  eye;  preopercle  with  ;i  distinct  spines,  tho  upper 
one  small,  tho  middle  one  largest,  rarely  divided;  oiicrcular  spines  3,  rather  strong, 
the  middle  one  largest;  first  dorsal  spino  slightly  longer  than  second,  which  is  nearly 
or  qiiito  freo  from  the  soft  rays.  Color  brownish,  irregularly  mottlo<l  with  whitish 
spots  as  large  as  tho  pupil,  some  of  them  with  a  darker  center,  these  spots  extuniling 
on  all  the  vertical  flns,  sometimeB  wantiug  in  the  young;  vertical  fins  and  pectorals 
edged  with  dusky.  niouii'imnis,  1622. 

K16.  BTPTICUS  XANTI,  Gill. 

Head  3J;  depth  3i;  eye  5i  in  head.  D.  Ill,  24;  A.  16.  Preopercle  with 
3  spines,  the  uppermost  blunt  and  sometimeB  obsolete,  the  lower  the 
largest;  opercle  with  3  strong  spines,  the  middle  one  largest;  body  rather 
deep,  the  depth  about  equal  to  length  of  head  and  ^\  in  length  to  base  of 
caudal;  back  moderately  elevated ;  snout  8hort,,not  very  acute,  the  lower 
jaw  much  projecting;  anterior  profile  steep  and  almost  straight;  maxil- 
lary reaching  beyond  pupil,  3i  in  head;  first  dorsal  spine  longest;  dorsals 
slightly  connected ;  ventral  fins  moderate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  eye ; 
pectorals  rounded ;  gill  rakers  short  and  thick.  Color  very  dark  olive 
brown,  the  fins  all  blackish;  sides  with  vague  blotches  of  light  brown. 
Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico ;  rather  rare ;  known  from  Cape  San  Lucas,  Coli- 
ma  and  Mazatlan.  This  species  differs  from  U.  mponacem  of  the  Atlantic 
chiefly  in  the  armature  of  the  head.  We  have  examined  the  original  type 
and  also  specimens  from  Colima  and  Mazatlan.  Our  description  is  drawn 
from  No.  7740,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  collected  by  Mr.  John  Xantcs  at  Colima. 
(Named  for  John  Xantus  de  Yasey,  the  discoverer  of  the  species,  once  tidal 
observer  at  Cape  San  Lucas,  now  Director  of  the  Museum  at  Budapest.) 

Bhypticus  xanti,  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862,  250,  Cape  San  Lucas,  (Coll.  Xantus); 
Jordan  &  Eiqenmann,  /.  c,  339,  1890. 


'J 


1617.  RTPTICUS  BICOLOB  (Valenciennes). 

Head  3f ;  depth  3*.  Body  rather  elongate ;  preopercle  with  2  spines ; 
opercular  spines  3,  well  developed;  dorsal  fins  well  separated.  Color  red, 
with  darker  cross  shades  on  sides  of  back ;  fins  dusky.  (Valenciennes.) 
Galapagos  Archipelago.  This  species  is  known  from  the  description  and 
figure  given  by  Valenciennes.  The  description  speaks  of  10  dorsal  and  2 
anal  spines,  but  it  is  evident  from  the  figure  that  this  is  an  ordinary 
Itypticua,  the  short  or  rudimentary  rays  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  having 
been  taken  by  Valenciennes  for  spines.  The  red  coloration,  as  shown  on 
the  figure,   is  exceptional  in  this  genus,  and  its  correctness  may  be 


i 


1232  Bulletin  47,  United  States  National  Museum. 


doubted.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  species  is  identical  with  Rypticua 
xanli.  Possibly  it  is  a  deeper-water  form,  analogous  to  the  red  forms  of 
certain  species  of  Myclvroperva.  The  plate  of  this  species  (issued  in  1846) 
is  named  '^llhypticuH  bicolor,"  the  name  Smecticua  bicolor  appearing  in  the 
later  text  (1855).    (bicolor,  two-colored.) 

Bimclicm  hirnhir,  Valknciknmes,  Vuyiige  do  la  V£>nuB,  PoiMODB,  307,  pi.  ii,  flg.  2,  1866,  Qalapa- 

g08  Archipelago. 
Rhjpliviit  hknlor,  OOnther,  Cat.,  i,  \TA. 
Sijptiem  bicolor,  Jokdan  &  Kioenmann,  /.  c,  3.19,  1890. 


M 


«: 


!!  'i; 


(  ,-. 


i!-rj 


•J 


1«18.    RTPTICim  HAPONACEHK  (Bloch  A  Hchneider). 
(HoAi>FiBii  ;  .Jabon;  Jaiioncillo.) 

Head  3  to  3^  in  length ;  depth  2,^  to  3i.  D.  Ill,  23  to  25 ;  A.  16  or  17; 
scales  85  to  90  (pores).  Body  comparatively  deep ;  young  more  slender ; 
back  elevated  ;  snout  rather  pointed ;  lower  jaw  much  projecting;  ante- 
rior profile  before  eye  a  little  concave ;  eye  4^  to  5  in  head ;  maxillary 
reaching  posterior  edge  of  eye,  21  in  head ;  preopercle  with  2  straight 
spines  behind  ;  opercle  with  3  spines,  the  middle  one  largest  and  nearer 
the  upper  than  the  lower ;  first  and  second  dorsal  spines  subequal,  the 
third  smallest ;  dorsals  slightly  connected  ;  ventrals  very  small,  not  half 
longer  than  eye ;  pectorals  rounded ;  gill  rakers  very  small  and  short, 
about  8  developed.  Color  dusky  brown,  fins  marked  with  blackish  and 
usually  with  a  narrow  pale  edge;  sides  generally  with  irregular  pale 
spots;  back  and  head  usually  immaculate.  West  Indies,  Pensacola  to 
West  Africa  and  Brazil ;  generally  common.  The  best-known  and  most 
widely  distributed  of  the  soapfishes.  Our  specimens  are  from  Havana, 
Pensacola,  and  Bahia.  The  young  specimens  are  much  slenderer  in  form 
and  more  uniform  in  color  than  the  adult,    (aaponaceua,  soapy.) 

JaboncUlo,  Parra,  Difer.  Piezas  do  Hist.  Nat.,  51,  lam.  24,  flg.  2, 1787,  Havana. 
Aulhias  sapoiiaceiis,  B1.OC11  &  Schneider,  Syet.  Iclith.,  310,  1801,  Havana  (after  Parra). 
RhuiMau  mia-ops,  Castelsau,  Anim.  Nouv.  ou  Barea  de  l'Am6r.  du  Sud,  C,  1855,  Bahia  (after 

Perca  mkropa,  Broussonet,  a  MS.  name). 
lihjptiais  gapouaceim,  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  in,  63, 1820;  GOntiier,  Cat.,  I, 

172,  1859;  Poey,  SynopsiB,  297,  1868;  Boulenoer,  Cat.,  i,  348. 
Bypticua  aaponaccus,  Jordan  &  Eioenmann,  I.  c,  340,  1890. 

1619.  BTPTICUS  ARENATUS,*  Cuvier  &  Valencionnes. 

"  This  fish,  which  is  known  only  from  young  specimens,  differs  from  the 
young  B.  saponaceua  in  the  larger  eye,  which  exceeds  the  length  of  the 
snout  and  is  less  than  i  the  length  of  the  head,  and  the  smaller  number 
of  tubes  in  the  lateral  line  (67  instead  of  85  to  90).  Gray  or  pale  brown, 
with  blackish  dots  or  small  round  spots;  fins  pale.  Total  length 65 milli- 
meters."   (Boulenger ;  from  Bahia  examples.)    West  Indies  and  coast  of 


'■'The  scanty  description  of  a  young  example  published  by  Gill,  under  the  name  of  Ithypticui 
mibbifreualiis,  seems  to  approach  very  closely  to  R.  arenatim.  The  following  is  the  substance  of 
Dr.  Gill's  uccount  of  R.  siibhifrenatiis :  Color  dusky,  with  remote  dark  spots;  head  with  2  series 
of  spots;  one  series  of  4  between  orbit  and  opercular  spine;  the  other  of  3  smaller  spots  between 
eye  and  suprascapula;  head  2f  in  length  (3)^  with  caudal);  depth  3^  (4>^  with  caudal).  D.  Ill, 
23;  A,  16. 


Jordan  and  Evermann. — Fishes  of  North  Atnerica.       1233 


Iha/.il ;  recorded  from  Jamaica,  Trinidad,  Haliia,  and  St.  Thomaa;  not 
Heun  by  ub.     {arenatun,  sanded,  from  tlie  Hpockled  coloration.) 

WitipUcHt  arenalim,  CuviKn  &  Vaiknciennkh,  IIIhI.  Nat.  PoIhh.,  hi,  Or>,  j)!.  4:>,  1829,  Brazil;  GC.n- 

TIlEii,  Cut.,  I,  17:t,  ISftO;  Bnui.KN(iKli,  Cut.,  349. 
t  Hhirpluii* HiihhifrviKitiit,  (iii.i,,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut  Sri.  I'liila.,  lH(il,  fill,  St.  Thomas. 
IllililiciiH  (iiviKiUm,  JoiiDAN  tV:  EiiiKNMANN,  /.<'., I!  10,  I81H),  ill  part;  pui'tly  tulieii  tromSTKlNDAUUNBii, 

Icli.  Noti/.,  VI,  •!!,  wliicli  limy  ln'  tlio  yimng  i>( It.  M/jiiomicHn. 
f  W/(.//y)/iVin  M/</r(i»irtcii/(i<nii,*  Stkinhachnkh,  Iclith.  Nuti/..,  vi,  'IJ,  18(17,  Barbadoes, 
Uyjiticiis  nigrumaailatuf,  Joudan  &  Kkik.nmanx,  /.  c,  !I41,  18110. 

1620.  im'TIClIS  COItlACKIK  (<;ope). 

IleadSi;  depth  3ii.  D.  111-2;');  A.  15.  Opercular  spincH  2,  amall,  the 
uppermost  the  smaller  (the  lowermost  being  obsolete);  dorsal  fins  sepa- 
rated ;  body  moderately  elon<?ate,  the  back  elevated,  the  head  low,  slender, 
and  pointed,  the  anterior  profile  almost  straight;  lower  jaw  much  pro- 
jecting; eye  small,  smaller  than  in  />'.  saponacenn,  5  to  5}  in  liead ;  about 
equal  to  the  short  snout;  maxillary  reaching  posterior  edge  of  eye,  2j  in 
head;  preopercuhir  spines  short,  bluutish,  dose  together,  the  uppermost 
the  smaller;  lirst  dorsal  spine  longest,  the  2  fins  well  separated;  ventrals 
moderate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  eye;  gill  rakers  small  and  short.  Color 
(in  our  specimen)  nearly  plain  brown,  the  edges  of  the  .scales  darkerwith 
dark  points;  sides  with  some  faint  paler  spots;  edges  of  vertical  fins 
dusky.  West  Indies;  recorded  from  St.  Martins  and  Jamaica;  our 
description  from  No.  30130,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  from  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
This  species  seems  to  be  distinguished  from  li.  Hitpoiiaceitu  by  the  weak 
armature  of  the  head,  and  by  the  greater  distance  between  the  dorsal  fins. 
Dr.  Boulenger  places  it  in  the  synonymy  of  E.  nupunacens.  {vuriaceua, 
leathery.) 

EhuiheractiK  coriacem,  Cope,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc  ,.1870,  4(;7,  St.  Martins.    (Col!.  Dr.  J.  Van 

Ilijgorsma.) 
Ryyticm  coriaceus,  Jokdan  Hi.  EiuenmaNN,  /.  c,  IHl,  1890. 


Subgenus  PROMICROPTERUS,  (iill. 

1«21.  KYPTK  IS  BISTKISPIM'S  (Slitdiill). 

Head  3 ;  depth  2^  to  2|.  D.  11-25  ;  A.  14  or  IJ.  Body  comparatively 
deep,  the  deT)th  greater  than  length  of  head,  especially  in  the  adult,  in 
which  the  back  is  considerably  elevated.  A  depression  before  eye,  the 
sharp  snout  abruptly  projecting ;  eye  in  adult  nearly  as  long  as  snout,  5^ 
in  head;  maxillary  2i^  in  head,  reaching  to  below  posterior  margin  of 

*  BypticriK  nigromandaiiiii  (StoindaclinBr):  Head  3^/J  (with  caudal);  depth  \\<,.  D.  TV,  22  or  i{; 
A.  aV)out  12.  Dorsal  spines 4  ;  colorbiown  :  hody  and  Ijase  of  dorsal  covered  with  romul,  jet-black 
spots,  each  surrounded  by  a  clear  ring;  these  spots  lie  in  .'>  longitudinal  rows,  tlmsc  of  the  middle 
row  much  larger  than  the  otlierp;  a  sixtli  row  on  base  oi'  dorsal  and  2  or  .'5  spots  on  base  ,)f  anal; 
fins  dusky,  without  paler  margin.  (Steindachiier.)  West  Indies;  known  from  a  singb.'  spe<inien 
V^^  inches  long  taken  at  rtarbadoes.  Except  that  it  is  said  to  have4doisal  spines,  the  description 
agrees  witli  that  of  It.  areaatm,  and  It.  iiiijromaciilatus  is  probably  simply  an  accidental  variation 
of  the  latter. 


F.N.  A. 


-79 


i 


. ; 


!; 


i 


<i     ! 


It 


i  I 


1234 


fiulletin  ^7,  United  States  National  Museum. 


eye;  preopercle  witli  only  2  developed  Hpiiics,  tlie  iipperinoHt  being 
usually  wholly  wanting;  the  median  Hpino  often  divided,  the  lower  one 
largeut  and  directed  partly  downward  ;  o])ereiilar  Hpinen  Hmall ;  lirHt  dor- 
sal spine  a  little  lower  thiui  second,  which  iH  nearly  or  quite  free  from 
the  soft  rays ;  gill  rakers  short  and  thick,  close-set,  8  to  10  in  number. 
Color  dusky  olive  brown,  somewhat  clouded;  sides  with  a  few  irregular 
whitish  spots;  young  spotted  with  brownish.  South  Atlantic  Coast  of 
United  States,  in  rather  deep  water,  frequent  oft' Charleston,  I'ensacola, 
and  Key  West,  occasional  us  fur  north  as  Newport,  Khode  Island ;  here 
described  from  specimens  fromPeusacoIu.  (/x'ff/m^rinHM, twice  threespincs.) 

IloiUaiiiiH  liiHlrisiiiiiiiii,  MiT(;iiii.i,,   Am.  Moiitlily   MaRazliio  iiiid   Orit.    lU'view,    Kcli.,  1H18,  247, 

Straits  of  Bahama. 
UhuiitUiin  inanitiilm,  IldMiiKioK,  Ichtli.  S.  (.'iir.,  Kd.  1,   ;tO,   18.'')tl,  iiikI    Kd.   2,    42,    18(K),    Cape 

Romain,  South  Carolina;  (iONTiiEn,  <?at.  FIhIich,  i,  17;I;  .Ioiidan  x  (iiMiKUT,  SynopHiN, 

r.4;i,  1883. 

Ilhyptiaw  pUnilomn,  GoonF.  A  Ukan,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  :t41.  Key  West;  Jordan  A 

GiMiERT,  SyiiopgiM,  .'>43,  188:). 
llhiiiiliciiH  deroratm,  .JoiinAN  A  (ilLiiKliT,  SynopulH,  54IJ,  IHSII  (not  of  (JiM.). 
liyplkm  hMrinpinm,  .Idiidan  A  Kiuknmann,  I.  <;,  ;i:i8,  18!tO;  lloi'i.KNiiK.tt,  Cat.,  i,;i5(). 


1«22.  KYPTICUS  MGRIPINNIS,*  Gill. 

Head  3  to  3i;  depth  3  to  4.  D.  11-24  to  26;  A.  16;  pores  80  to  85. 
Body  more  slender  than  in  K.  InntriHpinua,  the  depth  about  equal  to  length 
of  head  and  less  than  \  the  length,  even  in  the  adult ;  back  little  ele- 
vated ;  preopercle  with  3  distinct  spines ;  maxillary  2?  in  head,  not  quite 
reaching  posterior  border  of  eye;  depression  before  eye  slight,  the  pro- 
file not  very  uneven,  slightly  convex  above  eye  ;  eye  as  long  as  snout,  b\ 
in  head ;  lower  jaw  much  projecting ;  preopercle  with  3  distinct  spines, 
the  upper  one  small,  the  middle  one  largest,  rarely  divided ;  opercular 
spines  3,  rather  strong,  the  middle  one  largest;  first  dorsal  spine  slightly 
longer  than  second,  which  is  nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  soft  rays ;  gill 
rakers  short  and  thick,  about  8  developed.  Color  brownish,  irregularly 
mottled  with  whitish  spots  as  large  as  the  pupil,  some  of  them  with  a 
darker  center,  these  spots  extending  on  all  the  vertical  fins,  sometimes 
wanting  in  the  young;  vertical  fins  and  pectorals  edged  with  dusky 
Pacific  Coast  of  tropical  America,  Cape  San  Lucas  to  Panama;  not 
uncommon,     (niger,  black;  pinna,  fin.) 

Bhypticut  nigripinuin,  GiLi.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1861,  53,  Panama, (Coll.  Dow);  Buulen- 

OER,  Cat.,  I,  ;»49. 
Shypticiis  maculatiis,  Gill,  Free.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862,  251,  Cape  San  Lucas,  (Coll.  Xantuit); 

not  of  HOLIIROOK. 

Promicroi)tenis  (hcornlnf,  GiLL,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1863,  16-1,  Panama,  (Coll.  Dow). 
Bhypticut  decoratiiK,  GtlNTiiEB,  Fislios  Cen.  Am.,  412,  1869. 
Bypticua  nigripiniiiii,  Jordan  A  Kioenmann,  I.  c,  339,  1890. 


*  We  have  examined  numerous  specimens  of  this  species,  including  the  original  types  of  nigri- 
pinnif,  maciilaluH,  and  deconUva.  There  is  no  doubt  whatever  of  the  identity  of  those  three. 
11.  mnciildlns.  Gill,  is  said  to  have  3  dorsal  spines,  but  this  is  an  error,  the  lirst  (broken)  soft 
ray  on  the  type  having  V)eeu  counted  as  a  spine.  SVe  have  compared  B.  nigripinnis  with  B.  bis- 
tritijnnm,  and  find  the  two  apparently  diflerent,  although  very  nearly  related.  In  nigripinnis  the 
body  is  lesa  deep,  and  there  are  3  opercular  spines,  while  the  Atlantic  species  has  usually  but  2. 


Jonian  and  Ever  maun. — Fishes  of  North  America.       Ili35 


Family  CXLVII.  LOHOTID^E. 

(TlIK  Tun'LK-TAILH.^ 

This  family  is  thuH  defined  by  Dr.  Gill :  * 

"  Vvno'uUa  with  nii  ubloii^,  compruH8i;d  lio(ly,^oqually  developed  above 
and  below ;  a  Hhort  Hnout  and  anterior  eyes;  u<luntulouH  palate;  dorHal 
and  anal  with  the  soft  portions  ecpial  and  opposite,  the  former  preceded 
by  u  much  larger  Hpiuous  portion,  the  latter  with  3  spines;  vortebrie  21, 
VI  abdominal  and  1*2  caudal,  the  fifth  to  eleventh  with  short  but  gradu- 
ally lengthening  parapophyses  projecting  sideways  and  behind  downward, 
and  the  twelfth  with  the  parapophyses  elongated,  converging  at  their 
extremities,  and  fitting  into  a  groove  of  the  first  hii^mal  spine,  the  costif- 
erous  pits  excavated  obli([ueiy  in  the  developed  parapophyses,  and 
gradually  ascending  forward  on  the  vertebra',  and  finally  on  the  neura- 
pophyses;  the  skull  with  its  frontal  portion  broad,  expanded  forward 
and  outward,  and  entering  into  the  posterior  borders  of  the  orbits,  which 
are  advanced  far  forward  ;  the  postfroutals  elongated  forward  and  under- 
lying the  frontals;  ethmoid  short,  decurved,  and  expanded  sideways." 
This  family  contains  a  single  species,  a  large  fish  closely  allied  to  the 
Serranid(V,  but  lacking  vomerine  and  palatine  teeth,  and  with  the  fore 
part  of  the  head  very  short.  Its  relations  are  decidedly  with  the  Sarra- 
nidw  and  not  with  the  Uamulida',  with  which  group  it  agrees  in  the 
absence  of  teeth  on  the  palate.  {Pristipomatidw,  genus  Lohotes,  Giiuther, 
Cat.,  1,338.) 

520.  LOBOTES,  Cuvier. 

Lobotes,  Cuvier,  K^gne  Animal,  I'M.  2, 11,  177, 1829,  {crate  -=  siiriiiamensis). 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  and  elevated,  covered  with  moderate-sized, 
weakly  ctenoid  scales;  profile  of  head  concave,  the  snout  prominent; 
mouth  moderate,  oblique,  with  thick  lips;  upper  jaw  very  protractile, 
the  lower  thfi  longer;  maxillary  without  supplemental  bone;  Jaws,  with 
narrow  bands  of  villiform  teeth,  in  front  of  which  is  a  row  of  larger  conical 
teeth  directed  backward  ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines  ;  preorbital  nar- 
rower than  eye;  preopercle  strongly  serrate.  Branchiostegals  0.  Dorsal 
fin  continuous,  with  12  spines  which  may  be  depressed  in  a  shallow 
groove;  soft  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins  elevated;  anal  spines  gradu- 
ated; bases  of  soft  dorsal  and  anal  thickened  and  scaly  ;  caiiuul  rounded. 
Air  bladder  present.  Pyloric  ca'ca  3  (TinfioTlx;,  lobed ;  the  soft  parts  of 
dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  thought  to  resemble  one  3-lobed  tin.) 


1«23.  LOBOTES  SCRIXAMEXSIS  (Blocli). 
(Flasheu;  TniPLE-TAii, ;  Roumei'r.) 

Head  3 ;  depth  1 J  to  2i.  D.  XII,  15 ;  A,  III,  11 ;  scales  47.  Head  small. 
Profile  from  dorsal  to  occiput  strongly  convex,  from  occiput  to  snout  con- 
cave ;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  middle  of  orbit.    Scales  around  eye  very 


♦I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu.s.,  1882,  500. 


VSMt 


liiillelin  ./7,  I'nittJ  Stnlfs  Xiitioiml  Museum. 


Hiiiall,  tlioHo  oil  ii|ii'H'l<>  liir^^r,  K\r  hiiiiiII,  iiiiicIi  hIiui  Irr  tliiin  Niiinit .  I'li'- 
upoi'culiir  Nli'tiii^ly  ilinlalc  :  t<'«Mli  ciilar^ril  on  iiii;;li-,  lionki'il  ii|)\\!ii(l  im 
IMiNtfiior  I  i  III  1 1.  I'rt-iniiil.s  hliiii  Icr  I  liiiii  \  riil  Tills,  w  liicli  (III  II I  it  iciii'li  \  I'lit  ; 
NdCt  tidl'siil  lii;;licl  (liaii  till'  spilKiilM  |Mirti<i||.  S|ii:i!l  scillt'S  iillililh};  ll|i  iih 
'  lio  liiiN*'  of  Hot't  (loi'Niil,  .'iMJil,  and  caiKlal.  lUaiKiHli  alioM',  li('i'iiniiii<;  nII 
v«)iy  yia  V  oil  tImMiilcs;  ot'tt-ii  Molclnd  ami  I  iii^tcd  witli  yi-llow  ;  (iiiM  dusky 
Ijiiiy,  hoiiifliiih'K  with  yi-ilow.  A  lar^i-  I'isli  ot'  latlii'i'  .siiijL;^nNli  lialiitN. 
K-atdiiiii;  a  li'ii;;tli  ol'  ){  Irit ,  and  I'oiiriil  in  all  warm  mms  :  nortli  on  out 
coiiHtH  to  Cupt'  Cod  and  ranaiiia  :  not  \fiy  coinnioii  ;  stiayini;  occa«ioii- 
ally  to  tlio  Mcditcnaiican  :  iiiird  us  t'ood,  N'arialdr,  t  lie  yoiiii;^  looking 
iliiit(>  iiiiliUi'  till'  adult.     (  Kn. ) 


lliiliiciiilnis  Hiiiiiiitiiiiii^i>,  lli,.i(  II,  li  litli.,  |pl.  -Ill,  tT'.Mi,  Surinam. 

lldilidiiiiK  IriiiniM,  Sin.  Mill.,  Tniii-    Lit    .V   t'lill.  Su. .,  i,  |s|."i,  ll^,  Powlcs  Hook,  New  Jersey. 


I,iili„l, 


»  I'l-iili ,  ('r\  uit  .V 


M 


r.M  IINMS,   lli-l.    Sill,    i'l 


:i'j 


t.^llii,  Poiidiclierry. 


l.lilinliH'fitllJin 


I'lviiit  A  \  .M.KNCiKNNKs,  Ili-t    Niil.   I'oiiiN.,  V,  ;ij|,  tKlo   Malacca;  on  u  ilriiv 


iiiK  i>r  Mii.jiir  r.MiKii  .1;. 
l,til,i,ii>iH,,iiiiinliiilits^rt\ir.n\  \  .M.iMii.vM  ~,  Iti.tl.  Nat.  I'cii-ih.,  i.li'JI,  l>':iii,  San  IJomin^;o. 

I,tilinh'tt  iliriir 


IticM  MiiiNii\,  I'lilii.  riiiiiii,  'J:i7,  l>lu,  Cluna. 


Hiiiirinniiii,  lirNTiii.it,  t'al  ,  1,  ili's.  Is.'i!!,  Ciiba:  Calcutta,  China  ;  Iihiik.iii  ki\,  I'liu  S|ii 


i\>-\  ;;cliciv  Iv..uti(  n  Lulioti-  II  I'liliTI 


1> 


1. 


I,„l,.,l, 


I  n  stintiitttivnfti 


,s  ILiiitiiDMii,  liliili.  .S.  ('.,  111!!,  I.sr,ii. 


Kaniilv   (;XI-\  III.    I'IMACAXTlIID.i: 


L 


11 


(CaTAM'I'AH.) 

Hody  oldoiifx  <•''  ovato,  i.  .ipicssid,  covcit'il  with  small,  tinii.  fon;ili 
Hcalt's  ;  all  iiarts  of  tlii'  Imdy  and  lii'ad,r\rii  the  snout  and  maxillaiii'H, 
lii'injX  driiscly  sral.w  carh  ^?(•al^  with  a  iiioic  or  less  dcvi'lopi'd  plati'  on  its 
posti'iiof  linidi'i,  most  di'vi'lopril  in  tliryouii;;.  Ilrad  dirp.  Moiiili  laii;(\ 
\('iy  oldiiiiii',  the  lower  Jaw  jimiiiinriit .  \'illil'orm  tiTlli  on  .jaus,  \  omtir, 
and  palatines,  iioiH' on  liir  ton^iu'.  I'reiiiaNillarii's  piotiaetile.  .Ma.xillaiy 
broad,  willioni    siipplemeiital    l>one,  not  .-dippinjf   iindi'i-  the  Ncry  nai 


pieorliital.  w  hieli  is  usually  sei 


rate;  no  siiliorhital  stav.     Vj\ 


e  \  ei  V 


low 
ii'te, 


ioiiniiiir  alioiit  one  half  the  leiij^th  of  the  side  of  the  head.  I'osteiioi 
nostril  loiiy,  slil-like,  close  to  t  he  eye.  l'i(o|ieii'Ie  more  oi  less  .si'llated, 
one  or  more  stroiiji  spines  at  its  aii;;le:  opereiiiiim  vtsry  ishoit,  ending  in 
twooi  three  points  hehind  ;  no  liarliels.  (Jill  memhraiies  Nejiarate,  free 
from  the  ist  limns,  rseiidol>iaii('lii:i'  wry  laij^e,  exreiidinn  alonn;  whole 
length  of  operele.     Post  orlii  I  a  I  part  ol  head  s  ery  short ,  t  he  operele  small. 


(iills    1.  a  slit    liehind    the    fourth.     Uill  rakers  ioni 


Lateral    line  eont  inuoiis,  not   extendiiiii  on    the   e 


iiid: 


Millions. 


\,  !•  to  i; 


the  spines  depressihle   in  a   jfioose 


iiaiiehioste^als  (1. 
Porsal   tin   eon 
;  anal   ravs   ill,  !l 


to  ITi,  the  sott  part  ioii.i;,  Mimilar  to  the  soft  dorsal,  the  spines  stionji;; 
v»!ntials  very  lartje,  thoracie.  I.  Ti,  elose  toj;etlior.  in  advance  of  base  of 
l»(!eloral,  Joined  to  belly  by  a  membrane  which  incloses  a  fjroov  e  ;  no 
axillary  jirocess;  spine  stroii;^:  i>ee,torals  small,  jiointed,  not  synimel  i  ieal, 
of  !!•  or  L'O  rays,  the  upper  loni^est  ;  caudal  tin  truncate  or  liinale.     S|)iiieH 


illl    lU'ciiUllt  (if  tlR'  AuKTiruH   sjU'rii'S  of   I'l 


nlhi'l:! 


JInRIilS.jS,    l'l( 


Ai  .  NmI. 


riiilii.,  1»8!»,  100. 


I 


/(•ri/iin  iinJ  /■'.; ir»hr>i)i.    - /-'is/i.  >  ,■/    X,>r//i  .hnifiHi         ll'.'lT 

ol'   liliH    ^I'lH'lallv     liill;;||     \\llli    im;lll    M'll.f.       All     Ulaililrl      lin>(r.       I'\|ttljr 

rii'ca  It'ss .  \  I'l  Iclii;!'  Ill  irdiiiiil  iiiiiiilici ,  It  (ir  1(1  I  i;;  "J'J  or  '2V>,  tin-  lii>i 
\frl<'t»iii  liriii;^  \i'iy  Hiiiall  m  al>><fiii  ;  t  iaii.i\t'i.Hc>  |iritfc,-is  lit"4iiiiiiii;;  on 
llio  M'Nfiilli  (Hislh)  viiti'liia,  lilt'  Ia>l  '2  |iriTaiiilal  luiiljfrd  acnes;  lilts 
at  lac  licit  Id  I  lie  I  laii.sN  CISC  piKccsscs;  c|>i  |i|ciii  a  Is  alisciit,  uii  t  he  iasi  I  luce 

|)i'cciiiitlal  \ci'trl>i,c.     Sii|iiai i|iilal    cicsl    \ciy    lins  ,  com  iiiiii'il    I'mwaKl 

to  iiv  cr  fin  II I  of  ol'ltil  ,  \\  licl'C  il  is  ji  1 1  net  I  liy  I  lie  pal  icial  cicsls  ;  pioces.scs 
III'  pi'ciiiax  illarics  inoilcralc.  ( 'ai  iii  s  oroiis  lislics  of  llic  liopical  nciis, 
cliicll\  ill  (jeep  waters;  mostly  rose  colored  in  lile.  Ihe  I'aiiiily  is  ti 
Nliaipls  defuicd  ^I'oiip,  not  close  to  any  ol  licr,  Init  the  ariiiiitiis  on  llio 
wliole  hceiii  to  he  lieaiesi  In  |  lie  Si  vniii'iilii  and  their  tropical  allies. 
(lOiicra  U,  species  ahoiil   In,        /'()(((/(/,  ;rronp   /'//(avni^/nKx,  (.uiither,  < 'at.. 

i,L'ir.-L"ji.)  ' 

.1.   Si  mIi'-^  vit\  filial!,  .-ill  Im  1'"I  ill  lal.Tiil  liiii>  ;  iM.ily  ulildiij:,  iln  .1.  |i|ii  iimI  ii.ill'  II-  liii^rlii  ;  |.|io- 
I  ■I'll  li'  with  II  lliit  f<|'iiii'  ;  iJMf  -;il  111  II I  II II  a  I  I'lirli  «  iili  I  J  I.I  |,"i  Mill  i.n  1,  I'm  M  \>.  I  Ml  ~,  ."ijl . 

ir.i.  Si-ali'h  l.ii  HI'  ami  M'I  v  toii.:li,  ;'i"i  tu  'I'l  in  I  iti'i.i  I  liiii'  ;  Ihi.l  v  .i\  alu,  iu  i|i'|>ni  iiiiii<  lliaii  liaif 
ilH  li'li-lli  ;  |iirii|iiTi-li'  «  I  III.  lilt  ^|lil|l•s  ;  ilm  sal  ami  aii.il  imi  Ii  \\  ilji  'i  I  .  11  r<A\  \  \\-. 

I'>l  I  liiillllAi    \N  I  Ml  ■<,    ij-. 

521.   PRIACANTHUS,  (  nvior. 

l'ii,i,,iiithii-,  I'lviKii.  Ili'u'iir  Animal,  u,  J^l,   1-17,  (ni.i.  i.^./if/.w/i/m-i. 

S(!alcs  very  Miiall,  sn  to  lno  in  the  lateral  line;  hody  ohloiitf.  inoio  than 
I  \\  ice  ;is  loiii?  as  deep  ;  jMcopcrele  with  a  spine  at  aiij.',lc  ;  inlerorhital  are:i 
externally  t  raiis\  cisely  con\  i\  ,  the  ei.iniiiiii  itself  t  ransserNcly  concaM', 
tlm  ele\  at  ion  hciii^f  fornied  of  ilesh  ;  a  coiispiciioiis  foranicii  in  tlm  intur- 
orhilal  .'Ilea;  lateial  line  eMeiidiii;^  iipw.ird  and  hackward  from  iiitpcr 
aii;:;le  nl'  1.^1 1 1  oiu'iiin^'  low  aid  second  dorsal  sjniie,  he  low  w  liicli  it  c|  .■iii;.;ert 
its  course,  following;  out  line  of  hack  to  end  of  dorsal  lin,  t  hence  diiect  to 
middle  of  caudal  ;  .iiial  lin  rather  Ion;;,  lis  rays  ahoiii  ill.  II;  dorsal  rays 
ahoiil  X,  ]'.>.  Species  rather  niinuroiis.  in  the  tropii'ul  seas.  (r:/-(i./r,  saw  ; 
uK'irlfd,  spine  ;    .some  oft  he  lin  spines  iM'in;;  seri  atcd.  ) 

II.    I'l  I  I'lii  i,  iil,,r  .-|iiiii'  iili-uii  I •  iii'iulv  mi;    il-'plli   almiil    lijual    t"  li'iijlli    .if    liiail;  ilursal 

iili-|iii||i  il;  ilni-.il  lav  X,  II;  aiiil   III.  I'l,  A  lu;N  \TI  .-•,  liiJt. 

•in.   I'lTiipi-r.  iilar  fjiiiii'   \\.'ll  ili  vi'luju'il;    ili'jilli  ..flMi.i      ^■nalir  than  liii^lli   of  In ail;    ilm-al 

hliiitti.l;  iliir-al  ra.\  -  \,  Ij  nr  .\,  i:!;  ,iiial  1 1 1 ,  l:i  m-  I  I.  ciiirNTx  ns,  li'.j.".. 

in-.'l.   IMM.VCAM  III  S   AIJKWTIS,  i  mm.  i  .v  \  alni.  Ii  ihhh. 


(!'  \  I  M.rr 


Head  '_'','  to  :!.',  :  depth  2,'  to  :!',  :  eye  very  hiri;t>,  '_' 


ad.      1).  .\, 


It;  A.  HI,  l."i:  scales  ii-liS  to  ll,".-l:\  pores  (IS  to  T.'l.  l^idy  ohloii;;,  less 
<l(!(*p  than  in  /'.  n-in  nlnliix.  Snout  V  to  '•,  dmmetcr  of  e\e.  rosleiior  nos- 
trils in  a  sin^^le  oliloiii;  openiniT,  within  which  is  a  septiini  coii-ideialily 
helow  the  surface  ;  ii;ill  rakers  L'Ot  >  21),  ricopcrcle  with  its  unijle  leinii- 
nat  in^j;  in  an  ol)lii|iie  jiiiint .  smaller  t  li;iii  I  he  spine  ill  I',  i mi  iihihts  ;  operclo 
with  a  tlat-iiointcd  spine,  which  docs  not  project:  In.ih  siiincs  aliiioHt. 
obsolete;  shoulder  nirdle  aho\('  with  a  promiiieiit  e(l;;e  ;  dorsal  .spines 
more  or  less  jriauiilate,  on  the  odges  ;  hist  dorsal  spine  l;i  to  2  in   heatl. 


lli.'JS  /'iiiothi  77,   I'liitiu   S/'it,-s   Xatii'ihi/  .1/ 


liSiUin. 


('imkI.iI  Hli^lilly  liiniUi',  till'  ii|i|ii'i  litlir  t  Id'  luiiKi'i' ;  x  flit  I  a  In  iiiiiili-iati',  not 
••\t<M(liii>,' ImvoihI  si'coikI  jiiKil  H|iiin',  alioiit  as  loiii,'  as  lirail  ;  inctnralM  li 
ill  licail  ;  tliiitl  titial  H|iiMr  w>  lon^  as  si\tli  dnisal  ;  hialrs  sniiillrr  mi'.ii'  IIio 
hack.  ItaHf  ot'  hlsiill  ihiiiimI  \\\\\\  a  lar^jf  I'liiaiiii'ii  Im'Iwciii  iIik  ^rcat 
\viiii,'ainl  I  lie  liasc  (if  t  lir  Hiipti  liii  N|i|ii'iiiiiil.  (I'lit'v.)  Sil\riy  iril ;  anal, 
Hull  iiiir,sal,  ami  caintal  I'll^id  witli  Mack;  no  N|i(its  mi  liursal  ;  |timtriiiir 
liair  lit'  M'litial  liiacU.  rmpiral  Aliantic,  nihiIIi  In  |!ia/il,  orcaNiiuially 
niiitliwaiil  in  tlio  (iiilf  Stiraiii  lu  \is\|i(iil  :inil  WihmIi  Hnii; ;  n-niiilfil 
uIno  tViiiii  Maili'iia.     tun  ikiIh',  sainlril.i 


(',,/,,/i,/.|,     i'Mill*.     till.     I'l.    /I|,    |||-(       \;,|     ,    |.|.    .:<\    f,>7,    Uli 


l'lff:lllll,IIH    ,1,,  Willi',    1    I    Mill    \      \mIN<II,VM-,       lll-t,     N.ll.     I'ciiH:".,     Ill,     '■'' ,     iM.'M,      H  rB/ il ,    (< '• 'II . 

bi'hiliinil  .)  Atlantic,i'''ll   I'.  roiii;.Jiiiii'\v  A  'in  in  iii,  S.\  ii..|,.i.,  '171 ;  llm  1  iMii;u,('iil  ,1,  :i.'.ii. 

Vriiir„„il,ii»  fiil.jiu^,  Xmwv,  Trans.  /,„,!.  S...  .  t I  ,  11,  Is.'i,  171,  IVI.iilcira.     (I'.iii.  It.  T.  t.i.wi..) 

I'liniiiiithiii,  ,  .,l,ilii/,i,  I'll  \,  I'iMi.    \.  .  N'.il.  Si  i    I'liil.i.,  !.>•';.'..  I'-'J,  Maviitiu,   M.iiiuim'V,   I'i.h-.  .\c. 

N.ll.  Si.  I'liilii..  I>-  1.  \i  I. 


IhliillllhlH    lll'ii 


|i/i///.i/,.iii.,   I    l\Ili;A     \    \|,l  Ni  irVMS,    lll>l      N.ll.    I'oHH.,   Ill     'l7,    l>'j:i.    llnl    .|||^;,|.I1 


Mini  T,-l-lllllill, nil",    111..).   M,    will.  Il     i-.    ill!    ,\-i;ltli     "Y 

Cut.,  I,  Jl.'i;  .liililuN   \  Oliiiiiii,  SviLipniH,  .'.ll 


III  I,  II.  h. 


.  l''i'i>Uiill:  iIliiitlM'r, 


ifl'i.'i,  ritiK  AMiii  s  t  iHKNTvrrs  (iiir,|„.i,) 


I[i>a<i ;:  ti 


({••pill  •_"  I. 


I  lli.i  1:1  k;  I'm  All  r».) 

.',.      n.  \,  iL'niX.  1:;:   A.  Ill,  II:   scales  lll-lOO 


to  rjO-no,  pores  (i'J  to  Tii:  eye  L"  lo  '_"  in  lieail  :  huoiii  1  in  L'  in  «\vc. 
I'ody  ilee]);  inlerofliilai  uiiltli  1![  to  '^\  in  head:  nionlh  iai;.;e,  olilii|iie, 
iiia.xillaiy  iea<'liiii;^  nearly  to  niiildle  nl'e\  e.  L'  in  head,  (iill  1  a  Ice  is  Iti  to  18 
hidow  an  vile.  I  )oi  s;il  ;ind  anal  .spines'  all  liiii  ly  hcii.-ite  in  lion  I  ;  preopende 
with  a  rat  her  St  loim,  llai .  I  naiiLiiilaispine  :  opercuhuspine  \'eiy  small  :  last 
dorsal  Hjiim*  \\  times  leiiLjth  of  scond,  li  to  L' in  head:  peeloials  Niiiall. 
little  loimei'  than  eye,  li  to  '_'  in  head  ;  third  anal  .spine  nearly  as  lon^j  as 
h-iHt  of  dorsal  ;  caudal  slight  1\  noiihed  :  rmd'  of  nniiith  with  longitudinal 
ridLTcs  ;  upper  liiii'i  of  preopendealniost  vertical:  skull  without  Hphenoid 
foramen  ludow.  Ixose  ctdor,  the  haidv  lirnsvnish.  the  dark  color  ot"  hack 
Noini-t  imes  torminL;'  iminded  hlnlches;  dorsal  :ind  eaiid.il  fins  wii  h  small 
dark  spots.  West  Indies  to  .*st .  Helena  and  t  In-  Canaries  ;  a  common  food- 
lisli  in  Havana:   not  vet  recorded  I'lom  the  I'liited  Stales.     Also  ahundanl 


throiiL;hniit    the   western   I'acilic,  if  I'riiirinillnis  nirnlii 
Nlliiiiosed  )iy   |)l.   r>ollleIi;;er.      (  r/'id /(.'((/(rv,  hloody.  ) 


s   the  saine, as 


/.,,/.. 


hI.iIii-,    I. 


M  ,   lll-l.    N.lt.    I'. 


I^IKI  ill. .111,1   I'l.J.y  l.y  Ariiiill.T  ..f  :i  |iliil. 


iii;i.|i'  l.\   I'l  I  111  M!  lit  .VI. lit  inii  nil",  IVIartinique;  < '1  \  1 1  1;  A   V  m  im  iknm  s,  llinl.  Nat.  1' 


III,  liiJ,    IsJfl. 


/V, 


('.  I"  <lninii<  y 


I'i;sMMir-i.     rniii.    Di'.'.    I.lilli 


|il.    I,    \H1A,    Havana;    I'mv, 


Iti'p.'iti.ri..,  I, 


IM.I 


nil,  I 


iihilii-,  .Miii:in.-^'iN,  r 


.\c.  Nut.  .•^.  i.  I'lula..  lss!i,   |r,j;  .r.iiinN,    I'l-...  ,  I'.  S.  .Sill. 


Mil-.,  Is'iii,  :'il7;  llm  i.i;Ni;rii,  I'al. 


{     fe 


I,..>-c,II.   V. 


.\  a;.'..  I  '...[ll 


ill'.,  I'iii>s..  'jnl,  isji..  Caroline  Islands;  I'l 


rlih  j.li,  llil^'..ii.|..ii,  .s|i/.i;l,i.r.  (;>>.  Naliii-r.  Kr.,  IsT'.i,  7:i,  Japa 


t  i'.ii'.v  r...j;anl-<  /'. 


.ihiliis  ami    /', 


//,/ 


lUl  itutttiis   I 


tiuguislii-il  l.y  Hi.-  iircfi'iHC  in  i  rm  ii(ii/((«  i.t  riniiiili.-ili  ii.>y  ;-i.iilrt 


a.s   ililli'l'i'lll  >|ii  ril'S,  Sdlrly  ilis- 


Ji>i,i\tH  .//;</  /'.; irniiihii. —  /•i\/'ii\  of  XoK/i  .hufrini.        VIWW 


52^.  PSEUDOPRI ACANTHUS,  IsLtUk- 

I'reil.l.  I  II  !•  ,11,11, n._    lll.llhlll.    \,\-\.    \l,     \'  .t      Slil-I'  I'l,  CJ'.  Ill,      II     I  ■<i   1,  i.ii;  ',.11,111.  . 

Scali'M  liiij^r.  si'iv  iniiii  li,  ;i,",  (d  ;,(|  \\\  ilir  hill  Till  liiif:  ImmI\  ii\  ali'.  imi 
twill'  iiH  luiin  ,1^  ili'r|i  ;  iMi'.i|Miilc  Willi  '2  Hiiiall  ^|lllll•s  ill  aiii,'lr;  iiili'i 
mliiliil  spair  liiiiail  and  llal.lhi'H'  Im'Iii;^  liltlr  llrsli  ln'iwii'ii  >kiii  ami 
mKiiII;  III)  t'lii  aiMi'h  in  iiitrim  hilal  aira:  lalriai  line  rliaiiu'in^  iln  ruinsr 
lii-luw  llii'  ruiirlii  ilinsal  >|iiii<  ;  anil  nIihii,  its  lavslll,  !*  Ii>  II:  ili>Mal 
X,  11.  ntiuMwisi'  fNM'iiliails  as  in  I'l  im  millnit,  llii-  N|iirifs  luiiij;  iii 
(li't'IKT  \\  atrr.      11/    I'''/',  lalsf  :    rriiiiuiillni'^.) 

•  '.  I  iiini  !•  ■  111  ii'i  i>  ■  Mol  .Ml  1,1 1  ►;'>!;  h  ..iy  »  ilh  T  111  i|,irl.  i  r.i>.i  l.iif";  iv   iii."l'  i.ii'  ,  -"  ,.  in   li'Mij 

ill  N.iiiiij,  ^Kiiiii  I  \.  n '.'I. 

i.(.   (Iir,.  f  l'''lli  ;il..i\r  m.iri'  ..l   Ir^' ■■nl.it,'' 'I:  l""l>    li"t   ImipI'.I;   .y  rx.  I  .-ivi.|\    l.ii^i',   U',,  ill 
lii'uil  ill  iiilnll.  ALU'S,  lii'i"!. 


i«j«.  rsKiiMU'iji  v(  AMin  s  siituri.v  HHii.iti 

llcail  L''!  ;  ili'plii  1  >.  D.  .\,  II:  A.  III.  11:  lalnal  iiiii'  vtiiIi  :ti;  piiirs. 
I\\i>  ■_"  in  iioail  :  iiiti  rni  liital  wnllli  :!•  :  linL;iii  nT  mmhiI  .'».  Mniilli  vny 
ol(lii|iii',  iiiaxiliai  \  scaicrlv  iracliin;.;  vnliral  I'luin  iniililji'  iiicyi',  lialf 
Icli^^l  li  ol'  lirail  :  ti'i'i  li  in  a  \  i  i  v  iiaimw  ha  in!  in  Imi  h  Jaw  -.i  ami  on  \  (imtT, 
lioiH"  (if  llii'iii  (Mil.iruril  ;  palaliiirs  w  iili  a  Nin^lt'  Kriii's.  I'ostci mi  iiostiil 
till!  pt  iral.  not  t  w  ice  as  imiiras  w  iili'.  rii'iiprniilaraml  pnni  'lilai  iiiari;iiiH 
Hcrralc.  a  ^iioiip  nl"  m| riiiP4('i'  spincH  at  aiij^lr  ot"  piiMipni'lr.  (lill  raUiT.s 
sliiiit .  aliuiil  lial  I'  iliainrli'i' III'  pupil,  III  ili'\  t-lnpi'il  on  lim  i/oiila  I  limhot' 
oiiti'i'  a  I  I'll.  Spinous  dorsal  lii;4li.  tin-  li»nj.'r.sl  spi:io  ,';  lrii;;t  li  nl"  lirad  :  t  lio 
liisi  niul  last  spi:irs  iiiiich  siinitrr.  alioiit  fi|iialin;;'  tlii'  soft  lays:  anal 
HpiiM's  similar  lull  slioiti'i ,  t  ill-  tirst  L' fijiial  and  lon^ir  than  I  liii  d.  t  licii' 
l('ii;;ili  half  that  of  hrad  :  pcctoiiils  short ,  lianly  irachiii;;  M'ltifal  from 
VI' II I  ;  \  I'll  till  Is  I'lMnj^alf,  t  ho  spim-  ri'acliiii;;  ha  so  of  si'ioiid  anal  spim-,  t  Im 
loiij^cst  soft  ray  H'ai'hin'4  liasi^  of  liist,  soft  lay  of  anal,  .^rali's  on  iippiT 
and  lowiTjiails  of  liod\  \i'iy  small,  tliosi>  on  innlillr  of  nidcs  cnnspii'ii- 
ously  (Milari^i'd.  i-lntirr  head,  iiicliidini;  ma.\illaiy,  niandildi\  ^iilai.and 
liraiudiiosli'tial  mt'iiihrain's  wholly  conitciI  with  spiny  srali-s:  doi.sal  and 
anal  tins  in  a  sjica  I  li.  .Ml  spinrs  rjiiiLjli-si'iiatr.  ( 'olor  in  sjiii  its  :  Li^ht 
i)li\r,  with  1  dark  cross  liars  on  sidrs  w  idcr  than  tin'  intiispai'cs,  tlir  last 
uiio  on  liasc  of  raiidal  pi'diiiii'lr:  vrllical  liiis  dusky,  tin'  soft  poitions 
nioro  or  li'ss  sprckli'd:  vcnirals  Idack  :  prcloials  palf.  I'arilic,  Co.isi  of 
Colombia;  know  n  from  one  yoiin^  spi'cimi'ii,  1 1  imiii'S  ioni^.  (liillKMt.) 
(,•«;•/■/(/((,  a  lilt  li'  saw  . ) 

/'iiii,.ii,r^iN«  ~,  .)ii/'i,  i;ii  111  III.    I'l'"-.    I  .  S.    N;il.   MuH.,  I'-'jii,  l.'jii,   Albatross  station  2797,  west 
coast  of  Colomljia.     (''nil,  Allia!iu.''s.) 


l»!-.'7.  PsKiriOl'ltl  Vr^NTIII  S   AMIS  Mlill) 

Hoad  'J,:  dojilh  ■_",.  D.  .\.  11:  A.  Ill.M:  ]ioiis  m  latci.il  I'lU'  liT:  in  a 
scries  lit'l  wi'i'ii  opi'ii'ii'  and  caudal,  1 1 .  I'lody  o\  ate  :  piolilc  straight  and 
little  ()lili(|Uc:  nioiilh  siitiv  cri  ic-il  :  tccili  in  iijipfi  \;i\\  \illit'orni.  in  a 
narrow    hand  \\  it  li  an   outer  scries  of  cnlar;icd  leii  h  :  teeth   of  lower  J;r>v 


\^- 


1240 


HitUetin  4j,  United  States  Aationa/  Museum.- 


siinilar,  Imt  tlio  innor  ones  larger  than  iu  nitper  Jaw  ;  eye  very  large,  its 
diameter  little  lesH  than  half  length  of  head  ;  preorbital  narrow,  strongly 
serrate;  preopercle  serrate,  the  serrii'  of  the  lower  margin  largest;  no 
spines  at  its  angle;  subopcrcle  and  opercle  serrate  on  their  lower  nuir- 
gins;  higlie^st  dorsal  spines  lifinhead,  anal  spines  gradnated,  the  third 
spine  2'  in  head;  ventrals  scarcely  reaching  anal ;  pecitorals  IJ  in  head  ; 
scales  all  extremely  rough,  very  strongly  ctenoid  ;  lateral  lino  ascending 
to  below  fifth  dorsal  spine,  then  descending  to  caudal  peduncle,  then 
median  to  tail.  Reddish,  overlaid  with  plumbeous  above;  bright  red 
or  crimson  in  life ;  all  the  fins  except  the  pectorals  edged  with  black ; 
otherwise  entirely  plain  (in  spirits).  West  Indies,  in  rather  deej) 
water,  north  to  Pensacola  and  Charleston;  rare;  the  very  young  stray- 
ing in  the  C»ulf  Stream  to  Rhode  Island.  Here  described  from  a  speci- 
men 11  inches  long,  the  largest  yet  seen,  taken  at  Charleston  by  Charles 
C.  Leslie.  Very  close  to  the  Japanese  species,  f'nciKJoprhicanihiin  niphuniu8, 
(Cuvier  &  Valenciennes),  the  scales  a  little  larger.     ((tItiiH,  high.) 

PrincHiilkun  nlliis,  Gil. I.,  I'ror.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  I'liila.,  1H0-,  Ili'J  (very  .vDiiiip;  Kpociincn),  Narragan- 

sett  Bay;  .Iohdan  &.  (iii.iiKiiT,  S.viiojwis,  51.5. 
r»ci((/<ii)n'(ir((H///H.H  (i?(h.v,  .ToiiTiAN  &  KiciF.N.M.VNN,   I'loc.   U.   S.  Nut.   BIuB.,    1887,   'JCi'J;     MonmsoN, 

I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Diila.,  1889,  lf!;i;  ISoulenqkr,  Cat.,  i,  li^X 


iU 


^ 


Museum. 


w  ;  eye  very  large,  its 
)it!il  narrow,  Htrougly 
r  luargiu  largest;  uo 

on  their  lower  mar- 
\  graduated,  the  third 

pectorals  Ijr  in  head  ; 
lateral  lino  ascending 
iaudal  peduncle,  then 
us  ahovo;  bright  red 
lis  edged  with  black  ; 
dies,  in  rather  deej) 
the  very  young  stray- 
scribed  from  a  speci- 
;;;harleston  by  Charles 
opfiamnihuH  nij)honiuii, 
(itltiis,  high.) 

>iiiin  Kpt'cinion),  Narragan- 
iIuB.,   1K87,  'J(i'J;    MdumsoN, 


,.>.» 


